Module Writers
WAN GHANI BIN WAN PI Electrical Eng. Department, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Polytechnic Bachelor Of Education ( Electrical Eng. ) Autocad 2014 Certified Professional Autocad 2012 Certified Professional Autocad 2012 Certified Associate
HJ. MOHD YUSOF BIN ZAKARIA Electrical Eng. Department, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Polytechnic Bachelor Of Education ( Electrical Eng. ) Autocad 2014 Certified Professional Autocad 2012 Certified Associate
Y.M. TENGKU BESARUDDIN SHAH BIN TENGKU YAAKOB Mechanical Eng. Department, Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Polytechnic Bachelor Of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical Autocad Certified Professional 2014 Autocad Certified Professional 2012 Autocad Certified Associate 2012
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
CONTENTS Topic INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD Definition of computer aided design (AutoCAD) Differences between AutoCAD and conventional drawing Advantages of AutoCAD program over conventional technical drawing Hardware components of AutoCAD System
Page 1
COMMANDS AND DATA INPUT Keyboard Side menu Button Menu Pull down Menu Icon Menu Function keys Creating a new drawing Saving adrawing Grid and snap Units Limits
3 4 6 7 8 9 11
DRAW COMMANDS Line Polyline Text, Dtext and Mtext Circle Arc Donut Polygon Ellipse Point
12 16 19 22 25 27 28 31 34
EDIT COMMANDS Erase Move Copy Rotate Break Trim Scale Mirror Array Extend
40 41 42 44 45 47 48 50 51 53
2
Topic
Page
Fillet Chamfer Offset Change Pedit
54 55 57 58 58
OBJECT SNAPS
60
DISPLAY CONTROL Zoom Pan Redraw Regen
62 65 66 66
BLOCK, WBLOCK AND INSERT BLOCK Block Wblock Insert Block Minsert Explode
67 69 70 71 72
LAYER COMMANDS Layer Linetype Colors
73 76 78
DIMENSIONING Characteristic of dimension Linear Radius Diameter Aligned Angular Dim style and variable
79 81 82 82 83 83 84
PLOTTING Preparatory steps for plotting Plot area
87 88
INTRODUCTION OF AUTOCAD
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (AUTOCAD) AutoCAD is a computer aided drafting and design software from Autodesk Inc. It is widely used in various applications including all engineering fields. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AUTOCAD AND CONVENTIONAL DRAWING Using AutoCAD Designs can be made quickly. Designers only need to make a simple sketch of the design. Drawings produced are consistent and mistakes can be minimized. All angles of a drawing can be shown. Changes to drawing can be made easily. Exact copies of drawings can be produced quickly. Objects can be viewed in 3D. Objects can be viewed as animation.
ADVANTAGES OF AUTOCAD OVER CONVENTIONAL TECHNICAL DRAWING
Improves the productivity, efficiency and accuracy of drawings Enables drawings to be created, checked, and edited quickly Improves the quality of products Retains uniformity in reproduction Minimizes storage space
HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOCAD SYSTEM The hardware components of the AutoCAD system comprise the following : Monitor Central processing unit (CPU) Keyboard Mouse Plotter
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THE COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD
KEYBOARD Type in the command at the command line and press Enter or Space Bar.
Type here
BUTTON MENU The menu is for a pointing device with multiple buttons. A point may be specified using a pointing device, such as a mouse or a digitizer puck. The coordinates of the selected point are then entered when the ‘PICK’ button of the pointing device is pressed.
Enter
Pick or Select
PULL DOWN MENU ( for Autocad Classic )
Zoom
How to change drawing menu to Autocad Classic screen ? At the status bar, select Workspace Switching and pick Autocad Classic and the drawing change to Autocad Classic.
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Select a command using a pointing device (mouse) from the menu displayed on the top edge of the graphic screen. The pull down menus offer a quicker way to access the most commonly used commands available in AutoCAD.
Autocad 2014 ICON MENU Quick Access Toolbar
Info Center
Application Menu Ribbon
Drawing Area Crosshair View Cube Navigation Bar
UCS Status Bar Command Line
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The buttons at the left-hand end of the status bar
atthe l-hand n the status bar
A number of buttons at the left-hand end of the status bar can be used for toggling (turning on/off) various functions when operating within AutoCAD 2009 .A click on a button turns that function on; if it is off, a click on a button turns the function back on. Similar results can be obtained by using function keys of the computer keyboard (keys F1 to F10). Snap Mode also toggled using the F9 key: when snap on, the cursor under mouse control can only be moved in jumps from one snap point to another. Grid Display also toggled using the F7 key: when set on a series of grid points appears in the drawing area. Ortho Mode also toggled using the F8 key: when set on, lines etc. can only be drawn vertically or horizontally. Polar Tracking also toggled using the F10 key: when set on, a small tip appears Showing the direction and length of lines etc., in degrees and units. Object Snap also toggled using the F3 key: when set on an OSnap icon appears at the cursor pick box. Object Snap Tracking when set on, lines etc., can be drawn at exact coordinate points and precise angles. Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS also toggled by the F6 key. Used when constructing 3D solid models. Dynamic Input also toggled by F12 . When set on, the x,y coordinates and prompts show when the cursor hairs are moved. Show/Hide Lineweight when set on, lineweights show on screen. When set off, lineweights only show in plotted/printed drawings.
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Quick Properties a right-click brings up a pop-up menu, from which a click on Settings ‌ causes the Drafting Settings dialog to appear. The buttons at the right-hand end of the status bar Another set of buttons at the right-hand end of the status bar are shown below. The uses of some of these will become apparent when reading future pages of this book. A click on the downward- facing arrow near the right-hand end of this set of buttons brings up the Application Status Bar Menu from which the buttons in the status bar can be set on or off .
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CREATING A NEW DRAWING AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT create a blank drawing upon startup, but it’s a good idea to select the drawing template that you want to use at startup and not rely on the one that AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT creates for you. To create a new drawing, follow these steps:
1. Click the Menu Browser button. The Menu Browser button is located in the upper-left corner of AutoCAD or AutoCAD LT. The menu browser opens. 2. On the menu browser, click File menu
New.
The Select Template dialog box is displayed below.
3. Select the acad.dwt drawing template (or acadlt.dwt if you’re using AutoCAD LT) and click Open. A new drawing is created for you based on the drawing template selected.
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SAVING A DRAWING Before going further it is as well to know how to save the drawings constructed when answering examples and exercises in this book. When a drawing has been constructed, left-click on the Save icon Standard Annotation toolbar. The Save Drawing As dialog appears.
