Home Economics: A State of Housing in Cleveland

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CLEVELAND URBAN DESIGN COLLABORATIVE

KENT STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE & ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CLEVELAND URBAN DESIGN COLLABORATIVE

A STATE OF HOUSING IN CLEVELAND

HOME ECONOMICS A STATE OF HOUSING IN CLEVELAND

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HOME ECONOMICS

KENT STATE UNIVERSITY

HOME ECONOMICS A STATE OF HOUSING IN CLEVELAND

Editing Jeffrey Kruth Megan Mitchell The research and publication of Home Economics: A State of Housing in Cleveland is the result of a graduate summer studio for architecture and urban design students at Kent State University’s Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative (CUDC), part of the College of Architecture and Environmental Design in the Summer of 2016. The studio was co-taught by Professor Charles Graves and Senior Urban Designer at the CUDC, Jeffrey Kruth.

Enrolled Students Samantha Ayotte Elizabeth Ellis Jordan Fitzgerald Morgan Gundlach Megan Mitchell Casey Poe Alexander Scott Caitlyn Scoville Elizabeth Weiss Connor Wollenzier Ziyan Ye With Special Thanks Ashley Bigham Tom Bier Erik Herrmann Matthias Hollwich Kristina Kuprevicius Kyle May Lisa McGovern Jim Rokakis Steve Rugare Terry Schwarz Jillian Watson Kristen Zeiber

www.cudc.kent.edu www.kent.edu/caed

HOME ECONOMICS A STATE OF HOUSING IN CLEVELAND

INTRODUCTION Jeffrey Kruth INFILL ALTERNATIVES inHABITcle. Casey Poe Growing Interactions. Megan Mitchell LIFESTYLE URBANISM Middle Ground. Elizabeth Ellis Off-Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis. Connor Wollenzier Aff the Grid. Lizz Weiss SYSTEMS CITY Giddings Revival. Samantha Ayotte Lead Exposed. Caitlyn Scoville Grow St.-Clair Superior. Morgan Gundlach CAMPUS COMPLEX(ITY) Clinical Implants. Alex Scott The Distributed Center. Ziyan Ye The Social Connection. Jordan Fitzgerald

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INTRODUCTION: NOVEL INVESTIGATIONS INTO PERSISTENT PROBLEMS

Jeffrey Kruth

Beginning in 2007, the foreclosure crisis rumbled through American cities.

It was perhaps the most impactful urban phenomenon related to policy and market shifts since the era of Urban Renewal. This upheaval of urban processes and communities left people rightfully asking, how did we get here, and, perhaps more importantly-- where do we want to go from here?

Legacy cities like Cleveland, who were disproportionately hit by the foreclosure crisis will prove to be testing grounds for new urban policy and institutional agency for the 21st century. As cities like Cleveland expand the potential for civic actors like land banks to shape the social imaginary, new forms of engagement and an investigation into the domain of urban housing are overdue for exploring alternative possible futures.

In the midst of conversations about urban poverty, adequate housing, infrastructural deficits, and public health concerns, housing poses a distinct opportunity to provide social, economic, and ecological benefits to a variety of stakeholders.

Today’s urban condition is well-captured in Harvard sociologist Matthew Desmond’s Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. The investigation

into the lives of eight struggling families in Milwaukee exposes the everyday hardships of poverty in the American city, perhaps as this century’s answer to Jacob Riis’ famous text, How the Other Half Lives.

Other contemporary urban trends show that gentrification in cities like Philadelphia is leading to racially and economically segregated communities.

The result of more than 30 years of an urban agenda that seeks to both privatize and accelerate urban development processes, we are only now beginning to see the results of these tactics. The sub-prime loan market increased from $43 billion in 1994 to $385 billion in 2003, for example. A recent study released by The Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio suggests that not enough low-income housing is being built in more stable urban and suburban neighborhoods. At the same time, incentives and boosterism across multiple sectors encourage millennials and seniors alike to return to the urban core. The primary implementers of neighborhood development, community development corporations (CDC’s), are caught between attracting taxincentivized development while at the same time preventing gentrification that the very same market rate development brings about, creating a limited spectrum of affordable and lifestyle

possibilities.

A question of how to build dynamic public organizations should be at the forefront of a housing and urban agenda. Interestingly, Cleveland served as a testing grounds of sorts with the establishment of the first public housing authority (the Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority) in 1933, resulting in some of the first social housing projects in the country, including Lakeview Terrace and Outhwaite Homes, which housed the city’s first African American mayor, Carl Stokes and his brother, Congressman Louis Stokes. A reexamination of the public sector as an actor is one possible avenue for ensuring economic stability and social diversity.

On the heels of the multi-year foreclosure crisis, the Thriving Communities Institute, with the Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, conducted a study called the “2015 Cleveland Property Inventory,” which catalogued and graded more than 158,000 properties in Cleveland, providing a strategy for demolition of the remaining vacant and blighted houses, and suggesting avenues for a more nuanced development agenda at the scale of the city.

Taking this information as a design

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studio premise, eleven students in architecture and urban design suggested proposals for alternative development options in Cleveland.

A graduate studio at the Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative, a part of Kent State’s College of Architecture and Environmental Design, the course lasted eleven weeks and exposed the students to a variety of disciplines and methodological approaches in the Summer of 2016.

This studio begins with the premise that housing as an architectural object is embedded with meanings beyond its site and form. It suggests that the accumulation of housing in cities today acts more as a portfolio of investment projects than as a socially defined way of life fit for the 21st century. The commercialization of housing, outdated policies, and unstable markets all contribute to the production of predictable yet insufficient forms of housing. Housing, creatively re-imagined, can act as a progenitor for a newly defined form of city life, echoing what geographer David Harvey suggests, “It is a right to change ourselves by changing the city.”

The studio takes as its site the city of Cleveland. Cleveland in the wake of the foreclosure crisis was one of the hardest hit cities, despite the absence

of a housing bubble. As a result, more than 40,000 foreclosures occurred since 2006; 15,000 vacant buildings; and more than 23,000 vacant lots dot the city’s landscape. More than 1000 demolitions take place every year, resulting in 120+ acres of open land created in the city each year.

