PUBLIC SPACE Akira Ooka & Kristoffer Fahlgren Okt. 2016
Design in Context
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservatio n
SECTION ONE 03
INTRODUCTION
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PUBLIC SPACE
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NØRREBRO
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SEMI PUBLIC SPACE
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SITE PICTURES
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SEMI PRIVATE SPACE
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PRIVATE SPACE
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IN-BETWEEN SPACES
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NO SPACE
SECTION THREE 27
Spatial Design, Perception and Detail Public Space MA. Semester 1, Design in context Autumn 2016 Akira OOka akoo1668@edu.kadk.dk Kristoffer Fahlgren stud5326@edu.kadk.dk Supervisors Heidi Svenningsen Kajita Lise Juel Lena Vo Larsen Jens Frederiksen
SECTION TWO
AKIRA - INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM
SECTION FIVE 49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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DIVISION OF WORK
SECTION FOUR 37
KRISTOFFER - INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM
SECTION ONE
INTRODUCTION This program contains our understating of the public space in cities. We try to define the different terms under the more commonly used term public space, Public space, Semi public space, Semi private space, Private space, In-Between spaces and No spaces. The program also contains each of our individual assignments for the ongoing semester project. This program is a conjoined project between Akira Ooka and Kristoffer Fahlgren
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NØRREBRO The Blågården Library and culture House is part of Culture N. a network of cultural institutions and Leisure in Copenhagen. The borders Blågårds Plads a large public square in inner Nørrebro and the centre of one of Copenhagen’s most diverse neighborhoods, with a mix of private and social housing. Nørrebro is one of the ten official districts of Copenhagen, lying northwest of the city centre. It has a diverse population, families and students with 28.3% of residents being new immigrants, many of whom come from Africa or the Middle East. The neighborhood is therefore known for its diversity, multiethnic shops and restaurants, and its strong history of left wing activism and political struggle.1
In the 1970’s and 80’s riots and violent clashes between citizens, squatters, and the police erupted as many housing blocks were torn down by the city to make way for new social housing. Most significant was the demolition of people’s Youth House, and Byggeren (the Adventure Playground) That had been established by Nørrebro Resident Action. This crash with the municipality sparked violence and riots in the spring of 1980, however the building of FSB social housing continued and still exists as an important contributing factor to the economic and social diversity of the area.2
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SECTION TWO
PUBLIC
SEMI PUBLIC
SEMI PRIVATE
PRIVATE
P U B L I C S PAC E
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Public space is the stage upon which the drama of communal life unfolds. These dynamic spaces are an essential counterpart to the more settled, quiet places and routines of work and home life, providing the area for movement, a place for communication and a common place for relaxation and play.3 A public space can be many things, a public square, a bus stop, a park or the roads we use when we go from one place to another. Public spaces are places where there is free access without you having to think about anything. They are also spaces where we don’t even consider whether or not they are public spaces or not, because of cause they are. What about the schools, the hospitals or the town hall? These places can also be defined as public spaces, even though they are privately owned. The most important part of a space, and the thing that makes a public space is the accessibility for everyone even though sometimes you have to pay.
Access for everyone might be the case in theory, but it is definitely different in praxis. You don’t have the right to just walk everywhere in hospitals or schools, even though it they are considered public spaces. You go to these places when you have an appointment or another reason to go there. It is also generally frowned upon for a homeless person to claim a part of a park for an extended period of time, even though it is public. When a space is public in principle, it is most defiantly not the same as it being accessible for everyone at any time or as a place that everyone considers accessible. A place as a museum, even though it has an entrance fee and is privately owned, would still be conceived as a public space.4
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S E M I P U B L I C S PAC E Semi Public spaces on its own are not as clearly defined as the public and private space. If you look up “Semi Public” in the dictionary, there are several different definitions: 14
1. Partially but not entirely open to the use of the public 2. Partially but not totally owned by the public Both definitions share a common meaning within its description. Which is its spatial definition, Semi public is not entirely open nor is it private, and can be shared or used by multiple people.5 If you compare the sidewalk to a bench in a public square you can show this difference between public and semi public. When you are walking on the sidewalk and you encounter another person, both of you move out of the way of each other. None of you “own” the space, it is a common grown you both coexist in and temporarily use. A public bench is however more private, despite it being just as accessible as the sidewalk. When you sit on a bench you
are not just occupying the space, you own the space, you have claimed the space for the duration of you sitting on the bench. If someone walks by and thinks about sitting down, you don’t automatically stand up away, like you would me away on the sidewalk. People often ask the one sitting on the bench, if you are allowed to use the bench as well, like the one sitting owns the bench and this is what makes the bench a semi private space. It is partially owned by the public and not entirely open for the use of the public. At many public sites in the city, the rise of cafés with their chairs and tables on the squares, have diminished the number of public benches. The possibility to rest, relax, connect, or just sit down have increasingly been privatised and something you have to pay for by buying a coffee, food etc. points to a future with commercialisation of the public space. In the area of Inner Nørrebro there are still public benches at the squares so it is still possible to sit down and rest for free.6
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S E M I P R I V AT E S P A C E We talked about what is the meaning of Semi-private. When I looked up the word in a dictionary. We found this meaning and discuss about it. 16
1. Available to a small number of people : providing some but not complete privacy. We can understand that meaning but we don’t care about the number of people. Because we thought the outsiders cannot enter the private space. But the habitant can invite the unlimited number of people. We difine that as these two things when it change to the semi-private from the private. 1. Felt someone looking at me when I was in the private space. 2. Saw something that is in the private space from the public.