Unless you are the only person to use the computer on which the drawing has been constructed, it is best to save work to a pen drive, usually held in the drive E: To save a drawing to a pen drive in drive E:
1.
Place a pen drive in drive E:
2.
In the Save in: field of the dialog; click the arrow to the right of the field and from the pop-up list drive [E:]
3.
In the File name: field of the type a name. The fi le name extension .dwg does not need to be typed – it will be added to the fi le name.
4.
Left-click the Save button of the dialog. The drawing will be saved with the file name extension .dwg – the AutoCAD fi le name extension.
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DRAWING SETUP
GRID AND SNAP
1.
On the status bar, right-click the Snap Mode button.
2.
On the menu that’s displayed, choose Settings. The Drafting Settings dialog box appears below.
3.
Select the Snap On (F9) and Grid On (F7) options.
4.
In the Snap Spacing area, select Equal X and Y Spacing if it’s not selected.
5.
In the Snap Spacing area, double-click the Snap X Spacing text box, and then type 1 and press Tab. Because you selected the Equal X and Y Spacing option, the value in the Snap Y Spacing text box was updated to match the value entered in the Snap X Spacing text box.
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6.
In the Grid Spacing area, double-click the Grid X Spacing text box, and then type 1 and press Tab. The value in the Grid Y Spacing text box is updated to match the value in the Grid X Spacing text box.
7.
In the Snap Type area, select Grid Snap and then select Rectangular Snap if they are not already selected.
8.
Click OK.
UNITS There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Units at the command prompt. OR 2. Click FORMAT
UNITS from the Pull down menu (Autocad Classic).
The length options Architectural
Feet, inches, and fractional inches, as in 12´6.˝. You would enter this as 12´6 1/2˝ with a space between the 6 and the 1/2.
Engineering
Feet and decimal inches, as in 12.5´ or 12´6.5˝. You would enter this as 12´6.5˝.
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Decimal
Whole and decimal units that can be anything (metric distances, decimal inches, decimal feet, or decimal miles, for example).
Fractional
Whole and fractional units that can be anything (fractional metric distances, fractional inches, feet, or miles, for example).
Scientific
Scientific notation for distances. Units can be anything (meters, angstroms, miles, astronomic units, parsecs, or light-years, for example)
The angle options Decimal
Degrees Whole and decimal degrees of angle. Deg/Min/Sec Degrees, minutes, and seconds of angle.
Grads
Angles specified in grads. For example, you would specify 45° of an angle by entering 50g.
Radians
Angles specified in radians. For example, you would specify 45° by entering 0.785r.
Surveyor’s
Angles specified in degrees from north or south to east or west, as in Units N45dE.
Precision
The Precision option lets you control how AutoCAD reports length and angle values. This option does not actually affect the precision of the objects in the drawing. For example, if you select Decimal as the length type and 0.0 for the precision, AutoCAD displays a distance of 1.2 for the true distance of 1.167. If you choose 0.000 for the Precision option, you will see the full distance of 1.167 whenever AutoCAD displays a distance.
Direction
By default, AutoCAD assumes that 0° is a horizontal direction from left to right. For example, 90° is directly vertical, and 180° is a
horizontal direction from right to left. Angle values
increase from 0° in a counterclockwise fashion. The cardinal directions and their degree values in a default AutoCAD setup. If your drawing requires a different direction for 0°, you can use the Direction option to choose an angle. When you click Computer Aided Design
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the Direction button, the Direction Control dialog box opens. Click one of four
radio buttons to select the 0째 direction
from the four cardinal directions. If your desired 0째 direction does not conform to the cardinal directions, you can specify an angle numerically or graphically by selecting the other option. Clockwise
By default, angle values increase counterclockwise, but you can change this to clockwise by selecting the Clockwise option in the Angle group of the Drawing Units dialog box.
LIMITS There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Limits at the command prompt. OR 2. Click FORMAT
LIMITS from the Pull down menu (Autocad Classic ).
The sample of paper size (0,420)
594mm
(0,297)
( 594,420 )
420mm
( 420,297 )
A2 Upper right
corner (0,210)
297mm
( 297,210 )
A3 297mm
A4
420mm
210mm
( 0, 0 ) ( 297,0 )
( 420,0 )
( 594,0 )
Lower left corner Example 1 : Command: limits Reset Model space limits: Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.0,0.0>: 0.0 Specify upper right corner <0.0,0.0>: 420,297
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DRAW COMMAND
LINE The line is the most fundamental drawing entity. It can be drawn with various linetypes. There are two methods of doing this. 3. Type Line or just L at the command prompt Or 4. Click Line from the Draw icon.
specify first point : Specify next point or [Undo] : Once a command has been entered, in many instances AutoCAD requires additional input. The input may be in the form of coordinates, numeric value, displacements, modifiers, file name, etc. The following are four methods in which data that are points may be entered. NOTE : Dynamic Input ( F12) OFF
1.
Absolute Coordinate A point can be specified by typing the X and Y coordinates. Example : Command : Line
60,120
160,120
first point : 60,60 next point : 160,120
60
next point : 160,120 next point : 60,120 next point : 60,60 @ c Computer Aided Design
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100
160,60 12
2. Relative Coordinate
A point can be specified as the distance from the last coordinate entered. Type @ prior to the X and Y distances. @ means with reference to the last point. Format : @ X distance, Y distance Y distance
X distance Example : Command : Line
@-100,0
@0,60
first point : 60,130 next point : @100,0 next point : @0,60
60
next point : @-100,0 next point : 60,130 @ c
60,130
100
@100,0
3. Polar Coordinate
A point may be specified as the distance and the angle from the last coordinate (point) entered. 90
180
0
270@-90 format : @ distance < angle
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Example : Command : Line
@100<180
@60<90
first point : 60,200 next point : @100<0 next point : @60<90
60
next point : @100<180 next point : @60<270
60,200
100
@100<0
4. Pointing You may type the line coordinates using the keyboard or click the first point using the mouse.
Click any point in the drawing area. AutoCAD prompt specifies the next point or [Undo].
Move the mouse pointer to a second point and click button 1 of the mouse and enter.
First point
Second point
( go to page 40 – Erase command ) Computer Aided Design
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Exercise 1
By using point entry commands, using Line Commands to draw the following figures:
38
60
50
20
30O 30
60
80
27 200,160 100 0
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15
POLYLINE A polyline is a connected sequence of line segments created as a single object. You can create straight Line segments, Arc segments, or a combination of the two. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Pline or just PL at the command prompt Or 2. From the Draw icon, choose the Polyline.
