Tallahassee International Arrivals Facility
Process Kim Robinson | Design 5.2 | Spring 2016
Table of Contents Project Goals Concepts Place Making Genious Loci Portal Flight The Anatomy of Flight The Structure of Flight The Motion of Flight Mobile Lounge Gates Conceptual Precedent Transportation Mobile Lounge Connections Contact Gates FAA Airplane Design Group Remote Stands Advantages
Integration Systems Inegration Goals Case Study: Integration Report Introduction About the Building
Integrated Systems Site & Context Daylighting Structure Enclosure Transportation Community Sustainability
Structure & Enclosure Structural Precedent Materials Structural Precedent Structural Exploration Structural Precedent HSS Y Column Structure Structural Process Structural Curtain Wall System Hollow Steel Extrusion Cable Stayed Truss Systems Curved Tapered Beams Structural Process
Table of Contents Structural Detail
Sustainable Strategies Daylighting Precedent Water Collection Daylighting Roof Overhangs Vertical Shading Devices Perforated Mesh Brise Soleil
Systems HVAC Life Safety Egress
Site Site Plan Location
Adjacency Diagrams Space Diagrams Level 1 Level 2 Site
Bubble Diagram Airline Ticketing Security FIS & Other Offices Administration & Support Concessions Lobby & Hold Room Baggage | Level 1 Baggage | Level 0 Support
Final Deliverables Level 1 Level 2 Departures Wall Section Arrivals Wall Section Longitudinal Building Sections Transversal Building Sections West Elevation East Elevation North Elevation South Elevation Progression of Spaces Renderings
Project Statement: Resolving issues of scale between the passengers and the building and creating identity using the local feel and spirit of place of Tallahassee as well as maintaining the Travel Myths of Florida. Conceptual Intent: Maximizing clues to identity in a building that is a machine for processing passengers. Working clues to identity into a building that does not want to have it functionally.
Project Goals
Concepts
Place Making
Genious Loci Genus Loci creates a place with strong media that incorporates humans and the world. It does this by handling the uniqueness of every place. Each place makes its own unique sense and expression that is not reproducible in any other place. It celebrates the idea that everyplace is unique. I would like to consider genius loci within the airport as I believe it should display the spirit of the city in which passengers are arriving as it is the first place a visitor experiences upon arriving to a city. I intend to treat the airport terminal as a gateway to the city, welcoming the visitor and celebrating the city spirit of place. In relation to the airport terminal itself, genus loci as a concept aids in characterizing and expressing the uniqueness of the city. Visitors and natives will be reminded of the place they visit and where they live. Having the terminal represent the city in a positive light will give a good impression to the visitor who will expect nothing less of the rest of the city.The terminal should introduce visitors to the character and feel of the city.
Portal A secondary related topic is a portal. The terminal will serve as a gateway or portal that will connect visitors to the city of Tallahassee. This portal will become an entryway into the city of Tallahassee not only physically but spiritually.
Flight
The Anatomy of Flight Openness of form Light Structure that allows open spaces Celbrating the structure of the building. Composition The anatomy of a bird wing Minimal structure within the bird wing but the structure is the primary component allowing the bird to fly The wing structure can be thought of as the building structure and the skin can be though of as the building enclosure and finish.
The Structure of Flight Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structures
The Structure of Flight Primary Structures: Solid / Void
The Motion of Flight
The anatomy of a bird wing Flight is a fluid motion Air flows under the wing creating an upward force, moving the bird and plane upward.
Mobile Lounge Gates
Conceptual Precedent Washington Dulles International Airport Eero Sarineen Chantilly, VA
Transportation
As an analysis, I primarily focused on the method of connection between the international arrivals facility and the main airport. Washington Dulles utilizes a mobile passenger transport system where passengers are transported from their gates in the departure lounge to their aircraft on the apron. This effectively reduces the space required for the terminal’s departure lounge and thus reduces the overall length of the terminal. Using this method effectively decreases the need length of the Concourse, thus reducing square footage, walking distance for passengers, building footprint and cost. This method of people mover transport aid significantly in the design of the new international rights facility. The setup which reduces the size of the Concourse and in turn the size of the terminal provides a benefit in the design of the International Arrivals Facility in the aspect of size. It does so in two ways. It reduces the overall building footprint of the terminal. It does so by eliminating the need for gates within the terminal, replacing them with bus people mover systems that deliver the passenger to their aircraft parked on the aircraft apron. As a result, less departure lounges and hold lobbies are needed. With the reduced building footprint, the terminal can now fit more easily on the terminal ramp next to the main terminal building.
