Krishi jagran agriculture world april 2016 by Krishi Jagran

Volume II | Issue 4 | April 2016 | `70

ISSN 2455-8184

AGRICULTURE

W RLD The Pulse

Global Agriculture

CHANGING THE FACE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

MORE CROP PER DROP FARM MECHANIZATION IN INDIA NEED, DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION

SPIRALING WHITEFLY A MAJOR PEST OF GUAVA

INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURE IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR

Echoing Sustainable Environment and Agriculture krishi.jagran

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AGRICULTURE WORLD The Pulse

Volume 2 Issue 4 April 2016 Total Page- 44

Global Agriculture

CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE

Editor-in-Chief MC Dominic

Furkan Qureshi Shahzeb Ahmed

Directors Shiny Emanuel MG Vasan

Head Pre-Press Dharmendra Kumar

Sr. Executive Editor Dr. KT Chandy RK Teotia Assistant Editor Ruby Jain Sr. Correspondent Imran Khan Correspondent Manish Chauhan Sagar Malhotra Deepshikha Sameer Tiwari Pooja Mishra Aslam Rasool Khan Jyoti Sharma V.P. Int. Business D.D. Nair Gavrilova Maria Marketing Head Sanjay Kumar GM - Marketing Farha Khan Sr. Manager Marketing Sara Khan Marketing Manager Megha Sharma Afsana Malik Sr. Executive Marketing Chunki Bhutia Poonam Bishwakarma Rinki Pundir Laxmi Pandey Soniya Mahajan Shifali Mahajan Preeti Chauhan Kanchan Singh Punam Pradhan Rachael Xavier Agnes Marry Hema Sharma Ritika Raju Jannet Johnson Rajni Kumari Karishma Lehri Meena Pandey Priya Tripathi Aayesha Khan Furkan Qureshi Circulation Head Nishant K Taak Circulation Manager Rahul Singh Abdus Samad Sr. Executive Circulation Sujata Gautam Anku Yadav Pappu Ray Mohit Prashant Sharma

Graphic Designer Yogesh Kumar

22. COVER STORY NEW HOLLAND AGRICULTURE CHANGING THE FACE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

Accounts KB Indira O ce Assistant Prem Kumar Rajiv Ranjan DD Nair VP International Business (Russia & CIS Countries) 6 Mikluho-Maklaya STR, Moscow, Russia 117198 Mob: +7903729 98 30, Tel: +7499501 99 10 Email: ddnair@krishijagran.com M Mezhukanal E-16F - 33, Hamriya Free Zone, Sharjah, UAE Mob: +971 50 2870465 Email: mezhukanal@krishijagran.com For Circulation & Subscription Nishant Kr. Taak Mob: +91-9953756433 Email: circulation@krishijagran.com, subscription@krishijagran.com

06. Farm Mechanization in India Need, Development and Adoption

12. Variations In Soil Features

Editorial editor@krishijagran.com Marketing response@krishijagran.com Printed and Published by: M. C. Dominic 60/9, 3rd Floor, Yusuf Sarai Market, Near Green Park Metro Station, New Delhi 110016. Tel: 011-26511845, 26517923 Mobile: +91-9313301029, +91-9654193353 Email: info@krishijagran.com, editor@krishijagran.com Web: www.krishijagran.com Printed at: Pushpak Press Pvt. Ltd., 203-204, DSIDC, Okhla Ph.-I, New Delhi - 110020 All rights reserved. Copyright @ Krishi Jagran Media Group. Agriculture World is published by Krishi Jagran Media Group. Editor: MC Dominic Disclaimer: While every care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the information contained in this publications, the publishers are not responsible for any errors or omissions that might have crept into this publications. No part of this publication may be reproduced or kept in a retrieval system, without the express permission of the publishers.

24. Spiraling Whitey A Major Pest of Guava INTERVIEW 28. More Crop per Drop is the Mission: Ohad 31. Dairy Scenario In India INTERVIEW 34. Investment in Agriculture is the Need of the Hour 36. Managing Menace of Whitey In Cotton 38. National And International Policy For Regenerating Springs

EDITORIAL

From the publisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s desk

ndian agriculture has a long way to go in the eld of mechanization of farm operations to make farming more e cient and e ective though appreciable progress has been achieved during the last several decades. e greatest hurdle in the way of mechanization in Indian agriculture is the large number of small and marginal farms. e article on Farm mechanization in India: Need, Development and Adoption by N S Chandel & K R Solanke, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal, India, emphasizes the importance of mechanization in agriculture to improve production and productivity. eir emphasis is on farm mechanization to cater to small and marginal farms. Soil is a mysterious substance containing all the elements mentioned in the periodic table in the form of a heterogeneous mass. It is from this mass of substance in the presence of adequate moisture that all the biomass requirements, for humans and animals, are being generated through agriculture. However variations in land features like depth of the soil, its texture, particle size, slope, soil erosion, salinity, permeability, availability of moisture, drainage etc. play a great role in enhancing the productivity of the soil. Dr. K. T. Chandy in his article Variations in Land Features describes in detail all the variations of soil for the bene t of those who would like organize and plan their farm lands for better economic performance. Guava is the fourth most widely grown fruit crop in India. e area under guava in India is about 2.2 lakh hectares with production 27.10 lakh tonnes. e most popular varieties of guava grown in India are Allahabad Safeda, Sardar and Dharwar. Dr. Parag D. Turkhade, Sudhir S. Morde and Dr. Sarita K. Nehare, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (MS) in their article on Spiraling White y: A Major Pest of Guava provides a detailed information about the nature and damage of that pest in icting on guava along with the control measures of the same. Interview of Ohad Horsandy, Spokes person, Israel Embassy by Aslam Rasool Khan should indeed be an eye-opening to the Indian farmers who are still in their traditional and primitive technologies and traditional conservative unscienti c thinking. How Israel is overcoming the water scarcity by using 85% of its domestic waste water for agriculture production should be eye opening to the India farmers who abhors the use of the same in his eld due to their traditional and mythical understanding of the use of waste water: untouchability of sewage and domestic waste water. In India farmers resort to ooding irrigation wasting 60 to 70 percent of the water while Israel resort to drip irrigation saving 60 to 70 per cent of their irrigation water. ere are several other technologies Indian farmers should learn from their counterparts in Israel. Shekhar Shudanshu, Technical o cer, Animal Husbandry Dept, a er giving a brief sketch of the Indian dairy industry which ranks rst in the total production of milk in the world brie y describes the need for improvement in the same since we have the highest number of cattle and bu alos in the world. Dairying is a secondary occupation for about 70 % of India's milk producers but only 7% have it as their primary employment. ere is a need for developing dairy as a primary employment for a substantial percentage of population which will need allocation large tracts of suitable land for dairy industry. Dr. Mangala Rai, Ex-Director General of ICAR and the present Vice Chancellor of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, in his interview informs us about the importance of investment in agriculture sector and explains about the experiments conducted in his university. M C Dominic Editorâ&#x20AC;?inâ&#x20AC;?Chief dominic@krishijagran.com

FARM MECHANIZATION

“Sustaining food production can only be realized by increasing land and labor efﬁciency in agriculture through farm mechanization”

FARM MECHANIZATION IN INDIA

Need, Development and Adoption Introduction Farm mechanization is an important element of modernization of agriculture. Farm Productivity is positively correlated with the availability of farm power coupled with efficient farm implements and their judicious utilization. Agricultural mechanization helps in increasing production, productivity and profitability in agriculture by achieving timeliness in farm operations, bringing precision in metering and placement of inputs, reducing available input losses, increasing utilization efficiency of costly inputs (seed, chemical, fertilizer, irrigation, water etc.), reducing unit cost of produce, enhancing profitability and competitiveness in the cost of operation. It also helps in the conservation of the produce and by products from qualitative and quantitative damages;

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

enables value addition and establishment of agro processing enterprises for additional income and employment generation from farm produce. It is one of the important inputs to user in all round development in the rural India. Importance of farm mechanization The efficiency of mechanization can be judged from the fact that modern plough is about 200 to 300 % efficient than indigenous plough, efficient machiner y helps in increasing productivity by about 30% besides, enabling the farmers to raise a second crop or multi crop making the Indian agriculture attractive and a way of life by becoming commercial instead of subsistence. There is a need to double the food production by 2020. This will call for raising more crops

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N S Chandel & K R Solanke in a year thus limiting the turn around time. Increased production will require more use of agricultural inputs and protection of crops from biotic and abiotic stresses. This will call for greater engineering inputs which will require development and introduction of high capacity, precision, reliable and energy efficient equipment. E a r l i e r, i t w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t mechanization creates unemployment. The myth has been broken and it has been observed that, agricultural mechanization besides increasing production and productivity also generates income and employment opportunities. Several studies conducted in different parts of India have shown that mechanization has helped in increasing production, productivity, generation of income and employment. Punjab, a highly mechanized state, employs 7.0 lakh laborers from adjoining states, out of which 3.5 lakh are employed on a regular basis and remaining during the main cropping season.

