Urban Spatial Regeneration of North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area in Kashgar

Mar ,2014

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A b stra ct

ABSTRACT

Kashgar, regarded as the only city in China that has been influenced by Islamic culture in traditional urban spatial structure. However, the spatial form and scale of central district, North Jiefang Road area, are being damaged. So, how to restore it in terms of regenerating the historical spatial value? By doubting such question, the author is attempting to explore how to ameliorate the negative impact and improve the spatial quality on the current condition of North Jiefang Road in Kashgar.

In addition to the first introduction chapter, this paper is divided into two main parts: The first part (chapter 2), demonstrated the context of the traditional urban spatial development in Kashgar through the timeline, then from the perspective of typology, introduced the development mechanism and contradictions between the traditional area and North Jiefang Road. After revealed the features of traditional spatial form and scale based on both morphological and typological angle, the research focused on the North Jiefang Road and surrounding area, through three aspects such as spatial structure, industrial status and traffic flow, aims to interpret the current negative influence of urban space. Inferred from which, the particular spatial feature of traditional area is reflected on the diverse combination and non-orthogonal axis organization between the dwelling units. Meanwhile, it formed with pleasant scale which provide a great spatial impression to people. On the contrary, North Jiefang Road is straight through and divided the traditional area into two parts. Its spatial texture has irrelevance with tradition and the scale is more approximate to vehicle rather than human being. At some point, the spatial structure of historic space is influenced.

The second part (Chapter 3) based on the background studies of the former part, established the design strategy against the spatial problems. Mainly, it reinterprets an appropriate restoring approach to the damaging historic texture by the guidance of traditional spatial morphology and scale indicators. Through the development of urban spatial regeneration, the final re-construction of North Jiefang Road Area is shaped while the "new" regional function is injecting. The entire process regenerates a entity which is supervised by the urban spatial topology and the measuring modulus of humane street scale. The regional spatial function is re-organized, as well as the pleasant spatial impression is re-shaped at the same time.

Keywords: Kashgar, North Jiefang Road Area, Urban Spatial Regeneration Design

C o nte nts

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 1.1 Research Motivation, Problem and Objective............................ 1 1.1.1 Research Motivation ............................................................... 1 1.1.2 Research Question .................................................................. 1 1.1.3 Research Objective.................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Significance ................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Value of Historic Research ...................................................... 2 1.2.2 Value of Practice and Exploration ......................................... 2 1.3 Theoretical Foundation and the Concepts Definition ............... 3 1.3.1 Programs and Theories of Historic Arera Conservation....... 3 1.3.2 Analysis Theory of Urban Spatial Structure............................. 4 1.3.3 Theory of Urban Spatial Design.............................................. 6 1.4 Research Object and Methods ................................................... 7 1.4.1 Research Object....................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Methodology............................................................................ 8 1.4.2.1 History Development Research of Traditional Spatial Structure....... 8 1.4.2.2 Investigation of North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area............ 8 1.4.2.3 Urban Spatial Regeneration Design................................. 9 1.5 The Structure of the Research ...................................................... 9

Chapter 2 Past and Present...................................................... 10 2.1 The Historical Development of Traditional Area.......................... 10 2.1.1 Qara Khanids to Qing Dynasty................................................ 10 2.1.2 The late Qing Dynasty to ROC................................................ 12 2.1.3 After The Founding of New China ......................................... 13 2.2 The Spatial Characteristic Study of Traditional Area................... 15 2.2.1 Urban Fabric Charateristic....................................................... 16 2.2.1.1 External Space.................................................................... 17 2.2.1.2 Internal Space.................................................................... 17 2.2.2 Spatial Scale Features ............................................................. 20 2.2.2.1 External Space.................................................................... 20 2.2.2.2 Internal Space.................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Conclusion................................................................................. 25

C o nte nts

2.3 The Site Investigation of Current North Jiefang Road Area...... 25 2.3.1 Spatial Structure........................................................................ 26 2.3.1.1 Form..................................................................................... 26 2.3.1.2 Spatial Scale....................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Regional Function..................................................................... 32 2.3.2.1 Industry Status .................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Summary................................................................................. 38

Chapter 3 Strategy and Design................................................ 40 3.1 Objective......................................................................................... 40 3.2 Strategy and Design....................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Architectural Mass Space....................................................... 41 3.2.1.1 Protect the Id Kah Mosque and Traditional Vernacular Architecture ...... 41 3.2.1.2 Preserve the Surrounding large Numbers of Modern Buildings....... 43 3.2.1.3 Renovate the Kashgar International Shopping Mall .................. 43 3.2.2 Square and Street Space........................................................ 44 3.2.2.1 Scale Definition................................................................... 45 3.2.2.2 Reginal Function Rearrangement.................................... 48 3.2.2.3 Form Regeneration............................................................ 56 3.2.2.4 Scale Regeneration .......................................................... 59 3.2.3 Functional Conception of the Regenerated Space............ 63 3.2.3.1 Spatial Distribution of the Industries.................................. 69 3.2.3.2 Traffic Flows......................................................................... 69 3.2.3.3 Spatial Characteristics....................................................... 73

References................................................................................... 81 Acknowledgements................................................................... 84 Appendix..................................................................................... 85 Resume......................................................................................... 96

C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Motivation, Problem and Objective 1.1.1 Research Motivation Modernism focuses on clear functional division and rapid transportation, which caused humanized traditional streets in the city to be replaced by large squares, wide roads, and hugescale buildings. As a result, the historical space and scale gradually disappeared, the form of regional functions became simplex, pedestrian space was occupied by traffic for vehicles, and space quality lowered.

Throughout the central area of Kashgar, it is not hard to discover that although two traditional areas such as Ustanboy and Qiasayawage are separately located on both sides of North Jiefang Road, the spatial structure is closely associated, presenting strong integrity. The straight North Jiefang Road, like a “space wound”, impairs the original integrity, thus destroying the traditional urban spatial texture of Kashgar. However, in an attempt to preserve the historical spatial heritage, it is essential to reinterpret and upgrade in a perspective of criticism and cautiousness. (Fig 1.1)

North Jiefang Road

Ustanboy Area

Qiasayawage Area

Figure 1.1 The Satellite image of traditional are of Kashgar City （Source：From Google Earth）

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

1.1.2 Research Question Therefore, by following such motivation, how to regenerate the historical value in terms of restoring the spatial structure of traditional area? This paper will response this question in a way of spatial urban design, through the angle of urban morphology and spatial scale to demostrate the efficient approach to dispel the negative effect of North Jiefang Road.

1.1.3 Research Objective Based on the research question, the paper aims at studying historical space of traditional regions in Kashgar to reveal its main characteristics, and apply the urban design to North Jiefang Road and surrounding area as a "suture" of the "spatial wound" from three analysis aspects, such as spatial structure, industry state and traffic flows, so as to maximize the quality promotion of current space while respecting history.

1.2 Research Significance 1.2.1 Value of Historic Research With the exclusive Islamic urban spatial characteristic in China, Uygur’s regional culture and the sole remaining large-scale ancient cob brick architectural complex in East Asia and even the world, Kashgar is a traffic hub of the Silk Road and its historical significance cannot be ignored. With some historical value, this paper can help people understand the historical development and transformation of Kashgar’s traditional space.

1.2.2 Value of Practice and Exploration At present, the vigorously growing urban renewal project is merely to solve basic livelihood issues such as the living environment and antiseismic safety of two traditional towns like Ustanboy and Qiasayawage, however it overlooks the negative effect upon traditional urban towns brought by spatial development of North Jiefang Road area. Thus, this research can exactly fill this gap by focusing on North Jiefang Road related to traditional region, which is also supplementing and enhancing the development of urban renewal project through studying the improvement of spatial issues. Meanwhile, this paper is in the hope of arousing relevant academic circles’ indepth exploration on issues, such as the study and protection of traditional urban spatial form in Kashgar based on some viewpoints mentioned.

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

1.3 Theoretical Foundation and the Concepts Definition Given that the paper involves the protection of traditional urban space in Kashgar, as well as the analysis and study on spatial form and scale, it applies theories in field of urban space to support the research structure.

1.3.1 Programs and Theories of Historic Arera Conservation The Athens Charter in 1993 was the first internationally

recognized urban planning program made by the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM). The discourses upon “architectures and areas with historical value” argue that “all ancient architectures with historical value should be properly preserved without any destroy”.

In 1964, The Venice Charter not only extended the concept of cultural relics and historic sites, abandoned isolated treatment, emphasized integrity, and pointed out that “some scale of protection should be contained without separating from the history it witnessed and environment it produced”, but also confirmed the basic concept, principles and methods of cultural relics and historic sites protection in the form of international norms.

The Washington Charter in 1987, developed and made by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), described that “the protection of historical cities and other historical urban areas should be an important part of integral policy for economic and social development, as well as urban and regional planning”. In 2009, the ICOMOS showed its support for measures that were being taken to protect old cities in Kashgar, but in the corresponding period, it pointed out the content of old city protection in Kashgar should not only be limited to house antiseismic ability enhancement and life condition improvement, but also attach importance to the protection of its historical value. The tradition in Kashgar and spatial texture with common features of Islamic city are exactly the reflection of their fixed value deserving China’s preservation. (Figure 1.2) For corresponding protection measures, lots of western scholars made some reflection on the “urban renewal” movement based on “large-scale renewal” of old cities in their discourses in the late the 1960s. Lewis Mumford’s The City in History 1 and Jane Jacobs’ The Death and Life of Great American Cities 2 1

Refer in The City in History (Chinese Version) ，P56

2

Refer in The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Chinese Version) ，P76

3

Figure 1.2 The Satellite image of Karbala, Baghdad, iraq （Source：Google Earth）

C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

Figure1.3 Juer Alley in Beijing （Source：http://www. he.xinhuanet.com/）

were the most representative works. They pointed out from different standpoints and perspectives the drawbacks of using large-scale plans and physical plans to cope with the complex social, economic and cultural problems in cities.

China’s definition related to measures for protection of historical cities originated from the conference of publishing famous historical and cultural cities held by the State Council in 1986. The conference firstly determined 38 famous historical and cultural cities including Kashgar, and then proposed the concept of “protection of historical sites”, i.e. “streets, architectural complex, small towns, and villages with concentrated cultural relics and historic sites, or those can integrally reflect traditional features and national local features during particular historical periods should be preserved, and they can be published as all levels of local historical and cultural preservation districts through evaluation according to their historical, scientific and artistic value”. This measure made huge contributions to fields related to old city protection in China, but when it came to specific “quantitatively” defined preservation principles and measures, it was a bit rusty, which resulted in repeated appearance of phenomena such as destroying the old and building the new, making “fake antiques” caused by incomplete grading system for historical streets and historical architectures. In the wake of the changing times, the reference of international experience, the strengthening of national consciousness, and the improvement of protection measures, China’s old city preservation began to emphasize humanism recovery, namely, relocating regional environment based on human for old city renewal. For example, in Beijing Ju’er Hutong renewal in the charge of Academician Wu Liangyong, the relation between current and future demand on space was well handled in proper scale based on the idea of “organic renewal” and the principle of building “quadrangle-courtyard-liked” housing system3. (Figure 1.3) 1.3.2 Analysis Theory of Urban Spatial Structure As for the concept related to material space, Swiss architectural theorist Jörg Kurt Grütter argued that three factors determined the quality of space, namely, its size, proportion and form4. In current academic circles, most studies emphasize the size and proportion of space, as well as human’s feeling, which is called by a joint name of scale. As for the concept of spatial form, Kevin Lynch published The Urban Form in 1954,

3

Refer in The old city of Beijing and its Juer Hutong neighbourhood ，P47

4

Refer in Ästhetik der Architektur: Grundlagen der Architekturwahrnehmung ，P67.The English translated by Kudulaiti Kudusi.

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

which stated that “its obvious reflection is the land occupied by urban activities; land-use form, the major outward manifestation of urban spatial form, contains elements like location, distance and direction”5.

To study the spatial structure features of urban form, concepts such as Roger Trancik’s figure-ground relation theory 6 and Ashihara Yoshinobu’s “Positive Space” 7 are all main analysis theories based on the principle of spatial aesthetics – “Substances– form”. Making a comparison of figure-ground relation variation in different periods can not only determine spatial structure and spatial grade, but also speculate the development trend of urban space. Besides, the “humanized scale index of street space” put forward by Ashihara Yoshinobu in The Aesthetics of Street is also an important reference for current research on the scale of street space. In The Death and Life of Great American Cities , Jane Jacobs probed into the variety of urban sustainable development and proposed that high-density and small-scaled streets could bring more vitality to the city8. Based on Ashihara Yoshinobu, this viewpoint stressed again city’s properties of sociology.

The Yangzhou Urban Upgrading Strategy 9, completed by the GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), Cities Alliance and the People’s Government of Yangzhou City, which concluded the process of all polices and readjustment for the future development of old city in Yangzhou, stressed that old city protection should be started from three aspects including material space, social economy and social culture. With strong reference, it was a report probing into old city protection from multiple perspectives.

Based on several points above, the author firstly defined the urban spatial elements in this research as spatial form and scale. Form Greater emphasizes the spatial definition, namely, the land graphic occupied by activities in surrounding environment; scale refers to the physical length, width, height and their proportional relation of the graphic that can be perceived by people. To illustrate the feature of spatial structure in traditional areas and reveal the “negative space”, the paper will apply the figure-ground relation theory proposed by Roger Trancik to analyze spatial form of traditional areas in central Kashgar in Chapter 2. Then, based on the “humanized scale index of street space” put forward by Ashihara Yoshinobu in The Aesthetic Townscape , namely, proper

5

Refer in The Urban Form (Chinese Version) ，P76

6

Refer in Finding Lost Space-Theories of Urban Design (Chinese Version) ，P34

7

Refer in External Space Design (Chinese Version) ，P123

8

Refer in The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Chinese Version) ，P76

9

Refer in Urban Upgrading Strategy Yangzhou-Eco City Planning & Management Programme, 2007.

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

the pleasant proportion of street height and width (D/H) 10, which is tidying up the scale index of street space in traditional and North Jiefang Road area.

1.3.3 Theory of Urban Spatial Design Related to urban space regeneration design, Roger Trancik put forward linkage theory in Finding Lost Space in 1986, with an aim of exploring some composition relation as well as related structural and organizational way among urban spatial form elements, also called topological relation. The disciplinary study is in favor of strengthening the logicality and diversity of architectural form variation and provides some theoretical guiding significance to the relation between architecture and environment.

Le Corbusier ever proposed the strategy of “separation of pedestrian and vehicles” for the accessibility of urban space in early modernism. Until the 1960s, EPAD11 inherited this idea and combined with the concept of “compact city”12 to carry out a three-dimensional traffic distribution planning for Defasi, Paris, and made some practical proposals for urban traffic optimization.

Later, The Charter of Machu Picchu in 1977 emphasized the diversity and compatibility of urban life and denied the simple view of “functional city” advocated by modern city, which paid philosophical foundation for “Functional mixing zone” and its theory. Jane Jacobs also put forward that “the density of modern city cannot help residents get rid of crimes and worries, instead, proper high density brings vitality to the city”; besides, she also advocated that “urban structure should be based on the principle of mixed functions”.

In Chapter 3 of this paper, it specifically introduces the content of urban spatial regeneration of North Jiefang Road and surrounding area in Kashgar, including making some recovery of traditional historical spatial texture from the regeneration of form and scale. The former will deduce the traditional spatial form structure of Kashgar in North Jiefang Road area according to the analytic theory of spatial topology, namely, the principle of “diffeomorphism variance of equivalent elements”13; the latter will combine with the traditional street scale modulus of Kashgar and Ashihara Yoshinobu’s “humanized scale modulus of street space” concluded in Chapter 2, to define the scale of regenerated space.

10 11

Street building height H, street red line width D. Company name which is short for Public Establishment for The Development of La

Defense Region.

12

Refer in The Compact City(Chinese Version) ，P26。

13

Refer in Libin,Quan. Guiwen,Quan. Architectural form topological homeomorphism evolution.

Architectural Journal, 2006 (5) :51-54.

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

1.4 Resarch Object and Methods 1.4.1 Research Object Nort h Jie fang

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Urb

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Roa

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Renmin Road

Renmin Road South

Tuman Road Payipu Road

ya

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Qisa

a Ro

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Traditional Area

an

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Qis

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Usta

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Scope of Urban Design

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Road

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Norbix

North Jiefang Road

Se m an

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Scope of Conceptual Urban Desing (North Jiefang Road & Surrounding Area)

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"Ahuo" Neighborhood d oa

The paper focuses on urban morphology research, namely, the historical development, spatial form and scale features of the traditional area in Kashgar, as well as the negative effect upon the tradition brought by the scope of North Jiefang Road.