Additionally, 140,000 of the city’s 390,000 residents (35%) live at or below the official poverty line. While a uniquely positioned social support network exists through the cooperation of the Cleveland Housing Network, CDC’s, Neighborhood Progress, Neighborhood Housing Services, and the Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority, large needs remain. Faced with the twin problems of overinvestment leading to gentrification and displacement, and underinvestment, which leads to substandard housing and foreclosures, “Home Economics” attempts to ameliorate further blight and stabilize property value through re-thinking housing as an equitably distributive solution. Current policies encourage sprawl while depriving public coffers through tax abatements for developers, etc. It re-imagines that structures such as the Earned Income Tax Credit are rethought to be geographically relevant, or that the Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction (which has disproportionately favored sprawl

and white populations for decades) is re-distributed to provide more funds for things like social housing. At the same time, it considers the shifting demographics of the nuclear family, an aging baby boomer population who are often segregated to retirement communities or nursing homes, and millennials who are shifting towards more collective models of community and ownership.

The studio work is divided into four categories based on the students’ research interests, relating to large urban systems, relations between large institutions and smaller neighborhood development, alternatives to traditional urban infill development, and the capturing of urban imagination through the dissection of what may be referred to as “lifestyle urbanism.”

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RATE OF CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLDS PER INCOME BRACKET

30% 25% 20%

PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WEST SIDE

15%

HOUGH

UNIVERISTY CIRCLE

+12%

10%

+3%

5%

+3%

0 - 5% -10%

-3%

-7%

-15% -20% -25% -30%

-24% $20,000-45,000 Household Income

$45,000+ Household Income

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

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3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS WEST SIDE

HOUGH

+1100

+790

500

+37

0 -500

UNIVERISTY CIRCLE

-270

-1000 -1500 -2000 -2500

-422

-3000 -3500 -4000 -4500

-4400 $20,000-45,000 Household Income

$45,000+ Household Income

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12% 65+

7% 27% 0-19

100k+

22%

Less Than 10k

18%

50k-100k

32% 40-64

53%

29%

10k-50k

20-39

Population by Age Range

Median Household Income

9% 150k+

40%

60%

Own

Rent

12%

32%

100k-150k

Less Than 50k

47%

50k-100k

Ownership of Occupied Units

Median Value of Owned Units Source: U.S. Census Bureau

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Source: Census Reporter.

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Introduction

A FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGN The studio began by asking students to examine broader questions related to housing, economic and community development, and equity.

Students were then exposed to local conditions in Cleveland, Ohio through engagement and lectures with local community experts in the fields of affordable housing (guided tours with Cleveland Housing Network), senior housing (Judson Manor), land banking practices and policy (The Western Reserve Land Conservancy), and larger regional trends in housing (Tom Bier of

Cleveland State University).

Students conducted a series of case studies of canonical housing projects through the lens of social and economic innovation. They were also exposed to lectures on senior housing by Matthias Hollwich of HWKN, and a field trip to Detroit to study the cooperative and formal structure of Lafayette Park. Site analysis at the scale of the city and informed by the 2015 Vacant Property Survey was conducted to determine suitable sites before developing their specific design proposals.

A selection of readings from the course provided a broad understanding of current thought on housing.

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Analysis of Alvaro Siza’s Quinta da Malaguera project and Atelier 5 Siedlung Halen project.

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Introduction

HOME ECONOMCS_02

HOUSING PROTOTYPE MORNING 6:00 8:00

youngyoung family family

recreation sleep school office schedule night shift day shift AFTERNOON EVENING NIGHT 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00 4:00

6:00

MON-FRI SAT-SUN

travelling artists photographer (photography, (art, journalism, visual communication) journalism, visual communication) business/office office workers workers

MON-FRI SAT-SUN

MON-FRI SAT-SUN

USE + USER 1. young family 2. travelling artists (photography, journalism, visual communication) 3. office workers (businessmen, etc.)

POLICY OPERATION Privately Owned Public Space SPATIAL OPERATION Aggregation Edge

Rhythm Analyses of potential users, housing prototypes, and site analyses at the scale of the city prompted students to consider a variety of urban factors. Student work: (L) Casey Poe. (R) Samantha Ayotte

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Ecological Mapping: Vacant parcels headwaters, riparian corridors, and D&F buildings provided a framework for understanding natural systems. Source: 2015 Cleveland Property Inventory

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Chapter Heading Introduction

Hot Spot Map: Shows the concentration of D- and F-grade properties in red, and a low dispersion of D- and F-properties in blue. Source: 2015 Cleveland Property Survey

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A-F Context: High Concentrations of D&F buildings exist on Cleveland’s east side. More than 20,000 parcels have a grade of “C,” suggesting an indeterminate future. Source: 2015 Cleveland Property Inventory.

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INFILL ALTERNATIVES Neighborhood stabilization in most Cleveland neighborhoods suggests a strategy beyond filling the missing gap in an otherwise healthy block. Neither small scale infill, nor blank slate approaches, these proposals suggest an alternative relationship to development, context, and the urban block. New social spaces and economic models result.

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inHABITcle Casey Poe

CLEVELAND: A FRAGMENTED CITY One of the defining characteristics of a shrinking city is scarcity. The state of housing in Cleveland is not immune to this scarcity. Properties and homes sit vacant or abandoned and in disrepair. Blight fragments development and community across the city, impacting land value, development, and social cohesion. inHABITcle INFILL The inHABITcle proposal intends to infill these gaps, connect the fragments, and strengthen the social cohesion of the city of Cleveland at multiple scales. The project applies community driven housing and development that aggregates around existing and potential anchors of development. Development decisions are driven by the existing social network of Cleveland—orienting first around properties with social, historical, and/or cultural significance.

Communities develop at the micro scale, strengthening existing community centers and gradually building up larger neighborhoods. The housing is an inter-generational, mixedincome proposal that restructures existing lots to create these micro-communities within the urban and neighborhood fabric.

THE DESIGN Each lot is restructured to contain up to three new lots with options for various types of housing—from individual family homes to large multi-family, co-housing units. The split into three new lots increases density and provides the framework for a micro community that can plug into an existing neighborhood, aggregate around a social anchor, and attach to other lots to create a larger community made up of these micro-communities. The proposal allows for a matrix of housing options, based on preference, number of lots acquired, affordability, and context. These are then oriented around shared outdoor spaces. This particular proposal is an application of the design strategy to a vacant block next to Dunham Tavern (museum, gardens, and community education) in the Hough Neighborhood of Cleveland. The block is made up of a series of micro-communities oriented along a park that strengthens the vertical connection from north to south.