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However, it is heartening to note that average emerging land holdings are large enough for mechanized far ming as evidenced in Punjab and Haryana. As discussed in the earlier paragraph, one of the major constraints of increasing agricultural production and productivity is the inadequacy of farm power and machinery with the farmers. The average farm power availability needs to be increased from the current 1.841 kW/ha to at least 2 kW/ha to assure timeliness and quality in field operations, undertake heavy field operations like sub soiling, chiseling, deep ploughing, summer ploughing, handling agricultural produce and byproducts efficiently, process them for value addition, income and employment generation. All these works in agricultural operations is possible to be attended only when adequate agricultural mechanization infrastructure is created.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Farmers are aided in improving marketing processesâ&#x20AC;?

Agricultural mechanization scenario and farm power Over, the years, promotion of agricultural mechanization has been directed towards the promotion of eco-friendly and selective agricultural implements and machines with the aims of optimal utilization of the available sources of human, animal and AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

FARM MECHANIZATION

Agricultural workers, draught animals, tractors, power tillers, diesel engines, electric motors are used as sources of farm power in Indian agriculture. The available farm power (kW/ha) in Indian agriculture form these sources and total farm power. It indicates that the composition and relative share of different sources of power for farming operations has undergone significant change during the last four decades. The availability of draught animals power has come down from 0.133 kW/ha in 1971-72 to 0.094 kW/ha in 2012-13, whereas the share of tractors, power tillers, diesel engines and electric motors has increased from 0.020 to 0.844, 0.001 to 0.015, 0.053 to 0.300 and 0.041 to 0.494 kW/ha, respectively during the same period. The total power availability on Indian farms has increased from 0.293 to 1.841 kW/ha at a CAGR of 4.58% during the last forty one years.

Mechanization also imparts capacity to the farmers to carry out farm operations, with ease and freedom from drudgery, making the farming agreeable vocation for educated youth as well. It helps the farmers to achieve timeliness and precisely meter and apply costly input for better efficacy and efficiency.

production applications. ·

Production is dependent on natural conditions as possible to recover and to get more qualified products.

Agricultural Mechanization had made the level of information dissemination to increase and Reduction in drudgery.

Youth participation is encouraged in the field of agricultural extension and working conditions in rural areas more comfortable, attractive and safe to bring a case and agricultural workers to improve work efficiency.

Farmers are aided in improving marketing processes such as packaging, grading and standardizing commodities and reducing losses in marketing channels, ware housing and storage.

Far m Mechanization encourages multiple cropping which was not possible under traditional farming.

“Farm Mechanization encourages multiple cropping”

Beneﬁts of Agricultural Mechanization ·

Mechanization will boost the food production which will lead to exportation of the excess in the production so as to generate income for the country through foreign exchange earnings.

To enable the new technology in krishijagran.com

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

FARM MECHANIZATION

mechanical/electrical power, removing the drudgery associated with various agricultural operations. Farmers have also been provided financial assistance for owning a wide range of agricultural equipment viz. tractors, power tillers, bullock/tractor drawn implements, reapers, threshers, irrigation equipment, hand tools, etc. Further, new equipment such as precision planter, zero-till drill, seed cum fertilizer drill, raised bed planter, improved weeders, plant protection equipment, harvesting and threshing machines, drip, micro sprinkler and sprinkler irrigation equipment have been made available to the farmers. As a result of the joint efforts made by the Government and the private sector, the level of mechanization has been increasing steadily over the years.

Greater area under cultivation.

Conclusion

On the one hand, increase in agricultural products, on the other hand, developments in agricultural tools industry with the opening of new jobs to the area to allow.

Keeping in view the above facts we conclude that farm mechanization increases the agriculture productivity. It increases the income, saving and investment of the farmers. In the other word we can say that farm mechanization is ver y useful for the development of agriculture sector. Now in the today modern world every country has also realized importance of farm mechanization and has encouraged the import of machinery. The level and appropriate choice of agricultural mechanization has direct effects on land and labor productivity, farm income, environment, and the quality of life of smallscale farmers in India. Hence, basic farm mechanization requirements to cater to smallfarm needs must be met, such as: suitability to small farms; simple design and technology; versatility for use in different farm operations; affordability in terms of cost to farmers; and most importantly, the provision of support services from the government and the private sectors/ manufacturers. Most of countries are providing loans on low rate of interest to the farmers.

Adoption of Mechanization At present in India, tractors are being used for tillage of 22.78% of total area and sowing 21.30% of total area. Although, utility of manually and bullock operated equipment has been established but the response of the farmers has been selective. The bullock drawn seed-cum-fertilizer drill and manual paddy transplanter have not been universally accepted in spite of financial incentive from the Government. Due to limited use in a year and economic advantage of many items, some improved implements could not replace the local alternatives. The land levelers, seedcum-fertilizer drills have also been accepted by the farmers but on limited scale. Major adoption of agricultural machinery in addition to irrigation equipment and tractor, was thresher for wheat crop. Due to various applications of paddy straw, preference has been limited for paddy threshers. Self propelled / tractor operated combines, reaper harvester, potato and groundnut mechanization machiner y are also commercially available and accepted by the farmers in states where tractors were introduced. Now combine harvesters are commonly used in different parts of the country, on custom hire basis, for wheat, soybean and paddy harvesting.

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N S Chandel & K R Solanke (ICAR‐Central Ins tute of Agricultural Engineering Bhopal, India)

“On the one hand, increase in agricultural products, on the other hand, developments in agricultural tools industry with the opening of new jobs”

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

FARM MECHANIZATION

SOIL FEATURES

VARIATIONS IN SOIL FEATURES

soil production capacity varies from plot to plot in the same land or from land to land in the same area

Dr. K. T. Chandy Soil is a mysterious substance containing all the elements mentioned in the periodic table in the form of a heterogeneous mass. It is from this mass of substance in the presence of adequate moisture that all the biomass requirements, for humans and animals, are being generated through agriculture. We know that the soil production capacity varies from plot to plot in the same land or from land to land in the same area. At the same time we also notice that the physical features too vary from plot to plot and land to land: some are leveled, while others are steep or very steep, some have sandy soil while others may have clay or silty soil; in some plots the soil is thick while in others soil is very thin, some lands are medium eroded while some others are highly eroded etc. There is a high correlation between the production capacity of a land and various features of the same

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

land. Hence a detailed study of the variations in the features of the land is essential. The reader is notified that there are several classifications of the various land features. Hence he should not be surprised to find difference on the same when you consult other references. The reason is that we still in India don't have an accepted system of classification of the various land features. Variations in Land Features The important parameters which are studied for classifying land under different land capability classes are described in this article. Each parameter has degree of variation and each degree of variation is represented by a symbol. 1. Effective depth of the soil The depth of the soil denotes the thickness krishijagran.com

of the soil over the bed rock, tough clay or hard pan. The classification based on the depth the soil is given in table 1. Sl. No

Table 1: Soil depth classes Symbol Name Depth range (cm)

Very shallow

0-7.5

Shallow

7.5-22.5

Moderately deep

22.5-45.0

Deep

45.0-90.0

Very deep

> 90.0

2. Texture of the surface soil

The knowledge about the soil textural classification is a pre-requisite to determine land capability classification and to prepare any land use plan for agriculture. Therefore more details about a technique of using a labeled equilateral triangle are provided here to the readers. If they can determine the percentage of the sand, silt and clay of a given sample they can decide the textural classification of the soil pretty accurately. Figure one is a ready a reckoner type of reference material which can be used in the field level survey and planning.