The concentration goes through three scales: Urban, Area and Block. Urban scale, mainly involves Ustanboy (Conservation Area: 46.76 hectares; Actual controlled area: 13.84 hectares) and Qiasayawage (Conservation Area: 46.76 hectares; Actual controlled area: 13.84 hectares), two historical and culture protection areas, which are surrounded by Seman Road in the west, Umurakxhar Road, Tuman Road in the east, and Renmin Road in the south, it covers a total area of 1.57 square kilometers; The scope of North Jiefang Road considered as the area scale refers to the street space separating two historical protection areas and as well the object studied of this paper. In a view of the relevance, the scope of conceptual urban design was defined as 140 meters away from the central line of North Jiefang Road to the east and west respectively, stretching to rectangular region formed by two intersections to the south and north respectively, including Id Kah square and modern buildings along the street. It covers a total area of 31.3 hectares, 1,118 meters from south to north and 280 meters from east to west. Regarding the smooth development of research and objective consideration, the author selects “Ahuo” neighborhood block (a total area of 4,679 square meters) – the settlement unit with typical traditional spatial form in the eastern part of traditional Qiasayawage historical and culture protection area, for an in-depth research on feature description. (Figure 1.4) 7

Figure 1.4 The Research Scope （Source ：Drawn by the author）

C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

1.4.2 Methodology From the perspectives of typology and morphology of urban space, the paper makes corresponding data collection and data analysis method for different research objects.

1.4.2.1 History Development Research of Traditional Spatial Structure The research started from collecting and sorting the historical documents of Kashgar, investigation by sampling questionnaires in small-scale , 24-hour mapping and the author’s related research results concluded in undergraduate years. And then classified the related textual and figure materials to generate a year-by-year comparison of the spatial texture of Kashgar at different periods, particularly absorbed and analyzed the spatial data of the mutation. Coupled with the microcosmic study of the block unit, the preliminary result concluded the general features of traditional space afterwards.

1.4.2.2 Aims the Investigation of North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area On the one hand, the paper obtained some official texts and cartographic records from information platforms such as the official website of the Government, Statistical Bureau and Tourist Administration, as well as government work report and future planning published on by relevant media; on the other hand, through civil field survey, it combined with the administration office of community (such as sub-district office), temporary organizations specially set for development and protection of old city, including the working headquarters for old city renewal, security coordination office, etc., and supplemented by the statistical data concluded in author’s undergraduate years. The research divided all data into three categories: Physical Space, Regional Format and Traffic Flow.

By followed with the sociology-related data analysis method based on Yangzhou Urban Upgrading Strategy , it summarized the status problems of every influencing factor and assessed the developable space potential.

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C h a pter 1 Intro d u ctio n

1.4.2.3 Urban Spatial Regeneration Design The formalization and implementation of coming strategy is based on the systematical study of history and contempory. It demostrated a proper restoration to the scope of conceptual urban design where the historical spatial structure got damaged. Through this approach, the design stressed to promote the "Spatial Suture" by absorbing the relevent urban form and scale modulus from tradition structure. Which are principally reflected on the application of "diffeomorphism variance of equivalent elements" came through urban topology theory to shape the form of regenerated elements, and then reconstructed the pleasant environment in terms of controling the spatial scale which supervised by humanized spatial impression index and history study.

1.5 The Structure of the Research

Chapter 1: Introduction Propose of Research Question

Analyze

Chapter 3: Solve Strategy and Design

Chapter 2: Past and Present Clarification of research Object and Design Basis

Promotion of the Urban design based on Strategy

Historic Research of Form

H o w t o regenerate the traditional s p a t i a l structure ďź&#x;

Spatial Research of Traditional Urban Feature

Scale

Industry Status

Spatial Investigation of North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area

Urban Design

Spatial Structure Traffic Flow

Supervising by theory and practical experience

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C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

Chapter 2 Past and Present On the basis of the literature documents, this chapter will introduce the history development of the traditional special form in Kashgar and explain the forming mechanism of the North Jiefang Road area. Then we will discover the general pattern and scale features of the traditional area. It will finally go back to the North Jiefang Road area to summarize and conclude the negative impact of its development on the traditional texture.

2.1 The Historical Development of Traditional Area Looking back in the history, the special pattern in the traditional area in Kashgar central has been influenced by the Islamic city planning thoughts since Qara Khanids, mainly presenting as a form of mosque-alley-courtyard.

Before the founding of New China, the areas of Usranboy and Qiasayawag area were surrounded by city walls with no sudden change in the special pattern and scale. In the following content, we will introduce the background situation of the Islamic city in the traditional area and the North Jiefang Road area of Kashgar in different period.

2.1.1 Qara Khanids to Qing Dynasty: Influenced by the Islamic City Planning Ideology

Laining City Original Form of Id Kah Mosque The Satellite Town of Qara Khanids The location of the Palace in old time

10

Figure2.1 The Urban Scope in Qara Khanids Period （Source ：Drawn by the author）

C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

Kashgar was called "Shule". This history fact can be traced in the book named Han Shu- Western Region written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty where described the city as “The King rules Shule … which has a city there...”1.

In Qara Khanids Period (AD840-1211), the emperor Sulkan Sultukbotakah established the capital city "Hanoyi" in a place 30 kilo meters away to the east of current Kashgar, Qiasayawag Conservation Area is the satellite town2 of the imperial where had prosperous economy. At the end of the dynasty, the capital city moved west to the current city walls area due to the natural disasters and wars issues. Kashgar became the first region in China which brought in Islamism and locally governed by the Uyghur people. Since then the urban pattern has been impacted by the Islamic culture like generic Middle East Countries. (Figure 2.1) In the late years of Yarkand Khanate Period (around AD 1670), the satellite towns of Qiasa and Yawage re-developed for their geographic advantage after the perdition of Qara Khanids. They established the local government organizations and regional autonomy to some extent. Huijiang Book says in its chapter one that "The around city walls are neither round nor square with 3.7 miles length altogether. Two gates in east and west and one gate in southwest, the city is full of houses and roads." It was called "Hui City"3.

After the Qing Army destroyed the local separatist of the “Khoja families” 4 in the southern Xinjiang, the northern and southern part was united and Kashgar was ruled by Qing government. In 1760, the counselor Yong Gui claims to the court to build a city in the northwest to prepare the military force because on the reason of the Hui City’s roads were in disorder as well as the officials and people should not live together. In AD 1771, Emperor Gaozong gave the name which is called “Laining City”. This is the first mutation on the original texture, but it did not influence a lot due to the spatial concatenation.

1

Refer in Han. Western Regions (" 汉 书 ﹒ 西 域 传 " in Chinese, here translated by Kudulaiti Kudusi) 2 A concept in urban planning that refers essentially to smaller metropolitan areas which are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of larger metropolitan areas.

3 The Usranboy and Qiasayawag area in nowadays.

4

Apak Khoja, whose real name according to Tatsuya Thira, in the late 17th century were Baishan of Islam in accordance with good pedigree, Kashgar was once the cemetery, had created the first theocratic "okapi" regime, had a significant impact in the south of the Tianshan. Apak Hoja's great-grandson Peronnie (Borhanndin) and Hojican(Khoja) brothers are still alive. By following their family tradition, these two have called on the "Khoja" (socalled Saints Descendants) of the title, historically, two brothers are called as "Senior and Junior Khoja".

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C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

2.1.2 The late Qing Dynasty to ROC: Influenced by the Feudal Control Thoughts

The "Laining City" After Renewal Extension Area Figure 2.2 The urban development at the beginning of Qing Dynasty （Source ：Drawn by the author）

In the Daoguang years of Qing Dynasty (1821-1850), the expansion construction led by the highest Muslim Authority5 of "Hui City" brought the Id Kah Mosque, which was out of the townscape, into the inner part of the city, and the Mosque was fully upgraded. The city expanded to the west, connecting the old town and "Laining City", which finally made the particular pattern that centered on the Id Kah Mosque and spreaded from it (Figure 2.2). In 1867 of Mohammad Yaqub Beg’s6 reign, the city wall of Kashgar had a length of 8 kilo meters in an irregular polygons. With the Tuman River in the northeast as the natural barrier, the external walls were built and equipped with many turrets. In 1872, Mohammad commanded the largescale expansion of Mosque. Apart from the pray rooms, warm rooms, shower rooms, ceremony tower and the artificial lake, the gate of Mosque and the chapel were also rebuilt. The layout of which was rearranged into the current form.

In 1881, Zuo Zongtang 7 defeated Mohammad Yaqub Beg, and then proposed the central authority to build Xinjiang as a province. For convenience of the governance, a Qing army governmental office was established 400 meters south to the city center, and the previous administration outside the 5

Called as "Ajim Bok" in Hui, as the highest level for governancing the religion issue of Muslim area.

6 Mohammad Yaqub Beg (1820 － 1877）.

7

Spelled Tso Tsung-t'ang in Wade-Giles and known simply as General Tso in the West, was a Chinese statesman and military leader in the late Qing Dynasty.

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C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

The front street of the Qing government building Qing government building

Figure 2.3 The urban development from the late Qing Dynasty to ROC （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Hui City was moved back to the inner town. In 1898, the vice general of Qing army in Kashgar, Yang Dejun, led the reconstruction of Laining District. For the efficiency of the construction and management, it was built with a semi-circle shape for the official houses and army to settle. Meanwhile, the street in front of the government was built straight towards the south gate of the city. The boundary line of Kashgar therefore extended to 7.3 kilo meters. Nevertheless, the urban pattern is changed due to the need of area function again. The newly established straight street cut off some winding alleys so that impacted the former Islamic fabric especially from the angle of spatial structure. The current North Jiefang road was officially evolved on the base of this street. (Figure 2.3) In the years of Republic of China (1911-1949), Kashgar was developed as an administrative region, and the government was established in Shufu8. It was then changed as the third administrative region in Xinjiang Province with a total area of 25 thousand square kilo meters. It stayed the same as in 1898 except some expansion in the southern part, basically remaining the urban pattern in the late Qing Dynasty.

2.1.3 After The Founding of New China : Influenced by the Modern Functionalism Ideology Since the establishment of PRC, the external walls of Hui City was totally torn down and replaced by the side straight roads, for example, Renmin Road is where the south wall 8

The Shufu s a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and is under the administration of the Kashgar Prefecture.

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Figure 2.4 The Current Urban Spatial Pattern of Kashgar City （Source ：Drawn by the author）

collapsed. To the north of it, the original road in front of the government office was extended in the north-south direction and intersecting with Renmin Road, turned to be the current Jiefang Road. Meanwhile, new town built in the south was symmetrical with Hui City as reference of Renmin Road, combining the Seman Road, Yawage Road and Umulak xeher Road at the external area, as well as the 688 extension road, Payinapu Road and Tuman Road in the south, composing the new urban traffic loop together. The function of each area was clearly indicated and transportation system was mainly designed for the vehicles similar to the parallel road network in most Chinese cities, which is influenced by the modern functionalism planning ideology.

From 1963 to 1983, the Dashizi area of Renmin Road and Jiefang Road attracted many stores for its convenient accessibility and prosperous economy, making a variety of formats densely arranged here. However, with the flow of time, the traffic burden here is under great pressure by increasing cars traffic. Therefore the driveway on North Jiefang Road had to expand and the first time it was built as an asphalt road.

Nevertheless, the conflict between automobile and passenger also came as the driveway got improved. In order to correct the situation of passenger and automobile chaos near Id Kah Square, the plan set an underground passageway across the road, blocked some traffic which are transformed to be a walking street. Thus, the previous ground level of the road had increased 2 meters.

In the 70s and 80s, forced by the rapid urbanization and efficient accessibility, a lot of huge business complex and residences were distributed around North Jiefang Road Area.

The new planning strictly controled the height and plot ratio 14

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of the new buildings in the historical area. However, the flaws in management lead to the limit in economical activity space.

Few stalls with high rent made the small private business occupy the underground passageway and the walking space alongside the road. Such “encroachment” leads to the block of pedestrian and other chaos situations. (Figure 2.4)

2.2 The Spatial Characteristic Study of Traditional Area Spiro Kostof gave the example of ancient Roman street, especially its spatial form transformation based on the influence of Islamic culture through the description section of “Block Rearrangement” in the book named The city shaped .

(Figure 2.5) Assume that Kashgar in Qara Khindas Period, if there was similar transformation happened on urban fabric?

Some features, e.g., the Mosques were equally located in the residential area and the later built residence should give the external pathway to the existing ones by following the rule; The buildings were constructed around the inner courtyard and the lanes made the streets with different scale but high accessibility to the Mosques or markets nearby; Some families tend to have more living space, so the strategy is to develop the house in a vertical level due to the limitation of the plan area. After all, here shaped some connected or semi-connected building under the lane which lead to the atrophy of the pathway space and the disorder of the general spatial form.

The Arabian ambassador Farabi Yiben Kela (8-9th century) gave 8 requirements of an Islamic city planning in the Dictionary of the Khazars , which mainly are: "Convenient supply for the fresh water; Accessible streets; Mosque for muslins to meet and pray; Accessible markets; Undisturbed tribes; Spacious court and palaces; Firm and strong city walls; Great scholars and workman to satisfy the spiritual and material needs of the people"9.

Throughout the urbanscape observation of Kashgar, it is clear to indicate that the Tuman River and Kezile River in the East is offering the convenient supply for the fresh water.

Meanwhile, the lanes in traditional area are twisted which have indirectly but strongly spatial connection with mosques and markets. The entire traditional area includes 112 Mosques for muslins to meet and pray, and the bazaars on the mosque square strictly abide by the religion rules and never obstruct the passageway. On the traditional streets, different names of the streets are indicating the variety of the groups of people 9

Refer in Dictionary of the Khazars (Chinese Version) ，P26.

15

Figiure 2.5 From the top to bottom, Roman colonial city transfored by Islamic culture influenced （Source：The City Shaped . 2005， P47）

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nearby and their beliefs, they stay peacefully with respect to eachother. The Qiasayawage area still has the remains of Qara Khanids palace and the original city wall remains on Renmin Road, as well as the Laining City, all of which with great historical value and considered as an important tourism resource in nowadays. Moreover, the prayers and visitors can be educated from the Great Mawla who is the well-recognized and intelligent leader living in Id Kah Mosque. Coupled with the traditional commercial streets left from the ancient Silk Road, the whole area is “satisfying the spiritual and material needs of the people”. In conclusion, the urban spatial structure in center Kashgar completely meets the 8 requirements of Islamic planning. It has great historical value as the exclusive typical paradigm influenced by Islamic culture in China.

2.2.1 Pattern Charateristic “Ahuo”Neighborhood

Figure 2.6 The locality of“Ahuo”Neighborhood （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Aurankay Alley

Aykuqia Alley Hojikguzolwazak Alley

Konakdelwaz Alley

Figure 2.7 The surroundings of “Ahuo”Neighborhood （Source ：Drawn by the author）

It is quite difficult to conclude the basic features of Kashgar’s traditional space from the fully complex streets and buildings. However if the research switch into a micro perspective and start to study from the basic units of the entire formation, for instance, the residential neighborhood, to analyze the objective elements which could be observed and to discover the mechanism as well as rules behind. Then back to the whole, it should not be that complicated to achieve.

Therefore, the author releases the main spatial features of Kashgar traditional area via the physical study in “Ahuo” Neighborhood hereby.

"Ahuo" lies in the north of the oldest street, Konakdelwaz Alley, in the eastern part of Qiasayawage reservation area.

To the west is the Hojikguzolwazak Alley and to the east is Aykuqia Alley. All of which are existing by shaping each other a typical Islamic residential area. (Figure 2.6) The Mosque is built every 5000 square meters. Several inner lanes and intensive low-rise courtyard residential buildings are located here. The residents are mainly Uyghur, engaging in handcrafts manufacturing and small informal business. No exception, all of them are Muslim. (Figure 2.7) Inferred the analysis of the figures-ground of this district, the whole area is divided into the internal and external space according to the privacy. The external space involves the streets and Mosque square while the internal space includes the buildings and courtyards. (Figure 2.8)

Figure 2.8 External and Internal Space （Source ：Drawn by the author）

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2.2.1.1 External Space Apart from the pray and social needs for big amount of people, the small mosque square is not so different from the street's scope in terms of the spatial form and scale. At the metter of fact, it is an enlarged pathway presenting an irregular pattern area with 67.5 square meters. (Figure 2.9) Therefore, the external space mainly described as street space.

Locality

Plane Form

Perspective

Figure 2.10 “Overhanging Buildings” (Source :Arranged by author)

Section Form

Figure 2.9 The Form analying of front square of Mosque （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Based on the research, the primary feature of the street space is the existance of “Overhanging Building”. And then the spatial organization of theirs thich are perpendicular to the street axes from the traditional vernacular architecture's upper floor. (Figure 2.10) All streets are separated into 3 hierarchies: The first one is the lane, namely the wider street space in the traditional area. The widths of the red lines are normally 5 meters with stores on both sides and large passengers flow, being relatively public. Secondly the allies, namely the red lines are between 2.5 and 5 meters, connecting the residential houses with less people flow. They are occupied by the surrounded residents and relatively private. The last is the end-lane, namely those roads end at the residents’ public storage space or the Mosque.

The red lines are limited at 2.5 meters and it has strong group privacy. (Figure 2.11)

House Entity Corridor Courtyard Figure 2.12 The spatial Components of the house unit （Source ：Drawn by the author）

2.2.1.2 Internal Space Based on the analysis of each households, the layout of the buildings are formed by "one line", "two lines", "L Shape" , "U Shape" and "Square Shape", and consisting of three main spatial elements: The main building, courtyard and the corridor between each other. (Figure 2.12, Figure 2.13) Unlike the familiar “Aywang”, Uyghur architectural spatial distribution type (Figure 2.14) , there is no “cover” on the top of courtyard. Thus, there is another title for Kashgaer’s traditional housing unit called “Mimanhang” 10type in local.

