SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARCH 3413)
PROJCT 2: INTERGRATION
NAME: KRISTINE YONG XI WEI STUDENT ID: 0311297 TUTOR: MR. SANJEH
CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 2.1 Natural daylighting 2.1.1 Space 1: Discussion area 2.1.2 Space 2: Reading area 2.2 Artificial lighting 2.2.1 Space 1: Café 2.2.2 Space 2: Office 3.0 ACOUSTIC 3.1 External noise (Source Pressure Level) 3.2 Reverberation Time 3.2.1 Space 1: Public reading area 3.2.2 Space 2: Children area 3.3 Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Space 1: café 3.3.2 Public reading area
1.0 Introduction This project is integration with Design Studio 5 final project which is Community Library in Bickfields, Kuala Lumpur. The aim of this project is focus on the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustics in context physical environment. It encompasses daylighting and artificial lighting systems and the strategies for internal and external noise management and room acoustics. 3 spaces need to been identity and propose with problem for daylighting and another 3 spaces will be chosen for artificial lighting. Whereas, for acoustic 3 spaces need to be identity to integrate external noise and 3 spaces for integrate internal noises. This is a report contain various calculations for the lighting and acoustic system for integration for own design.
2.1 Natural Daylighting
2.1.1 Space 1: Discussion area
Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100% Area of discussion room (m²)
98m²
Area of façade (m²)
58.32m²
Daylight Factor (%)
5.951%
Discussion room has a daylight factor of 5.951%. Based on the requirement of MS1525, discussion room has a good natural daylighting as it is within the range of 3-6%. Due to the façade design of the library, discussion room is located at the back elevation which is facing south. Thus, the daylighting for discussion room achieve better solution.
Formula
EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Given, Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia)
3200 EEi= (D x Eo) / 100% = (5.951% x 32000) / 100% =1904 lux
The general illuminance level of a discussion room is in the range of 300-500 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 1904 lux, which is exceed the requirement range. Therefore, louvre screening the faรงade will be proposed to reduce the daylighting to achieve the comfortable and sufficient lighting into the space.
Recommended average illuminance levels
2.1.2 Space 2: reading area
Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100% Area of discussion room (m²)
52.24m²
Area of façade (m²)
76.5m²
Daylight Factor (%)
14.644%
Reading area has a daylight factor of 14.644%. Based on the requirement of MS1525, reading area has exceed a good natural daylighting which is out of the range of 3-6%. Due to the façade design of the library, discussion room is located at the front elevation which is facing north. Thus, the daylighting for discussion room achieve excessive daylighting.
Formula
EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%
Given, Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia)
3200 EEi= (D x Eo) / 100% = (14.644% x 32000) / 100% =4686.08 lux
The general illuminance level of a discussion room is in the range of 300-500 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 4686 lux, which is exceed the requirement range. Therefore, louvre screening the faรงade will be proposed to reduce the daylighting. Besides that, the size of opening need to be reduce and material of glass such as double glazing low-e laminated glass need to be propose to achieve the comfortable and sufficient lighting into the space.
2.2 Artificial lighting 2.2.1 Space 1: CafĂŠ
CafĂŠ is a space which needs decent artificial light so that the users can enjoy their food comfortably. Therefore, Philips Tornardo High Lumen has been chosen to achieve a space that will be lit up nicely and also reduce the amount of shadows formed.
Philips Tornado High Lumen
Detail of the product
Brand
Philips
Light Colour
Cool White
Luminous Flux (lm)
2500
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
80
Color Temperature (K)
6500
Wattage
45W
Voltage
230V
Power Source
AC
Nominal Life
25000hours
Features
Energy-saving and long-life as compare to incandescent lamps
Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m)
10m x 8m
Total floor area / A (m²)
80m²
Standard illuminance required (lux)
200
Baes on MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F (lux)
2500
Height of luminaire (m)
3.5
Work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height / H (hm)
2.5
Assumption of reflectance value
Ceiling= 0.7 Wall= 0.5 Floor= 0.2
Room Index / Rt (K)
K= 10 x 8 / (10 +8) x 2.5
K=[L x M / (L + M)hm]
=1.78
Utilization Factor /UF
0.62
Maintenance Factor / MF
0.8
Lumen Calculation
N= 200 x 80 / 2500 x 0.62 x 0.8
N= [E x A / F x UF x MF]
= 13 bulbs
Number of luminaires across
√8đ?‘Ľ12 10
= 3.09 (take 3)
Hence, each spacing is 8/ 3 = 2.67m Number of luminaires along
√10đ?‘Ľ12 =3.87 8
(take 4)
Hence, each spacing is 10 / 4 = 2.5m
2.2.2 Space 2: Office
An office needs sufficient artificial light so that it can produce a focus environment. As office is a private and enclose space especially on the ground floor. Therefore, artificial light is a must when there is no opening. Fluorescent Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact has been used in this space.
