116. AUKTION BELAGERUNG, KRIEG UND FRIEDEN AUF MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN - DIE SAMMLUNG GEORG BAUMS 27. September 2006 Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrück Natruper-Tor-Wall 1 Hotel-Telefon (05 41) 60 96 633 Hotel-Fax (05 41) 60 96 634 (nur während der Auktion/only during the auction/ uniquement pendant la vente/solamente durante l'asta)
ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 115 - 118 AUKTION 115 MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS ANTIKE, MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT
Montag, den 25. September 2006 14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 926
AUKTION 115
Dienstag, den 26. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 927 bis Nr. 1517 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 1518 bis Nr. 2502
AUKTION 115
Mittwoch, den 27. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 2503 bis Nr. 3113 14.00 Uhr - 15.00 Uhr Nr. 3114 bis Nr. 3312 15.00 Uhr - 18.30 Uhr Nr. 4001 bis Nr. 4681
AUKTION 116 BELAGERUNG, KRIEG UND FRIEDEN DIE SAMMLUNG GEORG BAUMS AUKTION 117 GEPRÄGTES GOLD AUS DREI JAHRTAUSENDEN ERZBISTUM SALZBURG, GOLD UND SILBER MÜNZWAAGEN UND -GEWICHTE AUKTION 118 SAMMLUNG HEINZ RADEISEN: MÜNZEN DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN SEIT 1871
Donnerstag, den 28. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5001 bis Nr. 5625 14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr Nr. 5626 bis Nr. 6485 Freitag, den 29. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7001 bis Nr. 7580 14.00 Uhr - 17.00 Uhr Nr. 7581 bis Nr. 8266
Detaillierter Zeitplan siehe Seite 5 Besichtigungen siehe Seite 9
Detailed timetable view page 5 Viewing of auction good view page 9
Horaire détaillé voir page 5 Exposition des monnaies voir page 9
Calendario dettagliato veda pagina 5 Esposizione veda pagina 9
UNSERE ADRESSE OUR ADDRESS
Fritz Rudolf Künker e. K. Münzenhandlung Gutenbergstr. 23 · 49076 Osnabrück Telefon: 05 41-96 20 20 Telefax: 05 41-96 20 222 Gebührenfreie Rufnummer: 08 00-58 36 537 International calls: International fax:
+49 (0)5 41-96 20 20 +49 (0)5 41-96 20 222
Während der Auktion/During the auction Steigenberger Hotel Remarque: Telefon: Fax:
+49 (0)5 41-60 96 633 +49 (0)5 41-60 96 634
Ust.-Id.-Nr.: DE 117 620 142 UNSERE GESCHÄFTSZEITEN OPENING HOURS
Montag-Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend Saturday
9.00 - 17.00 Uhr 9.00 - 15.30 Uhr nach Vereinbarung by prior appointment
Außerhalb unserer Geschäftszeit steht unseren Kunden ein automatischer Anrufbeantworter zur Verfügung. Answering machine available after opening hours.
WWW.KUENKER.DE E-MAIL: INFO@KUENKER.DE
Auf unserer Internetseite haben Sie die Möglichkeit: • die Abbildungen zu vergrößern • Ihre Gebote direkt per Email abzugeben • die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen On our website you have the possibility: • to zoom all images • to place your bids • to view all auction results
IHRE ANSPRECHPARTNER CONTACT
Abwicklung der Aufträge und Einlieferungen
Gisela Thomas, Prokuristin Telefon: (05 41) 96 20 221 Annahme von Einlieferungen Staff members accepting consignments
Dr. Andreas Kaiser Telefon: (05 41) 96 20 254 Arne Kirsch, Prokurist Telefon: (05 41) 96 20 234 Oliver Köpp, Prokurist Telefon: (05 41) 96 20 229 Jens-Ulrich Thormann MA (Antike Münzen) Telefon: (05 41) 96 20 242 Mitglied Verband der Deutschen Münzenhändler e. V. Associaton Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (AINP) 2
HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE BIETENDEN AUKTIONSKUNDEN 1. 2.
Die Auktionsbedingungen finden Sie am Ende dieses Katalogs. Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen. 3. Das beiliegende Formular macht es Ihnen leicht, ein schriftliches Gebot abzugeben. Falls Sie Ihre Gebote faxen möchten: unser Telefax 0541 96 20 222 steht Ihnen Tag und Nacht zur Verfügung. 4. Die von Ihnen ersteigerten Objekte werden Ihnen innerhalb von acht Tagen nach Beendigung der Auktion zugeschickt. Die Aufträge werden in der Reihenfolge des Eingangs bearbeitet, d. h. die zuerst eingegangenen Aufträge werden auch zuerst bearbeitet. Auch alle Bieter, die keinen Zuschlag erhalten haben, werden von uns nach der Auktion benachrichtigt. 5. Wenn Sie telefonisch bieten möchten, rufen Sie bitte vor der Auktion unseren Kundenservice an. Frau Thomas freut sich auf Ihren Anruf entweder direkt unter 0541 – 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37. 6. Wenn Sie als neuer Kunde noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, ist es empfehlenswert, wenn Sie uns Referenzen angeben. Nennen Sie uns eine Münzhandlung, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen. Oder rufen Sie unseren Kundenservice an. Telefon 0541 – 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37. 7. Unsere Broschüre “DIE KÜNKER-AUKTIONEN: WIE BIETE ICH ERFOLGREICH?“ liegt in jedem Katalog und ist für Sie eine nützliche Hilfe. 8. Die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte wird auch über die gesetzliche Frist hinaus gewährleistet. 9. Alle Kunden, die als Bieter an einer unserer Auktionen teilnehmen, erhalten innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion unsere Ergebnisliste gratis. 10. Sie haben Fragen zu einer bestimmten Münze? Sie möchten persönlich an unserer Auktion teilnehmen? Sie haben andere Fragen? Unser Kundenservice freut sich auf Ihren Anruf, entweder direkt unter 0541 – 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37.
RENSEIGNEMENTS A L'ATTENTION DE NOS CLIENTS DES VENTES AUX ENCHERES 1.
Vous trouverez les conditions générales de vente aux enchères à la fin de ce catalogue. 2. Veuillez-nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parviennent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur traitement. 3. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Si vous souhaitez faxer votre offre, vous pourrez-le faire 24 heures sur 24 au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222. 4. Les objets dont vous serez adjudicataire vous seront envoyés dans les huit jours suivant la fin de la vente aux enchères. Les commandes seront prises en compte dans l’ordre de leur arrivée, c’est-à-dire que les commandes nous parvenant les premières seront d’abord traitées. Après la vente aux enchères, nous préviendrons tous les enchérisseurs n’ayant pas obtenu l’adjudication. 5. Si vous souhaitez faire des enchères par téléphone, veuillez appeler aupravant notre service clientèle. Madame Thomas sera heureuse de vous répondre directement au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221. 6. Si vous êtes un nouveau client et n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, il serait conseillé de nous fournir quelques références. Indiquez-nous si vous traitez déjà avec un professionnel du commerce des monnaies. Ou contactez notre service clientèle au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221. 7. Notre brochure intitulée : »DIE KÜNKER-AUKTIONEN : WIE BIETE ICH ERFOLGREICH?“ (»Les ventes aux enchères de Künker : comment faire une enchère réussie ? « ) jointe dans chaque catalogue vous sera très utile. 8. L’authenticité des pièces vendues sera garantie même au-delà des délais légaux. 9. Tous les clients participant à l’une de nos ventes aux enchères en tant qu’enchérisseurs recevront gratuitement une liste de résultats dans les deux semaines suivant la vente aux enchères. 10. Vous avez des questions concernant une pièce particulière ? Vous désirez prendre part personnellement à notre vente aux enchères ? Vous avez d’autres questions ? Notre service clientèle se fera un plaisir de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR PLACING BIDS 1.
The terms and conditions of the auction can be found at the end of this catalogue. 2. Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring increases if we do not receive your instructions until shortly before the auction. 3. The enclosed form makes it simple for you to submit a written bid. Our fax machine +49 (0)541 – 96 20 222 is on standby day and night in case you wish to fax your bids. 4. The objects which you purchase will be delivered to you within eight days of the close of auction. Instructions are processed in the same order as they were received – in other words, the first instructions to be received are the first to be processed. All unsuccessful bidders will be also informed after the auction. 5. If you would like to bid by telephone, please ring our customer service beforehand. Mrs. Thomas will be pleased to speak to you on +49 (0)541 96 20 221. 6. If you are a new customer who has not yet bought anything through us, we recommend that you give us references. Name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business. Or call our customer service on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221. 7. Our brochure „DIE KÜNKER-AUKTIONEN: WIE BIETE ICH ERFOLGREICH?“ ("The Künker auctions: How to bid successfully?“) is enclosed in every catalogue and will prove useful to you. 8. The genuineness of all sold objects is also warranted beyond the statutory length of time. 9. All customers who participate as bidders in our auction receive our list of results free of charge within two weeks of the close of auction. 10. Do you have questions about a particular coin? Would you like to participate personally in our auction? Do you have any other questions? Our customer service team will be pleased to help you – call on +49 (0)541 96 20 221.
INFORMAZIONI PER GLI OFFERENTI DELLE NOSTRE ASTE 1. 2.
Le condizioni d’asta si trovano alla fine di questo catalogo. Siete pregati di inviarci i vostri ordini il più presto possibile. Se il vostro ordine ci perviene poco tempo prima dell’apertura dell’asta, si possono verificare errori nell’elaborazione dello stesso. 3. Per le vostre offerte scritte potete utilizzare il modulo allegato al catalogo. Nel caso voleste trasmettere le vostre offerte per fax, siete pregati di inviarle al seguente numero: +49 (0)541-96 20 222. 4. Gli oggetti che avete acquistato all’asta vi saranno spediti entro otto giorni dal termine della stessa. Gli ordini vengono evasi in base alla data di ricevimento, quindi hanno precedenza quelli pervenuti prima. Anche gli offerenti che non hanno avuta alcuna aggiudicazione riceveranno una nostra comunicazione al termine dell’asta. 5. Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare prima la consulenza ai clienti. La sig.ra Thomas, raggiungibile al numero diretto +49 (0)541- 96 20 221, sará a vostra disposizione. 6. Se siete clienti nuovi e non avete mai acquistato da noi, vi proponiamo di inviarci delle referenze. Dateci il nome di un negozio di monete presso il quale avete già fatto degli acquisti, oppure chiamate la nostra consulenza ai clienti al numero +49 (0)541 96 20 221. 7. Nel nostro opuscolo « DIE KÜNKER-AUKTIONEN : WIE BIETE ICH ERFOLGREICH?“ („Aste Künker: come avere successo nelle offerte?“), allegato ad ogni catalogo, troverete consigli utili. 8. Il certificato d’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene rilasciato anche oltre i termini privisti per legge. 9. Tutti i clienti che hanno partecipato ad una nostra asta riceveranno gratuitamente l´elenco delle aggiudicazioni entro quindici giorni dal termine della stessa. 10. Avete delle domande su una moneta in particolare ? Desiderate partecipare personalmente ad una nostra asta? Avete altre domande? Rivolgetevi al nostro Servizio Clienti al numero +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221.
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WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE EINLIEFERER 1.
Unser Expertenteam garantiert Ihnen eine fachgerechte Bearbeitung der von Ihnen eingelieferten Stücke. 2. Die Schätzpreise werden von uns aufgrund unserer hervorragenden Marktkenntnisse sorgfältig festgelegt. Die Stücke werden zu 80% der im Katalog angegebenen Schätzpreise ausgerufen. Durch diese Regelung werden Sie als Einlieferer geschützt. Für nicht verkaufte Objekte werden keine Gebühren erhoben. 3. Der Standard unserer Kataloge ist von hoher Qualität und findet internationale Anerkennung. Wir haben eine der besten Kundendateien, die es weltweit gibt. 4, Von der individuellen Betreuung unserer Kunden profitieren auch Sie als Einlieferer. 5. Als Einlieferer erhalten Sie Ihren Auktionserlös innerhalb von 45 Tagen nach der Auktion. Sonderregelungen sind nach Absprache möglich. 6. Auf Wunsch kann Ihre Einlieferung bei Ihnen zuhause abgeholt werden. Ab € 2.500,-- Einlieferungssumme übernehmen wir die Kosten, ab € 25.000,-können wir unter Umständen an einem vereinbarten Ort Ihre Einlieferung nach Absprache gerne auch persönlich entgegennehmen. Selbstverständlich ist Ihr Versteigerungsgut durch uns versichert. 7. Nicht alle Münzen eignen sich, als Einzelstücke aufgenommen zu werden. Vertrauen Sie auf die Erfahrung unserer Experten, die niedrigpreisige Münzen liebevoll zu interessanten Lots zusammenstellen. 8. Der Schätzwert Ihrer Einlieferung sollte mindestens € 1.000,-- betragen. 9. Ihre Einlieferung wird Ihnen sofort bei Übernahme durch ein Protokoll quittiert. Spätestens fünf Wochen vor der Auktion erhalten Sie eine genaue Auflistung Ihrer Objekte mit den dazugehörenden Katalognummern. 10. Innerhalb einer Woche nach der Auktion erhalten Sie bereits die Ergebnisliste und können alle erzielten Preise feststellen. 11. Profitieren Sie von der Anziehungskraft eines führenden Unternehmens. Bitte wenden Sie sich bei Fragen an unseren Kundenservice unter Leitung von Frau Gisela Thomas direkt unter 0541 – 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 – 5 83 65 37. 12. Unsere Verträge für Einlieferungen können Sie unverbindlich anfordern. Haben Sie noch Fragen? Frau Thomas freut sich auf Ihren Anruf. Telefon: 0541 – 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 5 83 65 37.
RENSEIGNEMENTS IMPORTANTS A L'ATTENTION DES VENDEURS 1.
Notre équipe d’experts garantit une prise en charge compétente des pièces que vous nous confiez. 2. Notre excellente connaissance du marché nous permet de fixer soigneusement les prix estimés. Les pièces seront mises aux enchères à un prix représentant 80% du prix estimé indiqué dans le catalogue. Cette réglementation vous protège en tant que vendeur. Aucuns frais ne seront prélevés sur les pièces invendues. 3. Nos catalogues ont un niveau qualitatif élevé, reconnu au plan international. Nous disposons d’un des meilleurs fichiers clients du monde. 4. En tant que vendeur, vous profiterez vous aussi du suivi personnalisé que nous offrons à nos clients. 5. Le vendeur recevra le produit de la vente dans les 45 jours qui suivront les enchères. Des dispositions spéciales pourront être prises sur accord préalable. 6. Nous prendrons en charge les frais d´expédition des pièces dont le montant sera supérieur à € 2.500,--: Si leur montant est supérieur à € 25.000,--, l´un de nos employés se poudra charger de prendre la livraison à un lieu concordée. En concertation, notre assurance couvrira tous les risques. 7. Les pièces de monnaie ne se prêtent pas toutes à une vente individuelle. Faites confiance à l’expérience de nos spécialistes qui se chargeront avec plaisir de rassembler les pièces bon marché de manière à constituer des lots intéressants. 8. La valeur estimée des pièces fournies devrait s’élever à un minimum de € 1.000,--. 9. Au moment de la prise en charge, vous recevrez un détail des pièces fournies. Au plus tard cinq semaines avant la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez une liste exacte de vos pièces avec les numéros de catalogue correspondants. 10. Dans la semaine qui suivra la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez déjà la liste de ses résultats et pourrez prendre connaissance des prix obtenus. 11. Profitez de l’attrait du leader du marché. Pour tout renseignement, veuillez-vous adresser à notre service clientèle sous la direction de madame Gisela Thomas : +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221. 12. Vous pouvez demander sans engagement de votre part nos contrats de dépôt de pièces? Vous avez d’autres questions? Madame Thomas sera heureuse de vous répondre au +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221.
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IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR OUR CONSIGNERS 1.
Our team of specialists guarantees an expert treatment of the consigned items. 2. The estimates are carefully established by us due to our excellent knowledge of the market. Bidding for the items is then started at 80 % of the estimate price stated in the catalogue. This arrangement protects you as a consigner. Unsold items incur no fees. 3. The standard offered in our catalogue is of the highest quality, and is recognised internationally. We have one of the best clientele lists worldwide. 4. You as a consigner also profit from the individual consultation offered to our customers. 5. As a consigner, you receive the auction proceeds within 45 days of the close of auction. Special arrangements can be made following discussion. 6. For consignments with a value over € 2.500,-- we may bear the transportation costs. For deliveries over € 25.000,-- we may personally collect the items at an arranged place after prior consultation. Upon consultation, the shipping of your goods could be covered by our insurance. 7. Not all coins are suited to be registered as individual items. Trust in our expert´s experience as they carefully combine less-valuable coins into interesting lots. 8. The valuation price of your delivery should be at least € 1.000,--. 9. Your delivery is confirmed in writing immediately on receipt. At least five weeks before the auction, you receive an exact list of your objects with the relevant catalogue numbers. 10. Within a week of the close of auction, you receive a list with the results in order to see what prices were reached for each individual lot. 11. Profit from our position as a leading coin dealer. If you have any questions, please contact our customer service team which is headed by Mrs. Gisela Thomas – directly on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221. 12. Would you like to receive copies of our contracts for consigner, without making any commitment? Do you have any other questions? Mrs. Thomas will be pleased to help you – please call on +49 (0)541 – 96 20 221.
INFORMAZIONI PER I NOSTRI DEPOSITANTI 1.
Il nostro team di esperti assicura un trattamento accurato dei pezzi che ci avete inviato. 2. Eseguiamo valutazioni finalizzate alla vendita. I prezzi di stima sono frutto della nostra eccezionale conoscenza del mercato e della nostra attenta valutazione. La base d´asta ammonta all´80% del prezzo di stima indicato sul catalogo. Non si addebitano spese per gli oggetti invenduti. 3. I nostri cataloghi sono di alta qualità e sono riconosciuti a livello internazionale. I nostri clienti sono fra i migliori al mondo. 4. Come depositanti potete beneficiare dell’assistenza riservata a ciascuno dei nostri clienti. 5. Come depositanti riceverete gli importi realizzati all’asta entro 45 giorni dal termine della stessa. Si possono concordare condizioni particolari. 6. A partire da un controvalore degli oggetti di € 2.500,--i costi del trasporto sono a nostro carico, mentre a partire da un controvalore di € 25.000 gli oggetti possono essere ritirati personalmente da un nostro incaricato ad un posto concordato. Naturalmente il trasporto dei vostri oggetti puó essere assicurato tramite la nostra assicurazione. 7. Non tutte le monete possono essere negoziate singolarmente. Fidatevi dell´esperienza dei nostri esperti, che raggruppano le monete non molto preziose in lotti di sicuro interesse. 8. Il valore stimato degli oggetti depositati deve ammontare ad almeno € 1.000,--. 9. Nel momento in cui gli oggetti sono presi in consegna, viene rilasciata una ricevuta numerata. Riceverete un elenco preciso degli oggetti che avete depositato con i relativi numeri di catalogo al massimo cinque settimane prima dell’asta. 10. Riceverete l’elenco degli oggetti aggiudicati entro una settimana dalla chiusura dell’asta. Potrete cosi verificare i prezzi realizzati. 11. Approfittate della capacità di un leader di mercato per aumentare il valore dei vostri oggetti. Se avete delle domande, rimaniamo a vostra disposizione per qualsiasi necessità. Rivolgetevi alla nostra consulenza ai clienti diretta dalla sig.ra Gisela Thomas al numero +49 (0)541-91 20 221. 12. Volete ricevere i nostri contratti senza impegno? Avete altre domande? Potete contattare la sig.ra Gisela Thomas al numero +49 (0)541-96 20 221.
DETAILLIERTER ZEITPLAN AUKTIONEN 115-118 AUKTION 115 MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN AUS ANTIKE, MITTELALTER UND NEUZEIT
AUKTION 115
Montag, den 25. September 2006 14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr Nr. 1 bis Nr. 926 Kelten, Griechen, Römer, Völkerwanderung, Byzanz, Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen Dienstag, den 26. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 927 bis Nr. 1517 Europäische Münzen und Medaillen 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr Nr. 1518 bis Nr. 2502 Münzen und Medaillen aus Übersee, Habsburgische Erblande-Österreich, Deutsche Münzen und Medaillen: Aachen - Henneberg
AUKTION 115
Mittwoch, den 27. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 2503 bis Nr. 3113 Deutsche Münzen und Medaillen: Hersfeld - Schlesien 14.00 Uhr - 15.00 Uhr Nr. 3114 bis Nr. 3312 Deutsche Münzen und Medaillen: Schleswig-Holstein Würzburg, Sammlung Otto Flämig, Medaillen, Notmünze, Orden und Ehrenzeichen, Papiergeld, Vormünzliche Zahlungsmittel, Münzschale, Münzschrank, Münzmandat, Numismatische Literatur, Lots
AUKTION 116 BELAGERUNG, KRIEG UND FRIEDEN AUF MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN - DIE SAMMLUNG GEORG BAUMS AUKTION 117 GEPRÄGTES GOLD AUS DREI JAHRTAUSENDEN MÜNZEN UND MEDAILLEN DES ERZBISTUMS SALZBURG IN GOLD UND SILBER SAMMLUNG VON MÜNZWAAGEN UND -GEWICHTEN
AUKTION 118 SAMMLUNG HEINZ RADEISEN: MÜNZEN DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS DEUTSCHE MÜNZEN SEIT 1871
BESICHTIGUNGEN
15.00 Uhr - 18.30 Uhr Nr. 4001 bis Nr. 4681 Donnerstag, den 28, September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 5001 bis Nr. 5625 Goldmünzen: Kelten, Griechen, Römer, Völkerwanderung, Byzanz, Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen, Europäische Goldmünzen und -medaillen 14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr Nr. 5626 bis Nr. 6485 Goldmünzen und -medaillen aus Übersee, Habsburgische Erblande-Österreich, Deutsche Goldmünzen und -medaillen, Erzbistum Salzburg - Gold und Silber, Münzwaagen und -gewichte Freitag, den 29. September 2006 10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr Nr. 7001 bis Nr. 7580 Sammlung Heinz Radeisen: Münzen des 19. Jahrhunderts 14.00 Uhr - 17.00 Uhr Nr. 7581 bis Nr. 8266 Deutsche Münzen seit 1871 Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes in unseren Geschäftsräumen, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, ab dem 28.08.2006, nach vorheriger telefonischer Vereinbarung unter Nr. 05 41 - 96 20 221. 5
INHALT AUKTION 116 Nr.
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Eine Notklippe unbestimmter Herkunft
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76
-
76 77
-
82
-
87
-
89 90
-
95 97 98
-
104 106 109
-
110 111
-
116
-
121
-
4350
103 76 77 80 80 81 85 86 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 94 97 98 100 100 100 101 101 101 102 103 104 110 109 110 110 111 115 116 120 121 123 121 121 122 122 122 122 123 123 123 123
Habsburgische Erblande - Österreich Salzburg Siebenbürgen
4351 4462 4466
-
4471 4465 4471
124 162 163
-
164 163 164
Deutschland Aachen Augsburg Baden Bamberg Bayern
4472 4472 4474 4480 4483 4485
-
4661 4473 4479 4482 4484 4488
165
-
166 168
-
170
-
231 165 168 169 170 172
7
Nr. Bonn Brandenburg in Franken Brandenburg-Preußen Braunau am Inn Braunschweig Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel Breisach Bremen und Verden Donauwörth Eichstätt Erfurt Franken Frankenthal Frankfurt Freiberg Fulda Greifswald Halle an der Saale Hamburg Heidelberg Hessen-Kassel Hildesheim Jülich Kehl am Rhein Landau Leipzig Magdeburg Mainz Minden Münster Nürnberg Osnabrück Pfalz Philippsburg Pommern Sachsen Schlesien Schleswig-Holstein Solms-Hohensolms Speyer Stade Stettin Stralsund Ulm Wesel Wismar Wolgast Würzburg
Seite
4491 4503 4506 4509 4512 4518
-
4522
-
4525 4527
-
4535
-
4540
-
4546
-
4551 4560 4563 4573 4586 4589 4600
-
4605
-
4610 4613 4624 4633
-
4639 4641 4643 4647 4649 4652 4658 4660
-
4489 4490 4502 4505 4508 4511 4517 4519 4520 4521 4523 4524 4526 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4538 4539 4544 4545 4549 4550 4559 4562 4572 4585 4588 4599 4603 4604 4608 4609 4612 4623 4632 4636 4637 4638 4640 4642 4646 4648 4651 4657 4659 4661
Lots
4662
-
4663
Literatur zu den Themen Belagerung, Krieg und Frieden
4664
-
4682
Ein Stichwortverzeichnis finden Sie am Ende dieses Auktionskataloges.
8
173 179 180 182 183
-
191
-
194
-
196
-
198
-
202 204
-
208 211
-
213
-
215 219 221
-
225 226
-
228 230
-
172 173 179 180 181 183 185 186 186 187 187 188 188 189 190 190 190 191 192 193 195 196 197 198 200 201 204 207 208 211 212 212 214 214 215 218 220 222 223 223 224 225 226 227 227 229 231 231 232
232
-
233
WICHTIGE HINWEISE FÜR UNSERE TELEFONBIETER Wenn Sie telefonisch bieten möchten, muß das vor der Auktion durch uns genehmigt werden. Voraussetzung für ein telefonisches Mitbieten ist, daß Sie mindestens den Schätzpreis schriftlich bieten. Telefonisches Bieten ist erst ab einem Schätzpreis von ca. 500 Euro pro Los möglich. Bitte rufen Sie Frau Thomas vor der Auktion an unter +49 (0)541 96 20 221 oder gebührenfrei unter 0800 58 36 537. Wir übernehmen keinerlei Haftung, falls die telefonische Verbindung während der Auktion nicht zustande kommt.
INFORMATIONS POUR NOS CLIENTS PARTICIPANT A NOS VENTES AUX ENCHERES PAR TELEPHONE Si vous désirez participer par téléphone à nos ventes aux enchères, veuillez vous mettre en relation avec notre service clientèle quelques jours avant la vente en appelant le numéro +49 (0)541 96 20 233. Une participation téléphonique à la vente sera possible à la condition que vous nous fassiez parvenir aussi votre ordre par écrit. Cet ordre devra être au moins égal au minimum au prix d’estimation et concerner un lot estimé au moins 500 Euros. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité dans le cas où la communication téléphonique serait interrompue, ou bien ne pourrait être établie.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON TELEPHONE BIDDING If you wish to participate in the auction as a telephone bidder, please let us know several days in advance as we have to approve and schedule all calls. To register for telephone bidding, we require that you submit at least the estimate as a written bid in addition to being called. Telephone bidding is accepted on lot numbers with estimates above 500 Euro. Please call us at +49 (0)541 96 20 233 for more information or to register for telephone bidding. We do not assume liability for telephone bids, should the telephone line be interrupted.
INFORMAZIONI PER LA PARTECIPAZIONE TELEFONICA Se desiderate la partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta, siete pregati di chiamare la Signorina Sonia Russo al numero diretto +49 (0)541 96 20 245 qualche giorno prima dell´asta e di inviarci la vostra offerta, la quale deve ammontare come minimo al prezzo di stima anche per iscritto. Accettiamo una partecipazione telefonica in diretta durante l´asta per oggetti il cui prezzo di stima ammonta come minimo ai 500 Euro. Non assumeremo nessuna responsabilità se la linea telefonica è occupata o se non siete raggiungibili.
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BESICHTIGUNG Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes in unseren Geschäftsräumen, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, ab dem 28.08.2006, nach vorheriger telefonischer Vereinbarung unter +49 (0) 5 41 96 20 221.
EXPOSITION Les monnaies seront visibles à partir du 28 août 2006, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, sur rendez-vous téléphonique +49 (0)541 96 20 221.
ON VIEW The auction good can be viewed at our office from August 28th 2006, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück, by prior appointment. Please call +49 (0)541 96 20 221.
ESPOSIZIONE Tutti i lotti sono visionabili a partire dal 28 Agosto 2006 presso la nostra sede, Gutenbergstr. 23, 49076 Osnabrück previo appuntamento telefonico +49 (0)541 96 20 221.