15 MIN WALK

E 55th ST

10 MIN WALK HOUGH AVE CHESTER AVE

EUCLID AVE

school

Cleveland

church

5 MIN WALK DUNHAM TAVERN

cultural anchor

Hough [amenities]

grocery

Hough [masterplan]

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inHABITcle

garden / patio

shared space

VACANT LOT 50’- 0

Average Size: 7,500 SF

15

0’

-0

”

”

NEW LOTS 3 New Lots 40’-0” x 40’-0” + 5’-0” circulation

APPLICATION: 1 LOT

2 LOTS

3 LOTS

Conceptual site plan and possible applications for vacant lots.

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TYPES INDIVIDUAL

CO-OP

DEVELOPER

INSTITUTION

ACTORS

Infill Alternatives

XS 400 SF 1 UNIT

/

S 800 SF 1 UNIT

M1 1,200 SF 1-2 UNITS

+

M2 2,000 SF 4 UNITS

L 3,200 SF 6 UNITS

XL 10 + UNITS MIXED USE

The matrix provides a series of basic housing options for various user types and living styles to be built on the new lots.

inHABITcle

Site plan design for the vacant block next to the Dunham Tavern and community garden site.

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Infill Alternatives

Top: Rendering of the new community.

Bottom: North-south section.

inHABITcle

Top: Model Photos.

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Chapter Heading

GROWING INTERACTIONS Megan Mitchell

In the United States, housing comes in set categories for set demographics: suburban neighborhood homes single families, secluded and fenced-in senior living complexes, urban apartment buildings for young single professionals, etc. Interactions between demographics and generations of people are rarely encouraged by these typologies and scenarios. In other countries, such as Cuba, these intergenerational interactions are the glue that holds neighborhoods together. The children of a neighborhood, in particular, give a neighborhood its identity. All ages and types of people intermingle to create a vibrant and diverse atmosphere; each group learns and benefits from the presence of the others.

I believe that Cleveland could benefit from creating neighborhoods with this type of environment. The number of interactions that can occur in one neighborhood are bound to grow and morph and develop as a community’s demographics and generations begin to intermingle and cross paths with one another. The groups of people I aim to target in my new neighborhood design are primarily single families, seniors, and artist and maker millennials. I have chosen the neighborhood of Fairfax because of its current homogeneous housing stock and large number of vacant lots. This leaves a great amount of space to insert new housing typologies. The area is currently high in single family dwellings, so I am adding housing units geared towards seniors (who would be interested in the area due to its proximity to the Health Tech Corridor) and artist and maker millennials (who would be interested int he area due to its proximity to University Circle). Each of these three target demographics can learn from and benefit from interacting with each other.

To create this kind of community, I propose to go against the usual housing block typology of single family homes or duplexes sitting on a single lot oriented towards the street. By creating clusters and groupings of houses with paths cutting across the blocks for more continuity in the neighborhood, more chances for people to cross paths and interact will emerge. Within this network there would be community spaces and green spaces. Each residence will have its own private outdoor space but will also plug into the network of public green space that runs throughout the neighborhood. Housing units will be oriented towards small community spaces, new paths cutting across blocks, and existing community centers, grade schools, and public parks. Instead of creating boundaries between public areas and residential areas, opportunities for interactions between these spaces will be generated by the arrangement of the housing. The actual units are designed to have different levels of social interaction within them as well. Two housing types will be added into the neighborhood: Shared Amenity Housing and Shared Production Space Housing. Each house is comprised of two units with living and bedroom spaces and are connected by different types of communal spaces.

Through adjacencies of housing types and public spaces, as well as the sharing of social spaces in each housing unit, I believe an intermingling of generations and demographics can be generated and a vibrant communal neighborhood can grow.

Growing Interactions

Typical Infill Block Structure

Community Infill Block Structure

Within the current block structure of Fairfax, interactions between residents are limited and.

Residents may interact with the neighbors to their left and right and across the street.

In the proposed community block structure, interactions and can grow and change and spread farther across the neighborhood.

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Cedar Ave

E 93rd St

A new type of infill is proposed for the neighborhood of Fairfax. Instead of building houses facing the street on each separate plot, fitting perfectly into the current fabric, the new Shared Amenity and Shared Production Space is placed into the site in a variety of ways to create new opportunities for interactions and public spaces. There are four types of placement. The first (blue highlight) is creating an alley way or path that cuts across the long blocks, increasing walk-ability and continuity across the neighborhood.

The second (yellow highlight) is creating front yard parks.

The new housing units in this scenario are set back from the street edge, creating a community space in front.

The third (red highlight) is focusing the units around a central shared courtyard/ backyard space. The fourth (pink highlight) is focusing the housing units around an important existing community center, the Karamu House and the elementary school for example.

FOCUS SITE

Quincy Ave 50’

100’

200’

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Growing Interactions

E 93rd St

E 90th St

E 89th St Karamu House

20’

50’

100’

FOCUS SITE PLAN

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Infill Alternatives

SHARED AMENITY SPACE HOUSING UNITS - Originally geared towards seniors, but versatile enough for anyone to live in, these units are meant to foster social interactions using different types of shared living space.

The first unit type has a shared kitchen space, making eating and cooking a very social experience.

The second unit type has a shared living space. Each separate unit has its own small kitchen and small living space.

The center living space provides for an optional social space.

The third unit has a shared central courtyard, this provides for a social interaction space with more privacy in mind.

Growing Interactions

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SHARED PRODUCTION SPACE HOUSING UNITS - Originally geared towards artist and maker millennials, these units have different types of shared production spaces. These spaces could be used for social gathering or a variety of other activities as well, making these units also appeal to any demographic.

The first unit type has a shared enclosed garage-like production space, this scenario allows for more living space in each individual unit.

The second unit type has a shared covered work patio. This can be a space for a workshop or an outdoor social patio space.

The third unit type has a shared work patio. This space provides an area for outdoor workshop activities but also means that some workshop space is needed in each unit as well, for storage and certain weather conditions.

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LIFESTYLE URBANISM Located perhaps uneasily between consumer culture and everyday urbanism, “lifestyle urbanism� acknowledges the multiple complex desires and manifestations inherent in contemporary city-making endeavors, and suggests that a design methodology creatively informed by these already apparent cultural and development patterns might open opportunities to develop different forms of social and communal inhabitation.