Specify start point :
Arc
endpoint of arc:
Halfwidth
Length
starting half-width:
length of line:
Undo
Width Starting Width:
Ending width:
ending half-width:
Specify next point :
Ending width Half-width Endpoint of Arc
Specify first point
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Length of line
Starting Width
16
Example 1 : Command : Pline Specify start point : 60,60 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : w Starting width : 2 Ending width : 2 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : @100<0 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : @60<90 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : @100<180 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : close @100<180
@60<90
60
Example 2 :
60,60
100
@100<0
Command : Pline Specify start point : 60,130 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : w Starting width : 10 Ending width : 10 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : @50<0 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : w Starting width : 15 Ending width : 0 Specify next point or ( arc/halfwidth/length/undo/width) : @20<0 Width=10 15 60,130
50
20
( go to page 62,65 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Zoom and Pan command ) Computer Aided Design
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Assignment 1a Draw the block name below with DRAW and POLYLINE command by using all the coordinates. This block name using A3 size ( 420 mm x 297 mm ).
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TEXT, DTEXT ( Dynamic text ) AND MTEXT (Multiline text)
Single-line text is created with the DTEXT command. TEXT is now an alias for the DTEXT command; typing either at the command line runs DTEXT. You can define a few properties such as a single font or a preset height in a text style, but MTEXT can formatting multiline text, changing things such as font, size, and color, and structuring text in columns.
Text/Dtext
Mtext
Style
Formatting
Style
Paragraph
Insert
Options
Justify
Align
Fit
Center
Middle
Right
1st point
1st point
Center pt
Middle pt
Right Endpt
2nd point
2nd point
( go to page 41 & 42 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Move & Copy command ) Computer Aided Design
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Example 1 :
Command: _mtext Specify first corner: pick first corner Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width/Columns]:
First corner
type text here
Example 2 : Command: text Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 3.0 Annotative: No Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: pick start point Specify height <0>: 5 Specify rotation angle of text <0>: 0 Height = 5
AUTOCAD
ROTATION = 0
Start point
( go to page 58 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pedit command ) Computer Aided Design
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Assignment 1b Use Text or Dtext or Mtext command to fill all the text at the block name ( open an existing drawing Assignment 1 ) with the related size of text shown below.
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CIRCLE A circle can be drawn with various linetypes. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Circle or just C at the command prompt OR 2. Click Circle from the Draw icon
Center point
Radius
Diameter
3P
2P
TTR
TTT
1st point
1st point
1st tangent spec
1st Tangent
2nd point
2nd point
2nd tangent spec
2nd Tangent
Radius
3rd Tangent
3rd point
TTR
2P
TTT
3P
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Example 1 : Command : Circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:100,100 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <0.0000>: 30 Radius =30
Example 2 : Command : Circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:100,170 Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <0.0>: D Specify diameter of circle <0.0>: 60 Diameter =60
Example 3 : Command : Circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3P Specify first point on circle: 170,130
1st Point X
Specify second point on circle: 170,70 2 nd Point
Specify third point on circle: 200,100
X
3rd Point X
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Example 4 : Command : Circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2P Specify first point on circle: 170,200 Specify second point on circle: 170,140 1st point x
x 2nd point
Example 5 : Command : Circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: type TTR or T Specify point on object for first tangent of circle : ( select 1st tangent spec ) Specify point on object for second tangent of circle : (select 2nd tangent spec ) Specify radius of circle <0.0> : 30
( go to page 60 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Object Snaps commands, go to page 66- Redraw & Regen command ) Computer Aided Design
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ARC The Arc is a partial circle that can be drawn using any of the different options in the pull down menu. It can also be drawn with various linetypes. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Arc or just A at the command prompt OR 2. Click Arc from the Draw toolbar.
R
S – Start point
A - Angle
C – Center
L – Length of chord
E – End
R – Radius of arc
D – Direction
3 point
SCE
SCA
SCL
SEA
SED
SER
CSE
CSA
CSL
1st point
Start
Start
Start
Start
Start
Start
Center
Center
Center
2nd point
Center
Center
Center
End
End
End
Start
Start
Start
3rd point
End
Angle
Length
Angle
Direction
Radius
End
Angle
Length
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Example 1 :
Command : Arc ( 3 Point )
70,150
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 100,70 Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 130,120
130,120
Specify end point of arc: 70,150
100,70 Example 2 :
Command : Arc ( Start, Center, Angle ) Specify start point of arc: 230,100 Specify center point of arc: @80<0 Specify included angle: -90
90 230,100 80
( go to page 44 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rotate command ) Computer Aided Design
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DONUT
The DONUT command is used to create a thick or solid circle. The inside diameter is used to determine the hole of the doughnut. Use an inside diameter of zero to create a solid circle; use a larger diameter to create a ring. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Donut or just type DO at the command prompt OR 2. Click Donut from the Draw toolbar.
Donut Inside diameter :
Outside diameter :
Center of donut
Example 1:
Command : Donut
30
Specify inside diameter of donut : 30 Specify outside diameter of donut : 40 Specify center of donut : 100,100
40
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27
Example 2:
Command : Donut
Specify inside diameter of donut : 0 Specify outside diameter of donut : 40 Specify center of donut : 100,150
40
100,150
POLYGON
A polygon is a polyline object. AutoCAD draws polyline with zero width and no tangent information. Creating polygons is a simple way to draw squares, equilateral triangles, octagons and so on.
There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Polygon or POL at the command prompt OR
2. From the Draw toolbar, choose the Polygon flyout.
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Triangle
Square Pentagon Hexagon
Number of side of polygon, for examples pentagon = 6, hexagon = 5 and etc. In the first two illustrations, the center of Polygon and defines the radius length, which is specified with the pointing device or coordinate.
Example 1: Command: _polygon Enter number of sides : 6 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 120,100 Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <C>: I Specify radius of circle: 40
Example 2: Command: _polygon Enter number of sides : 6 Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 240,100 Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I> : C Specify radius of circle: 40 ( go to page 45 & 47 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Break & Trim command ) Computer Aided Design
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Assignment 2
`
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ELLIPSE The shape of an ellipse is determined by two axes that define its length and width. The longer axis is called the major axis, and the shorter one is the minor axis.
There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Ellipse or type EL at the command prompt. 2. From the Draw icon, choose the Ellipse fly out.