9
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/GKPG 5COONGT $KQITCHKG DGIKPPV YKG KO $KNFGTDWEJ &GT <YÌNHL·JTKIG DGMCO GKP $TKGHOCTMGPCNDWO #NNG 9GNV XQP GKPGT 6CPVG IGUEJGPMV +PVGTGUUG YCT IGYGEMV 9GPKIG (GNFGT YCTGP DGTGKVU OKV GKPGT /CTMG DGMNGDV (ÒT FKG NGGTGP (GNFGT YWTFGP FKG /CTMGP IGUWEJV #DGT FKG 5COONWPI YWTFG PKG XQNNUV·PFKI &KG )GUEJKEJVG XQP FGT 5CEJUGP &TGKGT GT\·JNVG OKT OGKPG /WVVGT FKG KP &TGUFGP IGDQTGP YWTFG 'KPG /CTMG OKV GKPGT #WHNCIG XQP 5VÒEM XQP FGT YGPKIGT CNU GKP 2TQ\GPV ÒDTKI IGDNKGDGP KUV WPF FKGUG 5VÒEMG KP UGJT WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJGT 'TJCNVWPI &KG 2HGP PKI /CTMG YWTFG CNU &TWEMUCEJGPRQTVQ CWH -TGW\DCPFUGPFWPIGP FGT <GKVWPIGP XGTYGPFGV WPF FGUJCND OGKUV \GTTKUUGP WPF YGIIG YQTHGP *GWVG DTKPIV FKG /CTMG XKGT WPF HÒPHUVGNNKIG $GVT·IG DGK IWVGT 'TJCNVWPI 5COOGNP OWUU GKPG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5CEJG UGKP DGK FGT GU XKGN \W GPVFGEMGP IKDV FCEJVG KEJ OKT #NU PCEJ OGKPGT *GK TCV WPUGTGT GTUVGT 5QJP IGDQTGP YWTFG YWTFGP YKT J·WUNKEJGT +EJ DGMCO #PIGDQVG XQP /ÒP\GP KP FKG *CPF &KG 5EJYGK\GT 5EJÒV \GPVCNGT HCPFGP OGKP +PVGTGUUG QDYQJN KEJ PKG KP GKPGO 5EJÒV\GP XGTGKP YCT $CNF JCVVG KEJ GKPG 5COONWPI 5EJYGK\GT 5EJÒV\GPVCNGT &CU YCT KP FGP UKGD\KIGT ,CJTGP CNU FKG +PHNCVKQP YKGFGT OCN ICNQRRKGTVG 5EJYGK\GT (TCPMGP WPF 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\GP GTUEJKGPGP OKT CNU GVYCU 5QNKFGU WPF 9GTVDGUV·PFKIGU 7PUGT \YGKVGT 5QJP WPF WPUGTG 6QEJVGT YWTFGP IGDQTGP 7PF 8CVGT XGTDTCEJVG UGKPG (TGK\GKV DGK UGKPGT (COK NKG OGKUV \W *CWUG &C YWTFGP FKG GTUVGP #WMVKQPUMCVCNQIG HÒT /ÒP\GP CPIGHQTFGTV WPF UVWFKGTV /GKP $NKEM HÒT FCU $GUQPFGTG WPF +PFKXKFWGNNG HÒJTVG OKEJ \W -NKRRGP WPF $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP <W FKGUGP 5VÒEMGP IKDV GU QHV GKPG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5VQT[ 'KPGU FGT #WMVKQPUJ·WUGT DGK FGPGP KEJ GVYCU GTUVGKIGTV JCVVG YCT FKG )KG UUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI 8QP FTGK 5VÒEMGP YCTGP \YGK $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP GKPG XQP .CPFCW WPF GKPG XQP /CI FGDWTI 'KP RCCT 6CIG UR·VGT DGMCO KEJ GKPGP #PTWH XQP *CPU ,QCEJKO 5EJTCOO QD KEJ $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP UCOOGNP YÒTFG 1HHGP IGUCIV YCT KEJ UQ GVYCU YKG GKP &KCIQPCNUCOONGT #WU FKGUGO #PTWH JCV UKEJ GKPG HTGWPFUEJCHVNKEJG 2CTVPGTUEJCHV HÒT OGKPG 5COONWPI GPVYKEMGNV FKG KP\YKUEJGP FTGKKI ,CJTG DGUVGJV +P OGK PGO $GTWH CNU 9GTDGMCWHOCPP YCT KEJ \YCP\KI ,CJTG UGNDUV·PFKI WPF \GJP ,CJTG /CPCIGT GKPGT KPVGTPCVKQPC NGP #IGPVWTITWRRG KP &GWVUEJNCPF &C DNKGD FCPP PKEJV OGJT XKGN <GKV HÒT -CVCNQIG WPF (CEJNKVGTCVWT ÒDTKI #EJKO 5EJTCOO JCV OKT KOOGT YKGFGT KPVGTGUUCPVG $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP IG\GKIV WPF KEJ JCDG FKG OGKUVGP OGKPGT 5COONWPI GKPIGHÒIV 'U YCT KOOGT CWEJ GKP YGPKI 5VQN\ FCDGK GKP UQNEJGU 5VÒEM \W DGUKV\GP 'KPGU JCDG KEJ FCDGK IGNGTPV 3WCNKV·V KUV ICP\ GPVUEJGKFGPF $GK CNVGP WPF UGNVGPGP /ÒP\GP YKTF 3WCNKV·V TGNC VKX CDGT WPUGT <KGN YCT GU UVGVU FKG DGUUGTG 3WCNKV·V \W DGMQOOGP CWEJ YGPP GKP 5VÒEM PKEJV QHV CPIGDQVGP YKTF ō(ÒT GKP IGUWEJVGU 5VÒEM GVYCU OGJT \W DG\CJNGP CNU OCP GKIGPVNKEJ DGCDUKEJVKIV JCV KUV XKGN XGTPÒPHVK IGT CNU UKEJ UR·VGT \W ·TIGTP FCU NCPI IGUWEJVG 5VÒEM XGTRCUUV \W JCDGPŌ 5Q JCV GU GKP GTHQNITGKEJGT 5COONGT CWUIGFTÒEMV #NU FGT #WHDCW FGT 5COONWPI UEJQP KO )CPIG YCT JCDG KEJ FKG .KVGTCVWT \W FKGUGO )GDKGV MGPPGPIGNGTPV &GT \YGKD·PFKIG -CVCNQI KO (QNKQ (QTOCV XQO *CWRVOCPP #WIWUV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF GTUEJKGP WPF $TCWUG JCV YKG GT UEJTGKDV ,CJTG CP FGP DGKFGP $ÒEJGTP IGCTDGKVGV V·INKEJ HÒPH 5VWPFGP (ÒT FKG UQTIH·NVK IGP WPF RT·\KUGP #DDKNFWPIGP JCV GT GKIGPJ·PFKIG (GFGT\GKEJPWPIGP CPIGHGTVKIV 'KPG WPINCWDNKEJG #T DGKV \W FGT OCP YQJN 1HHK\KGT KP (TKGFGPU\GKVGP UGKP OWUUVG ,G OGJT /QPPCKGU 1DUKFKQPCNGU KP OGKPGT 5COONWPI \WUCOOGPMCOGP FGUVQ J·WHKIGT HKGNGP OKT KP #WMVKQPGP /GFCKNNGP \W $GNCIGTWPIGP CWH +O )GIGPUCV\ \W FGP /ÒP\GP YCTGP FCU QHV RT·EJVKIG 5KNDGTUVÒEMG OKV FTCOC VKUEJGP 5\GPGP WPF (GUVWPIGP WPVGT -WIGNJCIGN #EJKO 5EJTCOO ICD OKT FGP GPVUEJGKFGPFGP #PUVQ FKG 5COONWPI OKV /GFCKNNGP \W GTYGKVGTP 10
(ÒT /GFCKNNGP IGNVGP PKEJV FKG UVTGPIGP -TKVGTKGP FGT /ÒP\GP 0QOKPCNG /CVGTKCN )GYKEJV *QJGKVU\GKEJGP 5KG UVGNNGP MGKP <CJNWPIUOKVVGN FCT WPF YGTFGP FGUJCND \WYGKNGP HÒT YGPKIGT YGTVXQNN CNU /ÒP\GP IGJCNVGP 0CEJ OGKPGT 'THCJTWPI CWH #WMVKQPGP WPF FGT $GUEJ·HVKIWPI OKV FGT .KVGTCVWT MCPP FKGUG /GKPWPI YQJN GJGT CNU 8QTWTVGKN CF CEVC IGNGIV YGTFGP /GFCKNNGP MÌPPGP CWUFTWEMUUVCTMG -WPUVYGTMG UGKP WPF UKPF QHV XQP PCOJCHVGP -ÒPUVNGTP IGUVCNVGV &KG 2TGKUG JGTCWUTCIGPFGT 5VÒEMG DGYGIGP UKEJ KP ·JPNKEJGP *ÌJGP YKG FKG UGNVGPGT /ÒP\GP *KGT MQOOV GU CNNGTFKPIU PQEJ OGJT CNU DGK /ÒP\GP CWH FKG TKEJVKIG #WUYCJN CP 6TQV\ NCPIGT $GUEJ·HVKIWPI OKV /ÒP\GP DKP KEJ MGKP 0WOKUOCVKMGT OKV YKUUGPUEJCHVNKEJGP #ODKVKQPGP IGYQT FGP 'KPG *GKOCVUCOONWPI QFGT FKG 5COONWPI GKPGU /ÒP\JGTTP GKPGU YGNVNKEJGP QFGT IGKUVNKEJGP (ÒTUVGP VWOU Y·TG OKT \W GPI GTUEJKGPGP /GKPG *GKOCV ņ FCU 4JGKPNCPF ņ KUV KP FKGUGT 5COONWPI GPVJCNVGP CDGT PWT GKP 6GKN FCXQP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP UKPF GKP 6JGOC FCU UKEJ UGKV $GIKPP FGT 0GW\GKV CNUQ UGKV FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV ÒDGT ICP\ 'WTQRC GTUVTGEMV WPF FGPPQEJ GKPG ÒDGTUEJCWDCTG #P\CJN XQP /ÒP\GP WOHCUUV /GKPG 5COONWPI ņ KJTGP YGUGPVNKEJGP 6GKN ņ JCDG KEJ KP IGOGKPUCOGT 'PVUEJGKFWPI OKV #EJKO 5EJTCOO FGO *CWUG -ÒPMGT CPXGTVTCWV $GK \CJNTGKEJGP #WMVKQPUDGUWEJGP JCDG KEJ (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT WPF UGKP MQORGVGPVGU 6GCO UEJ·V\GP IGNGTPV 0CEJ FGT 'PVUEJGKFWPI OKEJ XQP OGKPGT 5COONWPI \W VTGPPGP JCV FKG .GKFGPUEJCHV \WT 0WOKUOCVKM OKEJ FC\W DGYGIV GKP PGWGU 6JGOC CP\WHCPIGP +EJ DKP IGURCPPV YCU FC PQEJ \WUCOOGPMQOOV 'KP 5VÒEM FCU OCP PQEJ PKEJV JCV KUV KPVGTGUUCPVGT CNU GKP 5VÒEM FCU DGTGKVU \WT 5COONWPI IGJÌTV 'U KUV FKG ,CIF PKEJV FKG $GWVG FKG \·JNV +O .CWHG NCPIGT ,CJTG FGU 5COOGNPU JCDG KEJ OKEJ OCPEJOCN IGHTCIV YCTWO OCP FCU OCEJV 7PF MGKPGU YGIU PWT FCPP YGPP OKEJ WPXGTUV·PFNKEJG $NKEMG QFGT KTQPKUEJG $GOGTMWPIGP VTCHGP 5COOGNP KUV YQJN FQEJ GKPG WPD·PFKIG .GKFGPUEJCHV YKG FGT 6KVGN GKPGU VKGHUEJÒTHGPFGP $WEJGU XQP 9GTPGT /WGPUVGTDGTIGT JGKV &CTKP YKTF \WO $GKURKGN FKG )GUEJKEJVG XQP 5KT 6JQOCU 2JKNNKRRU GT\·JNV FGT KP UGKPGT 5COONWPI GKP 'ZGO RNCT XQP LGFGO $WEJ CWH FGT 9GNV JCDGP YQNNVG #NU 5KT 6JQOCU UVCTD JCV GT UGEJ\KIVCWUGPF *CPF UEJTKHVGP WPF HÒPH\KIVCWUGPF $ÒEJGT JKPVGTNCUUGP 5GKPG (TCW DGMNCIV \W UGKPGP .GD\GKVGP KP $TKGHGP CP KJP FCUU UKG PKEJV GKPOCN ÒDGT IGPÒIGPF )GNF HÒT .GDGPUOKVVGNGKPM·WHG WPF <CJPCT\VTGEJPWPIGP HÒT UKEJ WPF KJTG -KPFGT XGTHÒIG 5QYGKV YQNNVG KEJ GU OKV FGT .GKFGPUEJCHV PKEJV VTGKDGP &KG $KDNKQVJGEC 2JKNNKRKEC YWTFG ÒDTK IGPU XQP 5QVJGD[ʼnU KP ÒDGT UGEJ\KI #WMVKQPGP XGTUVGKIGTV 9CU JCDGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5EJTKHVUVGNNGT *QPQT¾ FG $CN\CE WPF FGT 75 2QR -ÒPUVNGT #PF[ 9CTJQN IGOGKP UCO IGJCDV! $GKFG YCTGP DGUGUUGPG 5COONGT XQP 0KRRUCEJGP &GT COGTKMCPKUEJG 5EJTKHVUVGNNGT ,QJP 5VGKPDGEM JCV GU GKPOCN NCRKFCT HQTOWNKGTV ō+EJ XGTOWVG FKG 9CJTJGKV KUV FCUU KEJ CNVGP -TCO GKPHCEJ NKGDGŌ )GQTI $CWOU
11
$'.#)'470) -4+') 70& (4+'&'0 #7( /ª0<'0 70& /'&#+..'0 &KG XQTNKGIGPFG WPVGT FGO 6KVGN $GNCIGTWPI -TKGI WPF (TKGFGP UVGJGPFG 5COONWPI XQP )GQTI $CWOU KUV GKPG DGGKPFTWEMGPFG .GKUVWPI FKG KP CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJGT 9GKUG 'KPDNKEM KP FKG )GUEJKEJVG FGT GWTQR·KUEJGP 0GW\GKV DKGVGV &CU -GTPUVÒEM FGT 5COONWPI DKNFGP FKG UQIGPCPPVGP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP FKG UKEJ \WOGKUV UEJQP KP KJTGT (QTO WPF KJTGO /ÒP\DKNF XQP FGP ÒDNKEJGP 2T·IWPIGP FGT LGYGKNKIGP 'RQEJG FGWVNKEJ WPVGT UEJGKFGP &KG $GNCIGTWPI \·JNV UGKV FGT #PVKMG \WO MNCUUKUEJGP +PUVTWOGPVCTKWO FGT MQPXGPVKQPGNNGP -TKGIU HÒJTWPI $GTÒJOVG $GKURKGNG UKPF FKG UCIGPJCHVG \GJPL·JTKIG $GNCIGTWPI XQP 6TQLC FWTEJ FKG )TKGEJGP WO X %JT FGT ōUCEEQ FK 4QOCŌ FWTEJ FGWVUEJG WPF URCPKUEJG 6TWRRGP -CKUGT -CTNU 8 KO (TÒJUQOOGT WPF FKG HCUV V·IKIG $GNCIGTWPI .GPKPITCFU FWTEJ FGWVUEJG 6TWRRGP XQO 5GRVGODGT DKU \WO ,CPWCT FKG \WO *WPIGT WPF -·NVGVQF XQP TWPF GKPGT /KNNKQP /GPUEJGP HÒJTVG &KG (GUVUVGNNWPI FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP (GNFOCTUEJCNNU WPF DGFGWVGPFGP /KNKV·TUEJTKHVUVGNNGTU )TCH 4CKOWPF XQP /QPVGEWEEQNK FC OCP \WT -TKGIUHÒJTWPI FTGK &KPIG DGPÌVKIG P·ONKEJ GTUVGPU )GNF \YGKVGPU )GNF WPF FTKVVGPU )GNF VTKHHV KO DGUQPFGTGP CWH FKG 5KVWCVKQP FGT $GNCIGTWPI FWTEJ HGKPFNKEJG 6TWRRGP \W +P FGP XQO 0CEJUEJWD CDIGUEJPKVVGPGP (GUVWPIGP UVKGIGP FKG 2TGKUG HÒT FKG \WT 0GKIG IGJGPFGP .GDGPUOKVVGN XQT CNNGO CDGT OWVGP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPIUVTWRRGP DG\CJNV YGTFGP FKG KP FGT 4GIGN CWU 5ÌNFPGTP DGUVCPFGP &KGUG $GTWHUUQNFCVGP DGUVCPFGP CWH RÒPMVNKEJGT $G\CJNWPI WPF MQPPVGP DGK #WUDNGKDGP FGU 5QNFGU IGPCWUQ IGH·JTNKEJ YKG FKG $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP YGTFGP FC UKG UKEJ KO 'TPUVHCNN KP FGT DGNCIGTVGP 5VCFV UGNDUV DGFKGPVGP QFGT FGUGTVKGTVGP &C CWEJ FKG <WHWJT XQP /ÒP\IGNF WPF 'FGNOGVCNNGP WPVGTDTQEJGP YCT OWVGP FKG -QOOCPFCPVGP J·WHKI CWH KJT GKIGPGU 6CHGNUKNDGT D\Y CWH FCU 6CHGNIGUEJKTT WPF -KTEJGPIGT·V FGT DGNCIGTVGP 5V·FVG \WTÒEMITGKHGP FCU KP 5VÒEMG IGUEJPKVVGP QFGT \GTJCEMV WPF \W DGJGNHUO·KIGO $GNCIGTWPIUIGNF WOHWPMVKQPKGTV YWTFG #WU FKG UGO )TWPF JCDGP FKG $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP QHV GKPG GEMKIG (QTO WPF YGTFGP FCPP CNU -NKRRGP XQO UEJYGFK UEJGP ōMNKRRCŌ OKV FGT 5EJGTG UEJPGKFGP DG\GKEJPGV +P GKPKIGP (·NNGP YWTFGP GKPHCEJ WPTGIGNO·KIG /GVCNNRNCVVGP OKV 5VGORGNP XGTUGJGP CWEJ HTGOFGU )GNF YWTFG ōIGIGPŌIGUVGORGNV #NU V[RKUEJGU $GKURKGN UGK JKGT FKG RH·N\KUEJG 5VCFV .CPFCW IGPCPPV FKG KO 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP WPVGT FGP 5EJWV\ (TCPMTGKEJU IGUVGNNV YWTFG +O <WIG FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIU DGNCIGTVG FKG MCKUGTNKEJG 4JGKPCTOGG WPVGT (ÒJTWPI .WFYKIU XQP $CFGP ō6ÒTMGPNQWKUŌ KO ,CJT FKG (GUVWPI &KG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG )CTPKUQP XGTVGKFKIVG UKEJ VCRHGT QDYQJN UKG UEJNGEJV DG\CJNV YWTFG FC GU FGO )QWXGTPGWT /GNCE CP )GNF OCPIGNVG /GNCE UCJ UKEJ UEJNKGNKEJ IG\YWPIGP UGKP IGUCOVGU 6CHGNIGUEJKTT KP 5VÒEMG JCEMGP WPF OKV HTCP \ÌUKUEJGP 9GTVUVGORGNP XGTUGJGP \W NCUUGP WO UGKPG 5QNFCVGP DG\CJNGP \W MÌPPGP 0TP H .CPFCW YWTFG DKU PQEJ FTGKOCN DGNCIGTV WPF KO ,CJT YCT KO )GIGP\WI FGT FGWVUEJG (GUVWPIUMQOOCP 12
FCPV %CTN #NGZCPFGT XQP 9ÒTVVGODGTI FWTEJ FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG $GNCIGTWPI FC\W IGPÌVKIV \GTJCEMVG 5KNDGT UVÒEMG OKV FGWVUEJGP 9GTVUVGORGNP XGTUGJGP \W NCUUGP 0TP ņ 'U KUV MCWO OÌINKEJ CP FKGUGT 5VGNNG 'KP\GNUVÒEMG CWU FGT 8KGN\CJN JQEJUGNVGPGT 2T·IWPIGP CWH\W\·JNGP JKP IGYKGUGP UGK NGFKINKEJ CWH FKG HTÒJGUVGP PGW\GKVNKEJGP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP FGT 5COONWPI FKG 0QVRT·IWPI FGT $GNCIGTWPI XQP $TGUEKC 0T WPF FKG Y·JTGPF FGU ōUCEEQ FK 4QOCŌ CWU FGO 5KNDGTIGT·V FGT 'PIGNUDWTI IGUEJNCIGPG /ÒP\G FGU 2CRUVGU %NGOGPU 8++ 0T #WEJ FKG GTUVGP FGWVUEJGP Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI 9KGPU FWTEJ FKG 6ÒTMGP IGRT·IVGP 0QVOÒP\GP UKPF KP FGT 5COONWPI XGTVTGVGP 0TP H 7O FGP JKUVQTKUEJGP -QPVGZV CD\WTWPFGP JCV )GQTI $CWOU PGDGP FGP 0QVRT·IWPIGP CWEJ CPFGTG OKV FGP LGYGKNKIGP -TKGIGP WPF (TKGFGPUUEJNÒUUGP KP <WUCOOGPJCPI UVGJGPFG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP KP UGKPG 5COO NWPI CWHIGPQOOGP #WH FKGUG 9GKUG KUV GKP PWOKUOCVKUEJGU )GUEJKEJVUDWEJ FGT ITQGP MTKGIGTKUEJGP #WUGKP CPFGTUGV\WPIGP 'WTQRCU KP FGT 0GW\GKV GPVUVCPFGP &KG PCEJHQNIGPF KP 5VKEJRWPMVGP IGPCPPVGP -QPHNKMVG JC DGP FKG OGKUVGP 0QVOÒP\GP JGTXQTIGDTCEJV WPF UKPF CWEJ KP FGT 5COONWPI ņ XGTVGKNV WPVGT FGP LGYGKNKIGP 2T·IGJGTTGP ņ \W HKPFGP • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
-TKGI -CKUGT -CTNU 8 IGIGP (TCP\ + XQP (TCPMTGKEJ ņ 'TUVGT 6ÒTMGPMTKGI ņ #EJV\KIL·JTKIGT -TKGI ņ &TKVVGT ō.CPIGTŌ 6ÒTMGPMTKGI ņ &TGKKIL·JTKIGT -TKGI ņ 'PINKUEJGT WPF KTKUEJGT $ÒTIGTMTKGI ņ 'TUVGT PQTFKUEJGT -TKGI ņ 0KGFGTN·PFKUEJGT -TKGI ņ (ÒPHVGT 6ÒTMGPMTKGI ņ 2H·N\GT 'TDHQNIGMTKGI ņ 5RCPKUEJGT 'TDHQNIGMTKGI ņ <YGKVGT ō)TQGTŌ PQTFKUEJGT -TKGI ņ 5GEJUVGT 6ÒTMGPMTKGI 2QNPKUEJGT 'TDHQNIGMTKGI ņ ¤UVGTTGKEJKUEJGT 'TDHQNIGMTKGI ņ 5EJNGUKUEJG -TKGIG ņ #EJVGT 6ÒTMGPMTKGI ņ -QCNKVKQPUMTKGIG ņ $GHTGKWPIUMTKGIG ņ
&CU JKGT \WT 8GTUVGKIGTWPI IGNCPIGPFG 1DLGMV KUV PGDGP FGO XGTUVGKIGTVGP $GUVCPF FGU 2KVVUDWTIJGT 0WOKUOCVKMGTU *QYCTF & )KDDU FKG YQJN DGFGWVGPFUVG 5COONWPI XQP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP FKG PCEJ FGO <YGKVGP 9GNVMTKGI CPIGDQVGP YKTF &KG 'PVUEJGKFWPI XQP )GQTI $CWOU UKEJ XQP FKGUGO 6GKN UGKPGT 5COONWPI ÒDGT FGP 9GI FGT 8GTUVGKIGTWPI \W VTGPPGP GTOÌINKEJV GU PWP CPFGTGP 5COONGTP FKGUG PWOKUOCVKUEJGP $GUQPFGTJGKVGP WPF 4CTKV·VGP \W GTYGTDGP WPF UKEJ FCTCP \W GTHTGWGP 9KT HTGWGP WPU FC *GTT $CWOU WPU UGKPG -QUVDCTMGKVGP CPXGTVTCWV JCV WPF JQHHGP FC FGT -CVCNQI FCU +PVGTGUUG HÒT FKGUGU URCPPGPFG PWOKUOCVKUEJG 5RG\KCNIGDKGV YGEMGP QFGT XGTVKGHGP YKTF 7PUGT JGT\NKEJGT &CPM IKNV &GVNGX *ÌNUEJGT CWU 'PIGT HÒT FKG /KVCTDGKV CP FKGUGO -CVCNQI
1UPCDTÒEM KO ,WNK
&T #PFTGCU -CKUGT 13
'7412# $#.6+-7/ .+8. 0&+5%*'4 14&'0 &'4 .+8. 0&+5%*' -4+') 0CEJ 5·MWNCTKUKGTWPI WPF 7OYCPFNWPI FGU RTGWKUEJGP 1TFGPUNCPFGU KP GKP GTDNKEJGU YGNVNKEJGU *GT \QIVWO WPVGT RQNPKUEJGT .GJPUJQJGKV KO ,CJTG DNKGD NGFKINKEJ .KXNCPF CNU IGKUVNKEJGU *GTTUEJCHVUIG DKGV FGU 5EJYGTVDTÒFGT QFGT .KXN·PFKUEJGP 1TFGPU GKPGU <YGKIGU FGU &GWVUEJGP 1TFGPU GTJCNVGP $KU \WT /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU JCVVGP FKG 1TFGPUJGTTGP \WUCOOGP OKV FGO 4KICGT 'T\DKUEJQH FKG $G UKV\CPURTÒEJG FGU CWHUVTGDGPFGP )TQHÒTUVGPVWOU /QUMCW CWH .KXNCPF PQEJ CDYGJTGP MÌPPGP &CU 'PFG FGU 1TFGPUUVCCVGU MCO OKV FGO .KXN·PFKUEJGP -TKGI XQP DKU FGT CWU FGT 'ZRCPUKQPURQNKVKM FGU <CTGP +YCP +8 )TQUP[K FGT 5VTGPIG TGUWNVKGTVG &GT UR·VGT RQRWN·T +YCP FGT 5EJTGEMNKEJG IG PCPPVG TWUUKUEJG *GTTUEJGT YQNNVG .KXNCPF FCU KJO GKPGP <WICPI \WT 1UVUGG GTOÌINKEJVG UGKPGO 4GKEJ GKPXGTNGKDGP &KG OKV VCTVCTKUEJGP *KNHUMQPVKPIGPVGP XGTUV·TMVGP TWUUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP FTCP IGP KO ,CPWCT WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU (ÒTUVGP -WTDUMKL KP .KXNCPF GKP WPF MQPPVGP DCNF FKG 1TFGPU HGUVWPI 0CTYC PGJOGP FKG $KUEJQHUUVCFV &QTRCV UQYKG (GNNKP DGUGV\GP &KG YKEJVKIG *CHGPUVCFV 4KIC WPF CWEJ 4GXCN JKGNVGP KPFGU FGT TWUUKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPI UVCPF &KG DGKFGP JKGT XQTNKGIGPFGP 0QVOÒP\GP UKPF DGTGFVG <GWIPKUUG LGPGT UEJYGTGP 6CIG UKG UQNNGP PCEJ 0GWOCPP KP 9GPFGP %GUKU IGRT·IV YQT FGP UGKP FGO *CWRVQTV FGU 1TFGPU KP .KXNCPF YQ UGKV FKG 4GUKFGP\ FGU 1TFGPUOGKUVGTU KP FGT FQTVKIGP $WTI NCI &GT UEJQP UGKV FGT 4GHQTOCVKQP IGUEJY·EJVG WPF KP UGKPGO +PPGTP \GTTÒVVGVG .KXN·P FKUEJG 1TFGP YCT NGV\VGPFNKEJ \W UEJYCEJ UKEJ FGP 'KPFTKPINKPIGP OKV 'THQNI GPVIGIGP \W UVGOOGP 9KNJGNO XQP (ÒTUVGPDGTI IGTKGV KP TWUUKUEJG )GHCPIGPUEJCHV WPF UVCTD KP /QUMCW QJPG FKG *GTT UEJCHV FGU <CTGP KP .KXNCPF CP\WGTMGPPGP 7PVGT UGKPGO 0CEJHQNIGT )QVVJCTF -GVVNGT FGT FCU #OV CPIGVTGVGP JCVVG YWTFG FCU 1TFGPUJGGT CO #WIWUV DGK 'TOGU XGTPKEJVGPF XQP FGP 4WUUGP IGUEJNCIGP &C FGT 1TFGPUOGKUVGT DGKO 4GKEJ MGKPG 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI HCPF DGICD GT UKEJ WPVGT FGP 5EJWV\ XQP 2QNGP .KVCWGP +P FGO CO 0QXGODGT \W 9KNPC IGUEJNQUUGPGP 8GTVTCI GTJKGNV -GVVNGT FKG UÒFNKEJ FGT &ÒPC IGNGIGPGP )GDKGVG CNU GTDNKEJGU *GT\QIVWO -WTNCPF WPF 5GOICNNGP FKG PÌTFNKEJ FGU (NWUUGU IGNGIGPGP )GDKGVG UQNNVG GT CNU .GJPUOCPP FGT RQNPKUEJGP -TQPG XGTYCNVGP #O /·T\ GTHQNIVG FKG #WUTWHWPI \WO *GT\QI \WINGKEJ GTNQUEJ FGT 1TFGPUUVCCV &GT XQP +YCP +8 CPIG\GVVGNVG .KXN·PFKUEJG -TKGI YCT KPFGU OKV FGO 'TNÌUEJGP FGU 1TFGPU PKEJV DGGPFGV GT GTUVTGEMVG UKEJ PQEJ ÒDGT ,CJTG FC 2QNGP WPF .KVCWGP 5EJYGFGP WPF &·PGOCTM OKNKV·TKUEJ KPVGTXGPKGTVGP WPF PKEJV IGYKNNV YCTGP GKP /CEJVIGDKGV FGU <CTGP WPOKVVGNDCT CP FGT 1UVUGG JKP\WPGJOGP +O (TKGFGP XQP ,CO <CRQNUMK XQO ,CPWCT OWVG FGT <CT UGKPGP #PURTÒEJGP CWH .KXNCPF CDUEJYÌTGP
4001 1,5:1
9KNJGNO XQP (ÒTUVGPDGTI 'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG I 8KGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF QDGP Û Û Û Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI (GFQTQX /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI 0GWOCPP WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT CNVGT 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4002 1,5:1
14
'KPUGKVKIG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG I 8KGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP Û Û Û Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT (GFQTQX /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 0GWOCPP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT CNVGT 6ÌPWPI UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4'8#. &+' 56#&6 4'8#. 6#..+00 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 4GXCN FKG JGWVKIG GUVPKUEJG *CWRVUVCFV 6CNNKPP UVCPF UGKV /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPVGT FGT 1DGTJQ JGKV FGU &GWVUEJGP 1TFGPU #NU FKG NGV\VGP ªDGTTGUVG FGU 1TFGPU KO .KXN·PFKUEJGP -TKGI XQP FGT TWUUK UEJGP 'TQDGTWPI DGFTQJV YCTGP WPVGTUVGNNVG UKEJ 4GXCN FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -TQPG &KG UEJYGFKUEJG *GTT UEJCHV Y·JTVG DKU CNU FKG 5VCFV KO <WIG FGU )TQGP 0QTFKUEJGP -TKGIU CP FCU <CTGPTGKEJ HKGN YCU KO (TKGFGP XQP 0[UVCF DGUKGIGNV YWTFG
4003
1,5:1
4003
%JTKUVKPC &WMCV I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N )GMTÌPVGT JQEJQXCNGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WPVGP ) 2 )GTJCTF 2JKNKR /ÒP\OGKUVGT )1.& 44 #JNUVTÌO D (D /KP IGYGNNV CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
Stadtansicht von Riga aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.
4+)# &+' (4'+' 56#&6 4+)# +/ -#/2( 7/ 5178'4 0+6 6 0CEJ FGO 7PVGTICPI FGU .KXN·PFKUEJGP 1TFGPU GPFGVG FKG <WIGJÌTKIMGKV .KXNCPFU \WO *GKNKIGP 4ÌOK UEJGP 4GKEJ &GWVUEJGT 0CVKQP 4KIC XQP $KUEJQH #FCNDGTV + XQP $WZJÌXFGP IGITÒPFGV DNKGD \WP·EJUV CNU HTGKG 5VCFV WPCDJ·PIKI XGTYGKIGTVG FGO -ÌPKI XQP 2QNGP FKG *WNFKIWPI WPF DGOÒJVG UKEJ WO FKG #PGTMGPPWPI KJTGU 5VCVWU CNU HTGKG 4GKEJUUVCFV &C KJT FCU 4GKEJ MGKPGP $GKUVCPF \WMQOOGP NKG OWUUVG UKG UKEJ KO ,CJTG FGO RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKI 5KIKUOWPF $CVJQT[ WPVGTYGTHGP 9KT UGV\GP FKG PWT KP YGPKIGP 5VÒEMGP FQMWOGPVKGTVG )GIGPUVGORGNWPI XQP )QNFOÒP\GP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU UGKVGPU FGT 5VCFV 4KIC KP FKGUGP <WUCOOGPJCPI FC KP FGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP .KVGTCVWT MGKPG UVKEJJCNVKIGP #PICDGP \W FKGUGT OQPGV·TGP -GPP\GKEJPWPIUOCPCJOG \W GTOKVVGNP UKPF
4004
)QNFIWNFGP -TGOPKV\ XQP -CKUGT WPF -ÌPKI /CZKOKNKCP ++ OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG -TGW\ ÒDGT \YGK 5EJNÒUUGNP I /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UKV\GPF X X CWH FGT /QPFUKEJGN WPVGP FGT ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG $KPFGPUEJKNF &GT JGKNKIG .CFKUNCWU UVGJGPF X X OKV *GNNGDCTFG /ÒP\G (D *WU\CT )GIGPUVGORGN 5NI /KPWU 2TGKUU $TÒFGT 'IIGT 9KGP #WMVKQP XQO XIN FQTV GKP WPICTKUEJ RQNPKUEJGT &WMCV XQP -ÌPKI .WFYKI OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 15
&+' $'.#)'470) &'4 56#&6 4+)# &74%* &+' 5%*9'&'0 +O ,CJTG GPVDTCPPVG FGT UEJYGFKUEJ RQNPKUEJG -TKGI WO FKG 8QTOCEJVUVGNNWPI KO $CNVKMWO )WUVCX ++ #FQNH NCPFGVG OKV GKPGT 5VTGKVOCEJV KP .KXNCPF WPF DGNCIGTVG FKG YKEJVKIG *CHGPUVCFV 4KIC &KG $GNCIGTWPI DGICPP CO #WIWUV WPF GPFGVG CO 5GRVGODGT FGU ,CJTGU CNU FGP 5EJYGFGP FKG 5VCFVVQTG PCEJ JGHVKIGO $GUEJWUU IGÌHHPGV YWTFGP +O 8GTNCWH FGU -TKGIGU GTQDGTVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP .KXNCPF WPF 6GKNG 2TGWGPU +O 9CHHGPUVKNNUVCPF XQP #NVOCTM FGT FGP -TKGI DGGPFGVG OWUUVG 2QNGP 4KIC WPF GKPGP 6GKN .KXNCPFU CP 5EJYGFGP HÌTONKEJ CDVTGVGP
4005
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO KP FGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPNG IGPFG XQP 5GDCUVKCP &CFNGT )GRT·IV KO ,CJTG \WO )GFGPMGP CP FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG 5EJYGFGP )WUVCX ++ #FQNRJ \W 2HGTF T KP *CTPKUEJ FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT .KPMGP QDGP \YGK CWH 9QNMGP UKV\GPFG 2WVVK FGP 5EJYGFGPMÌPKI DGMT·P\GPF +O *KPVGTITWPF GKPG UEJYGFKUEJG 5VTGKV OCEJV XQT GKPGT NCPFUGKVKIGP #PUKEJV FGT OCWGTWOYGJTVGP 5VCFV #PUKEJV FGT DGNCIGTVGP 5VCFV KP OQFKHK \KGTVGT &CTUVGNNWPI JKGT XQO LGPUGKVKIGP 7HGT FGT &ÒPC &CWICXC CWU FCTIGUVGNNV KO 8QTFGTITWPF N GKPG 4GKVGTCDVGKNWPI FGT $GNCIGTGT T GKPG -CORHU\GPG \YKUEJGP UEJYGFKUEJGP +PHCPVGTKUVGP WPF FGP GKPGP #WUDTWEJ WPVGTPGJOGPFGP 8GTVGKFKIGTP +O #DUEJPKVV Û * Û 9 Û *GKPTKEJ 9WNH /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 4KIC OO I *KNFGDTCPF * %\ 9KGEGM 4 5EJCTH CWUIGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT OKP DGTKGDGP MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 56#&6 4+)# 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 &KG 5VCFV 4KIC WPF .KXNCPF DNKGDGP ÒDGT OGJTGTG )GPGTCVKQPGP JKPYGI DGK FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -TQPG +O 0QTFKUEJGP -TKGI HKGN FKG 5VCFV CP FCU <CTGPTGKEJ &GT QHHK\KGNNG 8GT\KEJV 5EJYGFGPU CWH 4KIC WPF .KXNCPF UQYKG FCU 'PFG FGU 0QTFKUEJGP -TKGIGU YWTFGP KO OKV 4WUUNCPF IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP 0[UVCF DGUKGIGNV &GT $G\WI \WT UEJYGFKUEJGP -TQPG CNU 5VCFVQDGTJCWRV YKTF CWH FGT HQNIGPFGP 5GTKG 4KICGT /ÒP\GP FGWVNKEJ
4006
16
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH 4GKEJUVCNGT I )GMTÌPVGU *ÒHVDKNF FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -Ì PKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ <YGK .ÌYGP JCNVGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV GKP XQP \YGK 6ÒTOGP HNCPMKGTVGU 5VCFVVQT WPVGTJCND GKPGU -TGW\GU WPF \YGKGT 5EJNÒUUGN +PPGTJCND FGT 6QTÌHHPWPI GKP .ÌYGPMQRH X X \YKUEJGP / 9 /CTVKP 9WNHH /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 4KIC #JNUVTÌO &CX 4 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4009
4007
4008
4GKEJUVCNGT I )GMTÌPVGU *ÒHVDKNF FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ <YGK .Ì YGP JCNVGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV GKP XQP \YGK 6ÒTOGP HNCPMKGTVGU 5VCFVVQT WPVGTJCND GKPGU -TGW\GU WPF \YGKGT 5EJNÒUUGN +PPGTJCND FGT 6QTÌHHPWPI GKP .ÌYGPMQRH X X \YKUEJGP / 9 /CTVKP 9WNHH /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 4KIC #JNUVTÌO 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2CVKPC UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
%JTKUVKPC 4GKEJUVCNGT I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N KP FGMQNNGVKGTVGO -NGKF <YGK .ÌYGP JCNVGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV GKP XQP \YGK 6ÒTOGP HNCPMKGTVGU 5VCFVVQT WPVGTJCND GKPGU -TGW\GU WPF \YGKGT 5EJNÒUUGN +PPGTJCND FGT 6QTÌHHPWPI GKP .ÌYGPMQRH X X WPVGP -CTVWUEJG OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN +O (GNF PCJG FGT *KPVGTN·WHG FGT .ÌYGP * 9 *GPTKM 9WNHH /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 4KIC #JNUVTÌO &CX 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
-CTN :+ 4GKEJUVCNGT I $TWUVDKNF FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN &CU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV GKP XQP \YGK 6ÒTOGP HNCPMKGTVGU 5VCFVVQT WPVGTJCND GKPGU -TGW\GU WPF \YGKGT 5EJNÒUUGN +PPGTJCND FGT 6QTÌHHPWPI GKP IGMTÌPVGT .ÌYGPMQRH X X QDGP GKPG $ÒIGNMTQPG FKG XQP GKPGT CWU GKPGT 9QNMG PCEJ N JGTXQTVTGVGPFGP JKOONKUEJGP *CPF IGJCNVGP YKTF +O (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN WPF + / ,QCEJKO /GKPGEMG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 5GNVGPG 8CTKCPVG OKV GKPHCEJGP 9KORGNP CWH FGP 6ÒTOGP #JNUVTÌO D &CX 4 /KP 5VGORGNHGJNGT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4010
1,5:1
1,5:1
&WMCVGP I $TWUVDKNF FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN &CU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV GKP XQP \YGK 6ÒTOGP HNCPMKGTVGU 5VCFVVQT WPVGTJCND GKPGU -TGW\GU WPF \YGKGT 5EJNÒUUGN +PPGTJCND FGT 6QTÌHHPWPI GKP IGMTÌPVGT .ÌYGPMQRH X X QDGP GKPG $ÒIGNMTQPG +O (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN WPF + / ,QCEJKO /GKPGEMG /ÒP\OGKUVGT #JNUVTÌO (D )1.& 44 #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 17
&+' $'.#)'470) &'4 56#&6 4+)# +/ 014&+5%*'0 -4+') +O .CWHG FGU )TQGP 0QTFKUEJGP -TKGIGU YCT FCU )GDKGV WO 4KIC OGJTHCEJ 5EJCWRNCV\ XQP OKNKV·TKUEJGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP &GT RQNPKUEJG -ÌPKI #WIWUV ++ CNU (TKGFTKEJ #WIWUV + \WINGKEJ -WTHÒTUV XQP 5CEJUGP FTCPI CO (GDTWCT OKV GKPGO *GGT KP .KXNCPF GKP 0CEJFGO GT &·PG OCTM CNU 8GTDÒPFGVGP KO -CORH IGIGP 5EJYGFGP IGYQPPGP JCVVG DGICPP GT /KVVG ,WNK OKV FGT $GNCIG TWPI XQP 4KIC &QEJ PWT YGPKIG 6CIG FCTCWH NCPFGVG CO ,WNK -ÌPKI -CTN :++ XQP 5EJYGFGP KP &·PGOCTM WPF PÌVKIVG FKGUGP #NNKKGTVGP 2QNGPU DGTGKVU CO #WIWUV KO (TKGFGPUUEJNWUU \W 6TCXGPVJCN CWU FGT CPVKUEJYGFKUEJGP -QCNKVKQP YKGFGT CWU\WUEJGKFGP &KGUG 0CEJTKEJV WPF FKG DKUJGTKIGP YGPKI 'THQNI XGTURTGEJGPFGP 8GTUWEJG UGKPGT 5VTGKVMT·HVG XQT 4KIC DGYQIGP FGP RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKI CNUDCNF FKG $GNCIGTWPI CWH\WJGDGP
4011
4011
Stadtansicht von Riga, Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts.