10

Type"Mimanhang" includes residential construction entities, central courtyard and the "Pix Aywang" - Verandahs space. Significant difference between "Arywang" type : "Mimanhang" has no covering roof and both inside and outside are spatially connected; "Aywang" type's courtyard is with covering roof and some lateral ventilation at highlighting spot.

17

Figure 2.14 “Aywang”Stlyle （Source ：www.baidu.com）

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Locality

Perspective

Plane Form

Section Form

Lane

Alley

End- Lane

+

Figure 2.11 The form study of the street space （Source ：Drawn by the author）

House Mass

4

3

2

2

1

1

2

Courtyard

2

3

4

+

Corridor

Figure 2.15 All Possible Orgnazation of Spatial Components in Housing units （Source ：Drawn by the author）

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Locality

Perspective

Plane Form

Different Composition Mode

Type "line "

Type "Two line "

Type "L Shape"

Type "u Shape"

Type "Square Shape"

Figure 2.13 The Form Analysis Between Different Housing Units （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Locality 1

Combination and Axis Analysis 2

3

Types

1

2

3

Figure2.16 Analysis of the Combination between Housing Units （Source ：Drawn by the author）

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Except for the title, these types are quite similar with other “Enclosed Courtyard” residential buildings in other places of China without strong features of itself. Nevertheless, by observing between the units, the research can clearly see the various compositions of “Enclosed Courtyard” residential units and non-orthogonal combination between architectural axes, which is the principle characteristic of internal space of traditional area as well. (Figure 2.15, Figure 2.16) 2.2.2 Spatial Scale Features Locality

Section Data

9.6 6.4

Lane

3.2 0 5 6.4

Alley

3.2 0 3.5 3.0

End -Lane

0 2.5 Figure2.17 THe Scale Analysis in Street Space （Source ：Drawn by the author）

2.2.2.1 External Space According to rough statistics of the survey data, the average width of the “lane” space is 5 meters and the average height of the buildings alongside is 9.6 meters; The average width of the “alley” space is 3.5 meters and the average height of the buildings alongside is 6.4 meters; The average width of “end-lane” space is 2.5 meters, and the average height of the buildings alongside is 3 meters. (Figure 2.17) 2.2.2.2 Internal Space

The author conducts site investigation on two traditional vernacular architectures. The first one, whose plane shape is rectangle like a Chinese character “口” (Square), a horizontal transverse layout which has three rooms in the front whose 20

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Locality

Perspective

Plane Form

General Situation

House A

Type "Square Shape"

Name of the Householder: Hupurbekm Address: Anjiang Kuoqia Alley Building area: 356 m2 Using area: 268 m2 Household population: 7 Year built: 1945

Plan

4850

9800

2900

11800

10200

3850

Corridor Courtyard

A-A' Courtyard Section

Studying Model

8020

10200

Figure 2.18 Spatial Study of House Unit A （Source ：Drawn by the author）

total length and width are respectively 23.88 meters and 17.3 meters. Meanwhile, the cover of first floor is 302 square meters and its building density is 73.1%. The length and width of central courtyard are 10.22 meters and 9.6 meters, with a area of 72 square meters, having a rectangle verandah transition with 10.2 meters length, 2.1 meters width and a area of nearly 20 square meters between its northern side and the house entity. The width of the three rooms in front of the house is respectively 6.6 meters, 9.6 meters and 3 meters, having an approximate proportion of 2:3:1. And the length of each room in longitudinal house is respectively 9.8 meters, 10 meters and 3 meters, with an approximate proportion of 21

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3:3:1. Connectively, the house has two floors. As its height is 10.22 meters and the width of the courtyard is 10.22 meters, its proportion is about 4:5 and aspect ratio (D/H) is 0.8. (Figure 2.18) The second house whose plane shape looks like the letter “L” also turns out a horizontal transverse layout and has two rooms in the front whose total length and width is respectively 12.05 meters and 8.4 meters. Other datas, e.g., the cover of first floor is 52 square meters and its building density is 51.3%; the length and width of central courtyard is 6.4 meters and 5.7 meters, with a area of 72 square meters, having a rectangle verandah transition with 5.8 meters length, 5.7 meters width and a area of nearly 12 square meters between its western Locality

Perspective

Plane Form

General Situation

House B Name of the Householder: Petelkaz Address: Anjiang Kuoqia Alley 34 Building area: 96 m2 Using area: 67 m2 Household population: 3 Year built: 1888

Type"L"

Plan Size

8450

4000

6400

1650

Corridor Courtyard

B-B'

Courtyard Section

Studying Model

8020

10200

Figure 2.19 Spatial study of House Unit B （Source ：Organized by the author）

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side and the house entity. Meanwhile, the width of two rooms in front is respectively 4 meters and 6.4 meters, having an approximate proportion of 2:3. The length of each room in longitudinal house is respectively 5.7 meters and 2.8 meters, with an approximate proportion of 2:1.The building has two floors. As its height is 4.5 meters and the width of the courtyard is 5.7 meters, its proportion is about 7:10 and aspect ratio (D/H) is 0.7. (Figure 2.19) , height and distance relationship symmetry

Santorini

The more bigger, the more farther sense giving Sence of Urgent

Figure2.20 Aspect Ratio (D/H) （Source：The Aesthetic Townspace (Chinese Version) ，P36）

Based on a large number of case studies, as well as the previous theories and experience, Ashihara Yoshinobu sums up indexes of humanized street space, in which the most impacted is the pleasant aspect ratio (D/H). The paper indicates: “When the D/H is about 1, people will have a space perception which is cohesive and stable, but not depressing”11.

D/H=1 is a demarcation line and the spatial impression of people will be changed according to it. For instance, when the D/H is less than 1, people will feel a high sense of surrounding and shelter; When it’s less than 0.5, it will be repressive and pent-up. However, when the D/H is about 2, the spatial impression will be still cohesive and centripetal, but not repulsive and discrete; When the D/H is about 3, the space perception will be repulsive and discrete; And when the D/H is about 4, the spatial impression will be empty, lost or desperate. (Figure 2.20) The Santorini in Greece attracts a large number of tourists from domestic and abroad every year because of its traditional streets which are high and low scattered, as well as winding, perfectly matching with white huts full of strong local characteristics and vast sea. The analysis finds that the D/H index of its street is less than 1, so its spatial impression is slightly cohesive but not repressive, and full of affinity. There are lots of similar scales in street space of southern water town in China, such as Tongli, whose D/H index of streets are usually between 0.8 to 1.2. (Figure 2.21) To some extent, these

11

Refer in The Aesthetic Townspace (Chinese Version) ，P166

23

Tongli

Kashgar

Figure2.21 Three different of street space （Source ：Photographed by the author）

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9.6

3.0

0

6.4

6.4

3.2

3.2

0

2.5

0

3.5

D/H=0.83

5

D/H=0.54

D/H=0.52 Figure 2.22 Extracting the scale Modulus from Traditional Street in Kashgar （Source ：Drawn by the author）

cases all verify the opinion of Ashihara Yoshinobu. As the D/ H ratios of Kashgar traditional streets are generally between 0.52 and 0.83, according to the theories and case studies, they belong to the pleasant small scale. (Figure 2.22) In the traditional dwellings of Kashgar, the courtyard space is especially important, which can meet the material and spiritual needs of the residents. Many semi-private and semi-public daily activities, such as guests dining and children playing which are full of vitality and all take place in here.

By analyzing the space scale of the previous two residential buildings, it can be found that the front rooms are usually two or three; the size of each one is 4 to 8 meters, and the longitudinal length is 5 to 7 meters; At some parts, it’s two floors and the height of each floor is within 3.3 meters; to the first house, the horizontal width proportion of the three front Plan Modulus

Section Modulus in Courtyard

2 House A

8

3 10

3

3

1

1

1 House B

7

2 2

3

10 Figure 2.23 Extracting the scale Modulus from Traditional House Unit in Kashgar （Source ：Organized by the author）

Corridor Courtyard

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rooms is 3:3:1 and the longitudinal length proportion is 1:3:2; to the second house, the horizontal width proportion of the two front rooms is 2:3 and the longitudinal length proportion is 2:1. When measuring the length of courtyard and the height of building, the ratio is between 1.2 and 1.4. Due to their own historical characteristics of the buildings, the above correlated sample data of the architectural entity sizes has some degree of reference value. As for the internal courtyard space, it also meets the pleasant scale criteria and has pleasant space perception. (Figure 2.23) 2.2.3 Conclusion The traditional spatial structure has two principle features: One is the diverse and non-orthogonal combination between architectural units. By took the advantage from such micro-decribed analying analyzing approach, the reseach revealed the particular spatial component in traditional lane space named "Overhanging Building" in an angle of urban morphology, and the spatial organization of them. The other one is the pleasant spatial impression at traditional lane and courtyard which is demonstrated through the aspect of space psychology. Obviously, the reason to centurial vicissitudes must in an association with such nonlinear organic form and pleasant spatial impression.

2.3 The Site Investigation of Current North Jiefang Road Area It can be verified in the precious studies that the spatial structures of traditional area in Kashgar is influenced by the Islamic culture, whose morphological development has contingency and spatial scale of the street is pleasant.

Undoubtedly, it possesses high guiding value of historical research and urban design practices.

As the formation mechanism of urban space in North Jiefang Road Area is a little complicated, no deep analysis will be carried out here, Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out that which is more or less influenced by the clear principle of spatial function division through modernism ideology. On areas with no historical context, it seems that this planning idea is suitable, but for Kashgar which has thousand years of traditional history, we should reinterpret it with caution.

If the spatial impression of the traditional streets become negative. for instance, human in an insignificant circumstance.

Then it would influence the lifestyle of locals and destroy the historical value. Therefore, this paper will focus on the current situation of urban space in North Jiefang Road, by comparing 25

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with traditional area, to explore the specific problems caused by the division of integrated historical urban space from three aspects such as spatial structure, regional industry status and ground transportation.

2.3.1 Spatial Structure The traditional urban spatial morphology, mainly discussed about the composing relationship between multi housing entities with complete geometrical shapes, which possess some degrees of group contingency, and result from the non-orthogonal as well as various combinations in axis direction. The spatial impression of it is pleasant and the aspect ratio is generally between 0.52 and 0.83. Hereby comparing with traditional space, this paper will reveal the negative impacts of North Jiefang Road and surrounding area in terms of analyzing the spatial forms and scales.

2.3.1.1 Form

Figure 2.24 The Figure-Ground study in Nolli （Source：cityeu.wordpress.com）

Figure 2.25 The FigureGround study in Yunan （Source：Wenyong, Tan. Bo,Yan. The Rethinking of the Figure and Ground Theory ）,P55

When Roger Trancik puts forward the concept of “Space Closure”12, he highlighted the definiteness of boundary for “virtual space” (external space of entity) that even though the figure-ground relation inverts, the geometric shapes of figures would not change much but keep steady state. After that, Ashihara Yoshinobu proposes the concept of “positive and negative space” which is almost same with the view of Trancik’s that for the spaces explicitly limited by the buildings, their mass and insubstantiality are closely linked in sizes and forms. For example, the urban spatial forms of the Nolli district in Roman and the Sifang block in Yunnan, both have this kind of linking characteristics. (Figure 2.24, Figure 2.25) After the observation of two old town areas located at the both side of North Jiefang Road and analysis of their figureground relation and inverted version, it can be indicated that they almost possess the same “geometric pattern”.

Even though there is a spatial disconnection in the middle, the space of blocks can also be jointed together and closely linked, therefore, here can highly assume that they have the characteristic of “steady state in overall space” (Figure 2.26).

However, due to such “rigid” development of the space in North Jiefang Road and Id Kah Square, this kind of “steady” integrity is weakened and takes on the feature of “unsteady state in partial space”, thus appears “negative space”(Figure 2.27). The next step, take two conservation areas to observe independently, it is not hard to find that they both present very 12

Refer in Finding Lost Space (Chinese Version) ，P57

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strong “space steady state”. Nevertheless, for the modern buildings, especially the newly built ones in traditional area, whose volumes are massive and some of them even are oversized, become a “mutations” to the traditional urban space where have weak symptom of “space steady state” and further trend to spread and swallow the traditional area. (Figure 2.28)

Figure 2.27 “Negative Space” （Source ：Drawn from the author）

Figure 2.28 Traditional and modern Architecture （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Figure 2.26 The Figure-Ground Reversion Study in Traditional Area （Source ：Drawn by the author）

A. Street According to the former section, clearly that traditional streets are winding and the boundaries composed by the outer walls of buildings along the street are continuous which have fully sense of rhythm, strong spatial guidance and accessibility; The space in vertical direction shaped by the “overhanging buildings" has rich in spatial layers, all of which are firmly following the concept of “humanized streets” proposed by Bernard Rudofsky13. While for the street space of North Jiefang Road which is straight, interconnecting 13

Refer in Streets for people: a primer for Americans (Chinese Version) ，P77

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and “rigidly joining” with the Id Kah Square, the volume of modern buildings alongside is huge and the forms of facades are disconnected with the tradition. Their existence intervenes in the “steady state” of traditional urban space and lack of basic continuity, sense of rhythm and layered. (Figure 2.29) Locality

The Perspective on North Jiefang Road

Area

Lane in Traditional area

Figure 2.29 North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Streets （Source ：Arranged by the author）

B. Square

Figure 2.30 The Sienese Piazza del Campo in Italy （Source： http://imgsrcbaiducom/baike/abpic/ item/3bc6f7505fb7266c1138c26b.jpg）

Ashihara Yoshinobu thinks that a square worthy of its name should have four elements: Firstly, its boundary supposed to be clearly defined by external interface of surrounding buildings but not ordinary walls; Secondly, its surrounding should have good and closed “Concave Space”; Thirdly, the paving surface extends to boundary and the spatial environment is explicitly divided with strong sense of the geometry; The fourthly and the last, the square should possesses a good spatial scale.14 For instance, several aspects of the Sienese Piazza del Campo in Italy, such as continuous boundary, clear plane geometry shapes, strong sense of spatial surrounding and pleasant scale are verifying the above characteristics.(Figure 2.30) Throughout the history, the previous Id Kah Square had high popularity which was decreasing the “empty” spatial impression with the feature of small scale, dense surrounding buildings and relatively explicit boundary as well as a certain scale of fair commercial activities. At present, Id Kah is one of the largest mosques in China. Its square seems to have explicit boundary which presents a semicircle shape owing to its horniness paving layout through the plane observation . Based on the figure-ground analysis, the boundary of the square is not clearly defined by having weak graphic sense due to the spatial distribution of building entity in the south and the pathway in North Jiefang Road. Even the original intention of urban spatial design was to form the stronge cohesion of the interarea by applying the method of shaping the semicircle paving layout and lifting the base like it presents now. However, it had not been achieved in physical reality.

14

Refer in The Aesthetic Townspace (Chinese Version) ，P40

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Other mosques distributed in the traditional area are within smaller scale. Based on their clear boundary formed by external interface of surrounding buildings and strong identifiability of shape as well as humanized spatial scale, the spatial vitality is higher. (Figure 2.31) Locality

Area

Small Square in fornt of the mosque in Traditional Area

Id Kah Square at present

Id Kah Square in ROC period

Id Kah Square in the 90s

Figure 2.31 Id Kah Mosuqe in different period and other small Mosque in Traditional Area （Source：Organized by author.

Historic photo are from zt.iyaxin.com)

C. Architecture The modern buildings alongside the street is banded by linear layout and following the axis of the North Jiefang Road with dense spatial arrangement. Simultaneously, they have the growth tendency which extend horizontally directly to the traditional area. All of these stand in a sharp contrast with the traditional urban texture and reflect the feature of “a layer of skin”15. As far as the single building be concerned, its facade more or less is showing the Muslim decorative symbols and made of earthy yellow paint to “echo with the tradition”, However, the whole intention and design mainly started with point of functions, which is clearly reflected on the plane form and has no connection with tradition. In recent years, several large-scale construction projects frequently appear along the street. If they are not controlled in a regulated way, the entire traditional area may be further encroached. (Figure 2.32) Locality

Area

Modern Building in North Jiefang Road Area

Housing in Traditional Area

Figure 2.32 The Buildings in North Jiefang Road and Traditional Area （Source ：Organized by the author） 15

Refer in Pattern and Mechanism ，P17. "A layer of skin" refers the modern buildings developed alongside the new contructed road, usually in a conflict with the old urban texture like an isolated "cortex" between the street and internal texture.

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2.3.1.2 Spatial Scale A. Street The entire length of the North Jiefang Road is 997.9 meters and the average width of the red line is 54.2 meters, covers nearly 54000 square meters. Two street sections A and B are taken as samples for analysis: For sections A, the street width between red lines is 54.2 meters and the mean height of buildings along the street is about 20 meters as well as the aspect ratio D/H is about 2.8; For sections B, the street width between the red lines is 53.6 meters and the mean height of buildings along the street is about 20 meters as well as the aspect ratio D/H is about 2.7. Based on the criterion of previous theories, the spatial impression here is repulsive and discrete.(Figure 2.33) Locality

A

A'

B

B'

Perspective

Area

997.9

54.2

Section Size 20.0 15.0 15.4 A- A'

24.0

0

14.8

54.2

20.0 16.0

18.0

24.0

11.6

0

53.6

B - B'

Figure 2.33 The Size Data of North Jiefang Road （Source ：Organized by the author）

B. Square By rough estimation, the Id Kah Square whose length between the south and north side is about 140 meters, and from the east to west is about 120 meters. It covers an area of 16800 square meters with the reputation of the largest mosque plaza in China. Compared with the famous big mosques at abroad, the scale of this one is very “competitive”. It is understandable that because of the existing of rituality, large scale space is 30

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a necessity for holding numbers of prayers come to pray.