Center
Axis/End
Elliptical Arc
Specify center
Specify axis endpoint
Specify axis endpoint
Specify endpoint
Specify other endpoint
Specify other endpoint
Specify distance
Specify distance
Specify distance Specify start angle Specify end angle
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Example 1: Command: _ellipse ( Center ) Specify center of ellipse: 100,150 Specify endpoint of axis: 150,190 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation] : 20
Center
Example 2:
Command: _ellipse ( Axis/End ) Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 260,190 Specify other endpoint of axis: 205,190 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 30
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Example 3: Command: _ellipse ( Arc )
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: 300,130 Specify other endpoint of axis: 350,130 Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 50 Specify start angle or [Parameter]: -90 Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: 90
Start angle = -90 @ 270 and end angle = 90 is clockwise Start angle = 90 and end angle = -90 @ 270 is anti-clockwise
( go to page 48,50, 51 & 53 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Scale, Mirror, Array and Extend command ) Computer Aided Design
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POINT Point objects are useful as nodes or reference points. They are temporary objects you create to help you draw accurately. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Point at the command prompt. 2. From the the Draw icon, choose the Point flyout.
Point
Multiple Point
Devide
Measure
Specify a point
Select object
Select object
number of segments
length of segment
Line
You can set the style of the points and their size relative to the screen or in absolute units. Changing the style of points: Makes them more visible and easier to differentiate from grid dots Affects the display of all point objects in the drawing Requires using REGEN to make the change visible Computer Aided Design
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To set point style and size : 1. From the Home Tab, Utility group, choose Point Style. 2. In the Point Style dialog box, select a point style. 3. Under Point Size, specify a size, either relative to the screen origin absolute units. 4. Choose OK.
Example 1 :
point style
Command: point Current point modes: PDMODE=4 PDSIZE=20.0 Specify a point: select point, select point 2 (to stop press esc)
Example 2 : Command: divide
number of segment = 4
Select object to divide: pick Enter the number of segments or [Block]: 4
Example 3 : Command: measure Select object to measure: Specify length of segment or [Block]: 20 20
20
( go to page 54, 55, 57 & 58 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fillet, Chamfer, Offset and Change command ) Computer Aided Design
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Assignment 3a ( Electronic component )
By using all commands, draw all the component below and use an existing drawing name : Assignment 1a.
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Assignment 3b ( Electrical parts )
By using all commands, draw all the electrical parts below and use an existing drawing name : Assignment 1a.
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Legend
Electronic components
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39
MODIFY COMMAND ERASE
There are many ways to delete objects from your drawing and clean up the display There are two methods of doing this. 1.
Type Erase or just E at the command prompt.
2.
Click Erase from the Modify icon.
ERASE
Select object :
Example 1
Pick object or select by window
:
Command : erase Select objects: pick object and press Enter (when you finish selecting objects)
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MOVE The Move command allows one or more entities to be moved to any location in the drawing. There are two methods of doing this. 1.
Type Move or just M at the command prompt.
2.
Click Move from the Modify toolbar.
MOVE Select object : Base point or displacement : pick point or type coordinate Second point of displacement : pick point or type coordinate
Example 1 : Command : Move Select objects : pick object Base point or displacement : (select center of circle ) Second point of displacement : @10<0 or pick point at drawing area
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COPY The Copy command allows you to make a copy or copies of an entity or a group at any location in the drawing. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Copy or just Co at the command prompt. 2. Click Copy Object from the Modify icon.
COPY Select object :
Single copy
Multiple copy
Select object :
Select object :
Base point or displacement: Second point of displacement:
Base point or displacement: Second point of displacement: Second point of displacement: Second point of displacement:
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Example 1 : Command: copy Select objects: pick object Current settings: Copy mode = Multiple Specify base point or displacement : select CENter (OSNAP) Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: @10<0 Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>:
Example 2 : Command: copy Select objects: pick object Current settings: Copy mode = Multiple Specify base point or displcement: select CENter ( OSNAP) Specify second point : @10<0 (copy 1) Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: @10,5 ( copy 2) Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: @10,-5 (copy 3)
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ROTATE The rotate command changes the orientation of existing entities by rotating them about a specified base point. The rotation angle may be given as a numeric value or by dragging the entity. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Rotate or just Ro at the command prompt. 2. Click Rotate from the Modify icon.
ROTATE Select object : Select base point: Rotation angle:
Example 1 :
Command : Rotate Select objects : pick object Base point : select base point <Rotation angle>/ Reference : 90 ( rotate 1) or <Rotation angle>/ Reference : -90 ( rotate 2)
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BREAK
The Break command is a convenient way to create a gap in an object, resulting in two objects with a space between them. Break is often used to create space for block or text insertion. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Break or just Br at the command prompt. 2. Click Break from the Modify icon.
BREAK Select object : Second break point or [First point]
First point or type F First point: pick point Second point: pick 2nd point
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When breaking an object, you can either a) select the object at the first break point and then specify a second break point, or b) select the entire object and then specify two break points.
Example 1 : Command : Break Select the object to break : select P1 Specify the second object : @10<0
Example 2 : Command : Break Select the object to break : pick line Specify second break point or [First point]: f Specify first break point: select P1 Specify second break point: @10<0
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Example 3 : Command : Break Select the object to break : pick P1 (QUAdrant) Specify second break point or [First point]: Pick P2 (QUAdrant)
Example 4 : Command : Break Select the object to break : pick P1 (QUAdrant) Specify second break point or [First point]: Pick P2 (QUAdrant)
TRIM The Trim command trims existing entities so that they end precisely at the cutting edge(s). The cutting edges can be Lines, Arcs, Circles, open 2D polylines There are two methods of doing this. Click Trim from the Modify icon. 1. Type Trim or just Tr at the command prompt.
TRIM Select cutting edges: pick 2 or more cutting edges Select object to trim: pick 1 or more object to trim Computer Aided Design
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Example 1 : Command : Trim Select cutting edge : pick line ( cutting edges) <Select object to trim>/ Project / Edge / Undo : pick line or cicle ( trim object)
SCALE The Scale command enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in X and Y directions. Entities can be enlarged if a scale factor greater than 1 is selected and can be reduced in size if a scale factor between zero and 1 is selected. There are two methods of doing this. 1.
Type Scale or just Sc at the command prompt.
2.
Click Scale from the Modify toolbar.
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SCALE Select object: Select base point: Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference]:
Scale factor:
Copy: Scale factor:
Reference: Specify reference length: Specify new length:
Example 1 : Command: scale Select objects: pick original object Specify base point: pick base point Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference] <1>: 2 or Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference] <1>: 0.5
Example 2 : Command: scale Select objects: pick original object Specify base point: pick base point Specify scale factor or [Copy/Reference] <1>: r Specify reference length <1>: 2 Specify new length or [Points] <3>: 10 Computer Aided Design
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MIRROR The Mirror command creates mirror images of existing object about a mirror line. Then the original object may either be retained or deleted. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Mirror or just Mi at the command prompt. 2.