We can explain it by using the pictures. The first one is usually used as a private space but that space sometimes change. In this situation, the picture explain the private space change to the semi-private. The family open the window when they want to feell the air and shine from the outside. It will be semi-private. Because this space can feel activity the outside of people and be the view seen relationship. It is changing depend on the habitant. The second one is can feel the private from the sidewalk. It will be the semi-private space if they can understand the things and guess what is that space. It is important to feel things in the private space from outside. There are security, safety and a place to rest. These spaces are protected like a private space. But just a littel different to exsist relationship between one and the other.
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P R I V AT E S P A C E
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The borders of private space are more clearly defined compared to public space, though it is not crystal clear and the borders are blurry from time to time. As with public space there are many different scales of private space. The private space of your personal bedroom is quite different than the private space of a studio or an office. A private space is typically smaller than a public space, regardless of the level of privacy. Historically the private space has been as small as a desk or as big as a king’s castle. Both of these examples have some things in common: they both offer security, safety and a place to rest. Activities that society, or an individual, has determined are not appropriate for the public are carried out in private.
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I N - B E T W E E N S PAC E S Koh Kitayama talking about in-between in his book. At first, I use this as a quotation.
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“Privacy is a principle of modern architecture. For that reason, walls that articulate spaces have been a theme of architectural planning. Such walls separate people. If the establishment of relationships between people becomes the starting point for the conception of space, architecture becomes a question, not of walls articulating spaces, but of what is in-between spaces.” - Koh Kitayama7 We talked about what is the meaning of Inbetween. When I looked up the word in a dictionary. We found this meaning. 1. A person or thing that is between two extremes, two contrasting conditions, etc...
We define this word as the things has meaningful that between public and semipublic, semi-public and semi-private, and semi-private and private. When we thought what kind of things make In-between, we considered not wall but door, window, gate, treshold, awning, balcony, shade and curtain. These things are existing between our thought that is public, private and semipublic and so on. What is necessary for inner Nørrebro to change into a “city for people”? In this project, we consider the links that are created between people and the form of new communities in the city.
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N O S PAC E S S
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When we are talking about no spaces, we are talking about an empty space in the city, not to be confused with the general term “urban empty spaces” of cities. Empty spaces may be permanently empty, such as plazas, buy may also be empty on a seasonal or temporary basis, enabling a pause in activity. They can also be shortterm empty like playgrounds, benches, or gardens. The core principle of this type of space, is that is it being used. It might not have an all year or all day activity, but it is not neglected.
it seems like they emerge from the lack of planning. At the time of construction, the space might have had a purpose or another use, but something changed and the space lost it’s intended function. No spaces don’t have to be empty, they can be filled with urban furniture, a brick plateau in the corner of a building, or an unused garden. No spaces are not confined to only a small area, but it is unlikely to see a big no space. When a no space reaches a certain size, it transforms from a no space to an empty space, since people tend to find a use for an empty unused space above a certain size.
No spaces on the other hand are never used. They are leftover, unused spaces that in the urban environment have been forgotten. A no space The origin of a no space is often unknown, they are usually to small to be planed to be a no space and
In the end what defines a no space, is not what is in the space or how big the space is, but the activity level of the space or to be more specific: the lack of activity.
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SECTION THREE
PROCESS
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Inital Project In our first project, we did forcus on public and private in inner Nørrebro. After this project, we make a discovery about to exsist ambiguous spaces more than public and private.
Reseach After our resarch, I’m interested in gates of the route in this area. Because I found the typology of theses gates and saw massive potential in the gate to change the relationship of human life.
We think about what kind of things make the ambigous spaces and add more category that is semi public and semi private between public and plivate on our project. Furthermore, we demonstrate the presence of in-between spaces and no space.