-CTN :++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FCU 'PFG FGT $GNCIGTWPI FWTEJ MWTHÒTUVNKEJ U·EJUKUEJG WPF MÌPKINKEJ RQNPKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG DGHGUVKIVG *C HGPCPNCIG &ÒPCOÒPFG <GJP <GKNGP 6GZV OO I *KNFGDTCPF XIN 5 FQTV OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 8QTFGT WPF CPFGTGT 4ÒEMUGKVG * %\ 5NI /KPWU 2TGKUU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 5%*.#%*6 #0 &'4 &ª0# $'+ 4+)# #O ,WNK MCO GU CP FGT &ÒPC DGK 4KIC \YKUEJGP UEJYGFKUEJGP WPF U·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP 6TWR RGP \W GKPGT 5EJNCEJV 5GKV FGO ,WNK FGU 8QTLCJTGU JCVVG -ÌPKI #WIWUV ++ XQP 2QNGP FGP TWUUKUEJGP <CTGP CNU /KVUVTGKVGT KO -CORH IGIGP UGKPGP UEJYGFKUEJGP )GIPGT WPF \KGNVG PWP UQ IGUV·TMV CDGTOCNU CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV 6CMVKUEJG (GJNGT FGU U·EJUKUEJGP 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGTU #FCO *GKPTKEJ )TCH XQP 5VGKPCW GTOÌINKEJVGP FGP 5EJYGFGP FKG ªDGTSWGTWPI FGU (NWUUGU FKG $KNFWPI GKPGU $TÒEMGPMQRHGU WPF FGP 5KGI ÒDGT FGP #PITGKHGT
4012
18
-CTN :++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP 4GKPJQNF 'PIGNJCTFV $TGUNCW CWH FGP DGK 4KIC GTTWPIGPGP 5KGI ÒDGT FKG U·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJG WPF TWUUKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV $TWUVDKNF FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM CWH FKG KO $GTGKEJ FGT 8QTYGTMG WOM·ORHVG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF VQVG )GIPGT KPPGTJCND GKPGT #PUCOONWPI XQP 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP NKGIGPF 1DGP FKG CWH GKPGT 9QNMG UKV\GPFG YGKDNKEJG $GNNQPC OKV *GNO 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF OO I ( W 5 *KNFGDTCPF 'VYCU DGTKGDGP UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
$'.)+'0 #069'42'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 #069'42'0 &74%* &+' #..++'46'0 0CEJ FGT GPVUEJGKFGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGT (TCP\QUGP KP FGT 8ÌNMGTUEJNCEJV DGK .GKR\KI KO *GTDUV DGHTGKVGP FKG #NNKKGTVGP FKG 0KGFGTNCPFG WPF FCU JGWVKIG $GNIKGP KP FGP GTUVGP /QPCVGP FGU HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGU XQP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV $GNIKGP YWTFG UQFCPP &WTEJICPIUIGDKGV FGT #NNKKGTVGP CWH KJTGO 9GI PCEJ 2CTKU &KG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG $GUCV\WPI FGT (GUVWPI #PVYGTRGP JCTTVG KPFGU PQEJ YGKVGT CWU +P FGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP 5VCFV NKG )QWXGTPGWT )GPGTCN .C\CTG 0KEQNCU /CTIWGTKVG %CTPQV 0QVOÒP\GP RT·IGP 'TUV PCEJ FGO 5VWT\ 0CRQN¾QPU MCRKVWNKGTVG FGT 5VCVVJCNVGT WPF ÌHHPGVG FGO *GT\QI XQP #TVQKU
FGO UR·VGTGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI %JCTNGU : FKG 6QTG
4014
4013
-W %GPVKOGU I <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP FKG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QP + 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H )CFQWT[ C /CKNNGV 6H 8+ /C\CTF H 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI .GKEJV LWUVKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W %GPVKOGU 9 I &KG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG 0 XQP -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QP + WPVGP MNGKP 9 &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H )CFQWT[ E /CKNNGV 6H 8+ /C\CTF F -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
4015
4015 1,5:1
2TQDG KP 5KNDGT FGT -W %GPVKOGU 8 I -GJTRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT &KG 0COGPU KPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QP + WPVGP 8 &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT )CFQWT[ D /CKNNGV XIN 6H 8+ FQTV KP -WRHGT /C\CTF XIN C FQTV KP -WRHGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV <CRQPKGTV 4ÒEMGKVG LWUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4016
-W %GPVKOGU 8 I -GJTRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT &KG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QP + WPVGP 8 &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H )CFQWT[ D /CKNNGV 6H 8+ /C\CTF 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI 8QT\ÒINKEJ
19
&+' (1465'6<70) &'4 24 )70) &'4 $'.#)'470)5/ª0<'0 0#%* '+00#*/' &'4 56#&6 &KG HQNIGPFGP 2T·IWPIGP OKV FGO /QPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU GPVUVCPFGP PCEJ FGT 'KPPCJOG #PVYGTRGPU KP #PNGJPWPI CP FKG GPVURTGEJGPFGP 0QVOÒP\GP OKV FGT 0COGPKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT 0CRQ NGQP
4017
4018
4019
2TQDG KP 5KNDGT FGT -W %GPVKOGU 4 I -GJTRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP FCU 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8+ WPVGP 4 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT )CFQWT[ XIN D FQTV KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /C\CTF XIN C FQTV KP -WRHGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV <CRQPKGTV NGKEJVG ,WUVKGTURWTGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W %GPVKOGU 4 I -GJTRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QT DGGT\YGKIGP FCU 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8+ WPVGP 4 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H )CFQWT[ D /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H /C\CTF C 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI .GKEJVG ,WUVKGTURWTGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
/GUUKPI %GPVKOGU I 9GPFGRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT &CU 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8+ \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP CWH FGT $CPFUEJNGKHG ,'#0 .17+5 )#)0'2#+0 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' /KV -GTDTCPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H 8++ FQTV KP -WRHGT )CFQWT[ XIN FQTV KP -WR HGT $TQP\G WPF $NGK /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /C\CTF XIN FQTV CPFGTG 8CTK CPVG KP -WRHGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2TCEJVGZGORNCT (CUV 5VGORGNINCP\
4020
4020 1,5:1
20
2TQDG KP 5KNDGT FGT -W %GPVKOGU I 9GPFGRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT <YKUEJGP IGDWP FGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP FCU 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8+ CWH FGT $CPF UEJNGKHG FKG +PKVKCNGP , . ) 0 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+ 10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT )CFQWT[ C /CKNNGV XIN 6H 8++
FQTV KP -WRHGT /C\CTF XIN C 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV <CRQPKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4021
-W %GPVKOGU I 4KPIRT·IWPI OKV 4CPFUV·DGP -GJTRT·IWPI 5VGORGNUVGNNWPI 7JT <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP FCU 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8+ CWH FGT $CPFUEJNGKHG FKG +PKVKCNGP , . ) 0 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP DQIKI /100#+' WPVGP 1$5+&+10#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H )CFQWT[ D /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H /C\CTF XCT 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'.#)'470) &'4 <+6#&'..' 810 #069'42'0 0CEJ FGO 9KGPGT -QPITGUU YWTFGP CWU FGP GKPUVKIGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP FGO $KUVWO .ÒVVKEJ WPF FGP 2TQXKP\GP FGT HTÒJGTGP 4GRWDNKM FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ FGT 8GTGKPKIVGP 0KGFGTNCPFG IGDKNFGV &KG 8GTHCUUWPI FGU 5VCCVGU WPVGT FGO <GRVGT FGU 1TCPKGTU 9KNJGNO + YWTFG CO #WIWUV XGTMÒPFGV &QEJ UEJQP DCNF \GKIVGP UKEJ VKGHG )GIGPU·V\G \YKUEJGP FGP DGNIKUEJGP WPF JQNN·PFKUEJGP .CPFGUVGKNGP FKG CO #WIWUV KO $TÒUUGNGT 5GRVGODGTCWHUVCPF OÒPFGVGP FGT UKEJ TCUEJ CWH CPFGTG DGNIKUEJG 5V·FVG CWUYGKVGVG 0CEJFGO FKG \W FGUUGP 0KGFGTUEJNCIWPI IGUCPFVGP JQNN·PFKUEJGP 6TWRRGP PCEJ XKGTV·IKIGO -CORH IGUEJNCIGP YGTFGP MQPPVGP YWTFG GKPG RTQXKUQTKUEJG 4GIKGTWPI CWUIGTWHGP CO 1MVQDGT FKG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV $GNIKGPU RTQMNCOKGTV WPF CO ,WPK FGT XQP FGP $TKVGP RTQVGIKGTVG 2TKP\ .GQRQNF CWU FGO *CWUG 5CEJUGP %QDWTI \WO -ÌPKI FGT $GNIKGT IGY·JNV *QNNCPF TGCIKGTVG FCTCWHJKP KO #WIWUV OKV FGT 'PVUGPFWPI UVCTMGT 5VTGKVMT·HVG FKG FCU HTCP\ÌUKUEJ DGNIKUEJG (TGKMQTRU DGK *CUUGNV UEJNWIGP WPF 0COWT GTQDGTVGP #O 1MVQDGT GTMCPPVGP FKG KP .QPFQP VCIGPFGP GWTQR·KUEJGP )TQO·EJVG FKG UVCCVNKEJG 6TGPPWPI XQP $GNIKGP WPF *QNNCPF CP YCU FGT 1TCPKGT PKEJV CM\GRVKGTVG (TCPMTGKEJ WPF )TQDTKVCPPKGP KPVGTXGPKGTVGP FCTCWHJKP &GT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -ÌPKI UEJKEMVG 6TWRRGP PCEJ (TCPMTGKEJ FCU JQNN·PFKUEJG /KNKV·T YWTFG YGKVIGJGPF CWU FGO .CPFG IGFT·PIV DNQEMKGTVG GKP DTKVKUEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT (NQVVGPXGTDCPF FKG JQNN·PFKUEJG -ÒUVG &C FKG <KVCFGNNG XQP #PVYGTRGP KPFGU PQEJ XQP FGO JQNN·PFKUEJGP )GPGTCN $CTQP %JCUU¾ WPF UGKPGP /·PPGTP IGJCNVGP YWTFG DGNCIGTVGP FKG (TCP\QUGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI KJTGU 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGTU 'VKGPPG /CWTKEG )GTCTF FKG (GUVWPI 0CEJ JGHVKIGT )GIGPYGJT OWUUVG $CTQP %JCUU¾ CO &G\GODGT FKG <KVCFGNNG FGO )GIPGT ÒDGTIGDGP
4023 4022
4022
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV FGT 9GTMUVCVV .QQU $GTNKP CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT <KVCFGNNG IGIGP FKG (TCP\QUGP 2NCP FGT $GHGUVKIWPIGP XQP #PVYGTRGP <GJP <GKNGP 6GZV \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP OO I &KTMU 6QWTPGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
7PVGT FGP FGWVUEJGP <GKVIGPQUUGP UQNN FKG RHNKEJVVTGWG *CNVWPI FGT JQNN·PFKUEJGP 8GTVGKFKIGT CPIGUKEJVU GKPGU ÒDGT O·EJVKIGP )GIPGTU $GKHCNN WPF #PGTMGPPWPI CWUIGNÌUV JCDGP YCU UKEJ PKEJV PWT KP FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /GFCKNNG FGU $GTNKPGT /GFCKNNGWTU FQMWOGPVKGTV UQPFGTP FCPGDGP W C CWEJ KP FGO 7OUVCPF FCUU )CUVYKTVG KJTG *·WUGT FCOCNU PCEJ FKGUGT 'RKUQFG DGPCPPVGP YKG FGT 0COG ō<WT <KVCFGNNG XQP #PVYGTRGPŋ HÒT GKP -CUUGNGT )CUVJCWU DGNGIV
XIN /KVVGKNWPIGP \WT *GUUKUEJGP .CPFGUMWPFG ,I -CUUGN 5 H
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP .CWTGPV ,QUGRJ *CTV $TÒUUGN CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI FGT <KVCFGNNG *CJP UVGJV N CWH FGP /CWGTP GKPGU WPVGT /ÌTUGTDGUEJWUU NKGIGPFGP WPF DGTGKVU UVCTM DGUEJ·FKIVGP $QNNYGTMU 5KGDGP <GKNGP 6GZV OO I &KTMU 6QWTPGWT *GTTNKEJG TQVDTCWPG 2CVKPC MNGKPGT 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
+O )GIGPUCV\ \WT XQTCPUVGJGPFGP /GFCKNNG HGKGTV FKG XQTNKGIGPFG FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT <KVCFGNNG FWTEJ FKG (TCP\QUGP CWU FGT 2GTURGMVKXG FGT DGHTGKVGP $GNIKGT
21
$4ª55'. &+' $.1%-#&' 810 $4ª55'. 0CEJFGO FGT URCPKUEJG 5VCVVJCNVGT KP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP #NGUUCPFTQ (CTPGUG *GT\QI XQP 2CTOC CO /·T\ /CCUVTKEJV GKPIGPQOOGP JCVVG YCPFVG GT UKEJ PCEJ $TCDCPV WPF UEJPKVV FCU CWH FGT 5GKVG FGT #DVTÒPPKIGP UVGJGPFG $TÒUUGN XQP FGP PÌTFNKEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP CD 9·JTGPF FGT $NQEMCFG RT·IVG FKG 5VCFV XQO 5GRVGODGT DKU \WO ,WPK OKV )GPGJOKIWPI FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGT NCPFG GKIGPGU MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGU 0QVIGNF KP )QNF WPF 5KNDGT
4024 4025
4025
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I 2'4('4 Û '6 Û 1$&84# $48:'..# &CU 9CR RGP FGT 5VCFV KPPGTJCND GKPGU 5EJKNFGU FGT 'T\GPIGN /KEJCGN UVGJGPF T FGP CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP 6GWHGN OKV FGO 5EJYGTV DGM·ORHGPF 1DGP Û Û 56 Û +O (GNF 1 Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO C 4 XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H :: 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
)'06 &+' '+00#*/' &'4 5%*.'75' 810 )'06
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5EJNGWUG XQP )GPV FWTEJ 2TKP\ (TGFTKM *GPFTKM XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP 6QRQITCRJKUEJG #WHUKEJV FGT CO <WUCOOGPHNWUU XQP 5EJGNFG WPF .[U IGNGIGPGP DGHGUVKIVGP HNCPFTKUEJGP *CWRVUVCFV UCOV 5EJNGWUGPCPNCIGP T GKP *KOOGNU TKEJVWPIUCP\GKIGT 'NH\GKNKIGT 6GZV XQP GKPGO -TCP\ WOUEJNQUUGP FGT CWU \YÌNH 2HGKNDÒPFGNP WPF \CJNTGKEJGP HTÒEJVGVTCIGPFGP 1TCPIGP\YGKIGP IGYWPFGP KUV 4KPIUWOJGT 5EJTKHV OO I -2- X .QQP ++ 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
4026
156'0&' &+' ('46+)56'..70) &'4 0'7'0 5%*.'75' $'+ 156'0&'
22
%CTNQU ++ XQP 5RCPKGP 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRRG 4QGVVKGTU #PVYGTRGP CWH FKG #PNCIG WPF (GTVKIUVGNNWPI FGT PGWGP 5EJNGWUG XQP 5NKLMGWU KO $TÒIIGUEJGP -CPCN DGK 1UVGPFG UQYKG \YGKGT (GUVWPIUYGTMG CP FGP 7HGTP KO ,CJTG $TWUVDKNF FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF FGT -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU $NKEM CWH FKG PGWGP $CWYGTMG KO WPF CO -CPCN KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG 5VCFV 1UVGPFG &CTÒDGT \YGK 2WVVK OKV 2QUCWPG -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI QDGTJCND GKPGU 5EJTKHVDCPFU WPF WPVGTJCND GKPGT CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTVTGVGPFGP IÌVVNKEJGP *CPF OO I 5NI *QJGPMWDKP -2- X .QQP +++ 5 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
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ÌTOKIGP $NGK <KPPUEJTÌVNKPIGP
4027
'KPUGKVKIG <KPP -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT /KV \YGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNP KP FGT /KVVG GKP ITQGT TWPFGT OKV 7OUEJTKHV WPF FGO WPVGTJCND FGT 9GTVCPICDG UVGJGPFGP 5VCFVYCRRGP WPF KO QDGTGP 'EMDG TGKEJ GKP MNGKPGTGT OKV FGT 5VCFVOCTMG KP )GUVCNV GKPGT IGMTÌPVGP $TKNNG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H 8+++ XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
61740#+ &+' $'.#)'470) 810 61740#+ &1140+,- &KG 5RCPKGT UEJNQUUGP KJTGP $GNCIGTWPIUTKPI CO 1MVQDGT WO FKG 5VCFV 6QWTPCK &QQTPKLM FKG CNU GKP\KIG KP 9CNNQPKGP FGP )GPGTCNUVCCVGP VTGW XGTDWPFGP YCT &KG 5VCFV MCRKVWNKGTVG CO 0QXGODGT PCEJFGO KJTG $GUCV\WPI GKPKIG JGHVKIG 5VWTOCPITKHHG FGU (GKPFGU JCVVG CDYGJTGP MÌPPGP +P FGP \YGK /QPCVGP XGTUWEJVGP FKG 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP FWTEJ \YGK XGTUEJKGFGPG 0QVOÒP\GPGOKUUKQPGP FKG )GNF YKTVUEJCHV KO )GOGKPYGUGP \W DGYCJTGP #O 1MVQDGT YWTFGP UKNDGTPG -NKRRGP \W WPF 5VÒDGT CWUIGIGDGP WPF CD FGO 0QXGODGT CWUUEJNKGNKEJ MWRHGTPGU -TGFKVIGNF \W WPF 5VÒDGT
4028 1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5QNU I 'OKUUKQP XQO 1MVQDGT FGU ,CJTGU †Û6140#%1 Û 1$5'551 Û Û 1%6 Û 5VCFVVQT KO (GNF + + +O QDGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU GKPG MNGKPG 5VGORGNWPI )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU 5VCFVMQOOCPFGWTU (ÒTUV XQP 'URKPQ[ $TCWUG/CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H %:++ FG /G[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 23
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 61740#+ &KG #NNKKGTVGP YCPFVGP UKEJ KO 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI IGIGP FKG 5VCFV 6QWTPCK FKG GKPG HTCP\ÌUK UEJG )CTPKUQP OKV /CPP $GUCV\WPI WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP )GPGTCNNGWVPCPV .QWKU %JCTNGU /QPUGKIPGWT FG 5WTXKNNG DGJGTDGTIVG 8QT FGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP 5VCFV YWTFGP CO ,WNK FKG .CWHIT·DGP CWU FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 4KEJVWPIGP GTÌHHPGV /KV FGO $GUEJWUU MQPPVGP FKG $GNCIGTGT CO ,WNK DGIKP PGP &KG 5VCFV MCRKVWNKGTVG DGTGKVU CO #DGPF FGU ,WNK Y·JTGPF FKG JCTV WOM·ORHVG <KVCFGNNG GTUV CO 5GRVGODGT HKGN #PIGUKEJVU FGU JKPVGT FGP /CWGTP Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI GKPIGVTGVGPGP )GNFOCPIGNU ÒDGTNKGGP FGT 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPV FG 5WTXKNNG WPF CPFGTG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 1HH\KGTG KJT RGTUÌPNK EJGU 5KNDGTIGT·V \WT 2T·IWPI MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGT /ÒP\GP HGTPGT YWTFG JKGT GKP WPF \YGKUGKVKIGU $GNCIG TWPIUIGNF CWU -WRHGT CWUIGIGDGP
4030
4031
4029
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5QNU Q , I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -QOOCPFCPVGP .QWKU %JCTNGU /QPUGKIPGWT FG 5WTXKNNG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPVGP <KPPGPVWTO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %:++ FG /G[ /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W 5QNU I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF \YKUEJGP 2CNO\YGKIGP WPVGP FKG 9GTV\KHHGT #WHUEJTKHV KP <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %:++ FG /G[ 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -W 5QNU I <KPPGPVWTO QDGP FKG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %:++ FG /G[ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
& 0'/#4- &+' -.+22'0(¤4/+)'0 /ª0<'0 +/ &4'+-410'0-4+') 810 9·JTGPF FGU GTHQNINQUGP XQP OKV 5EJYGFGP IGHÒJTVGP &TGKMTQPGPMTKGIGU OWUUVG FKG /ÒP\ UV·VVG \W -QRGPJCIGP KJTGO -ÌPKI (TKGFTKEJ ++ /ÒP\GP KO )GUCOVXQNWOGP XQP ÒDGT /KNNKQPGP /CTM NKGHGTP +P #PDGVTCEJV FGU CPUVGJGPFGP JQJGP 2T·IGCWUUVQGU HGTVKIVG /ÒP\OGKUVGT 2QWN (GEJVGN CWUUEJNKGNKEJ IQNFGPG WPF UKNDGTPG -NKRRGP FC FKG XKGTGEMKIGP 5EJTÌVNKPIG GHHK\KGPVGT WPF UEJPGNNGT JGTIGUVGNNV YGTFGP MQPPVGP CNU TWPFG /ÒP\RN·VVEJGP HÒT MQPXGPVKQPGNNG /ÒP\GP
4032
4032 1,5:1
24
(TGFGTKM ++ -NKRRG \W /CTM -QRGPJCIGP I &KG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU -ÌPKIU KP GKPGT UEJKNFHÌTOKIGP 4CJOWPI QDGP -TQPG 9GTVCPICDG WPF ,CJTGU\CJN KP FTGK <GKNGP Z OO *GFG # /CKNNGV XIN 6H :::+ FQTV ,CJTICPI 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 .85$14) -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP +8 HÒJTVG UGKP .CPF KP GKPGP YGKVGTGP -TKGI OKV FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ 5EJYGFGP 'T GTQDGTVG W C -CNOCT NXUDQTI F·P 'NHUDQTI WPF ¤NCPF +O (TKGFGP XQP -P·TGF XQO ,CPWCT NKG GT UKEJ FKG 4ÒEMICDG UGKPGT 'TQDGTWPIGP CP FGP )GIPGT OKV /KNNKQP 6CNGT DG\CJNGP
4033
%JTKUVKCP +8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 6JQOCU $QTUVQTHH CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP NXUDQTI &GT -ÌPKI T \W 2HGTF DCTJ·WRVKI KP 4ÒUVWPI FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT 4GEJVGP JCN VGPF $NKEM ÒDGT FKG F·PKUEJGP 5VGNNWPIGP CWH FKG (GUVWPI NXUDQTI JGWVG 5VCFVVGKN XQP )ÌVGDQTI UQYKG CWH FGP (NW )ÌVC NX KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG +PUGN *KUKPIGP OKV GKPGT -KTEJG FKG \WO CNVGP )ÌVGDQTI IGJÌTVG WPF FKG +PDTCPFUGV\WPI FWTEJ FKG &·PGP ÒDGTUVCPFGP JCVVG &KG .CIGTRN·V\G FGT DGNCIGTPFGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG UKPF DGHGUVKIV WPF UKPF FWTEJ $GKUEJTKHVGP DG\GKEJPGV FCU &TCIQPGTSWCTVKGT LGPGU FGU 4GIK OGPVU WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP ,ÌTIGP .WPIG FCU 3WCTVKGT FGT XQP 4QDGTV 9JKNNGD[ IGHÒJTVGP 'PIN·PFGT UQYKG FCU NÒPGDWTIKUEJG WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP *GT\QI )GQTI &GT *CWRVVWTO FGT (GUVWPI NXUDQTI KUV DGTGKVU KPHQNIG #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUUGU UVCTM DGUEJ·FKIV OO I )CNUVGT 4 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 24 )70) 810 -¤0+).+%* & 0+5%*'0 /ª0<'0 +0 ).ª%-56#&6 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+') )NÒEMUVCFV YWTFG XQP -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP +8 RNCPO·KI CP FGT /ÒPFWPI FGU 4JKP KP FKG 'NDG IGITÒPFGV CNU (GUVWPIUUVCFV WPF OCEJVRQNKVKUEJGU <GPVTWO UGKPGT #MVKXKV·VGP KP 0QTFFGWVUEJNCPF UQYKG CWEJ CNU *CHGP FGT FKG 4QNNG XQP 6ÌPPKPI #NVQPC WPF *CODWTI ÒDGTPGJOGP UQNNVG /KV FGT )TÒP FWPIUWTMWPFG XQO /·T\ XGTNKGJ FGT F·PKUEJG -ÌPKI FGT 5VCFV KJTGP 0COGP WPF CNU TGFGPFGU 9CRRGPDKNF FKG )NÒEMUIÌVVKP (QTVWPC 'T NKG FKG 5VCFV WPF KPUDGUQPFGTG KJTG $GHGUVKIWPIGP UGKV MT·HVKI CWUDCWGP WPF NQEMVG WPVGT <WUKEJGTWPI FGT 4GNKIKQPUHTGKJGKV 0GWDÒTIGT CWU &GWVUEJNCPF *QNNCPF WPF 2QTVWICN %JTKUVKCP +8 TKEJVGVG KP )NÒEMUVCFV GKPG /ÒP\UV·VVG GKP CWU FGT FCVKGTVG 2T·IWPIGP XQP DKU WPF XQP DKU DGMCPPV UKPF MQPPVG )NÒEMUVCFV CNU GKP\KIG (GUVWPI FGT *GT\QIVÒOGT 5EJNGUYKI WPF *QNUVGKP FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 6TWRRGP 9CNNGPUVGKPU YKFGTUVGJGP &KG DGKFGP HQNIGPFGP 5KNDGTRT·IWPIGP UKPF CNU TGIWN·TG <CJNWPIUOKVVGN WPF \WINGKEJ CWEJ CNU 4GRT·UGPVCVKQPUOÒP \GP CP\WUGJGP OKV FGPGP FGT F·PKUEJG -ÌPKI FKG )TÒPFWPI UGKPGT PGWGP 5VCFV WPF UVCTMGP (GUVWPI HGKGTVG
4034
%JTKUVKCP +8 5RGEKGUFCNGT )NÒEMUVCFV I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T KP 4ÒUVWPI OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FGP IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF JCNVGPF (QTVWPC UVGJGPF X X CWH -WIGN &CX *GFG .CPIG XCT 4 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 25
4035
5RGEKGUFCNGT )NÒEMUVCFV I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T KP 4ÒUVWPI OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FGP IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF JCNVGPF (QTVWPC UVGJGPF X X CWH -WIGN *GFG .CPIG XCT 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' ō*'$4 '4/ª0<'0ŋ #75 &'4 <'+6 &'5 5%*9'&'0-4+')'5 +O ,CJTG IGTKGV &·PGOCTM OKV FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ 5EJYGFGP CDGTOCNU KP GKPGP -TKGI FGT FGO .CPF JGTDG 8GTNWUVG GKPDTKPIGP UQNNVG 0CEJ FGT -TKGIUGTMN·TWPI FGT 5EJYGFGP \QI FGTGP (GNFJGTT .GPPCTV 6QTUVGPUUQP \WP·EJUV KP *QNUVGKP GKP WPF GTQDGTVG GU OKV #WUPCJOG FGT (GUVWPIGP 4GPFUDWTI WPF )NÒEMUVCFV 5R·VGT TÒEMVG GT OKV 'THQNI PCEJ ,ÒVNCPF XQT <WFGO YWTFG FKG F·PKUEJG (NQVVG XQP UEJYGFK UEJGP WPF JQNN·PFKUEJGP 5EJKHHGP JCTV DGFT·PIV +O IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP $TÌOUGDTQ OWUUVG &·PGOCTM FKG 2TQXKP\GP ,·OVNCPF WPF *·TLGFCNGP UQYKG FKG +PUGNP )QVNCPF WPF ¤UGN CP 5EJYGFGP CDVTGVGP 5GKV YWTFGP KP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG \W -QRGPJCIGP KO #WHVTCI XQP -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP +8 )QNFOÒP\GP \W WPF &WMCVGP UQYKG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP \W WPF /CTM WPVGT #WHUKEJV FGU 4GKEJU *QHOGKUVGTU %QT HKV\ 7NHGNFV IGRT·IV FKG VTCFKVKQPGNN CNU ō*GDT·GTŋ DG\GKEJPGV YGTFGP &GT XQNMUVÒONKEJG 0COG FKGUGT 2T·IWPIGP DGTWJV FCTCWH FCUU KJTG 4ÒEMUGKVG KP VGKNU JGDT·KUEJGP $WEJUVCDGP FKG #WHUEJTKHV ,75675 ,GJQXC ,7&': FGT *GTT KUV GKP IGTGEJVGT 4KEJVGT VT·IV OKV FGO FGT F·PKUEJG -ÌPKI UGKPGP 2TQVGUV IGIGP FGP (TKGFGPUDTWEJ WPF FGP 'KPOCTUEJ FGT 5EJYGFGP \WO #WUFTWEM DTKPIGP YQNNVG &KG 2T·IWPI GPVURTGEJGPFGT 5KNDGTOÒP\GP GTHQNIVG \YKUEJGP WPF FKG #WUICDG FGT IQNFGPGP *GDT·GT YWTFG DKU HQTVIGUGV\V
4036
4036 Christian IV. (1588-1648).
%JTKUVKCP +8 &WMCV -QRGPJCIGP *GDT·GTFWMCV I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV -TQPG <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN WPVGP GKPG $NÒVGPRHNCP\G &GT 0COG ,GJQXCU KP JGDT·K UEJGP .GVVGTP \YKUEJGP +75675 +7&': $TCWUG /CPUHGNF (D *GFG /CKNNGV 6H :::++ )1.& *GPMGNURWT NGKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
4037
4038
4037
&WMCV -QRGPJCIGP *CNDGT *GDT·GTFWMCV I &GT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV -TQPG <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN WPVGP GKPG $NÒVGPRHNCP\G &GT 0COG ,GJQXCU KP JGDT·KUEJGP .GVVGTP \YKUEJGP +75675 +7&': $TCWUG /CPUHGNF (D *GFG /CKNNGV 6H :::++ XCT )1.& 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&WMCVGP -QRGPJCIGP &QRRGNVGT *GDT·GTFWMCV I #WH IGMCEJGNVGO )TWPF FGT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV -TQPG <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN &GT 0COG ,GJQXCU KP JGDT·KUEJGP .GVVGTP \YKUEJGP +75675 +7&': $TCWUG /CPUHGNF (D *GFG /CKNNGV XIN 6H :::++ FQTV OKV ,CJTGU\CJN )1.& 44 ªDGTCTDGKVGV YKP\KIG *GPMGNURWT UGJT UEJÌP
26
&'4 & 0+5%* 5%*9'&+5%*' -4+') 70& &+' $'.#)'470) 810 -12'0*#)'0 #O ,WPK GTMN·TVG (TGFGTKM +++ XQP &·PGOCTM FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ 5EJYGFGP FGP -TKGI 5GKP -QP VTCJGPV -ÌPKI -CTN : )WUVCX XQP 5EJYGFGP UVCPF \W FKGUGO <GKVRWPMV KP OKNKV·TKUEJGP #WUGKPCPFGT UGV\WPIGP OKV FGO 1UVUGGCPTCKPGT WPF -QPMWTTGPVGP 2QNGP UQ FCUU FGT &·PG PWP FKG %JCPEG IGMQOOGP UCJ FKG 8QTOCEJVUVGNNWPI 5EJYGFGPU KO 1UVUGGTCWO \W DGITGP\GP WPF \WINGKEJ FKG KP FGP XQTCPIGICP IGPGP -TKGIGP GTNKVVGPGP F·PKUEJGP )GDKGVUXGTNWUVG YKGFGT YGVV\WOCEJGP &QEJ 5EJYGFGP TGCIKGTVG UEJPGNN CWH FKGUG $GFTQJWPI WPF \QI CNNG UGKPG 6TWRRGP XQO UÒFÌUVNKEJGP -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\ CD WO UGKPG OKNKV·TKUEJG 5EJNCIMTCHV ICP\ IGIGP &·PGOCTM GKPUGV\GP \W MÌPPGP <W #PHCPI FGU -TKGIGU FTCPIGP FKG &·PGP KP FCU *GT\QIVWO $TGOGP WPF 8GTFGP GKP OWUUVGP UKEJ XQP FQTV CDGT YKGFGT \WTÒEM\KGJGP PCEJFGO CO ,WNK UEJYGFKUEJG 6TWRRGP PCEJ *QNUVGKP GKPOCTUEJKGTV YCTGP $KU \WO #WIWUV JCVVG UKEJ -CTN : )WUVCX FKG OKNKV·TKUEJG -QPVTQNNG FGT LÒVKUEJGP *CNDKPUGN DKU \WO .KOHLQTF XGTUEJCHHV FQEJ DNQEMKGTVG FKG F·PKUEJG (NQVVG FGP ªDGTICPI ÒDGT FGP $GNV WPF JKPFGTVG UQ FGP UEJYGFKUEJGP (GKPF UKEJ FGT *CWRVUVCFV -QRGPJCIGP YGKVGT CP\WP·JGTP &QEJ FGT 5EJYGFGPMÌPKI PWV\VG FGP FCTCWH HQNIGP FGP JCTVGP 9KPVGT /KV GKPGT /CPP UVCTMGP 5VTGKVOCEJV ÒDGTSWGTVG GT XQO ,CPWCT DKU (G DTWCT FKG \WIGHTQTGPG 1UVUGG WPF UVKG \WP·EJUV ÒDGT FGP -NGKPGP $GNV DKU \WT +PUGN (ÒPGP XQT YQ GT KP GKPGO ªDGTTCUEJWPIUCPITKHH FKG 5VCFV 0[DQTI PCJO #PUEJNKGGPF TÒEMVG GT ÒDGT FGP \WIGHTQTGPGP )TQGP $GNV JKPYGI PCEJ 5GGNCPF XQT WPF UVCPF PWP XQT FGT F·PKUEJGP *CWRVUVCFV &GT JCTV DGFT·PIVG &·PGPMÌPKI UCJ UKEJ UQ \WO (TKGFGPUUEJNWUU IG\YWPIGP +P FGO CO (GDTWCT IGUEJNQUUGPGP 8GTVTCI XQP 4QUMKNFG VTCV &·PGOCTM UGKPG CPIGUVCOOVGP $GUKV\WPIGP ÌUVNKEJ FGU ¤TGUWPFU WPF FKG +PUGN $QTPJQNO CP FGP UEJYGFKUEJGP )GIPGT CD #DGT UEJQP KO #WIWUV ITKHHGP FKG 5EJYGFGP CDGTOCNU 5GGNCPF CP WPF WOUEJNQUUGP -QRGPJCIGP XQP FGT .CPF WPF FGT 5GGUGKVG &KG F·PKUEJG *CWRVUVCFV MQPPVG UKEJ KPFGU DGJCWRVGP \WOCN 0CEJUEJWD WPF $GKUVCPF FWTEJ GKPG PKGFGTN·PFKUEJG (NQVVG GKPVTCH 0CEJ GKPGT UKGDGPOQPCVKIGP $GNCIGTWPI UEJGKVGTVG CO (GDTWCT FGT GPVUEJGKFGPFG 5VWTO FGT #PITGKHGT CWH FKG 5VCFV &KG 5EJYGFGP \QIGP FCTCWHJKP CD UGV\VGP FGP -TKGI IGIGP &·PGOCTM LGFQEJ HQTV 'TUV CO /CK MCO KP -QRGPJCIGP GKP (TKGFGPUEJNWUU FGT -QPVTCJGPVGP WPVGT 8GTOKVVNWPI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ 'PINCPF WPF FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP \WUVCPFG &·PGOCTM GTJKGNV XQP 5EJYGFGP FKG +PUGN $QTPJQNO WPF PQTYGIKUEJG )GDKGVUVGKNG \WTÒEM 0QEJ KO ,CJTG NKG -ÌPKI (TGFGTKM +++ KP -QRGPJCIGP GKPG 5GTKG XQP UKNDGTPGP \YGKHCEJGP WPF GKPHCEJGP -TQPGPUVÒEMGP UQYKG XQP /GJTHCEJFWMCVGP RT·IGP OKV FGPGP FKG UVCPFJCHVG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT F·PKUEJGP *CWRVUVCFV GKPG WOHCUUGPFG RTQRCICPFKUVKUEJG 8GTDTGKVWPI HKPFGP UQNNVG
4039
(TGFGTKM +++ -TQPGP -QRGPJCIGP I &CU QDGTJCND FGU JGKNKIGP 5VGKPU 'DGPG\GT UEJYGDGPFG -ÌPKIUOQPQITCOO FCTÒDGT -TQPG KO (GNF DQIKI '$'0 '<'4 'KP CWU GKPGT 9QNMG PCEJ T JGTXQTVTGVGPFGT JKOONKUEJGT #TO VTGPPV OKV GKPGO 5·DGN FGP PCEJ FGT F·PKUEJGP -TQPG ITGKHGPFGP #TO FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 7PVGTJCND FGT -TQPG &CVWOUCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H &CX XCT *GFG /CKNNGV XIN 6H ::8++ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ &CU 8QTFGTUGKVGPOQVKX FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP /ÒP\G N·V UKEJ CNU GODNGOCVKUEJG &CTUVGNNWPI FGWVGP &GT F·PKUEJG 'THQNI YKTF KP FKGUGO <WUCOOGPJCPI INGKEJIGUGV\V OKV FGO 5KGI FGP FCU 8QNM +UTCGN ÒDGT FKG 2JKNK UVGT DGK /K\RC KP 2CN·UVKPC FCPM )QVVGU *KNHG GTTWPIGP JCVVG $WEJ 5COWGN -CRKVGN 8GTU HH 0CEJ FGO 5KGI UGV\VG FGT KUTCGNKVKUEJG 2TQRJGV 5COWGN CNU 5KGIGU\GKEJGP WPF )TGP\OCTMG GKPGP JGKNKIGP 5VGKP FGP GT 'DGPG\GT PCPPVG $WEJ 5COWGN -CRKVGN 8GTU +O 4ÒEMUGKVGPOQVKX YKTF FKG <WTÒEMYGKUWPI FGU #PITKHHU FGU 5EJYG FGPMÌPKIU OKV IÌVVNKEJGO $GKUVCPF XGTMPÒRHV WPF DKNFJCHV WOIGUGV\V
27
4041
4040
-TQPG -QRGPJCIGP I &CU QDGTJCND FGU JGKNKIGP 5VGKPU 'DGPG\GT UEJYGDGPFG -ÌPKIUOQ PQITCOO FCTÒDGT -TQPG KO (GNF DQIKI '$'0 '<'4 'KP CWU GKPGT 9QNMG PCEJ T JGTXQTVTGVGPFGT JKOONKUEJGT #TO VTGPPV OKV GKPGO 5·DGN FGP PCEJ FGT F·PKUEJGP -TQPG ITGKHGPFGP #TO FGU UEJYGFK UEJGP -ÌPKIU 7PVGTJCND FGT -TQPG &CVWOUCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H &CX XCT *GFG /CKNNGV XIN 6H ::8++ #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 9+'&'4'41$'470) &'4 +05'. (ª0'0
(TGFGTKM +++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XQP %JTKUVKCP 9KPGMG -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 9KGFGTGTQDGTWPI FGT +PUGN (ÒPGP $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN CWH FGT $TWUV FCU -NGKPQF FGU 'NGHCPVGPQTFGPU VTCIGPF #WU FGT 8QIGNRGTURGMVKXG &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 5EJNCEJV CWH FGT +PUGN 1DGP GKP CWHIGURCPPVGU 5EJTKHVDCPF YQTCWH (+10+# Û 4'%82'4 +O #DUEJPKVV FKG TÌOKUEJG ,CJTGU\CJN OO I )CNUVGT %QNN 0QTVJWODGTNCPF (GKPG 2CVKPC MN -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 *'.5+0)$14) +O 5GRVGODGT GTMN·TVG -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP 8 XQP &·PGOCTM FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ 5EJYGFGP FGP -TKGI 'KPGU FGT <KGNG UGKPGU 8QTJCDGPU YCT FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI FGT CPIGUVCOOVGP F·PKUEJGP $GUKV\WPIGP 5EJQPGP $NGMKPIG WPF *CNNCPF FKG KO IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP 4QUMKNFG CP 5EJYGFGP IGHCNNGP YCTGP 9·JTGPF CWH FGT 5GKVG &·PGOCTMU FKG 0KGFGTNCPFG 5RCPKGP ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF -WTDTCPFGPDWTI UVCPFGP JCVVG 5EJYGFGP (TCPMTGKEJ CNU GKP\KIGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP <WP·EJUV YCPFVGP UKEJ &·PGOCTM WPF -WTDTCPFGPDWTI IGIGP FKG UEJYGFKUEJGP $GUKV\WPIGP KP 0QTFYGUV WPF 0QTFQUVFGWVUEJNCPF WPF MQPPVGP KP MWT\GT <GKV $TGOGP 8GTFGP 8QTRQOOGTP 9KUOCT WPF 5VGVVKP GKPPGJOGP #O ,WPK UEJNWI GKP 8GTDCPF F·PKUEJGT WPF PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGT -TKGIUUEJKHHG FKG UEJYGFKUEJG (NQVVG CP FGT 5ÒFURKV\G XQP ¤NCPF 'PFG ,WPK FTCPIGP F·PKUEJG 6TWRRGP ÒDGT FGP ¤TGUWPF KP 5EJQPGP GKP 'U IGNCPI KJPGP OGJTGTG 5V·FVG WPF (GUVWPIGP \W PGJOGP UQ CWEJ *GNUKPIDQTI $KPPGP YGPKIGT /QPCVG YCT PCJG\W ICP\ 5EJQ PGP XQP FGP &·PGP DGUGV\V CDIGUGJGP XQP /CNOÌ WPF 6GKNGP $NGMKPIGU )NGKEJ\GKVKI OCTUEJKGTVG GKPG F·PKUEJ PQTYGIKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV XQP 0QTYGIGP CP FGT -ÒUVG GPVNCPI 4KEJVWPI )ÌVGDQTI WPF MQPPVG XQP FGP 5EJYGFGP GTUV XQT FGT (GUVWPI $QJWU IGUVQRRV YGTFGP )GIGP 'PFG UGV\VG -ÌPKI -CTN :+ XQP 5EJYGFGP \WO )GIGPCPITKHH CP WPF UKGIVG CO &G\GODGT DGK .WPF <YCT GTNKVVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP KO 5QOOGT CWH 5GG GORHKPFNKEJG 0KGFGTNCIGP FQEJ IKPIGP UKG \W .CPFG GTHQNITGKEJ IGIGP FKG &·PGP XQT #O ,WPK MQPPVGP UKG CDGTOCNU GKPGP DGFGWVGPFGP 5KGI KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK .CPFUMTQPC HGKGTP 8QP 5QOOGT DKU 5QOOGT DGOÒJVG UKEJ -CTN :+ GTHQNITGKEJ WO FKG <WTÒEMFT·PIWPI FGT &·PGP CWU FGP YGUVUEJYGFKUEJGP 2TQXKP\GP &CU 'PFG FGU 5EJQPKUEJGP -TKGIGU \YKUEJGP &·PGOCTM WPF 5EJYGFGP YWTFG KO (TKGFGPUUEJNWUU XQP 5CKPV )GTOCKP GP .C[G DGUKGIGNV KP FGO UKEJ DGKFG -QP VTCJGPVGP QJPG YGUGPVNKEJG )GDKGVUCDVTGVWPIGP CTTCPIKGTVGP
4042
%JTKUVKCP 8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , XQP %JTKUVQHGT 5EJPGKFGT -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP *GNUKPIDQTI $NKEM XQP FGT .CPFUGKVG CWH FCU 5EJNQUU WPF FKG /CTKGPMKTEJG XQP *GNUKPI DQTI ÒDGT FGP ¤TGUWPF JKPYGI #O LGPUGKVKIGP 7HGT #PUKEJV XQP 5EJNQ -TQPDQTI *GNUKPIÌT #WH FGO 9CUUGT FKXGTUG 5EJKHHG QDGP 5EJTKHVDCPF <YGK OKV FGT IGMTÌPVGP 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU -ÌPKIU WPF FGT F·PKUEJGP (CJPG IGUEJOÒEMVG 5·WNGP KP ÒDGTFKOGPUKQPCNGT )TÌG CWH DGKFGP 7HGTP FGU XQP 5EJKHHGP DGHCJTGPGP ¤TGUWPFU KO *KPVGTITWPF 5VCFVCPUKEJV OO I )CNUVGT %QNN 0QTVJWODGT NCPF 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT &KG IGO· FGT CPVKMGP /[VJQNQIKG CP FGP 7HGTP DGKFUGKVU FGT /GGTGPIG XQP )KDTCNVCT CWHIGUVGNNVGP 5·WNGP FGU *GTCMNGU UKPF FKG 8QTNCIG HÒT FCU FGP ¤TGUWPF HNCPMKGTGPFG 5·WNGPOQVKX CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /G FCKNNG
28
&+' '+00#*/' 810 /#4564#0& &CU CWH GKPGT 5EJ·TGPKPUGN PÌTFNKEJ XQP )ÌVGDQTI IGNGIGPG *CHGPUV·FVEJGP /CTUVTCPF YCT KO (TKGFGP XQP 4QUMKNFG CP 5EJYGFGP IGMQOOGP ªDGT FGT 5VCFV GTTKEJVGVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP FKG (GUVWPI -CTN UVGP $GKO #PITKHH FGT &·PGP WPVGT FGO PQTYGIKUEJGP #FOKTCN 2GVGT 6QTFGPUMLQNF CO ,WNK MQPPVG FKG 5VCFV GKPIGPQOOGP YGTFGP CO ,WNK GTICD UKEJ CWEJ FKG $GUCV\WPI WPF FKG (GUVWPI WPVGT KJTGO -QOOCPFCPVGP %CTUVGP *GKPTKEJ &CPEMYCTFV +O (TKGFGP XQO 0QXGODGT VTCVGP FKG &·PGP FKG 5VCFV /CTUVTCPF WPF FKG (GUVWPI -CTNUVGP YKGFGT CP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ 5EJYGFGP CD
4043
(TGFGTKM +8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2GVGT $GTI -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP /CTUVTCPF $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN #PUKEJV FGU #PITKHHU CWH *CHGP 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI /CTUVTCPF XQP FGT 5GG CWU OKV \CJNTGKEJGP 5EJKHHGP OO I )CNUVGT %QNN 0QTVJWODGTNCPF XCT #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
29
(4#0-4'+%* 5+.$'4)'.& (ª4 &+' 64722'0 +0 &'4 2+%#4&+' +O 'FKMV XQP 0GOQWTU XQO ,WNK JQD -ÌPKI *GPTK +++ WPVGT 'KPHNWUU FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP .KIC WPF 5RCPKGPU CNNG \WXQT XGTDTKGHVGP 4GEJVG WPF (TGKJGKVGP FGT 2TQVGUVCPVGP KP UGKPGO .CPFG CWH WPF DGYKTMVG UQ FGP #WUDTWEJ FGU CEJVGP *WIGPQVVGPMTKGIGU FGT XQP DKU \YKUEJGP FGP DGKFGP 2CTVGKGP CWUIGHQEJVGP YWTFG +P FGT 5VCFV 5V 3WGPVKP 2KECTFKG NKG *GT\QI *GPTK Fʼn1TN¾CPU CNU -QOOCPFGWT FGT MÌPKINKEJGP 6TWRRGP UGKP RGTUÌPNKEJGU UKNDGTPGU 6CHGNIGUEJKTT UQYKG 5KNDGTIGT·V FGU 5VCFVMQOOCP FCPVGP GKPUEJOGN\GP WO FCTCWU 8KGTVGN¾EWU \W OÒP\GP WO FKGUG CNU 5QNF UGKPGP 5QNFCVGP CWU\W\CJNGP &KG 2T·IGUVGORGN UQNN GKP ÌTVNKEJGT $ÒTIGT OKV 0COGP /CVJKGW 5CN¾ IGUEJPKVVGP JCDGP &KG 2T·IWPI FGT OKV 0COGP WPF 6KVGN FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU UQYKG FGU *GT\QIU XQP 1TNG±PU CWUIGUVCVVGVGP /ÒP\GP JCV KO )QWXGTPGWTUIGD·WFG FGT 5VCFV GKP )QNFUEJOKGF PCOGPU 2KGTTG %QVVG XQTIGPQOOGP
4044 1,5:1
1,5:1
*GPTK +++ 3WCTV F ¾EW FG 5CKPV 3WGPVKP I ò *'04+%85 Û +++ Û& Û ) Û (4#0 Û '6 Û 21. Û 4': .KNKGPMTGW\ ò * Û &14.'#05 Û & Û # Û .10)8#8+. Û (#%+'$#6 +P HÒPH <GKNGP Û 241 Û %*4+561 Û Û '6 Û 4')' Û Û 5 Û 3 Û Û Û $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT %KCPK /CKNNGV 6H :%+: XCT 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 674+0 #O /CK DGICD UKEJ (TCPMTGKEJ KP FGP -TKGI OKV 5RCPKGP &KG OKNKV·TKUEJG #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPI YWTFG CWH \CJNTGKEJGP 5EJCWRN·V\GP KP (TCPMTGKEJ 5RCPKGP &GWVUEJNCPF FGP URCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP WPF CWEJ KP 0QTFKVCNKGP CWUIGVTCIGP 5KG ÒDGTFCWGTVG FGP 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP WPF HCPF GTUV KO 2[TGP·GPHTKGFGP KJT 'PFG +P +VCNKGP UCJ UKEJ FGT OKV (TCPMTGKEJ XGTDÒPFGVG *GT\QI XQP 2CTOC #PITKH HGP FGT 5RCPKGT CWUIGUGV\V FGPGP GU PCEJ FGO 6QFG FGU *GT\QIU 8KVVQTKQ #OCFGQ XQP 5CXQ[GP KO ,CJTG IGNWPIGP YCT FGP $TWFGT FGU 8GTUVQTDGPGP 2TKP\ 6JQOCU XQP 5CXQ[GP HÒT KJTG +PVGTGUUGP \W KPUVTWOGPVCNKUKGTGP /KV *KNHG XQP FGUUGP 6TWRRGP FTCPIGP URCPKUEJG 8GTD·PFG WPVGT -QOOCPFQ FGU )GPGTCNU /CTSW¾U XQP .GICP¾U KP FCU 2KGOQPV GKP WPF GPVTKUUGP GKPG (GUVWPI PCEJ FGT CPFGTGP CWU FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUKV\ 2TKP\ 6JQOCU IGNCPI GU OKV 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI FGT $ÒTIGT FKG UCXQ[KUEJG 5VCFV 6WTKP \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP WPF OKV .C 8CNGVVG FGO FCOCNKIGP 1DGTMQOOCPFKGTGPFGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP KP +VCNKGP GKPGP 9CHHGPUVKNNUVCPF CWU\WJCPFGNP 4WPF UKGDGP /QPCVG UR·VGT \QIGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP WPVGT FGO $GHGJN XQP .C 8CNGVVGU 0CEJHQNIGT *GPTK FG *CTEQWTV XQT FKG 6QTG 6WTKPU &KG 5VCFV MQPPVG CO 5GRVGODGT GKPIGPQOOGP YGTFGP
4045 1,5:1
1,5:1
.QWKU :+++ 5KNDGTPGT ,GVQP FGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 8GTUQTIWPIUDGJÌTFG GZVTCQTFKPCKTG FG IWGTTG CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV 6WTKP FWTEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP *GPTK FG *CTEQWTV WPF 6WTGPPG CO 5GRVGODGT FGU ,CJTGU 7PVGTJCND GKPGT ITQGP -TQPG FKG 9CR RGPUEJKNFG XQP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF 0CXCTTC WPF FKG +PKVKCNG FGU -ÌPKIU OKV FTGK -TQPGP WO\QIGP OKV \YGK 1TFGPUMGVVGP 5VCFVVQT CWH FGUUGP QDGTGP DQIGPHÌTOKIGP #DUEJNWUU \YGK )KGDGNHKIWTGP CWH FGP HNCPMKGTGPFGP /CWGTCDUEJPKVVGP LG GKPG .KNKG QDGTJCND FGT /CWGT #8) 6#84 QDGP FKG IGMTÌPVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU -ÌPKIU \YKUEJGP \YGK 2CNO\YGKIGP OO I (GWCTFGPV 5GJT UEJÌP (GWCTFGPV NGKVGV CNNGKP CWHITWPF FGT JPNKEJMGKV FGT 5VCFVVQTFCTUVGNNWPI GKPGP $G\WI \W 6WTKP JGT QJPG CDGT CWH FKG XGTMÒT\VG 1TVUDG\GKEJPWPI ÒDGT FGT /CWGT GKP\WIGJGP 5KG KUV KP FGT 6CV KP #8) WUVC 6#84 GPUKU CWH\WNÌUGP F J KP FGP NCVGKPKUEJGP 0COGP XQP 6WTKP
30
&+' '41$'470) 810 614615# +O -TKGI OKV 5RCPKGP DGUGV\VGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP FKG MCVCNCPKUEJG $KUEJQHUUVCFV 6QTVQUC
4046
.QWKU :+8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP /CWIGT 2CTKU CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV 6QTVQUC -QRH FGU LWPIGP -ÌPKIU T &KG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV CWH GKPGO (GNUGP CO /GG TGUWHGT UKV\GPF UKEJ OKV FGO TGEJVGP #TO CWH GKPGP #PMGT WPF CWH FKG UKEJ GTIKGGPFG OKV +$'475 DG\GKEJPGVG 3WGNNWTPG FGU 'DTQ UVÒV\GPF OKV FGT .KPMGP KJT 1DGTIGYCPF TCHHGPF OO I &KXQ /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 % 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 &17#+
Die Belagerung von Douai.
