POWERSCAPING FLEVOLAND
VISION DRAWING
Figure 1: Powerscaping, Flevoland in 2050 >>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Anouk Klapwijk - 4164601 Jiabiao Lin - 4477448 Francisco Marin Nieto - 4516281 Kritika Sha - 4505581 Marcello Felice Vietti - 4448618 Program: energy transformation 31.520 ha. windmill clusters 5630 ha. greenhouses zone 2400 ha. biomass land 6800 ha. subsidence land 8250 ha. mobility cities 8440 ha. Energy targets: renewable sources 55554 TJ/year fossil fuels 2942 TJ/year Type: thematic realistic strategy + blueprint
The headline on the 31st March 2016, on national news website nu.nl read: “Netherlands still far away from green energy targets”. According to agreements with the EU, 20% of the energy of the Netherlands should come from renewable resources by 2020, compared to 6% right now. This makes energy one of the most controversial themes in the current time due to its ever growing demand and its impact on climate change. This shows that an energy transition to renewable sources in the Netherlands is urgent and will be unavoidable. This strategy shows how Flevoland could take a leading role in this transition, due to its already big share in renewable resources and opportunities for the future. Flevoland will produce already 23% of the total amount of wind energy of the Netherlands by 2020 and has a target to be 100% energy self sufficient by that time. Therefore, Flevoland could become a pioneer and
an example for the whole country. Usually, the concept of energy is always associated with immaterial forces, such as electricity. Most of the time, we are not aware of the impact of energy on the territory. That is why this strategy is actually a research into the spatial demands that an energy transition will require. It is an illustration of how an energy transformed Flevoland could look like and how its landscape will transform with it. Our research question for the strategy therefore is: To what extent can Flevoland transform itself into a sustainable energy landscape? The following pages will explain how we translated energy numbers and figures into spatial concepts to show Flevoland’s energy landscape in 2050 (figure 1).
railway
GLOBAL MARKET
main roads
WIND
energy grid
PARKS
AIRPORT EXPANSION
subsiding land natural areas strongest wind areas ENERGY GRID
INDUSTRIES
EMPOWERMENT
EXPANSION
opportunities
BIOMASS INTRODUCTION
WIND PARKS
EXPORT
EU ENERGY GRID
GLOBAL SOLIDARITY
CITIES
EXPANSION
BIOMASS
WIND TURBINES ALONG
LANDSCAPE LINES SOLAR FARM
ALGAE FARM
0
3
6
12
18 km
EXPORT
EU ENERGY GRID
Figure 2: Opportunities for Flevoland
SECURE REGION RESIDUAL
HEAT REUSE
BIOMASS
CITIES
DENSIFICATION
ENERGY
CLUSTER
Figure 3: Flowchart Flevoland 2015 (units TJ/year) CARING REGION
ENERGY WASTE
COMPACT
CITIES
FARMS
ENERGY CLUSTER
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION CONNECTION
Figure 4: Flowchart Flevoland 2050 (units TJ/year)
Figure 5: Spatial concepts scenario’s
An analysis of the existing features in Flevoland forms the starting point for the strategy. The most important features are land subsidence, land use, wind intensity and the current infrastructure of waterways, road networks, nature networks and electricity lines. Overlaying these features create a map to find opportunities and space for the energy transition (figure 2). At the same time knowledge about energy data is necessary to understand the current situation of Flevoland. The energy flowchart shows an overview of the production, consumption, import and export of energy. In the current situation (figure 3) we see Flevoland imports a large quantity of fossil fuels while exporting energy. The portion of sustainable energy resources is limited. In order to cope with uncertainty, four different scenario’s were developed: global market, global solidarity, secure region and caring region. Each scenario has a different goal with different stakeholders and renewable energy sources. Global market focusses on maximum profit with big energy companies as main stakeholders and wind energy as most profitable source. As far as global solidarity is concerned sharing energy is important, as well as environmental sustainability. The stakeholders consist of different governmental parties and includes all types of renewable resources. 