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MIDDLE GROUND Elizabeth Ellis

Arabic immigrants face two options when coming to America – to assimilate to “western culture” or to keep with Eastern traditions. There is no option for a middle ground, a space that allows flexibility for the individual, not the stereotypical grouping that assumes what is wanted or needed. Providing spaces realizing that everyone ultimately wants something different and specific to their personal needs is thus critical when designing any space, specifically housing. Cleveland in an attempt to bolster both production and population, welcomes immigrants through various social services and programs at a rate higher than most post-industrial cities. With its abundance of vacant land and proximity to multiple job centers, the east side of Cleveland can act as both a place of transition, but also of stability for immigrants. The tradition of Arabic housing points to notions of public and private space from the scale of the dwelling to the community this project responds to the overall lack of design consideration for immigrants upon arrival to America.

Taking as its starting point, this project investigates the intersection of the social importance of water as it pertains to community, a transition of public to private space, and fostering the ability for immigrants to decide their future in a place like Cleveland. By taking the already bisected grid of Kinsman, an already well-established community within Cleveland the design intent was to bleed a new grid – a winding row of buildings based off of the flow of the Riparian corridor – into the pre-existing grid. This “winding row” serves as the central spine to the new community and fragments from more communal bar buildings to internal courtyard buildings. With design to the landscape of the space, horizontal and vertical “landscape bars” cut through both the existing grid as well as the implemented grid. These bars serve to indicate strips of what is currently occurring with a pre-existing farm on site, to what can occur in the open space. The intent is to allow the user to once again determine their surroundings.

The horizontal bars also flow into a water remediation track in order to both remediate water runoff as well as playing into modern use and experience of water.

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This conceptual drawing illustrates the interactions and interchangeability the “landscape bars” have with the “winding row” of housing typologies.

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0’

Lifestyle Urbanism

4’

8’

16’

32’

The communal typology is extremely open and designed with an individual user in mind. The column grid that opens allows the users the remove parts of the wall to create larger or smaller spaces.

Middle Ground

Because these bar buildings allow for and encourage more interactions they also play a role in connecting the community to the surrounding landscape.

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44

Lifestyle Urbanism

0’

4’

8’

16’

32’

The adaptable housing typology is designed with moving or sliding doors for the user to create the space needed for everyday living.

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Middle Ground

0’

4’

8’

16’

The courtyard typology faces inward for those who like to be able to still have a place within a community but do not want to be as involved within it.

32’

Chapter Heading

OFF-RAMP: THE INTERMEDIATE METROPOLIS Connor Wollenzier

The once unified Collinwood neighborhood has become divided due to major ‘forces’ of transportation infrastructure developed throughout the years (Interstate 90 and the CSX railway).

This infrastructure has separated the Collinwood area into a prospering live-work arts district to the north and a struggling low income neighborhood to the south. This has left a lasting identity of a “North” and “South” Collinwood today. North Collinwood is host to the Waterloo Arts District, that provides housing incentives to the neighborhood to promote inhabitation, along with direct access to Lake Erie’s waterfront. South Collinwood has become occupied by residents with a median income of $17,000-$20,000, that reside in an area of decaying homes and vacant properties. The adjacency to Bratenahl’s high income demographic to the west allows for an interesting contrast of incomes and housing typologies. Collinwood has a rich history in regional draw through the former Euclid Park Beach that ran from 1895 up until 1969. It was an amusement park that featured various amenities throughout its lifetime and ultimately faced economic turmoil and was shut down. The idea of allowing for amenities such as this ‘Coney Island’ aesthetic and atmosphere, could provide a regional draw of today’s standards that touch on both the nostalgia of the neighborhood, and the image necessary to boost residential rates and promote development.

The mixture of high and low-income housing, live-work housing, industry, and access to major transportation routes, provides for an opportunity to instill a type of ‘intermediate’ metropolis, promoting a matrix of residential typologies, along with access to amenities that encourage a cross-pollination of user groups and income classes. Utilizing the historical characteristics of Collinwood‘s past, an activated lake front would act as both a regional and local destination that infuses its own cultural identity while taking inspiration from Coney Island’s unique identity of waterfront ‘recreation and leisure.’ Transient oriented users will utilize the convenient interchange between interstate and the second tier city east of Cleveland. “...An incubator for Cleveland’s incipient mythology...”

The concept derives from a process of collaging and interjecting buildings that work with the contemporary manifestations of urban forms, theories, and studies that support the idea of a second tier metropolis outside of major cities. The project is positioned as an autonomous mega-structure that adapts and shapes from projections of existing grid conditions onto the juxtaposed ‘cross’. This cross acts as a frame, in literal sense, directing connections from Lake Erie to South Collinwood, and Bratenhal to North Collinwood’s art district. Projecting roadways through the site allow for the existing grid to connect across the segregating infrastructure from one side of Collinwood to the other.

Off -Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis

Collinwood Site Plan

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Lifestyle Urbanism

Collinwood reached its economic peak post World War II, when European immigrants and Southern Appalachians moved to the neighborhood to work in the rail yards at heavy industry plants. North Collinwood has today, become a place of interest to artists looking for a low-cost “live-work� urban environment. The properties that fell to the housing and foreclosure crisis are now being purchased by said artists to renovate and inhabit.

Waterloo Arts District is what ties that demographic together today and currently revitalizing North Collinwood’s housing market.

Historically an enclave for European immigrants, South Collinwood today is largely African American and low income residents. A southern influence has been installed into the neighborhood through music and food from the southerners that migrated to the area for jobs in the factories. The central business district and high school reside on this side of the tracks drawing local attention to the area for resources, education, and religious assembly.

Off -Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis

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Render 1: Avenue Parade

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Lifestyle Urbanism

Intersections and projections from existing grid and streets edges.

Insertion of building footprints and multi-scale massing.

Intersections (red), Massing (black) overlay.

Massing becomes perforated and sliced to create avenues of connection and hierarchy among adjacent context and within.

Off -Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis

“Cracked” development resultant of slicing through massing to create a “chaotic” order adjacent to typical urban forms.

Typical courtyard residential buildings become new typologies of density, intersected by new avenues of connection.

A play on positive and negative space results in an array of small two story dwellings, or a dense multilevel structure, perforated by courtyards.

