Research & Design Studio, MSc Urbanism, TU Delft

THE ‘NOT-SO’ ROUTINE KRITIKA SHA

4505581

TUTOR: LEEKE REINDERS

MSC-1 URBANISM

TU-DELFT

JANUARY 2016

KRITIKA SHA

THE ‘NOT-SO’ ROUTINE

ONCE UPON A TIME...

PROLOGUE THE STORY BEGINS BY GET TING LOST... FORGET TING PAST EXPERIENCES AND OPENING UP TO NEW ONES. THIS HAS BEEN 10 WEEKS OF RE-LEARNING HOW TO READ SPACES FROM OBSERVING, ENDLESS SKETCHES, AND EVEN DETECTIVE WORK! THE PROCESS, SO FAR HAS INTRIGUED ME MORE THAN THE DESIRE TO REACH A RESULT. LET TING MY INSTINCTS TAKE CHARGE, LED ME TO INTERESTING OBSERVATIONS. EXPERIMENTING WITH DIFFERENT METHODS OF RESEARCH DREW MY FOCUS ON THE JOURNEY RATHER THAN THE DESTINATION. I HAVE DIVIDED MY RESEARCH AND EXPLORATIONS INTO FOUR BROAD CHAPTERS, ILLUSTRATING MY TRANSITION FROM RESEARCH TOWARDS THE DESIGN PROCESS. I HAD FUN MAKING IT, AND I HOPE YOU HAVE THE SAME FUN READING IT!

THE FOLLOWING PAGES IS MY NARRATION OF THE ABOVE...

A POOR LIFE THIS IS, IF FULL OF CARE, W E H AV E N O T I M E T O S TA N D A N D S TA R E

WILLIAM H. DAVIES

EXPLORATIONS IN THE UNKNOWN

CHAPTER 1 THE UNDERSTANDING OF ANY AREA STEMS FROM VARIOUS METHODS. THE INITIAL EXPLORATION ENCOURAGED ME TO GET LOST IN THE AREA, TO FORGET MY PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS OF THE AREA. OBSERVATIONAL SKETCHES, INTERVIEWS FORMED THE BASE OF MY EXPLORATIONS INTO THE ‘UNKNOWN’.

THE OBSERVATIONS FORM THE BASE OF MY FORAY INTO UNDERSTANDING IN DETAIL MY INTEREST IN PEOPLE, THEIR ACTIVITY AND THEIR OCCUPATION OF THE SPACE TO USE IT FOR THESE ACTIVITIES.

WH

O

PE E TH E AR

O

E PL

?

THE

BEG

INN

ING

SO FA NE XPL ORA TIO N

THE FIRST DAY OF MY WANDERINGS WAS ON A COLD, RATHER WINDY DAY OF NOVEMBER. MY FIRST IMPRESSIONS WERE MAPPED OUT MY SMALL OBSERVATIONAL SKETCHES, NOTES IN A SMALL DIARY. THESE IMPRESSIONS WERE RECORDED AS A THIRD PERSON OBSERVING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD FROM THE OUTSIDE, SEEING HOW PEOPLE USED AND BEHAVED ABOUT THE SPACE SURROUNDING THEM.

EY ES ON . . . WH A T?

FURTHER EXPLORATIONS WERE FUELLED BY INTERVIEWS AND CONVERSATIONS I HAD WITH PEOPLE IN AND AROUND THE AREA. IT IS WHAT GAVE ME FURTHER INSIGHT TO THEIR BEHAVIOUR AND NEEDS. TO CLEARLY UNDERSTAND THE AREA AND ITS PEOPLE, IT IS CRUCIAL TO OPEN ONE’S EARS TO CONVERSATIONS AND TALK BETWEEN THE AREA.

ARE YOU L IST E N IN G?

DISCUSS! DEBATE !

PRESEN T !

THE PROCESS OF DIGESTING AND ABSORBING ALL THIS INFORMATION WAS DONE BY VARIOUS METHODS, WHICH WERE EXPLORATORY IN NATURE. DISCUSSION AND DEBATES ABOUT PROJECTS IN THE STUDIO,PRESENTING TO PEERS, SEVERAL TRIPS TO THE SITE, SKETCHING, OBSERVING TO MAKING STUDY MODELS: ALL HAVE BEEN AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE ENTIRE STUDIO.