Fig 1

Ta k e f o r example the percentage of sand, silt and clay of your Any soil can be segregated into three sample is 60, 30 and 10 per cent respectively. main classes broadly: sand, silt and clay. The To determine the textural classification of your combination of these three groups can sample first of all take the percentage of sand (60%) and mark on the side assigned, to the Table 2: Textural classification of the soils based on percentages percentage of sand. Sl. No Common terms Texture Basic soil textural class names Symbols Similarly mark the percentage of the silt 1 Sandy soils Coarse i. Sands Sn and clay in their ii. Loamy sand l-sn iii. Sandy loam Sn-l respective sides. Now draw a line from the 2 Loamy soils a. Moderately coarse i. Fine sandy loam* f-sn-l point of 60% sand to the b. Medium i. Very fine sandy loam* v-f-sn-l line representing the ii. Loam L percentage of clay but iii. Silty loam s-l parallel to the line iv. Silt s representing silt. c. Moderately fine i. Silty clay loam s-c-l Observe the line drawn ii. Clay loam c-l joins the point marked 3 Clay soils Fine i. Sandy clay sn-c 40% on the line ii. Silt clay s-c representing the clay iii. Clay c percentage. But ignore $ These symbols are modified from the conventional ones. this 40 per cent. Next a. Percentages of major soil particles

knowledge about the soil textural classiďŹ cation is a prerequisite to determine land capability

*In the figure one that fallows these soils are not separately shown but included in the section "sandy loam." krishijagran.com

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

SOIL FEATURES

The texture is indicative of the fineness of the constituent particles of the soil and is considered under three ways: (a) based on the percentage by volume of the sand, silt and clay in the soil sample, (b) based on the feeling of touch of the soil particles and (c) the workability of the soil particles in relation to implements. Table 2 provides the details of the textural classification based on the percentages of major soil aggregates, and table 3 gives the textural classification according to the feeling of touch and the table 4 provides classification according to the workability of the agricultural implements through the soil.

provide many textural classes as the table 2 presents here.

Table 3: Textural classification of soils by feeling them Feel of moist soil

Ball formation from slightly moist soil

Stickiness of wet soil

Wire formation from wet soil

Loamy sand

Very gritty

Very weak balls that break down very easily

It dirties finger slightly

No wire formation

Sandy loam

Moderately gritty

Balls can bear careful handling

It dirties finger slightly

No wire formation

Loam

Slightly gritty & fairly smooth

Balls can bear easy handling

It dirties the finger

No wire formation

Sandy clay loam

Slightly gritty & fairly Fairly firm balls smooth on drying are slightly hard

It sticks to one finger

Slight tendency to form wire

Silty loam

Smooth

Firm balls are moderately It sticks to both fingers hard on drying

No wire formation

Clay loam

Smooth moderately

Firm balls are hard on drying

Short wires are formed

Silty clay loam

Very smooth

Firm balls are moderately It sticks to both fingers Slightly longer hard on drying and is somewhat flexible wires are formed

Clay

Very smooth

Very firm balls are very hard on drying

It sticks to both fingers

It sticks to both fingers and is very flexible

Table 4: Heaviness or workability of the soil particles Sl.No

Symbol

Specification

Textural classification

Very light

Sand, coarse sand

Light

Loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam

Light moderately

Sand, loam, fine sandy loam

Medium

Silty loam and loamy sand

Heavy moderately

Silty clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam

Heavy

Clay, silty clay, sandy clay

Very heavy

Heavy clay (60% or more 2-micron clay particles)

* These symbols are not conventional

you take the percentage of the clay in your sample pin point the 10% on the clay percentage line and draw a line to the line of silt percentage but parallel to the sand percentage line. Note that it reaches the point of 90% on the silt percentage line; but ignore the 90% per cent. Similarly draw a line from the point of 30% from the silt percentage line to the sand percentage line but parallel to the clay percentage line. You will notice that all the three line meet at one point in the figure. Note the textural classification labeled in that area; that will the textural classification of your sample. krishijagran.com

Long flexible wires are formed

Now the question arises in the mind of many readers how can I determine the percentages of the sand, silt and clay of my sample. The best is to get the help of a soil testing laboratory near by your place and get the percentage of the sand, silt and clay. If that is not possible a crude method is explained here which rim be done by anyone.

One foot soil decides the destiny of man kind

Take a cylindrical glass or transparent plastic jar of Table 5: Slope classes

Sl. No Symbol Slope classes

% of slope Degree of slope

Nearly level

0-1

Gently sloping

1-3

1-2

Moderately sloping

3-5

2-3

Strongly sloping

5-10

3-6

5 6

E F

Moderate steep Steep

10-15 15-25

6-9 9-14

Very steep

25-33

14-18

Very very steep

>33

>18

* These symbols used are conventional.

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

SOIL FEATURES

Sl.No Soil text. Class

Table 6: Soil erosion phases Sl. No Symbol Erosion phase

Characteristics

Not apparent or slight (sheet)

0-25% top soil or original plough layer within a horizon removed

Moderate (sheet & rill)

25-75% top soil removed

Severe (sheet, rill & small gullies) 75-100% top soil and upto 25% subsoil removed

Very severe (shallow gullies)

Gullied land

Very Very severe (shallow gullies

Very severely gullied land or sand dunes

* These symbols are used conventionally

Table 7. Salinity classification of the soil.

Sl. No

Symbol

Salinity classification Effect on the crops

sl1

Slightly saline

Crop yields moderately affected or the range of crops that may be grown is slightly restricted

sl2

Moderate

Crop yields moderately affected or the range of crops that may be grown is slightly restricted

sl3

Severe

sl4

Very severe

Crop yield severely affected or the range of crops that may be raised is severely restricted Growth of useful vegetation is not possible except in some salt tolerant ones0

Table 8. Thickness of the surface soil Sl.No Symbols Thickness classification Depth of the soil (cm) 1

Thin

00.00-15.00

Moderately thick

15.00-30.00

Thick

30.00-60.00

Very thick

Over 60

* Symbols used are not conventional

uniform size from top to bottom of the jar. In other words the area at the bottom or at the top of at any point in between bottom and top should be uniform. The height should be about 12 inches or 30 centimeters. Place some of the well mixed soil sample inside the jar; pour clean water into it almost double the volume of the soil. The jar with its contents is shaken well so that the soil completely Table 9: Permeability classes Sl. No Symbol

Permeability class

Rate of flow (cm/hr)

Very slow

<0.13

Slow

0.13-00.5

Moderately slow

00.5-02.0

Moderate

02.0-05.0

Moderately rapid

05.0-13.0

Rapid

13.0-25.0

Very rapid

> 25.0

* The value may change slightly between different text books on soil and the symbols used are not conventional. krishijagran.com

dissolves into the water; keep the jar stationary for about 30 minutes. You will notice that the soil particles begin to settle down at the bottom of the jar in the order of the heaviness of the particles. So the sand particles begin to settle down first at the bottom followed by the silt particles and finally the clay particles settle on the upper most layers. By keen observation we can notice the different layers of sand, silt and clay. Measure the total height of the soil column and then the heights of each layer. From this you can calculate the percentages of the thickness of sand, silt and clay in your sample against the total height of the soil column. Marking the percentages on the figure as described earlier we can determine the textural class of the soil. This method is accurate enough for anyone to make a land use plan. To improve the accuracy, take more samples from various locations you find the soil is visually different.

By keen observation we can notice the different layers of sand, silt and clay

b. Feeling of touch This method is for those people who are not able to get the physical analysis of soil sample. This method consists feeling the moist soil, making ball of the moist soil, observing the stickiness of the wet soil and wire formation from wet AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

SOIL FEATURES

* The symbols used are not conventional.

Table 10. Available soil moisture

c. Workability

Sl.No

Symbols

Moisture classes

Available moisture (cm)

Very low

Less than 9.00

Low

9.00-15.00

Moderate

15.00-25.00

High

25.00-30.00

Very high

Over 25

Table 11. Natural soil drainage

SOIL FEATURES

Sl. No Symbols Drainage class

To work with clay soil requires high energy input whereas in coarse or sandy soil least effort (energy input) is required

dr1

Poorly drained

dr2

Improperly drained

dr3

Moderately well drained

dr4

Well drained

Soil specification Dark surface soil and grey of mottled sub soil A poorly drained; well oxidized surface; subsoil mottled Well oxidized and free from mottling except in the lower parts of the subsoil Well drained and free from mottling in surface and subsoil

* The symbols assigned are not conventional:

Table 12: Wetness of the soil

Sl. No Symbols Wetness classification 1

Slightly wet

Moderately wet

Nature of the crop growth The crop growth is slightly affected or planting dates delayed for brief period of less than a week

The workability of soil particles (Table 3) is expressed in terms of energy needed to move an implement through the soil. The textural differences of soil particle affect the workability of soil in relation to the agricultural operations and implement. To work with clay soil requires high energy input whereas in coarse or sandy soil least effort (energy input) is required. This is expressed in terms of weight required to move the implements in the soil and ranges from very light sandy soil to very heavy soil. Heavy clay contains and 60% or more of two micron size clay particles. Table 4 provides the details of the classification with symbols. The symbols assigned are h1 to h7 from very light to very heavy. 3. Slope

The growth of the crop is moderately affected or planting dates delayed by a week or so.