Selected regions of the megastructure rely on interactions with open space to become centers of activity among the project.

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Euclid Beach Park was founded in 1895 and closed in 1969, spanning 74 years of entertaining guests and drawing thousands from across the region. It was an amusement park on Lake Erie that was patterned off the success of New York’s Coney Island. It featured amusement rides, a beer garden, sideshows and concerts that drew thousands of people together, interested in engaging the ‘North Shore’. Lake Erie today is distanced from many of the residents that reside on the inland areas of Cleveland. Only certain areas open up to allow for engagement publicly to swim, sun bathe, and play. The idea is to re-engage this contact with the water and open up access directly into the lake through housing and amenities. The nostalgia of the former Euclid Beach Park is a strong driver to how people view Collinwood and the designs intent of promoting a second tier city east of downtown. Edgewater park is the west sides outlet for lake front entertainment and recreation.

Edgewater’s location is equidistant to downtown as the design proposal here is , only on the east side. This alludes to the potential placements of other intermediate metropolis’ to serve functions other than housing to areas in need of revival. The adjacency to interstates and rail allow for ease of accessibility to people interacting with the site on a daily basis. The Intermediate Metropolis of Collinwood is rich in Coney Island nostalgia and powered by accessibility to and from major transportation routes.

Lifestyle Urbanism

Off -Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis

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Render 2: Looming Lake-front Towers

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Render 3: Wading Lake Erie Housing Structures

Lifestyle Urbanism

Off -Ramp: The Intermediate Metropolis

Physical Model at 1:300 scale (wood and primer) Note: The black sections are designated as areas of interest and opportunity. Areas could be of void, or assembly that engage, or disengage the context as sub-components of the larger “cross.� They were derived from the red block study seen in the sketches and altered geometries from rectilinear, to circular insertions.

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Chapter Heading

AFF THE GRID Lizz Weiss

The trend of today’s housing market reflects the truth that many people spend exuberant amounts of money in order to have the “American dream” home yet never get to appreciate it because they’re too busy paying for it. The ever-mounting awareness of this truth, as well as the seemingly never-ending student debt that the millennial generation enters the workforce with, produces an aged housing market.

The approach here is to question these traditional affordable housing structures as well as the structure of the typical block that can be found in an urban residential community. This is done to broach the possibility of stabilizing neighborhoods and filing vacant gaps in order to create a more affordable living situation. Rather than attempting to overhaul the housing situation in Cleveland, this approach attempts to create a distributive center. It is in direct opposition to the planned housing that exists currently in Cleveland, this housing approach attempts to look outward into the surrounding community and neighborhoods in an attempt to create a housing that is more than just the building.

Posing the possibility that our housing spaces play different levels of importance, in comparison to our living spaces, for different demographics, this housing study attempts to look at how we can minimize space that we don’t really need, as well as reducing unnecessary costs, so that more time and resources can be devoted to more meaningful interactions.

Aff the Grid

The focus of the intervention is the removal of parcels ownership and appropriate roads to create a new type of community.

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TRADITIONAL AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Typical In-fill Housing

PROPOSED AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Lifestyle Urbanism

Block Becomes New Parcel

Planned Housing Units

Insertion of New Housing Type

Planned Housing Units

New Parcel Creation/Overlap

This proposal questions the typical block configuration of planned housing units. It strategically maximizes social spaces to allow for social interactions beyond the typical parcel logic.

Aff the Grid

STARTER UNIT Geared towards Millennials, but suitable for the various different needs of multiple neighborhoods, the Starter Unit is based on a grid of 10’ x 10’ cubes that can be manipulated to fit within the 4 different housing typologies proposed. These different configurations help each unit to be better tailored to the needs of the resident.

The regular grid that it takes on allows for potential expansion or contraction of units based on the residents needs as well as their neighbors.

MIES MODEL The Mies Model row houses are designed to appeal to more than the Millennial generation.

To allow for diversity of ages living in community together, these focus on single story units and an open courtyard to allow for easy access. They also provide a smaller amount of residents group together to allow for more personal interactions to occur.

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MORIYAMA MICRO TOWER The Moriyama Micro Towers take on tower-like properties while still remaining on a scale that can fit will into residential neighborhoods. This typology represents a basic configuration of the Starter Unit while also take a more urban “apartment” feel which may appeal to those who prefer the individual privacy of a typical apartment building. They are typically arranged to allow for an active first floor, with each grouping taking on a unique public space between each tower (ie., A dog park, community garden, etc.)

MALTZAN MAISONETTE The Maltzan Maisonette is designed to accommodate larger quantities of people within each unit. This can mean friends living together, families, or other similar groups. The form allows for larger exterior gathering spaces in order for interactions to occur between larger quantities of people. With the possibility of families within these units privacy becomes a larger priority, thus the public spaces are located on the ground floor and roof areas.

Each of the building prototypes look to provide a variety of housing units that can appeal to a wide range of residents.

COLLECTIVE COMPLEX The Collective Complex is a higher density arrangement of the Starter Units, allowing for multiple interactions to occur. Designed as primarily a frame, each resident has the ability to choose the arrangement that works best for them, allowing for more flexibility between neighbors, both vertically and horizontally. This flexibility also translates to the form, which allows for communal exterior spaces to become individual to each building and allow for levels of privacy to suite many different people.

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Lifestyle Urbanism

Collective Complex: As each space is customizable, no singular floor could be arranged in the same manner.

Aff the Grid

Moriyama Micro Tower: Different scales of Starter Unit arrangements allow for different levels of interactions to occur between

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The positioning of each housing unit within the existing community helps to create a unified community, rather than a singular “block� as is typically seen.

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SYSTEMS CITY Today’s urban design decision making process largely relies on the incorporation of “smart infrastructure, selfsufficiency and hybrid local models, (and) highly adaptive design patterns take(s) the form of responsive micro patches rather than overarching master plans” (McGrath, 2009:48). The integration of multiple systems and forces suggests both a more complex yet also nuanced approach to intervention. The following projects suggest housing as an interwoven component to larger urban phenomena like vacancy, environmental systems, and cultural identity.

McGrath B (2009) New patterns in Urban Design. Architectural Design 79(6): 48–53.