Click Mirror from the Modify toolbar.
MIRROR Select object: 1st Point of Mirror Line: 2nd Point of Mirror Line:
Example 1 : Command: mirror Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 5 found Select objects: select original object Specify first point of mirror line: pick mirror point Specify second point of mirror line: 180 Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
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ARRAY The Array command is used to make multiple copies of one or more objects in a rectangular (rows and colums) or polar (circular) pattern. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Array or just Ar from the command prompt. 2. Click Array from the Modify toolbar.
Rectangular Array
Example 1 : Command: ARRAY Select objects: pick original object Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] <Rectangular>: R number of items or [Base point/Angle/Count] <Count>: C Enter number of rows or [Expression] <4>: 3 Enter number of columns or [Expression] <4>: 2 Specify opposite corner to space items or [Spacing] <Spacing>: S Specify the distance between rows or [Expression] : 20 Specify the distance between columns or [Expression] : 15 Accept or [ASsociative/Base point/Rows/Columns/Levels/eXit]<eXit>: X
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Polar Array
Example 3 : Command : Array Select object s : pick original object Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] <Rectangular>: PO Specify center point of array or [Base point/Axis of rotation]: pick center point Enter number of items or [Angle between/Expression] : 8 Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) or [EXpression] : 180 Accept or [ASsociative/Base point/Items/Angle between/Fill angle/ROWs/Levels /ROTate items/eXit]<eXit>: X
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EXTEND
The Extend command lengthens existing entities so that they end precisely at the boundary edge(s). The boundary edges can be lines, arcs, circles or 2D polylines. The entities that can be extended are lines, arcs and open 2D polylines. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Extend or just Ex at the command prompt. 2. Click Extend from the Modify toolbar.
EXTEND Select boundary edges: Select object to extend:
Example 1: Command : Extend Select boundary edges : pick boundary edge Select objects : pick line to extend
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FILLET
The Fillet command connects two lines, arcs or circles with a smooth arc of specified radius. The value for the radius may be entered numerically or shown as the distance between two points. The value of â&#x20AC;&#x153;0â&#x20AC;? for the radius results in a square corner. There are two methods of doing this. 1.
Type Fillet or just F at the command prompt.
2. Click Fillet from the Modify toolbar.
FILLET
Trim
Select first object:
Radius Fillet radius
Trim or No trim
Select second object:
Example 1 : Command: Fillet Current settings: Mode = NOTRIM, Radius = 0 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: R Specify fillet radius <0> : 5 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple] <0>: pick 1st object Select second object or shift-select to apply corner: pick 2nd object
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Example 2 : Command: Fillet Current settings: Mode = NOTRIM, Radius = 0 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple]: R Specify fillet radius <0> : 8 Select first object or [Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple] <0>: pick 1st object Select second object or shift-select to apply corner: pick 2nd object
CHAMFER Using Chamfer is a fast way of creating a line between two nonparallel lines. It is usually used to represent a beveled edge on a corner. Chamfer can also be used to bevel all corners of polyline. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Chamfer or just Cha at the command prompt. 2. Click Chamfer from the Modify toolbar.
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CHAMFER
Trim
Angle
Trim or No trim
Angle 1st line
Select 1st line
Distance 1st chanfer distance 1st chanfer distance
Select 2nd line:
Example 1 : Command: Chamfer Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: d Specify first chamfer distance <0.0000>: 3 Specify second chamfer distance <1.0000>:2 Select 1stline or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: pick 1st ine Select 2nd line or shift-select to apply corner: pick 2nd line
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Example 2 : Command: Chamfer (NOTRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 = 3.0000, Dist2 = 2.0000 Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: t Enter Trim mode option [Trim/No trim] <No trim>: t Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: a Specify chamfer length on the first line <0.0000>: 4 Specify chamfer angle from the first line <0>: 45 Select first line or [Undo/Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/mEthod/Multiple]: pick 1st line Select second line or shift-select to apply corner: pick 2nd line
0FFSET The Offset command draws an entity parallel to another entity at either specified distance or through a specified point. Line, arc, circle and 2D pline are the entities that can be offset. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Offset at the command prompt. 2. Click Offset from the Modify toolbar.
OFFSET
Example 1 : Command: Offset Current settings: Erase source=No Layer=Current OFFSETGAPTYPE=0 Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <0>: 5 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: pick original object
Specify through point : select a point
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CHANGE This command is used to change the points and properties of objects that have been drawn. At command line type Change Example 1: Command: change Select objects: pick original line Specify change point or [Properties]: p Enter property [Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/ltScale/LWeight/Thickness/Material/Annotative]: LT Enter new linetype name <Continuous>: dashed Enter property to change [Color/Elev/LAyer/LType/ltS :
PEDIT
It is used for editing and joining Polylines. At command line type Pedit. Example 1: Command : Pedit Select polyline or [Multiple] : pick original pline Enter [Close/Join/Width/Edit Vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo] : w Specify new width for all segments: 2 ( original pline width=1)
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Example 2: Command: pedit Select polyline or [Multiple]: pick polyline Enter [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: close Enter [Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo]: Spline
polyline
Pedit change to Spline
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OBJECT SNAPS
Object Snaps allow objects to be added to a drawing at precise positions in relation to other objects already on screen. With Object Snaps , objects can be added to the endpoints and midpoints, to intersections of objects, to centres and quadrants of circles and so on. Object Snaps also override snap points even when snap is set on. To set Object Snaps â&#x20AC;&#x201C; at the command line: Command: OS enter and the Drafting Settings dialog appears. Click the Object Snap tab in the upper part of the dialog and click the check boxes to the right of the Object Snap names to set them on (or off in on).
When Object Snaps are set ON (F3), as outlines are constructed using Object Snaps so Object Snap icons and their tooltips appear.
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.
With Object Snaps off, the following abbreviations can be used by the keyboard and type 1st three words of the object snaps command. Examples: CENter
snaps from or to the center of an arc or circle.