However, besides this occasion, the spatial impression of this square is often empty and formless which owes to lack of supporting activities. (Figure 2.34) Locality

Perspective in Id Kah Square

Area

1.6 H

Section Size 24.0 15.5 117.2 156.1

24.0

0

15.0

Figure 2.34 The Size Data of Id Kah Square （Source ：Organized by the author）

C. Buildings Under certain circumstances which the width of street line never change, the volume of buildings alongside the street becomes a main determining factor of the street spatial scale in North Jiefang Road. Although these big volume buildings have balanced proportion with the street width, it is shaped by the scale to serve cars not people. Some buildings, such as the nearly completed “Kashgar International Trade Center”, whose length, width and height on the plane are respectively 127.5 meters, 51.9 meters and 40 meters, based on the analysis of previous figure-ground relation, its form highlights difference and tries to be the foreground building, making the street spatial impression which originally was sense of exclusion turn worse. (Figure 2.35) Locality

Perspective through North Jiefang Road

Area

127.5

51.9

Section Area 40.0

51.9

0

Figure 2.35 The Size Data of Big-Scale Building （Source ：Arranged by the author）

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2.3.2 Regional Function The current regional urban space of the North Jiefang Road possesses many functions, such as traditional and modern residential areas, commercial service facilities, religion culture center, the north-south transportation, etc. All of which full filled with the general features of “Mixed-use Area”.

The Charter of Machu Picchu in 1977 highlighted the richness and compatibility of city life and negated the simplistic “functional urbanism” advocated by modern city, which also formed the philosophical foundation of the mixed region and its theory. Subsequently, in a book The Death and Life of Great American Cities published by Jane Jacobs in 1961 which indicated that “The sparse density of modern cities can not guarantee they get rid of crimes and worries, on the contrary, appropriate high density can bring vitality to the cities”, and proposed “the city structure should be built on the principle of mixed functions”16. The planning of Mississauga city, Canada in 1996, which based on the principle of evenly decentralizing the city form elements and organically combining the components of employment, house, transportation, shopping, etc. Efficiently distributed the function areas, such as residential, employment, the secondary business service areas, etc. And the area around the center matched with the concise and fluent road, connecting the urban rapid transit system with the city center, airports and highways to form a clear and flexible circular structures. It can be certain that the planning represents the new tendency of current “Mixed-use Area” theory.

2.3.2.1 Industry Status The investigative information shows that the industries in the surrounding areas of the North Jiefang Road include commerce, residence, culture, administration, service industry and traditional handicraft industry, in which the major are residence and commerce. Their building coverage rates17 are respectively 60.1% and 78% and the The average number of storey are 4 and 7 (the buildings in traditional area is normally 1 or 2 floors) as well as the plot ratios are respectively 0.77 and 0.9; Followed by office and service whose building coverage rates are respectively 44.2% and 24.4%, normally 4 and 5 floors and plot ratios are respectively 0.17 and 0.52; In the end the use of religion, finance and administration building coverage rates are respectively 2.4%, 2.4% and 2.2%, the 16

Refer in The Death and Life of Great American Cities ，P89.

17

To directly reflect the existing buildings within the studying area related to technical indicators, simulatively select the scope of conceptual design as total land area. Building density is the ratio between base area of buildings and scope of conceptual urban design in North Jiefang Road area. Similar definition so as to plot ratio.

32

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Figure 2.36 The Industry Status alongside the Jiefang Road （Source ：Drawn by the author）

average number of storey are between 1 and 5 floors (for administrative office building is 6 floors) and plot ratios are respectively 0.02, 0.02 and 0.23. (Figure 2.36, Figure 2.37, Figure 2.38) Office Modern Residential National Institution Public Service Mosque Retial Integrated Commercial Financial Cultural Hotel Traditinal Residential

Figure 2.37 Spatial Distribution of The Industry （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Area (m2)

Storey

Building density (%)

Plot Ratio

Commercial Cultural Office Residential Religion Financial Service Administration Figure 2.38 The Architectural Data of the Industry Status in North Jiefang Road Area （Source ：Drawn by the author）

33

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Nort h Jie fang North Jiefang Road

Norbix

Road

C

ai

za

Ro

ad

za R wa

urd Kum

Ba

ar

Ro

w

Ya

ad

n Ro

a Sem

ad

e ag

oad South

"Point" "Line" "Plane" Figure 2.39 The Feature of the main Industry （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Conclusion regarding the spatial distribution of the entire research area has formation of "point shaped", "line shaped" and "plane shaped": Due to its location advantages of new city centre, the big cross-shaped commercial strip in the south of road which gathers main financial institutions and large commercial complex which has the spatial distribution characteristic of “point shaped”; The IHLAS and other large comprehensive commercial and trade centers, as well as the shops, hotels, catering and other facilities along the street whose development depends on its own accessibility of the North Jiefang Road and the historical tourism resources. In an addition, They convened numerous well-known brands on local and abroad, self-employed business, as well as dense Mobile stalls in the intersection area of the Id Kah square and the streets, fully presenting the feature of “line shaped”; The commercial format formed in the period of ancient Silk Road radially developed from the centre Id Kah square to its surrounding area, which has strong "plane shaped" radial characteristics. It is connecting the Ordakx Road westward and forming the market which is predominantly handicraft industry. Meanwhile, It is joining the Ustanboy Road and Kvmulderwaz Road southward as well as forming the market which is predominantly traditional retail industry. Go throught this market, directly southward to the Zhiren street and eastward to the Qay Bazaar and Konak Bazaar. (Figure 2.39) Due to the ongoing old town renewal project, the spatial quality of traditional area varies according to different districts.

It is composed of dominant residence and auxiliary commerce.

The buildings alongside the roadway which are mainly used for commerce and catering with high quality; The buildings along the secondary streets are mainly used for housing which are under reconstruction and maintenance. The streets and mosques are covering widely and providing space for communication and recreation of the residents. However, It is lack of spatial quality.

Based on the investigation, North Jiefang Road area mixes various industries. Contrary with traditional area, it is consist of dominant commerce and auxiliary residence. In which, Large shopping mall, small independent stores and mobile stalls are predominant. The economic activities of large comprehensive supermarkets and small independent shops are comparatively stable. However, since the limitation of internal supporting space and less employment opportunities as well as the restriction of local policy, it pushes the informal enterprises to set up stalls outside and invade the streets illegally that exert a measure of influence over the commercial and pedestrian space. The living conditions are mainly reflected in the modern “commercial - residential buildings” alongside the street and 34

C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

multi-storey and slab-type apartment house: As common distributed type, the“ commercial - residential" buildings are with shops on the ground floor and residence above; While the multi-storey and slab-type apartment built around the courtyard are normally behind the commercial buildings alongside the street and mainly distributed in the south. As the dense employment opportunities attracting a mass of labor, as well as the relocation of some residences from traditional area, the modern residential space which sharply increased in the surrounding area of the North Jiefang Road has cover with numbers of dense high-rise buildings. By the point of the author, it is transforming irreversibly from traditional living area which is high-dense but low-rise to the modern living area which is high-dense and high-rise.

There are abundant local culture resources such as the Id Kah Mosque, Islamic art decorated large-scale traditional vernacular architecture, Uygur costume, catering and handicraft products, as well as Uygur songs and dances, traditional medicine, etc. The gathering of these resources provides physical base for the cluster development of local culture tourism. Indicated from the information provided by the local tourist administration, the visitors to Kashgar in 2012 were 3.25 million and the tourism total income was 1.488 billion RMB. It took on recovered increasing tendency in 2013. In the first quarter, the visitors reached 184 thousand and the tourist income was 87 million RMB, which respectively increased by 8.7% compared to the same period of last year. For instance, in May, the visitors to Kashgar were 300 thousand and the tourist income was 141.399 million yuan. In which the overseas tourists were 8.48 thousand and foreign currency earnings was 1.28 million dollars. Despite all this, the tourism revenue of Kashgar is still less than 1% of its GDP. Pay more attention on the development of tourism, in other words are rational protection to the historical area of the city and vigorously encouraging the traditional industries which has a significant contribution to increase the income of surrounding residents. Since the North Jiefang Road is in between of two conservation districts, it possesses huge development potential for improvement to develop the supporting facilities related to tourism. (Figure 2.40, Figure 2.41) In the regional featured industries, the traditional handicraft industries have the largest market. At present, these industries are gathered in the surrounding area of the Ordakx Road which has certain distance with the North Jiefang Road area. If some measures related to increasing the traffic accessibility are used to improve this situation separately, it may cause some negative effects on the space protection 35

The attraction in Historic Preservation District Distribution of Tourist Services Principle historic preservation architecture

Figure 2.40 The Spatial Distribution of Tourism Resources （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Traveling Visiting Friend Working For Health Treatment For Pray For the communication of Culture, Sports and Technology

For Shopping For Other Reason

Figure 2.41 The Intent of the Vistors Analyzing （Source ：Organized by the author）

C h a pter 2 P ast a n d P rese nt

of traditional area. However supposing there are not certain number of consumer groups, especially the tourism consumer groups, the regional economic will be weakened at some degree and the commercial value of traditional handicraft products as well as the cultural value behind the manufacturing technology are hardly be reflected and developed.

2.3.2.2 Public Space

Figure 2.42 The Bigger Scale ourdoor Open Space （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Figure 2.43 The "Friday Pray" at Id Kah Square （Source ：Photographed by the author）

Figrue 2.44 The People Square in Kashgar （Source：http://pic18.nipic.com/20111206/7 904834_113905341159_2.jpg)

The public activity space surrounding the traditional area mainly include the pedestrian walkpath of lanes, secondary streets, the sidewalk of North Jiefang Road and external traffic loop, as well as the Id Kah Square and the southern People’s Square. (Figure 2.42) In terms of the space activities, the pedestrian space of traditional lanes and secondary streets is mainly for residents living around while the North Jiefang Road and the Id Kah Square is mainly for migrant population and tourists. Regarding the spatial vitality, the traditional lanes presents well because of its convenient accessibility and pleasant scales. Connectively, the secondary streets also have popularity owing to its dense traditional commercial space; The activities on the sidewalk of North Jiefang Road are a little complicated and the spatial quality needs to be improved due to frequent phenomenons that the pedestrians commingle with mobile stalls and illegally parked cars. Meanwhile, the huge space of the Id Kah Square is necessary for massive stream of people to have enough place for outdoor activities when the need meets religious ritual. Except for such occasion, the entire ground is often lack of supporting activities. On the front space of the traditional mosques, there usually was a Bazzar spontaneously formed by the residences living around.

Nevertheless, it is no longer existing in nowadays. The People Square in the south with large spatial scale are mainly hardsurfaced pavement. Besides the park in south, there is lack of public recreation facilities. Couple with Id Kah square, in case without ritual activities, they present a big potential to support the daily outdoor activities for the residents living nearby and regional spatial function supplier due to its geographical advantages. (Figure 2.43, Figure 2.44) 2.3.2.3 Ground Taffic Flow The ground transportation according to its flow can be divided into “transit type” and “ in & out type”. The “transit type” mainly refers to the transporting flow which do not stop and straightly passes through, while the “in & out type” needs to stop and has strong relevance with the regional industries.

(Figure 2.45) 36

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Type

Transit

In & Out

Traffic

Feature

Spatial Needs

Cross-border car traffic

Quickly pass

Public transport

Slow, interchanging

Non-motorized transport

Slow and Flexible

Public transport, tourist bus

Long stop， interchanging

Services motorized transport, such as trucks and taxis Non-motor vehicle, bicycle and battery Motor

Semi-Pravite, interchanging Flexible, interchanging

Simple Shape, Big Scale and low requirement for details High requirement for details and shape High requirement for details and small scale Simple Shape, Big Scale, Indication and easy evacuation Semi independent, low requirement for details and scale High requirement for Scale and Environment

Figure 2.45 The Feature of Traffic Flow on North Jiefang Road （Source ：Organized by the author）

The sidewalk has some inconveniences in passing through because of the influence of “tree shaped”18 road traffic and illegal parking, which also caused the mingling of people and cars at the intersection as well as traffic jam. Besides, the illegal stalls set up by the peddlers made the situation more tension.

The relevant data provided by Kashgar City Transportation Authority shows that the numbers of vehicle in whole Kashgar city is 88471 up to the end of 2012. However, the urban roads are only 246.33 kilo meters. According to the standard that the vehicle density of each kilometer road is 136. It exceeds 223 units of vehicle and making road load extremely heavy.

Meanwhile, the number of Battery Motor is increasing from the 2 thousand to 200 thousand since 2004. Especially, most of them are gathered in city center.

The author had roughly estimated the speed of cars on the North Jiefang Road and found that the average speed was 19 kilo meters per hour, in which the speed of through traffic was the fastest with normally 40 kilo meters per hour; The next was the interchanging bus whose speed was 35 kilo meters per hour. (Figure 2.46) According to incompletely statistics, the Kashgar city presently has 277 buses and 21 bus routes which are gathering in the North Jiefang Road area with 6 lines. (Figure 2.47) They co-exist with other transportation, especially the tourist bus in busy season. Their huge body shape which occupied large area of the road, as well as the improper stop points, severely obstructing the pedestrian system and the moving of other low-emission cars.(Figure 2.48)

Figure 3.46 New Public Bus is presented in Kashgar （Source：t.china.com.cn. http://jt.china.com.cn/ ULoadimg/20110506110310_1875.jpg）

Line2 Line7 Line 28 Line 8 Line 28 Line 13

Figure 2.47 The Bus Lines around Traditional Area （Source ：Drawn by the author）

Figure 2.48 The Bus overlaped with the Zebra crossing on North Jiefang Road （Source ：Photographed by the author） 18

Refer in Pattern and Mechanism ，P20

37

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The construction of parking lots is developing relatively slow in the Kashgar city and the stereoscopic parking facilities are almost a blank spot. Therefore, the parking resources are serious deficient. Depending on the statistics, there are 46 parking lots regardless of size and 2113 parking space.

Calculating in accordance with the half vehicle numbers, the proportion of motor vehicle and parking lots in the urban district is 20:1. At present, it at least lacks 3500 to 4500 parking lots in the Renmin Road, Jiefang Road, as well as the external traffic loop around the traditional area. Lots of vehicles could not park quickly which lead to unnecessary wasting of petrol. The relevant researches have shown that 40% of petrol wasted due to such reason and it caused illegal parking or occupying the sidewalk in the end. Taking the surrounding area of the Id Kah Mosque as an example, although there are ground parking lots, the tourist buses often intersect with the pedestrian flow and disturb the spatial quality owing to the limited parking spots and bad traffic dispersion. It is getting worse especially during the rush hours.

2.3.3 Summary The following chart obtained the negative influence of spatial structure and great regenerating potential of North Jiefang Road Area through previous analysis. This kind of potential is perhaps an experiment due to the currently spatial isolating development between the traditional and North Jiefang Road area. If the space can be treated as the carrier of life, historic space is the physical presence of local culture.

Protect the unique local features of Kashgar, especially reinterpret the historic value in terms of upgrading the current “negative urban space” is a serious problem must be solved.

The Chapter 3 will make a brief discussion based on some thoughts of the author’s about how to improve “negative urban space” in North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area by aiming at different problems to make strategies and promoting the approach of urban design. (Figure 2.49)

38

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Spatial Structure

Reginal Funcition

Negative spatial influences

Form and Scale

Surrounding Industry

Public Space

1. Destroying historic urban texture: Two Parts Subdivision and Stronge spatial contradiction with tradition

1. Stable commercial activity of fixed stores but the need of space is stronger; Flexible and tense mobile Stalls but seriously Invade the Street

Gound Traffic Flow

1. lack of outdoor public 1. Diverse traffic and overload road space with high quality and good evacuation area

2. Lack of green space 2 . D i s a p p e a r i n g h i s t o r i c 2 . L a c k o f h a n d i c r a f t and resting facilities for 2. Improper public transportation stops supporting activities spatial scale : unpleasant processing exhibition spatial impression 3. Traffic Jam of multi-flew, illegal 3. Lack of local culture occupation of the sidewalk by mobile exhibition space stalls and parking cars 4. Lack of information center and the hotel as well as market

Potential of Regeneration

1. Spatial repairing of the 1. Rational spatial distribution 1. Distribute more public Rational ground transportation and pedestrian as well as parking space urban texture related to the of the Commerce open space organization traditional factors 2.Improve the negative 2. Addition of new presenting 2 . S e t m o r e g r e e n a n d s p a t i a l i m p r e s s i o n w i t h and selling section for the resting facilities smaller scale regeneration traditional handicraft product 3. Regenerate the Bazzar, and insert some performing and exhibition Facility 4. Addition of tourism related facilities, such as internal tram

Figure 2.49 Conclusion of "Negative Spatial Influences & potentials" （Source ：Organized by the author）

39

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Chapter 3 Strategy and Design Based on principles of protecting historical values of urban space and aiming at space problems, the author puts forward ideas on renewable design of this urban space, that by means of regenerating entity space on North Jiefang Road to improve the negative influence of current spatial structure.