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GIDDINGS REVIVAL Samantha Ayotte

Once the scene for theater and culture, the Hough neighborhood, one of the city’s oldest neighborhoods, has been negatively impacted by the housing crisis. Although directly adjacent to the Cleveland Clinic and University Circle, this neighborhood suffers from high crime rates, decreased attendance in public schools, and has seen a 17% decrease in population since the beginning of the 2000’s.

Hough is home to the Cleveland treasure, League Park, and is located directly west of the Culture Gardens along Martin Luther King Jr Blvd. The Culture Gardens bring another recreational piece to the area through it’s use of the Doan Brook.

With a large accumulation of vacant, C, D and F buildings, the Hough neighborhood has an efficient amount of space for redevelopment and revitalization. The mixture of race, age, and median income bring multiple design opportunities for millennials, elderly, and anywhere in between. The headwaters and culverted creeks provide an interesting alternative to standard redevelopment seen through northeast Cleveland suburbs. With the intense over development happening from the late 1800’s-late 1950’s, the Giddings Brook was buried in order to hold the overwhelming housing market. Now, most of those structures lay vacant or dilapidated.

The concept derives from analyzing the headwaters, riparian corridors, and culverted creeks in the Cleveland area. A high concentration of both headwater and culverted creek proximity occurs in the Hough neighborhood. Exposing a piece of ecology in a historic neighborhood provides an analysis of historic buildings in the area. Preservation is strategically overhauled. through a complete striping and banding new development occurs from Lake Erie to Euclid Ave. This allows for preserved and new development to have interactions along the same block, rather than having to travel to find cultural significance in the neighborhood. By preserving and scarring the neighborhood through digging up the historic Giddings Brook, the striping of allows for an ecological preservation alongside the architecture preservation.

In the newly developed areas, larger amounts of public and green space occur in order to welcome interactions between residents. Currently, the tree canopy in Hough sits at 20% covered. With additional tree plantings and green infrastructure, this new development can also improve stormwater management. Since more than 20 million gallons of water are intercepted in the current state, the opportunities for green infrastructure are immense, and the combined sewer overflow systems can be improved. In addition, providing larger amounts of green space in a neighborhood builds stronger communities, increases property values and city revenue, as well as improves business districts in the area.

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Giddings Revival

2

3

4

5 1 These mappings show the focus of the design intervention on 3 key elements: C, D, F and Vacant properties, Important Landmarks, and Waterways. Maps: 1) Overall Cleveland map representing the 3 key elements, 2) Designating C, D, F and Vacant properties in Hough/St. Clair-Superior, 3) Distinguishable landmarks in the area and their points of connection 4) Preservation banding based on the previous map, 5) Water-flow from headwaters to riparian corridors on site

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4

Systems City

Site Plan consisting of Sanborn Maps from 1852, 1881, and 1898 showing the (de)evolution of the Giddings Brook.

Site Plan consisting of Sanborn Maps from 1852, 1881, and 1898 showing the (de)evolution of the Giddings Brook.

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Giddings Revival

Possible Green Infrastructure Elements: 1) Storm Sewer Conveyance Box 2) Main Storm Sewer Line 3) Base Flow Diversion Line 4) Storm Sewer Structure 5) Base Flow

3 1

2

4

5

This section conceptualizes the experience of living along waterfront in a dense, urban fabric. Through exposing a once buried stream, residents in both preserved and newly developed homes can interact with water in a new way. However, in revealing this stream, the sewer system can complicate the process. In this case, opportunity for green infrastructure provides a solution for existing combined sewer overflow problems in Cleveland, as well as potential for future sustainable improvements. *The Lick Run Greenway in Cincinnati, OH is a strong reference for both the historic and ecological mitigation that is conceptualized for the Giddings Revival. More information can be found here: http://projectgroundwork.org/projects/lowermillcreek/sustainable/lickrun/

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Systems City

The existing block layout consists of multiple thin, rectangular parcels with a multi-family unit built tightly into the property lines.

Each structure is located along the street edge, providing limited outdoor space and interactions between property owners.

Through the process of preservation striping, portions of the block become preserved historic districts, while the remaining section becomes new development.

With new development comes larger amounts of outdoor that encourages opportunities for interaction.

This is due to the fact that the newly developed area remains one large parcel, creating a less restrictive boundary between residents.

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Giddings Revival

ESSENTIAL LIVING BLOCK

VERTICAL ADDITION

Layout of an “Essential Living Block” containing a bathroom, kitchen, and living area with an option for stairs for vertical addition. This block would be prefabricated, and windows/openings can be determined among addition choice.

HORIZONTAL ADDITION

Site plan showing the relationship and connection of space between residents; existing and future development.

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LEAD EXPOSED Caitlyn Scoville

Lead is the number one environmental health hazard for American children. In the United States, 24 million homes contain deteriorated lead-based paint and elevated levels of lead contaminated dust, affecting 535,000 children. In inner city postindustrial neighborhoods more than 50% of children are effected. Increased exposure to lead has negative effects on physical, mental and social conditions; additionally, impacted areas tend to have lower income levels, lower education attainment, and higher crime rates.

Though the affects of lead exposure cannot be reversed, there is opportunity to prevent future children from exposure. This proposal utilizes performative landscapes and architecture as a means to give permanence and stability to economically distressed neighborhoods; improving health, education, employment opportunities, and the quality of life.

The implementation of a mobile remediation unit will create a new skilled workforce equipped to safely abate, restore, remediate, demolish, and construct within the community. The intention is to restore historic homes with lower lead risks (removing carpet, painting over exterior and interior, and replacing windows) while safely demolishing and remediating areas of higher risk. The new construction utilizes the remediated sites to insert modular growing units, enabling the community to shape an environment that can change over time to meet their needs.

The scheme addresses areas of lead concentration within the postindustrial landscape using a series of scales (regional, city, community, and individual) in order to alter the fabric over time.

Regional scales evaluate and synthesize wards based on parameters, establishing areas with varying concentrations of lead exposure. Small scale risk level provides a framework for evaluation. The lowest risk being a vacated parcel, which would need extensive soil remediation, while the highest risk is an occupied home exposed to contaminated groundwaters, requiring relocation of households into areas with little to no risk. Medium scale utilizes the approach of the small scale; at the community level it begins to transfigure the urban form.

Through careful interventions, the process works simultaneously to better the housing conditions of the occupants while mending the contaminated environment.