ENDpoint
snaps from or to the closest end of any object
EXTention
snaps from or to a point along the extension of a line or arc
INSertion
snaps from or to the insertion point of a block
INTersection
snaps from or to the intersection of two items
MIDpoint
snaps from or to the midpoint of a selected item
NEARest
snaps from or to a point on an object nearest to the digitized
point NODe
snaps from or to a point created by POINT, DIVIDE,or MEASURE
NONe
turns the Object Snap mode off
PARallel
draws a line parallel to an existing line
PERpendicular
snaps to a 90 degree angle to an existing line
QUAdrant
snaps from or to the 0, 90, 180, or 270 degree point on an arc, circle, or ellipse snaps from or to the tangent of an arc or circle
TANgent
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DISPLAY CONTROL
ZOOM
You can change the magnification of a view by zooming in and out. Like zooming in and out with a camera, Zoom does not change the absolute size of objects in the drawing; it changes only the magnification of the view. When you work with minute parts in your drawing, you may need to zoom out frequently to see an overview of your work. Use Zoom Previous to return quickly to the prior view. There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Zoom or just Z at the command prompt. 2. Click Zoom from the Zoom toolbar.
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ALL Zooms to display the entire drawing, AutoCAD zooms to the drawing limits or current extents, which ever is greater. The display shows all objects even if the drawing extends outside the drawing limits. Example : Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: all
CENTER Zooms to display a window by entering a center point. Then enter a magnification value or height. A smaller value for the height increases the magnification. A larger value decreases the magnification. Example : Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: c Specify center point: pick center point Enter magnification or height <300>: 10
DYNAMIC Zooms to display the generated portion of the drawing with a view box. The view box represents your viewport, which you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view box pans or zooms to fill the viewport with the image inside the view box. The panning view box is displayed first. Drag it to the location you want and click. The zooming view box is then displayed. Resize it and press ENTER to zoom, or click to return to the panning view box. Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: d Press ENTER to view Dynamic1, move to dynamic 2 (move right to change window size) view after press ENTER. Computer Aided Design
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EXTENTS Zooms to display the drawing extents and this will result in the largest possible display of all the objects. Example : Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: e
PREVIOUS Zooms to display the previous view. You can restore up to 10 previous views.
SCALE (X/XP) Zooms the display at a specified scale factor. Enter a scale factor (nX or nXP): Specify a value Example : Command: Zoom Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP), or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object] <real time>: s Enter a scale factor (nX or nXP): 2
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The value you enter is relative to the limits of the drawing. For example, entering 2 doubles the apparent display size of any objects from what it would be if you were to zoom to the limits of the drawing.
WINDOW Zooms to display an area specified by two opposite corners of a rectangular window. Specify first corner: pick point first corner Specify opposite corner: pick point other corner
PAN Provides for the viewing of a different portion of a drawing on the display screen without changing the magnification. If you enter Pan at the command prompt, Pan presents alternative prompts on the command line. This version of Pan works in two ways. You can specify a single point by indicating the relative displacement of the drawing with respect to the current location. You can also specify two points, in which case AutoCAD computes the displacement from the first point to the second point. There are two methods of doing this. 1.
Type Pan at the command prompt.
2.
Click Pan Realtime from the Standard toolbar.
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REDRAW AutoCAD redraws the current viewport, removing marker blips. It also displays artifacts (stray pixels) left by editing commands. Type Redraw or just R at the command prompt. Use the Redraw command to:
Refresh the display.
Remove all graphics remnants such as blips, stray pixels, etc.
REGEN The Regen and Redraw commands seem to have similar functions. Although their functions appear to be similar, the Redraw and Regen commands are significantly different. Type REGEN at command prompt:
Regenerate entire drawing data.
Re compute the screen coordinates.
Re index the drawing database for maximum performance (recreates the display list).
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BLOCK, WBLOCK AND INSERT BLOCK
Drawing the resistor, transformer, and ceiling fan in previous workbook might have taken what seemed to you an inordinate amount of time. As you continue to use AutoCAD, however, you will learn to draw objects more quickly. You will also need to draw fewer of them because you can save drawings as symbols and use them like rubber stamps, duplicating drawings instantaneously wherever they are needed. This saves a lot of time when you’re composing drawings. To make effective use of AutoCAD, begin a symbol library of drawings you use frequently. A mechanical designer might have a library of symbols for fasteners, cams, valves, or any type of parts for their application. An electrical engineer might have a symbol library of capacitors, resistors, switches, and the like. A circuit designer will have yet another unique set of frequently used symbols.
Create symbol library
BLOCK
To save a drawing as a symbol, you use the Block tool. In word processors, the term block refers to a group of words or sentences selected for moving, saving, or deleting. You can copy a block of text elsewhere within the same file, to other files, or to a separate file or disk for future use. AutoCAD uses blocks in a similar fashion. Within a file, you can turn parts of your drawing into blocks that can be saved and recalled at any time. You can also use entire existing files as blocks. You’ll start by opening the file you worked on in the last chapter and selecting the objects that will become a block. 1. Start AutoCAD, and open the existing Bath file. Use the one you created in , or Assignment 3(electronic & electric).dwg on the floopy disk. Metric users can use the Assignment 3(electronic & electric).dwg file. The drawing appears just as you left it in the last session. 2. .In the Draw toolbar, click the Make Block tool or type B ↵ , the keyboard shortcut for the Make Block tool, to open the Block Definition dialog box. You can also choose Computer Aided Design
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BLOCK
Block name : type name of block (resistor)
Base point : pick base point (use ENDpoint)
Select object : pick object
Block unit : select unit(millimeter)
3. Block command cannot be save to your alternative drive.
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WBLOCK ( write block )
Using WBLOCK command, you also can make your library automaticly save to your destination. Command : WBLOCK â&#x2020;ľ
WBLOCK
Base point : pick base point (use ENDpoint)
Select object : pick object (resistor)
Block unit : select millimeter
Destination : select path for destination file
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INSERT BLOCK There are two methods of doing this. 5.
Type INSERT at the command prompt. OR
6.
Click Insert Block from the Draw toolbar.
INSERT
Browse file : resistor
Insertion point : pick point or coordinates
Scale : 1:1
Rotation : 0
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MINSERT
The MINSERT command (AutoCAD only) lets you insert blocks in a rectangular array.
There is one method of doing this. 1. Type MINSERT at the command prompt.
Command: MINSERT
MINSERT Enter block name or [?]: D:\electronic component\resistor Units: Millimeters Conversion:
1.0000
Specify insertion point or [Base point/Scale/X/Y/Z/Rotate]: pick point or coordinate Enter X scale factor, specify opposite corner, or [Corner/XYZ] <1>: 1 Enter Y scale factor <use X scale factor>: 1 Specify rotation angle <0>: 0 Enter number of rows (---) <1>: 1 Enter number of columns (|||) <1>: 1 MINSERT prompts you for an insertion point, scale factors, and rotation angle using the same prompts as the INSERT command, but without the dialog box. It then starts the same prompts as the Rectangular option of the ARRAY command, asking for the number of rows and columns and the distance between them. The value of MINSERT is that it reduces the size of your drawing because the array is one block object. The disadvantage is that you canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t edit the individual blocks in the array or the array as a whole in any way. If you need to edit them, erase the entire array of blocks, redefine the single block, if necessary, and start over, this time using INSERT and ARRAY separately. You cannot explode a minserted block.