&KG HNCPFTKUEJG 5VCFV &QWCK YWTFG KO ,CJTG Y·JTGPF FGU IGIGP 5RCPKGP IGTKEJVGVGP -TKGIGU XQP GKPGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP #TOGG GKPIGPQOOGP 5KG OWUUVG LGFQEJ DCNF YKGFGT FGO )GIPGT ÒDGTNCUUGP YGTFGP WPF YWTFG CDGTOCNU PCEJ GKPGT MWT\GP $GNCIGTWPI XQP FGP (TCP\QUGP GTQDGTV &QEJ GTUV KO (TKG FGP XQP #CEJGP MCO FKG 5VCFV GPFIÒNVKI CP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ (TCPMTGKEJ
4047
.QWKU :+8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP /CWIGT 2CTKU CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV &QWCK -QRH T &GT -ÌPKI UVGJGPF T FKG #PNCIG GKPGU )TCDGPU DGCWHUKEJVKIGPF CO *QTK\QPV FKG DGHG UVKIVG 5VCFV OO I &KXQ /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 XCT FQTV 4ÒEMUGKVG OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU ,GCP NG $NCPE #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
31
&+' '+00#*/' 810 %#/$4#+ &KG CP FGT 5EJGNFG IGNGIGPG UVCTMG (GUVWPIUUVCFV %CODTCK DGHCPF UKEJ UGKV KP URCPKUEJGT *CPF +O \YGKVGP IGIGP FKG URCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG IGTKEJVGVGP 'TQDGTWPIUMTKGI .QWKUʼn :+8 MQPPVGP HTCP\ÌUK UEJG 6TWRRGP FKG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI GTQDGTP +O IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP 0KLOGIGP YWTFG FKG 5VCFV WPF FCU 6GTTKVQTKWO FGU $KUVWOU %CODTCK FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ (TCPMTGKEJ \WGTMCPPV
4048
.QWKU :+8 $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP ,QUGRJ 4QGVVKGTU WPF /KEJGN /QNCTV 2CTKU CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP %CODTCK $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN FGT CWH FGT 5EJWNVGT OKV GKPGT /CUMGPMQRHHKDGN IGJCNVGP YKTF 7PVGTJCND FGU #TOCDUEJPKVVU FKG 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTKPKVKCNG 4 $CWGT N JKPVGT GKPGO \YGKUR·PPKIGP 2HNWI UEJTGKVGPF WPF UGKP (GNF DGUVGNNGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV %CODTCK OO I X .QQP +++ XIN 5
FQTV OKV XCTKKGTGPFGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF KFGPVKUEJGT 4ÒEMUGKVG /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 # XCT
FQTV OKV XCTKKGTGPFGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF KFGPVKUEJGT 4ÒEMUGKVG 4 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC MN 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPF MN -TCV\GT KO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' #0.#)' &'4 ('5670) 564#55$74) &KG 4GWPKQPURQNKVKM .QWKUʼn :+8 TGMNCOKGTVG CWEJ FKG 4GKEJUUVCFV 5VTCUUDWTI HÒT FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ (TCPM TGKEJ +O ,CJTG JCVVG FGT 5VCFVTCV FGP GKPIGHQTFGTVGP *WNFKIWPIUGKF CWH FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI XGTYGKIGTV #O 5GRVGODGT OWUUVG UKEJ 5VTCUUDWTI CPIGUKEJVU FGT OKV /CPP XQT FKG /CWGTP IGTÒEMVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT #PPGZKQP FWTEJ FGP 5QPPGPMÌPKI YKFGTUVCPFUNQU DGW IGP &GT KO HQNIGPFGP ,CJT OKV FGT 'TTKEJVWPI GKPGT HÒPHGEMKIGP <KVCFGNNG DGIQPPGPG #WUDCW FGT DKUJG TKIGP 5VTCUUDWTIGT (GUVWPIUYGTMG MQPPVG KO ,CJTG CDIGUEJNQUUGP YGTFGP 'T GTHQNIVG PCEJ 2N·PGP WPF WPVGT #WHUKEJV FGU )GPGTCNKPURGMVGWTU FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVWPIGP 5¾DCUVKGP .G 2TGUVG FG 8CWDCP
4049
32
.QWKU :+8 $TQP\GOGFCKNNG UR·VGTGT PCEJ IGHGTVKIVGT #DUEJNCI XQP ,¾TQOG 4QWUUGN WPF ,GCP /CWIGT 2CTKU CWH FKG #PNCIG FGT (GUVWPI 5VTCDWTI $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV #NNQPIGRGTÒEMG 6QRQITCRJKUEJG #WHUKEJV FGT 4JGKPIGIGPF OKV FGP 2N·PGP FGT (GUVWPIUYGTMG DGKFGTUGKVU FGU (NWUUGU /KV 5VGORGNWPI =NCIGTPFGT 9KFFGT T ? $410<' CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU OO I 'PIGN .GJT /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 $ #VVTCMVKXG OKVVGNDTCWPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '41$'470)521.+6+- &'5 5100'0-¤0+)5
"Eine historische Studie" W. M. Thackeray, The Paris Sketchbook 1840.
9·JTGPF -CKUGT WPF 4GKEJ KO ,CJTG KJTG #WHOGTMUCOMGKV CWH FGP -TKGI IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP MQP \GPVTKGTVGP PWV\VG .QWKU :+8 FKG )GNGIGPJGKV KO 4CJOGP UGKPGT 4GWPKQPURQNKVKM FKG #DVTGVWPI GJGOCNU \W (CPMTGKEJ IGJÌTGPFGT )GDKGVG \W GT\YKPIGP 5Q NKG GT .WZGODWTI \WO FTKVVGP /CNG DKPPGP a a,CJTGP DGNCIGTP 9·JTGPF UGKPG #TOGG JKGT \YGKOCN GTIGDPKUNQU CD\KGJGP OWUUVG MQPPVG UKG FKG 5VCFV KO /CK UEJNKGNKEJ KP KJTG )GYCNV DTKPIGP +O UGNDGP ,CJT UEJQUU GKPG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG (NQVVG )GPWC KP $TCPF FC FKG 5VCFVTGRWDNKM GPIG 8GTDKPFWPIGP \W 5RCPKGP WPVGTJKGNV
4050
.QWKU :+8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG UCVKTKUEJG CPVKHTCP\ÌUKUEJG 2T·IWPI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPIURQNKVKM FGU -ÌPKIU 371& .+$'6 .+%'6 Ü &GT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -ÌPKI KO XQNNGP 1TPCV UVGJGPF N CO /GGTGUWHGT OKV FGT 4GEJVGP GKP 5EJYGTV JCNVGPF CWH FGO GKP ITQGT 4GKEJUCRHGN CWHIGURKGV KUV OKV FGT .KPMGP CWH FKGUG +PUKIPKG YGKUGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF CO NKPMGP $KNFTCPF FKG $GUEJKGWPI GKPGT OKV )'07# DG\GKEJPGVGP 5VCFV FWTEJ GKPG -TKGIUHNQVVG CO TGEJVGP $KNFTCPF GKPG OKV .7:'/$74) DG\GKEJPGVG (GUVWPI KP FGT FKG MÌPKINKEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT (NCIIG IGJKUUV KUV +O #DUEJPKVV *KPVGT GKPGO IGTCHHVGP OKV \CJNTGKEJGP $QWTDQPGPNKNKGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 8QTJCPI GKP #TO PCEJ T JGTXQTVTGVGPF GKP 5EJYGTV WPF GKPGP ¤N\YGKI JCNVGPF 7PVGP DQIKI '.+)' Ü OO I %QNN (KGYGIGT XIN FQTV KP <KPP -2- X .QQP +8 5 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC NGKEJVG -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 33
&+' '+00#*/' 810 )'410# +O <WIG FGU 2H·N\GT 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU GTQDGTVG GKPG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV WPVGT FGO $GHGJN FGU (GNFJGTTP 0QCKNNGU FKG MCVCNCPKUEJG 5VCFV )GTQPC +O IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP 4KLUYKLM MCO FKG 5VCFV YKGFGT \WTÒEM CP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ 5RCPKGP
4051
.QWKU :+8 $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP ,QUGRJ 4QGVVKGTU 2CTKU QFGT ,¾TQOG 4QWUUGN 2CTKU CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )GTQPC $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KP *CTPKUEJ FGP CWH FGT $TWUV GKP /GFWUCMQRH UEJOÒEMV 7PVGTJCND FGU #TOCDUEJPKVVU FKG 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTKPKVKCNG 4 #O /GGTGUWHGT *GTCMNGU OKV .ÌYGPJCWV WPF -GWNG UVGJGPF JCNDT CWH FGO D·WEJNKPIU CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP FTGKMÌRHKIGP )GT[QP FGT GKPGP -PÒRRGN OKV FGT .KPMGP WOHCUUV OO I /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 $
FQTV <WYGKUWPI CP ,¾TQOG 4QWUUGN +O (GNF FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG CNVG +PXGPVCTPWOOGT KP 6WUEJG (GKPG 5VGORGNDTÒEJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU /QVKX FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /GFCKNNG URKGNV CWH FKG )TÒPFWPIUUCIG FGT URCPKUEJGP 5VCFV )GTQPC CP WPF UGV\V FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI OKV FGO CPVKMGP *GNFGP WPF *CNDIQVV *GTCMNGU INGKEJ +P FGT CPVKMGP ITKGEJKUEJGP /[VJQNQIKG OWUUVG *GTCMNGU \YÌNH #WHICDGP NÌUGP WO (TGKJGKV WPF 7PUVGTDNKEJMGKV \W GTNCPIGP &KG \GJPVG #WH ICDG YCT FGT 4CWD FGT 4KPFGTJGTFG FGU 4KGUGP )GT[QP FGT CO YGUVNKEJGP 'PFG FGT CPVKMGP 9GNV IGNGDV JCDGP UQNN +O <WIG FGT GTHQNITGKEJGP &WTEJHÒJTWPI UGKPGT #WHICDG VÌVGVG *GTCMNGU UGKPGP CWU FTGK .GKDGTP DGUVGJGPFGP PWT KP FGT *ÒHVRCTVKG \W GKPGO -ÌTRGT \WUCOOGPIGYCEJUGPGP )GIPGT )GO· FGT RQRWN·TGP NQMCNGP ªDGTNKGHGTWPI UQNN FKG 5VCFV )GTQPC XQP *GTCMNGU CO 2NCV\G UGKPGU 6TKWORJU ÒDGT )GT[QP IGITÒPFGV YQTFGP UGKP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 8'447# &GT 5RCPKUEJG 'TDHQNIGMTKGI HÒJTVG CWEJ KP +VCNKGP \W GKPGO -CORH (TCPMTGKEJU WO FKG CWUIGFGJPVGP URCPKUEJGP $GUKV\WPIGP <WP·EJUV UVGNNVG UKEJ *GT\QI 8KVVQTKQ #OCFGQ ++ XQP 5CXQ[GP CP FKG 5GKVG (TCPMTGKEJU YGEJUGNVG GT FKG 5GKVGP WPF RCMVKGTVG OKV FGP )GIPGTP (TCPMTGKEJU &CTCWHJKP NKG .QWKU :+8 FCU ICP\G 2KGOQPV DGUGV\VGP WPF DTCEJVG 5CXQ[GP CP FGP 4CPFG FGU <WUCOOGPDTWEJU FC FKG CP CPFGTGP (TQPVGP DGCPURTWEJVGP MCKUGTNKEJGP *GGTG KP FKGUGT 5KVWCVKQP MGKPGP $GKUVCPF NGKUVGP MQPPVGP &KG $GUCV\WPI FGT UCXQ[KUEJGP $GTIHGUVWPI 8GTTWC YWTFG XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP GKPIG UEJNQUUGP WPF KO HQNIGPFGP ,CJT GTQDGTV
4052
34
.QWKU :+8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP NG $NCPE 2CTKU CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 8GTTWC KP 2KGOQPV $ÒUVG T OKV #NNQPIGRGTÒEMG &KG RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG (GUVWPI 8GTTWC CO (WG GKPGU (GNUGPU KP MNCIGPFGT 2QUG UKV\GPF T 8QT KJT FGT UKEJ UEJTGKVGPF CDYGPFGPFG /CTU KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP GKPGP 5RGGT JCNVGPF WO FGUUGP 5EJCHV GKPG -TQPG CNU 5KGIGUVTQRJ·G J·PIV OO I &KXQ /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 6TCKPC ++ 5 44 9KP\ 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ
4053
4054
&+' '41$'470) 810 /#+.#0& &KG (TCIG FGT $GUGV\WPI FGU RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKIUVJTQPU PCEJ FGO 6QFG #WIWUVU FGU 5VCTMGP GPV\ÒPFGVG GKPGP -TKGI (TCPMTGKEJU WPF UGKPGT 8GTDÒPFGVGP IGIGP ¤UVGTTGKEJ FCU 4GKEJ WPF 4WUUNCPF &KG -CORHJCPFNWPIGP HCPFGP ÒDGTYKGIGPF KP FGT 4JGKPIGIGPF UVCVV CDGT CWEJ KP +VCNKGP YQ FGT HTCP\ÌUK UEJG -ÌPKI OKV FGO *GT\QI XQP 5CXQ[GP WPF FGO -ÌPKI XQP 5RCPKGP 8GTDÒPFGVG KO -CORH IGIGP ¤UVGTTGKEJ IGHWPFGP JCVVG FCU UGKV FGO 'PFG FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU ÒDGT /CKNCPF WPF /CPVWC 2CTOC 2KCEGP\C UQYKG ÒDGT 0GCRGN WPF 5K\KNKGP JGTTUEJVG WPF UQOKV GKPG OCIGDNKEJG 5VGNNWPI CWH FGO #RGPPKP KPPGJCVVG 5EJQP \GKIVG UKEJ FCUU FKG ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 6TWRRGP KP +VCNKGP FGO ITQGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP &TWEM FGT )GIPGT PKEJV UVCPFJCNVGP MQPPVGP 5CTFKUEJG WPF HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP MQPPVGP KP FKGUGO ,CJT FKG .QODCTFGK OKV #WUPCJOG /CPVWCU DGUGV\GP CWEJ FKG 5VCFV /CKNCPF YWTFG CO &G\GODGT GKPIGPQOOGP FKG <KVCFGNNG HKGN CO &G\GODGT 0CEJ FGO 'PFG FGU 2QNPKUEJGP 6JTQPHQNIGMTKGIGU GTJKGNV ¤UVGTTGKEJ /CKNCPF WPF /CPVWC \WTÒEM CPFGTG KVCNKGPKUEJG $GUKV \WPIGP IKPIGP KPFGU CP FKG )GIPGT
.QWKU :8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP &WXKXKGT WPF /KEJCGN TGUR /CTVKP 4ÌI 2CTKU CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP /CKNCPF $TWUVDKNF T KP /CPVGN OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &GT -ÌPKI CNU -TKGIUIQVV /CTU UVGJGPF JCNDT OKV 5EJKNF WPF .CP\G FKG *WNFKIWPI FGT XQT KJO MPKGPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV /CKNCPF GPVIGIGPPGJOGPF #O $QFGP N *GNO WPF (CJPGP OO I /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '41$'470) 810 2#4/#
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP &WXKXKGT WPF ,GCP .G $NCPE 2CTKU CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 2CTOC $TWUV DKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &GT -ÌPKI CNU -TKGIUIQVV /CTU UVGJGPF \WO -CORH DGTGKV OKV GKPGT .CP\G KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP WPF OKV GKPGO 5EJKNF FKG JKPVGP T UKV\GPFG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV 2CTOC DGUEJKTOGPF OO I /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' (4#0<¤5+5%*' 4'81.76+10 9·JTGPF FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 4GXQNWVKQP RT·IVGP OGJTGTG RTKXCVG 7PVGTPGJOGT KP FGP ,CJTGP WPF 'TUCV\IGNF FCU KP FGP FCOCNU OKV UVCCVNKEJGP 'OKUUKQPGP WP\WTGKEJGPF XGTUQTIVGP )GNFXGTMGJT GKPIGDTCEJV YWTFG VGKNU WPVGT FGP $G\GKEJPWPIGP ō/QPPPCKG ŋ QFGT ō/¾FCKNNG FG EQPHKCPEGŋ &GT 5VCCV XGTDQV UQNEJG 2T·IWPIGP CD 5GRVGODGT WPF TGCIKGTVG CWH FGP -NGKPIGNFOCPIGN OKV FGT FGT #WUICDG FGU PGWGP 5QN CWZ DCNCPEGU KO ,CJTG
4056
4055
4057
%QPUVKVWVKQP %CKUUG FG $QPPG (QK 2CTKU -W 5QNU &GPKGTU #0 I $G JGNOVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT /KPGTXC N <YGK *·PFG IGOGKPUCO \YGK 2KMGP JCNVGPF CWH FGPGP QDGP GKPG ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G UVGEMV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :%++ /C\CTF 5GJT UEJÌP
5QNU #0 CWUIGIGDGP XQP .GH½XTG .GUCIG GV %QORCIPKG 2CTKU I 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV UKV\GPF N \YKUEJGP \YGK 5·WNGPUVÒORHGP #WH FGO NKPMGP GKP T UVGJGPFGT *CJP CWH FGO TGEJVGP CP FGO GKP CWHIGUEJNCIGPGU $WEJ NGJPV GKPG CWH GKPGO 5VCD UVGEMGPFG ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :%++ /C\CTF 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5QNU #0 CWUIGIGDGP XQP .GH½XTG .GUCIG GV %QORCIPKG 2CTKU I #WH 'KEJGP\YGKIGP GKP #TTCPIGOGPV CWU \YGK (ÒNNJÌTPGTP WPF GKPGT 2KMG QDGP ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :%++ /C\CTF /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
35
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-W /GFCKNNG FG EQPHKCPEG \W 5QNU #0 +8 2T·IWPI FGT )GDTÒFGT /QPPGTQP 2CTKU I #NNGIQTKG FGU 2CEVG H¾F¾TCVKH XQO ,WNK /KPGTXC UKV\GPF T CWH GKPGO 2QFGUV 5QNFCVGP CWH FKG 8GTHCUUWPI GKPUEJYÌTGPF \W KJTGP (ÒGP GKP OKV FGO 2QTVT·V FGU -ÌPKIU IGUEJOÒEMVGT #NVCT #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :%+ /C\CTF 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W /GFCKNNG FG EQPHKCPEG \W 5QNU #0 +++ WPF #0 +8 2T·IWPI FGT )GDTÒFGT /QPPGTQP 2CTKU WPF I #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV UKV\GPF N OKV 5VCD (TGKJGKVUOÒV\G WPF )GUGV\GUVCHGN JKPVGP *CJP N CWH 5·WNGPUVWORH $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H WPF /CKNNGV 6H :%+ WPF /C\CTF WPF 5VÒEM 5GJT UEJÌP
&#5 810 &'0 '/$.'/'0 &'4 4'81.76+10 ª$'4&'%-6' -¤0+)521464 6
4060
%QPUVKVWVKQP 'EW CWZ TCOGCWZ F QNKXKGT + .KOQIGU XQP -ÌPKI .QWKU :8+ OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \YKUEJGP 'KEJGP\YGKIGP GKP OKV FGT ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G DGFGEMVGU (C UEGUDÒPFGN WOJGT 4'27$.+37' (4#0 #+5' I /ÒP\G &CX &WRNGUU[ )C FQWT[ )GIGPUVGORGN *GPPKP 8 ) 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' '41$'470) 810 9+'0
4061
0CRQN¾QP + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP .WKIK /CPHTGFKPK /CKNCPF CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 9KGP $GJGNOVGT -QRH FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -CKUGTU N 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV CO $QFGP UKV\GPF T VTCWGTPF FGP -QRH CWH FGP CPIGYKPMGNVGP NKPMGP #TO UVÒV\GPF $GK KJTGP (ÒGP GKP 6TQRCGWO CWU CPVKMGP 4Ò UVWPIUUVÒEMGP GKPGO 5EJYGTV UQYKG GKPGO OKV FGO FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP #FNGT WPF FGP +PKVKCNGP XQP -CKUGT (TCP\ ++ IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF OO I $TCOUGP 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG CPIGIGDGPG ,CJTGU\CJN JCV FGT /GFCKNNGWT KTTVÒONKEJ OKV /%%/8 CPIGIGDGP
36
4062
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.QWKU 2JKNKRRG $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP 'OKNG 4QICV 2CTKU CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGU 5VWTOU CWH FKG $CUVKNNG CO ,WNK $NKEM CWH FKG XQP \CJNTGKEJGP 5QNFCVGP WPF $ÒTIGTP WONCIGTVG WPF DGUEJQUUGPG $CUVKNNG #PUKEJV FGU 5VCCVUIGH·PIPKUUGU NG &QPKQP KP 8KPEGPPGU OO I 9WT\DCEJ 5GJT UEJÌP
4063
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4065
#+4' &+' <9'+(#%*' $'.#)'470) 810 #+4' 574 .# .;5 &KG 5VCFV #KTG IGJÌTVG DKU \W $GIKPP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU \W (NCPFGTP WPF UQOKV \W FGP 5RCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP 5GKV ,WPK DGNCIGTVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU /CTUEJCNNU FG /GKNNGTC[G FKG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI &KG 8GTVGKFKIGT YGJTVGP UKEJ \YCT VCRHGT FQEJ YCTGP UKG PKEJV KP FGT .CIG FGP #PUVWTO FGU (GKPFGU CWH &CWGT \W GTYGJTGP FGT FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPIUYGTMG GKPPGJOGP WPF \WFGO FWTEJ /KPGP WPF OCUUKXGP #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU GKPGP 6GKN FGU *CWRVYCNNU UVCTM DGUEJ·FKIGP MQPPVG 0QEJ XQT FGT IGRNCPVGP 'TUVÒTOWPI FGT 5VCFV CO ,WNK MCRKVWNKGTVGP FKG 'KPIGUEJNQUUG PGP &GT )CTPKUQP IGUVCVVGVG FGT 5KGIGT GKPGP GJTGPXQNNGP #D\WI CO HQNIGPFGP 6CIG 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI JCVVG 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPV $GTPQXKVVG FKG *GTUVGNNWPI XQP MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGP 0QVOÒP\GP \W WPF 4GCNGU OKV FGO 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 2JKNKRR +8 CWU UGKPGO RGTUÌPNKEJGO 5KNDGTIGT·V WPF CWU -KTEJGPUKNDGT XGTCPNCUUV 0WT MWT\G <GKV UR·VGT YWTFGP FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUCV\GT KO )GIGP\WI XQP URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP DGNCIGTV &GT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -QOOCPFCPV YCT PWP UGKPGTUGKVU IG\YWPIGP 0QVMNKRRGP FKGUOCN PCVÒTNKEJ KP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT 9·JTWPI WPF OKV FGO 6KVGN FGU -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+++ RT·IGP \W NCUUGP
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W .KXTGU 5QNU I 5KGDGP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV .8& Ü :+++ 4': 2+85 +85685 +08+%685 Ü #4+# 801 #u $+5 1$5'5 Ü + Û Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H FG /G[ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 #+4' 574 .# .;5 +O 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI YWTFG #KTG CDGTOCNU DGNCIGTV 'PFG ,WNK WOUEJNQUU GKPG XQO 2TKP\GP XQP #PJCNV &GUUCW IGHÒJTVG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF 5RCPKGP IGTKEJVGVGP #NNKCP\ FKG 5VCFV 6TQV\ GPVUEJKGFGPGT )GIGPYGJT FGT 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP IGNCPI GU FGP $GNCIGTGTP PCEJ UVCTMGO #TVKNNGTKG DGUEJWUU WPF GKPGO $TÒEMGPUEJNCI ÒDGT FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPIUIT·DGP FGP 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPVGP /QPUGKI PGWT FG )WGDTKCPV CO #DGPF FGU 0QXGODGT \WT #WHICDG \W DGYGIGP &KG )CTPKUQP GTJKGNV HTGKGP #D\WI WPF CO 0QXGODGT \QIGP FKG 8GTDÒPFGVGP UKGITGKEJ KP FKG 5VCFV GKP +O .CWHG FGT $GNCIGTWPI XGTCPNCUUVG 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPV FG )WGDTKCPV FKG #WUICDG XQP MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP FGTGP 5KNDGT CWU FGO RGTUÌPNKEJGP 6CHGNIGUEJKTT FGU -QOOCPFCPVGP IGYQPPGP YQTFGP UGKP UQNN
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5QNU I )GMTÌPVGT TWPFGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H + FG /G[ 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5QNU I )GMTÌPVGT TWPFGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FCTWPVGT FKG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H + FG /G[ 5GJT UEJÌP
37
%#/$4#+ &+' $'.#)'470) 810 %#/$4#+
Entsetzung und Eroberung von Cambrai durch den Herzog von Anjou.