At first, I have to difine the role of the gate.
In our project, we will keep thinking that spaces between public and private. Finally, I’ll focus on in-between spaces in my project.
I’ll derive a conclusion from these difinitions. I find the gates to be very effective for people.
1. Show inside to be safe. 2. Separete between public and private 3. Opening permit to passage through an route
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METHOD Planning I will focus on all gates and resarch the type of the gates in inner Nørrebro.
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Typology I found typology after my reserch. I explain it by these photos. It is important visible and form for the gate. -Gate made from wood. It cannot see the other side of the gate. -Two gate exist in the route. One is made from wood the other is made from iron. -Made from iron. It is possible to see inside of the gate. -Harf gete. I don’t know that protect and sepalate the inside. Users I make a targets of my project for simplicity's sake. -Inhabitants in this area -Children -Homeless people -Curtyard Users and Caretakers -People doing free market -People come from outside
Design I add the function to change the space of the route thorough the gate and put a new face of the gate. These gates are made from two doors and fix on the side wall. It dosen’t move. It is to need bring the key to open and close the gate. So, I put it design for moving and make it by the removable material can make the space for people’s activity. I get the material from the things they spending the time in this area. Some activity has become clear that the people is using the material. When they saw the cloths, they use the sewing things. Then they doing the free market, they use the table and roap. When they drinking the coffe, they use chair and table. When the keep the courtyard, they grow up the flowers. These things will be material of the gate. I desire to spreade the activity to the space of courtyard through the gate and change the philosophy of the in-between spaces between public and private for the people.
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SECTION FOUR
PROCESS Inital Work Prior to writing the program, we had a mapping exercise for four weeks. During this period, we, in a group of six, gathered information about the area of inner Nørrebro in order to do a Nolli map. The thing that sparked my interest in the area was the facades of the buildings, how they shape the streets for both the better and the worse. Simultaneous my interest for the public space rose and during my brief research of the subject, I have found how big of an impact it can have on peoples’ daily life.
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METHOD For my project I’ll focus on public space of the city in two different ways, in the form of a catalog and later an architectural design. Catalog The first stage of my project will be the creation of a catalog. This will be a different approach from my earlier projects. The catalog will be examining the space of Todesgade and the area around it. This will be done by using a combination of different methods of information gathering e.g. conversations with the locals, architectural theory, drawing, photos and spending time on site.
Design The second stage of my project will be an architectural design in the street of Todesgade. This design will use the information gathered while creating the catalog. The end result might not be as well polished and fully developed as some of my former project, but that is not the point of this project. The goal with this work methodology I am trying, is to create a final architectural design based on knowledge about public space with
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“It’s interesting to note that in dealing with crime prevention the general strategy is to strengthen the life of the city, so that citizens meet in their daily life. Proximity, confidentiality and mutual consideration is seen as a direct contrast to walls, gates and more police on the street.�
- Jan Gehl, Cities for people
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01 01
02 02 Assessment
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Assessment
Research Research On Site On Site Research Research Interviews Interviews Writing Writing Diagrams Diagrams PrintPrint
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Christmas Hollyday & Christmas Hollyday Independant study & Independant study
CATALOG CATALOG
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Critique Critique Critique Critique
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Critique Critique Critique Critique
WeekWeek Nr. Nr.
SKETCH SKETCH CONSEPT CONSEPT
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FINAL FINAL DESIGN DESIGN
Consept Consept Sketching Sketching Detail Detail Design Design WorkWork Models Models PRESENTATION PRESENTATION
Model Model 1:501:50 FinalFinal Drawings Drawings Poster Poster Design Design Printing Printing
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1800 mm
Introduction
Photos
Process / Sketches
Photos
Catalog A3
Plans 1:500 1:50
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Elevations 1:50
Model 1:100 & 1:5
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Visualisations
Sections 1:50
Detail 1:5
2000 mm
SECTION FIVE
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Andersen, Sofie - Finding & Archiving Introduction 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8rrebro 3. Carr, Stephen - Framcos, Mark – Rivlin, Leanne G. og Stone, Andrew M.: Public Space. Cambridge University Press, 1992 4. http://www.kunsteder.dk/tema/det-offentlige-rum-som-sted 5. http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:53c68ef8-1103-408c-915f33684072dbfc/4243250_Roland_Drieenhuizen_theme_research.pdf 6. http://www.kunsteder.dk/tema/det-offentlige-rum-som-sted 7. Kitayama, Koh - In-between
DIVISION OF WORK AKIRA
K R I S TO F F E R
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3 13 15 19 23
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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Spatial Design, Perception & Detail MA. 1. Semester 2016