3.1 Objective: Conducting an appropriate repair to the damaging traditional spatial texture on North Jiefang Road Area

Figure 3.1 A Architectural Design with Traditional Sptial Feature in Datong ,2011 （Source：Bolg of Zhutao http://blog.sina.com.cn/zhutaoarchitect )

Figure 3.2 The " Immortal" Architecture in Yanjiao, Beijing （Source：www.duitang.com )

Figure 3.3 A huge "Reel" at The Opening ceremony of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games （Source：Bolg of Zhutao http://blog.sina.com.cn/zhutaoarchitect )

As the geographical center of Kashgar city, the North Jiefang Road is important node of the only Islamic city of China and large-scale spatial regions of ancient brick buildings. With the support of great religion and local culture of Id Kah Mosque in the middle and surrounding small-scale cultural architecture, it is forming the cultural structure of certain scale in this city as well. Influenced by commerce and trade of the ancient Silk Road, these remaining traditional commercial streets, shops, restaurants and handicraft workshops, by combining the modern infrastructure services such as integrated commerce and entertainment, as well as the laundries and barbers intensely distributed alongside the streets, have converged a spatial system of citizens and tourism service with a certain extent. In addition, there are some banks, such as Agriculture Bank of China and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, etc, with the advantages of convenient transportation and closing to general administration of Kashgar, have constructed a financial and administrative system of whole region which is obtaining a great geographic advantage.

The traditional space of a city is the portrayal of its historical culture. However, the trend of globalization is further influencing the inheritance of regional culture. (Figure 3.1, Figure 3.2,Figure 3.3)At present, no matter how much great changes China has experienced, some traditions still deeply exist. This study, based on heritage of modern cities and residential communities of dozens years, protecting the traditional spatial structure which within almost hundred years of history. It also attempts to reinterpret the spatial structure of North Jiefang Road and surrounding area by the approach of urban regeneration.

40

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Modern Buildings Traditional Area Kashgaer International Shoping Mall

Id Kah Mosque Figure 3.4 The Spatial Object on North Jiefang Road Area （Source ：Drawn by the author）

3.2 Strategy and Design: Conducting the “Spatial Seaming” with the scale and form factors which related to tradition The design strategy mainly focused on the architectural mass, such as Id Kah Mosque, traditional vernacular architecture area and modern buildings alongside the streets.

Coupled with the external environment, such as Id Kah square and the street space of North Jiefang Road as its main repairing target. The "Spatial Seaming" can be hereby conducted based on the previous investigation results which are the characteristic of traditional urban spatial structure and pleasant scale standard. (Figure 3.4) 3.2.1 Architectural Entity Space 3.2.1.1 Protect the Id Kah Mosque and Traditional Vernacular Architecture Area According to relevant suggestions on protecting the Kashgar old town from the International Council On Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and in a combination with relevant regulations of Cultural Relics Protection Law of the PRC (passed in November, 1982, revised in June, 1991), Implementing Rules for the Enforcement of the Cultural Relics Protection Law of the PRC (in May, 1992), Protection Regulations of Cities, Towns and Villages of History and Culture and Protection Planning of Historical and Cultural Cities of Kashgar , the buildings surrounding

to historic preservation district can be divided into 5 types: 41

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Locality

Area

Perspective

Mosque Traditional Architectures Figure 3.5 Id Kah Mosque and Surrounding Architecture area ďźˆSource ďźšOrganzied by the author

The first type: These registered national excellent modern and relics protection buildings, with characteristic decoration and excellent quality in construction, facade or interior, are suggested to upgrade to be excellent modern historical buildings and should be wholly preserved.

The second type: Historical buildings with ordinary style.

Due to the large numbers and area and years of bad repairation, which should be wholly decorated the facade and improve the construction quality. With the premising of keeping original construction integrity and characteristics, external and internal areas of buildings are permitted to make appropriate and localized alterations.

The third type: Modern buildings coordinate with historical features, as well as good construction quality. Such buildings should continually keep the part coordinate with historical construction features and those inappropriate parts should be further improved.

The fourth type: Modern buildings incoordinate with historical features and good construction quality. These buildings can be redesigned and rebuilt. To gain style coordination, design methods, such as facade discomposing and the fifth facade redesign can be applied.

The fifth type: Modern buildings poorly constructed, without reserve value and with bad quality. These buildings are considered to partly improved or wholly removed in particular cases.

On June 25th in 2001, as an ancient building in Ming Dynasty, Id Kah Mosque was listed in the fifth national key relics protection units. It belongs to the first type of buildings which should be wholly reserved. Two Historic Preservation District, Ustanboy and Qiasa area, are spatially related to North Jiefang Road and possessing a large-scale ancient bricks and residential communities of civil structures. Most of which had more than three hundred year history till now and meets the 42

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

condition of the second type. Additionally, it is an important research object of renewal projects of Kashgar old town which are experiencing upgrading project of old construction1.

(Figure 3.5) 3.2.1.2 Preserve the Surrounding large Numbers of Modern Buildings Locality

Area

Perspective

Modern Buildings Figure 3.6 The Modern Buildings Alongside （Source ：Organized by the author）

The mass and scale of the modern buildings alongside the street have a strong spatial contradiction to the traditional texture. However, they should be preserved in order not to damage the modern commercial space formed in recent 20 years to some extent. For instance, the IHLAS Market. 2 (Figure 3.6) 3.2.1.3 Renovate the Kashgar Inter national Shopping Mall Kashgar International Shopping Mall is a project which is underconstruction. It is with a length of 127.5 meters and 51.9 meters as its width as well as 40 meters as its height.

The total area is nearly 70,000 square meters and becoming a modern building with a greatest contrast to North Jiefang Road of surrounding patterns. Observed from the volume, this shopping mall is excessively large, whose appearance has great contrast to previous buildings and the average height of old town area. These modern architectures are mainly commercial buildings along the street with successive urban transportation improvement after 1949. Such vehicle 1

Some referring research such as Kashgar Old Town seismic retrofitting and Environment

by Academician Wang Xiaodong in 2008; The research and exploration of of protection and renewal the experimental area old city of Kashgar by Master Thesis from Rouziahong Aerpati in 2012.

Protection

2

Research Data from local Trade and Industry Bureau showed that IHLAS shopping mall is 27,000 square meters in construction area, 15,000 square meters of business area, operating more than 20,000 kinds of commodities, equipped with 186 fixed pitches. From1985 to 2003, the annual sales was up to 14.02 million yuan from the 117.24 million yuan, 1.19 million yuan achieved profit was rising up to 6.51 million yuan, the annual average growth rates were 16.38% and 12.86%.

43

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Locality

Area

Perspective

Kashgar International Shopping mall

127.5

51.9

Section Size 40.0

51.9

0

Figure 3.7 Kashgar International Shopping Mall （Source ：Organized by the author）

dominated transportation greatly influenced the overall scale feature of historic regions. Based on the former analysis, it belongs to the fifth type buildings. Furthermore, in an association with the conclusion of “negative space” which was previously summarized, construction improvement of Kashgar International Shopping Mall should be carried out and related design details will be detailedly discussed in the following chapters.(Figure 3.7) 3.2.2 Square and Street Space

Figure 3.8 Alexander Plaza Urban Design （Source：EL croquis， Magazine.P87）

Review from Daniel Libeskind's competition plan of urban design for Alexander Plaza in Berlin where mentioned that "A term to describe the need to resist the erasure of history, the need to respond to history, the need to open up the future: that is, to delineate the invisible on the basis of the visible.”3 (Figure 3.8) The design relies on the space of Alexander street and is based on the "recessive" spatial patterns of the regions before the world war two to realize dominant elements in terms of regenerating the entity, so as to describe the history and respond as well as create the future. The contribution of the plan also lies in micronization design of large-scale space of current street, remodeling the existing humanized environment.

To some extent concepts of "positive and negative space" put forward by Trancik Roger and Ashihara Yoshinobu, it had similar conclusions and attempted to redefine the high quality space by the "steady status" of figure-ground analysis.

3

Refer in EL croquis Magazine，P86.

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3.2.2.1 Scale Definition A. Horizontal scope Based on background study, the approach to regenerate the entity at North Jiefang Road will be adopted in this paper to improve the original large-scale space. First of all, on the basis of the "negative space" area determined before and by reviewing the former hidden spatial patterns, a preliminary identification of the horizontal scope of the regenerated space will be made. Regarding the "recessive" spatial pattern, that is, the traditional fabric which has lost in the area of North Jiefang Road, there were six such types of street space and two squares - a big one and a small one. From north to south those are as follows respectively: The first one is the area in the branch of Yawag Road stretching to the western side buildings of North Jiefang Road; The second is the area of Nurbix Road in the northern side of the Grand Mosque, running to Arya Road from west to east; The third is the area of Ustanboy Street branch in southern side of the Mosque, extending northeast to Areya Road; The fourth is the area of Ustanboy Street branch in the northern side of Kashgar International Shopping Mall, extending to the eastern side buildings of North Jiefang Road; The fifth is the area in the southern side of the Shopping Mall, extending eastward from Cai Bazaar Road to Kornak Bazaar Road; The sixth is the area of Arkeordak Road which breaks on the North Jiefang Road; In addition, together with Id Kah square and Ordakx small square. (Figure 3.9) B. Vertical scope In accordance with the provision of Regulations on Historical and Cultural City Planning , “The whole building height in the historical city area must be controlled concerning the protective planning of historical and cultural city ...more rigid provisions on building height control shall be determined for those historical and cultural cities whose historical features are well preserved.” It is provided in regulations on City Purple Line Control that “The protection scope of historical and cultural streets shall include the core section made up of historical buildings, structures, and the environment of their styles and features, as well as the areas where building construction must be controlled to ensure the styles, and the integrity of features in this area.”

The actual situation of the traditional area is that lots of large scale buildings still stand and are being built alongside the streets. Take North Jiefang Road area as an example, most of modern buildings were built in 1980s, whose average 45

1

2

3

4 5

6

Suqare

"Streets"

Figure 3.9 "Recessive" Space texture (Source: Drawn by the author)

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height are from 20 to 22 meters and the building density (ratio between modern buildings and the area of whole North Jiefang Road) is 37.7%. These greatly differ from traditional building entities whose heights are from 6 to 9 meters which has disturbed the whole old town’s spatial texture. Higher buildings should not be built in the north of Renmin Road, west of Tuman River and east of Laining Town so as to protect the historicity of Kashgar's traditional urban fabric. (Figure 3.10)

>36m 24-36m 12-24m 0-12m Figure 3.10 Analysis of the height of Surrounding buildings (Source: Drawn by the author)

Specific provisions has been made for the height of the newly-built buildings around Kashgar historical preservation zone in The Protective Planning of Kashgar Historical and Cultural City made in June, 2009. According to the protection scope, the influences that building height causes on the old town's impression, it indicated that “The building height within the traditional styles and features coordination area of the old town's core area shall be controlled not more than twostorey, and the height of eaves within 7.2 meters; as for the newly-built buildings in the edge area of the old town, namely, generally-controlled area, the building height shall be controlled not more than three-storey, and the height of eaves within 10.8 meters. ”4 New architectural construction are taken palce at the old town's edging area where is the interface between North Jiefang Road as well. In accordance with the relevant principle guidance of the Protective Planning of Kashgar Historical and Cultural 4

Refer in

The Protective Planning of Kashgar Historical and Cultural City ，Chapter

Section 23.

46

4,

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City , the building entities' height within this regenerated scope

will be controlled no more than three-storey. Thus, the height till the eaves within 10.8 meters. Referring to the ratio of the height and width of traditional Kashgar streets, ranging from 0.52 to 0.83, and the humanized indicator of the street spatial ratio concluded by Ashihara Yoshinobu and other scholars, (Figure 3.11) from which the regenerated streets' appropriate height and width ratio shall be determined as 1 (which may range from 0.8 to 1). In conclusion, the horizontal and vertical spatial scope definition of this design can be reversely derived by former processes. (Figure 3.12)

1

=45째

0.8

1

Figure 3.11 Humanized Indicator of Aspect Ratio (Source: Drawn by the author)

I-I'

11.0

10.8 0

32.0 10.7

A

53.7

II-II' 10.8 11.1 32.0

II

0

10.9

II' B

54.0

III'

III-III' 10.8

C

0 109.0

77.7

III

39.5

226.2

Figure 3.12 The Definition of Spatial scale factor in Regenerating scope (Source: Drawn by the author)

Eventually, 8 areas are identified whose total length and width are nearly 952 meters and 32 meters as well as the total area is 82068.5 square meters. They are including both squares and roadways, Rectangle Scope A for instance, lying between the north most crossing of this area and the extending area of Yawage Road branch, with the length of 54.32 meters and the area of 1736 square meters; Rectangle Scope B, lying between the extending area of Yawage Road branch and Nurbix Road, with the area of 6352 square meters; Trapezoid Area C, lying between Usranboy Road branch and the extending area of Arya Road, with the area of 2967 square meters; Coming with Polygon Area D, lying south of Nurbix Road, west of North Jiefang Road and north of Kashgar West Region Museum, with the area of 5109 square meters; Trapezoid Area E, lying between the extending area of Ordakx Road and Usranboy Road, with the area of 6868 meters; Rectangle Area F, lying between Usranboy Road and Cai Bazaar Road, with the area of 4038 square meters; Then Rectangle Area G, lying between Cai Bazaar Road and Arkeordak Road, with an area of 3178 square meters; Rectangle Area H, lying between Arkeordak 47

D

E

I

F

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Figure 3.13 The Definition of Spatial scale factor in Plan (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Road and Renmin Road, with the area of 4251 square meters; After all, Rectangle Area I which is lying west of Area F and the area is occupied by Kashgar International Shopping Mall.

(Figure 3.13) 3.2.2.2 Reginal Function Re-organization The physical environment factors supporting various functional activities in the North Jiefang Road area are the material basis of urban spatial structure and also the composition factors of the city. However, the combination relations and organization approaches among the various physical environment elements are the materialized embodiment of the urban spatial structure. To properly restore the traditional texture and make the surrounding areas fully gain the connotation of vitality, it’s not enough to merely focus on the objective laws of aesthetics or simply use the method of "collage" composition, but should find another composition which is full of formal beauty based on the reasonable organization of city functional activities, and attempt to acquire the sense of organization, order and image on the premise of satisfying the requirements of city functional activities.

Therefore, depending on the previous function analysis of North Jiefang Road and surrounding areas as well as the scale definition of regenerated scope, this paper will aim at the regional industries and the ground transportation streamlines to develop strategies and carry out corresponding adjustment.

A. Regional Industry Status: The complementation, penetration and promotion of the Spatial Mixed-use The North Jiefang Road area also possesses the characteristics of the “mixed-use� because of its functional configuration problems, such as the intermingling of various industries in the surrounding areas and complicated transportation streamline, etc. To improve the space quality of this place, the research will adopt the strategies of industrial complementation and penetration between the current areas along the street and the regenerated areas to reconfigure the industries in the urban scope of North Jiefang Road. (Figure 3.15) Firstly, some essential urban functional elements, such as commerce, culture, office, living, religion, finance and services, etc which can be extracted from the surroundings.

Then, the absorbed functions will be penetrated in the regenerated spatial scope and generate new functional space based on some regional adjustment. Here, the format of Scope A,B,C and E turned into the comprehensive trade which are mainly international chains, regional brands, small retail shops 48

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with unique feature. Meanwhile equiped some finance, office and management space; The D region is set to be cultural space mainly used for regional culture exhibitions and public entertainment; Because of the principle of evenly arranging the outdoor public activities space and the needs of evacuation space, the F region is set to be a civic park which is mainly large-scale vegetation and paving and supplementing with service facilities; The G and H region are majorly used for housing, office and financial industry. (Figure 3.14-2, Figure 3.14-3) Secondly, implement the functional complementation.