The parameter slope denotes the general slopes of land surface which can be expressed in degree of slope or Very wet soil The growth of crop is seriously hampered or percentage of slope following planting delayed by as much as month or even more the USDA classification. Extremely wet soil or Too wet for cultivation, better to go According to the slope soil may be classified as given in table 5 swampy and marshy for aquaculture along with the symbols. condition

* Symbols used are not conventional.

4. Soil erosion

soil. Various textural groups will have distinct feeling of touch Severity of soil erosion is and behaviour under bail formation and wire formation. another limiting factor in soil These are very clearly summarized in table 3 on "Textural c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . Classification of soil by feeling them." Various soil erosion phases with their characteristics are described in table 6 along with Table 13. Frequency of overflow Sl. No

Symbols Classification of overflow

Effect of overflow

ofl1

Occasional overflow

These are overflows of short duration in which crops are grown occasionally damaged and or planting dates delayed

ofl2

Frequent over flow

These are frequently damaging overflows of long duration in which crops are frequently damaged and also the range of crops is restricted

ofl3

Very frequent overflow

These are very damaging overflows of very long duration. It is not possible to cultivate crops on such soils

* Symbols are not conventional.

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

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Sl. No 1 2 3 4

Table 14: Soil fertility status Symbols Fertility of soil fr1 Very low fertility fr2 Low fertility fr3 Medium fertility fr4 High fertility

% soil <10 10-33 33-50 50-67

Table 15: Soil stone ratio for Himalayan region Sl. No Symbols Range of soil-stone ratio % soil

Available soil moisture denotes the absorbed water per 150 cm of the soil depth. Depending on the available moisture up to the depth of 150 cm the soils are classified, as given in Table 10, into the following. The symbols used are m1 to m5 for very low to very high. 10. Natural soil drainage Based on the natural drainage capacity the soil is grouped into poorly drained to well drained. The symbols used are dr1 to dr4 as given in table 11 here.

st1

<0.1

<10

st2

0.1-0.5

10-33

st3

0.5-1.0

33-50

st4

1.0-2.0

50-67

11. Wetness of the soil

st5

2.0-4.0

67-80

st6

>4.0

>80

Wetness though linked with the soil moisture is considered separately while determining the capability classification. Based on the wetness the soil is grouped (Table 12) into slightly wet to extremely wet and the symbols used are w1 to w4 respectively.

their assigned symbols. 5. Soil reaction

6. Salinity Saline soils are those that have pH less than 8.5 the soils having pH- above 8.5 is called sodic soil. According to the intensity of the salinity the soil is classified as given in Table 7 along with their symbols. 7. Thickness of the surface soil Up to 60 cm depth the soil is known as surface soil and is classified (Table 8) to thin to very thick. The surface soil means the top soil which is the most important portion of the soil, which is cultivated. Hence, the observation on the thickness of the top soil is important. 8. Permeability of the sub-soil

12. Frequency of overď&#x20AC;&#x201A;ow Overflow means flow of water through the land washing down top soil and the frequency of overflow will provide the idea of the amount of erosion that can take place in the given land. Based on the frequency of overflow the soil is classified into three classes as given in Table 13 and the symbols ofl1 to ofl3 are assigned. 13. Organic matter content The organic matter is the soul of the soil and greater the organic matter in the soil better will the soil in general, as it improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. According to the amount of organic matter present, the soil is classified into very low, moderate or high 14. Inherent fertility

The permeability of soil indicates the rate of water percolation over a period of time. Permeability of the top soil (1-2ft) and of the bottom soil or substratum is determined if needed. But the ranges will be the same. Based on the permeability of soil to water soil is classified into different classes (table 9). The symbols P1 to P7 for very slow to very rapid are assigned.

Inherent fertility is a parameter depicting the inherent capacity of the soil to produce crops. In general the soils can be classified into very low, low, medium and high. Importance of fertility to the soil can never be minimized. We can use the symbols like "fr1, fr2, fr3 and fr4" respectively for all the tour fertility responses (Table 14). For deciding the level of fertility we have to consider a number of parameters already mentioned.

9. Available soil moisture

15. Soil-stone ratio

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Up to 60 cm depth the soil is known as surface soil

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

SOIL FEATURES

This indicates the reaction of the soil whether the pH value is acidic, neutral or alkaline. Based on the soil water soil may be acidic (pH 6.5 or less), neutral (pH 6.6 -7.3), and alkaline (pH 7.4 or more).

Table 16: Gully classification Sl.No

Symbol

Description

Specification

Very small gullies

Upto 3m deep. Bed width not greater than 18 m. side slope vary

Small gullies

Upto 3m deep. Bed width greater than 18 m. side slope vary

Medium gullies

Depth between 3-9 m, bed width not less than 18m. side slope uniformly sloping between 8 and 15%

Deep and narrow gullies

a. Depth 3-9 m, bed width less than 18 m with varying side slopes. b. Depth greater than 9m with varying bed width and sides slopes steep or even vertical with active branch gullies

SOIL FEATURES

*These symbols are used conventionally in the capital letters but in this booklet we have used in small letters for maintaining uniformity.

Soil texture, soil depth, erosion of the soil, degree of slope and moisture content of the soil are the key factors of soil productivity

In some regions like the Himalayan region the ratio by volume between the soil and the stones is a parameter to be taken into consideration. Table 15 provides the details of the classification of this ratio on percentage basis and the symbols used are st1...st6 etc. for the various ranges of percentages. 16. Gully classiďŹ cation In some regions soil erosion has extended up to the formation of gullies of various dimensions and the lands under this limitation is classified (Table 16) along with the symbols. 17. Climatic limitations It is needles to state here that the climatic limitations determine the land capability classification. The symbols assigned and climatic classification are given in table 17 along with the symbols. Applications of the Variations While doing the land capability classification one has to be quite familiar with all the variations of the land features. However, it is

to be remembered that all the parameters may not be applicable to all the places. But the knowledge of each parameter is necessary for anyone to judge whether this or that parameter is applicable to a particular plot of land or not. If applicable the data on that parameter is taken. Also one will come to know that among these there are few parameters which are most common and more important while considering the land for capability classification. They are: soil texture, soil depth, erosion of the soil, degree of slope and moisture content of the soil. Most of the other parameters are related to these and are reflected in the data collected on them. After collecting the data the land capability class is identified and expressed in the symbolic language using the symbols assigned for each classification under each parameter considered. However, it should be noted that the above mentioned classification though quite good cannot be applied to

Table 17: Climatic variations

Sl. No Symbols Climatic classifications

Effect on crops

clm1

Favourable

Most of the field crops can be grown

cm2

Slight limitation

Many of the field crops can be grown within the limitations

clm3

Moderate limitation

The effect of the limitations on the field crop is only moderate

clm4

Moderately adverse

The climatic factors affect the crop growth adversely but at a moderate level

clm5

Adverse

The climatic factors affect adversely

clm6

Very adversely

It may be impossible to grow the field crops at all

* Symbols are not conventional

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

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Table 18: Land capability classification in ravine lands Sl.No

Land form

Slope %

Distance from gully rim (m)

Table lands

0-1

Beyond 60

Table lands

1-3

“

Table lands wide 0-3 humps in between gullies

Between 6-60

III

Table lands

3-5

Beyond 6

III

Table lands

5-10

“

III

Table lands

10-15

“

Marginal lands between the gully rim and the table lands

0-15

Within 6 m of the gully rim

Table lands

15-25

Very small, small and medium gully sides (G1, G2 & G3)

Table lands

VII

Deep & narrow gullies

VII

Land capability classification also depends on the climatic parameters of the place. As you may be already knowing India has a large number of agro-climatic zones. The question arises here is, should we not also consider the specific agro-climatic region in which the land is located and mention in the table of land capability rating and the table of recommendations and conser vation practices? Though climate as a parameter is taken into consideration, but the specific krishijagran.com

agro-climatic region and its characteristics, potentials, limitations, recommendations and conservation practices are not considered. Conclusion By now the reader might have got a fairly good idea of the complexity involved in the land capability classification and the preparation of a plan for the land use in the long and short terms. Also it becomes clear to anyone that the Land Capability(LC) and the Land Productivity (LP)of a particular land is a function of so many parameters which are again classified into a number of classes. Equationally we can express as: Land Capability (LC) is a function of so many parameters such as soil depth, soil type, slope, soil erosion, soil salinity, soil thickness, drainage, permeability, soil moisture, soil wetness, frequency of overflow, organic matter content, inherent soil fertility, soil-stone ratio, gully climate etc. Equationally we can express it as:

Organic matter is the soul of the soil. Every grain of soil counts in crop productivity

Dr. K.T. Chandy (Agronomist & Re red Professor Environment and Natural Resource Management with Jus ce Xavier Ins tute of Management, Bhubaneswar).

