building science 2

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARCH 3413)

PROJCT 2: INTERGRATION

NAME: KRISTINE YONG XI WEI STUDENT ID: 0311297 TUTOR: MR. SANJEH

CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 2.1 Natural daylighting 2.1.1 Space 1: Discussion area 2.1.2 Space 2: Reading area 2.2 Artificial lighting 2.2.1 Space 1: Café 2.2.2 Space 2: Office 3.0 ACOUSTIC 3.1 External noise (Source Pressure Level) 3.2 Reverberation Time 3.2.1 Space 1: Public reading area 3.2.2 Space 2: Children area 3.3 Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Space 1: café 3.3.2 Public reading area

1.0 Introduction This project is integration with Design Studio 5 final project which is Community Library in Bickfields, Kuala Lumpur. The aim of this project is focus on the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustics in context physical environment. It encompasses daylighting and artificial lighting systems and the strategies for internal and external noise management and room acoustics. 3 spaces need to been identity and propose with problem for daylighting and another 3 spaces will be chosen for artificial lighting.

Whereas, for acoustic 3 spaces need to be identity to integrate external noise and 3 spaces for integrate internal noises. This is a report contain various calculations for the lighting and acoustic system for integration for own design.

2.1 Natural Daylighting

2.1.1 Space 1: Discussion area

Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100% Area of discussion room (m²)

98m²

Area of façade (m²)

58.32m²

Daylight Factor (%)

5.951%

Discussion room has a daylight factor of 5.951%. Based on the requirement of MS1525, discussion room has a good natural daylighting as it is within the range of 3-6%. Due to the façade design of the library, discussion room is located at the back elevation which is facing south. Thus, the daylighting for discussion room achieve better solution.

Formula

EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%

Given, Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia)

3200 EEi= (D x Eo) / 100% = (5.951% x 32000) / 100% =1904 lux

The general illuminance level of a discussion room is in the range of 300-500 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 1904 lux, which is exceed the requirement range.

Therefore, louvre screening the faรงade will be proposed to reduce the daylighting to achieve the comfortable and sufficient lighting into the space.

Recommended average illuminance levels

2.1.2 Space 2: reading area

Formula: Daylight Factor (DF) = (Ei/Eo) x 100% Area of discussion room (m²)

52.24m²

Area of façade (m²)

76.5m²

Daylight Factor (%)

14.644%

Reading area has a daylight factor of 14.644%. Based on the requirement of MS1525, reading area has exceed a good natural daylighting which is out of the range of 3-6%.

Due to the façade design of the library, discussion room is located at the front elevation which is facing north. Thus, the daylighting for discussion room achieve excessive daylighting.

Formula

EEi= (D x Eo) / 100%

Given, Eo (unobstructed sky of Malaysia)

3200 EEi= (D x Eo) / 100% = (14.644% x 32000) / 100% =4686.08 lux

The general illuminance level of a discussion room is in the range of 300-500 lux. The final calculation of daylighting is 4686 lux, which is exceed the requirement range.

Therefore, louvre screening the faรงade will be proposed to reduce the daylighting.

Besides that, the size of opening need to be reduce and material of glass such as double glazing low-e laminated glass need to be propose to achieve the comfortable and sufficient lighting into the space.

2.2 Artificial lighting 2.2.1 Space 1: CafĂŠ

CafĂŠ is a space which needs decent artificial light so that the users can enjoy their food comfortably. Therefore, Philips Tornardo High Lumen has been chosen to achieve a space that will be lit up nicely and also reduce the amount of shadows formed.

Philips Tornado High Lumen

Detail of the product

Brand

Philips

Light Colour

Cool White

Luminous Flux (lm)

2500

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

80

Color Temperature (K)

6500

Wattage

45W

Voltage

230V

Power Source

AC

Nominal Life

25000hours

Features

Energy-saving and long-life as compare to incandescent lamps

Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m)

10m x 8m

Total floor area / A (m²)

80m²

Standard illuminance required (lux)

200

Baes on MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F (lux)

2500

Height of luminaire (m)

3.5

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting height / H (hm)

2.5

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling= 0.7 Wall= 0.5 Floor= 0.2

Room Index / Rt (K)

K= 10 x 8 / (10 +8) x 2.5

K=[L x M / (L + M)hm]

=1.78

Utilization Factor /UF

0.62

Maintenance Factor / MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation

N= 200 x 80 / 2500 x 0.62 x 0.8

N= [E x A / F x UF x MF]

= 13 bulbs

Number of luminaires across

√8đ?‘Ľ12 10

= 3.09 (take 3)

Hence, each spacing is 8/ 3 = 2.67m Number of luminaires along

√10đ?‘Ľ12 =3.87 8

(take 4)

Hence, each spacing is 10 / 4 = 2.5m

2.2.2 Space 2: Office

An office needs sufficient artificial light so that it can produce a focus environment. As office is a private and enclose space especially on the ground floor. Therefore, artificial light is a must when there is no opening. Fluorescent Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact has been used in this space.