Through injecting the “supply function” to the regenerated entities, the regional function structure is improved. The supply process of the new functions mainly reflects in adding some tourism related industries and service ancillary facilities in A and B scopes. For instance, manual workshop, coffee shops and supermarkets, etc; Meanwhile, by adding sale sections of religious matching products in the C scope to promote the modernization development of religious services in this area; And then by inserting the container of reading and multi-function hall into the D scope to improve the civic cultural cultivation and simultaneously enrich the tourists’ travel experience; After all, create the handicraft workshops of certain scale and display area of other regional featured industries on the D region, with the addition of tourism service facilities and relying on the advantages of the pedestrian system, to make it become the sub-center of regional business and push forward the development of regional economic. The regenerated entity roofs of the whole North Jiefang Road, namely the fifth interface which is a pubic or semi-public activity space mainly covered by large-scale vegetation and hard-surfaced paving as well as connecting the buildings alongside the North Jiefang Road, become an important transition nod between the existing entities in the surrounding and external public space.(Figure 3.14-4) B. Ground Traffic Flow: By stereoscopic spatial distribution to improve the accessibility Before the renewal of La Défense new district in Paris, serious traffic jam issue happening which restrict its development. However, after the implementation of the stereoscopic traffic organization mode, the situation is improved and it becomes a paradigm of traffic system in city’s centre business district. The ground and underground traffic whose height up to five floors creates pedestrian-vehicle noninterfering and stereoscopic distributaries type, even the transit long-distance highways also enter the stereoscopic structure. Its advantage lies in avoiding the interference of 49

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1）Industry Extraction

2）Spatial Penetration

3）Industry Re-distribution

4）Function Supplement

Figure 3.14 The Industry Rearrangement in Regenerated Space (Source: Drawn by the author)

Office Modern Residential National Institution Public Service Mosque Retial Integrated Commercial Financial Cultural Hotel Traditinal Residential

Temporary Bazaar Handicraft Workshop Tourist Information Center Religious ancillary product sales local and cultural exhibitions Book reading Restaurant, Coffee & Market Green Open Space

Figure 3.15 The "hourglass" concept of Function penetration & complementary (Source: Drawn by the author)

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human and cars from different flows so that it not only makes the speed of cars reach its maximum, but also guarantee the quality of the pedestrian environment. In a word, the stereoscopic distribution of regional traffic is a strategy worthy for reference and to be practically used to the urban spatial regeneration strategy of the North Jiefang Road area.

(Figure 3.16)

Figure 3.17 Tram at pedestrian commercial street in Turkey Figure 3.16 The renewal plan of La defense new district in Paris （Source：Yan, Lin. On Dimensional Development-the System of Pedestrian and Roadway Dimensional dividing at La Defense in Paris. P67）

(Source：www.souhu.com http://photo.sohu.com/80/18/ Img208811880.jpg）

1）Segregating the Big-size and Tourist buses outside the Traditional Area Firstly, many traffic lines should be segregated at the loop lines outside the North Jiefang Road are. Besides, traffic stops should be set in the near and reasonable positions; (Figure 3.19) Based on the analysis of the outdoor activity space in the second chapter, the stops can be set in the south People’s Square for the tourist buses from the north airport as well as the south and north national highways; The tram line for tourism should be set from the C region to the G region to solve the requirement of internal public transportation; (Figure 3.17, Figure 3.18) In the northeast part of the whole traditional area, there is large-scale unused space between the traditional vernacular architecture area and the Tuman Road, in which it has the potential to be equipped with a bus hub to comprehensively manage the surround public bus system.

In this case, on one hand, it reduces the traffic load of the internal area and improves the quality of pedestrian space at ground level, on the other hand it fully uses the transportation advantages of the external traffic loop and guarantees the regional accessibility.(Figure 3.20)

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Figure 3.18 The Touristic Viewing Bus in Shanghai Nanjing Road （Source：http://www.xitang.com.cn/ upload/infopic/2009091116194563.jpg）

Touristic Bus Flow Possible Parking Spot

Figure 3.19 Possible Parking Spot for Touristic Bus

(Source: Drawn by the author)

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2 7 28 8 28 13 Bus hub

Figure 3.20 The rearrangement of public bus flow arround traditional area (Source: Drawn by the author)

2) Set up the Transit and Cargo Service Flows Under the Ground According to the related requirements of the Urban Road Traffic Planning and Design Specifications (GB 50220-95) and Highway Tunnel Design Standard (JTG D70-2004), the designed demonstrate to slope up to the north at the 83.5 meters from the original point — the center of the Big Crossing in the south, and to the south at the 71.8 meters from the central point—the intersection of the North Jiefang Road, Seman Road and Yawage Road, to set up an underground passage with 842.5 meters long. This is to guarantee the traffic flows can pass smoothly through the North Jiefang Road area and make the transit traffic quickly interchange as well as to improve the traffic problems, for instance, traffic congestion caused by mixed flow of vehicles or interrupted by pedestrain. The transit and service cars which leaded to the underground will be divided in advance based on the classification of “transit” and “in & out”. In which the transit traffic will be leaded straight to the driveway at the subbasement level, namely on the minus 13 meters elevation; While the regional cargo will be leaded to the driveway on the basement level namely the minus 5.6 meters elevation. Such traffic flow has been partial divided into the underground parking lot of surrounding commercial buildings and the Id Kah Mosque. So that the tasks of goods flow and parking can be effectively completed. (Figure 3.21,Figure 3.22) It is clearly pointed out in the “Urban Road Traffic Planning and Design Specifications” that: “ there should be certain-scale parking lots or multistory parking garages for the motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle, and its distance from the exits and entrances of the pedestrian district should not shorter than 100 meters and should not longer than 200 meters.” As for the service cars from the outside loop lines, the relevant 52

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Locality in Plane

Isometric relationship

Ramp

Locality in site

Section

0 -5.6 -13.0

Figure 3.21 Transit and goods services vehicles (Source: Drawn by the author)

policies highlight to lead them through the sub-arterial highways of the traditional area to the entrances of the nearby underground parking lots and park underground. Based on the connection of the underground driveways and underground parking lots of buildings on both sides of the North Jiefang Road, the accessibility of the underground cargo streamlines and the regional buildings can be effectively guaranteed.

Retaining the transverse crossing driveways of the original path space of the North Jiefang Road can control some parts of cars to cross the regenerated street space in an organized way to some extent. (Figure 3.23, Figure 3.24)

First Basement Floor Second Basement Floor The Scope of Parking area

Figure 3.22 Diagram of shunt system in the basement elevation (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Figure 3.23 Vehicle Traffic crossing the Nanjing Road (Source: Photo from the author)

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External Vehicle Circulation Internal Secondary Road 152.76

Internal Assisted Road The Scope of Underground Parking

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Figure 3.24 Traditional Area Roads and Underground Parking Planning (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Bicycles and E-bike Activity Space Figure 3.26 Horizontal distributaries in Plane (Source: Drawn by the author)

3) Horizontal distribution of Pedestrian and Nonmotor Vehicles at the Ground Level Viewing back to the ground field of North Jiefang Road, after the two layers of previous "filtering" on vehicles, as mentioned some segregated externally and some dredge into the underground level. The design point out a horizontal separation for the remaining non-motor vehicles and pedestrian flow, namely within the same level of ground, disperse the spatial activities of pedestrian and vehicle.

The pedestrian flow is base on the original linear organized on both sides of the street and the pedestrian pathway regenerated from the previous road, formed a horizontal traffic organization in an attempt to improve the accessibility between two preservation districts. The area of the pedestrian space on the ground was increased 38.6% more than before, which have realized the maximal accessibility of walking and improved the humanized indicators of street space.(Figure 3.25) Through the management and resettling supplementary measures (such as stone piers or height limited indicators), large motor vehicles are restricted from passing through North Jiefang Road at the ground level. Instead, it is accessible for small E-bikes, cyclings and other non-motor vehicles.

Meanwhile, “S”-shaped road and touristic tram can lower down the traffic speed and reduce the risk by partial split and merge. Such initiative serves not only the local passenger's daily transporting but also the tourists. It is creating a convenient walking environment for commerce and recreation.

(Figure 3.26) 54

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Pedestrian Path Vehicle Space Figure 3.25 Horizontal distributaries in Sections (Source: Drawn by the author)

Figure 3.27 Roof space and activities (Source: Photographed by the author)

4) Construct the Roof Activity Space In order to improve the split of pedestrians and vehicles in advance, strategy proposed to plant greens and provide walking platform on the roof of regenerated architectures. The pedestrians are guided to the roof plan through the vertical transportation between ground and roof. Then with the overpass, the regenerated entities and the original buildings on both sides of North Jiefang Road are spatially connected. This is also a grafting from the features of traditional residential houses. (Figure 3.27) While the accessibility upgraded, by setting different levels of roof decks, the possibility of a multidimensional experience of urban space for pedestrian flow is provided, especially the review of traditional pattern.

(Figure 3.28) The area of entire designed roof is 24294.2 square meters. In an addition, the greening rate is 57.6% and the total walking distance is 1427.8 meters.(Figure 3.29)

Roof Pedestrian Flow Vertical Pass Roof Pedestrian Flow

回 3.28 Pedestrian Flow on the Roof Platform (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Figure 3.29 Pedestrian Flow on the Roof Platform in Plane

(Source: Drawn by the author)

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3.2.2.3 Form Regeneration

Figure 3.30 Topological equivalent transformation of graph （Source: Huazhong Architecture . 2010 9h, P13）

Topology, referred to as geology, can be defined through the study of topography, landscape and other related matters.

Early known in the name of “rubber-sheet geometry” where geometric graph considered as units that can arbitrarily deform, stretch or contract. It is actually a branch of geometry concerned with the nature of graphs remaining constant in the incident of continuous transformation on a one-for-one basis, (Figure 3.30) such as topological equivalence transformation of graph5.

A large number of natural phenomena have relevance, therefore, objects probably analyzed and explained by the science of topology. The collective spatial structure could be expounded through the research so as to learn functional relationship and order among spaces. In 1986, Roger Trancik proposed the theory of relationships in his book titled as Finding Lost Space-Theories of Urban Design , which is aiming to explore a certain composition relationship between elements of urban spatial morphology and relevant forms of organizational structure, also known as spatial topology relations. The study of this subject facilitates to enhance the logic and richness of changes in spatial morphology, and is instructive in objects such as relation between architecture and external environment.

There are four stages6 through which the morphology evolution in spatial topology. The most significant stage is known as “Diffeomorphism Variance” of morphology, where elastic deformation like stretching, extruding, bending and twisting as well as zooming in or out, which may arise in geometrical graphs wholly and partially contained in reference morphology to form a new shape.

In 2002, SANAA led by Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa undertook the design work of EDA Apartment Program. It introduces the different axes of surrounding roads, railways and front squares of railway stations in the design of grid structure. By compromising crossed, parallel, zoomed-inand-out straight lines and naturally connected curves to provide each apartment with relatively separate, private and diverse space. This program is a classic example of diffeomorphism

5

Refer in Mingchuen,Li. Guiwen,Li . Architectural form topological homeomorphism Architectural Journal, 2006 (5) :51-54.

6 Four stages are: Diffeomorphism Variance, homeomorphic Variance, homotopy Variance and unusual homeomorphic Variance. Refer in Bin,Liu . Topology in contemporary architectural form and space authoring application . Tianjin University Thesis .2011: P19-20

evolution .

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variance in topology. (Figure 3.31) Liuzhou Kistler Museum in Guangxi Province, P.R. China, designed by Zhang Hua who is a professor of Tianjin University, is also an indication of such characteristics. In this program, a unique architectural style is finally formed by orderly assimilating the texture of the nature. (Figure 3.32) Some hints can derived from the cases mentioned above to develop a morphology regeneration design by combining traditional spatial morphology’s characteristics evolved in Chapter 2, namely diverse and casual combinations of courtyard-type units and using the transformation of diffeomorphism variance in topology.

First of all, by following the clue of the refection of inexplicitness on an explicit space, as well as working with the axis of North Jiefang Road relatively and extract the reference prototypes from the surrounding traditional spatial textures. (Figure 3.33-1) Meanwhile, rearrange the reference textures in linear sequence with the original scale. And then to attach them to the regenerated entities defined in the preceding section in case of further organization. (Figure 3.33-2,3,4)

Figure 3.31 EDA Apartment （Source：World Architecture .

2004—P33-P35）

Figure 3.34 "Diffeomorphism Variance" Process on Architecture Unit (Source: Drawn by the author)

Here presents a demonstration of transformation based on a architectural unit within the reach of the regenerating scope, aims at the explaination of the changes in topological relations of design processes.(Figure 3.34) An analysis of figure-ground relation shows that the reference unit includes two courtyards

1

2

3

Figure 3.32 Guangxi's Liuzhou Kistler Museum （Source：Topology in contemporary architectural form and space authoring application, P56)

4 Figure 3.33 The design process of "Diffeomorphism Variance" (Source: Drawn by the author)

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and architectural entities to form "line-shape", "L-shape" and "square-shape" plane structures. These plane structures has abstracted into pure geometrical figures and divided into four areas upon the principle of the equipartition of area. The change of topological spatial equivalence will be achieved by following recombination procedures of zooming in, rotating and consolidating provided for the internal spaces of four areas, so as to ensure the integrity of the whole plane structure.

The same method is used in Area A, B, C, E, F, G and H to reach the aim of rational deduction of traditional morphology within the road regeneration scope.(Figure 3.35) In view of the particularity of spatial functions of Id Kah Square and the previous assumptions on spatial potentials, it is not quite proper to have diffeomorphism variance occur in Area D for morphology regeneration of a larger scale space.

Therefore, it is necessary to introduce another hierarchy of changes in “topology-homeomorphism variance�. Similar to the previous one, it is about form of deformation such as extruding, stretching, bending and rotating. However, such deformation tends to be more complex, sometimes even compounded several forms of morphology deformation. It has marked by effecting the three-dimensional spatial variability in morphology based on the assumption on creases. Nevertheless, a clear transmission relationship always exhibits either before or after change.

Take the case of the unit of spatial prototype absorbed from traditional area for instance, first of all, the reach of such prototype consisting of several clarified and subdivided residential units and street spaces. (Figure 3.36-1) Thus, the external annular transfixion space could be clearly formed by having the change occur to outlying interface such as cracking, extending and uniting, inorder to organize insignificant units and enhance the overall look of the morphology. (Figure 3.36-2) Ultimately, after some spatial deformation such as consolidating, extruding, extending, bending and rotating, the spatial morphology is finally shaped. (Figure 3.36-3)

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Figure 3.35 The Final Master Plan (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Figure 3.36 "Topology-homeomorphism variance" in Area D (Source: Drawn by the author)

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3.2.2.4 Scale Regeneration After the whole morphology has been defined, the following text is to introduce the spatial impression of the regenerated street viewing from the section design of several typical areas. Rob Krier gave a final opinion in his book titled Urban Space that illustrated the effects of buildings alongside the street vary with the design of the roof and bottom. (Figure 3.37) As shown in figure, street spaces in Condition 1, 2, 3, 11, 15, 22, 23, 24 look quite hermetic, long and narrow while other street spaces in Condition 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 appear to be more open and wide. To upgrade the spatial quality of North Jiefang Road, slight adjustments will be proceed to form the bottom and roof of regenerated architectural entity, which is based on the above theories and practical experiences after the scope and modeling of regeneration entity is identified. (Figure 3.38)

A Figure 3.37 Relationship between Architectural Forms and the Street Space （Source：Urban Space ，P56）

Take Area C, Id Kah Square and Ordakx Square as an example, the depth distance of the original grand square was 138 meters. After the spatial regeneration, it contracts to 109.8 meters. Meanwhile, the top height of the surrounding building is 10.8 meters. Considering the particularity of the function such as ritual and outdoor activity, the D/H ratio is controlled within the scope of 10. The depth distance of the original Ordakx small square was 65 meters, and it contracts to 49.5 meters after being regenerated. This small square has a very good spatial quality and activity itself, therefore, no large scale modification was made. In order to enhance the sense of spatial layers, the ground floors of these regenerated buildings are retreated 3 meters. At the same time, the courtyard and the squares are cut through so as the trinity of spatial order with large, small and transitional scale space is formed. (Figure 3.39) Taking Area I (Kashgar International Shopping Mall) and Area F as examples: The former street that was 53.6 meters wide has reformed into two pedestrian spaces, with the widths of 8.3 meters and 10.1 meters, respectively based on the control of formerly defined design scale standard 59

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Figure 3.38 The regenerated scope and callout (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Orignal Street Sacle in Section 24.0 15.5

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Figure 3.39 The scale condition in area C (Source: Drawn by the author)

modulus. The height of Kashgar International Shopping Mall is lowered to about 15 meters from the former 40 meters, and the retreating external wall of the building is implemented to make neighboring pedestrian streets leave people a better spatial impression. Part of the ground floor of the regenerated building is overhead in order to form a transitional space which contributes a better humanized micro-environment. (Figure 3.40) Locality

Orignal Street Sacle in Section

illustration of Master Plan 40.0

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Figure 3.40 The scale condition in area I (Source: Drawn by the author)

The spatial street type of Area B exists generally in the entire regenerated architectural scope. Approximately, whose section width is 54.2 meters and the building height along the street is about 20 meters, as well as the D/H ratio is about 2.7. After the regeneration, the two street widths respectively contract to 8.6 meters and 10.1 meters as well as the D/H ratio is appropriate 1.(Figure 3.41) 60

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Figure 3.41 The scale condition in area B (Source: Drawn by the author)

The D/H ratio of the traditional street is within the scope between 0.52 and 0.83 and the D/H ratio of the regenerated streets is basically controlled within the scope between 0.76 and 1. There is a certain relationship within the scope between 0.76 and 0.83. By considering the pleasant street spatial scale standard concluded by former scholars, the D/H ratio of the regenerated street space is mostly and ultimately controlled within the scope of 1.(Figure 3.42, Figure 3.43) locality

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1 Figure 3.42 The Spatial Proportion in Tradtional Area (Source: Drawn by the author)

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Figure 3.43 The Spatial Proportion in Regenerated Area (Source: Drawn by the author)

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3.2.3 Functional Conception of the Regenerated Space: “New” Economic and Cultural center of Kashgar The “new” regeneration will not only be reflected on the repairing of traditional spatial form and scale of North Jiefang Road and surrounding area eventually determined by this paper, but also reflected on the interaction between the formation of the renewed space and the surrounding environment behaviors. Based on the regional function investigation and analysis made in the above chapters, this paper puts forth the functional conception for such a renewed space, in order to utilize the tradition-related scale module and morphological characteristics to restore the urban space of North Jiefang Road and surrounding area. More importantly, it is composed in a way of reflecting and respecting the history, as well as looking into the future with “new” regional functions.(Figure 3.44, Figure 3.45,Figure 3.46,Figure 3.47, Figure 3.48, Figure 3.49, Figure 3.50, Figure 3.51, Figure 3.52, Figure 3.53)

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Figure 3.44 The Final Modeling （Source：Made and Photographed by the author）

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Figure 3.45 The Figure-Ground Relation after Design（Source：Drawn By the author）

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Figure 3.46 Perspective from North to South（Source：Drawn By the author）

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Figure 3.47 Site Plan of the conceptual design area（Source：Drawn by the author）

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Figure 3.48 Layout of Ground Floor Plan around Id Kah Square（Source：Drawn by the author）

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3.2.3.1 Spatial Distribution of the Industries

Square Commerce Multi Function Meeting Room Local Culture Exhibition Hall Reading Space Tourism Management Restaurant, Coffe and Market Religional Products and Service Courtyard and external Greens

Figure 3.49 Industry Status Analysis around Id Kah Square （Source：Drawn By the author）

Due to the diverse spatial factors and representable strength, Id Kah Square is considered as the highlighted spot to study in detail here after upgraded. It is surrounding by plenty of spatial factors, such as new regenerated and original squares, traditional and modern streets as well as buildings, etc. Meanwhile, this area is an typical and intensive spot where various industries and transportation connected. Therefore, the following paragraphs will introduce the design by organizing the spatial characteristics, industries, and traffic flow of this area.