100% self sufficiency is the goal for the secure region scenario. The focus is on energy out of wind and biomass, combined with energy storage. The caring region scenario takes the individual practices into account, which form the main stakeholders. Every scenario leads to different spatial concepts and implications for the landscape (figure 5). These concepts show different ways of organizing the renewable energy resources. From these concept maps derived from the scenarios, the future that is most likely to happen is identified. This is called the probable future, which is defined by the most common strategic interventions among the four possible futures over time. In order to characterize the spatial organization that fits with the probable future, the robustness of different interventions are investigated. Some of
the interventions were excluded, while others define the probable future and lead to the final stage of the strategy. For a desirable future, some values that are still missing are added, like participation, employment and education. These values are added to the final vision for an energy transition for Flevoland. Altogether, the vision for Flevoland offers a solution for the whole energy spectrum: the production, distribution and consumption of energy. The production of energy is expressed in wind mill clusters, biomass fields and a subsidence area with opportunities for experimental renewable resources. The distribution considers the European energy grid and biomass collection points. The consumption of energy is reduced by CO2 capture and usage from the Maxima Central and by reducing the energy required for mobility. The five crucial interventions facilitate in reaching these goals (figure 6). Every intervention will have its own motive and initiator at a certain time, like the carbon tax law in 2022 or the tipping point where biomass becomes more profitable than agricultural land. The interventions are highly influenced by world trends. Flevoland is, after all not an island on itself and should not be alone in the energy transition to renewable energy sources. This strategy could also be applicable to the whole of the Netherlands. As shown for the different parts of Flevoland, each Dutch region should focus on its most promising renewable energy source. This could be for example energy from biomass in the east of the country in contrast to energy out of wind in the west. This also could be up scaled into a European vision, with each nation focusing on its most promising renewable energy source and sharing it through an European energy grid. The research question stated in the beginning of this text was: To what extent can Flevoland transform itself into a sustainable energy landscape? We cannot predict how it will exactly look like in 2050, but we can show the possibilities. In the end, the calculations reflected in the flowchart for 2050 (image 4) show that an energy transition is actually feasible and will have a great impact on the landscape and identity of Flevoland.
WINDMILL CLUSTERS
biomass power plant railway main roads energy grid biomass land cities - mobility transition alternative energy production wind turbine clusters greenhouses - industries no go areas
GREENHOUSE & INDUSTRY DISTRICT
BIOMASS TRANSITION
SUBSIDENCE AREA
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3
MOBILITY TRANSITION
6
12
18 km
Figure 6: Strategy map of Powerscaping Flevoland in 2050 with interventions
POWERSCAPING THE WIND Scale L : New forest to control sight & connect ecological system
Scale S : Diverse sight control strategy - 1. Highlight cluster from distance
- 2. Block messy perception in diagonal perspective
- 3. Highlight perception of grid in front perpective
Scale M : Rhythmical landscape in vacant land Broad view
Plan : Power line Main road Water course Built area Forest Other green area New forest Wind turbine
Forest Wind turbine Built area
0 1
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Jiabiao Lin - 4477448 Program: net transformation existing wind turbine Energy Production Built year new wind turbine Energy Production Built year
600 6588TJ/Year 1990s ~300 18360TJ/Year ~2020
Stakeholders involved: Municipality, Developer, NGO, Farmer, Inhabitant Aimed effect: Scale L: New forest connect the fragmented green area. Scale M: Designed sight add rhythm to the vacant landscape. Scale S: messy perception of wind turbines is blocked while perception of cluster and grid is highlighted.