Lead Exposed

[ CITY

SCALE ]

Prevalent

Present

Mapping Concentration of Lead Exposure within the City of Cleveland

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Systems City

[NATIONAL SCALE] $ REMEDIATE ONE HOUSE IN GOOD CONDITION EXPOSED TO LEAD

$ PROVIDE ONE STUDENT WITH SPECIAL EDUCATION

24 MILLION

HOMES IN THE U.S. CONTAIN DETERIORATED LEAD BASED PAINT AND ELEVATED LEVELS OF LEAD CONTAMINATED DUST

535,000

U.S. CHILDREN AGES 1 TO 5 HAVE BLOOD LEVELS HIGH ENOUGH TO DAMAGE THEIR HEALTH IN THE U.S. CONTAIN DETERIORATED LEAD BASED PAINT AND ELEVATED LEVELS OF LEAD CONTAMINATED DUST

National Statistics regarding the affects of Lead Exposure and Prevention

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Lead Exposed

[COMMUNITY SCALE]

Re-mediating the urban fabric is a gradual process. The phases will occur on a block to block basis. The intent being that the use of landscape and rehabilitation will assist in the mitigation of lead exposure in other areas.

Year 1 - Existing Conditions Vacant Lot

Year 5

New Construction

Existing Rehabilitate

Year 10

Mediated Parks and Transformative Landscapes Phasing - Overtime the spectrum of risk changes

Extensive Deterioration

Groundwater Contamination

Year 25

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Systems City

[INDIVIDUAL SCALE]

RESTORE EXISTING NEW CONSTRUCTION VACANT PARCEL transforms into a community landscape, becoming a park, garden or other asset to the mediation process

introduces a diverse form within the fabric, provides other housing opportunities to those who have been relocated

delicately rehabs houses of lower risk through mediation; replacing windows, siding, soil and adding vestibules at entry points

Stunted IQ, hearing and growth Hypertension

Low Risk Exposure Affects The Spectrum of Identified Conditions

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Lead Exposed

GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION

EXTENSIVE DETERIORATION

restoring the landscape to a natural state, allowing the soil to regain nutrients to further contain the lead

through phytoremediation the landscape will be able to recover over time, reclaiming the site into public parks

Nerve Damage

Stomachaches

Encenphalopathy

Hearing Loss, Infertility

Decreased Lifespan

Encenphalopathy, Anemia

High Risk Exposure Affects

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Life Between Houses

Systems City

Newly Infilled

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Lead Exposed

Recreation Park

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GROW ST. CLAIR-SUPERIOR Morgan Gundlach

Decentralization stems from the ramifications of a shrinking city. Over the last century, the affluent residents moved away from the industrial center, favoring the countryside or the Lake Erie shoreline. Overtime, it became financially feasible for the middle class to move as well, and the population has continuously fled to the suburbs leaving downtown and adjacencies empty.

This proposal envisions a re-densification of the urban core, utilizing vacated landscapes on the fringe of downtown. The area is sparsely populated with small, tight knit communities needing easier access to jobs, affordable housing, and education. This proposal aims to stitch these communities to jump-start the development process for the future by first investigating the St. Clair Superior neighborhood.

The heart of this neighborhood is located a little over a mile from downtown Cleveland, but the population density here is half of what it is for Cleveland as a whole. With the population spread thin, access to amenities and services are difficult for residents, particularly healthy, quality food.

The Saint Clair Superior Community Development Corporation has recently taken an interest in Art and Food as a new identity for the area.

Through this proposal, the neighborhood will become more compact; truly urban. The demand to live in the neighborhood is presently low with food access being the highest need. Dedicating 10 acres to food production will fulfill the community’s temporary needs.

As regional food produce suppliers become familiar with the area and begin doing business, land can be returned to residential. In 10 years, 70% of the farm will be returned to housing, capturing the projected demand for housing.

Grow St. Clair-Superior

Several blocks will be converted to agriculture. Existing infrastructure will be preserved for future redevelopment.

Over time, the agricultural lands will return to residential uses. Greenhouses will be implemented to offer a higher yield on a smaller footprint.

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Systems City

Grow St. Clair-Superior

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Top: New units will be smaller and more affordable than the large single family homes in the neighborhood.

Bottom: Existing single family homes will be refurbished to accommodate a second or third story apartment. The extra unit will provide seasonal housing as well as additional income to the homeowner.

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Vacant property between two units will be utilized for redevelopment.

Systems City

When possible, new construction between two existing structures will provide access to upper level units.

The space between will be shared.

New construction will be smaller than existing housing.

The combination of new construction, adapted existing homes, and vacant property infill, will create a dynamic street environment which supports community development.

Grow St. Clair-Superior

Food becomes a significant part of the community, economically and socially.

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CAMPUS COMPLEX(ITY) Like many legacy cities, Cleveland’s medical and education sectors are influential players in creating broad economic impact. Located on Cleveland’s east side, the adjacency of these institutions to some of Cleveland’s most lowincome neighborhoods prompts questions of boundary, territory, and appropriate development strategies that cater to multiple populations and uses. The following proposals stress social, economic, and physical connection through a housing agenda.

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CLINICAL IMPLANTS Alexander Scott

THE CONDITION Clinical Implants takes a modular, pixelated approach to housing several groups associated with the Cleveland clinic. These groups include medical staff, medical students, senior citizens, and international and out of state patients and their families. This approach considers McClain Clutter’s concept of the “Mediplex City” and the idea that the clinic has a positive influence on the blight stricken east side of Cleveland through property acquisition and development. However, this concept does not take into consideration the condition of the surrounding residential neighborhoods and the impact the clinic could have on the vacancy issue of these neighborhoods through housing. The Fairfax neighborhood to the south was chosen due to the severe amount of vacant residential plots coupled with sporadic D+F structures allow the neighborhood as a good staging area for the “pixelization” of these clinic housing typologies.

THE APPARATUS Typologies developed are two-story homes for medical staff. One-story units for students, single-story row-housing type units for seniors, and thin towers for the extended stay residents.

These typologies are then inserted into the vacancies in order to foster relationships between the user-groups and create a more unified community, not only between them but also with the surrounding community through unified park space. This park space acts as a terminus or destination point for spinal esplanade of each block which runs down the center. The activity can vary between block specific activities and community-wide events.