Around Id Kah Square, there are two major industry modules are newly established based on the original existence through classification and integration measures. The first one is the New Culture Square formed by Id Kah Culture Park, Kashgar Information and Culture Complex on its southern side, and the Religion Service Center on its eastern side.

The second one is the Kashgar's New Business Sub Center formed by the original commercial space along the North Jiefang Road, together with modern comprehensive business, traditional retail, handicrafts exhibition and sales industry based on the regenerated architectural entities and pedestrian streets, as well as the traditional "bazaar-type" business activities on the eastern Ordakx small square.(Figure 3.49) 3.2.3.2 Traffic Flow

Pedestrian Flow Straight Sapatial Connection Regenerated Entity Vehicle Traffic Overhanging Entity Bike and E-Bike Flow Tram Flow

Figure 3.50 Spatial and Traffic Flow Analysis of Id Kah Square （Source：Drawn By the author）

After the ground transportation design strategy has been implemented, crowds of visiting people has been carried to the gathering area of North Jiefang Road's most north tip. And then, two passing-through possibilities are formed here: Either through pedestrian transporting, or by taking the internally constructed tram. So that people can arrive at Id Kah Culture Square and walk through the Commercial Pedestrian Street, Historical and Cultural Center or other functional centers.

Concerning the guidance to the vehicles from outer area of traditional district, here only non-motor vehicles consisting of bicycles and E-bikes are allowed to pass through.

Couple with combining the ground floor's overhead space of regenerated space, the crossing of multi-flows can be avoided and the accessibility to the surrounding functional area can also be ensured. (Figure 3.50)

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space & fuNction TYPE 1 Residential & Office

Locality & Function

Activities & Description Mode: Housing Courtyard Spatial Typolpgy: Semi-Private, Private Spatial Needs: Recreation, Commercial, Communication

TYPE 2 Commercial & Leisure

Mode: Commercial Courtyard & Outdoor Open Space Spatial Typolpgy: Semi-Public, Public Spatial Needs: Recreation, Commercial, Communication

TYPE 3 Exhibiting & Retail

Mode: Cultural Courtyard & Outdoor Open Space Spatial Typolpgy: Semi-Public, Public Spatial Needs: Exhibition, Commercial, Communication, Education, Transporting

TYPE 4: Outdoor Open Space & Religional

Mode: Public Open Space, Commerical Courtyard Spatial Typolpgy: Public Spatial Needs: Religional, Commercial, Recreation, Leisure, Transporting

TYPE 5: Financial & Commercial

Mode: Ofiice Courtyard Spatial Typolpgy: Semi-Public Spatial Needs: Office, Commercial, Financial, Public Service , Transporting

Figure 3.51 Regenerated Space & Function（Source：Drawn by the Author）

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TECTONIC

Component: Floor

Component: Vegetation Roof

From top to botton are Concrete slabs, braid, mud separator and blankets

By planting high resistance planting plants for 5th interface andscaping, which is increasing roof regenerative effect as well.

Component: Firewall Kashgar's local energy resource are primary coal.

Heating in winter can combine with firewall, use of kitchen waste to heat which will be transmitted to the indoor wall during winter heating purpose by saveing energy.

Component: Wall Enhance the stability by using rattan and wood. The outer layer are covered with mud

Locality

Component: Column

R e f e r t o h t t p : / / w w w. hiss-reet.de/images/ bauenmitreet/naturbau/ architektur/wanddaemmung/ wandaufbau-1_big.jpg

Basic skeleton using seismic concrete, wrapped outer cladding with local adobe.

Figure 3.52 Architectural Tectonic（Source：Drawn by the Author）

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ELEVATION DESIGN

Material: Loam wall

Material: Timber

Material: Straw Bale

Material: Ratten

Material: Grasses

Applying Intent: Local material, environmental friendly and sustainable.

Applying Intent: Local material, environmental friendly and sustainable.

Applying Intent: Local material, environmental friendly and sustainable.

Applying Intent: Flexiable, environmental friendly and Local material.

Operational Field: Exterior protected construction

Operational Field: Exterior protected construction

Operational Field: Exterior protected construction

Operational Field: Exterior and interior protected construction

Applying Intent: Grasses can survive in desert and has a unique view of the overall shape and landscape effects.

Refer to www.inhabitat.com. http://inhabitat.com/rammedearth/

Refer to http://www. naturallywood.com/designenvironment

Refer to http://www.architecture. com/SustainabilityHub/ Designstrategies/Earth/1-1-1-8Strawbaleconstruction.aspx

Refer to http://www. seatweavingsupplies.co.uk/ cane%20materials%20 price%20list.htm

Operational Field: Roof vegetation Refer to Yi,Linke. 2010. Different kind of brilliant - desert plants in the urban landscape.

h t t p : / / w w w. e g i . c a s . c n / kxcb/kpwz/201010/ t20101026_2993435.html

Figure 3.53 Elevation of Conceptual design （Source：Drawn by the Author）

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

Figure 3.54 The general survey of the Id Kah Culture Square and Surroundings （Source：Drawn By the author）

3.2.3.3 Spatial Characteristic A. Squares There are one triangular and two trapezoids, altogether three squares which are connected with each other spatially, and can be wandered through one by one. (Figure 3.54) The New Id Kah Culture Square formed by the spatial enclosing of Id Kah Mosque and the northern side original Yidayat Clothing Mall, as well as the regenerated building entities (The southern side Kashgar Information and Culture Center and the eastern side Religion Service Complex). The plan shape seems like a trapezoid with clear boundaries and has a strong sense of graphic morph. At the same time, four major streets converge here: The side street parallel with North Jiefang Road in the north, West Ordakx Road in the east, and Nurbeix Road in the west, as well as Usranboy branch in the south.(Figure 3.55-1) In order to ameliorate the negative influence on pedestrian space caused by the road system, 90 degree twist is made in the crossing area of the original straight West Ordakx Road and Arya Road, which then connects to Nuobeierxi Road and forms a new trapezoid square, together with the intervention of regenerated building space. Its boundaries therefore are even clearer and more branch-roads are converged here which lends a pleasant impression of spatial shaping. (Figure 3.55-2) The original Kashgar West Region Museum in the south, the minaret (Figure 3.56) and the modern commercial buildings

73

Figure 3.56 The existing minaret at the Small triangular plaza (Source: Photographed by the author)

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

Locality

Plane Layout 2

2

1

1 3

3

Section 10.8 0 68.5

109.8

49.5

227.0

Figure 3.55 The regenerated Squares of Id Kah Square （Source：Drawn By the author）

in the west, as well as the regenerated building entities have formed a small triangular square. By setting the minaret as a spatial indicator, the square is connecting the roads and squares area of Cai Bazaar Road branch and North Jiefang Road.(Figure 3.55-3) The areas of these new squares defined by the regeneration scale standard are as follows: Id Kah Square with 11527.4 square meters and Ordakx Square with 1717.8 square meters, as well as the small triangular square is almost 1500 square meters. On one hand, they are all shaped with pleasant small scales compared with the original spatial impression. On the other hand, the spatial scales are further improved by dynamic and flexible means, such as setting vegetation and public resting facilities, as well as promoting a design for temporary bazaars. (Figure 3.57) Figure 3.57 Temporary market at a square of Czech and its variable forms （Source：http://www.archdaily. com/296824/trh-market-stalls-edit/）

74

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

B. Streets The plan distribution of streets in whole area is considering the convenience of pedestrians. So that the feature of “winding paths” in the traditional area is not introduced directly. Instead of which, by providing the linear cutthrough path, especially to the commercial pedestrian streets, a pleasant environment is regenerated. In an addition, the semi-private and semi-public courtyard inside the regenerated buildings, similar to the spatial environment of European streets (Figure 3.58), is reflecting the transition of multi-layers space.

On the creative level of section, the design pushed back the part of the regenerated building's ground floor and overhung the upper floor. In this case, it is not just an application of the spatial feature called “overhang building” in traditional area, but also avoiding the strong heat and sunlight in function at normal Kashgar's street.

Based on the guidance of the street scale indicators formulated in former study, the entire design of streets near Id Kah Culture Square, except for some passages in different sizes caused by varied functional requirements (e.g. the pass way that connecting eastern and western squares, as well as the regenerated street space on both sides ) (Figure 3.59, Figure 3.63), have formed a pleasant spatial impression (Figure 3.60,Figure 3.61, Figure 3.62)

Figure 3.58 The internal Courtyard in Rosenthaler Str, Berlin （Source：Photographed by the author）

C. Architecture I n previous definition of r e ge ne r a te d physic a l environment at North Jiefang Road district, the architectural design of Id Kah Square has referred to the tradition in a certain extent. Combined with the ideas of "new" spatial function, the following three architectural design, especially its spatial forms and scale features are highlighted.

Locality

Section Size

Perspective 10.8 7.2 3.6 0

20.5

Plane layout

Figure 3.59 Street Design of Particular node A (Source: Organized by the author)

75

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

Locality

Section Size

Perspective 10.8 7.2 3.6 0 14.3

Plane layout

Figure 3.60 Street Design of Particular node B (Source: Organized by the author)

Locality

Section Size

Perspective

10.8 7.2 3.6 0

13.1 Plane layout

Figure 3.61 Street Design of Particular node C (Source: Organized by the author)

Locality

Section Size

Perspective 10.8 7.2 3.6 0

12.3

Plane layout

Figure 3.62 Street Design of Particular node D (Source: Organized by the author)

Locality

Section Size

Perspective 10.8 7.2 3.6 0

6.0 Plane layout

Figure 3.63 Street Design of Particular node E (Source: Organized by the author)

76

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

1) The Religious Service Complex

Figure 3.64 The Perspective through the Mosque to East (Source: Drawn by the author)

The floor plane has divided into three areas by two longitudinal and cut-through external traffic pathway. Each area has its spatial organization around the inner courtyard.

Besides, ground traffic and the two-storey crossover buildings are connecting their space. The forms of three areas mainly derive from the spatial transformation of “diffeomorphism” and “homeomorphism” in traditional space. In an addition, the two inner streets also appear some indistinct traits of traditional "overhanging" space. To demonstrate the high quality and enclosed spatial sense of Id Kah Square, the external interface of the religious service center is shaped by following the principle of integration and continuousness. Meanwhile, the inner space is arranged around the vertical cut-through courtyard space which is reflecting the particular spirit of the local tradition, that is, "low-key" outside and "flashy" inside.

Locality

Figure 3.65 The internal and External Space of tradtional house （Source: Photographed by the Author）

Plane Layout

Section Szie 10.8 7.2 3.6 0 11.9

9.1

8.2

11.2 67.7

8.3

5.6

5.6

7.8

Figure 3.66 Religious service Center Complex Architectural Design(Source: Organized by the author)

77

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

(Figure 3.65) In an addition, the courtyard space can also form a microclimate and provide quality ventilation as well as natural lighting. (Figure 3.64) Regarding the applying data, the total construction area is 6967.5 square meters, including 3312.2 square meters of religious-related product sales space, 2649.7 square meters of modern integrated business area and 3501.4 square meters of traditional retail industry. (Figure 3.66 ) 2) The Modern Information Cultural Complex

Figure 3.67 The Perspective through the Street to New Id Kah Square (Source: Drawn by the author)

Since the constructing site is close to protective historical building, namely Id Kah Mosque, how to organize the flow of visitors became the main intent to develope the design.

Therefore, here demonstrate a way of lifting up the part of regenerated mass alongside the street which is overhaning the gorund without prejudice to the continuity of external interface on surrounding buildings, and establishing a certain visual and walking accessibility which transited flexibly and is connecting the regenerated street of North Jiefang Road area and Id Kah Mosque with a “modest” attitude to history. Besides, the monolithic architecture is following the “Topology-homeomorphism Variance” principle in spatial topology. Which means, four functional units spread around the courtyard and are organized in an orderly way through external annular space. Apart from the mass part, the exterior formed an irregular geometric courtyard which connected with the indoor porch and various functional units, as well as increased the flexibility of the space.(Figure 3.67 ) The overall construction area is 9463.5 square meters, of which there are 3312.2 square meters of cultural exhibition, 2649.7 square meters of information consultation center and 3501.4 square meters of reading space.(Figure 3.68 )

78

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

Locality

Plane Layout

Section Szie 10.8 7.2 3.6 0 11.9

8.2

11.2 67.7

8.3

5.6

5.6

7.8

Figure 3.68 The Modern Information Cultural Complex Architectural Design (Source: Organized by the author)

3) The Complex of New Commercial Center In the introduction of street design in previous section, five typologies are specified. Among them, four are relating to the architectural design of business complexes. They become important cut-through factors, divide and create the mass of commercial center complex: First, because of the framework of western vehicle system, the complex were built on stilts alongside the street and extended 2 meters away from it, so

Figure 3.69 Regenerated Pedestrian Commercial Street (Source: Drawn by the author)

79

C h a pter 3 Strate g y a n d D esig n

that forming a 6-meter wide motorway, 3-meter wide parking space and 2-meter wide walking bypath. The design hereby strengthened the functional relevance of each zone in terms of integrating the transportation and commercial space. Secondly, the eastside of regenerated building, by combining with the sidewalk of original business street, is composing a new pedestrian commercial street. In association with Ordaks Road in the north, the pedestrian path beside Id Kah Square and the Citizen Park in the south, improved the new complex with a good external circulation. Finally, the commercial complex completed its creation of external form after the areas gives birth to a 3-meter wide passage which is for the accessibility between eastern and western. While the whole complex fully displayed traditional spatial feature, independent building units are organized around the courtyard and connected with the external commercial pedestrian street. Meanwhile, they are characterized by the tandem courtyard. ( Figure 3.69 ) The entire construction area is 15632.6 square meters, including 7034.7 square meters of traditional retail industry, 5471.4 square meters of handcraft exhibition sales area, and 2344.9 square meters of restaurants or coffee area, as well as 781.6 square meters of supermarket.(Figure 3.70)

Locality

Plane Layout

A B C

Section Szie

12.6

26.5 39.1 A

10.8 7.2 3.6 0

19.8

6.5 13.8 39.1 B

10.8 7.2 3.6 0

39.1

10.8 7.2 3.6 0

C

Figure 3.70 The Complex of New Business Center Architectural Design (Source: Organized by the author)

80

R efere n c es

References Foreign Monograph [1] Bacon, E.N. Design of the Cities [M]. NY: Penguin Book. 1976 [2] Gollings, John; Michell, George; Vicziany, Marika; Tsui, Yen Hu. Kashgar: Oasis city on China's old silk road. Frances Lincoln , 2008 [3] Hiller, B. and Hanson, J. The Social Logic of Space [M].

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984 [4] Koolhaas, R. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan [M]. NY: The Monacelli Press, 1994 [5] Martin, L. and March, L. eds. Urban Space and Structure [M].

Cambridge University Press, 1972 [6] Moudon, A. V. Built for Change: Neighborhood Architecture in San Francisco [M]. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986 [7] Rossi, A. The Architecture of the City [M]. MA: The MIT Press, 1982 [8] Schulter, O. Bemerkungen zur Siedlungsgeographire [J].

Geographische Zeitschrift, 1899 (05);65-84 [9] Siksna, A. Acomparative Study of Block Size and Form [D].