Fluorescent Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact

Detail of the product Brand

Philips

Light Colour

Cool White

Luminous Flux (lm)

2000

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

80

Color Temperature (K)

3000

Wattage

44W

Voltage

250V

Power Source

AC

Nominal Life

30 000 hours

Features

Energy-saving and long-life as compare to incandescent lamps

Lumen Method Calculation Dimension of room (m)

3m x 6m

Total floor area / A (m²)

18m²

Standard illuminance required (lux)

500

Baes on MS1525 Lumen of lighting fixtures / F (lux)

2000

Height of luminaire (m)

3.5

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting height / H (hm)

2.5

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling= 0.7 Wall= 0.5 Floor= 0.2

Room Index / Rt (K)

K= 3 x 6 (3 + 6) x 2.5

K=[L x M / (L + M)hm]

= 0.8

Utilization Factor /UF

0.47

Maintenance Factor / MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation

N= 200 x 18 / 2000 x 0.47 x 0.8

N= [E x A / F x UF x MF]

= 5 bulbs

Number of luminaires across

√3đ?‘Ľ12 6

= 2.45 (take 3)

Hence, each spacing is 3/ 3 = 1 m Number of luminaires along

√6đ?‘Ľ12 = 3

4.89 (take 5)

Hence, each spacing is 6 / 5 = 1.2m

3.0 Acoustic Proposal 3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log ( I / Io) Noise Source: A. Busy traffic noise = 80dB B. Normal conversation = 40 dB C. Back alley market = 80dB

A. Busy traffic noise = 80dB

80 = log (h / Io) Antilog 8 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 8 x 108 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−4

B. Normal conversation 40 = log (h / Io) Antilog 4 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 4 x 104 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−8

C. Back alley market 80 = log (h / Io) Antilog 8 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] 8 x 108 = [I / (1.0 x 10−12)] I = 1.0 x 10−4

Total intensities = (1.0 x 10−4 ) + (1.0 x 10−8) + (1.0 x 10−4 ) = 1 x 10 Combine SPL = 10log (I/b) = 10log [ (1.0 x 10−4) / (1.0 x 10−12)] = 10 x 8 =80dB The sound pressure level for a shop is within 57 to 67dB. However, the reverberation time for ground floor has exceed the requirement which is 80 dB. This is due to the heavy traffic and market at the back alley at brickfields. To reduce the noise pruduce by the street, the interior of the market has courtyard, buffer zone void and flexible louvre to reduce the unpleasant noise. It is also act as mask from exterior noise.

Reverberation Time 3.2.1 Public reading area

Total Floor Area

30m²

Volume

240m3

Occupancy

40

Components

Materials

Area (m²)

Absorption

Area

Coefficient

Absorption

(2000 Hz)

Coefficient

Wall

Bricks

32

0.05

1.6

Floor

wood

30

0.1

30

Ceiling

Plaster

30

0.04

1.2

window

glass

50

0.07

3.5

Acoustic panel

32

0.75

30

40 (pax)

0.51

20.4

occupants Total

86.7

RT = 0.16 V/A RT = 0.16 (240 / 86.7) RT = 0.44s

Conclusion: The reverberation time for public reading area is 0.44s while the ideal reverberation time for reading area is 1.0s. This proves that the reverberation time for the public reading area is within the ideal reverberation time in a library.

3.2.2 Children area

Total Floor Area

46m²

Volume

184m3

Occupancy

30

Components

Materials

Area (m²)

Absorption

Area

Coefficient

Absorption

(2000 Hz)

Coefficient

Wall

Plaster

24

0.04

0.96

Floor

carpet

46

0.3

13.8

Ceiling

window

Plaster

30

0.04

1.2

Acoustic panel

24

0.75

18

glass

30

0.07

2.1

30 (pax)

0.51

15.3

occupants Total

51.36

RT = 0.16 V/A RT = 0.16 (184 / 51.36) RT = 0.57s Conclusion: The reverberation time for children room is 0.57s while the ideal reverberation time for nursey room is 0.6s. This proves that the reverberation time for the children room is within the ideal reverberation time for nursery room in a library.

Besides that, the buffer zone help to reduce the noise from coming out also.

3.3 Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Café

The sound pressure level of a café is 40dB according to MS1525 standards.

Components Material

Area Sound Reduction

Transmission

Area x Tcn

Coefficient

Index (SRI) Wall

Brick

50

42

6.31 x 10−5

2.0192 x 10−3

Window

Single

60

35

3.16 x 10−4

1.89 x 10−2

laminated glass

a. Wall-brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 / T brick) 42 = 10 log (1 / T brick) Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick T brick = 6.31 x 10−5

b. Window- single laminated glass SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / T glass) 35 = 10 log (1 / T glass)

Antilog 3.5 = 1 / T glass T glass = 3.16 x 10−4

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav = [(2.0192 x 10−3) + (1.89 x 10−2) / (32 + 60) = 0.6156 x 102 Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 / Tav) = 10 log (1 / 0.6156 x 102 = 22.10 dB

Noise level in the cafe = 40dB – 22.10dB = 17.9dB The transmission loss from the outside is 17.9dB . After transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the café is 22.10dB . According to MS1525, the standard SPL for a café is 35-52 dB, thus, the space meets the requirements.

3.3.2 Public reading area

The sound pressure level of a café is 40dB according to MS1525 standards.

Components Material

Area

Sound

Transmission Area x Tcn

Reduction

Coefficient

Index (SRI) Wall

Brick

76.5

42

6.31 x 10−5

4.827 x 10−03

Window

Single laminated

50

35

3.16 x 10−4

1.58 x 10−2

glass

a. Wall-brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 / T brick) 42 = 10 log (1 / T brick) Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick T brick = 6.31 x 10−5

b. Window- single laminated glass SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / T glass) 35 = 10 log (1 / T glass) Antilog 3.5 = 1 / T glass T glass = 3.16 x 10−4

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav = [(4.827 x 10−03 ) + (1.58 x 10−2 ) / (76.5 + 50) = 0.5 x 102 Total surface reflection index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 / Tav) = 10 log (1 / 0.5 x102 ) = 23.01 dB

Noise level in the cafe = 40dB – 23.01dB = 40.3dB The transmission loss from the outside is 20.01dB . After transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the café is 16.99dB . According to MS1525, the standard SPL for a library is 40dB, thus, the space meets the requirements.