AND BACK TO THE TABLE....

OR BACK TO THE SITE !!

TO MAKING MODELS!

N O B O D Y E N J OY S S I T T I N G O N A S TO O P O R LO O K I N G O U T O F A W I N D O W AT A N E M P T Y S T R E E T. A L M O S T N O B O D Y DOES SUCH A THING. L A R G E N U M B E R S O F P E O P L E E N T E RTA I N T H E M S E LV E S, O F F A N D O N, BY WATC H I N G S T R E E T AC T I V I T Y.

JANE JACOBS

ABSTRACTION OF EXPLORATIONS

CHAPTER 2 T H E N E X T C H A P T E R L E A D S M E TO E X P LO R E W H AT E V E RY D AY P U B L I C S PAC E I S, A N D W H AT A R E T H E AC T I V I T I E S T H AT O C C U P Y I T. E AC H U R B A N P R O J E C T S H O U L D B E G I N W I T H A S U RV E Y O F A L L E X I S T I N G E L E M E N T S, P L A N N E D O R N OT. T H E I N D I V I D UA L Q UA L I T I E S O F T H E P L AC E S H O U L D J U S T B E E N H A N C E D BY S C U L P T I N G N E W P R O G R A M M E S A N D N E W P L AC E S O U T O F W H AT I S A L R E A D Y T H E R E, R AT H E R T H A N I M P O S I N G O U R T H E O R E T I C A L M O D E L S O N T H E M. F O R T H I S O B S E RVAT I O N TO W O R K, W E M U S T R E D E F I N E O U R U N D E R S TA N D I N G O F ’P U B L I C S PAC E’ A N D AC C E P T T H E A M B I G U I T Y O F I T S N AT U R E.

SIGNBOARDS, DISPLAY SIGNS AS VISUAL ATTRACTORS, DISPLAY OF GOODS OUTSIDE

COMMERCIAL STORES; SPILL-OUT ONTO THE PAVEMENT; AWNINGS AND PERMEABLE EDGE PROVIDES SHELTER

ZWAANSHALS INITIAL EXPLORATION: UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE AND THEIR MOVEMENT

PEOPLE STANDING, TALKING; LISTENING AND OBSERVING: RESULTS IN SOUNDS OF LIFE

ELEMENTS OF PERSONALIZATION OF SPACE, SUCH AS PLANTERS, SIGNBOARDS, BENCHES, TABLES AND CHAIRS

LO W V E H I C U L A R T R A F F I C ON STREET

EXPLORING THE OBSERVATIONS ZWAANSHALS HAS A MIX OF RESIDENTIAL AREA, WITH COMMERCIAL SPACES ON ITS GROUND FLOOR. IF WE OBSERVE CLOSELY, WE SEE SEVERAL ELEMENTS, WHICH INTERACT AND ENHANCE HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH ITS SPATIAL SURROUNDINGS. SKETCHING THESE ELEMENTS AND UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AROUND IT BECAME THE FIRST STAGE OF EXPLORATION IN THE RESEARCH.

SO, WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS RESPONSIBLE IN DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF SPATIAL ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN PEOPLE? SEVERAL FACTORS AND AFFORDANCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THIS ENGAGEMENT CAN BE EXPLORED FURTHER, SO AS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR SOCIO-SPATIAL QUALITIES.

A B STR A C T I ON O F TH E O P P O R T U N I TI E S ZWAANSHALS HAS A MIX OF RESIDENTIAL AREA, WITH COMMERCIAL SPACES ON ITS GROUND FLOOR. IF WE OBSERVE CLOSELY, WE SEE SEVERAL ELEMENTS, WHICH INTERACT AND ENHANCE HUMAN ACTIVITIES WITH ITS SPATIAL SURROUNDINGS. PROTECTION FROM TRAFFIC

SKETCHING THESE ELEMENTS AND UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR AROUND IT BECAME THE FIRST STAGE OF EXPLORATION IN THE RESEARCH.