Queensland: University of Queensland, 1990 [10]Grütter, Jörg Kurt. Ästhetik der Architektur: Grundlagen der Architekturwahrnehmung. Stuttgart,1987 [11]Krier,Rob.Stadtraum / Urban Space.Umbau-Verlag Solingen, 2005 [12]Rudofsky,Bernard. Streets for people: a primer for Americans. Doubleday, 1969 Foreign journals and papers [1] Elcroquis——Daniel Libeskind (1987-1996) .1999 Chinese Monograph [1] 梁江，孙辉 . 模式与动因——中国城市中心区的形态演变 . 北京 : 中国建筑工业出版社 , 2007 [2] 吴伯伟等编著 . 城市中心区规划 . 南京：东南大学出版社，1999 [3] 芦原义信 . 街道的美学 . 天津：百花文艺出版社 ,2006 [4] 芦原义信 . 外部空间的设计 . 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1985 [5] 罗杰·特兰西克 . 寻找失落的空间，北京：中国建筑工业出版社 ,2008 [6] 朱隆斌等 . 城市提升 -------- 扬州老城保护整治战略 . 南京：江苏科 学技术出版社 ,2007.11 [7] 凯文·林奇 . 城市形态 . 北京：华夏出版社，2001-6 [8] 刘易斯 . 芒福德 . 城市发展史 . 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005 [9] 简·雅各布斯 . 美国大城市的死与生 . 南京：译林出版社，2006-8 [10] 斯文赫定著 . 丝绸之路（西域探险考察大系）. 新疆人民出版社， 1996 [11] 斯皮罗·科斯托夫 . 城市的形成 . 北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2005 [12] 米洛拉德·帕维奇 . 哈扎尔辞典 . 上海：上海译文出版社 , 2013

81

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Chinese journals and papers

[1] 美艳 . 历史文化街区的保护和发展：以对北京旧城区内白塔寺街 区的改造研究为例 . 建筑师，1996,71:38-51 [2] 胡万鹏，宋辉，王小东 . 喀什老城区的空间形态研究 . 西安：西安 建筑科技大学建筑学院，2010 [3] 吴良镛 ; 人居环境科学发展趋势论 ; 城市与区域规划研究 ;2010 （03） [4] 蒋莹 . 街道尺度的演变与启示——兼对北京城区街道尺度的探 讨 . 北京：清华大学，1999.

[5] 王 金 岩， 梁 江 . 中 国 古 代 城 市 形 态 肌 理 成 因 探 析 . 华 中 建 筑 ,2005(01) [6] 孟聪龄 . 城镇街坊——山西传统民居群体空间组合之一 . 山西建筑 .

2002（12）：1-2.

[7] 吴良镛，方可 . 以城市设计的观点和方法推进历史文化地段的 保护与发展：以北京几个历史文化地段的规划设计为例 . 建筑师， 1999.87:34-40.

[8] 李滨泉，李桂文．建筑形态的拓扑同胚演化．建筑学报，2006（5）： 51-54． [9] 刘宾 . 拓扑学在当代建筑形态与空间创作中的应用 . 天津大学硕士 论文，2011 [10] 肉孜阿洪·帕尔哈提 . 喀什老城区保护与更新实验区的研究探索 . 新疆大学硕士论文，2012 [11] 王小东 . 特定环境及其建筑语言—新疆国际大巴扎设计 . 建筑学 报 , 2000(11):29 Government documents and reports "China Cultural Relics Protection Law" (November 1982 adopted in June 1991 modified) "China Cultural Relics Protection Law Implementation Rules" (May 1992) "Urban Traffic Planning and Design" (GB 50220-95) "Tunnel design specifications" (JTG D70-2004) "Historical and cultural city town village Protection Ordinance" "Kashi City, historical and cultural city protection planning" "Historical and cultural city planning norms" "Chengshizixian management approach" "Kashi City, historical and cultural city protection planning" Government documents and reports [1] The People's Republic of China Cultural Relics Protection Law, 2003 [2] State: The second batch of national key cultural relics protection units list entries and notifications, 1982 [3] UNESCO: Protection of Movable Cultural Property, 1978 [4] UNESCO: about history and its contemporary role in protecting the region's recommendation (Nairobi recommended), 1976 [5] UNESCO: Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 [6] ICOMOS: Florence Charter, 1982 [7] UNESCO: On the recommendation of international exchange of cultural property, 1976 82

R efere n c es

[8] ICOMOS: Charter protection of historic towns and urban areas, 1987 [9] historical monuments architects and technicians International Conference: Venice Charter, 1964 [10] International Building Society: "Machu Picchu Charter", 1977 [11] Xinjiang: "Kashgar Old Town seismic retrofitting and Environment Protection", 2008

Websites [1] Chinese World Heritage Network: http://www.cnwh.org/ [2] Tianshannet www.tianshannet.com [3] National Heritage Board http://www.sach.gov.cn/ [4] Kashgar Government Information Network www.kashi.gov.cn [5] Kashgar municipal government website www.xjks.gov.cn/

83

A c k n o w le d g e m e nts

Acknowledgements The research and academic dissertation are finished under the support and instruction of my advisors, Professor Cai yongjie and Professor Peter Herrle, whose serious scientism, rigorous scholarly spirit, and excelsior working style deeply impresses and inspires me. From the subject selection to the final accomplishment of the project, Professor Cai has always offered me careful instruction and unremitting support.

Over the past two years, he gave me thoughtful care in study, thought and life. The guidance, especially from the book Yang zhou urban upgrading strategy recommended from Professor Herrle, made a impressive contribution to this paper. I hereby express my sincere appreciation and high respect to both Professors.

In addition, high tribute shall be paid to all peers who spent the pleasant graduate school life in the workroom with me. Special thanks should go to seniors Huang linlin and Jiang Jiayang, who helped me overcome many difficulties and doubts until I finished this academic dissertation. I’m also deeply indebted to senior Gong sining and Hao Xinghuan, both of who offered me a lot of help in study and life during my graduate school period. Besides, I also extend my gratitude to my double-degree classmates when I studied abroad in Berlin.

At last, my thanks should go to my beloved parents, who endured all kinds of hardships for my growth, and my wife Elsuyer Delmurat.

Kudulaiti Kudusi 2013. 08. 07 in Shanghai

84

A p p e n dix

Appendix PART Iďźš24 Hours Mapping

Scale A: Traditional area

Scale B: North Jiefang Road and Surroundings 11:00 AM

08:00 PM

Scale C: Id Kah Mosque 85

A p p e n dix

PART II：Questiionare (Interviewing around Id Kah Mosque)

1. 您是本地居民还是游客 ？ 1. Are you a local people 2. 您仅仅是经过

or a tourist

?

（请回答 5）还是特意来到这里

2. Do you come to North Jiefang Road by Purpose

？（请回答 3、4、5） ? Answer 3、 4、 5） （

?（Answer 5）

Or just passing by

3. 您来这里的目的是 ？ 3. What kind of activities are taking toady in North Jiefang Road ? 参观艾提尕尔广场及周边区域 Visiting the Id kar mosque and surrouding area. 购物 Do shopping 饮食 Have a food 在周边居住 Living around 在周边工作 Working around 前来参加某个盛会或展览 Come to see some events taken place around 办公 Do bussiness 其他目的 Other intents _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 4. 您将会在这里停留多长时间 ？ 4. How long will you stay in North Jiefang Road ?

30 分钟 1 小时 1-2 个小时 超过 2 个小时 30min

1h

1-2h

>2

5. 您对这里的环境改进有何建议？ 5. Do you have any other suggestion about this area ? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

86

A p p e n dix

PART III：Survey Table of the employment in traditional residential area of Kashgar and Basic Social Structure of "Aho" neighborhood

Address

Capacity

H 01

Konaidelwaz #8

2

H 02

Konaidelwaz #6

H 03

Age

Source of Income

Monthly Income

Wife & Husband

20

Samll Business

1000

3

Mother & 2 kids

40,10

Samll Business

1000

Konaidelwaz #4

3

3 Sisters

50,30

Samll Business

900

H 04

Konaidelwaz #2

7

Parents, 3 Brothers

70、50、20、10

Samll Business

1000

H 05

Konaidelwaz #25

5

Parents、3 kids

60,30,10

Samll Business

300

H 06

Konaidelwaz #23

3

Father, Couple

60,30

Samll Business

300

H 07

Konaidelwaz #21

5

Parents、3 kids

40,20,10

Samll Business

300

H 08

Konaidelwaz #19

5

Parents、3 kids

60,40,20

Handicraft

2000

H 09

Konaidelwaz #17

5

Parents、3 kids

50,20

Handicraft

400

H 10

Konaidelwaz #15

3

Mother、2 Kids

50,30

Business

500

H 11

Konaidelwaz #13

2

Couple

30

Handicraft

900

H 12

Konaidelwaz #11

4

Parents、2 kids

30,5

Handicraft

300

H 13

Konaidelwaz #9

3

80,50

Business

500

H 14

Konaidelwaz #7

5

Parents、3 kids

60，40,20

Handicraft

2000

H 15

Konaidelwaz #5

2

Couple

40

Handicraft

900

H 16

Konaidelwaz #3

3

Parents、1 kids

40,20

Handicraft

300

H 17

Konaidelwaz #1

4

Parents、3 kids

60,40

Business

500

Members

Mother、2 kids

According to official figures, by the end of 2012, the population of Kashgar City reached 506,640, that in traditional area was 220,000, and that of permanent residents was 200,000, with a population density of 32.29 people per square kilometer, including a population of 104,839 from 0 to 14 years old, accounting for 26.35%, a population of 273,832 from 15 to 64 years old, accounting for 68.81%, and a population of 19,259 of 65 years old and above, accounting for 4.84%. Compared with the sixth nationwide census in 2010, the population proportion of 0-14 years old lowered by 8.26%, that of 15-64 years old ascended by 8.33% and that of 65 years old and above lowered by 0.07%. Most residents engaged in small-scale informal business, traditional handicraft, rickshaw, building construction, daily maintenance, etc.

The investigation data obtained by visiting 17 households in Ahuo street area showed that there was a population of 65 in this area and the investigation covered an area of about 2,800 square meters, with a population density of 346 people per square kilometer, including 14 populations from 0 to 14 years old, 13 ones from 20 to 40 years old, and nearly 30 ones over 40 years old. Besides, none of them ever received university education, 1 of them ever received junior college education, 2 of them received technical secondary school education, 10 of them received senior high school education, 20 of them received an education of primary school or junior high school, and 32 of them never received any formal education. Among all households, 5 of them engaged in traditional handicraft, 6 of them engaged in informal small-scale business, 6 of them operated a fixed store, and the rest of them mainly engaged in building construction and transportation.

The old city shares a large proportion and high density among the population of the overall city; the population mainly includes the ages, women and children; affected by income, family, and other factors, most residents in traditional old city received primary school education only, and people with a good educational background were fewer in old city than other areas in Kashgar. Surrounding residents have a low degree of education, excellent basic education facilities but a lack of higher education facilities; with a low employment rate, most of them engaged in handicraft and small-scale business.

87

A p p e n dix

PART IVďźšSite investigation of Traditional Handicraft Industry in Kashgar

Wood Steamer

Iron Cupboard

Bronze

Iron Kettle

Traditional Instruments

Traditional Instruments

Fabric Hat

Wooden Spoon

88

A p p e n dix

PART V：Related Data

A. Economic and technical indicators

Total Area： Total Architectural Area： Total Ground Level Area： Plote Ratio： Greening Ratio： Building Density:

82068.5 m2 68463.8 m2 29035.8m2 0.83 29% 35%

B. The Area Statistics of Industries

Area

Industries

Area (m2)

Total Area (m2)

A'

Modern Commerce

13499.7

Office

4724.8 3779.9 2834.9 2024.9 1349.9 674.9

B'

Religional Products Modern Commerce Traditional Retails

1463.1 2647.6 2856.7

6967.5

C'

Culture Exhibit Information Center Reading

3312.2 2649.7 3501.4

9463.5

D'

Traditional Retails Handicraft Exhibit &sell Coffee / Restaurant Market

7034.7 5471.4 2344.9 781.6

15632.6

Information Center Traditional Retails Handicraft Exhibit &sell Coffee / Restaurant Hotel

1564.4 1460.1 2085.9 1042.9 4276.1

10429.6

F'

Modern Commerce Traditional Retails Finnancail

2015.8 1553.8 629.9

4199.7

G'

Ofiice Hotel Finnancail Residential Traditional Retails

2646.7 2067.8 661.7 992.5 1902.4

8271.2

Traditional Retails Handicraft Exhibit &sell Other Public Service Finnancail

E'

A'

B'

C'

D'

E' F'

G'

89

A p p e n dix

PART VI：Processing and final Models Step 1： Studying Model for Site environment

Perspective A

Perspective B

Perspective C: Id Kah Square 90

A p p e n dix

Step 2ďźš Design in process Model

Perspective A

Perspective B

Perspective C: South entrance of North Jiefang Road Area 91

A p p e n dix

Step 3ďźš Final Model in Different Sections

Section A: South entrance of North Jiefang Road Area

Section B: Citizen Part in the middle

Section C: Id Kah Square and Surroundings 92

A p p e n dix

93

R es u m e

Curriculum Vitae Name: Kudulaiti Kudusi Sex: Male Date of Birth: 1985.Sep.29th Place of Birth: Urumqi，Xinjiang，PR China

Telephone: Email: Ethnic Group: Address:

+46 738342702 kudret170@gmail.com Uyghur Vendelsö Skolväg 23 LGH 1001, 13671

Education Experience: 

Sep 2011 – Now



Sep 2010 – Now



Sep 2005 - June 2010

Berlin University of Technology, Faculty VI Planning-Building-Environment

Dual Master Degree Program of Urban Design (Between Tongji University and Berlin University of Technology) Tongji University, College of Architecture and Urban Planning(CAUP) Graduate student of Architectural Design and Theory Dalian University of Technology, School of Architecture and Fine Art Graduation: Bachelor of Architecture

Practical Experience: 

Mar 2013 - Jun 2013

Shanghai

Shanghai Jiguang Polytechnic College

 

Sep 2012 - Mar 2013 Aug-Sep 2012

Shanghai Stockholm

 

Apr-Jun 2012 Sep 2010-Sep 2011

Berlin Shanghai

JiuTu Architect Lovalot hand craft design store interior, furniture, website and window display “48 Stunden Neukölln” Art Festival in Berlin Tongji Architectural Design and Research Institution(TJAD)

Teaching assistant Intern Designer Designer Intern

Awards:    

Sep 2010-Sep 2012 Jul 2009 Apr 2009 Aug 2008

 Aug 2008  Aug 2008

Shanghai Beijing Dalian Dalian Dalian Dalian

Tongji University Type-A Scholarship MAD Architects Tourism Fund Ikeshita Design Scholarship 3rd Prize of "Wake up the power of design Architectural Design of No.15 Warehouse” Competition Dalian University of Technology Scholarship China Architectural Students Design Exhibition

CNY30000 CNY20000 CNY 2000 CNY 1000 CNY 2000 CNY 1000

Research Experience: 

Sep 2012-Aug 2013

Shanghai

  

Mar 2012-Jul 2012 Oct 2011-Jun 2012 June 2009

Berlin Berlin Dalian

“Urban Spatial Regeneration of North Jiefang Road and Surrounding Area in Kashgar” Master Thesis “Chengdu Smart City” Prototype Design “Neuköllner Geschäfte Karl-Marx-Straße” Urban Research Project “Nonlinear organic building design strategies and methods-The case study and design strategy of regional architecture”

Joint Studio 

Mar 2012

Berlin



Sep 2010

Shanghai



May 2009

Dalian

Berlin Technical University & Southwest Jiaotong University “Chengdu Smart City Prototype Design” Yale University, Hongkong University & Tongji University "Urban Design of Shanghai Yangpu District, North Sichuan Road & Wujin Road area” University of Tokyo & Dalian University “Architectural Design of No.15 warehouse”

R es u m e

Language Skill   

German English Chinese

Grasped Proficient Proficient

Deutsch A2 IELTS 6.0 Chinese Citizen

Computer Skill 

PC & Mac

Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator, Acrobat 9 Pro; Auto CAD, 3ds Max; SketchUp; Corel Video Studio Pro X4; Rhinoceros; Microsoft Office Series.

Compulsory Courses 

TU Berlin



Tongji University

Global City Local Space, History of Urban Design, Mastering the City, Social Condition of Urban Design Principle of Architectural Design, Theory and History of Modern Architecture, Architecture Design, Housing and Community Development, The Frontier of Landscape Studies

Relevant Contacts 

Cai Yongjie



Peter Herrle



Wang Zhijun

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Raoul Bunschoten



Katharina Rohde



Huang Lingling



Yu Bo



Yilisuya Dilimulati

Vice Dean of Graduate School Chief of Design Studio TJAD; Tongji University, Shanghai Chief of Habit Unit Faculty VI Planning-Building-Environment, TU Berlin, Berlin In Charge of Dual Degree Programme CAUP, Tongji University, Shanghai Founder of C H O R A City & Energy Sustainable Planning and Urban Design Department of Architecture, TU Berlin, Berlin Freelance Architect, Artist and Activist Berlin Associated Architect Jiu Tu Architect, Shanghai Secretary in Department of Architecture, Jiguang Polytechnic College, Shanghai Founder of Lovalot Stockholm

yongjiecai@163.com peter.herrle@tu-berlin.de frankzjwang@gmail.com T: +49 3031421934 http://www.chora.tu-berlin.de/ me@katharina-rohde.com http://www.katharina-rohde.com/ kozmicaray@163.com yubo2002@126.com kudrelox@gmail.com