Wind turbine is the special feature in Flevoland, but they keep being complained. By 2020, Flevoland plans to replace 600 existing wind turbines with larger 300 new wind turbines. How can we better combine the wind turbines into the Flevoland to create an enjoyable energy landscape? Firstly, comparison and evaluation about Landscape quality, Visual perception, Potential and Energy network of diverse patterns are carried out. The combination of linear pattern along infrastructure and small cluster pattern suit Flevoland the best. Then possible area, suitable area and enhancement of landscape set the basis for actual allocation. Finally, diverse effects in different scales are considered in the design. Combination of diverse allocation strategies and design in different scales let the wind turbines become unique and great energy landscape in Flevoland.
12
4
18 km
Design basis
Possibility analysis Railway Highway&Mainroad Power line Water course Built area No wind turbine area Noise affected area Sight corridor
01
4
12
18 km
01
4
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18 km
Suitability analysis Strongest wind Forest Residential area Industrial area mix-used area Sight line (In Flevoland) Sight line (Out of Flevoland) Important observation spot Suitable area for wind turbine
Enhancement analysis Shore line (outer structure) Main road (inner structure) Water course (inner structure) Polder orientation Polder size (Large) Polder size (Middle) Polder size (Small)
Abstract structure 01
4
12
18 km
POWERSCAPING THE GREENHOUSE AREA WHAT WILL BE THE SPATIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CARBON TAX IN 2022? PHASE 1: ROAD 2017 MAXIMA CENTRAL
BIOMASS CENTRAL CO2
PHASE 2: PIPELINE 2022
GREENHOUSES
MAXIMA CENTRAL 3.425.455 TON CO2 1063 COMPANIES 21 KM2 PHASE 3: GREENHOUSES
PHASE 4: LANDSCAPE
FAST ROUTE TRANSPORT SLOW ROUTE RECREATE ROUTES LELYSTAD TO DRONTEN
BIOMASS CENTRAL 13.243 TON CO2 41 COMPANIES 0.8 KM2 In 2022, the EU will set a carbon tax for emissions of CO2. This will encourage the Maxima power plant to construct a CO2 pipeline in order to reduce their waste. The CO2 pipleine will promote the development of the surrounding land into a greenhouse area. These new greenhouses fit into the strategy in order to make up for the loss of agricultural land due to biomass production and subsiding land that is not suitable for agriculture. The new greenhouse zone will need water bains and have to contribute to water collection. This will be the catalyst for developing the existing nature network from Lelystad to Dronten further and create a recreation and new living area. When the lifespan of the greenhouses has come to an end and the production of CO2 will go down, the greenhouses might disappear but they will leave a beautiful landscape as their legacy.
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Anouk Klapwijk - 4164601 Program: greenhouses 1600 ha. infrastructure 11 km. landscape 600 ha. water 200 ha. houses 70 jobs 800 Stakeholders involved: Maxima Central Biomass Central Lelystad Municipality of Lelystad Municipality of Dronten Landowners Aimed effect: To increase the sustainability of the existing fossil fuel chain on the short term by developing a greenhouse area that makes the best possible use of residual CO2.
POWERSCAPING THE AGRICULTURE
A hetrogeneous energy based agriculture
The Individuals
The Collective
The Company
Biomass Transition Program >>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Kritika Sha - 4505581 Program: Phase 1
Biomass area Energy produced Households covered
Phase 2
Biomass area Energy produced Households covered
Phase 3
Biomass area Energy produced Households covered
2,2 sq.m. 1,32 TJ/Yr 107 6,5 sq.m. 3,78 TJ/Yr 308 12,8 sq.m. 7,38 TJ/Yr 600
Stakeholders involved: Farmers, Collectives, Biomass Energy companies, Lelystad Municipality Aimed effect: Transformation of the agriculture into a hetrogeneous energy producing landscape.
Biomass Energy will play an enormous role in Energy Transition of Flevoland, where close to 35% of the total energy needs to come from it. To facilitate this, the land around the existing biomass plant in Lelystad would convert into biomass producing rapeseed plant. The initial program would be run by farmers, where transport of raw material and storage of fuel is controlled by the individuals. The next stage of transformation would lead to larger tracts of land being converted by collectives of farmers, where storage and transportation is shared. More direct connections to the biomass central are made to ensure ease in transportation. Lastly, if the energy companies lease the farmland, extensive rapeseed plantations are anticipated. This transformation would lead to a heterogeneous landscape with a mix of agriculture and energy farming.