CHANCE TO SIT

CHANCE FOR SHELTER

OPPORTUNITY TO PAUSE

OPPORTUNITY TO TALK

CHANCE TO BE OBSERVED

OPPORTUNITY TO BE SEEN

CURRENTLY THE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES ARE LIMITED TO DOGWALKING, RUNNING, PAUSING BRIEFLY ALONG THE RIVER..

NOTHING AS OF YET TO INVITE OTHER USERS TO PARTICIPATE.

WHERE CAN WE FIND SHELTER? SHOP-FRONTS, UNDER THRESHOLDS... PLINTHS ARE PART OF A VIVID AND VIBRANT CITY LIFE AND CITY SPACES: PROVIDING COMFORT, SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EYES ON THE STREET.

VARIOUS ELEMENTS ALONG THE PAVEMENT AND THE SHOPFRONTS GIVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO EITHER SIT, PEOPLE-WATCH OR LEAN AGAINST FOR A CONVERSATION, WHICH ARE BOTH DESIGNED (SEATING FOR A RESTAURANT) AND INCIDENTAL (SHOP SIGNBOARD) IN NATURE.

THE DEGREE OF SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT CAN RISE FROM NECESSARY ACTIVITIES AND INCLUDE SOCIAL/OPTIONAL ACTIVITIES. SEVERAL FACTORS AND AFFORDANCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THIS ENGAGEMENT NEED TO BE EXPLORED FURTHER, SO AS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR SOCIO-SPATIAL QUALITIES LEADING TO AN UNDERSTANDING ON HOW THEY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVING THE ENGAGEMENT OF PEOPLE. THE ELEMENTS CAUSING THE ACTIVE SPATIAL AND SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT IN THE SHOPPING STREET OF ZWAANSHALS, PROVIDE FOR AN INTERESTING STUDY. THERE ARE SEVERAL ELEMENTS THAT PROVIDE PROTECTION, SHELTER, AFFORDANCES FOR CHANCE SOCIAL ENCOUNTERS, PROVIDING THE STREET WITH AN ACTIVE SPACE FILLED WITH VITALITY AND LIVELINESS. THESE OCCURRENCES ARE AT TIMES INCIDENTAL AND NOT BY DESIGN, AND THEY AID AND ENCOURAGE SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT. SIMPLE ELEMENTS SUCH AS PLANTERS, BENCHES, SPILL-OVERS FROM SHOPS, AWNINGS ENHANCE AND ENCOURAGE THE PAUSE IN THE DAILY ROUTINE OF THE PEOPLE.

MOST PEOPLE ARE OTHER PEOPLE. THEIR THOUGHTS ARE SOMEONE ELSE’S O P I N I O N S , T H E I R L I V E S A M I M I C R Y, T H E I R PA S S I O N S A Q U O TAT I O N

OSCAR WILDE

INTRODUCING THE INVOLVED

CHAPTER 3 WHO ARE THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THE AREA AND WHAT ARE THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THEIR DAILY ROUTINE? THIS STUDY OF NARRATIVES AND STORYLINE IS A CRUCIAL STEP TOWARDS DETERMINING THE PEOPLE WHO WOULD BE OCCUPYING THE SPACE AND HOW. EXPLORATION OF THESE NARRATIVES HELP IN UNDERSTANDING THE DAILY ROUTINE, LEADING TO REALIZATION OF THE CHANCE OF A PAUSE WITHIN THIS ROUTINE. THIS UNDERSTANDING IS A CRUCIAL STEP IN BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RESEARCH AND ITS TRANSLATION ONTO DESIGN.

G O O D M O R N I N G!

O F F TO W O R K!

COFFEE?

I’M LATE!

BLU E COL L AR WO R KE R MAKING PLANS FOR THE EVENING

B U SY AT W O R K! C A N’ T WA I T F O R A C O F F E E B R E A K...

B AC K H O M E!

T V WATC H I N G!!

WA L K B AC K H O M E I N T H E EV E N I N G T H R O U G H Z AG M O L E N K A D E

I NEED COFFEE!