An important part of the airport pertaining to transportation was the use of airport transportation vehicles which transports passengers waiting in the departures lounge to their proper aircraft on the airport apron. The vehicles connect to the terminal through the Departure Lounge which opposed to the traditional boarding process has gates formulated for the vehicles and other passenger conveyance systems instead of gates formulated for aircraft.
Mobile Lounge Connections
Contact Gates
Aircraft parking is situated at the terminal building Aircraft spacing is dependent upon the FAA Aircraft Design Group and aircraft’s wingspan.
FAA Airplane Design Group
Remote Stands
Advantages • Potential for a greater number of gates on a finite amount of apron space • Can be configured for Aircraft Taxi-In and Taxi-Out operations • Allows for lessconstrained ground service vehicle operations • Can serve a wide range of aircraft guages within a single gate • Can accomodate multiple aircraft mixes on the remote apron • Can require lower infrastructure cost than contact gates
Integration
Systems Integration Goals Structure & Enclosure
Illumination
• Framing system: Post & Beam with Steel • Uniting building structure with the airport’s enclosure system. • Expressing the structure and using it as part of the design to create the space. • Utilize the structure to support the large open spaces and functions of the airport. • Decrease heat load and the need for artificial lighting through daylighting and enclosure systems. • Using structure as a wayfinding tool. • Use airport transportation vehicles to transport passengers from departures lobby to their aircraft, thus
• Utilize skylights, clerestories and other daylighting techniques to provide natural lighting throughout the building’s open spaces.
reducing overall building length and building space.
Materials • Enhancing the use of steel as a structural material and incorporating it into the airport not only as a structural component but a material and a finish. • Using materials, structure and open spaces to create a sense of place as well as creating an identity for the airport.
Existing Buildings • Integrate existing facilities with the new International Arrivals Terminal. • Create an exterior courtyard entryway / outdoor lounge allowing passengers a view of the airfield as well as providing a place for visiotrs and passengers to relax before their travels.
Case Study: Integration Report As another part of the process, I conducted an integration Report studying how multiple systems were integrated into a structural precedent. The purpose of the integration report was to carefully research the systems independently and in synergy to further understand these systems in their entirety. Aspects and Systems that were studied in this report include Site & Context Daylighting Structure Enclosure Transportation Community Sustainability
Introduction The building i chose to explore as a case study is the Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport. I chose this building as a precedent for a variety of reasons. One reason is because of the variety of interior and exterior materials. Another is the use of structure and the mplementation of LEED strategies to integrate the design. Materials used include perforated stainless steel throughout the skin placed in front of curtain wall glass with the use steel as structure. Terminal B, designed by Fentress Architects connects to the concourse of the terminal, designed by Gensler. Terminal Band the North Concourse are located inside of a tubular shaped shell where it connects structurally with the arching structural steel I beams that connect to exterior columns that connect to the ground. The interior contains steel, wood and other materials.
About the Building Planning The master plan, created by Gensler, was part of the airport’s Terminal Area Improvement Program to provide a better experience for Silicon Valley. The design for Termnals A, B and the Parcing Facility were created by Fentress Architects. The North Concourse was designed by Gensler. Terminal A was renovated by Fentress Architects. Terminal C was demolished by Fentress Architects. The master plan was part of a plan to improve the San Jose International Airport.
Concept The inspiration of the building form was the idea of data cables untwisting to welcome the next generation broadband world. The idea was based off of the concept of connecting with the innovative soul of Silicon Valley.
About the Building Challenges Some challenges of the project included: • Keeping the remainder of the airport open during the construction of project • Designing a building to fit in perfectly with the remainder of the context that was a part of the overall scheme and remodel of the Jose International Airport Project goals included: • Designing an intriguing form while still meeting the challenging seismological standards of California. • Creating a building that takes advantage of available technology to assure a safe building with state of the art amenities for its users.