+O ,CJTG HÒJTVG FGT URCPKUEJG 5VCVVJCNVGT KP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP FGT 2TKP\ XQP 2CTOC FKG URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP \WT $GNCIGTWPI FGT UVCTM DGHGUVKIVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VCFV %CODTCK 'U DGUVCPF P·ONKEJ FKG )GHCJT FCUU FKG (TCP\QUGP XQP FKGUGO UVTCVGIKUEJ JGTXQTTCIGPF IGNGIGPGP 1TV CWU GKPGP #PITKHH IGIGP FKG 5RCPKGT DGIKPPGP MÌPPVGP WO FKG CWHUV·PFKUEJGP 0KGFGTN·PFGT \W WPVGTUVÒV\VGP 6TQV\ GKPGT FWTEJ FKG $GNCIGTWPI XGTWTUCEJVG *WPIGTUPQV JKGNVGP FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 8GTVGKFKIGT DGJCTTNKEJ FKG 5VCFV DKU UKEJ GKP XQO *GT\QI XQP #NGPçQP CPIGHÒJTVGU 'PVUCV\JGTT CWU (WUQNFCVGP WPF 4GKVGTP CO #WIWUV FGT 5VCFV P·JGTVG WPF FKG $GNCIGTGT \WO #D\WI DGYQI +P FGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP 5VCFV JCV FGT )QWXGTPGWT Fʼn +PEJ[ OCPIGNU XQNNYGTVKIGT <CJNWPIUOKVVGN MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGU MWRHGTPGU -TGFKVIGNF RT·IGP NCUUGP
4066
4067
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -W -NKRRG \W 2CVCTF Q , I /KV \YGK UEJKNFHÌTOKIGP )GIGPUVGO RGNP GKP GVYCU ITÌGTGT OKV FGO FQRRGNMQRHKIGP #FNGT UQYKG GKP GVYCU MNGKPGTGT OKV FGT TÌOKUEJGP 9GTV\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H ::+ FG /G[ & 44 )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 %#/$4#+ &KG HGJNIGUEJNCIGPG $GNCIGTWPI XQP JKGNV FKG 5RCPKGT PKEJV FCXQP CD KO ,CJTG KJT 8QTJCDGP \W YKGFGTJQNGP #O #WIWUV GTUEJKGP GKP *GGT WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP &QP (WGPVGU XQT %CODTCK WPF DGICPP OKV FGT 'KPUEJNKGWPI FGT 5VCFV KP FGT UKEJ GKPG XQO )QWXGTPGWT ,GCP FG /QPNWE 5GKIPGWT FG $CNCIP[ DGHGJNKIVG )CTPKUQP CWU JQNN·PFKUEJGP WPF HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP DGHCPF &GT -QOOCPFCPV WPF UGKPG 5QNFCVGP MQPPVGP FKG 5VCFV DKU #PHCPI 1MVQDGT JCNVGP OWUUVGP UKEJ CDGT CO FGU /QPCVU HNWEJVCTVKI KP FKG <KVCFGNNG \WTÒEM\KGJGP PCEJFGO FKG $GXÌNMGTWPI FGP $GNCIGTGTP FKG 6QTG IGÌHHPGV JCVVG #PIGUKEJVU OCPIGNPFGT 8QTT·VG WPF HGJNGPFGT /WPKVKQP KPPGTJCND FGU $QNNYGTMU GTMCPPVG FGT )QWXGTPGWT FKG #WUUKEJVUNQUKIMGKV YGKVGTGT )GIGPYGJT WPF MCRKVWNKGTVG CO 1MVQDGT 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV YWTFG HÒT 5QNF\CJNWPIGP MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGU 'TUCV\IGNF CWU -WRHGT JGTIGUVGNNV FCU OKV FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP .KNKGPUEJKNF WPF FGO (COKNKGPYCRRGP FGU )QWXGTPGWTU IGMGPP\GKEJPGV YCT
38
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W 2CVCTFU I )GRT·IV CWH GKPGO ÒDGTFWTEJ UEJPKVVNKEJ FKEMGP UEJYGTGP 5EJTÌVNKPI +O <GPVTWO GKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI IGMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG CWH FKG DGKFGP 'PF\KHHGTP XGTMÒT\VG ,CJTGU\CJN WOJGT *'04+%1 2416'%614' WPVGT FGO $GUEJÒV\GT *GKPTKEJ +8 7PVGP GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO XKGTHGNFKIGP 9CR RGP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )QWXGTPGWTU ,GCP FG /QPNWE 5GKIPGWT FG $CNCIP[ N GKPG TGEJVGEMKIG 5VGORG NWPI OKV FGT TÌOKUEJGP 9GTV\KHHGT WPF T GKPG SWCFTCVKUEJG OKV FGT CWH FGP #PHCPIUDWEJUVCDGP TGFW\KGTVGP 0QOKPCNCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H #DDKNFWPI QJPG 0WOOGT /CKNNGV 6H ::++ FG /G[ & 5GJT UEJÌP
4069 4068
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W 2CVCTFU I +O <GPVTWO GKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI IGMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG CWH FKG DGKFGP 'PF\KHHGTP XGTMÒT\VG ,CJTGU\CJN WOJGT *'04+%1 2416'%614' WPVGT FGO $GUEJÒV\GT *GKPTKEJ +8 7PVGP GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORG NWPI OKV GKPGO XKGTHGNFKIGP 9CRRGP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )QWXGTPGWTU ,GCP FG /QPNWE 5GKIPGWT FG $C NCIP[ N GKPG TGEJVGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT TÌOKUEJGP 9GTV\KHHGT WPF T GKPG SWCFTCVKUEJG OKV FGT CWH FGP #PHCPIUDWEJUVCDGP TGFW\KGTVGP 0QOKPCNCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H #DDKN FWPI QJPG 0WOOGT /CKNNGV 6H ::++ FG /G[ & 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W 2CVCTFU Q , I +O <GPVTWO GKPG TWPFG 5VGO RGNWPI .KNKG WOJGT Û *'04+%1 Û 2416'%614' WPVGT FGO $GUEJÒV\GT *GKPTKEJ +8 .KPMU GKPG TGEJVGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT TÌOKUEJGP 9GTV\KHHGT WPF T GKPG SWCFTCVKUEJG OKV FGT CWH FGP #PHCPIU DWEJUVCDGP TGFW\KGTVGP 0QOKPCNCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT #DDKNFWPI QJPG 0WOOGT /CKNNGV 6H ::++ WPF XCT FG /G[ & XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'.5#55 #.5#%' &+' '41$'470) &'4 '.5 55+5%*'0 56 &6' 9'+55'0$74) *#)'0#7 70& .#76'4$74) +/ ¤56'44'+%*+5%*'0 '4$(1.)'-4+')
1,5:1 4070
4070
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP *QNV\JG[ *CTFGTYKLM CWH FGP 4JGKPÒDGTICPI FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP (GNF JGTTP *GT\QI -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP WPF FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5V·FVG 9GKUUGPDWTI *CIGPCW WPF .CWVGT DWTI $TWUVDKNF FGU *GT\QIU T KO *CTPKUEJ FCU -NGKPQF FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU CO $CPF VTCIGPF /KPGTXC ÒDGT FGT CO $QFGP TÒEMNKPIU NKGIGPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGU 4JGKPU UEJYGDGPF N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FTGK CP $·PFGTP J·PIGPFG 6·HGNEJGP OKV FGP 0COGP FGT GTQDGTVGP 1TVUEJCHVGP JCNVGPF OKV FGT 4GEJVGP $NKV\G CWH FKG KO *KPVGTITWPF N \W 2HGTF WPF \W (W HNKGJGPFGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP UEJNGW FGTPF FKG XQP MCKUGTNKEJGT -CXCNNGTKG XGTHQNIV YGTFGP #O *QTK\QPV T GKPG (GUVWPI OO I 'PIGN .GJT 5 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 8GTX X .QQP 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 39
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 564#55$74) 0CEJ FGO 6QFG FGU 5VTCDWTIGT $KUEJQHU ,QJCPP +8 XQP /CPFGTUEJGKF Y·JNVGP FKG RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP &QOJGTTGP CO /CK KP #DYGUGPJGKV FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP FGP 2TQVGUVCPVGP ,QJCPP )GQTI XQP $TCP FGPDWTI OKV )GPGJOKIWPI FGU /CIKUVTCVU \W FGUUGP 0CEJHQNIGT &KG XQP FKGUGT 9CJN HGTPIGDNKGDGPGP MCVJQNKUEJGP &QOJGTTGP GPVUEJKGFGP UKEJ JKPIGIGP CO /CK HÒT FGP -CTFKPCN -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP 8CWF¾OQPV #WU FGP <YKUVKIMGKVGP FKGUGT &QRRGNYCJN GPVDTCPPVG GKP TWPF CEJV /QPCVG Y·JTGPFGT -TKGI KP FGO DGKFG 2CTVGKGP \CJNTGKEJG 1TVG KO $KUVWO RNÒPFGTVGP WPF DTCPFUEJCV\VGP +P FGT XQP FGP 6TWRRGP FGU MCVJQNKUEJGP .QVJTKPIGTU -CTN DNQEMKGTVGP 5VCFV 5VTCDWTI GPVUVCPFGP #PHCPI GKPUGK VKIG 0QVMNKRRGP \W WPF 6CNGT CWH FGPGP FGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP $TCPFGP DWTIGTU ,QJCPP )GQTI OKV FGPGP FGU &QOMCRKVGNU WPF FGT 5VCFV XGTGKPV KUV
4072
4071
,QJCPP )GQTI XQP $TCPFGPDWTI 'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W -TGW\GT I &GT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP $KUEJQHU FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF WPVGP FKG 5EJKNFG FGU &QOMCRKVGNU WPF FGT 5VCFV &CTWPVGT FKG 9GTV\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 'PIGN .GJT /CKNNGV 6H %++ #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
*CNDVCNGTMNKRRG \W -TGW\GT I &GT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP $KUEJQHU FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF WPVGP FKG 5EJKNFG FGU &QOMCRKVGNU WPF FGT 5VCFV &CTWPVGT FKG 9GTV\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 'PIGN .GJT /CKNNGV 6H %++ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
-145+-# %145' &'4 9+&'456#0& #7( -145+-# )')'0 &+' *'445%*#(6 )'07#5 70& (4#0-4'+%*5 5GKV FGO JQJGP /KVVGNCNVGT JGTTUEJVG FKG 4GRWDNKM )GPWC ÒDGT -QTUKMC YCU DGTGKVU HTÒJ CWH FGP 9KFGT UVCPF FGT +PUGNDGXÌNMGTWPI UVKG &KG 'TMN·TWPI FGT MQTUKUEJGP 5QWXGT·PKV·V WPF FKG )TÒPFWPI FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU -QTUKMC KP FGP ,CJTGP WPF YWTFG XQP FGP )GPWGUGP OKV *KNHG (TCPMTGKEJU PCEJ MÒT\GUVGT <GKV \WPKEJVG IGOCEJV FQEJ YCT FGT 9KFGTUVCPF FGT +PUGNDGYQJPGT FCOKV PKEJV IGDTQEJGP &GT IGDÒTVKIG -QTUG 2CUSWCNG 2CQNK FGT \WXQT CNU 1HHK\KGT KP PGCRQNKVCPKUEJGP &KGPUVGP IGUVCPFGP JCVVG MGJTVG CWH FKG +PUGN \WTÒEM WPF QTICPKUKGTVG JKGT FGP 9KFGTUVCPF IGIGP )GPWC PCEJFGO GT XQO )TQTCV FGT -QTUGP \WO )GPGTCN GTPCPPV YQTFGP YCT WPF XQNNG <KXKN WPF /KNKV·TIGYCNV GTJCNVGP JCVVG #NU (ÒJTGT FGT KP )WGTKNNCVCMVKM QRGTKGTGPFGP (TGKJGKVUM·ORHGT FT·PIVG GT FKG )GPWGUGP PCJG\W XQNN UV·PFKI XQP FGT +PUGN 0CEJ GKPGT 4GKJG XQP 4ÒEMUEJN·IGP XGTMCWHVG )GPWC KO ,CJTG FKG +PUGN -QTUKMC CP (TCPMTGKEJ #WEJ IGIGP FKG (TCP\QUGP UGV\VG 2CQNK UGKPGP -CORH WO 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV HQTV FQEJ PCEJ FGT XGTPKEJVGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 2QPVG 0KWQXQ CO /CK OWUUVG GT PCEJ .QPFQP HNKGJGP 'T MQPPVG LGFQEJ KP UGKPG *GKOCV \WTÒEMMGJTGP PCEJFGO FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 0CVKQ PCNXGTUCOONWPI FKG IGHNQJGPGP MQTUKUEJGP (TGKJGKVUM·ORHGT COPGUVKGTV JCVVG \WO 2T·UKFGP VGP FGT PCVKQPCNGP 8GTYCNVWPI GTJQDGP IGTKGV GT KPFGU PCEJ GKPKIGP ,CJTGP KP )GIGPUCV\ \WO TGXQNWVKQ P·TGP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF XGTNKG \WO \YGKVGP /CN FKG +PUGN 4KEJVWPI .QPFQP YQ GT UVCTD
4073
40
2CUSWCNG 2CQNK 5QNFK /WTCVQ I )GMTÌPVGT XQP \YGK 'PIGNP IGJCNVGPGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ +++ 5 )CFQWT[ /CKNNGV 6H :8+++ FG /G[ 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4074
4075
4076
.+..' &+' $'.#)'470) 810 .+..' &KG UVCTM DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV .KNNG UVCPF UGKV WPVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV WPF YCT UGKVFGO \W GKPGT FGT IGYCNVKIUVGP (GUVWPIGP CP FGT 0QTFITGP\G FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU CWUIGDCWV YQTFGP 5KG YWTFG CO #WIWUV XQP GKPGO XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP IGHÒJTVGP MCKUGTNKEJGP *GGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGP FCU CWU $CVCKNNQPGP DGUVCPF WPF UR·VGT FWTEJ PCEJTÒEMGPFG 6TWRRGP $CVCKNNQPG WPF 5EJYCFTQPGP WOHCUUVG &KG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG $GUCV\WPI XQP .KNNG \·JNVG EC DKU /CPP 0CEJ UEJYGTGP 8GTNWUVGP ÒDGTICD FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -QOOCPFCPV WPF /CTUEJCNN FG $QWHHNGTU \YCT CO 1MVQDGT FKG 5VCFV FQEJ \QI GT UKEJ UQFCPP WOIGJGPF OKV UGKPGP 5QNFCVGP KP FKG <KVCFGNNG \WTÒEM FKG GT PQEJ DKU \WT GPFIÒNVKIGP -CRKVWNCVKQP CO &G\GODGT \·J XGTVGKFKIVG +O 8GTNCWH FGT $GNCIGTWPI NKG -QOOCPFCPV FG $QWHHNGTU MWRHGTPG 0QVOÒP\GP \W WPF 5QNU RT·IGP CWH FGTGP 8QTFGTUGKVG UGKP RGTUÌPNKEJGU 9CRRGP RTCPIVG
-W 5QNU I 4WPFGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH IGMTGW\VGP -QOOCPFQUV·DGP QDGP -TQPG 5GEJU\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .::+++ FG /G[ D -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
2'42+)0#0 #75)#$' 810 016)'.& &74%* &+' 56#&6 2'42+)0#0 &KG \WXQT WPVGT URCPKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV UVGJGPFG 5VCFV 2GTRKIPCP YCT KO <WIG FGU MCVCNCPKUEJGP #WHUVCPFGU XIN -CV 0TP XQP (TCPMTGKEJ GTQDGTV YQTFGP +O ,CJTG IGPGJOKIVG FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG )GPGTCNMCRKV·P -CVCNQPKGPU 2JKNKRRG FCU )GUWEJ FGT 5VCFV WO FKG 2T·IWPI GKIGPGP UV·FVK UEJGP 0QVIGNFGU CWU $KNNQP KP #PDGVTCEJV FGU JKGT XQTJGTTUEJGPFGP /CPIGNU CP <CJNWPIUOKVVGNP &KGUG CD IGRT·IVGP 5QWU 5VÒEMG GPVURTGEJGP YGKVIGJGPF FGOLGPKIGP XQP CWU FGT *GTTUEJCHVU\GKV FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 2JKNKRR ++ FCU KO HQNIGPFGP \WP·EJUV CPIGDQVGP YKTF
5QNU 5WGNFQU OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG *CWRV ,QJCPPGU FGU 6·WHGTU X X I &GT TCWVGPHÌTOKIG MCVCNCPKUEJG 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP -TQPG ,QJCPPGU FGT 6·WHGT UVGJGPF X X $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 2QG[ Fʼn#XCPV 4 /ÒP\G HCUV UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
5QNU 5WGNFQU OKV JQEJTGEJVGEMKIGO )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG *CWRV ,QJCPPGU FGU 6·WHGTU X X CO *CCTUEJQRH IGJCNVGP XQP GKPGT N IGTKEJVGVGP *CPF I &GT TCWVGPHÌTOKIG MCVCNC PKUEJG 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP -TQPG ,QJCPPGU FGT 6·WHGT UVGJGPF X X $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT % % 6 QFGT &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ XCT 2QG[ Fʼn#XCPV &G\GPVTKGTVG 2T·IWPI UGJT UEJÌP
&+' (4#0<¤5+5%*' -1.10+' /#74+6+75 70& 4'70+10 +.'5 &' (4#0%' '6 $10#2#46' /CWTKVKWU WPF 4¾WPKQP &KG \W #PHCPI FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU XQP 2QTVWIKGUGP GPVFGEMVGP +PUGNP YCTGP XQP DKU GKPG JQNN·PFKUEJG $GUKV\WPI DGO·EJVKIVG UKEJ (TCPMTGKEJ FGT +PUGNP FKG GU KO ,CJTG PCEJ VCRHG TGT 8GTVGKFKIWPI CP )TQDTKVCPPKGP XGTNQT +P FGP NGV\VGP 6CIGP FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV NKG FGT +PUGNMQOOCPFCPV 0QVOÒP\GP RT·IGP FC FKG )GNFXGTUQTIWPI FGT 'KNCPFG KPHQNIG FGT DTKVKUEJGP 5GG DNQEMCFG PKEJV IGIGDGP YCT
4077
0CRQN¾QP + .KXTGU 2KCUVGT &GECGP I #FNGT GKP $NKV\DÒPFGN KP FGP (·PIGP JCNVGPF QDGP -TQPG <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN &CX /CKNNGV 6H :::+: /C\CTF -CWO UKEJVDCTGU )TCHHKVQ KO (GNF FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
41
)4+'%*'0.#0& )')'056'/2'.70) (4'/&'0 )'.&'5 #7( &'0 +10+5%*'0 +05'.0 .V )GPGTCN 5KT ,COGU %CORDGNN -QOOCPFGWT FGT GPINKUEJGP $GUCV\WPIUUVTGKVMT·HVG WPF \WINGKEJ MÌ PKINKEJGT <KXKNMQOOKUUCT FGT +QPKUEJGP +PUGNP NKG XQP DKU UKNDGTPG -NGKPOÒP\GP FGU -ÌPKI TGKEJU 5RCPKGP WPF FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU 0GCRGN WPF 5K\KNKGP FWTEJ )GIGPUVGORGNWPI OKV PGWGP 9GTVUVWHGP MGPP\GKEJPGP 7TURTÒPINKEJ XGTYCPFVG OCP FGP MNGKPGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN FGT NGFKINKEJ FKG 9GTV\CJN VTWI &C CDGT DCNF KP GTJGDNKEJGO 7OHCPI /ÒP\GP OKV IGH·NUEJVGP )GIGPUVGORGNP KO 8GTMGJT CP\WVTGH HGP YCTGP QTFPGVG OCP FKG 8QTNCIG WPF -QPVTQNNG FGT WONCWHGPFGP 5VÒEMG CP &KG HÒT IWV DGHWPFGPGP /ÒP\GP YWTFGP PWP \WO \YGKVGP /CN LGV\V CDGT OKV GKPGO JQEJQXCNGP FCU -ÌPKIURQTVT·V VTCIGPFGP )GIGPUVGORGN OCTMKGTV
4078
4078
1,5:1
)GQTIG +++ XQP )TQDKVCPPKGP 2CTC Q , I 6CTK 0GCRGN XQP -CTN ++ XQP 5RCPKGP OKV \YGK WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJGP )GIGPUVGORGNP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GKPG XKGTGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT 9GTV\CJN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG GKPG ITÌGTG JQEJQXCNG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT $ÒUVG FGU DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T WPF FGT 9GTV\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %CIKCVK + 5 FG %NGTOQPV 9JGGNGT XIN WPF FQTV FKG GPVURTGEJGPFGP )GIGPUVGORGN CWH LÒPIGTGP PGCRQNKVCPKUEJ UK\KNKCPKUEJGP /ÒP\GP FGT URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIG -CTN 8+ WPF (GTPCPFQ +8 /CKNNGV 2TKFOQTG 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGT )GIGPUVGORGN CWH GKPGT UVCTM \KTMWNKGTVGP /ÒP\G 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI )CTGVV ++ #WMVKQP $CPM .GW #) 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU +PE <ÒTKEJ 1MVQDGT
4079
4079
1,5:1
2CTC Q , I %CTNKPQ 0GCRGN XQP -CTN ++ XQP 5RCPKGP OKV \YGK WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJGP )GIGPUVGORGNP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GKPG XKGTGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT 9GTV\CJN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG GKPG ITÌGTG JQEJQXCNG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT $ÒUVG FGU DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T WPF FGT 9GTV\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %CIKCVK + 5 FG %NGTOQPV 9JGGNGT /CKNNGV 2TKFOQTG 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGT )GIGPUVGORGN CWH GKPGT UVCTM \KTMWNKGTVGP /ÒP\G 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI )CTGVV ++ #WMVKQP $CPM .GW #) 0WOKUOCVKE (KPG #TVU +PE <ÒTKEJ 1MVQDGT
42
-'4-;4# -14(7 8'46'+&+)70) 810 -'4-;4# -14(7
Ansicht der Insel Korfu.
/CVVJKCU ,QJCPP 4GKEJUITCH XQP FGT 5EJWNGPDWTI IGD #WIWUV KP 'OFGP IGUV /·T\ KP 8GTQPC VTCV PCEJ DGTGKVU NCPIL·JTKIGT 1HHK\KGTUNCWHDCJP CNU (GNFOCTUEJCNN KP FKG &KGPUVG FGT 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI GKP 8QO ,WNK DKU #WIWUV XGTVGKFKIVG GT FKG +PUGN -GTM[TC IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP
4080
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT (GUVWPI -GTM[TC XQO ,WNK DKU #WIWUV WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP /CVVJKCU ,QJCPP 4GKEJUITCH XQP FGT 5EJWNGPDWTI $TWUVDKNF FGU (GNFJGTTP N KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF #NNQPIGRGTÒEMG 2NCP XQP (GUVWPI WPF *CHGP -GTM[TC OKV 'KPVTCIWPI FGT 5EJWUUDCJPGP FGT #TVKNNGTKGDCVVGTKGP FGT $GNCIGTGT OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP <KPP -P[RJ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 6TCKPC + 5 8QNVQNKPC +P 5KNDGT XQP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 5EJÒTHUVGNNG CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
-4'6# -4'6# 706'4 8'0'<+#0+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 &KG +PUGN -TGVC MCO #PHCPI FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPVGT FKG *GTTUEJCHV FGT 8GPG\KCPGT FKG UKG DKU IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP DGJCWRVGP MQPPVGP 'TUV HKGN FKG *CWRUVCFV %CPFKC PCEJ FTGKL·JTKIGT VÒTMKUEJGT $GNCIGTWPI
4081
8GPG\KCPKUEJG $GUKV\WPI -W 5QNFKPK 6QTPGUK Q , ,CJTJWPFGTV I /CTEWUNÌYG KO #DUEJPKVV FKG KP 6QTPGUK CWUIGYKGUGPG 9GTVCPICDG +PPGTJCND GKPGU 4WPFU CWU 5EJPÌTMGNQTPCOGPVGP FKG KP 5QNFKPK CWUIGYKGUGPG 9GTVCPICDG KP FTGK <GKNGP )CODGTKPK 4 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
43
)4155$4+6#00+'0 &'4 $ª4)'4-4+') +0 '0).#0& &GT GPINKUEJG $ÒTIGTMTKGI YWTFG CWUIGVTCIGP \YKUEJGP FGP #PJ·PIGTP FGU -ÌPKIU %JCTNGU + WPF FGO 2CTNCOGPV &GT WPWOUEJT·PMVG *GTTUEJCHVUCPURTWEJ FGU -ÌPKIU WPF UGKPG CWH 8GTUÌJPWPI OKV FGO 2CRUV CD\KGNGPFG MKTEJGPRQNKVKUEJG *CNVWPI UVKG CWH \WPGJOGPFGP 9KFGTUVCPF KO 2CTNCOGPV FCU GT MWT\GTJCPF CWHNÌUVG $KU TGIKGTVG GT FCU .CPF QJPG 2CTNCOGPV WPF UVÒV\VG UKEJ PWT CWH YGPKIG $GTCVGT KPUDGUQPFGTG CWH .QTF 5VTCHHQTF WPF 'T\DKUEJQH .CWF 0CEJ FGT GT\YWPIGPGP 9KGFGTGKPDGTW HWPI FGU 2CTNCOGPVU MQPPVG FKGUG 8GTUCOONWPI FGO -ÌPKI OCUUKXG <WIGUV·PFPKUUG CDTKPIGP WPF FKG *KPTKEJVWPI 5VTCHHQTFU FWTEJUGV\GP #NU FCU 2CTNCOGPV OKV MPCRRGT /GJTJGKV KP FGT FWTEJ FGP #WU DTWEJ FGU ITQGP KTKUEJGP #WHUVCPFGU CWHIGJGK\VGP RQNKVUEJGP #VOQURJ·TG CO 0QXGODGT OKV FGT ō)TQGP 4GOQPUVTCP\ŋ GKPGP WOHCUUGPFGP $GUEJYGTFGMCVCNQI XQTIGNGIV JCVVG UVCPF -ÌPKI %JCTNGU XQT FGT 9CJN GKPGP /CEJVXGTNWUV JKP\WPGJOGP QFGT UGKPG GKIGPGP <KGNG OKV )GYCNV FWTEJ\WUGV\GP 0CEJFGO FGT -ÌPKI CO ,CPWCT XGTIGDNKEJ XGTUWEJV JCVVG GKPKIG (ÒJTGT UGKPGT RCTNCOGPVCTKUEJGP )GIPGTUEJCHV HGUV\WUGV\GP XGTNKG GT .QPFQP KP 4KEJVWPI 1ZHQTF WO UKEJ FQTV \WO -TKGI \W TÒUVGP &CU 2CTNCOGPV DKNFGVG GKP GKIGPGU CPUGJPNKEJGU *GGT \W UGKPGO 5EJWV\ 0WP UVCPFGP UKEJ FKG UQIGPCPP VGP ō-CXCNKGTGŋ CNU 2CTVGKI·PIGT FGU -ÌPKIU WPF FKG UQIGPCPPVGP ō4WPFMÌRHGŋ CNU #PJ·PIGT FGU 2CT NCOGPVU IGIGPÒDGT &GT -QPHNKMV GPVYKEMGNVG UKEJ \WO -TKGI FGT OKV GKPGO XGTIGDNKEJGP #PITKHH FGT 4Q[CNKUVGP CWH FKG 5VCFV *WNN DGICPP FKG FGO -ÌPKI FGP 'KP\WI XGTYGKIGTV JCVVG WPF FQOK PKGTVGP PQEJ FKG YCHHGPMWPFKIGP -CXCNKGTG ÒDGT FKG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGU 2CTNCOGPVU &KG 9GPFG \WIWPUVGP FGU 2CTNCOGPVU MCO OKV FGO 'KPVTKVV 5EJQVVNCPFU KP FGP $ÒTIGTMTKGI UQYKG OKV FGT #WHUVGNNWPI PGWGT 2CTNCOGPVUVTWRRGP CP FGT 1NKXGT %TQOYGNN OCIGDNKEJ DGVGKNKIV YCT FGT HÒT FKG +PFGRGPFGPVGP GKPGP TCFKMCNGP (NÒIGN KO 2CTNCOGPV UVCPF &GT 5KGI ÒDGT FKG 4Q[CNKUVGP DGK 0CUGD[ CO ,WPK DTCEJVG FKG 'PVUEJGKFWPI KO $ÒTIGTMTKGI HCUV ICP\ 'PINCPF YWTFG PWP XQP FGP 2CTNCOGPVUVTWRRGP DGUGV\V -ÌPKI %JCTNGU HNQJ \W FGP 5EJQVVGP FKG KJP CDGT IGIGP <CJNWPI XQP 2HWPF 5VGTNKPI CP FCU 2CTNCOGPV CWUNKGHGTVGP 8GTJCPFNWPIGP UEJKGPGP \WP·EJUV CWH GKPG 8GTUÌJPWPI DGKFGT 2CTVGKGP \W\WNCW HGP FQEJ PCEJ FGT 8GTFT·PIWPI FGT IGO·KIVGP 2TGUD[VGTKCPGT XGTJ·PIVG GKP XQO 2CTNCOGPV GKPIGUGV\ VGU 6TKDWPCN FKG 6QFGUUVTCHG ÒDGT FGP -ÌPKI &KG *KPTKEJVWPI FGU -ÌPKIU GTHQNIVG CO ,CPWCT
4083
4082
4082
%JCTNGU + 2QWPF \W 5JKNNKPIU 1ZHQTF I &GT -ÌPKI KP 4ÒUVWPI OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV ÒDGT CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG 9CHHGPUVÒEMG N JKPYGITGKVGPF +O (GNF T QDGP FTGK IGDWPFGPG 5VTCWGPHGFGTP ÛÙÛÙÛ ':84)#6 Ù &'85 Ù &+55+2'0684 Ù +0+/+%+ <YKUEJGP GKPGT QDGTGP WPF GKPGT WPVGTGP $GITGP\WPIUNKPKG FKG #WHUEJTKHV 4'.+) Û 2416 Û .') #0) Û .+$'4 Û 2#4 QDGP FTGK 5VCWGPHGFGTPDÒPFGN WPF FKG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF ņ XIN 6H &CX H /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
2QWPF \W 5JKNNKPIU 1ZHQTF I &GT -ÌPKI KP 4ÒUVWPI OKV -TQPG WPF 5EJYGTV ÒDGT CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG 9CHHGPUVÒEMG N JKPYGITGKVGPF +O (GNF T QDGP FTGK IGDWPFGPG 5VTCWGPHGFGTP ÛÙÛÙÛ ':84)#6 Ù &'85 Ù &+55+2'0684 Ù +0+/+%+ <YKUEJGP GKPGT QDGTGP WPF GKPGT WPVGTGP $GITGP\WPIUNKPKG FKG #WHUEJTKHV 4'.+) Û 2416 Û .') #0) Û .+$'4 Û 2#4 QDGP FTGK 5VCWGPHG FGTPDÒPFGN WPF FKG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H &CX /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ # 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
44
4084
4085
4086 Der Prozeß gegen Charles I. in der Westminster Hall.
5JKNNKPI 2GPEG 1ZHQTF I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF N KO (GNF T FKG 9GTV\CJN :++ <YKUEJGP XKGT *QTK\QPVCNNKPKGP FTGK 6GZV\GKNGP QDGP FTGK 5VTCWGPHGFGTDÒPFGN WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU \CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ &QRRGNUEJNCI UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 0'9#4-
*CNHETQYP \W 2GPEG 0GYCTM I )TQG $ÒIGNMTQPG \YKUEJGP % 4 WPVGP FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\CJN &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .:::8+++ 5GCD[ # 4 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 2106'(4#%6 #NU UKEJ -ÌPKI %JCTNGU + UEJQP N·PIUV KP FGP *·PFGP UGKPGT )GIPGT DGHCPF MQPPVGP UGKPG #PJ·PIGT PQEJ GKPOCN XCIG CWH *KNHG JQHHGP FC FCU UEJQVVKUEJG 2CTNCOGPV GKPG #TOGG IGIGP FKG 'PIN·PFGT \WT $GHTGKWPI FGU -ÌPKIU UEJKEMVG $KPPGP MWT\GT <GKV MQPPVGP FKG 5EJQVVGP FKG 5V·FVG $GTYKEM WPF %CTNKUNG GTQDGTP UQYKG FKG (GUVWPI 2QPVGHTCEV KP ;QTMUJKTG &QEJ XQO DKU #WIWUV TKGDGP FKG 6TWR RGP %TQOYGNNU DGK 2TGUVQP FKG UEJQVVKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV XQNNMQOOGP CWH 9·JTGPF FKG $GUCV\WPIGP FGT 5V·FVG %CTNKUNG WPF $GTYKEM WPVGT FGO 'KPFTWEM FKGUGT UEJYGTGP 0KGFGTNCIG INGKEJ MCRKVWNKGTVGP OWUUVG 1NKXGT %TQOYGNN GKP /CPP UVCTMGU *GGT \WT $GNCIGTWPI 2QPVGHTCEVU UEJKEMGP &KG XQP KJTGO -QOOCPFCPVGP /QTTKU DGHGJNKIVGP 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP YGJTVGP UKEJ UVCPFJCHV WPF MCRKVWNKGTVGP GTUV CO #RTKN GVNKEJG 9QEJGP PCEJ FGT *KPTKEJVWPI FGU -ÌPKIU +P 2QPVGHTCEV NKG $GHGJNUJCDGT /QTTKU UKNDGTPG MNKRRGPHÌTOKIG 0QVOÒP\GP UEJNCIGP FKG PCEJ FGT ªDGTNKGHGTWPI CWU FGO /GVCNN UGKPGU RGTUÌP NKEJGP 5KNDGTIGT·VU IGRT·IV YQTFGP UGKP UQNNGP
%JCTNGU + 5JKNNKPI 2QPVGHTCEV I &KG +PKVKCNGP % WPF 4 QDGP $ÒIGN MTQPG <YKUEJGP \YGK <KPPGPVÒTOGP 5VCFVVQT OKV JQEJIG\QIGPGO (CNNICVVGT KO (GNF T GKP XQP GKPGT *CPF GORQT IGJCNVGPGT &GIGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV CWH QMVQIQPCNGO 5EJTÌVNKPI /CKNNGV XIN 6H :%+8 FQTV CWH QMVQIQPCNGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 5GCD[ 44 )GTKPI GTJCNVGP
45
&+' #0-70(6 810 24+0< 9+.*'./ 810 0#55#7 14#0+'0 +0 '0).#0& 'KPGU FGT YGUGPVNKEJGP <KGNG XQP -ÌPKI ,COGU ++ YCT FKG 5V·TMWPI FGU -CVJQNK\KUOWU KP 'PINCPF #NU FKG -QPVKPWKV·V FKGUGT 2QNKVKM FWTEJ FKG )GDWTV GKPGU 6JTQPHQNIGTU YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ YWTFG GKPKIVGP UKEJ FKG (ÒJTGT FGT 1RRQUKVKQP UGKV KP IGJGKOGP #DURTCEJGP FGP -ÌPKI \W XGTVTGKDGP WPF FGO RTQVG UVCPVKUEJGP 'TDUVCVVJCNVGT FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG 9KNJGNO +++ XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP FGO )GOCJN XQP ,CMQDU ·NVGUVGT 6QEJVGT /CTKC FKG GPINKUEJG -TQPG CWHU *CWRV \W UGV\GP #O 0QXGODGT NCPFGVG 9KN JGNO CP FGT GPINKUEJG -ÒUVG DGK 6QTDC[ &C FCU 8QNM WPF PCJG\W CNNG -T·HVG KO .CPFG FKG 4GIKGTWPIU ÒDGTPCJOG 9KNJGNOU DGHÒTYQTVGVGP OWUUVG ,COGU ++ FCU .CPF XGTNCUUGP WPF UKEJ PCEJ (TCPMTGKEJ CD UGV\GP #NU 9KNNKCO +++ WPF /CT[ DGMCOGP FGT 1TCPKGT WPF UGKPG )GOCJNKP IGOGKPUCO FKG -TQPG ÒDGT VTCIGP FCU MÌPKINKEJG #OV IKPI CNNGKP CWH 9KNJGNO ÒDGT
4087
,COGU ++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTIG $QYGT CWH FKG .CPFWPI XQP 2TKP\ 9KNJGNO XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP CP FGT -ÒUVG XQP 6QTDC[ $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM CWH FCU /GGT OKV FGT CPMGTPFGP PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP (NQVVG WPF GKPGO NGKEJV \WO 9CUUGT JKP CDHCNNGPFGP 5VTCPFCDUEJPKVV CWH FGO UKEJ FKG IGTCFG CWUIGDQQVGVG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGU 2TKP\GP KP /CTUEJMCTTGGU HQTOKGTV JCV +O 8QTFGTITWPF N 2TKP\ 9KNJGNO \W 2HGTF CP FGT 5RKV\G XQP 4GKVGTP FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP 4GEJVGP JCNVGPF #O (WG GKPGT PKGFTKIGP &ÒPG KO 8QTFGTITWPF T /CTU UKV\GPF X X UKEJ HÒTUQTINKEJ WO FKG MTCHVNQU KP UGKPGP #TOGP NKGIGPFG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT )GTGEJVKIMGKV MÒOOGTPF OO I 'KOGT XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV *CYMKPU 6H .:8+++ WPF $F 5 XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV -2- XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV X .QQP XIN +++ 5 FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV WPF OKV GKPGT CWHIGNÌVGVGP $ÒIGNMTQPG KO (GNF FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
&+' 4ª%-'41$'470) 810 0#/74 +O 2H·N\GT 'TDHQNIGMTKGI JCVVGP FKG 6TWRRGP .WFYKIU :+8 FKG 5VCFV 0COWT UQYKG FKG (GUVWPI WPF FKG <KVCFGNNG PCEJ DNWVKIGP -·ORHGP IGPQOOGP MQPPVGP FKG #NNKKGTVGP PCEJ \GJPYÌEJKIGT $GNCIGTWPI FKG XQP FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVWPIUCTEJKVGMVGP 8CWDCP XGTUV·TMVG <KVCFGNNG WPF FKG XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP XGTVGKFKIVG 5VCFV GTQDGTP &KG $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP UVCPFGP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 9KNNKCO +++ WPF FGU DC[GTKUEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN FGT UGKV FKG KJO XQP UGKPGO 5EJYKGIGTXCVGT -CKUGT .GQRQNF + XGTNKGJGPG )GPGTCNUVCVVJCNVGTYÒTFG FGT URCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG KPPG JCVVG
4088
9KNNKCO +++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP ,QJCPP )GQTI 5QTDGTIGT CWH FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI XQP 0COWT $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ $NKEM ÒDGT FKG /CCU CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG 5VCFV WPF FKG <KVCFGNNG OO I 'KOGT UKGJG #PO *CYMKPU 6H %+ X .QQP +8 5 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG XQTNKGIGPFG WPUKIPKGTVG /GFCKNNG MÌPPVG IGO *CYMKPU CWHITWPF UVKNKUVKUEJGT /GTMOCNG GKP 9GTM FGU )QVJCGT WPF /GKPKPIGT 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU ,QJCPP )GQTI 5QTDGTIGT UGKP 'KPG GPVURTGEJGPFG <WYGKUWPI PCJO CWEJ (QTTGT
$F 8 5 XQT
46
&+' 5''5%*.#%*6 $'+ 8+)1 #O 1MVQDGT MQPPVG GKP XQP #FOKTCN 4QQM IGHÒJTVGT 8GTDCPF CWU GPINKUEJGP WPF PKGFGTN·PFK UEJGP -TKGIUUEJKHHGP FKG KP FGT #VNCPVKMDWEJV XQT FGT URCPKUEJGP -ÒUVGPUVCFV 8KIQ CPMGTPFG XGTGKPKIVG URCPKUEJG 5KNDGTHNQVVG UCOV HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT $GINGKVUEJKHHG XGTPKEJVGP
4089
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT CWH FKG 5GG UEJNCEJV DGK 8KIQ CP FGT URCPKUEJGP 0QTFYGUVMÒUVG 8KEVQTKC UVGJGPF T GKP #TTCPIGOGPV CWU GTDGWVGVGP 5EJKHHUVGKNGP 9CHHGP WPF 9CTGP DGMTÌPGPF 6QRQITCRJKUEJG #PUKEJV FGT $WEJVNCPFUEJCHV DGK 8KIQ UCOV WONKGIGPFGT 1TVG CWH FGO /GGT -CORHU\GPGTKG OKV FKXGTUGP 5EJKHHGP OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU ++ 5 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
&+' '+00#*/' 810 764'%*6 8'0.1 41'4/10& -#+5'459'46* .ª66+%* 70& #0&'4'4 146'
4090
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 7VTGEJV 8GPNQ 4QGTOQPF -CKUGTUYGTVJ .ÒVVKEJ WPF YGKVGTGP (GUVWPIGP WPF 5V·FVGP CP FGT /CCU FWTEJ CNNKKGTVG 5VTGKVMT·HVG )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N KP -NGKF OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN #PUKEJV FGT (GUVWPI .ÒVVKEJ KO XQTIGNCIGTVGP 6GTTCKP #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPIGP .CWHIT·DGP WPF 6TWRRGPCWHOCTUEJ OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %:8++ X .QQP +8 5 9GKNGT #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $100 *7; 70& .+/$74)
4091
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $QPP *W[ WPF .KODWTI FWTEJ 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGT #NNKKGTVGP $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N KP -NGKF OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN &GT DTKVKUEJG *GGTHÒJTGT .QTF /CTNDQTQWIJ N \W 2HGTF XQT GKPGT T MPKGPFGP 5VCFVIÌVVKP FKG KJO FKG 5EJNÒUUGN FGT FTGK 5V·FVG CWH GKPGO 6CDNGVV FCTTGKEJV +O *KPVGTITWPF T +PHCPVGTKG KP /CTUEJ QTFPWPI N OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %:8+++ XCT X .QQP +8 5 9GKNGT (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
47
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ *¤%*56 &6 70& $.+0&*'+/ $.'0*'+/
Schlacht bei Höchstädt.