Fluorescent Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact
Detail of the product Brand
Philips
Light Colour
Cool White
Luminous Flux (lm)
2000
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
80
Color Temperature (K)
3000
Wattage
44W
Voltage
250V
Power Source
AC
Nominal Life
30 000 hours
Features
Energy-saving and long-life as compare to incandescent lamps
Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m)
3m x 6m
Total floor area / A (m²)
18m²
Standard illuminance required (lux)
500
Baes on MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F (lux)
2000
Height of luminaire (m)
3.5
Work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height / H (hm)
2.5
Assumption of reflectance value
Ceiling= 0.7 Wall= 0.5 Floor= 0.2
Room Index / Rt (K)
K= 3 x 6 (3 + 6) x 2.5
K=[L x M / (L + M)hm]
= 0.8
Utilization Factor /UF
0.47
Maintenance Factor / MF
0.8
Lumen Calculation
N= 200 x 18 / 2000 x 0.47 x 0.8
N= [E x A / F x UF x MF]
= 5 bulbs
Number of luminaires across
√3đ?‘Ľ12 6
= 2.45 (take 3)
Hence, each spacing is 3/ 3 = 1 m Number of luminaires along
√6đ?‘Ľ12 = 3
4.89 (take 5)
Hence, each spacing is 6 / 5 = 1.2m
3.0 Acoustic Proposal 3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log ( I / Io) Noise Source: A. Busy traffic noise = 80dB B. Normal conversation = 40 dB C. Back alley market = 80dB
A. Busy traffic noise = 80dB
80 = log (h / Io) Antilog 8 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 8 x 108 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−4
B. Normal conversation 40 = log (h / Io) Antilog 4 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 4 x 104 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−8
C. Back alley market 80 = log (h / Io) Antilog 8 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 8 x 108 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−4
Total intensities = (1.0 x 10−4 ) + (1.0 x 10−8) + (1.0 x 10−4 ) = 1 x 10 Combine SPL = 10log (I/b) = 10log [ (1.0 x 10−4) / (1.0 x 10−12)] = 10 x 8 =80dB The sound pressure level for a shop is within 57 to 67dB. However, the reverberation time for ground floor has exceed the requirement which is 80 dB. This is due to the heavy traffic and market at the back alley at brickfields. To reduce the noise pruduce by the street, the interior of the market has courtyard, buffer zone void and flexible louvre to reduce the unpleasant noise. It is also act as mask from exterior noise.
Reverberation Time 3.2.1 Public reading area
Total Floor Area
30m²
Volume
240m3
Occupancy
40
Components
Materials
Area (m²)
Absorption
Area
Coefficient
Absorption
(2000 Hz)
Coefficient
Wall
Bricks
32
0.05
1.6
Floor
wood
30
0.1
30
Ceiling
Plaster
30
0.04
1.2
window
glass
50
0.07
3.5
Acoustic panel
32
0.75
30
40 (pax)
0.51
20.4
occupants Total
86.7
RT = 0.16 V/A RT = 0.16 (240 / 86.7) RT = 0.44s
Conclusion: The reverberation time for public reading area is 0.44s while the ideal reverberation time for reading area is 1.0s. This proves that the reverberation time for the public reading area is within the ideal reverberation time in a library.
3.2.2 Children area
Total Floor Area
46m²
Volume
184m3
Occupancy
30
Components
Materials
Area (m²)
Absorption
Area
Coefficient
Absorption
(2000 Hz)
Coefficient
Wall
Plaster
24
0.04
0.96
Floor
carpet
46
0.3
13.8
Ceiling
window
Plaster
30
0.04
1.2
Acoustic panel
24
0.75
18
glass
30
0.07
2.1
30 (pax)
0.51
15.3
occupants Total
51.36
RT = 0.16 V/A RT = 0.16 (184 / 51.36) RT = 0.57s Conclusion: The reverberation time for children room is 0.57s while the ideal reverberation time for nursey room is 0.6s. This proves that the reverberation time for the children room is within the ideal reverberation time for nursery room in a library. Besides that, the buffer zone help to reduce the noise from coming out also.
3.3 Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Café
The sound pressure level of a café is 40dB according to MS1525 standards. Components Material
Area Sound Reduction
Transmission
Area x Tcn
Coefficient
Index (SRI) Wall
Brick
50
42
6.31 x 10−5
2.0192 x 10−3
Window
Single
60
35
3.16 x 10−4
1.89 x 10−2
laminated glass
a. Wall-brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 / T brick) 42 = 10 log (1 / T brick) Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick T brick = 6.31 x 10−5
b. Window- single laminated glass SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / T glass) 35 = 10 log (1 / T glass)
Antilog 3.5 = 1 / T glass T glass = 3.16 x 10−4
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = [(2.0192 x 10−3) + (1.89 x 10−2) / (32 + 60) = 0.6156 x 102 Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 / Tav) = 10 log (1 / 0.6156 x 102 = 22.10 dB
Noise level in the cafe = 40dB – 22.10dB = 17.9dB The transmission loss from the outside is 17.9dB . After transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the café is 22.10dB . According to MS1525, the standard SPL for a café is 35-52 dB, thus, the space meets the requirements.
3.3.2 Public reading area
The sound pressure level of a café is 40dB according to MS1525 standards. Components Material
Area
Sound
Transmission Area x Tcn
Reduction
Coefficient
Index (SRI) Wall
Brick
76.5
42
6.31 x 10−5
4.827 x 10−03
Window
Single laminated
50
35
3.16 x 10−4
1.58 x 10−2
glass
a. Wall-brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 / T brick) 42 = 10 log (1 / T brick) Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick T brick = 6.31 x 10−5
b. Window- single laminated glass SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / T glass) 35 = 10 log (1 / T glass) Antilog 3.5 = 1 / T glass T glass = 3.16 x 10−4
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = [(4.827 x 10−03 ) + (1.58 x 10−2 ) / (76.5 + 50) = 0.5 x 102 Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 / Tav) = 10 log (1 / 0.5 x102 ) = 23.01 dB
Noise level in the cafe = 40dB – 23.01dB = 40.3dB The transmission loss from the outside is 20.01dB . After transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the café is 16.99dB . According to MS1525, the standard SPL for a library is 40dB, thus, the space meets the requirements.