F R I DAY EV E N I N G

WHERE IS THE RESTAURANT?

DINNER WITH FRIENDS

CLOSE-BY , NEXT TO KOOKPUNT

O F F TO W O R K!

T H E DA I LY C O M M U T E!

CREATIVE CL A SS CAN I HAVE A COPY OF THAT?

SHOPPING FOR GROCERIES IN

Z WA A N S H A L S

W O R K F R O M 9-5!

A RT W O R K O N T H E WA L L..

O N T H E WAY H O M E

Z AG M O L E N K A D E, R OT T E R DA M

B E AU T I F U L DAY F O R A WA L K!

B AC K H O M E!

WHAT A LONG DAY!

W E E K DAY S, M O R N I N G 7 A M

R I D E TO U N I V E R S I T Y

U N I V ERSITY ST UD E N T

W O R K! W O R K! W O R K!

M Y R O O M!

Y OU N G CH I LD

O F F TO S C H O O L!

B AC K H O M E.....

C O LO U RS A N D S H A P E S!

M Y FAVO U R I T E P L AYG R O U N D!

R ET I R ED CO U PLE B R E A K FA S T, H O U S E O N

Z AG M O L E N K A D E

Z WA A N S H A L S,

R OT T E R DA M

P E AC E F U L E V E N I N G S!

I M M I GR A N T FA M I LY

OUR ACTIVITIES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BROADLY INTO TWO CATEGORIES: NECESSARY:

THESE ARE ACTIVITIES WHERE THE PARTICIPANTS DON’T HAVE A CHOICE AND THE INCIDENCE IS ONLY SLIGHTLY INFLUENCED

BY THE PHYSICAL SET TING. (E.G. GOING TO SCHOOL OR WORK, SHOPPING, WAITING FOR A BUS, ETC).

OPTIONAL / SOCIAL: THESE ARE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE UNDERTAKEN VOLUNTARILY, IF TIME AND SPACE ALLOW, AND WEATHER AND SET TING INVITE THEM. THEY ALSO DEPEND ON THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS IN PUBLIC SPACE. (EG. TAKING A WALK TO GET A BREADTH OF FRESH AIR, STOPPING FOR A COFFEE IN A STREET CAFÉ, PEOPLE-WATCHING, GREETINGS AND CONVERSATIONS, COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES, PASSIVE CONTACTS, ETC).

FIXED ELEMENTS THESE ELEMENTS ARE NONMOVABLE BY NATURE AND HARE ROOTED IN PERMANENCE. ELEMENTS SUCH AS PARK BENCHES, SHOP-FRONTS, STREET FURNITURE, ETC ARE PART OF THIS CATEGORY.

SEMI-FIXED ELEMENTS MOVABLE, YET ROOTED TO A SENSE OF PERMANENCE, THESE ELEMENTS CANE BE THINGS LIKE TRASH CANS, PLANTERS, AWNINGS, SIGNBOARDS.

FREE ELEMENTS THE ELEMENTS NOT BOUND BY A SET PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SUCH ARE ART INSTALLATIONS, VEHICLES, CARTS, AND EVEN PEOPLE THEMSELVES.

I THINK THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF A BEAUTIFUL RELATIONSHIP

HUMPHREY BOGART, CASABLANCA

TRANSLATION

CHAPTER 4 THE NEXT STEP WAS TO GATHER THE RESEARCH AND TAKE THE ‘BIG LEAP’ TO DESIGN. ONLY, THE LEAP SHOULD BE A SMOOTH TRANSITION INSTEAD. ONE MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT ALL THE PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS, UNDERSTANDING AND ABSTRACT THE ESSENTIAL FROM ALL OF IT. THIS ABSTRACTION BECOMES THE STARTING POINT OF THE EXPLORING THE DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF THE AREA.