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

SOIL FEATURES

all the situations uniformly. For example, ravine land cannot be classified based on the parameters enumerated and explained. In the same way several parts of Himalayan region and low-lying areas of Kerala (below the sea level). Same is the case with the coastal area and the highly deforested and degenerated area of our country due to man made activities such as mining, dam building, salt making, commercial mono-cropping plantations, extensive and intensive aquaculture and arms testing areas. Areas under natural limitations, such as permanently under snow covered areas, high altitude areas, temperate forest areas where only the coniferous would grow, mangrove areas all cannot be brought under this classification. Since we have already large tracts of land under highly developed ravine regions we have developed a system of C classification of the the ravine land (table 18).

Land capability class

NEW HOLLAND AGRICULTURE

COVER STORY

CHANGING THE FACE OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

In order to feed our ballooning population, it is imperative to adopt mechanized solutions in order to increase the food production

Agriculture is not only the main source of national income for our country, but also the primary occupation for majority of population. The population boom is proving to be a huge challenge for our food supply and resources, thereby exerting pressure on already delicate political and ecological system. In order to feed our ballooning population, it is imperative to adopt mechanized solutions in order to increase the food production.

ith the rise in commercialization of agriculture, innovation and mechanisation have become very important. Various agricultural operations such as land levelling, irrigation, sowing & planting, harvesting and threshing need a high degree of precision to increase the efficiency of the inputs and reduce the losses. This is where New Holland Agriculture's farm mechanisation solutions come into play. New Holland Agriculture is one of the global leaders in the agricultural equipment sector offering the largest range of tractors and combine harvesters, in addition to being a brand most recognized for technological

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

innovation. It is a part of CNH Industrial, which is one of the largest companies in the world in capital goods sector, present in 190 countries with its 12 brands. CNH Industrial is catering to agriculture segment in India with two of its brands â&#x20AC;&#x201C; New Holland Agriculture and Case IH Agriculture. New Holland Agriculture began its operations in India in 1998 with the launch of its first 70 HP tractor in the market. For the last 18 years, the company has been changing the face of Indian agriculture with its advanced & innovative farm mechanization solutions and accessible technology that is bringing more efficiency, profitability and krishijagran.com

prosperity to Indian farmers. The company provides the most technologically advanced range of 35 HP to 90 HP tractors in India. Aided by 120 years of global experience and a robust network of more than 950 customer touch points spread across the country, the family of 3,00,000 satisfied New Holland customers is growing rapidly. New Holland Agriculture is the only MNC in India to offer complete Farm Mechanization Solutions that include the most advanced products like Rakes, Balers, Rotavators, Pneumatic Planters, Boom Sprayers, and Mowers. Case IH, also a brand of CNH Industrial, has revolutionized the sugar industry with its market-leading sugarcane harvesters.

W i t h f o c u s o n Wo r l d C l a s s Manufacturing, Company's Greater Noida plant has received many awards & accolades at national as well as global level for Excellence in Manufacturing, Quality, Technological Innovation, and Customer Satisfaction. Tractors manufactures at this plant are exported to more than60 countries around the world.

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Owing to its commitment to provide its customers the best possible service, New Holland Agriculture India has established a customer help line with Toll-free number 1800 419 0124 which operates in 6 regional languages besides Hindi & English.

The company provides the most technologically advanced range of 35 HP to 90 HP tractors in India

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

COVER STORY

The development and support of these products fit within New Holland Agriculture's Clean Energy Leader速 strategy, which aims to address energy poverty & reduce emissions, and support the development of a sustainable agriculture with the right equipment and promotion of farming practices that have a lower environmental impact.

Another pioneering effort of the company has been towards Biomass Collection through rakes and balers, which has contributed significantly to the success of Biomass based power generation through paddy straw and other crop-residues and cogeneration from cane trash in Sugar-mills. The effort has not only resulted in providing a sustainable solution for energy generation through renewable energy sources in our powerstarved country, but also contributed to a significant drop in environmental pollution levels in the catchment areas by utilizing the surplus crop residue, which is otherwise burnt in the fields.

WHITEFLY

SPIRALING WHITEFLY A Major Pest of Guava

Guava is fourth most widely grown fruit crop in India Dr. Parag D. Turkhade, Sudhir S. Morde and Dr. Sarita K. Nehare

uava (Psidium guajava L.) belongs to family Myrtaceae and is called as the apple of tropics. It is originated from West Indies to Peru region of South America. Possessing the unique flavor, taste and health promoting qualities, the fruit easily fits in the new functional food category and they are rich in antioxidants so, often called as 'Super fruit'. The guava fruits are also known for their high Pectin content. Guava is fourth most widely grown fruit crop in India. The area under guava is about 2.2 lakh hectares with production 27.10 lakh tonnes. The most popular varieties of guava grown in India are Allahabad Safeda, Sardar and Dharwar.

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Guava crop is infested by many insect pests, of which Spiralling white fly, Aleurodicus dispersus (Russell) has become a serious pest in recent years. Spiralling white fly, A. dispersus is native of Caribbean Island, Central America and was first noticed from coconut plantation in Florida (USA) during 1957 by Russell and described as A. dispersus in 1965. At the time of description he recorded 44 plant species as the host of Spiralling whitefly from Florida central, South America and Caribbean Island. This pest is posing serious threat to many cultivated plant species including fruit crops, plantation crops, vegetables, field crops and ornamental plants. Some important cultivated hosts are

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guava, banana, mulberry, papaya, cassava, chilly, brinjal, citrus, coconut, rose, hibiscus, acalypha etc. Distribution of spiraling whitey In India, A. dispersus was recorded first time in Kerala on cassava in 1993. Later it was reported in western ghat of Kerala and Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu on various hosts. In Karnataka, it was reported from Bangalore on guava during 1995. It was reported in Maharashtra in 1997. Now, the pest is spreading on several crops and 187 host plants have been reported to be infested by spiralling whitefly.

and there by inhibits photosynthetic activity. Premature leaf fall and yellowing of leaves in groundnut is reported in Tamilnadu. Yellow speckling, crinkling and curling of leaves was noted when the infestation was severe on tapioca. The copious white, waxy flocculent material secreted by nymphs is readily spread elsewhere by wind create a very unsightly nuisance. Furthermore, the sticky honeydew carried by wind on the flocculent wax adheres to windows and cars and causes considerable annoyances. Complaints were received for allergies and dermatitis also.