#O #WIWUV UEJNWI GKPG XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP WPF ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTN DQTQWIJ IGHÒJTVG 5VTGKVOCEJV CWU MCKUGTNKEJGP WPF GPINKUEJGP 6TWRRGP DGK *ÌEJUV·FV WPF $NKPFJGKO
GPIN $NGPJGKO CP FGT &QPCW FCU MWTHÒTUVNKEJ DC[GTKUEJG *GGT XGTPKEJVGPF #PIGUKEJVU FKGUGT GPV UEJGKFGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG T·WOVGP FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPF FKG 4GUVG FGT DC[GTKUEJGP #TOGG ICP\ 1DGTFGWVUEJNCPF WPF \QIGP UKEJ CWH FCU NKPMG 4JGKPWHGT \WTÒEM
4092
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK *ÌEJUV·FV $TWUVDKNF FGU DTKVKUEJGP (GNFJGTTP ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ T KP *CTPKUEJ /CTU UKV \GPF N CWH GKPGP -TKGIGT YGKUGPF FGT OKV IG\ÒEMVGO 5EJYGTV OGJTGTG \WTÒEMYGKEJGPFG (GKPFG CP IGJV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %:+: 5NI *QTUM[ X .QQP +8 5 5NI ,WNKWU 2QRGNMC *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'(4'+70) 810 $#4%'.10#
4093
48
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG $GHTGKWPI XQP $CTEGNQPC $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N WPVGTJCND FGU $TWUVCDUEJPKVVU + Û % Û $NKEM ÒDGT FGP *CHGP CWH FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV QDGP FKG XQO /QPF XGTHKPUVGTVG 5QPPG OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::++ X .QQP +8 5 (GKPG CVVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4094
4095
4096
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FKG #WHJGDWPI FGT $GNCIGTWPI $CTEGNQPCU 2JKNKRR XQP #PLQW KP YKNFGT (NWEJV \W 2HGTF N UGKPG -TQPG XGTNKGTGPF IGHQNIV XQP GKPGO N HNKGIGPFGP 2WVVQ FGT FKG OKV FGO ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP $KPFGP UEJKNF DGFGEMVG 5QPPG VT·IV +O *KPVGTITWPF N -ÒUVGPCDUEJPKVV FGU /KVVGNOGGTGU OKV 5KIPCNVÒTOGP T 5VGNNWPIGP WPF <GNVG FGT URCPKUEJGP $GNCIGTGT XQT FGT DGHGUVKIVGP 5VCFV ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ \W 2HGTF T ÒDGT IGHCNNGPG (GKPFG JKPYGIURTKPIGPF 8QT KJO PCEJ N MPKGPF FKG 8GTMÌTRG TWPIGP XQP XKGT 5V·FVGP FKG 5VCFVUEJNÒUUGN FCTTGKEJGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT X .QQP +8 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 8QTFGTUGKVG FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /GFCKNNG URKGNV PKEJV CNNGKP CWH FGP #D\WI FGT URCPKUEJGP $GNCIGTGT CP UQPFGTP CWEJ CWH FKG 5QPPGPHKPUVGTPKU XQO /CK FGU ,CJTGU &KG 'MNKRUG FGU )GUVKTPU YWTFG UGKV CNVGTU JGT CNU DGFTQJNK EJGU 'TGKIPKU WPF CNU #WUNÌUGT XGTUEJKGFGPGT -CVCUVTQRJGP IGFGWVGV
&+' 5+')' &'5 *'4<1)5 810 /#4.$1417)* +0 (.#0&'40
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG FGU *GT\QIU XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ KP $TCDCPV WPF (NCPFGTP $TWUVDKNF XQP ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ JCNDT KO *CTPKUEJ OKV #NNQPIGRGTÒEMG FGP $NKEM JCNDN IGYCPFV -TKGIGT KP CPVKMGT 4Ò UVWPI /CTU! PCEJ N UEJTGKVGPF FKG FWTEJ GKPG -QTFGN OKVGKPCPFGT XGTDWPFGPGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG XQP $TC DCPV (NCPFGTP WPF #PVYGTRGP KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP 4GEJVGP GKP 6TQRCGWO OKV FGT .KPMGP JCNVGPF #O $QFGP NKGIGP FTGK DGUKGIVG (GKPFG /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP 5 5NI /QPVG PWQXQ #WUFTWEMUXQNNGU 2QTVT·V (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
&+' 5+')' &'4 #..++'46'0 +0 $4#$#06
#PPG 5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2JKNNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG FGT #NNKKGTVGP KP $TCDCPV #PVKMKUKGTGPFG &CTUVGNNWPI GKPGT N UVGJGPFGP -TKGIGTKP FKG DTKVKUEJG -ÌPKIKP #PPG KO *CDKV FGT /KPGTXC GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KP FGT 4GEJVGP OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP UKV\GPFGP UGKPGT 9CHHGP XGTNWUVKIGP -TKGIGT FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI .QWKU :+8 CO $QFGP PKGFGTJCNVGPF 8KEVQTKC UEJTGKVGPF N GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPG /CWGTMTQPG KP FGT GTJQDGPGP .KPMGP T GKP CWU $GWVGYCHHGP WPF GKPGO +PUEJTKHVGPUEJKNF GTTKEJVGVGU 6TQRCGWO KO *KPVGTITWPF N 5VCFVCPUKEJV 4KPIUWOJGT \YÌNH OKV $·PFGTP XGTDWPFGPG +PUEJTKHVGPUEJKNFG OKV FGP NCVGKPKUEJGP 0COGP FGT GTQDGTVGP 5V·FVG $TÒUUGN /GEJGNGP .KGT #PVYGTRGP 8GWTPG #CNUV #CVJ #WFGPCTFG $TÒIIG )GPV &COOG .QWXCKP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I %QNN (KGYGIGT 'KOGT (QTUVGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+++ -2- X .QQP +8 (GKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
49
4097
&+' 5+')' ª$'4 (4#0-4'+%*
#PPG 5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2JKNNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG )TQDTKVCPPKGPU ÒDGT (TCPMTGKEJ #PVKMKUKGTGPFG &CTUVGNNWPI GKPGT N UVGJGPFGP -TKGIGTKP FKG DTKVKUEJG -ÌPKIKP #PPG KO *CDKV FGT /KPGTXC GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KP FGT 4GEJVGP OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP UKV\GPFGP UGKPGT 9CHHGP XGTNWUVKIGP -TKGIGT FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI .QWKU :+8 CO $QFGP PKGFGTJCNVGPF $GNCIGTWPIUU\GPG GKPGU 6WTOGU /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I %QNN (KGYGIGT 'KOGT (QTUVGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+++ -2- X .QQP +8 5 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
9·JTGPF FGT 6TKWORJ FGT -ÌPKIKP #PPG ÒDGT .QWKU :+8 CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG HÒT LGFGP $GVTCEJVGT FWTEJ FKG -QODK PCVKQP XQP $KNF WPF 7OUEJTKHV XGTFGWVNKEJV YKTF UQ GTHQTFGTV FKG +PVGTRTGVCVKQP FGU 4ÒEMUGKVGPOQVKXU GKPG IGYKUUG $KDGNHGUVKIMGKV &CTIGUVGNNV KUV FKG 5\GPG FGT 2UCNOG FGU $WEJU FGT 4KEJVGT &GO\WHQNIG YWTFG FGT KUTCGNKVK UEJG -ÌPKI #DKOGNGEJ DGK FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGU 6WTOGU XQP 6JGDGP FWTEJ GKPGP XQP FGP <KPPGP IGYQTHGPGP /ÒJN UVGKP IGVTQHHGP FGP GKPG (TCW IGIGP FKG #PITGKHGT IGYQTHGP JCVVG 5EJYGT XGTYWPFGV DGHCJN FGT *GTTUEJGT UGKPGO $GINGKVGT KJP OKV FGT GKIGPGP 9CHHG \W VÌVGP OKV FGP 9QTVGP &WTEJUVGEJG OKEJ FCUU OCP PKEJV XQP OKT UCIG 'KP 9GKD JCV KJP GTOQTFGV
4098
&+' '41$'470) 810 .+..' +O ,CJTG MQP\GPVTKGTVGP UKEJ FKG 1RGTCVKQPGP IGIGP .QWKU :+8 KP (NCPFGTP WPF 0QTFHTCPMTGKEJ 'KPG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT #NNKKGTVGP DTCEJVG CO ,WNK FGU ,CJTGU DGK 1WFGPCCTFG CP FGT 5EJGNFG FGT HTCP\Ì UKUEJGP #TOGG GKPG JGTDG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK FKG FGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP FGP /CTUEJ CWH FCU UVCTM DGHGUVKIVG .KNNG GTÌHHPGVG 'KP XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP IGHÒJTVGU *GGT DGICPP CO #WIWUV OKV FGT 7O \KPIGNWPI FGT 5VCFV FKG GTUV UGKV WPVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV UVCPF WPF UGKVFGO \W GKPGT FGT IGYCNVKIUVGP (GUVWPIGP CP FGT 0QTFITGP\G FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU CWUIGDCWV YQTFGP YCT &KG $GUEJKGWPI FGT 5VCFV YWTFG CO #WIWUV GTÌHHPGV 0CEJ UEJYGTGP 8GTNWUVGP ÒDGTICD FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -QOOCPFCPV WPF /CTUEJCNN FG $QWHHNGTU \YCT CO 1MVQDGT FKG 5VCFV FQEJ \QI GT UKEJ UQFCPP WOIGJGPF OKV UGKPGP 5QNFCVGP KP FKG <KVCFGNNG \WTÒEM FKG GT PQEJ DKU \WT GPFIÒNVKIGP -CRKVWNCVKQP CO &G \GODGT \·J XGTVGKFKIVG
50
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT <KVCFGNNG XQP .KNNG )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV OKV /CWGTMTQPG KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP CP GKPGO $CPF J·PIGPFGP 5VCFVUEJKNF ÒDGT GKPGP #NVCT JCNVGPF FGT OKV GKPGO 2NCP FGT 5VCFV WPF FGT <KVCFGNNG XQP .KNNG DGFGEMV KUV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+: 2QRGNMC 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT <KVCFGNNG XQP .KNNG )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV OKV /CWGTMTQPG KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP CP GKPGO $CPF J·PIGPFGP 5VCFVUEJKNF ÒDGT GKPGP #NVCT JCNVGPF FGT OKV GKPGO 2NCP FGT 5VCFV WPF FGT <KVCFGNNG XQP .KNNG DGFGEMV KUV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+: 2QRGNMC \W FQTV KP 5KNDGT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 )'06 0CEJ FGT 'TQDGTWPI XQP .KNNG UEJTKVV FGT *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ OKV UGKPGT #TOGG \WT $GNCIGTWPI XQP )GPV &KG 5VCFV MCRKVWNKGTVG CO &G\GODGT
4100
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG XQP )GPV $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF T )GUEJÒV\DCVVGTKG FGT #NNKKGTVGP &GT -QOOCPFGWT FGT #NNKKGTVGP ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ \W 2HGTF T OKV $GINGKVGTP GKPGP GKUGTPGP *CPFUEJWJ XQP FGP 1TFQPPCP\GP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VCFVIQWXGTPGWTU /CTSWKU FG NC /QVVG GORHCPIGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF T FKG CD\KGJGPFG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG )CTPKUQPUDGUCV\WPI /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPF UEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+: 5NI ,WNKWU -2- X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' '+00#*/' 810 61740#+
4101
#PPG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT /GFCKNNGWTU WPF 8GTNGIGTU %CURCT )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 6QWTPCK $NKEM CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF GKPG #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT $GNCIGTGT &KG N UEJTGKVGPFG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF KP FGT .KPMGP FGP $QFGP DGUVTGWGPF OKV .QTDGGT\YGKIGP WPF UQ FGT PGDGP KJT UVGJGPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGU (TKGFGPU TGUR FGU 5KGIGU JWNFKIGPF &KGUG UVGJGPF X X OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF -GVVG KP FGT .KPMGP CP FGT FKG CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG #NNGIQTKG FGU 0GKFU IGHGUUGNV KUV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT #PO *CYMKPU 6H %::: -2- X .QQP +8 5 (GKPG 2CVKPC OKP 4CPFHGJNGT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4102
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT /GFCKNNGWTU WPF 8GTNGIGTU %CURCT )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 6QWTPCK $NKEM CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF GKPG #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT $GNCIGTGT +P DGYGIVGT 5GG GKP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT &TGKOCUVGT OKV GKPGO CDIGDTQEJGPGP /CUV KP 5GGPQV <YGK CP FGT 4GNKPI UVGJGPFG 5GGNGWVG YGTHGP \WT 'PVNCUVWPI FGU 5EJKHHU 6GKNG FGT .CFWPI ÒDGT $QTF KO 8QTFGT ITWPF GKP 9CTGPDCNNGP OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV &14 0+- WPF FKG QDGTG *·NHVG FGU IGDTQEJGPGP *CWRVOCUVGU KO 9CUUGT VTGKDGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::: -2- X .QQP +8 5 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
51
4103
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6QWTPCK $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIKP N KP -NGKF OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 2CNNCU #VJGPC UKV\GPF JCNDT UKEJ OKV FGO TGEJVGP #TO CWH GKPGP OKV FGO )QTIQPGKQP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF UVÒV\GPF OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPG .CP\G JCNVGPF CP FGTGP 5EJCHV GKPG /CWGTMTQPG CPIGDTCEJV KUV <W KJTGT 4GEJVGP (CJPG WPF $GWVGYCHHGP CO *QTK\QPV T 5VCFVCPUKEJV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::: X .QQP +8 5 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4104
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6QWTPCK $TWUVDKNF FGT DTKVK UEJGP -ÌPKIKP N KP -NGKF OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 2CNNCU #VJGPC UKV\GPF JCNDT UKEJ OKV FGO TGEJVGP #TO CWH GKPGP OKV FGO )QTIQPGKQP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF UVÒV\GPF OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPG .CP\G JCNVGPF CP FGTGP 5EJCHV GKPG /CWGTMTQPG CPIGDTCEJV KUV <W KJTGT 4GEJVGP (CJPG WPF $GWVGYCHHGP CO *QTK\QPV T 5VCFVCPUKEJV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %::: X .QQP +8 5 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 5''5+') ª$'4 &+' 52#0+'4 814 -#2 2#55#41 #O #WIWUV CVVCEMKGTVG PCJG -CR 2CUUCTQ CP FGT 5ÒFQUVURKV\G 5K\KNKGPU GKPG XQP #FOKTCN )G QTIG $[PI IGHÒJTVG GPINKUEJG (NQVVG GKPGP ITQGP URCPKUEJGP 5EJKHHUXGTDCPF &KG 'PIN·PFGT MQPPVGP GKPG PKEJV WPDGVT·EJVNKEJG #P\CJN XQP URCPKUEJGP 5EJKHHGP MCRGTP $GOGTMGPUYGTV KUV FKG 6CVUCEJG FCUU DGKFG .·PFGT FCOCNU PKEJV OKVGKPCPFGT KP -TKGI UVCPFGP
4105
52
)GQTIG + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJP %TQMGT .QPFQP CWH FGP 5GGUKGI ÒDGT FKG URCPK UEJG (NQVVG XQT -CR 2CUUCTQ $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ <CJNTGKEJG OCTKVKOG 6TQRJ·GP CO $QFGP ITWRRKGTV WO GKPG OKV 5EJKHHUTÒORHGP WPF GKPGT (KIWT FGU DTK VKUEJGP -ÌPKIU KO *CDKV FGU /GGTIQVVGU 2QUGKFQP IGUEJOÒEMVG 5KGIGUU·WNG UQI %QNQPC TQUVTCVC OO I 'KOGT (KCNC *CYMKPU 6H %:.++ *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' #22'..#6+10 &'5 6*41024 6'0&'06'0 ,#/'5 567#46 )')'0 &#5 *#75 *#0018'4
4106
)GQTIG + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 1VVQPG *COGTCPK 4QO $TWUVDKNF FGU 6JTQPRT·VGPFGPVGP ,COGU +++ 5VWCTV T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN $NKEM XQO TGEJVGP 6JGOUGWHGT CWH .QPFQP WPF FGP (NWUU +O 8QTFGTITWPF FCU JCPPQXGTUEJG 5CEJUGPTQUU CWH GKPGO .ÌYGP WPF GKPGO 'KPJQTP FKG DTKVKUEJGP 9CRRGPVKGTG JGTWOVTCORGNPF N DGK GKPGO XGTFQTTVGP $CWO $TKVCPPKC UKV\GPF T KP 6TCWGTRQUG \W KJTGP (ÒGP 9CHHGPUVÒEMG T GKPG )TWRRG XQP FTGK (NÒEJVNKPIGP KJTG *CDG VTCIGPF OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H %:.8 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ %#4.+5.'
4107
1,5:1
4107
)GQTIG ++ )QNFOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *GPFTKM 9QNHH -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK %CTNKUNG $TWUVDKNF XQP 9KNJGNO #WIWUV XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI WPF .ÒPGDWTI *GT\QI XQP %WODGTNCPF T 7PVGP 5EJTKHVDCPF OKV FGUUGP )GDWTVUFCVWO &GT *GT\QI CNU CPVKMGT -TKGIGT OKV IG\QIGPGO 5EJYGTV WPF GKPGO 5EJKNF OKV FGO 2QTVT·V XQP )GQTIG ++ UGV\V GKPGO T CWUYGKEJGPFGP UGEJUMÌRHKIGP 7PVKGT PCEJ +O *KPVGTITWPF 5VCFVCPUKEJV OO I $TQEMOCPP \W FQTV 'ZGORNCTG KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G 'KOGT (KCNC XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G *CYMKPU XIN 6H %.:8+ WPF FQTV KP 5KNDGT WPF -WRHGT )1.& 44 /KP DGTKGDGP CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4108
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP # -KTM CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK %CTNKUNG 9KNJGNO #WIWUV XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI WPF .ÒPGDWTI *GT\QI XQP %WODGTNCPF \W 2HGTF N KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP 4GEJVGP GKPGP &GIGP JCNVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF FKG (GUVWPI &GT *GT\QI CNU CPVKMGT -TKGIGT UVGJGPF T FGT XQT KJO UKV\GPFGP 8GTMÌTRG TWPI 'PINCPFU GKPGP .QTDGGT\YGKI TGKEJGPF <W UGKPGP (ÒGP DGK GKPGO \GTDTQEJGPGP ,QEJ WPF GKPGO \GTDTQEJGPGP 5EJYGTV GKP D·WEJNKPIU NKGIGPFGT )GIPGT OKV GKPGO 5EJKNF FGP FKG R·RUVNKEJG 6KCTC \KGTV OO I $TQEMOCPP 'KOGT (KCNC *CYMKPU 6H %.:8+ (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
53
&+' 8'46'+&+)70) )+$4#.6#45 &KG KO URCPKUEJGP $GUKV\ DGHKPFNKEJG 5VCFV *CHGP WPF (GUVWPI )KDTCNVCT CWH FGT INGKEJPCOKIGP *CNDKP UGN CP FGT 5ÒFURKV\G FGT KDGTKUEJGP *CNDKPUGN MQPPVG KO <WIG FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU CO #WIWUV XQO MCKUGTNKEJGP (GNFOCTUEJCNNGWVPCPV 2TKP\ )GQTI XQP *GUUGP &CTOUVCFV WPF UGKPGT /CPP UVCTMGP 6TWRRG KP GKPGT JCPFUVTGKEJCTVKIGP #MVKQP IGPQOOGP YGTFGP +O (TKGFGP XQP 7VTGEJV YWTFG )KDTCNVCT FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ )TQDTKVCPPKGP \WGTMCPPV /GJTHCEJ XGTUWEJVGP FKG 5RCPKGT FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI FGU UVTCVGIKUEJ UGJT YKEJVKIGP (GNUGPU +JT NGV\VGT 8GTUWEJ )KDTCNVCT OKV 9CHHGPIGYCNV \W PGJOGP GTHQNIVG KO 4CJOGP GKPGT NCPIGP $GNCIGTWPI XQP DKU &KG $GNCIGTGT \·JNVGP CPHCPIU /CPP FKG XQP )GPGTCN 'NNKQV DGHGJNKIVGP 8GTVGKFKIGT GVYC 5QNFCVGP FKG KO /·T\ XQP 5GG JGT 8GTUV·TMWPI WPF 0CEJUEJWD GTJKGNVGP 9·JTGPF GKPGU OCUUKXGP #TVKNNGTKGCPITKHHU XQP #RTKN DKU 'PFG /CK YWTFG FKG 5VCFV HCUV XQNNUV·PFKI \GTUVÌTV FKG (GUVWPIUYGTMG CDGT PWT WPYG UGPVNKEJ KP /KVNGKFGPUEJCHV IG\QIGP 1DINGKEJ FKG 5RCPKGT XQP (TCPMTGKEJ 8GTUV·TMWPI GTJKGNVGP WPF FC FWTEJ XQT )KDTCNVCT \WT 5GG ÒDGT GKPG (NQVVG XQP 5EJKHHGP WPF UEJYKOOGPFGP $CVVGTKGP UQYKG \W .CPFG ÒDGT 5QNFCVGP OKV UEJYGTGP )GUEJÒV\GP XGTHÒIVGP IGNCPI GU KJPGP PKEJV FKG 8GTVGKFKIGT \WT #WHICDG \W \YKPIGP 0CEJ #PMWPHV YGKVGTGT DTKVKUEJGT 8GTUQTIWPIUUEJKHHG WPF UEJYG TGP 8GTNWUVGP JQDGP FKG #PITGKHGT 'PFG 1MVQDGT FKG $GNCIGTWPI CWH +O (TKGFGP XQP DGUV· VKIVG FKG URCPKUEJG -TQPG FGP $TKVGP FGP $GUKV\ XQP )KDTCNVCT
4109
)GQTIG +++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI )KDTCNVCTU IGIGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG WPF URCPKUEJG 8GTD·PFG $TWUVDKNF FGU )GPGTCNU 'NNKQV -QOOCPFCPV FGT (GUVWPI T KP 7PKHQTO OKV &TGKURKV\ $NKEM ÒDGT FGP *CHGP WPF GKPG HGWGTPFG URCPKUEJG /ÌTUGTUVGNNWPI CWH FGP (GNUGP XQP )KDTCNVCT OKV $GHGUVKIWPIGP CO (W WPF GKPGT (GUVWPI CWH FGT -WRRG FGU $GTIGU 8QP FGT #PJÌJG YGTFGP FKG XQT FGP -CKCPNCIGP NKGIGPFGP 5EJKHHG FGU )GIPGTU WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU IGPQOOGP FGT )GIPGT CPVYQTVGV FCTCWH OKV $QODCTFGOGPV FGT *ÌJGPHGUVWPI WPF FGT VKGHGT IGNGIGPGP (GUVWPIUYGTMG OO I $TQYP 'KOGT 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
+4.#0& &'4 #7(56#0& )')'0 &'0 '0).+5%*'0 -¤0+) #NU KP 'PINCPF FKG #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP \YKUEJGP -ÌPKI WPF 2CTNCOGPV URÒTDCT CWH GKPGP OCUUKXGP -QPHNKMV \WUVGWGTVGP PWV\VG +TNCPF FKG 8GTHCUUWPIUM·ORHG \W GKPGO #WHUVCPF FGT \WP·EJUV GTHQNI TGKEJ XGTNKGH &KG KTKUEJG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV DNKGD LGFQEJ PWT DKU \WO 'PFG FGU GPINKUEJGP $ÒTIGTMTKGIGU DGUVGJGP 7PVGT %TQOYGNN MQPPVGP FKG 'PIN·PFGT \YKUEJGP WPF +TNCPF \WTÒEMGTQDGTP WPF KP KJTGO 5KPPG DGHTKGFGP WPVGT #PYGPFWPI FTCMQPKUEJGT )GYCNV WPF OKV FGO /KVVGN FGT <YCPIUCWUUKGF NWPI (GTPGT GTJKGNVGP FKG MCVJQNKUEJGP KTKUEJGP 2CEJVDCWGTP XKGNHCEJ PGWG RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG )TWPFJGTTGP +TNCPF YCT FCFWTEJ PQEJ OGJT CNU XQT FGO #WHUVCPF CWH FGP 5VCVWU GKPGT GPINKUEJGP -QNQPKG JGTCDIG UWPMGP
4110
54
%JCTNGU + -ÌPKIUVTGWG 2T·IWPI Y·JTGPF FGU #WHUVCPFU FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPI %TQYP \W 5JKNNKPIU Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $ÒIGNMTQPG 9GTVCPICDG =5? 8 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .8+++ 5GCD[ #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT FKGUGT 'OKUUKQP UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4112
4111
%TQYP \W 5JKNNKPIU 2GPEG Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $ÒIGNMTQPG 5 ++ WPF =&? 8+ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .8+++ 5GCD[ ªDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
5JKNNKPI \W 2GPEG Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $ÒIGNMTQPG 9GTVCPICDG & :++ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ ªDNKEJG 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
4114
4113
4115
2GPEG Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $Ò IGNMTQPG 9GTVCPICDG & 8+ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
)TQCV \W 2GPEG Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $ÒIGNMTQPG 9GTVCPICDG & ++++ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H .8+++ XCT 5GCD[ -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
2GPEG Q , &WDNKP 1TOQPFG OQPG[ I &KG +PKVKCNGP % 4 WPVGT GKPGT ITQGP $Ò IGNMTQPG 9GTVCPICDG & +++ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H .+: XCT 5GCD[ 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' ,#-1$+6+5%*' 4'$'..+10 )')'0 &+' '0).+5%*' -410' &CU MCVJQNKUEJG +TNCPF WPVGTUVÒV\VG FGP CWU 'PINCPF IGHNÒEJVGVGP -ÌPKIU ,COGU ++ ,CMQD ++ WPF YCIVG CDGTOCNU FGP #WHUVCPF IGIGP .QPFQP PCEJFGO FGT -ÌPKI OKV HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP CP FGT KTKUEJGP -ÒUVG IGNCPFGV YCT <CJNTGKEJG +TGP VTCVGP UGKPGT #TOGG DGK FKG DCNF /CPP \·JNVG ,COGU ++ DGMCO CNNG KTKUEJGP 5V·FVG KP FKG *CPF OKV #WUPCJOG XQP .QPFQPFGTT[ WPF 'UMKNNGP 'T GTÌHHPGVG CO /CK GKP KTKUEJGU 2CTNCOGPV FCU FKG $GUKV\WPIGP FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP )TWPFDGUKV\GT FGP -CVJQNKMGP \WURTCEJ $CNF FCTCWH UCPFVG -ÌPKI 9KNNKCO +++ GKP XQO /CTUEJCNN 5EJQODWTI IGHÒJTVGU *GGT PCEJ +TNCPF +O ,WPK HQNIVG GT OKV YGKVGTGP 6TWRRGP WPF UEJNWI ,COGU ++ CO ,WNK JGWVG YKTF FKG $CVVNG QH $Q[PG CWHITWPF FGT #PRCUUWPI CP FGP ITGIQTKCPKUEJGP -CNGPFGT KP 0QTFKTNCPF CO ,WNK IGHGKGTV GPVUEJGKFGPF CO (NWUU $Q[PG 0CEJ GKPGO YGKVGTGP 5KGI FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 'PIN·PFGT DGK #TI[P YCT FKG CDGTOCNKIG 7PVGTYGTHWPI FGT +PUGN PCJG\W XQNN\QIGP .KOGTKEM FGT NGV\VG KTKUEJG 8GTVGKFKIWPIURQUVGP MCRKVWNKGTVG CO 1MVQDGT
4116
,COGU ++ /GUUKPI *CNHETQYP \W 2GPEG FGT ,CPWCTGOKUUKQP &WDNKP QFGT .KOGTKEM $TCUU /QPG[ TGUR )WPOQPG[ I $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YKUEJGP , 4 FKG -ÌPKIUMTQPG CWH <GRVGTP QDGP 9GTV\CJN ::: WPVGP ,CP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .+ 5GCD[ , 1DGTHN·EJG OKP MQTTQFKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
55
4117
4118
/GUUKPI 5JKNNKPI \W 2GPEG FGT 5GRVGODGTGOKUUKQP &WDNKP QFGT .KOGTKEM $TCUU /QPG[ TGUR )WPOQPG[ I $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YKUEJGP , 4 FKG -ÌPKIUMTQPG CWH <GRVGTP QDGP 9GTV\CJN :++ WPVGP 5GRT $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP CWH 1MVQDGT FCVKGTVGU 'ZGO RNCT /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV GKP CWH /CK FCVKGTVGU 'ZGORNCT 5GCD[ & 5GJT UEJÌP
/GUUKPI %TQYP &WDNKP QFGT .KOGTKEM $TCUUOQPG[ TGUR )WPOQPG[ I &GT -ÌPKI \W 2HGTF N &KG IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG XQP 'PINCPF 5EJQVVNCPF (TCPMTGKEJ WPF +TNCPF KP MTGW\HÌTOK IGT 5VGNNWPI WO GKPG $ÒIGNMTQPG ITWRRKGTV /KV UEJT·I IGTKRRVGO 4CPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GCD[ (GKPG 5VGORGNDTÒEJG NGKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
4119 1,5:1
1,5:1
5JKNNKPI \W 2GPEG FGT /CKGOKUUKQP &WDNKP QFGT .KOGTKEM 2TQDG KP 5KNDGT FGT $TCUU /QPG[ TGUR )WPOQPG[ #WUICDG I $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YKUEJGP , 4 FKG -ÌPKIUMTQPG CWH <GRVGTP QDGP 9GTV\CJN :++ WPVGP /C[ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP TGIWN·TGU 'ZGORNCT CWU $WPVOGVCNN /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV GKP TGIWN·TGU 'ZGORNCT CWU $WPVOGVCNN 5GCD[ \W & FQTV GKP TGIWN·TGU 'ZGORNCT CWU $WPVOGVCNN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\KIGU <CKPGPFG XQT\ÒINKEJ
+6#.+'0 #.'55#0&4+# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 #.'55#0&4+# +O ¤UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI UVCPF *GT\QI %CTNQ 'OCPWGNG XQP 5CXQ[GP UGKV CP FGT 5GKVG ¤UVGTTGKEJU IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ WPF 5RCPKGP +O *GTDUV FTCPI GKPG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV WPVGT /CTUEJCNN /CKNNGDQKU KP 2KGOQPV GKP &KG (TCP\QUGP UEJNQUUGP CO 1MVQDGT FKG (GUVWPIUUVCFV #NGUUCP FTKC GKP GKPGP UVTCVGIKUEJ YKEJVKIGP -PQVGPRWPMV FGT 8GTMGJTUYGIG XQP FGT .QODCTFGK KP FCU QDGTG 2KGOQPV &GT 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPV /CTEJGUG FG %CTCINKQ \QI UKEJ OKV UGKPGP .GWVGP DGTGKVU PCEJ 6CIGP CWU FGT 5VCFV \WTÒEM KP FKG UVCTM CTOKGTVG <KVCFGNNG 0CEJ GKPGT HÒPHOQPCVKIGP $GNCIGTWPI P·JGTVG UKEJ FGT RKGOQPVGUKUEJG )GPGTCN .GWVTWO OKV /CPP \WO 'PVUCV\ XQP #NGUUCPFTKC #PIGUKEJVU FKGUGT $GFTQJWPI \QIGP FKG (TCP\QUGP WPVGT <WTÒEMNCUUWPI GKPGU ITQGP 6GKNU KJTGT 8QTT·VG WPF 8GTYWPFGVGP CD #O /CK \QI FKG 'PVCV\CTOGG WPVGT FGO ,WDGN FGT $GXÌNMGTWPI KP FKG DGHTGKVG 5VCFV GKP +O .CWHG FGT $GNCIGTWPI YCTGP KO #WHVTCI FGU 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPVGP FG %CTCINKQ -WRHGTOÒP\GP \WT $G\CJNWPI UGKPGT 5QNFCVGP IGRT·IV YQTFGP
4120
56
-W 5QNFK I #FNGT OKV $TWUVUEJKNF QDGP ITQG -TQPG <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGK IGP UKGDGP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $KCIIK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 %WFC\\Q /CKNNGV 6H + 5KOQPGVVK 6TCKPC 5 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
$4'5%+# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4'5%+# $KU \WO #DUEJNWUU FGU (TKGFGPU XQP %CVGCW %CODT¾UKU KO #RTKN YCT +VCNKGP KO ,CJTJWPFGTV IGMGPP\GKEJPGV FWTEJ FKG CWU UGKPGT 8KGNUVCCVGTGK TGUWNVKGTGTGPFGP -QPHNKMVG WPF YGEJUGNPFGP -QCNKVKQ PGP UQYKG FWTEJ FKG /CEJVRQNKVKM WPF VGTTKVQTKCNGP #PURTÒEJG FGT CWUY·TVKIGP -T·HVG (TCPMTGKEJ 5RC PKGP WPF *CDUDWTI /CZKOKNKCP + XQP *CDUDWTI DGHCPF UKEJ UGKV KO -TKGI IGIGP FKG 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI \WP·EJUV CNU 8GTDÒPFGVGT FGU 2CRUVGU FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU FKXGTUGT CPFGTGT YGNVNKEJGT *GTTUEJGT WPF FGU -ÌPKIU XQP (TCPMTGKEJ .GV\VGTGT RCMVKGTVG KPFGU UGKV OKV 8GPGFKI 'KPG CWU XGPG\KCPKUEJGP WPF HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGPVGKNGP DGUVGJGPFG #TOGG DGNCIGTVG XQO 1MVQDGT CP CEJV /QPCVG NCPI FKG 5VCFV $TGUEKC FKG XQP GKPGT URCPKUEJ ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP $GUCV\WPI WPVGT FGO $GHGJN FGU -QOOCPFGWTU ;ECTFQ XGTVGKFKIV YWTFG CDGT UEJNKGNKEJ CO /CK CWHIGIGDGP YGTFGP OWUUVG 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI NKG -QOOCPFGWT ;ECTFQ \WT 'PVNQJPWPI UGKPGT 5QNFCVGP WPF \WT )GNFXGTUQTIWPI FGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP 5VCFV UKNDGTPG -NKRRGP CWU GKPIGUEJOQN\GPGO 5KNDGTIGT·V KP \YGK 9GTVUVWHGP RT·IGP
4121
1,5:1
1,5:1
1MVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5QNFK 2NCPGV I +PPGTJCND GKPGU OKV $NÒVGP WPF (GUVQPU DGNGIVGP (CFGPTGKHU + + ; ;ECTFQ \YKUEJGP / WPF # +PPGTJCND GKPGU OKV $NÒVGP WPF (GUVQPU DGNGI VGP (CFGPTGKHU GKP FQRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT QDGP -TQPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %0+ +8 5 FQTV PWT GKPG 5VTKEJ\GKEJPWPI GKPGU DGTGKVU XQP -QGJPG KP 2GTKQFKEQ FK 0WOKUOCVKEC G 5HTCIKUVKEC 8+ 5 WPF KP FGP $N·VVGTP HÒT /ÒP\HTGWPFG ,I 5 WPF 6H RWDNK\KGTVGP 'ZGORNCTU /CKNNGV 6TCKPC 6H .:8+ 8CTGUK FGO\WHQNIG PWT 'ZGORNCTG DGMCPPV 5QNCOGPVG GUGORNCTK PQVK 5NI 9KNE\GM /ÒP\GP -CKUGT /CZKOKNKCPU + #WMVKQP *GUU 0CEJH (TCPMHWTV WGTUV UGNVGP #WH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG 5VGORGNDTWEJ ·JPNKEJ LGPGO CWH FGO 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI 9KNE\GM OKP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG KP 4CPFP·JG UGJT UEJÌP
%#5#.' &+' $'.#)'470)'0 810 %#5#.' +/ /#067#0+5%*'0 '4$(1.)'-4+')
4122
4122 1,5:1
5EWFQ \W 4GCNK IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO $KNNQPUEJTÌVNKPI I † %#41.85 Û & Û ) Û &8: Û /#068 Û 8+++ 8GT\KGTVG CEJVGEMKIG 5EJTKHVVCHGN YQTCWH KP XKGT <GKNGP Û %#5#.+5 Û +0 1$5+& Û Û +0 +856# Û Û + Û 1DGP 4 :++ '6 Û /106+5 ('44#6+ Û 8+ Û /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +P KVKCNGP 6 WPF ' Û % Û /KV GKPGT 1TFGPUMGVVG DGJCPIGPGT WPF OKV GKPGT -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVGT OGJTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 6TCKPC 6H .:::+++ D 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\G KO 0COGP FGU *GT\QIU %CTNQ + XQP )QP\CIC 0GXGTU
57
4124
4123
4123
-W (KQTKPK I )GMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF KO (GNF ( :: WPVGP %#5#.' &KG )GTGEJVKI MGKV OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 9CCIG WPF FKG CWH GKPG 5·WNG UKEJ UVÒV\GPFG 5V·TMG GKPCPFGT JCND \WIGYCPFV UVG JGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::+8 6TCKPC 6H .:::8+ C 8CTGUK 44 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UGJT UEJÌP &KGUG WPF FKG HQNIGPFGP FTGK $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP UKPF XQP FGT FWTEJ URCPKUEJG WPF ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG 6TWRRGP DGNC IGTVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )CTPKUQP GOKVVKGTV YQTFGP
-W (KQTKPK I )GMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF KO (GNF ( : +PPGTJCND GKPGU (GUVWPIUITWPFTKU UGU IGMTÌPVG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV UKV\GPF X X GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP WPVGP %# 5#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::+8 6TCKPC 6H .:::8+++ 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
4126
4125
4126
-W (KQTKPK I )GMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF KO (GNF ( .CP\G 5VTGKVMQNDGP WPF 2HGKN ÒDGTMTGW\ T FCPGDGP IGMTÌPVG /GNWUKPG KO #DUEJPKVV %#5#.' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::+8 6TCKPC 6H :%+ E 8CTGUK WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP
-W )TQUUK I )GMTÌPVGT .KNKGPUEJKNF 5VCFVYCRRGP KO (GNF ) $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 FQTV CNU (KQTKPQ DG\GKEJPGV WPF 0QVK\ CWH 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::+8 6TCKPC 6H :%++ 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
Plan von Casale.
58
%#6#0<#41 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 %#6#0<#41 &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4127
1,5:1
1,5:1
%CTNKPQ Q , I &KG XQP GKPGO .QTDGTMTCP\ WOIGDGPG XKGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV %#41 . Û 8 5 +/2 QDGP 2TQVQOG GKPGU FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP #FNGTU +P UGEJU <GKNGP 1$ 5'55 1 %#6*#0 <# 4+ 1 %0+ :8+++ 5 6TCKPC 6H :%8+++ WGTUV UGNVGP )GNQEJV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
%70'1 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 %70'1 $GNCIGTWPI FWTEJ 6TWRRGP XQP -ÌPKI .QWKU :+++ XQP (TCPMTGKEJ /ÒP\GP IGRT·IV XQO 5VCFVIQW XGTPGWT %QPVG 8KXCNFC
4128
1,5:1
1,5:1
.KTC IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO $KNNQPUEJTÌVNKPI I ‰ %+ 8+6#5 Û %80'+ Û 5 ë 1$5'5 5# /GJTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH \YGK 2CNO\YGKIGP 7OUEJTKHV WPVGP N DGIKPPGPF (+&' Û '6 ‰ ('441 7PVGP Û + + Û (CJPG OKVVGNU GKPGU $CPFGU CP GKPGT T IGPGKIVGP 5·WNG DGHGUVKIV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %WFC\\Q %0+ ++ 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::8++ 5KOQPGVVK 6TCKPC 6H %:::8 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT 59
Belagerung von Florenz nach einem Fresko von Vasari.