Integrated Systems The structure and the enclosure system work together to form a tube shaped shell that encloses the function based spaces of the Terminal and Concourse. The enclusure is used to create open interior spaces throughout the terminal. The enclosure also doubles as a roof for the North Concourse. The open spaces and natural lighting in both the North Concourse and Terminals take advantage of San José‘s sunny climate. The multiple use of the parking garage and rental car facility not only saves space but money for the airport overall as well as transport time for passengers to arrive at the airport from their vehicles. Solar panels are placed on the roof of the Parking structure to supply it with 20% of the facility’s overall power. The facade of the parking structure, originally specified to be concrete was a perforated metal panel structure wrapping th ebuilding’s facade. This metal panel structure not only resulted in cheaper construction cost but served as a backdrop for Christian Moeller’s artwork Hands. Terminal B’s Air Chairs double as air dffusers to recirculate air throughout the building. All buildings feature low energy and low flow water and plumbing fixtures.
Site & Context The Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport is located in San Jose California off of the Guadelupe freeway. Terminal B was built on a narrow site restricted by existing roadways and waterways. One of the biggest challenges for the design team was the limitations on land. This restriction forced the building to become more linear in shape and supported the design concept of the building, a data cable unraveling its technology to the present. Water efficient landscaping was also used on the site.
Daylighting Natural daylighting was a program goal throughout both Terminals and the North Concourse. The Terminals and the North Concourse were designed to provide open spaces and natural lighting to take advantage of San JosĂŠâ€˜s sunny climate. This was accomplished in the North Concourse with high-bay clerestory windows and curved skylights. In Teminal B, 55 ft tall floor to ceiling windows and high bay clerestory windows were also used to provide natural light.
Structure The overall structural concept used was a shell encompassing the more concrete spaces of the terminal within. Steel columns serve as intermediate supports, supporting the repeated steel frame of the shell. The use of a shell allows maximum manipulation of the building form. This along with the use of steel, metal paneling and glass curtain walls aids in the creation of the data cable building. Curtain walls facing the exterior of the building slant outward towards the exterior, creating a monumental feeling. The Metal panels are supported by the steel frame members throughout the structure.
Enclosure The enclosure system of the building is a steel framed shell with glass and metal paneling. Terminal B’s façade contains a curved roof constructed of structural steel and perforated metal panels, which create a translucent, glowing appearance at night. A glass and steel curtainwall stretches over 500 feet, allowing for expansive views and dramatic day‐lit spaces up to 55 feet high. Each ground connection of the façade’s curved metal panels are able to glide up to 28 inches horizontally in either direction to accommodate natural expansion/contraction and satisfy seismic requirements for earthquakes. Safe working heights for airport maintenance crews were considered during the designing and placing of the perforated metal panels.
Transportation The new seven story Rental Car Center parking next to NormanY. Mineta San Jose International Airport contans 3,000 rental car spaces and 336 public parking spaces with more planned for a future public parking garage. It also includes a three-level, first-of-its-kind, stacked rental car fueling and wash facility with 63 fuel positions, 12 wash bays and nine service bays. The 30,000 sf Customer Service Building has eight elevators, queuing space, 57 counter positions and office space for all the rental car companies. A one megawatt photo voltaic system on the roof supplies 20 percent of the facility’s power requirements. The facility increases airport revenues by over 100% while decreasing rental car companies’ operational costs by $300 million over 20 years. It reduces terminal curb congestion by 20% and reduces the average time to get from the terminal to a rental car by more than 15 minutes. The design team aimed to maximize the use of space on an extremely constrained site. By consolidating rental car facilities as well as parking, this concept ssaved money in the overall construction of the project as well as gained some LEED Certification credits.
Community On a budget just shy of $6 million, the San Jose Airport’s Cultural Affairs Office implemented an art program for Terminal B. The planning for the artwork throughout the terminal was streamlined with the construction of the terminal allowing the art program to fit in perfectly. The goal of the program is to improve the airport environment with public art through the use of an extensive, masterplanned art program to reinforce the airport region’s unique strengths and achievements. Through the use of public art, interpretive storytelling, and environmental graphics, the airport creates experiences that provide a compelling sense of place and promote the cultural and intellectual assets of their region. “An airport is gateway to a community and to a region, and we want to use that to let people know they’ve arrived,” explains Mary A. Rubin, senior project manager of the Public Art Program in San Jose’s Cultural Affairs Office.