EXISTING IMPRESSIONS OF ZAGMOLENKADE

THE CHOSEN AREA FOR THE PROJECT IS ZAGMOLENKADE, ALONG THE ROT TE RIVER IN THE CITY CENTRE OF ROT TERDAM. THIS TERRITORY DISGUISES TWO POTENTIALS: FIRST, THE POSSIBILITY TO REVIVE AN ACCESSIBLE URBAN WATERFRONT IN THE CITY CENTRE OF ROT TERDAM. THE POSSIBILITY TO CONVERT URBAN SPACES ALONG THE RIVER INTO A SYSTEM OF PEDESTRIAN ORIENTATED ZONES ENABLES THE PROJECTION OF THE DAILY ROUTINES AND ACTIVITIES ONTO THIS AREA. THIS WOULD LEAD TO THE EXPLORATION OF WHAT SPATIAL CHANGES CAN CREATE AFFORDANCES FOR THEM.

THE EXPLORATION OF VARIOUS AFFORDANCES, WHICH CAN BE PROVIDED IN ZAGMOLENKADE ARE DERIVED FROM THE STORYLINES AND NARRATIVES OF THE DAILY USERS AND PASSERBYS OF THE AREA, COMBINED WITH THEIR DAILY ACTIVITIES AND THE POSSIBLE ‘PAUSES’ OR BREAKS IN THEM.

THE ‘PLATFORMS’ ARE UNRESTRICTED BY THE DICTATES OF BUILT FORM, AND THEREFORE BECOME VENUES OF EXPRESSION OF NEW MEANINGS THROUGH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS WHO APPROPRIATE THESE SPACES FOR THEIR OWN PURPOSES. THESE SPACES MAY APPEAR EMPTY OF MEANING AT FIRST, BUT THEY ACQUIRE NEW MEANING CONSTANTLY.

THESE AREAS ACT AS A SCREEN ON WHICH SOCIETY PROJECTS AND SHADOWS, IN ITS HOLLOWS AND ITS PLANES, ITS POWER AND ITS WEAKNESS. THE AIM,THEREFORE IS TO PROJECT THIS SCREEN ON ZAGMOLENKADE.

THE ACTIVITIES ARE GIVEN A FREE OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP AND EXPLORE IN PLATFORMS AND STEPS ALONG THE RIVER. THIS COMBINED WITH CREATING AND ENHANCING OPPORTUNITIES FOR SHADE AND SHELTER, PROVIDES CONDITIONS FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED TO BE FREE TO USE AND EXPLORE DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES IN THEIR OWN WAY.

EXPLORING AFFORDANCES IN ZAGMOLENKADE

THE EXPERIMENT IN CREATING AFFORDANCES RESULTS IN CREATING DIFFERENT ‘LEVELS’ OF PLATFORMS LEADING TO THE WATER. THIS OPENS UP THE WATER TO BE CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. THE FLEXIBILITY OF SPATIAL INPUT WOULD RESULT IN VARIED USAGE BY THE PEOPLE INVOLVED, ADAPTING IT FURTHER AS TIME PROGRESSES. THIS INCLUSIVE APPROACH CAN BE THE FIRST STEP OF MANY, IN ADAPTING AND DEVELOPING PUBLIC SPACE, BE IT ALONG THE RIVER OR OTHERWISE.

IN ZAGMOLENKADE, THE VEHICULAR BRIDGE GIVES US THE POTENTIAL TO CONNECT PEOPLE WITH THE WATER, RATHER THAN JUST THE TWO RIVER BANKS. THIS AREA BECOMES MORE THAN JUST A BRIDGE, ACQUIRING A CHARACTER INTRINSIC TO THE ACTIVITIES IT AFFORDS. INTERPLAY OF PLATFORMS AND STEPS

OCCUPATION OF THE PLATFORMS

GRASSY SLOPED RIVED BANK, PERFECT FOR IDYLLIC SUMMER DAYS

FUNCTIONS SUCH AS ART INSTALLATIONS, CHILDREN’S PLAY AREAS, SPACE FOR STREET VENDORS AND FOOD TRUCKS ALONG WITH SPILL-OVER SPACE FOR SURROUNDING CAFÉS AND SHOPFRONTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ESTABLISHING PUBLIC OCCUPATION AND USAGE OF SPACES. THESE FUNCTIONS ARE INTERCHANGEABLE IN THE SPACE THEY OCCUPY.