(.14'0< &+' $'.#)'470) 810 (.14'0< &74%* 2 256.+%*' 70& -#+5'4.+%*' 56'+6-4 (6'
4129 1,5:1
1,5:1
5EWFQ F CTIGPVQ Q , I Û 5'0#685 Û 2128.85 Û 3 Û (.14'06+085 .KNKGPUEJKNF QDGP GKP -TGW\EJGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2WPMVGP KO (GNF N WPF T LG GKP 2WPMV Û +'585 Û 4': Û 0156'4 Û '6 Û &'85 Û 0156'4 -TGW\ FGUUGP QDGTGT 5EJGPMGN XQP GKPGT &QTPGPMTQPG WO\QIGP KUV +P FGP 9KPMGNP QDGP N WPF T LG GKP 2WPMV WPVGP N FKG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG 0 WPVGP T FGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF FGU 2T·IGXGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 0KEQNQ FK $TCEEKQ )WKEEKCTFKPK $GTPQEEJK $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ :++ 5 /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 6TCKPC 6H %.+8 WGTUV UGNVGP -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
)'07# &+' 8'46'+&+)70) 810 )'07# )')'0 &+' $'5%*+'5570) &74%* '+0' (4#0<¤5+5%*' (.166'
4130
60
$TQP\GIWOGFCKNNG Q , XQP )KCEQOQ (QTVKPK CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV $TWUVDKNF XQP ,WCP 6QOCU 'PTKSWG\ %CDTGTC N KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM CWH FKG XQP 5GG CWU DGUEJQUUGPG 5VCFV )GPWC KO 8QTFGTITWPF \YGK GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT UVGJGPFG -CXCNNGTKGMQPVKPIGPVG OO I 9WT\DCEJ #NVGT )W 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '41$'470)521.+6+- (4#0-4'+%*5 70& &+' #0)4+((' #7( )'07# &+' 4*'+02(#.< 70& &+' 52#0+5%*'0 0+'&'4.#0&'
4131
5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPIURQNKVKM FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 WPF FGUUGP HTCIYÒTFKIG (TKGFGPUCPIGDQVG &GT -ÌPKI VJTQPGPF N GKPG #PIGN JCNVGPF CP FGT GKP 2CRKGT OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 2#: CNU -ÌFGT J·PIV <W UGKPGP (ÒGP GKPG 5EJNCPIG GKPG 4CVVG GKPG 5EJPGEMG WPF GKPG -TÌVG 8QT FGO *GTTUEJGT /KPGTXC UVGJGPF N KJO FGP 4ÒEMGP \WYGPFGPF \W GKPGT )TWRRG XQP XKGT O·PPNKEJGP )GUVCNVGP DNKEMGPF &KGUG DGUVGJV CWU FTGK -CXCNKGTGP WPF FGT 2GTUQPKHKMC VKQP FGU 0GKFGU FKG CWH FGO 4ÒEMGP FKG DQWTDQPKUEJG .KNKG VT·IV WPF KP KJTGT 4GEJVGP GKP OKV GKPGT 5EJNCPIG WOYWPFGPGU *GT\ J·NV <W KJTGP (ÒGP GKPG 0CTTGPMCRRG $NKEM CWH GKPG CP GKPGO /GGTGUWHGT IGNGIGPG .CPFUEJCHV KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG FWTEJ ªDGTUEJTKHVGP DG\GKEJPGVGP ¤TVNKEJMGKVGP )GPWC FKG 4JGKPRHCN\ WPF FKG 5RCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG +O 8QTFGTITWPF 5EJYGTVCTO (TGKJGKVUJWV WPF $WEJ CWH GKPGO OKV GKPGO 2HGKNDÒPFGN IGUEJOÒEMVGP 4WPFCNVCT WPVGT JKOONKUEJGP 5VTCJNGP T PGDGP GKPGO FWTEJ FKG .WHV HNKGIGPFGP .QTDGGTCUV FGT OKV GKPGT 5EJNCPIG WOYWPFGP WPF OKV GKPGT GKUGTPGP (GUUGN DGJCP IGP KUV OO I %QNN (KGYGIGT *CYMKPU 6H :%8 X .QQP +8 5 2TCEJVGZGORNCT *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\
-+4%*'056##6 &+' $'.#)'470) &'4 '0)'.5$74) +0 41/ +O ,CJTG YGEJUGNVG 2CRUV %NGOGPU 8++ Y·JTGPF FGU -TKGIGU \YKUEJGP 5RCPKGP WPF (TCPMTGKEJ WO FKG 8QTJGTTUEJCHV KP +VCNKGP FKG (TQPVGP PCEJFGO GT XGTIGDNKEJ XGTUWEJV JCVVG FKG XGTHGKPFGVGP 2CTVGKGP IGIGPGKPCPFGT CWU\WURKGNGP 'T DGGPFGVG FCU $ÒPFPKU OKV FGO FGWVUEJGP -CKUGT WPF URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKI -CTN 8 WPF UEJNQUU UKEJ UVCVVFGUUGP FGP RTQHTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -T·HVGP CP 1DYQJN -CTN 8 FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKI KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 2CXKC DGUKGIV WPF IGHCPIGP IGPQOOGP JCVVG DNKGDGP FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP KO RQNKVKUEJGP 4·PMGURKGN QJPG 5QNF WPF \QIGP UEJNKGNKEJ PCEJ 4QO WO UKEJ OKV 9CHHGPIGYCNV FGP ÒDGTH·NNKIGP .QJP \W DGUQTIGP ªDGT FGWVUEJG URCPKUEJG WPF KVCNKGPKUEJG 5ÌNFPGT GTUVÒTOVGP CO /CK FKG 'YKIG 5VCFV WPF RNÒPFGTVGP ÒDGT GKPGP /QPCV NCPI &KG 1RHGT WPVGT FGT <KXKNDGXÌNMGTWPI YGTFGP CWH YGKV ÒDGT 6QVG IGUEJ·V\V WPF FKG $GWVG UQNN UEJNKGNKEJ EC /KNNKQPGP &WMCVGP DGVTCIGP JCDGP 2CRUV %NGOGPU 8++ XGTUEJCP\VG UKEJ KP FGT 'PIGNUDWTI WPF ÒDGTNKG FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGU 8CVKMCPU FGT 5EJYGK\GTICTFG XQP FGT FTGK 8KGTVGN FKGUGT CNU ō5CEEQ FK 4QOCŌ KP FKG )GUEJKEJVG GKPIGICPIGPGP 6TCIÌFKG \WO 1RHGT HKGNGP 0CEJ FGT -CRKVWNCVKQP FGT 'PIGNUDWTI YWTFGP FKG (GKPFUGNKIMGKVGP \YKUEJGP -CKUGT WPF 2CRUV UEJNKGNKEJ CO ,WPK KO (TKGFGP XQP $CTEGNQPC DGGPFGV
4132
%NGOGPU 8++ &WECVQ Q , 4QO I %.'/'05 Û 8++ Û 2106+( Û /#: u 5RCVGPDNCVVHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP FKG DGKFGP 2CRUVUEJNÒUUGN ÒDGTMTGW\ WPVGTJCND FGT 6KCTC <YK UEJGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP Û 3 8#4 6 Û Û &8% Û WPVGP ( URKGIGNXGTMGJTV QDGTJCND GKPGT NKGIGPFGP /QPFUKEJGN WPDGUVKOOVGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 4QO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV CPFGTGU /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP %0+ XIN :8 5 /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV CPFGTGU /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP /WPVQPK 6TCKPC 6H %&8+++ K 44 /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP 61
&+' '41$'470) +6#.+'05 &74%* 0#21.'10 +/ 52+')'. &'4 /ª0<24 )70)'0 &'5 -+4%*'056##65
4134
4133
2KWU 8+ -W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK 4QO I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :%8++ /WPVQPK C 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK )WDDKQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %0+ :+8 5 /CKNNGV /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP
4136
4135
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK 2GTWIKC I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJ VGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV /WPVQPK C /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK 5CP 5GXGTKPQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 5NI /CKNNGV /WPVQPK )TÒPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4137
62
4138
4139
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK 8KVGTDQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 5NI /CKNNGV /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP
$CKQEEJK # ::+++ 2GTWIKC I #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV 9GTVCPICDG KP FTGK <GKNGP %0+ :+8 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 5NI /CKNNGV /WPVQPK -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK ::+++ 4QO I 0KODKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /WVVGT )QVVGU N #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV XQP /CKNNGV XIN 6H :%8++ FQTV XQP /WPVQPK 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4140
4141
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK #PPQ ::+++ 4QO I 0KODKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /WVVGT )QVVGU N #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV XQP /CKNNGV XIN 6H :%8++ FQTV XQP /WPVQPK -NGKPG 5VGORGNHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK #001 ::+++ (GTOQ I 0KODKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /WVVGT )QVVGU N #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ :+++ 5 /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H /WP VQPK (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4143
4142
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK #001 ::+++ 6KXQNK I 0KODKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /WVVGT )QVVGU N #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV GKP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XGTRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT /CKN NGV 5WRRN 6H FQTV GKP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XGTRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK #001 ::+++ 8KVGTDQ I 0KODKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /WVVGT )QVVGU N #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H %::+++ /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4144
4145
4146
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK (GTOQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJ VGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %0+ :+++ 5 /CKNNGV /WPVQPK XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK /QPVCNVQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %0+ :+++ 5 /CKNNGV /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5CORKGVTKPQ \W $CKQEEJK /QPVCNVQ I $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2GVTWU N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG \YGK 5EJNÒUUGN 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF %0+ :+++ 5 /CKNNGV /WPVQPK 5GJT UEJÌP
63
/#067# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 /#067# +/ /#067#0+5%*'0 '4$(1.)'-4+')
4147
%CTNQ + 5EWFQ Q , I 0+*+. Û Û +561 6 4 +56' Û 4'%'261 &GT JGKNKIG #PFTGCU UVGJGPF X X OKV -TGW\ KO #DUEJPKVV Û /#068 Û /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP -GNEJ ! &1/+0' Û 241$#56+ Û /' Û KP .KICVWT '6 Û %1)018+56+ Û /' +O NQFGTPFGP (GWGT GKP OKV GKPGO (CUEGUDÒPFGN IGHÒNNVGT 5EJOGN\VKGIGN $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX /CKNNGV 6H .::8+++ XCT 6TCKPC 6H %:%++ 8CTGUK 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP )GRT·IV CWU -KTEJGPUKNDGT $GK IGPCWGT $GVTCEJVWPI FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV GTMGPPDCT FCUU FGT \YGKVG +PVGTRWPMVKQPU RWPMV PCEJ 0+*+. KO 2T·IGGKUGP XQO 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT UGMWPF·T JGTCWUIGCTDGKVGV YQTFGP KUV CWU GKPGO WTURTÒPI NKEJ CP GPVURTGEJGPFGT 5VGNNG XQTJCPFGPGP OCTMCPVGP DGHWVGP -TGW\
4148
4148 1,5:1
5EWFQ Q , I &GT JGKNKIG #PFTGCU UVGJGPF X X OKV -TGW\ KO #DUEJPKVV Û /#068 Û +O NQFGTPFGP (GWGT GKP OKV GKPGO (CUEGUDÒPFGN IGHÒNNVGT 5EJOGN\VKGIGN $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 6TCKPC 6H %%+8 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUU CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
4149
64
5EWFQ I Û /#068 Û #001 5#.86+5 Û Û )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF 5QPPGPDNWOG XQP FGT 5QPPG DGUEJKGPGP $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 6TCKPC 6H %%8+ 8CTGUK 44 5GJT UEJÌP
Die Franzosen verlassen Italien, zeitgenössische satirische Zeichnung.
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 /#067# &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4150 1,5:1
1,5:1
5QNFK .KTC OKV 6KVGN XQP (TCP\ ++ I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF <YGK *QUVKGPMGNEJG WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 4KPIUWOJGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%::: 8CTGUK (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 /#067# &74%* ¤56'44'+%*+5%*' 64722'0 $GNCIGTWPI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUCV\WPI WPVGT )GPGTCN (TQKUUCE FWTEJ FKG ¤UVGTTGKEJGT WPVGT )GPGTCN -TC[
4151
4153
4152
4153
5QNFK #PPQ 8++ I (CUEGUDÒPFGN 9GTVCPICDG KP XKGT <GKNGP $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .::+: 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%:.8+++ 8CTGUK 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5QNFK #PPQ 8++ I (CUEGUDÒPFGN 9GTVCPICDG KP XKGT <GKNGP $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .::+: 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%. 8CTGUK 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5QNFQ #PPQ )GIQUUGPG 0QVCWUICDG CWU )NQEMGPOGVCNN /KV GKPGT ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G DGFGEMVGU (CUEGUDÒPFGN \YKUEJGP \YGK .QTDGGT\YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP XKGT <GKNGP $KIPQVVK 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT %0+ +8 5 /CKNNGV 6H .::+: XCT 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%.+++ 8CTGUK 5GJT UEJÌP
65
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 /#067# &74%* +6#.+'0+5%*' 64722'0 $GNCIGTWPI FGT WPVGT $GHGJN XQP )GPGTCN )QT\MQYUMK UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV FWTEJ KVCNKGPKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG
4156
4155
4154
)WNFGP (KQTKPQ I -QRH XQP -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF + T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP /ÒP\\GKEJGP 5EJYCP QDGTJCND ) Ü / HÒT )QXGTPQ /KNKVCTG )CTPKUQP /CPVWC QFGT )QT\MQYUMK /CPVWC &QRRGN CFNGT $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT *GTKPGM , C /CKNNGV 6H .::+: 2CICPK C 6TCKPC 6H %%.:+ 8CTGUK -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
-TGW\GT 5XCP\KEC TGUR .KTC I -QRH XQP -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF + T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP /ÒP\\GKEJGP 5EJYCP QDGTJCND ) Û / HÒT )QXGTPQ /KNKVCTG )CTPKUQP /CPVWC QFGT )QT\MQYUMK /CP VWC &QRRGNCFNGT $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM , /CKNNGV 6H .::+: 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%.:+++ 8CTGUK -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP OKP LWUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
-TGW\GT %CTCPVCPK I -QRH XQP -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF + T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP ) Û / HÒT )QXGTPQ /KNKVCTG )CTPKUQP /CPVWC QFGT )QT\MQYUMK /CPVWC &QRRGNCFNGT $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM , /CKNNGV 6H .::+: 2CICPK D 6TCKPC 6H %%.:8+ C 8CTGUK 5GJT UEJÌP
/1&'0#
1,5:1
4157
1,5:1
(TCPEGUEQ + F 'UVG 5EWFQ \W 5QNFK Q , I #FNGT -CTVWUEJG OKV FGT 9GTV CPICDG %0+ +: 5 (D )1.& -N <CKPGPFG XQT\ÒINKEJ
4158
4159
0'#2'. &+' $'.#)'470) 810 0'#2'. &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0
-W 2WDDNKEC FGN 2QRQNQ \W 6QTPGUK I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF )GDKPFG CWU FTGK -QTP·J TGP WPF GKPGO 1NKXGP\YGKI QDGP )# % WPVGP 8KCFWMV QFGT NKGIGPFG +PKVKCNG ( ! $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT %CIKCVK +++ 5 HH XCT /CKNNGV 6H .:::8+++ XCT 6TCKPC ++ 5 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
2#./#018# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 2#./#018# &74%* ¤56'44'+%*+5%*' 64722'0
66
%GPVGUKOK I -TQPG WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H :% 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %%%:::8++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
2#4/# &'4 *'4<1) 810 2#4/# 56#66*#.6'4 &'4 52#0+5%*'0 0+'&'4 .#0&' 70& $'&'76'0&'4 ('.&*'44 +/ #%*6<+), *4+)'0 -4+')
4160
#NGUUCPFTQ (CTPGUG 5VCVVJCNVGT FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG UGKV *GT\QI XQP 2CTOC 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH #NGZCPFGT (CTPGUG 5VCVVJCNVGT FGT 5RCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG $TWUV DKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV *CNUMTCWUG <YKUEJGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP GKP RHGKNGT CTVKIGU QDGP OKV GKPGO 5VCPFDKNF IGUEJOÒEMVGU 5KGIGUOCN \W FGUUGP $CUKU \YGK UKV\GPFG )GHCPIGPG OO I -2- XIN X .QQP + 5 #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&KG 7OUEJTKHV FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FGT JKGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /GFCKNNG KUV CWH\WNÌUGP KP #.':#0&'4 (#40'5 KK 2#4 OCG 2.# EGPVKCGSWG 24+0 EKRK $'.)+ WO &7/ ) WDGTPCTGV FCU JGKV $KNFPKU FGU #NGZCPFGT (CTPGUG (ÒTUV XQP 2CTOC WPF 2KCEGP\C Y·JTGPF GT $GNIKGP TGIKGTVG &GOPCEJ KUV FKGUGU )GFGPMUVÒEM PKEJV UQPFGTP PCEJ 'PFG FGT 5VCVVJCNVGTUEJCHV (CTPGUGU XGTOWVNKEJ GTUV KO ,CJTJWPFGTV IGUEJCHHGP YQTFGP
Die Belagerung von Pavia, Druck von 1550.
2#8+# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 2#8+# &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0 $GNCIGTWPI FGT XQP GKPGT 6TWRRG KP &KGPUVGP -CKUGT -CTNU 8 XGTVGKFKIVGP 5VCFV FWTEJ GKPG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (TCP¼QKU +
4161
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG UGRVQIQPCNG 0QVMNKRRG \W &WECVQ I &KG +PKVKCNGP # Û . #PVQPKQ .GX[C -QO OCPFCPV FGT 8GTVGKFKIGT QDGP -TGW\ OKV MGKNHÌTOKIGP 'PFGP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 4KPIUWOJGT 2GTN TGKH Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H # %0+ +8 5 (D /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ 6TCKPC 6H %%%.:: 8CTGUK )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI /QTDKQ #WMVKQP ( , 9GUGPGT /ÒPEJGP 0T &KGUG KPGFKGTVG 0QVJ OÒP\G YGNEJG CWU FGT GKIGPGP *CNUMGVVG FGU )GPGTCNU CPIGHGTVKIV YQTFGP KUV JÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ GKP 7PKEWO
67
4162
4163 1,5:1
1,5:1
6GUVQPG I 'KPUGKVKIG 0QVRT·IWPI CWH UKNDGTPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI &KG +PKVCNGP % ' 5 QDGP + < WPVGP Û 22 Ú 1$ Ú 1DGTJCND FGT +PKVKCNGP 22 GKP QOGICHÌTOKIGU <GKEJGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H #
FQTV CWH MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI %0+ +8 5 XCT FQTV CWH $TQP\G 5EJTÌVNKPI /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ FQTV CWH MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 6TCKPC 6H %%%.::+ 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -W 0QVMNKRRG \W 6GUVQPG I &KG +PKVKCNGP % ' 5 QDGP + < WPVGP
&TGKGEM 22 &TGKGEM 1$ &TGKGEM 1DGTJCND FGT +PKVKCNGP 22 GKP QOGICHÌTOKIGU <GKEJGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H # %0+ +8 5 XCT 5VGORGN YKG WPF FKGUG CDGT CWH UKNDGT PGO 5EJTÌVNKPI /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ 6TCKPC 6H %%%.::+ 8CTGUK 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
41/ 4'27$$.+%# 41/#0# ('4/1 #.5 $'56#0&6'+. &'4 4'27$$.+%# 41/#0#
4164
-W $CKQEEQ #PPQ RTKOQ (GTOQ I #001 2/1 Û &'..# 4'28 Û +PPGTJCND GKPGU .QT DGGTMTCP\GU (ÒPHDN·VVKIG 4QUGVVG 41/# 0# &KG 7OUEJTKHV GDGPHCNNU WOUEJNQUUGP XQP GKPGO .QTDGGTMTCP\ +PPGTJCND GKPGU OKV $NÒVGP DGUGV\VGP .QTDGGTMTCP\GU 80 $#+1%%1 ('4/1 WOIGDGP XQP XKGT 4QUGVVGP 2CICPK -NGKPG 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 8'46'+&+)70) 810 41/ 814 &'0 (4#0<¤5+5%*'0 $'.#)'4'40
4165
68
8GTUKNDGTVG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W $CKQEEJK #0 ++ 2CTKU I )GRT·IV XQP 3 ) \WO #PFGPMGP CP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV +PPGTJCND GKPGT IGRGTNVGP CEJVGEMKIGP 4CJOWPI 4QOWNWU WPF 4GOWU GKPCPFGT \WIGYCPFV UKV\GPF WPVGTJCND FGT PCEJ N IGYCPFVGP TÌOKUEJGP 9ÌNHKP 4WPFGU GKP /QPQITCOOMTGW\ WOUEJNKGGPFGU /GFCKNNQP QDGP WPF WPVGP LG XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV 6H :%8++ 2CICPK 5 #PO 6TCKPC 6H %&:+: 8QT\ÒINKEJ
4168
4167
4166
8GTUKNDGTVG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W $CKQEEJK 2CTKU I )GRT·IV XQP 3 ) \WO #PFGPMGP CP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV +PPGTJCND GKPGT IGRGTNVGP HÒPHGEMKIGP 4CJOWPI 4QOWNWU WPF 4GOWU GKPCP FGT \WIGYCPFV UKV\GPF WPVGTJCND FGT PCEJ N IGYCPFVGP TÌOKUEJGP 9ÌNHKP #WHUEJTKHV KP HÒPH <GKNGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV 6H :%8++ 2CICPK 5 #PO 6TCKPC 6H %&::+ 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
8GTUKNDGTVG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W $CKQEEJK 2CTKU I )GRT·IV XQP 3 ) \WO #PFGPMGP CP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV +PPGTJCND GKPGT IGRGTNVGP XKGTGEMKIGP 4CJOWPI FKG TÌOKUEJG 9ÌNHKP OKV 4QOWNWU T +PPGTJCND GKPGT SWCFTCVKUEJGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\KHHGT WOIGDGP XQP 5EJTKHV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV 6H :%8++ 2CICPK 5 #PO 6TCKPC 6H %&::++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
8GTUKNDGTVG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W $CKQEEJK 2CTKU I )GRT·IV XQP 3 ) \WO #PFGPMGP CP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV +PPGTJCND GKPGT IGRGTNVGP FTGKGEMKIGP 4CJOWPI FKG TÌOKUEJG 9ÌNHKP OKV 4QOW NWU T +PPGTJCND GKPGU IGRGTNVGP 4WPFU FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\KHHGT WOIGDGP XQP 5EJTKHV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV 6H :%8++ 2CICPK 5 #PO 6TCKPC 6H %&::+++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
410%+).+10' &+' $4#0&5%*#6<70) 810 410%+).+10' &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4169
1,5:1
4169
5KNDGTCDUEJNCI FGT -W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK 8KVGTDQ CWH FKG $TCPFUEJCV\WPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )GPGTCNU 8CNVGTTG I #PUKEJV FGT DTGPPGPFGP 5VCFV WPVGP % Û # Û ) %CTNQ #NDGTVQ )CTQHQNKPK 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 8KVGTDQ 0KODKGTVG /CTKGPDÒUVG N $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 2CICPK #PO WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4170
-W /CFQPPKPC \W $CKQEEJK 8KVGTDQ CWH FKG $TCPFUEJCV\WPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )GPGTCNU 8CNVGTTG I #PUKEJV FGT DTGPPGPFGP 5VCFV WPVGP % Û # Û ) %CTNQ #NDGTVQ )CTQHQNKPK 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 8KVGTDQ 0KODKGTVG /CTKGPDÒUVG N $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 2CICPK -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
69
1,5:1
4171
5#81;'0
1,5:1
&+' '+00#*/' 810 %4'/10# 706'4 &'4 (ª*470) &'5 24+0<'0 '7)'0 810 5#81;'0
2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP Ó 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP %JTKUVKCP 9GTOWVJ )QVJC CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI %TGOQPC n '8)'0+ (4#0% Û 5#$ Û 24 Û 5824 Û ':'4% Û %#'5 Û +6#. Û &Z $TWUVDKNF XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV FGT -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU +O #TOCDUEJPKVV % Û 9 Û DGKO $TWUVCDUEJPKVV CNU #PICDG FGU )GDWTVULCJTGU FGU &CTIGUVGNNVGP *#00+$#. #& 2146#5 $NKEM XQP UEJT·I QDGP CWH FKG (GUVWPIUYGTMG KO #DUEJPKVV & Û ++ Û ('$48#4 Û /&%%++ Û OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 9QJNHCJTV XIN WPF 8QTFGTUGKVGP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4172
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI UCVKTK UEJG 2T·IWPI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP %TGOQPC FWTEJ MCKUGTNKEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP +POKVVGP GKPGT )TWRRG CWUGKPCPFGT UVKGDGPFGT *ÒJPGT GKP #FNGT GKPGP TÒEMNKPIU CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP *CJP UEJNCIGPF CO NKPMGP $KNFTCPF 2QUCWPG DNCUGPFG (COC UEJTGKVGPF X X 1DGP GKP OKV 2CNO\YGKIGP IGUEJOÒEMVGU /GFCKNNQP OKV FGO T IGYCPFVGP 2QTVT·V FGU 2TKP\GP 'WIGP &TGK .KNKGPIGY·EJUG FGPGP FKG $N·VVGT XQP FGO CWU GKPGT 9QNMG DNCUGPFGP 9KPF GPVTKUUGP YGTFGP +O 8QTFGTITWPF DGJGNOVG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV )GTOCPKC UKV\GPF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF NCPIGO -NGKF UKEJ CWH GKPGP OKV FGO 4GKEJUCFNGT IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF UVÒV\GPF GKPG .CP\G OKV FGT 4GEJVGP WPF GKPG 8KEVQTKCUVCVWGVVG KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP .KPMGP JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT %QNN (KGYGIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&KG XQTNKGIGPFG /GFCKNNG FKGPV FGT 8GTJGTTNKEJWPI FGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 6CVGP FGU 2TKP\GP 'WIGP WPF \WINGKEJ FGT 8GTURQVVWPI FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU FGT JKGT CNU ICNNKUEJGT *CJP WPF GKPIGFGPM UGKPGU 9CRRGPU CNU GPVDN·V VGTVG .KNKGPIGY·EJUG GTUEJGKPV
&'4 '065#6< 810 674+0
4173
70
8KVVQTKQ #OCFGQ ++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP 6WTKP $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV +O 8QTFGTITWPF N FKG PCEJ T NCIGTPFG UKEJ CWH GKPG 3WGNNWTPG UVÒV\GPFG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGU (NWUUGU 2Q KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKP 5VGWGTTWFGT OKV FGT .KPMGP FKG %QTQPC %KXKEC \W GKPGT N HNKGIGPFGP YGKDNKEJGP )GUVCNV GORQTJCNVGPF FKG KP KJTGP *·PFGP GKPG $GNCIGTWPIUMTQPG WPF \YGK -T·P\G J·NV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 6TCKPC 5 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
57$#.2+0' 4'27$.+- &+' 5%*.#%*6 810 /#4'0)1 &KG XQP 0CRQN¾QP $QPCRCTVG IGHÒJTVGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG GTTCPIGP CO ,WPK DGK /C TGPIQ GKPGP OCIGDNKEJGP 5KGI ÒDGT FKG ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 6TWRRGP
4174
(TCPEU #0 6WTKP I (GKPIQNF $TWUVDKNF GKPGT DGJGNOVGP YGKDNKEJGP )GUVCNV N +P FTGK <GKNGP 9GTV WPF ,CJTGUCPICDG WOUEJNQUUGP XQP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP (D 2CICPK C 5EJN )1.& 4 0WT 'ZGORNCTG IGRT·IV ,WUVKGTURWTGP CO 4CPF HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
8'0'&+) &+' 5+')' ª$'4 &+' 6ª4-'0
4175
4176
Stadtansicht von Venedig.
/CTE #PVQPKQ )KWUVKPKCP 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ WPF .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG FGT 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP $NKEM ÒDGT FKG 5VCFV 8GPGFKI CWH FKG .CIWPG 8KEVQTKC UKV\GPF N GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI WPF GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV &' 674 %+5 JCNVGPF WOJGT HÒPH 2WVVK FKG 6CHGNP WPF GKP $NCVV OKV &CTUVGNNWPIGP XQP GTQDGTVGP 2N·V\GP JCNVGP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QNVQNKPC 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ WPF .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG FGT 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP <YKUEJGP \YGK 5KGIGUVTQRJ·GP CWU VÒTMKUEJGP $GWVGYCHHGP GKP 5QE MGN OKV GKPGT 5VCFVCPUKEJV WPF FGT 1TVUCPICDG 0#21.+ &+ 41/#0+# FCTCWH UVGJV GKP 2WVVQ X X FKG 2QTVT·VOGFCKNNQPU FGU &QIGP WPF FGU FCOCNU CNU (GNFJGTTP WPF &KRNQOCVGP HWPIKGTGPFGP UR·VGTGP &QIGP (TCPEGUEQ /QTQUKPK JCNVGPF $GKO 5QEMGN UKV\GP \YGK YGKVGTG 2WVVK XQP FGPGP LGFGT \YGK 5EJKNFG OKV #PUKEJVGP WPF 2N·PGP XQP GTQDGTVGP ¤TVNKEJMGKVGP J·NV 8KEVQTKC UKV\GPF N GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI WPF GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV &' 674 %+5 JCNVGPF WOJGT HÒPH 2WVVK FKG 6CHGNP WPF GKP $NCVV OKV &CTUVGNNWPIGP XQP GTQDGTVGP 2N·V\GP JCNVGP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCP IGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP <KPP 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QNVQNKPC 4 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 71
4177
*QEJQXCNG <KPPOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG FGT 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP &GT CWH GKPGO 5VWHGPRQUVCOGPV T VJTQPGPFG &QIG WPF UGKP )GHQNIG FKG 7PVGTYGTHWPI FGT XQT KJO N MPKGPFGP $TÒFGT /WUVCHC 2CUEJC WPF *CUUCP 2CUEJC GPVIGIGPPGJOGPF #WH GKPGO \GTDTQ EJGPGP QTKGPVCNKUEJGP 4GHNGZDQIGP WPF CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP 2HGKNGP FGT /CTMWUNÌYG CWH FGP *KPVGTN·W HGP UVGJGPF N KP FGT GTJQDGPGP TGEJVGP 8QTFGTRTCPMG GKP NQTDGGTWOYWPFGPGU 5EJYGTV WPF KP FGT WO MT·P\VGP .KPMGP CNU 'ODNGO FGT 5GGJGTTUEJCHV 8GPGFKIU GKPGP &GNRJKP JCNVGPF /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV WPF GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV Z OO 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI ,WNKWU 8QNVQNKPC 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '41$'470) &'4 0#4'06# 0'4'68# +0 &#./#6+'0 70& &'4 +05'. %*+15
4178
1,5:1
72
1,5:1
5KNXGUVTQ 8CNKGT 1UGNNC F QTQ #PPQ + CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 0CTGPVC 4GIKQP WPF (NW 0GTGVXC KP &CNOCVKGP WPF FGT +PUGN %JKQU I Ë 5 Û / Û 8 Û 5+.8'56'4 Û 8#.'4+1 Û & Ë &GT JGKNKIG /CTEWU VJTQPGPF T FGO N MPKGPFGP &QIGP GKPG -TGW\HCJPG ÒDGTTGKEJGPF +O #DUEJPKVV Ë #001 Ë + Ë Ë 6'44# /#4+3 Ë #WH GKPGT +PUGN WPF FGO CPITGP\GPFGP (GUVNCPF LG GKP ¤NDCWO UVGJGPF CP FGUUGP 5VCOO 5KGIGUVTQRJ·GP DGHGUVKIV UKPF 1DGP T HNKGIGPFGT #FNGT FKG &QIGPOÒV\G CWH FGO -QRH VTCIGPF 7PVGTJCND FGT OCTKVKOGP #PUKEJV DQIKI %*+15 0#4 Ë )CODGTKPK 2CQNWEEK 44 5CWDGT IGUVQRHVGU .QEJ UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
8'4%'..+ &+' $'.#)'470) 810 8'4%'..+ &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0
4179 1,5:1
1,5:1
(TCPEGUEQ )KCEKPVQ XQP 5CXQ[GP WPVGT FGT 8QTOWPFUEJCHV UGKPGT /WVVGT /CTKC %JTKUVKPC XQP $QWTDQP .KTC I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP 5CXQ[GP KO (GNF + 8KGT <GKNGP 6GZV KP GKPGT NCPITGEJVGEMKIGP CP FGP 5EJOCNUGKVGP WPF QDGP OKV 4CPMGPYGTM IG UEJOÒEMVGP 4CJOWPI 1DGP N WPF T LG GKP <YGKI TGUR 4CPMGPQTPCOGPV WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG Û 5 Û 8 Û $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT %0+ ++ 5 %WFC\\Q D /CKNNGV 6H %+: XCT 6TCKPC 6H %&.:::8++ C 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4181
4180
.KTC CWH UVCTM MWRHGTJCNVKIGO MNGKPGP $KNNQPUEJTÌVNKPI I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP 5CXQ[GP KO (GNF + +P UEJNKEJVGT NCPITGEJVGEMKIGT 4CJOWPI XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV WPVGP FKG 9GTVCP ICDG Û 5 Û 8 Û $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H %0+ ++ XIN 5 %WFC\\Q C /CKNNGV XIN 6H %:: 6TCKPC 6H %&.:::+: WPF ++ 5 #DD NKPMU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
5QNFQ CWH UVCTM MWRHGTJCNVKIGO $KNNQPUEJTÌVNKPI I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %0+ ++ 5 %WFC\\Q /CKNNGV 6H %:: 6TCKPC 6H :& D 44 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
-41#6+'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 -1614 %#66#41 &74%* ¤56'44'+%*+5%*' 64722'0
4182
7PVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV (TCPEU I <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP -CPQPGPTQJT )GYGJT WPF 5·DGN IGMTGW\V &KG XQP GKPGT -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QPU + KO (GNF IGVGKNV FKG 9GTVCPICDG WPF \YGK DTGPPGPFG )TCPCVGP 1TKIKPCNIW OKV FGP -QP VTQNNRWP\KGTWPIGP =Û2Û? WPF =/? UQYKG FGT )TCXWT 0 CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMGP %0+ 8+ 5 XCT &CX /CKNNGV 6H ::8
FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMGP 2CICPK C XCT 6TCKPC 6H %8 H XCT 8 ) 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV ªDNKEJGT WPTGIGNO·KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP &KG 5VCFV -QVQT KVCN %CVVCTQ YCT UGKV XGPG\KCPKUEJ &WTEJ FGP (TKGFGP XQP %CORQ (QTOKQ IGNCPIVG UKG CP ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF CP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ +VCNKGP CP FCU HTCP\ÌUKUEJG +NN[TKGP ÒDGTIGDGP MCO UKG KO ,CJTG YKGFGT CP ¤UVGTTGKEJ
73
4183
(TCPEU I <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP -CPQPGPTQJT )GYGJT WPF 5·DGN IG MTGW\V &KG XQP GKPGT -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QPU + KO (GNF IGVGKNV FKG 9GTVCP ICDG 1TKIKPCNIW OKV FGP -QPVTQNNRWP\KGTWPIGP =2/? WPF =NKGIGPFGU 2Û? UQYKG FGT )TCXWT 0 CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMGP %0+ 8+ 5 XCT &CX /CKNNGV 6H ::8 FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMGP 2CICPK G XCT 6TCKPC 6H %:+ XCT 8 ) 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4184
(TCPE I %#66#41 Û WPVGP IGDWPFGPG .QTDGGT\YGKIG &KG XQP GKPGT -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT 0CRQN¾QPU + WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG + Û ( Û \W FGP 5GKVGP N WPF T LG GKP .QTDGGT\YGKI 1TKIKPCNIW OKV FGT -QPVTQNNRWP\KGTWPI =NKGIGPFGU 2Û? CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMG %0+ 8+ 5 /CKNNGV 6H ::8 FQTV QJPG 0QVKGTWPI FGT -QPVTQNNOCTMG 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H %:+++ 8 ) 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 <#&#4 <#4# &74%* ¤56'44'+%*+5%*' 64722'0
4185
74
7PVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV (TCPEU %GPVKOGU XGPG\KCPKUEJG 7P\GP I )GRT·IV WPVGT 8GTYGPFWPI GKPGU MNGKPGTGP 8U 5VGORGNU +PPGTJCND GKPGT CWH 'EM UVGJGPFGP XKGTGEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FGT IGMTÌPVG CWH GKPGO $NKV\DÒPFGN UVGJGPFG PCRQNGQPKUEJG #FNGT +PPGTJCND GKPGT XKGTGEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FKG )GYKEJVU WPF 9GTVCPICDG /KV FGP QTKIKPCNGP 4CPFRWP\KGTWPIGP =52? =5$? WPF =/(? $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV OKV ITQGO 8U 5VGORGN %0+ 8+ 5 &CX /CKNNGV XIN 6H %::: FQTV OKV ITQGO 8U 5VGORGN 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H & &++ XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
4187
4186
4186
(TCPEU %GPVKOGU XGPG\KCPKUEJG 7P\GP I )GRT·IV WPVGT 8GTYGPFWPI GKPGU MNGKPG TGP 8U 5VGORGNU +PPGTJCND GKPGT CWH 'EM UVGJGPFGP XKGTGEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FGT IGMTÌPVG CWH GK PGO $NKV\DÒPFGN UVGJGPFG PCRQNGQPKUEJG #FNGT +PPGTJCND GKPGT XKGTGEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FKG )G YKEJVU WPF 9GTVCPICDG /KV FGP QTKIKPCNGP 4CPFRWP\KGTWPIGP =52? =5$? WPF =/(? $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H %0+ 8+ 5 &CX /CKNNGV 6H %::: 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H &8 44 5GJT UEJÌP
(TCPEU %GPVKOGU XGPG\KCPKUEJG 7P\G I +PPGTJCND GKPGT CWH 'EM UVGJGPFGP XKGT GEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FGT IGMTÌPVG CWH GKPGO $NKV\DÒPFGN UVGJGPFG PCRQNGQPKUEJG #FNGT +PPGTJCND GKPGT XKGTGEMKIGP .KPKGPTCJOWPI FKG )GYKEJVU WPF 9GTVCPICDG /KV FGP QTKIKPCNGP 4CPFRWP\KGTWP IGP =5$? =5$? WPF =/(? $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H %0+ 8+ 5 &CX /CKNNGV 6H %::: 2CICPK 6TCKPC 6H &8+++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