Biology of spiraling whitey

Nature of Damage Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from lower surface of leaves and secret honey dew which favours sooty mould development krishijagran.com

Host range of spiralling whitey. Spiralling whitefly, A. dispersus is a polyphagous pest. Several host plants have been reported from India and other parts of the world. There are 31 host plants belonging to 22 families observed as host plants of spiralling whitefly, A. dispersus. Out of these, ten plants viz., banana, brinjal, chilli, rose, guava, mulberry, hibiscus and cassia have already been repor ted earlier from Maharashtra and remaining 21 plants viz., A b e l m o s c h u s e s c u l e n t u s , Anacardiumoccidentale L., Polyalthialongifolia (Sonnerat), Thevetiaperuviana, Neriumindicum L., Calotropisgigantea (L.), Ageratum conyzoides L., Impatiens glanduliferaRoyle, Chenopodium album L., Terminaliacatappa L., Ricinuscommunis L., Cajanuscajan (L) Millsp, Acalyphawilkesiana M.Arg., M a g n o l i a c h a m p a c a L . , Artocarpusheterophyllus Lam.,

A single female lays on an average 25-26 eggs on under the surface of guava leaves in waxy material in spiral manner

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

WHITEFLY

The biology of spiralling whitefly on different hosts was studied by numbers of scientist. A single female lays on an average 25-26 eggs on under the surface of guava leaves in waxy material in spiral manner, hence the pest is called as spiralling whitefly. The incubation period ranged for 6-7 days. Whereas, the duration of first, second, third and fourth instars lasted for 4-5, 5-6, 4-5 and 6-7 days, respectively and total life cycle was completed in 45-50 days. The first instar is active and referred as crawler and remaining instars are sedentary and covered with waxy material, the last instar nymph known as pupa.

Ficusracemosa L.., Eugenia jambulana Lam., Bougainvillea glabra, Ludwigiaoctovalvis, Piper nigrum L., Grewiatiliifolia were probably reported first time from Maharashtra. Management of Spiraling whiteď&#x20AC;&#x201A;y The spiraling whitefly population can be managed by following practices like Cultural method 1. Use of clean planting material delays the appearance of the whitefly population. 2. Pruning the heavily infested trees and shrubs was recommended to minimize the spiraling whitefly incidence. Physical method 1. Light trap was more appropriate tool for monitoring. Fluorescent light smeared with castor oil attracted and trapped large number of adults

Biological control 1. Inundative releases of Cryptolaemus motrouzieri and Malladaastur. 2. SprayVerticilliun lecanii (Zimm) @ 1.33 x 10 7cfumost effective. 3. Colonization of Encarsia (?) haitiensisand E. guadeloupae helps to spreadthem at a faster rate to suppress the pest population

soap (4%) and detergent soap solution (5%) reduces the whitefly population. 2.

Contact insecticides like malathion and carbaryl at 0.10% were also found effective against young nymphs,

Insecticides like Dichlorvos 0.08%, Triazophos 0.08% or phosalone 0.07% can be sprayed.

Chemical method 1.

Dr. Parag D. Turkhade, Sudhir S. Morde and Dr. Sarita K. Nehare

Spraying of neem oil (2%), fish oil rosin

TERM

NEW - STAND PRICE

College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (MS)

MEGA SAVINGS

YOU PAY ONLY

15 YEARS

12600

2100

10500

10 YEARS

8400

1400

7000

5 YEARS

4200

800

3400

3 YEARS

2520

720

1800

2 YEARS

1680

380

1300

1 YEARS

840

140

700

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WHITEFLY

2. Installyellow color sticky trapto attracted and caught adult flies.

Fluorescent light smeared with castor oil attracted and trapped large number of adults

INTERVIEW

we developed a lot of methods to overcome all these challenges, not only in the case of water but also in agriculture

More Crop per Drop is the Mission: Ohad Ohad Horsandi is the spokesman of Israeli embassy in India. He holds B.A. from the Hebrew University in Philosophy, Economics and Political Science. He joined the Foreign Ministry in 2010 and spent two years in the Department of Middle East Economy in the MFA. After completing Diplomatic Training Course in 2012, he was assigned to the South and South East Asia Department before being posted in Delhi on July 2013. Before coming to India he also worked in Spain, Honduras and Australia. What are the similarities and differences that you see between Indian and Israeli agriculture sectors. There are many similarities. Both the countries have to feed a rapidly growing population. Both India and Israel have to diversify their food baskets. Its not just one variety, for example if we take the case of capsicum, in Israel we have green, yellow, brown and orange capsicums. A

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

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much wider variety should be produced. We see the same in India also. The people want to diversify their food basket. They want more variety of vegetables and pulses and this is what Israel is very much part of India. One other similarity is the water challenges. Different states in India suffer from different problems of water. Rajasthan is very dry, another state at the same time could have excess water, another state may suffer from depleting ground level water and another may suffer from polluted rivers or lakes. We had all these same problems in Israel in the past fifty years. Especially from 2000-2008 period we had a very serious drought in Israel. It came to a situation which when people would open a tap, there will be no water. But we developed a lot of methods to overcome all these challenges, not only in the case of water but also in agriculture.

Even though the availability of water is very low, Israel is getting an excellent output in agriculture sector. What are your technologies. Can you share some of them. For a few decades now, we are developing new technologies in field of water and agriculture to increase the productivity. One of them is drip irrigation. Drip irrigation or precise irrigation uses only thirty to forty percent when compared to normal agriculture irrigation methods of agriculture, thus saving sixty to seventy percent water. The drip krishijagran.com

Another important method that used in Israel to save water is recycling of water. 85% of domestic water in Israel is recycled. Whatever goes from kitchen sinks and wash basins are recycled and used in agriculture. 50% of our agriculture sector uses this water. So basically almost every drop of water is used twice. You use it at home and in agriculture. We also uses many technologies to prevent industrial pollution. We pollute less our natural resources. Thus we save a large amount of money that was to be used to clean the polluted rivers and lakes, we have less diseases and at the end of the day it becomes a great advantage for sectors such as tourism. The most important thing is that we accumulate all these technologies together.

If India uses the right tools and right technologies, they can produce four to ďŹ ve times of what they produce now

Next important issue is with the orbital water systems. In any city around the world water is lost because of illegal connections, leakages etc. When you minimize these problems with different kind of technologies you gain more water. Every city in the world has 20%-30% water loss. If we can bring it down to 10%, we again have 20% water saved. Another important method that is to be taken in saving water is education and awareness programs. When you make the people more aware about consuming water, it AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

INTERVIEW

Now going to the difference, it's the size. The challenges and needs are very similar. Farmers in India usually have small piece of land. Much of them don't have huge plots of land. The same is in Israel also. In both countries we should have more crop per drop. We should practice intensified agriculture. From more square meter we should have more product. And these are the things from our experience that we need to share with India in the case of both water and agriculture. Even with what India today, it can produce enough food, not only for the country, but also for export. If India uses the right tools and right technologies, they can produce four to five times of what they produce now.

irrigation goes directly to the root of the plant. When you have something directly going to the roots, you can use the exact amount of pesticides. Not too much, not too less. Thus you have a healthier plant and you spend only less amount of money on pesticides and a great amount of money is saved. Also with the use of poly houses or net houses, we are able to extend the season. Instead of three to four months of season, for certain plants you can have six to seven months of season. Thus when you have a longer season, you have more product. Plants like tomatoes, usually grows on the ground like a bush. But if tie lines on green house in a height of two meters, the branches of the tomato which grows in round, will have more area to grow. Thus the plant which grows around ten meters can grow upto forty meters. Thus you can save on seeds, you can save on water, you can save on pesticides and you will have more product.

makes a big difference. When you close the tap while you brush, you save upto 3-4 liters of water. And if all of us are doing it for 365 days, imagine about the amount of clean water we save.

INTERVIEW

What was the reason for the visit of Israeli Agriculture Minister to India.

Drip irrigation or precise irrigation uses only thirty to forty percent when compared to normal agriculture

We h a v e a v e r y c o m p r e h e n s i v e agriculture cooperation with India, which includes cooperation through MASHAV, the Israeli agency for international development cooperation and are now setting up Centre of Excellences in India, to introduce the exact same technologies that we have discussed to the Indian farmers and agriculture experts. Recently we have inaugurated the Centre of Excellence for Tropical Fruits in Haryana and the minister was the guest of honor. Another reason of his visit was to inaugurate the event â&#x20AC;&#x153;India Water Weekâ&#x20AC;? and our participation as country partner of India. Can India and Israel together contribute any new technologies or methods for the development of agriculture segment in India. I think we are already doing a lot and sure we can do even more. Today in our Centers of Excellence we introduce a lot of new technologies for India. All these technologies come from Israel and in cooperation with the state agriculture experts we adapt the technologies to particular states. If we bring the Israeli technologies directly to Bihar or Punjab it may not work. It should be modified as to adapt according the situation of the region. There are a lot of Israeli companies working in India already. There is an Israeli irrigation company called 'Naan' which were recently bought by Indian company Jain Irrigations and now it's a Indo-Israeli company, that is mostly concentrated in Maharashtra. Another Israeli company called Netafim manufacture their products here in India. Whatever they manufacture is adapted in the Indian market and are exported also. Netafim is doing researches in Tamilnadu, in collabration with a local university for introducing drip irrigation on rice. We don't