The Art + Technology program encompasses hightechartworks ranging from projectionbased pieces to largescale digital and datadriven works. Some are permanent, while others change every two years to keep up with changes in technology. The program is based on an infrastructure of flexible, technology enabled platforms that accommodate data and power provisions, equipment space, and physical attachments. This allows for diverse programming while still maintaining the functionality of airport operations. Pieces of the artwork serve as a method of wayfinding for passengers.The terminals display the nations largest digital art collection. The Parking Garange and Rental Car Facility also features a large piece of artwork across its facade. Hands covers the east façade of the terminal’s Consolidated Rental Car Garage, spanning 1,200 ft. and standing seven stories high. Created by Christian Moeller, Hands is part of a body of work the artist calls “Bitwalls,” which utilize hightech mapping techniques and plotting technologies. The façade, originally budgeted for precast concrete features two layers of architectural metal fabric, specified by Moeller and Fethress Architects. The 2 inch outer layer serves as the canvas for the image and the 3/8 inch inner layer provides a backdrop and pedestrian barrier for the garage. This solution ended up being less costly and allowed for the artwork to be built on an immense scale.
Sustainability Water Efficiency The terminals and concourse all feature energy saving fixtures and systems as well as water efficient plumbing fixtures. This reduced the building’s overall use of water by over 30%.
Indoor Air Quality Low VOC paint was used throughout the terminals. The “Air Chair”, a ventilation system developed by Fentress Architects along with airport officials and Zoeftig serves as an electronic charging station for passengers as well as an air diffuser. The seat’s bases contain air diffusers that circulate newly conditioned air and transports the air throughout the concourse more efficiently than a standard air defusing system, saving energy and ensuring comfort for travelers. The “Air Chair” conserves energy costs and serve as a new efficient air system. 1,200 air chairs are placed in Terminal B.
Energy & Atmosphere An array of solar panels were placed on the rooftop of the Consolidated Rental Car Facility to generate elcetricity for the airport. A one megawatt photo voltaic system on the roof supplies 20% of the facility’s power requirements. At 3.4 acres, the 4,680 panel array is one of the largest airport solar electric installations in the nation.
Structure & Enclosure
Structural Precedent Mineta San Jose International Airport Fentress Architects San Jose, California
Arrivals Section
I started to explore the San Jose Mineta International Airport. I chose this building as a structural precedent because of the variety of interior and exterior materials. Materials used include Perforated Stainless Steel throughout the skin placed in front of curtain wall glass with the use steel as structure. The Arrivals Lobby, designed by Fentress Architects connects to the concourse of the terminal, designed by Gensler. The concourse is located inside of the shell where it connects structurally with the arching structural steel I beams that connect to exterior columns that connect to the ground. The interior contains steel, wood and other materials.
Materials
The Terminal includes the use of a shell covering the functional spaces within the terminal. Inside of the arrivals lobby, the building’s exterior columns are slanted outwards and are located behind the curtain wall.
This led me to explore alternatives of slanted columns, specifically V- shaped and Y - shaped columns. Upon further research I found that a multitude of airport terminals have exterior supporting columns that are slanted, V - shaped, Y shaped or some combination of these.
Structural Precedent G3 Shopping Resort ATP Architects Grasdorf, Austria
Structural Exploration
The overall structural concept I chose was a shell containing the more concrete spaces of the terminal within. Steel columns would serve as intermediate supports, supporting the repeated steel frame of the shell. The use of a shell allows maximum manipulation of the building form. This along with the use of steel, aluminum paneling and glass curtain walls aids in the creation of the more urban Florida look, satisfying the “Florida Myth� as well as the project statement and the conceptual intent of the project. The use of wood gives the interior a warm welcoming feel, further satisfying each. Project Statement: Resolving issues of scale between the passengers and the building and creating identity using the local feel and spirit of place of Tallahassee as well as maintaining the Travel Myths of Florida. Conceptual Intent: Maximizing clues to identity in a building that is a machine for processing passengers. Working clues to identity into a building that does not want to have it functionally.