SLOPED GRASSY BANKS AT THE RIVERSIDE, ALONG WITH SHELTERED ALCOVES IN THE FACADE PROVIDE SHELTER FOR THE USERS IN THE AREA. DIRECT SPATIAL CONNECTION TO THE NEIGHBOURHOOD IS A POSSIBILITY WHICH IS ALSO EXPLORED. HOWEVER, EXPLORATION OF THIS POTENTIAL IS STILL IN ITS EARLY STAGES.

THE PURPOSE OF A PROPOSAL OF THIS NATURE, IS ALSO TO ENSURE ITS ADAPTIBILITY. IT DERIVES FROM THE BELIEF THAT, THIS SYSTEM OF PROVIDING AFFORDANCE WOULD ALSO WORK IN OTHER AREAS ALONG THE ROTTE, CHANGING ITS FUNCTIONS AS PER THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY IT CATERS TO. THE ILLUSTRATION ON THIS PAGE DEMONSTRATES, WHAT CAN HAPPEN IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF ZAGMOLENKADE, AS THE START OF A PHASED PROCESS. THIS CAN AND SHOULD BE REPLICATED IN OTHER AREAS TO FACILITATE AN INCREASED INVOLVEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH THEIR PUBLIC DOMAIN OR REALM. THIS IS ONLY THE INITIAL EXPLORATION IN THIS DIRECTION, WHICH STILL HAS A LOT MORE SCOPE AND POTENTIAL TO BE FULLY EXPLOITED AND TAKEN FORWARD. I HOPE THIS FIRST FORAY PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO ‘PEOPLE’, THEIR ‘ACTIVITIES’, AND THEIR REQUIRED ‘AFFORDANCES’.

REFERENCES EVERYDAY URBANISM; EDITED BY JOHN L. CHASE, MARGARET CRAWFORD, JOHN KALISKI; THE MONACELLI PRESS, NEW YORK; 2008 CITY AT EYE LEVEL- LESSONS FOR STREET PLINTHS; MEREDITH GLASER; EBURON PUBLICATIONS; DELFT; 2012 CITIES FOR PEOPLE; JAN GEHL; ISLAND PRESS; WASHINGTON DC; 2010 HOW TO STUDY PUBLIC LIFE; JAN GEHL, BIRGITTE SVARRE; ISLAND PRESS; WASHINGTON DC; 2013 IN SEARCH OF NEW PUBLIC DOMAIN; MAARTEN HAJER, ARNOLD REIJNDORP; NAI PUBLISHERS; ROTTERDAM; 2001 GROUND-UP CITY / PLAY AS A DESIGN TOOL; LIANE LEFAIVRE, DOLL; 010 PUBLISHERS, ROTTERDAM; 2007 ARCHITECTURE OF THE EVERYDAY; EDITED BY STEVEN HARRIS AND DEBORAH BERKE; PRICETON ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, NEW YORK, 1997 ALL PHOTOGRAPHS AND SKETCHES HAVE BEEN MADE BY THE AUTHOR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THIS PROJECT IS INCOMPLETE WITHOUT MENTIONING THE CONTRIBUTION OF SEVERAL OTHER INDIVIDUALS AND CONTRIBUTORS. MY TUTOR FOR THIS QUARTER, LEEKE REINDERS DESERVES SPECIAL MENTION, FOR ENCOURAGING ME TO EXPLORE OTHER METHODS APART FROM THE ‘WELL-TRODDEN’ ONES. MY GROUP MATES, ESPECIALLY ANDY, IJSBRAND, NAGIA AND SAHIL, HAVE GIVEN ME THE MUCH NEEDED FEEDBACK, HELPING ME TO CONSTANTLY QUESTION AND CRITIQUE MY WORK. ALSO A BIG THANK YOU GOES TO RAHUL FOR GUIDING AND SUPPORTING ME, AS HE ALWAYS DOES.

“WHAT IS THE USE OF A BOOK”, THOUGHT ALICE, “WITHOUT PICTURES OR CONVERSATIONS?” - LEWIS CARROLL (ALICE IN WONDERLAND)