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

grow rice in Israel and have no knowledge in growing rice. But in Tamilnadu they grow rice. They introduced drip irrigation technology in Tamilnadu and are now conducting experiments on doing drip irrigation in rice on large scale with the help of Indian scientist. As we know in drip irrigation technology only 30% of water and 40% of pesticides are only used when compared to other technologies. So in state like Tamilnadu where water is very precious, it makes a great difference. What is your opinion about Indian agriculture and its technologies? Do you have anything to borrow from India. Absolutely we have. The Indian technologies and knowledge of how to grow crops are very advance. When the Israeli agriculture experts are working with Indian scientist they gain a lot of new knowledge from them. The Indian concepts to overcome challenges and to find solutions for them are really excellent. Its something that we cannot find in other places. This ability to improvise and create solutions is something very uniquely Indian. Any messages to India and Indian farmers through our media? There are many messages. First of all we are very happy to work in India. Its like, we feel a real connection when we work with India. We can create a lot of things working together. The hunger for success and finding solutions are a great quality of the Indians. This is a real similarity that Indians and Israelies share. We both are vibrant societies. We both like to argue and talk a lot. Beacause of its great hunger for success, there is great potential. We are proud to be India's partner and friend. Together we can make great progress, not only in agriculture but also in many other fields. The Indian farmers should come forward to try new technologies and techniques in agriculture. Even with the resources that India has today, they can achieve a lot on the field of agriculture. Interviewer Aslam Rasool Khan krishijagran.com

DAIRY SCENARIO IN INDIA

During the last decade (2001 to 2010), the world milk production increased from 589.5 million tonnes to 745.5 million tonnes, an increase of 26.46%, whereas, milk production in India has grown 51.2%, i.e, from 80.6 million tonnes to 121.85 million tonnes. As per FAO, the average annual growth in milk production in the world during the last decade was 2.2%, whereas, domestic milk production grew at the rate of 4.2 %. An increase in the growth rate of milk production has contributed to an increase in the per capita availability of milk, notwithstanding the increase in human population. Number of in-milk animals (cow and buffalo) in the country has increased from 7.48 crore in 2007-08 to 8.32 crore in 2012-13. Milk production in this period has increased from 107.9 million tonnes to 132.43 million tonnes. Demand for milk and milk products are increasing at a higher rate than the production of milk. Milk Demand is estimated to grow at the rate 6 million MT per year up to about 180 million MT by 202122. To successfully meet the growing demand for milk, the incremental annual production of milk over the last 10 years, which has been on an average about 3.5 million tonnes per year, will now have to rise annually to an average of 6 million tonnes per year over the next 12 years. Dairy sector offers a tremendous potential for gainful self krishijagran.com

In the current scenario of dair y sector in India, about 30 percent of the milk sold is handled by the organised sector and the remaining 70 percent by the unorganized sector. Presently, about 52 percent of milk production is consumed locally in the villages and the balance is sold. The organised milk processing sector has an aggregate registered capacity of about 90 MLPD (million litres per day). Close to 50 per cent of the registered processing capacities is in the cooperative and public sectors while the balance is with the private sector.

“Number of in-milk animals (cow and buffalo) in the country has increased from 7.48 crore in 2007-08 to 8.32 crore in 2012-13. Milk production in this period has increased from 107.9 million tonnes to 132.43 million tones”.

Report by: Shekhar Shudanshu Technical ofﬁcer, Animal Husbandry Dept, Govt of India AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

DAIRY SCENARIO

ndia ranks first among the world's milk producing Nations since 1998 and has the largest bovine population in the World. Milk production in India during the period 1950-51 to 2014-15, has increased from 17 million tonnes to 146.31 million tonnes. The world milk production during 2013 was estimated at 773.4 million tones. As per capita available of milk in the country which was 130 gram per day during 1950-51 has increased to 302 gram per day in 2013-14 as against the world average of 293.7 grams per day during 2013. This is the result of policy intervention and support at various levels by States as well as by the Central Government.

e m p l o y m e n t especially in the rural sector. Dairying is a s e c o n d a r y occupation for about 70 % of India's milk producers. Animal Husbandr y sector employment accounts f o r p r i m a r y employment of 7%, and Secondary employment of 63% (NCAER report1998).

ßÔÁ¿ø¸ æ±á. í

INTERVIEW

At the time of green revolution the acreages under the crops was 140 million hector and today is the same scenario, but the population has increased by threefourth

Investment in Agriculture is the Need of the Hour

o save the country, investment in agriculture segment is the need of the hour. This was told by Ex-Director General of ICAR and the present vice chancellor of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and technology, Dr. Mangala Rai. At the time of green revolution the acreages under the crops was 140 million hector and today is the same scenario, but the population has increased by three-fourth. The condition of agriculture research institutes and the equipments required for research is deteriorated. If the investment in agriculture segment is not increased, then certainly we have to face a

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

lot of problems in this area. Infact, Dr. Rai has made pride to the nation by serving on different positions in country and abroad. He is honored by 16 universities with DSC degree and served as DG-ICAR, Govt of India and as special agriculture adviser to Govt of Bihar. He is presently serving Pant University as Vice chancellor without taking any salary. He is using bicycle to travel within the campus instead of luxury car. The Krishi Jagran team met him and and discussed about the work being done by GBPANT university.

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What is the status of research at present except green revolution? No doubt, this university has been the mother land for such a great green revolution, and farmers are benefited by green revolution. If we talk about the present scenario, the university has released 276 new varieties of wheat, rice, vegetables and many other crops. This year was very lucky for us because 21 new varieties has been developed, in which rice Pant1 and Pant2 has revolutionized the country. These Pant varieties are developed for Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, UP and Uttarakhand, which are giving 15-16% more yield than Basmati. What is the contribution of KVK's in research?

How does research reach the farmers? There is a large gap between farmer and research. We are educating the farmers about our new research on poultry, fisheries and different researches in agriculture sectors, processing and storage by means of papers and magazines. We are grateful to the media. This year we have started seed development van scheme, by which our team will visit village to village and sell the seeds at university rates. The farmers who are unable to purchase the seed from university will be benefit by this scheme.

What is the focused research being done at present? The research on high yielding varietal seeds is being done simultaneously. The research in horticulture, floriculture, especially research on pomegranate and kinnow is being emphasized. We are working on mango varieties, which can fruit till October. We are also working on a jackfruit variety which can produce jackfruit in winter season. We are making effort on how we can associate bio-diversity with business. What are your expectations from government? If there is strong will, there is a way and it diminishes the scarcity. No one has given us a single penny, but within two years we have developed a lot. I would like to say the government that, if we want to save our country, then we should improve the agriculture sector. It is not possible to conduct any researches without facilities as if we are willing to have a win in the battle without weapons. It is not enough to invest five to ten crore in agriculture development, but a minimum of ten thousand crores is required to conduct research in a proper way.

This year we have started seed development van scheme, by which our team will visit village to village and sell the seeds at university rates

Last but not the least, he gave the message to the farmers that they should do modern agriculture by using high yielding variety of seeds with modern technologies.

What are the courses being taught at your university? At present all courses related to agriculture, engineering, management, krishijagran.com

Interviewed by Manish Chauhan AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

INTERVIEW

All KVK's under the district are working under the flagship of the University. Almost all KVK's has been honored for some or the other research. Farmers fairs are organized time to time by the KVK'S and at university campus. Farmers are trained in crop production, conservation of biomass, crop protection, fisheries, dairy etc.. by the KVK's.

mass communication, home science, veterinary sciences, food technology, fishery are being taught in university. In students, 60% are girls.

MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY

MANAGING MENACE OF WHITEFLY IN COTTON

Whitey is not only creating trouble for the cotton but also dangerous for the other crops especially for the potato crops

otton culture has become one of the most intensively treated crops, spreading to extensive regions of the globe and offering a means of livelihood for millions. Hand-in-hand, numerous negative ecological consequences have stemmed from the increase in insecticide treatments. The absolute increase in insecticide use has been most noticeable in the more developed countries, with the damage being mainly restricted to the environment. In less developed countries, although the environmental damage has been less severe, the direct effect on human health, resulting from direct exposure to poisonous materials, is more pronounced. In view of the recent devastating attack of the Whitey across the North India`s Cotton belt hit the yields, particularly in Punjab and Haryana. Whitey is not only creating trouble for the cotton but also dangerous for the other crops especially for the potato crops. The need of the hour is to manage the same scientifically for the benefit of the farmers as well as the industry who is having number of pesticides to overcome the menace of the whitey. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the Crop Life India Organized a day long Ìnteractive Meet on Management of Whitey in Cotton. Dr T Mohapatra, Secretary DARE and DG, ICAR spoke about the practices and the problems

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

appreciated the organizers that they had appropriately selected the topic of Management of the Whitey in cotton. He also emphasized that this is the 5th meeting and he is sure that some deliberations will be helpful for the industry and the Government to take some corrective steps for the beneﬁt of the Farmers. Welcoming the delegates Dr R K Singh, ADG(CC),ICAR also touched the crucial points of the problem and then Dr J S Sandhu, DDG(CC),ICAR in his introductory remarks also highlighted the salient features of the need of the this type of interactive meeting to address the problems and to listen the way out from the industry. Dr S N Sushil, PPA Government of India also touched many points related with the available pesticides. Dr A Rami Horowitz, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel had given the detailed power point presentation about the whitey. Dr S K Malhotra, Horticulture Commissioner mentioned about the recent meeting mof 8th February in Sirsa and also emphasized that timely providing the aid to the farmers, we need to follow project IRM of Nagpur. The notable industry representation was from Adama, Bayer, Excel, Rallis, SML, Syngenta and UPL, so on. After the awareness inaugural programme the technical session also touched the historical perspective, development strategies and innovations with discussion and way forward. krishijagran.com

Shri Rajvir Rathi of Crop Life successfully conducted the whole programme. Twitter A broader consensus emerged from an interactive stakeholder meeting of ICAR, State Agricultural Universities (PAU, HAU, RAU), CICR, Ministry of Agriculture, scientists, agrochemical industr y associations, state gover nment representatives, department of agriculture and the farming community met to deliberate effective management of whitey pest attacks in the cotton crop in multiple states. The representative in an interactive meeting included the following recommendations:  Extension of training activities on whitey to farmers, dealers and farming community  Advice on spurious and fake pesticides and seeds.

 Recommending only whitey tolerant or resistant varieties/hybrid seeds for sowing which is less susceptible.  Use of recommended insecticides and pesticides to farmers  Training to pesticide dealers on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cotton and selling recommended insecticides ,  To ensure farmers receive agronomic advisory from recommended persons.  Change in application of pesticide spraying technology.  Pesticides application technology training to farmers and field staff  Short listing of hybrids /varieties for correct usage and pesticide container management Dr J.S. Sandhu DDG (Crop Science), ICAR, in his introductory remark mentioned that, “It is indeed important for the scientific community, government and industry stakeholders to get together find out the scientific options available or to develop a strategy for effective management of whitey in northern India, to avoid repetition of such incidents repeated in the other parts of the country where cotton is grown, while deliberating on the development of scientific options to effectively manage future pest attacks Mr. Sanjay Lohiya, Joint Secretary, called for a holistic approach to manage whitey infestation from all avenues, while emphasizing the need to manage the cropping pattern rather than from a crop perspective. Dr Rajvir Rathi, representing Crop Life India, during his vote of thanks mentioned, “While the krishijagran.com

The Directors of Research from the various agricultural universities of Ludhiana, Bikaner and Hissar spoke about the mitigating strategies like timely sowing by farmers, choosing whitey tolerant/ resistant seed varieties and hybrids to white curl virus, timely use of insecticide with recommended dosages, correct usage of nozzle size during spray application to farmers. Dr T.Mohapatra, Secretary DARE and DG ICAR said. “This devastating pest attack has affected the incomes of several farmers especially in the Malwa Region of Punjab, wherein more than 4.5 Lakh Hectares were under cotton crop this year. Hence it is important that the group ﬁnds out a way to eradicate this menace.” In his key note address Dr. A. Rami Horowitz, Agricultural Research organization Israel, spoke about the insect pest management with special reference to whitey management at a global perspective. Several cases have been reported by the State Agriculture Department including improper spraying of pesticides, late sowing, and inclement weather with heavy rains in June followed by dry spell in July last year, which led to a high level of infestation of white y in northern cotton growing states.

To develop a strategy for effective management of whitey in northern India, to avoid repetition of such incidents repeated in the other parts of the country where cotton is grown

Dr S.N. Sushil, Plant Protection Advisor (PPA), to the Ministry of Agriculture& farmer welfare, emphasized on need to curb the menace of spurious pesticides and seeds white promoting the need for using recommended pesticides only. Dr SK Malhotra Commissioner Agriculture GOI reiterated the need to manage the whitey in early stage of infestation and layout of frontline demonstration amongst farmers.

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY

 Release of canal water for timely sowing of cotton seeds.

industry empathizes with the crop losses faced in Punjab and Haryana, it is important that multiple stakeholders including Scientists, Agriculture Department, state gover nment, Industr y associations and any other relevant stakeholders should collaborate and discuss the future course of action to deal with such heavy pest infestations”.

REGENERATING SPRINGS

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY FOR REGENERATING SPRINGS

When the mountain ranges are cleared off the natural forest no rain water is stored up in the mountain soils. Consequently all the springs would dry up and eventually all the streams and rivers also dry up

ll over the world water is becoming the scarcest commodity. The problem in India has become so acute that IPL Matches at Bombay was under scrutiny. People, animals and plants are dying without water. The only solution to the water problem is to regenerate the thousands and thousands of springs which have dried up in our country. Springs are the small little water sources which come out of the earth at the foothills of the mountainous ranges. Many springs join together to form streams, many streams join together to form small rivers and many small rivers join together to form big rivers. When the springs dry up, the streams and rivers also dry up. If we want to revive the streams and rivers then we have to revive those little springs that bubbles out at the folds and depressions of the lower ranges of the mountains. Why the springs dried up? Because there is no stored up water in the mountain ranges. Why there is no stored up water in the mountain ranges? Because there are no perennial forest cover on the mountains ranges. Here the perennial forest means a mixture of trees, shrubs, bushes and creepers which cover fully the mountainous regions and shed their leaves to the ground to form a thick and spongy layer of decaying leaves and humus on the top of the forest oor. During the rain this spongy forest soil will absorb a lot of rain water and allow it to percolate into the deeper layers of the soil. A hectare forest soil can store billions of litres of rain water. A mountain range consists of thousands and thousands of hectares and we can imagine the amount of water that will be stored in a natural mountain forest. From this stored up water minute springs come out at the lower ranges of the mountains and hills. When the mountain ranges are cleared off the natural forest no rain water is stored up in the mountain soils. Consequently all the springs would dry up and eventually all the streams and rivers also dry up. In the tropical regions very high mountains roughly above ten to twelve thousand feet are covered with snow which is also a source of water for the springs, streams and rivers. The forest covers below this snow range is also very important for sustain the snow covered regions. In the nature there is a symbiotic relationship between water and vegetation. The moment the forests are cleared the snow also begins to melt and the springs at the lower ranges begin to dry up and the streams and rivers depending on them will also dry up. How to regenerate those dried up springs? Reforest all the hill and

AGRICULTURE WORLD | APRIL 2016

mountainous slopes above 33.3 percent or 1: 3 vertical to horizontal and maintain that area as perennial virgin forests. This area should not be accessible to human or domestic animals. It should be protected from wild ﬁres. It will take twenty to thirty years for a reforested area to become like a natural virgin forest. Once all the slopes above 33.33% is made into a natural virgin forest up to the height of 10 to 12 thousand feet the snow covered areas above also will be preserved without signiﬁcant variation in the total amount and area of snow. Obviously the National and International Policy for Regenerating Water is to make above practice mandatory for all the countries by International bodies like UN and World Environmental Organizations and national bodies like departments of F or est, Environment, Water, soil, Climate etc. All the lands above 33.3% per cent slope should be nationalized and the in habitants in those areas should be rehabilitated to lesser ranges. Everyone has to realize and adhere to the Law of Nature: All the slopes at and above 33.3% should be covered with perennial forest to facilitate the deep percolation of rain water and the emergence of springs at the lower ranges of the same slope.

Dr. K.T. Chandy (Agronomist & Re red Professor Environment and Natural Resource Management with Jus ce Xavier Ins tute of Management, Bhubaneswar).

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