THE RECOVERY This concept looks to both establish a unique collaborative collection of both medical-related residents and those involved in medical care to establish a specific sense of community for the clinic as well as have a profound positive influence upon the surrounding neighborhoods “blight” in the same way that the clinic complex itself has had upon the surrounding commercial area in what is known as the “Health Tech Corridor”

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Clinical Implants

VACANT CONTEXT

D+F CONTEXT

EXISTING CONTEXT CLINIC

CLINIC

CLINIC

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Campus Complex(ity)

Blighted Neighborhood Mixed w/ Vacant Plots

Introduce Clinic Modules Into Vacant Plots

Current orientation of structures on plots places a focus on the street with the structure placed fairly close to streetfront with a larger back yard portion.

The “Implants” proposed in my development method instead places the focus on the central spine of the blocks with the structure placed more closely to the rear of the plot.

For the most part this rear yard is unused being either heavily populated with trees or having a garage or shed structure placed upon this

A central esplanade of sorts is then run down this central spine. This takes place by obtaining a small portion of the backyard in order to create this new publicly accessible, pedestrian right-of-way.

Encourage Turnaround of Blight

In each block, based upon a large cluster of vacant property rather than the more pixelated condition desired by the concept, an opportunity arises.

This opportunity is for the inclusion of a “pocket-park” type area for each block as a place for neighborhood gatherings or activity.

These locations add a destination for each of these esplanade-like spines rather than simply making them a backyard path to nowhere.

Varieties of activities may occur in these locations such as food trucks firework shows, block parties, public concerts, etc.

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Clinical Implants

Areas closest to the main roads and commercial center to the north are the most appropriate location for the taller tower typology rather than the smaller scale residential interior of the block

Wider plots are locations best suited for the student housing blocks in order to allow some “breathing room” for the rest of the surrounding context. This extra width prevents awkward proximity issues with neighbors.

Large, linear stretches of residential plots are the ideal locations for the senior townhomes. Too few plots and the concept of the townhome becomes too sparse

Typologies based upon a 15’ cubic base unit...

...Organized into basic conceptual units...

The more sparse plots are best suited for the two-story staff homes. This infill keeps the lines of homes contextually more similar and complete.

Large clusters of irregular vacant plots are best suited for the “destination” pocket parks and activity centers of the block at the end of thepedestrian esplenades.

...Then articulated into the final typologies.

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Campus Complex(ity)

Non-Local Patient / Family

Clinic Staff Homes

BATH LIVING

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

BATH BEDROOM

KITCHEN ENTRY

LIVING

KITCHEN

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Clinical Implants

Student Housing

Senior Living

BATH LIVING

BEDROOM

LIVING BATH KITCHEN

BEDROOM

KITCHEN

ENTRY

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Campus Complex(ity)

Render illustrating a typical condition along an esplanade moving towards the northern end of a block

Clinical Implants

Render Illustrating the diversity in activity in one of the pocket parks from between two sets of senior townhomes

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THE SOCIAL CONNECTION Jordan Fitzgerald

In the next decade, the population of United States citizens aged 65 and over is projected to grow by 36 percent to almost 55 million, and double by 2050, according to Census Bureau projections. Virtually every part of America will become more senior-dominated, but some more than others. Many of the areas with large senior populations exist in the Rust Belt, which has been losing residents to other places for generations, particularly the young. Currently Cleveland is ranked the sixth most senior-heavy Rust Belt city. Cleveland is an ideal location for seniors who wish to age in place to reside, due to easy access to many amenities and nationally acclaimed health care facilities.

The site selected for this project is near the intersection of Euclid Avenue and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in University Circle. The area was selected largely due to the amount of vacant and blighted properties, along with its close proximity to all basic amenities, hospitals, universities, entertainment, and beautiful landscape. The site is located within a 15 minute walk to the Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Institute of Art, and Cleveland’s famous art and history museums.

The goal of this project is to design a community that connects to the surrounding neighborhoods and districts and establishes a foundation for a strong social connection between senior citizens, university students, and health care professionals. Simultaneously, the project aims to blend city amenities with the desirable characteristic of the suburbs, creating a pleasant alternative to the suburban American lifestyle. The design offers a variety of housing options to cater to multiple demographics and income levels, while presenting a range of green spaces from large public landscapes to semi-private lawns to private balconies.

The Social Connection

A semi-private lawn for residents of the medium density apartments.

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Campus Complex(ity)

A

B

C

D

E

F

A) Existing Site D) Connections

B) Vacant and Poor Properties E) Primary Traffic

C) Proposed Intervention F) Secondary Traffic

M M) N) O) P) Q)

Mixed-Use Apartment Tower Greenway Plaza Semi-Private Lawn Islamic Cultural Garden Temple Tifereth-Israel

N

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The Social Connection

G

H

I

J

K

L

G) Health Care Institutions J) Tree Canopy

H) Higher Education Institutions K) Public Green Space

I) Public Institutions L) Semi-Private Green Space

Q

O

P

Site Section

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Campus Complex(ity)

HIGH DENSITY APARTMENTS Larger mixed-use towers are located at the two key connection points of the site. A commercial ground level wraps a large public plaza and offers retail shops, a cafe, a hair salon, and a fitness center that doubles as a rehabilitation facility. Above are apartments with the option of private balcony gardens and shared green roofs, along with assisted living units. Multiple unit layouts allow for residents of multiple income levels.

MEDIUM DENSITY APARTMENTS These apartment buildings have a height of four to five stories and offer a more affordable housing option, targeting students and low-income seniors. The buildings respect the urban edge and form a semi-private lawn for residents along the interior, away from the noise of the city streets.

MEDIUM DENSITY TOWN HOMES The design offers high end, three story town homes for the families of the clinic’s medical staff. These are intended to feel suburban-like with their spacious layout, green buffer between the street edge and the homes, opening up to a large green space in the back. Plenty of open green space allows for family recreational activities in a semi-private setting.

LOW DENSITY TOWN HOMES The design also offers a more affordable option for town homes with smaller unit layouts, but all the same amenities as the others.

These homes are aimed for young professionals and empty nesters.

The Social Connection

This is a rendering from the greenway, looking towards the high density, mixed-use apartment building.

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The design aims to connect to the surrounding neighborhoods and districts.

A proposed greenway establishes a direct connection from the site to the Cleveland Museum of Art and the CWRU student center.

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