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EXPLODE
You can explode blocks into their original objects. You may need to do this to edit a block. If you want, you can then redefine the block. The insert block object cannot be modify if that insert block object not explode first.
There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type EXPLODE at the command prompt. 2. Click EXPLODE from the Modify toolbar.
Example : Command: explode â&#x2020;ľ
Select objects: pick object ( insert block object ) Select objects:
You can also explode polylines, dimensions, hatches, regions, multilines, and certain 3D objects (bodies, 3D meshes, 3D solids, various types of surfaces, polyface meshes, and polygon meshes) into simpler types of objects. Exploding a block with nested blocks explodes only the top-level block. You need to use EXPLODE again to explode the next level of blocks. When you explode blocks that were created on layer 0 or with BYBLOCK objects, the objects return to their original status and appear black/white with a continuous linetype and default lineweight again. If you insert a block with different X and Y scales, the command does its best to create objects based on their new shapes. For example, if you have a block that includes a circle and insert it with an X scale of 1 and a Y scale of 2, you see an ellipse. Therefore, when you explode the block, you get an ellipse from what used to be a circle.
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LAYER, LINETYPE AND COLOR
LAYER COMMANDS The command line version of Layer creates new layers; sets the current layer; sets the color, linetype, lineweight, and plot style for designated layers; turns layers on and off; turns plotting on and off for visible layers; locks and unlocks layers; freezes and thaws layers; and lists defined layers. There are three methods of doing this. 1. Type Layer or just La at the command prompt. 2. Click the layers icon from the Object Properties toolbar.
You will see the Layer Properties Manager Dialog Box as shown below. New Creates a new layer. After you choose New, the list displays a layer named LAYER1. You can edit this layer immediately. To create multiple layers more
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quickly, you can select a layer name for editing and enter multiple layer names separated by commas. If you create a new layer, the new layer inherits the properties of the currently selected layer in the layer list (Color, On/Off state, and so on). To create layers with default settings, make sure that there are no selected layers in the list or that you select a layer with default settings before beginning layer creation.
Current Sets the selected layer as the current layer. The CLAYER system variable stores the layer name.
Delete Deletes selected layers from the drawing file definition. You can delete only unreferenced layers. Referenced layers include layers 0 and DEFPOINTS, layers containing objects (including objects in block definitions), the current layer, and xref-dependent layers. Layers that do not contain objects (including objects in block definitions), are not current, and are not xref-dependent can be deleted by using the PURGE command. Show/Hide Details Controls whether the Details section is displayed in the Layer Properties Manager. Save State Displays the Save Layer States dialog box, in which you save layer state and layer properties settings of all layers in a drawing. You can choose which layer states and properties that you want to preserve. You save a layer state by assigning it a name. Any layer states saved in a drawing that is inserted in your current drawing as a block are also added to the current drawing. Restore State Displays the Layer States Manager, in which you can manage named layer states. List of Layers Displays layers and their properties. To modify a property, click its icon. To quickly select all layers, right-click and use the shortcut menu. Computer Aided Design
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Names Displays the names of the layers. You can select a name, and then click and enter a new name.
On/Off Turns layers on and off. When a layer is on, it is visible and available for plotting. When a layer is off, it is invisible and not plotted, even if Plot is on.
Freeze/Thaw in All Viewports Freezes selected layers in all viewports. You can freeze layers to speed up ZOOM,
PAN,
and
many other
operations;
improve
object
selection
performance; and reduce regeneration time for complex drawings. AutoCAD does not display, plot, hide, render, or regenerate objects on frozen layers. Freezes the layers you want to be invisible for long periods. When you thaw a frozen layer, AutoCAD regenerates and displays the objects on that layer. If you plan to switch between visible and invisible states frequently, use the On/Off setting. You can freeze layers in all viewports, in the current layout viewport, or in new layout viewports as they are created.
Lock/Unlock Locks and unlocks the layers.You cannot edit objects on a locked layer. Locking a layer is useful if you want to view information on a layer for reference but do not want to edit objects on that layer.
Color Changes the color associated with the selected layers. Clicking the color name displays the Select Color dialog box.
Linetype Changes the linetype associated with the selected layers. Clicking any linetype name displays the Select Linetype dialog box.
Lineweight Changes the lineweight associated with the selected layers. Clicking any lineweight name displays the Lineweight dialog box.
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ď&#x201A;ˇ
Plot Style Displays a list of plot styles available to apply to the selected layers. If you are working with color-dependent plot styles (the PSTYLEPOLICY system variable is set to 1), you cannot change the plot style associated with a layer. The default plot style is Normal.
HOW TO SET LINETYPES AND COLOR
You can use color to help you group objects visually. You can assign the color of an object either by layer or by specifying its color explicitly, independent of layer. Assigning colors by layer makes it easy to identify each layer within your drawing. Assigning colors explicitly provides additional distinctions between objects on the same layer.
Linetype To load a linetype 1. From the Format menu, choose Linetype. 2. In the Linetype Manager, choose Load.
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3. In the Load or Reload Linetypes dialog box, select a linetype and choose OK.
If the linetype you need is not listed, choose File. In the Select Linetype File dialog box, select an LIN file whose linetypes you want to list and choose Open. The dialog box displays the linetype definitions stored in the selected LIN file. Select a linetype and choose OK. To list the linetypes loaded in the current drawing 1. On the Object Properties toolbar, click the Linetype control. All loaded linetypes are displayed in the list. If necessary, use the scroll bar to see the whole list. 2. Click anywhere outside the box to close it.
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Colors To set the color for all new objects 1. On the drop down icon below;
The Color control displays the current color.
To change the color of an object, overriding the layer's color 1. On the Standard toolbar, click Properties. 2. Select the objects whose color you want to change. 3. In the Properties window, select Color. To change the color assigned to a layer 1. On the Object Properties toolbar, click Layers. 2. In the Layer Properties Manager, click the color you want to change. 3. In the Select Color dialog box, click a color or enter a color number (1-255) or name. 4. Choose OK to exit each dialog box. An arrow is displayed in the right column. 4. Click the arrow and select a color from the list.