Structural Precedent Adolfo Suårez Madrid – Barajas Airport Richard Rodgers Partnership Madrid, Spain
HSS Y Column
Structure Extra Strong Pipe Shape
Plumbing
1/2" Hooked Anchor Bolt
Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing Steel
24" Diameter Cast-in-Place Circular Column
Furnishings
Structural Process X Shaped Columns
Structural Process V Shaped Columns
Structural Process Branch Shaped Columns
Structural Process Y Shaped Columns
Structural Curtain Wall System
Hollow Steel Extrustion & Cable Stayed Truss Systems
I explored the idea of truss systems to further support the angled roof shapes as well as the larger spans of some peices of the structure. The truss systems primarly depend on hollow steel extrustions and cable stayed connections to create a light structure that supports longer spanning distances and larger floor sections.
The simple structure of the Y shaped column allows for simple drainage system as a part of the column.
Curved Tapered Beams
Structural Process Curved beams connected at underside of beams
Structural Process Curved beams connected at ends of beams
Curved beams joining at the ends of ther beams allows for a linear roof pattern as opposed to a staggered pattern. Linear roof patterns make overall changes in ceiling height easier and provides the opportunity for clerestories to be placed throughout the structure. Clerestories allow for natural daylighting throughout the building.
TARMAC
EXTENDS
TERMINAL
176' - 0"
CONCESSIONS & SECURITY CHECK
221' - 0 5/32"
TICKETING & BAGGAGE CLAIM
144' - 8 1/4"
CURBSIDE DROP OFF & PARKING
EXTENDS
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
Structure & Enclosure Structural Detail
RoofMetals Cricket
RoofMetals Drain
Exterior Lighting Envista?FNA Textured Ceiling Finish 5/8" Gypsum Wallboard 1" Rigid Insulation Wall Coverings Dri Design Perforated Metal Panel 6" "C" Joist
1" Steel Plate 1-1/2" A490 Bolt 1" Steel Plate Plumbing Drainage Plumbing
Extra Strong Pipe Shape
Curtain ?Wall Truss System
Exterior Metal Mesh Screen Metals
HP Shape
Signage
The structural piece of the building I chose was the connection of the HSS Y column and 50 foot high curtain wallsystem to the curved I beam member and roof of the airport. The reason upon choosing this portion of the building to focus on in detail is due to the complexity of the connection as well as the placement of this connection.This detail and connection clearly describes the enclosure system and structural system of the building simultaneously. Finishes 6" Channel Stud 3" Rigid Insulation Wall Coverings Steel Decking 1" Rigid Insulation 8" Metal Stud
5/8" Gypsum Wallboard
3/4" A490 Bolt 1/2" Steel Plate W Shape
W Shape Exterior Lighting
Sustainable Strategies
Daylighting Precedent Mineta San Jose International Airport Fentress Architects San Jose, California
Water Collection
Daylighting
Roof Overhangs
Vertical Shading Devices
Perforated Mesh
Brise Soleil
Systems
HVAC
Life Safety
Sprinkler System Legend Sprinkler Sytem
Egress
Site
Site Plan
Location
Adjacency Diagrams
Space Diagrams
Arrivals
Administration
Airline Ticketing
Departures
Baggage
Concessions
FIS & Other Offices
Service
Level 1
Level 0
Site
Bubble Diagram
Airline Ticketing
Security
FIS & Other Offices
Administration & Support
Concessions
Lobby & Hold Room
Baggage | Level 1
Baggage | Level 0
Support
Final Deliverables
Level 1
Level 2
Departures Wall Section
Arrivals Wall Section
Longitudinal Building Sections
West Building Section
East Building Section
Transversal Building Section
West Elevation
East Elevation
North Elevation
South Elevation
Metals Roof Cricket Metals Roof Drain
Exterior Lighting ? 5/8" Gypsum Wallboard 1" Rigid Insulation WallDri CoveringsPerforated Metal Panel 6" "C"Design Joist
1" Steel Plate 1-1/2" A490 Bolt 1" Steel Plate Plumbing Drainage Plumbing Extra Strong Pipe Shape ? Wall Truss System Curtain
Metals Exterior Metal Mesh Screen
HP Shape
Signage
Extra Strong Pipe Shape
Plumbing
1/2" Hooked Anchor Bolt
Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing Steel
24" Diameter Cast-in-Place Circular Column
Furnishings
Plumbing
Water Storage Tank
Cistern
24" Diameter Cast-in-Place Circular Column
Reinforcing Steel
18" x 12" Concrete Footing
Progression of Spaces
Renderings