Biomass plant Biomass fields Protected natural areas Other built areas Railway stoppages Railway line Major roads
Project Location
New landscape perception
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3
6
12
18
24 km
POWERSCAPING SUBSIDENCE 3C Water storage
3B Wetlands
3A Energy crops
2 Addition of platforms
1 Initial state
Infrastructure + research centre
or orrid al c logic tourism o c E +
>60 cm (2050)
Subsidence map
A big part of Flevoland is sinking. In the case of the agricultural land south of Almere, a subsidence of more than half a meter is expected by 2050, making agriculture unfeasible and plunging farmers into a state of uncertainty. However, there are some compatible energy-related options that are still underexplored, such as the growth of energy crops -like switchgrass- or the harvesting of reed for their use as biomass. Even in the case of a complete subsidence there is room for activities related to water storage. In the end, all these possibilities are a way of generating a more resilient, multifunctional landscape that will be able to adapt to this new reality. In order to create the conditions for a smooth shift, however, two elements need to be added: a system of dikes and platforms for the relocation of farms and an institution that will monitor subsidence and assist farmers in the transition.
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Francisco MarĂn Nieto - 4516281 Program: net transformation agricultural land 8250 ha. research facilitiy 62 ha. platforms (farms) 124 ha. dikes 24 km energy crops 1380 ha. water storage 580 ha. wetland 6290 ha. houses + farms 56 Stakeholders involved: Farmers, municipalities, regional government, research institution with private participation, ecologists, tourism promoters Aimed effect: Transition from a monofunctional to a MULTIFUNCTIONAL landscape (ecological corridor, tourism, energy production)
POWERSCAPING MOBILITY NEED FOR MOBILITY TRANSITION
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION - CITY AND NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE
ENERGY POINTS - PROVIDING ENERGY
17.5 KM 17.5 KM
NETHERLANDS 17.5 KM NETHERLANDS NETHERLANDS
22.4 KM 22.4 KM DRONTEN 22.4 KM DRONTEN DRONTEN
75 % 75 % 75 %
€ € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € €
17.900 17.900 17.900
15 % 15 % 15 %
10 % 10 % 10 %
G G G
D D P P D P
6.947 6.947 6.947
2015 2015 2015
2030 2030 2030
8 8 8
800 800 800
energy, energy grid roads, parkings private space, inhabitants public space, public
ENERGY AS CATALYST FOR SOCIAL CHANGES
CLUSTERING - PUBLIC SYSTEM
SHARING ENERGY - COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM
Cities, as main energy consumers, require an uninterrupted supply of Team: energy and the major change needs to Marcello Felice Vietti - 4448618 come from the end-users - residents, businesses, industries - who need to control their consumption, especially Program: in mobility. Almost 90% of Flevoland’s net transformation workers commute for an average daily charging points 800 distance of 18,4 km from home to energy 48 TJ/Yr work and, despite the high efficiency saved money 1400 ca. €/Yr/Prs of public transports, cars remain the main means of transport. That leads to Stakeholders involved: high energy consumption and pollution Municipality of Dronten, energy companies, and for this reason mobility transition local inhabitants, Non-Governmental is required. The project aims to explore Organizations (NGOs), business owners, how the transition, from fossil fueled retailers. cars to electric ones, affects the built environment and social interactions in Aimed effect: the city of Dronten. When dealing with Reduction of energy consumption by shifting electric cars, thinking of just charging to renewable energy-based mobility, and points is reductive: they can affect street using it as catalyst for social changes and patterns, uses, habits and liveability for future urban developments of the monofunctional residential neighbourhoods. >>> FACTS & FIGURES
ENERGY BUILDING - SEMI PRIVATE SYSTEM