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DIMENSIONING
IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF DIMENSIONING DRAWINGS
Dimensioning is the process of adding measurements to a drawing. Dimensions show the geometric measurements of objects, distances or angles between objects or the X and Y coordinates of a feature. Every dimension style controls colour, text style and linetype scale. Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing. AutoCAD provides many ways to dimension objects and many ways to format dimensions. You can create dimensions for a wide variety of object shapes in many different orientations. You can create dimension styles to format dimensions quickly and ensure that dimensions in your drawing conform to industry or project standards. Dimensions show the measurements of objects, the distances or angles between objects, or the distance of a feature from an origin you specify. AutoCAD provides three basic types of dimensioning: linear, radial, and angular. Dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, ordinate, baseline, or continued. You can dimension objects, such as lines, arcs, circles, and polyline segments, or you can dimension between point locations. AutoCAD places dimensions on the current layer. Every dimension assumes the current dimension style, which controls characteristics such as arrowhead style, text location, and lateral tolerances. With dimension styles, you can make subtle modifications to a base dimension style for different types of dimensions. With dimension style overrides, you can modify these characteristics for a specific dimension.
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Origin point is an origin point defines the measurement value for the dimension text and is a small nonprinting point attached to the dimension. Origin points are typically placed on an object and allow you to move or reposition a dimension that may need to be updated.
Extension line is an extension line extends up to the dimension line and arrowheads, and indicates which feature or points on an object are being dimensioned. An extension line typically has a gap between it and the origin point of the dimension object and extends past the dimension line. The gap helps show that the dimension is not part of the object.
Arrowhead is an arrowhead appears at the end of a dimension line and indicates where a dimension starts and ends. Arrowheads can be displayed as open or closed arrows, architectural ticks, dots, or userdefined arrows, among other arrowhead styles.
Dimension line is a dimension line is typically displayed between the extension lines and goes outward from the center of the dimension object toward the extension line. Based on where the dimension text is placed, the dimension line may appear broken or on the outside of the extension lines.
Dimension text is a dimension text provides the value of measurement with which the dimension was created and can be formatted in a variety of ways. Some of the formatting options are the units of measurement, the type of decimal separator that is used, and how the value should be rounded.
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Click Annotate to make dimension
LINEAR
There are two methods of doing this.
1. Type DIMLINEAR 0r 2. Click Linear icon
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Example : Command: _dimlinear Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: pick 1st line origin Specify second extension line origin: pick 2nd line origin Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]: Dimension text = 10
RADIUS
Example :
Command: _dimradius Select arc or circle: Dimension text = 6 Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: M Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
DIAMETER
Command: _dimdiameter Select arc or circle: Dimension text = 20 Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: M Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
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ALIGNED
Example :
Command: _dimaligned Specify first extension line origin or <select object>: Specify second extension line origin: Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: M Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]: Dimension text = 8
ANGULAR
Example : Command: _dimangular Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>: pick 1st line Select second line: pick 2nd line Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Quadrant]: Dimension text = 28
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DIM STYLE AND VARIABLE You can control the appearance of dimensions by changing settings. For convenience and to help maintain dimensioning standards, you can store these settings in dimension styles.
There are two methods of doing this. 1. Type Dimstyle at command prompt or 2. Click Format >> Dimension Style from the pull down menu bar.
Set Current Sets the style selected under Styles to current.
New Displays the Create New Dimension Style dialog box, in which you can define new dimension styles. See New, Modify, and Override Dimension Style Dialog Boxes.
Click New to open the Create New Dimension Style dialog box aboves. With the copy name highlighted in the New Style Name input box, enter a new name for your style. Check to make sure your dimension style name conforms to any standards that other members of the team might be using.
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Modify Displays the Modify Dimension Styles dialog box, in which you can modify dimension styles. Dialog box options are identical to those in the New Dimension Style dialog box. See New, Modify, and Override Dimension Style Dialog Boxes. Override Displays the Override Current Style dialog box, in which you can set temporary overrides to dimension styles. Dialog box options are identical to those in the New Dimension Style dialog box. See New, Modify, and Override Dimension Style Dialog Boxes. AutoCAD displays override as unsaved changes under the dimension in the Styles list. Compare Displays the Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, which compares the properties of two dimension styles or lists all the properties of one style. Click Modify from Dimension Style Manager. You can see as shown below.
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New Dimension Style dialog box.
From this dialog box, we can change: i.
Lines and Arrows
ii.
Text
iii.
Fit
iv.
Primary Units
v.
Alternate Units
vi.
Tolerances
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PLOTTING PREPARATORY STEPS FOR PLOTTING Once you have completed a drawing, you can use a number of methods to output the drawing. You can plot the drawing on paper or create a file for use with another application. In either case, you select the plot settings. There are two methods of plotting. 1. Type Plot at the command prompt. 2. Click Plot from the Output Toolbar.
3. The dialog box appear shown above. Computer Aided Design
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To plot a drawing
1. From the File menu, choose Plot. 2. In the Plot dialog box ; i.
Select printer or plotter name that want to use.
ii.
Select paper size of printer/plotter for example – A2, A3 or A4.
iii.
Drop down plot area – select display, extents, limits or window.
iv.
At plot scale –choose fit to paper or custom scale.
v.
Plot offset – origin set to printable area ( x and y coordinate ) or center the plot.
vi.
Put the number of copies.
vii.
Press OK.
PLOT AREA When plotting a drawing, you must specify the area of the drawing to plot. The Plot Settings tab in the Plot dialog box provides six options under Plot Area. Layout or Limits When plotting a layout, this option plots everything within the margins of the specified paper size, with the origin calculated from 0,0 in the layout. When plotting on the Model tab, it plots the entire drawing area defined by the drawing limits. If the current viewport does not display a plan view, this option has the same effect as the Extents option. Extents Plots the portion of the current space of the drawing that contains objects. All geometry in the current space is plotted. AutoCAD may regenerate the drawing to recalculate the extents before plotting. Computer Aided Design
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Display Plots the view in the current viewport in the Model tab or the current paper space view in a layout tab. View Plots a view saved previously with the VIEW command. You can select a named view from the list provided. If there are no saved views in the drawing, this option is unavailable. Window Plots any portion of the drawing you specify. Click the Window button to use a pointing device to specify opposite corners of the area to be plotted, or enter coordinate values.
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REFERENCES 1.
Autodesk (2014) AutoCAD 2014 : Userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guide
2.
Khairul Anuar Hanfiah (1996) Lukisan Kejuruteraan Berbantu Komputer Skudai : Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol
4.
https://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
5.
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/Electronic_components.htm
6.
http://lukisankejuruteraankvkk.blogspot.com/2014/03/lukisan-simbolelektrik-dan-elektronik.html
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ISBN 9781312367999
9 781312
367999
90000 >