.7:'/$74) &+' $'.#)'470) 810 .7:'/$74) &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0 +O (TÒJLCJT HKGN FCU HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 4GXQNWVKQPUJGGT KP FCU *GT\QIVWO .WZGODWTI GKP FCU UGKV GKPGP 6GKN FGT ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG DKNFGVG +O 0QXGODGT DGICPPGP FKG (TCP\QUGP OKV FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV .WZGODWTI &KG XQO ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP (GNFOCTUEJCNN $GPFGT DGHGJNKIVG $GUCV\WPI \·JNVG CPP·JGTPF /CPP FCTWPVGT .WZGODWTIGT WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU (TGKJGTTP XQP $QNCPF &KG 8GTVGKFKIGT XGTHÒIVGP \YCT ÒDGT /WPKVKQP CDGT ÒDGT YGPKI 2TQXKCPV &GPPQEJ MQPPVGP UKG UKEJ UGEJU /QPCVG NCPI IGIGPÒDGT FGO (GKPF DGJCWRVGP &C CDGT MGKPG #WUUKEJV CWH 'PVUCV\ DGUVCPF GTHQNIVG FKG ªDGTICDG FGT 5VCFV KO ,WPK
4189
4188
4189
(TCP\ ++ 6CNGT I (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP WPVGP FKG <CJN + \YKUEJGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX &GNO 4 *GTK PGM /CKNNGV 6H .::+++ 2TQDUV . 9GKNNGT 44 .GKEJV LWUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
5QN I #WU )NQEMGPOGVCNN IGIQUUGPG 0QVCWUICDG /KV FGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF \YKUEJGP ( ++ 9GTVCPICDG WPF ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H .::+++ 2TQDUV . 9GKNNGT 5GJT UEJÌP
75
0+'&'4.#0&' )'0'4#.56##6'0 &'4 0+'&'4.#0&' &+' 5+')' &'4 0+'&'4. 0&+5%*'0 (.166' +0 9'56+0&+'0 70& 814 &'4 -ª56' 5ª&#/'4+-#5
4190
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP $[NCGT 7VTGEJV CWH FKG KP 9GUVKPFKGP WPF XQT FGP -ÒUVGP XQP $TCUK NKGP WPF 2GTW GTTWPIGPGP 5KGIG FGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP ÒDGT FKG URCPKUEJG (NQVVG $TWUVDKNF FGU )GPGTCN UVCVVJCNVGTU /QTKV\ XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP JCNDT FGP -QRH \WO $GVTCEJVGT IGYCPFV 4KPIUWOJGT FKG OKV 5EJTKHVD·PFGTP IGMGPP\GKEJPGVGP 9CRRGP FGT 2TQXKP\GP )GNFGTP *QNNCPF <GGNCPF 7VTGEJV (TKGUNCPF 9GUVHTKGUNCPF WPF )TQPKPIGP QDGP FCU XQP \YGK *·PFGP IGJCNVGPG 2HGKNDÒPFGN #WH GKPGT \YKUEJGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP UVGJGPFGP -CTVWUEJG FGT IGMTÌPVG WPF XQO *QUGPDCPFQTFGP WO\QIGPG 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU )GPGTCNUVCVVJCNVGTU WPVGP 5EJTKHVDCPF OKV FGUUGP 9CJNURTWEJ +G /CKPVKGPFTC[ OO I *CYMKPU 6H :8+++ -2- X .QQP ++ 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT MN &TWEMUVGNNG XQT\ÒINKEJ
#.-/##4 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 #.-/##4 &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0 8QP FGT CO ,WNK GTQDGTVGP 5VCFV *CCTNGO YCPFVGP UKEJ FKG 6TWRRGP FGU &QP (TGFGTKEQ FGU 5QJPGU FGU URCPKUEJGP (GNFJGTTP *GT\QI #NDC IGIGP #NMOCCT &KG $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV WPF FKG 'T UVÒTOWPIUCVVCEMGP DNKGDGP LGFQEJ GTHQNINQU UQ FCUU FKG $GNCIGTGT CO 1MVQDGT YKGFGT CD\KGJGP OWUUVGP 'U GZKUVKGTGP CWU FKGUGT <GKV \YGK XGTUEJKGFGPG UV·FVKUEJG 0QVIGNFGOKUUKQPGP XQO 5GRVGODGT WPF XQO 1MVQDGT
4192 4191
76
4193
'KPUGKVKIGT $NGK <KPP 0QVVCNGT Q , 'OKUUKQP XQO 5GRVGODGT KP )WVGEJPKM IGHGTVKIV I <YGKIGUEJQUUKIGT <KPPGPVWTO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H + 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GIQUUGPG 0QVCWUICDG CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI 'OKUUKQP XQO 1MVQDGT FGU ,CJTGU <YGKIGUEJQUUKIGT <KPPGPVWTO QDGP # KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN &KG +PKVKCNG # QDGP FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H + 4 5GJT UEJÌP
5VÒDGT Q , 'OKUUKQP XQO 1MVQDGT I 'KPUGKVKIG IGIQUUGPG 0QVCWUICDG CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI <YGKIGUEJQUUKIGT <KPPGPVWTO QDGP # KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT D /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4195
4194
'KPUGKVKIGT 8KGTVGNVCNGT I )GIQUUGPG 0QVCWUICDG CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI 'OKUUKQP XQO 1MVQDGT FGU ,CJTGU <YGKIGUEJQUUKIGT <KPPGPVWTO \YKUEJGP FGP DGKFGP 'PF\KHHGTP FGT ,CJTGU\CJN OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H + 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 2T·IWPI Q , 1JPG 9GTVCPICDG I <YGKIGUEJQUUKIGT 4WPFVWTO OKV 5RKV\FCEJ &KG +PKVKCNG # OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 0GWOCPP 4 +PVGTGUUCPVG ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
*KUVQTKUEJGT *KPVGTITWPF WPF 8GTYGPFWPIU\YGEM FKGUGT 2T·IWPI UKPF WPDGMCPPV 'U KUV FCJGT HTCINKEJ QD GU UKEJ JKGTDGK WO GKPG 0QVOÒP\G CWU FGT <GKV FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV QFGT CDGT WO GKPG /CTMG TGUR WO GKP <GKEJGP FGU QFGT ,CJTJWPFGTVU JCPFGNV +PFGU N·UUV UKEJ WPUEJYGT GTMGPPGP FCUU CNU 5EJTÌVNKPI FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 'ZGO RNCTU GKPG ·NVGTG WPDGUVKOOVG 2T·IWPI FKGPVG 8QO HTÒJGTGP )GRT·IG KUV CWH FGT GKPGP 5GKVG GKP .QTDGGTMTCP\ GT MGPPDCT FGT QHHGPDCT GKPG OGJT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WOUEJNQUU CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG KUV FGWVNKEJ FGT $WEJUVCDG - GKPGT \GKNKI QTKGPVKGTVGP #WHUEJTKHV UKEJVDCT
#/56'4&#/ &+' $.1%-#&' 810 #/56'4&#/ &74%* 64722'0 &'4 )'0'4#. 56##6'0 *QNNCPF <GGNCPF WPF FKG UÒFNKEJGP 2TQXKP\GP JCVVGP CO 0QXGODGT FKG 2C\KHKMCVKQP XQP )GPV XGTCDUEJKGFGV FGTGP *CWRV\KGN FKG IGOGKPUEJCHVNKEJG $GUGKVKIWPI FGT URCPKUEJGP )GYCNVJGTTUEJCHV DGKP JCNVGVG &C UKEJ #OUVGTFCO UVCPFJCHV YGKIGTVG FGT 'TJGDWPI IGIGP 2JKNKRR ++ DGK\WVTGVGP DGICPPGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGT 5VCCVGP XQP *QNNCPF KP FGP NGV\VGP 6CIGP FGU ,CJTGU OKV FGT $NQEMCFG FKG OKV FGT #WHICDG FGT 5VCFV CO (GDTWCT GPFGVG 5EJQP CO ,CPWCT DGUEJNQUU FGT /CIKUVTCV FCU 4CVUUKN DGT GKP\WUEJOGN\GP WPF FCTCWU 0QVOÒP\GP \W WPF 5VÒDGT UEJNCIGP \W NCUUGP &KG PCEJ FKGUGO 4CVUGPVUEJGKF IGRT·IVGP UKNDGTPGP -NKRRGP YWTFGP GTUV CO ,CPWCT KP 8GTMGJT IGUGV\V PWP CDGT KPHQNIG FGT XGTUEJNGEJVGTVGP 5KVWCVKQP UEJQP OKV GKPGT JÌJGTGP $GYGTVWPI P·ONKEJ OKV WPF 1/4 5VÒDGT VTQV\ FGT GPVURTGEJGPF FGO $GUEJNW XQO ,CPWCT PKGFTKIGTGP 9GTVCPICDGP KO )GRT·IG 'U GZKUVKGTGP \YGK ITWPFU·V\NKEJ XGTUEJKGFGPG )TWPFV[RGP FKGUGT #OUVGTFCOGT -NKRRGP &GT GKPG 6[RWU KUV XGTVTGVGP FWTEJ GKP QFGT CWEJ \YGKUGKVKIG )GRT·IG FKG CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GKPGP ITQGP 5VGORGN OKV FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP FGT 9GTVCPICDG WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN KO IGRGTNVGP 4WPF CWHYGKUV WPF GKPG \YGKVG MNGKPG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO -QPVTQNN\GKEJGP FGU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU VTCIGP &GT \YGKVG 6[RWU DGUVGJV CWU GKPUGKVKIGP -NKRRGP FKG OKV FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP IGMGPP\GKEJPGV YWTFGP P·ONKEJ OKV GKPGT ITQGP 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO HTGK UVGJGPFGP IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF GKPGT YGKVGTGP OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN WPF 9GTVDG\GKEJPWPI KO XGTVKGHVGP (GNF WPF GKPGT FTKVVGP OKV FGO -QPVTQNN \GKEJGP FGU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU 8QO \WGTUV IGPCPPVGP 6[R GZKUVKGTV GKP 'ZGORNCT FCU UGKV FGO ,CJTG KP $CUGN CTEJKXKGTV YQTFGP KUV &GT \YGKVG 6[R KUV GTUVOCNU KP FGO XGTNGIVGP #TGPFVʼnUEJGP /ÒP\DWEJ CDIGDKNFGV WPF FQMWOGPVKGTV YQTFGP &C FKG #OUVGTFCOGT 4CVURTQVQMQNNG MGKPG *KPYGKUG CWH \YGK \GKVNKEJ XGTUEJKGFGPG UV·FVKUEJG /ÒP\GOKUUKQPGP CWU FGT <GKV FGT $NQEMCFG XQP IGDGP JCV OCP GTYQIGP QD FKG /ÒP\GP FGU \YGKVGP 6[RU PCEJ FGT $GNCIGTWPI \YGKHGNU QJPG CDGT XQT GPVUVCPFGP UKPF &C OCP CDGT PKEJV XQP FGT 8QNNUV·PFKIMGKV FGT CWH WPU IGMQOOGPGP UEJTKHVNKEJGP ªDGTNKGHGTWPI CWUIGJGP MCPP KUV GU WPUGTGU 'TCEJVGPU YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ FCUU CWEJ FGT \YGKVG )TWPFV[RWU FKGUGT #OUVGTFCOGT 0QVRT·IWPIGP \WT <GKV FGT $NQEMCFG GPVUVCPFGP KUV
4196
1MVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN +PPGTJCND GKPGU OKV $NWOGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP .QTDGGTMTCP\GU FKG FTGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV g 2 g #4 Û '6 g (1 g RTQ CTKU GV HQEKU #WH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GKPG MNGKPG \WU·V\NKEJG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGO RGNWPI OKV FGO <GKEJGP =.ÌVNCORG UQNFGGTXCCULG? GKPGU WPDGMCPPVGP HÒT FKG 5VGORGNWPI XGTCPVYQTVNK EJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 8U &GNO XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H +8 .GKEJVGT &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
77
4198
4197 4199
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I &GT XKGTGEMKIG 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV NGKEJV IGUVWV\VGP 'EMGP KUV IGMGPP\GKEJPGV FWTEJ FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPG 5VGORGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF QDGP FKG /CTMG FGU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP 2 WPF ) OÌINKEJGTYGKUG HÒT 4 2KIIG )QXGTV\ WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU WPF FKG 9GTV\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H 8 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I &GT XKGTGEMKIG 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV IGUVWV\VGP 'EMGP KUV IGMGPP\GKEJPGV FWTEJ FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPG 5VGORGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF QDGP FKG /CTMG GKPGU WPDGMCPPVGP XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU =(GWGTGKUGP? WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU WPF FKG 9GTV\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H 8 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV KO (GNF FKG XQP FGT -TQPG IGVGKNVG 9GTVCPICDG 8 5 WPF FKG XQO 5EJKNF IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN /KV GKPGT MNGKPGP \W U·V\NKEJGP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGP 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO <GKEJGP =.ÌVNCORG UQNFGGTXCCULG? GKPGU WPDGMCPPVGP HÒT FKG 5VGORGNWPI XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H +8 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'5'6<70) &'4 2418+0< *1..#0& &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4200
2:1
2:1
&WMCVGP I 4KVVGT UVGJGPF T KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI 5EJYGTV WPF 2HGKNDÒPFGN JCNVGPF KO (GNF 'KPG OKV 4QNNYGTM XGT\KGTVG WPF OKV GKPGT .QTDGGTIKTNCPFG DGJCPIGPG 6CHGN OKV HÒPH <GKNGP 5EJTKHV 7PVGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF XQP #OUVGTFCO /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV c & Ù )'&#%*6'0+5 Ü 8 Ù & Ù /706' Ü 8 Ù #/56'4&#/ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV QJPG #PICDG FGT 9GTVUVWHG &GNO 4 (D /CKNNGV XIN 6H :+ FQTV CNU GKPHCEJGT &WMCV )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 4CPFHGJNGT MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ &KGUGT /GJTHCEJFWMCV YWTFG Y·JTGPF FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUGV\WPI FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF CWU FGP )QNFDGUV·PFGP FGT $ÒTIGT IGRT·IV
78
4201
&QRRGNVGT &WMCVQP FQRRGNVGT 5KNDGTPGT 4GKVGT I 4GKVGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI OKV IG\ÒEMVGO 5EJYGTV T WPVGP FGT IGMTÌPVG .ÌYGPUEJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYGPUEJKNF XQP \YGK IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP IGJCNVGP WPVGP FGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX &GNO C 4 /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP &KGUGT WPF FGT PCEJUVGJGPFG &QRRGNFWMCVQP YWTFGP Y·JTGPF FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUGV\WPI FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF CWU FGP RGTUÌPNKEJGP 5KNDGTDGUV·PFGP FGT $ÒTIGT IGRT·IV
4202
&QRRGNVG &WMCVQPMNKRRG FQRRGNVGT 5KNDGTPGT 4GKVGT I 4GKVGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI OKV IG \ÒEMVGO 5EJYGTV T WPVGP FGT IGMTÌPVG .ÌYGPUEJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYGPUEJKNF XQP \YGK IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP IGJCNVGP WPVGP FGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX #PO &GNO D 4 /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV CWH TWPFGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC OKP &QRRGNUEJNCI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4203
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , WPUKIPKGTV 'JTGPICDG CP YCEJJCDGPFG #OUVGTFCOGT $ÒTIGT Y·JTGPF FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUGV\WPI FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF +PPGTJCND GKPGT TWPFGP 7OJGIWPI CWU (CUEJKPGP FKG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV KO *CDKV FGT /KPGTXC UVGJGPF X X OKV GKPGT .CP\G WPF FGO 5VCFVUEJKNF FGP -QRH T IGYCPFV \W GKPGT (NQVVG CO TGEJVGP $KNFTCPF 0GDGP KJT UVGJV GKP .ÌYG N GKPGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGPCWHOCTUEJ CO NKPMGP $KNFTCPF GPVIGIGPDNKEMGPF 5GEJU\GKNKIGT 6GZV QDGP $NCVVIKTNCPFG WPVGP GKP OKV \YGK $NÒVGP\YGKIGP FWTEJUGV\VGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ OO I -2- X .QQP +++ 5 5EJÌPG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
79
4204
4205
4206
&+' $'+.')70) &'4 7047*'0 +0 &'4 56#&6 #/56'4&#/
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP $QUMCO CWH FKG $GKNGIWPI FGT 7PTWJGP KP FGT 5VCFV +P DGYGIVGT 5GG 0GRVWP UVGJGPF CWH GKPGO XQP \YGK 2HGTFGP IG\QIGPGP 9CIGP FGUUGP *GEM FGT IGMTÌPVG #OUVGTFCOGT 5VCFVUEJKNF \KGTV +O 8QTFGTITWPF \YGK 5GGXÌIGN KP GKPGO UEJYKOOGPFGP 0GUV <YGK 5GGXÌIGN KP GKPGO CWH TWJKIGT 5GG UEJYKOOGPFGP 0GUV #O *QTK\QPV FKG CWHIGJGPFG 5QPPG QDGP 5EJTKHVDCPF OKV GKPGT UGEJU\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV +O #DUEJPKVV FKG TÌOKUEJG ,CJTGU\CJN QDGTJCND FGT 5KIPCVWT FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGK FGTU OO I -2- X .QQP +8 XIN 5 FQTV 'ZGORNCTG QJPG 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTUK IPCVWT 5NI ,WNKWU XIN 2CVKPC MN -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
$'4)'0 12 <11/ &'4 '065#6< 810 $'4)'0 12 <11/
80
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP $GTIGP QR <QQO WPF FGP 5KGI ÒDGT FKG URCPKUEJG (NQVVG KO /ÒPFWPIUIGDKGV FGT 5EJGNFG #WH 9GUVGP CWUIGTKEJVGVGT 2NCP FGU XQP $GTIGP QR <QQO DKU )QGU TGKEJGPFGP /ÒPFWPIUIGDKGVU FGT 5EJGNFG OKV \CJNTGKEJGP 5EJKHHGP CWH FGO 9CUUGT 7PVGP GKP CWH NCVGKPKUEJ XGTHCUUVGT FTGK\GKNKIGT 6GZV CWH GKPGT -CTVWUEJG (ÒPH\GJP <GKNGP 6GZV WPVGP IGMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF OO I -2- X .QQP ++ 5 4QQXGTU #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP $GTIGP QR <QQO WPF FGP 5KGI ÒDGT FKG URCPKUEJG (NQVVG KO /ÒPFWPIUIGDKGV FGT 5EJGNFG #WH 9GUVGP CWUIGTKEJVGVGT WPF OKV \CJNTGK EJGP IGQITCHKUEJGP $G\GKEJPWPIGP CWUIGYKGUGPGT 2NCP FGU )GDKGVU WO FKG JGWVKIG *CNDKPUGN $GXGTNCPF OKV GKPGO (GNFNCIGT GKPGO 6TWRRGPCWHOCTUEJ XQT FGT (GUVWPI $GTIGP WPF GKPGT $CNNWPI XQP 5EJKHHGP CWH FGT 1UVGT 5EJGNFG 7PVGP GKP CWH PKGFGTN·PFKUEJ XGTHCUUVGT \GJP\GKNKIGT 6GZV CWH GKPGO JCNDOQPF HÌTOKI CWHIGURCPPVGP 6WEJ (ÒPH\GJP <GKNGP 6GZV WPVGP IGMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF OO I -2- X .QQP ++ 5 4QQXGTU *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
$1//'. &+' $'.#)'470) 810 $1//'. <#.6$1//'. &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0 &CU UVTCVGIKUEJ YKEJVKI CWH FGT XQP FGP (NÒUUGP /CCU WPF 9CCN IGDKNFGVGP +PUGN $QOOGNGTYCCTF IGNGIGPG $QOOGN JGWVG <CNVDQOOGN YCT KO #EJV\KIL·JTKIGP -TKGI UVCTM WOM·ORHV &KG KO YGUVNKEJGP )GNFGTNCPF IGNGIGPG 5VCFV YWTFG OGJTHCEJ XQP URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP DGNCIGTV MQPPVG CDGT PKEJV GKPIG PQOOGP YGTFGP 2TKP\ /QTKV\ XQP 1TCPKGP NKG $QOOGN KP MÒT\GUVGT <GKV UVCTM DGHGUVKIGP WPF DG\CJNVG FKG 5QNFCVGP OKV 0QVVCNGTP FKG CWU FGO KP FGT 5VCFV XQTIGHWPFGPGP 5KNDGT IGRT·IV YWTFGP
4207
1,5:1
1,5:1
0QVVCNGT \W 5VÒDGT Q , 1JPG 9GTVCPICDG I /10' Û 018 # Û (#% 6# Û $1 '/' Û 5 Û 64+ Û /KV 4QNNYGTM XGT\KGTVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF \W FGP 5GKVGP \YGK GKPY·TVU IGYCPFVG .ÌYGP IGOGKPUCO GKP 5EJYGTV JCNVGPF =)TCPCVCRHGN? &84 · 0'%'55+6#6+5 · 1285 &TGKVÒTOKIG 5VCFVDWTI KO QHHGPGP 6QT GKPG -CPQPG T $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX &GNO 4 #DD XCT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 8GTMCFG 6H XCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4208
1,5:1
1,5:1
5VÒDGT Q , =)TCPCVCRHGN? /106# g 018# g (#%6# g $1'/' /KV 4QNNYGTM XGT\KGTVGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF &84 0'%'5 5+6#6+ 5 1285 +O <GPVTWO GKPGU 5VÒDGTMTGW\GU GKP 5EJYGTV \YKUEJGP \YGK 5VGTPTQUGVVGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H XCT 8GTMCFG 6H XCT 44 .GKEJVG #WUDTÒEJG CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP 81
Eroberung von Breda 1581 durch die Malkontenten.
$4'&# &+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4'&# &74%* 64722'0 &'4 )'0'4#.56##6'0 &C FKG CWU FGWVUEJGP 5QNFCVGP DGUVGJGPFG )CTPKUQP XQP $TGFC FGO URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKI VTGW GTIGDGP YCT YWTFG FKG 5VCFV CD #WIWUV XQP 6TWRRGP FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP DGNCIGTV #O 1MVQDGT GTMN·TVG UKEJ FKG $GUCV\WPI DGTGKV IGIGP HTGKGP #D\WI FGP 0KGFGTN·PFGTP FKG 5VCFV \W ÒDGTNCUUGP &KG $GNCIGTWPI DTCEJVG XGTUEJKGFGPG 0QVIGNFCWUICDGP JGTXQT #O #WIWUV YWTFGP UKNDGTPG -NKRRGP XGTUEJKGFGPGT 0QOKPCNG IGRT·IV #PHCPI 5GRVGODGT GTHQNIVG FKG #WUICDG GKPGT \YGKVGP 5GTKG UKNDGTPGT -NKRRGP UQYKG XQP 0QVOÒP\GP CWH TWPFGP WPF GEMKIGP $NGK <KPPUEJTÌVNKPIGP .GV\VGTG UKPF DGTGKVU KO 0QXGODGT YKGFGT GKPIG\QIGP YQTFGP
4209
4210
'KPUGKVKIG 0QVVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I 'OKUUKQP XQO #WIWUV FGU ,CJTGU /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP +P FGT /KVVG GKP ITQGT TWPFGT 5VGORGN } +0 Û &'4 Û 0116 Û $ Û # Û + Û &GT 5VCFV UEJKNF 1DGP MNGKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV GKPGO ,CIFJQTP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT FQTV CNU )WNFGP CWUIGYKGUGP /CKNNGV 6H :8++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT UGJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I #WUIGIGDGP KO 5GRVGODGT FGU ,CJTGU /KV HÒPH 5VGORGNWP IGP KO <GPVTWO GKP ITQGT TWPFGT 5VGORGN OKV #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV KP FGP XKGT 'EM\QPGP LG GKP CPFGTUCTVKIGT MNGKPGTGT 5VGORGN QDGP <KPPGPVWTO N ,CIFJQTP T .KNKG WPVGP FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\CJN KP XGTVKGHVGO 4GEJVGEM $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H :8++ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
82
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $4'&# &74%* &+' )'0'4#.56##6'0
4211
1,5:1
1,5:1
)QNFOGFCKNNG \W &WMCVGP YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP )GTCTF XCP $[NCGT &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $TGFC +PPGTJCND GKPGU XQP (GUVWPIUOCWGTP WOIGDGPGP )GY·UUGTU HÒPH -TKGIGT CWH GKPGO 6QTHMCJP (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJG T UVGKIGPFG .ÌYG OKV 5·DGN WPF 2HGKNDÒPFGN PGDGP FGO IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP 2TKP\ /QTKV\ XQP 1TCPKGP OO I -2- XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT X .QQP + 5 4QQXGTU )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4212
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP )GTCTF XCP $[NCGT &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 'KP PCJOG XQP $TGFC +PPGTJCND GKPGU XQP (GUVWPIUOCWGTP WOIGDGPGP )GY·UUGTU HÒPH -TKGIGT CWH GKPGO 6QTHMCJP (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP FGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJG T UVGKIGPFG .ÌYG OKV 5·DGN WPF 2HGKNDÒPFGN PGDGP FGO IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP 2TKP\ /QTKV\ XQP 1TCPKGP OO I -2- X .QQP + 5 4QQXGTU (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
83
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4'&# &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0 'PFG ,WNK UEJNQUUGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU $CTQPU XQP 5RKPQNC FKG 5VCFV GKP &KG 8GTVGKFKIGT MQPPVGP UKEJ HCUV GKP ,CJT NCPI DGJCWRVGP FQEJ UEJNKGNKEJ MCOGP UKG PKEJV WOJKP FKG 5VCFV FGO (GKPF CO ,WNK \W ÒDGTNCUUGP #PHCPIU XGTUWEJVG OCP FKG #WUOÒP\WPI XQP 0QVIGNF \W XGTOGKFGP KO ,CPWCT UEJTKVV OCP UEJNKGNKEJ \WT 2T·IWPI XQP 5KNDGTOÒP\GP KP -NKRRGPHQTO KP FGP FCTCWH HQNIGPFGP (TÒJ LCJTUOQPCVGP KPHQNIG OCPIGNPFGT 'FGNOGVCNNTGUGTXGP UQFCPP \WT #WUICDG MWRHGTPGP -TGFKVIGNFGU &KG )GIGPUVGORGNWPI XQP )QNFOÒP\GP FWTEJ FKG 5VCFV $TGFC Y·JTGPF FKGUGT TWPF GKPL·JTKIGP $GNCIGTWPI \·JNV \W FGP PQEJ PKEJV P·JGT GTHQTUEJVGP $GTGKEJGP FGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 0WOKUOCVKM 0CEJ WPUGTGO 'TOGUUGP FÒTHVG FKG -GPP\GKEJPWPI FGT Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI KPPGTJCND FGT 5VCFV XQTJCPFGPGP QFGT MWTUKGTGPFGP )QNFOÒP\GP XQTIGPQOOGP YQTFGP UGKP WO FGO OCTMKGTVGP )GNF GKPG PQOKPGNNG 9GTVGT JÌJWPI \W XGTNGKJGP FKG ÒDGT FGO PQTOCNGP -WTU NCI &GT /CIKUVTCV MQPPVG UKEJ FWTEJ FKGUGU #IKQ MWT\HTKUVKI GKPGP -TGFKV XGTUEJCHHGP FGT PCEJ FGT $GGPFKIWPI FGT $GNCIGTWPI DGKO 7OVCWUEJ D\Y DGK FGT 'KP\KGJWPI FGT IGMGPP\GKEJPGVGP WPF JGWVG UGJT UGNVGPGP /ÒP\GP \WIWPUVGP FGT $GUKV\GT YKGFGT CWUIGINKEJGP YWTFG
4213
1,5:1
1,5:1
)QNFIWNFGP 4GKEJGPUVGKPGT #WUDGWVG FGT *GT\ÌIG ,QCEJKO *GKPTKEJ ++ ,QJCPP WPF )GQTI ++ XQP 5EJNGUKGP /ÒPUVGTDGTI 1GNU OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG 9CRRGPUEJKNF I 8KGTHGN FKIGT CP FGP 5GKVGP XGT\KGTVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN &GT JGKNKIG %JTKUVQRJGTWU UVGJGPF X X GKPGP $CWOUVCOO OKV FGT 4GEJVGP JCNVGPF CWH FGT NKPMGP 5EJWNVGT FCU %JTKUVWUMKPF VTCIGPF /ÒP\G (D \W ( W 5 \W /ÒUGNGT \W )GIGPUVGORGN XCP $GGM 'PE[MNQRGFKG $F +++ $KLNCIG 5 # $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XCP )GNFGT KP ,CCTDQGM XQQT /WPV GP 2GPPKPIMWPFG $F 5 H /CKNNGV XIN -CVCNQIVGZV 5WRRN 5 FQTV GKPG QUOCPKUEJG )QNFOÒP\G OKV GPVURTG EJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV /ÒP\G NGKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP &KG )GIGPUVGORGNWPI KPHQNIG #WUDTWEJU FGU )GIGPUVGORGNYGTM\GWIU PKEJV ICP\ XQNNUV·PFKI UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP
4214
1,5:1
84
1,5:1
)QNFIWNFGP FGT 5VCFV *CODWTI OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG 9CRRGPUEJKNF I &GT JGKNKIG 2GVTWU UVGJGPF JCNDN OKV $WEJ WPF 5EJNÒUUGN WPVGP 0GUUGNDNCVVUEJKNF 4GKEJUCRHGN KO (GNF &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP GKPGO &TGKRCUU /ÒP\G (D )CGFGEJGPU )GIGPUVGORGN XCP $GGM 'PE[MNQRGFKG $F +++ $KLNCIG 5 # $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XCP )GNFGT KP ,CCTDQGM XQQT /WPV GP 2GPPKPIMWPFG $F 5 H )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV /ÒP\G HCUV UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
4216
4217 4215
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N OKV 2HGKNDÒPFGN WPF 5EJYGTV 0CJG FGT 'EMGP XKGT 5VGORGNWPIGP N GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV GKPGO ,CIFJQTP QDGP GKPG N·PIUQXCNG OKV FGT 9GTV\KHHGT T GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV FGO 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV WPVGP GKPG TWPFG OKV GKPGT HÒPHDN·VVTKIGP 4QUG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT D /CKNNGV 6H :8++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV /KVVGNUEJKNF 0CJG FGT 'EMGP XKGT 5VGORGNWPIGP N WPF T LG GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV FGO 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV QDGP GKPG N·PIUQXCNG OKV FGT 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP GKPG TWPFG OKV GKPGT HÒPHDN·VVTKIGP 4QUG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO C XCP )GNFGT E /CKNNGV 6H :8++ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -W -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I $4'&# 1$5'55# QDGP FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF \YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H :8+++ 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 4ª%-'41$'470) 810 $4'&# &74%* 64722'0 &'4 )'0'4#.56##6'0
4218
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $TGFC FWTEJ 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU 5VCVVJCNVGTU 2TKP\ (TGFGTKM *GPFTKM XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP #O 7HGT GKPGU 9CUUGTNCWHGU FKG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV UKV\GPF X X WOUEJNQUUGP XQP FGT DGK KJT N MPKGPFGP 2GTUQPKHK MCVKQP FGU *WPIGTU #WH FGO )GY·UUGT GKP 6QTHMCJP N FGP $QIGP GKPGT $TÒEMG FWTEJHCJTGPF #WH FGO IGIGPÒDGT NKGIGPFGP 7HGT FKG 5KNJQWGVVG FGT 5VCFV WPVGTJCND FGU IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFGU XQP 2TKP\ (TGFGTKM *GPFTKM 1DGP FGT 0COG ,GJQXCU XQP GKPGO 5VGTPGPFTGKGEM WOU·WOV KP 5VTCJNGP UQYKG GKP CWU GKPGT 9QNMG N JGTXQTVTGVGPFGT IGRCP\GTVGT #TO GKP 5EJYGTV JCNVGPF 8KGT\GJP\GKNKIGT 6GZV CWH GKPGO CWHIGURCPPVGP 6WEJ 4KPIUWOJGT 9GKPNCWD QDGP FGT IGMTÌPVG 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG OO I -2- X .QQP ++ XIN 5 4QQXGTU #PO *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC OKP -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 85
Einnahme der Stadt Campen am 20.7.1578 durch die Truppen Wilhelms von Oranie
%#/2'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 %#/2'0 &74%* 64722'0 &'4 )'0'4#.56##6'0 0CEJ FGO #D\WI FGU ITÌVGP 6GKNU FGT URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP DGJCWRVGVG UKEJ KP %CORGP PQEJ GKPG OKV MÌPKIUVTGWGP ITÌVGPVGKNU FGWVUEJGP 5QNFCVGP DGUGV\VG )CTPKUQP +O ,WPK YWTFG FKG 5VCFV XQP 6TWRRGP FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU )GPGTCNU )TCH XQP 4GPPGPDGTI GKPIGUEJNQUUGP &KG HTGOFGP .CPFUMPGEJVG JKGNVGP PKEJV NCPIG FWTEJ DGTGKVU CO ,WPK YKNNKIVGP UKG GKP CD\W\KGJGP WPF FGP 0KGFGTN·PFGTP JKGT FCU (GNF \W ÒDGTNCUUGP 5EJQP CO /CK JCVVG FGT /CIKUVTCV GKPGP 'PVUEJNW XGTCDUEJKGFGV FCU 4CVUUKNDGT \W QRHGTP WO FCTCWU MNKRRGPHÌTOKIG /ÒP\GP JGT\WUVGNNGP OKV FGPGP FKG 5QNFCVGP FGT )CTPKUQP DG\CJNV YGTFGP UQNNVGP &KGUGU 5KNDGTIGNF YWTFG CDGT GTUV CO ,WPK KPPGT JCND FGT PWP UEJQP CDIGTKGIGNVGP 5VCFV KP 8GTMGJT IGDTCEJV 'KPG \YGKVG 2T·IGUGTKG WPVGT 8GTYGPFWPI GKPGT PGWGP 2WP\G PGWGT 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGO 5VCFVPCOGP %#/2'0 GTHQNIVG PQEJ KO ,WNK FGU ,CJTGU CNUQ MWT\ XQT FGO 'PFG FGT $GNCIGTWPI
4219
4220
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT CWUIGIGDGP KO ,WNK I /KV UKGDGP XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGO RGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP \YKUEJGP \YGK TGEJVGEMKIGP OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG < TGUR 56 QDGP \YGK NCPITGEJVGEMKIG OKV ':64'/8/ TGUR 58$5+&+8/ WPVGP GKP NCPITGEJVGEMKIGT OKV FGT 1TVUCPICDG %#/2'0 QDGTJCND GKPGT MNGKPGTGP TGEJVGEMKIGP 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT D /CKNNGV 6H ::++ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV UEJÌPGT 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT CWUIGIGDGP KO ,WNK I /KV UKGDGP XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP \YKUEJGP \YGK TGEJVGEMKIGP OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG <+ TGUR 56 QDGP \YGK NCPITGEJVGEMKIG OKV ':64'/8/ TGUR 58$5+&+8/ WPVGP GKP NCPITGEJVGEMKIGT OKV FGT 1TVUCPICDG %#/2'0 QDGTJCND GKPGT MNGKPGTGP TGEJVGEMKIGP 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H ::++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
86
&'8'06'4 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 &'8'06'4 0CEJ FGT $GUKV\GTITGKHWPI XQP %CORGP CO ,WPK \QI FKG XQP )TCH XQP 4GPPGPDGTI IGHÒJTVG 5VTGKV OCEJV FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP CO #WIWUV XQT FGT 5VCFV &GXGPVGT CWH &KG KP FGP &KGPUVGP FGU -Ì PKIU XQP 5RCPKGP UVGJGPFG $GUCV\WPI MCRKVWNKGTVG CO 0QXGODGT FGU ,CJTGU WPF GTJKGNV FCTCWHJKP HTGKGP #D\WI 9·JTGPF FGT HCUV HÒPHOQPCVKIGP $GNCIGTWPI GTHQNIVGP KP FGT 5VCFV \YGK WPVGTUEJKGFNKEJG 0QVIGNFGOKUUKQPGP #O ,WPK GTJKGNV FGT JKGT CPYGUGPFG /ÒP\OGKUVGT FGT 5V·FVG &GXGPVGT %CORGP WPF <YQNNG FGP #WHVTCI FCU 4CVUUKNDGT GKP\WUEJOGN\GP WPF FCTCWU MNKRRGPHÌTOKIG /ÒP\GP JGT\WUVGNNGP FKG KP 5EJTQV WPF -QTP FGO 4GKEJUVCNGT WPF UGKPGP 6GKNUVÒEMGP GPVURTGEJGP UQNNVGP &KGUG /ÒP\GP YWT FGP FCPP OKV GTJÌJVGO -WTU KP 8GTMGJT IGDTCEJV #O 1MVQDGT YWTFG FGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT DGCWHVTCIV MWRHGTPGU -TGFKVIGNF CWU\WRT·IGP FCU FCPP UR·VGT IGIGP XQNNYGTVKIG /ÒP\GP WOIGVCWUEJV YGTFGP UQNNVG &KG OGKUVGP FGT XQTMQOOGPFGP -WRHGTPQVOÒP\GP YWTFGP PCEJ KJTGT #WUICDG OKV GKPGO )GIGP UVGORGN KP (QTO FGU 5VCFVUEJKNFGU IGMGPP\GKEJPGV
4221 1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WPK I Ù 84)'0 ¤ 0'%' 55 ¤ &#8' Û +80 Û )GMTÌPVGT JGTCNFKUEJGT #FNGT WPVGP FKG 7OUEJTKHV VGKNGPF FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H :::8+ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4222
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO 0QXGODGT OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG #FNGTUEJKNF I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ -N <CKPGPFG XQT\ÒINKEJ
4223
4224
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO 0QXGODGT OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG #FNGTUEJKNF I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO 0QXGODGT OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG #FNGTUEJKNF I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ 5GJT UEJÌP
87
&+' '+064#%*6 810 &'8'06'4 %#/2'0 70& <91..' 0#%* &'4 $'5'6<70) 810 %1'814&'0 70& *#55'.6
4225
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 0QVYGPFKIMGKV FGT 'KPVTCEJV FGT FTGK 5V·FVG PCEJ FGT $GUGV\WPI XQP %QGXQTFGP WPF *CUUGNV &KG UKEJ WOCTOGPFGP <YKNNKPIG %CUVQT WPF 2QNNWZ CO 7HGT GKPGU (NWUUGU UVGJGPF CO IGIGPÒDGT NKGIGPFGP 7HGT FKG 5KNJQWGVVG GKPGT 5VCFV QDGP FTGK 5VGTPG JKPVGT GKPGO 9QNMGPDCPF +P FGT 7OUEJTKHV FKG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGT FTGK 5V·FVG &TGK ,CIFJWPFG GKPGP +IGN CVVCEMKGTGPF 7PVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ 1XGTKLUUGN OO I -2- X .QQP 2CZ KP 0WOOKU 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 &'8'06'4 &74%* &'0 /ª056'4+5%*'0 $+5%*1( %*4+5612* $'40*#4& 810 )#.'0
4226
4228 4227
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP KO <GPVTWO GKPG ITÌGTG TWPFG OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP #FNGT KO WPVGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ GKP MNGKPGTGT 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGUCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT OKV ITCXKGTVGT 4ÒEMUGKVG &GNO 4 /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP KO <GPVTWO GKPG ITÌGTG TWPFG OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP #FNGT KO WPVGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ GKP MNGKPGTGT 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGUCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT OKV ITCXKGTVGT 4ÒEMUGKVG &GNO 4 /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ 4 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP KO <GPVTWO GKPG ITÌGTG TWPFG OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP #FNGT KO WPVGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ GKP MNGKPGTGT 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGUCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 /CKNNGV 6H :::8++ 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
88
)'.&'4.#0& &+' '41$'470) &'4 ('5670) 5#+06 #0&4' &74%* &+' )'0'4#.56##6'0
4229 1,5:1
1,5:1
)QNFGPGT ,GVQP WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT (GUVWPI 5CKPV #PFT¾ #WH QHHGPGO (GNF GKPG WPVGT FGT CO *KOOGN UVTCJNGPFGP 5QPPG UKEJ XQNN GPVHCNVGPFG $NÒVGPRHNCP\G N PGDGP GKPGT XQT FGT WPVGT IGJGPFGP 5QPPG XGTYGNMGPFGP $NWOG 2NCP FGT (GUVWPI 5CKPV #PFT¾ \YKUEJGP /CCU WPF 9CCN N WPF T CWHOCTUEJKGTGPFG 5VTGKVMT·HVG OO I &WIPKQNNG X .QQP + 5 )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
)410+0)'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 )410+0)'0 &74%* &'0 /ª056'4+5%*'0 $+5%*1( %*4+5612* $'40*#4& 810 )#.'0
4230
4232 4231
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF IGVGKNV N WPF T FKG 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV 4U OKV )TCXWT &GNO 4 /CKNNGV 6H :.+8 FQTV 4U OKV )TCXWT -N -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
'KPUGKVKIG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF IGVGKNV N WPF T FKG 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV 4U OKV )TCXWT &GNO /CKNNGV 6H :.8 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG #EJVGNVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF IGVGKNV N WPF T FKG 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV 4U OKV )TCXWT &GNO #PO /CKNNGV 6H :.8 FQTV 4U OKV )TCXWT 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
89
4233
5KNDGTPG 2T·OKGPOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV FGT 7PKXGTUKV·V )TQPKPIGP CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV 5VCPFHKIWT FGU FCU *CWRV )QNKCVJU JCNVGPFGP DKDNKUEJGP &CXKFU CWH GKPGO OKV 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP WPF (CJPGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5KGIGUOQPWOGPV FGUUGP 7PVGTDCW FCU 9CRRGP FGT 7PKXGTUKV·V )TQPKPIGP \KGTV CWHIG UEJNCIGPGU $WEJ DGNGIV OKV FGO XKGTHGNFKIGP 5EJKNF FGT 2TQXKP\ 0GWP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WOIGDGP XQP GKPGO 5EJTKHVMTGKU OO I -2- X .QQP +++ 5 9GKNGT 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT &KGUG 5EJCWUVÒEMG YWTFGP CP FKG 5VWFGPVGP XGTNKGJGP FKG UKEJ CP FGT 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT 5VCFV DGVGKNKIVGP
,7$+. 7/5('+'4 &'4 $'(4'+70) )410+0)'05 810 &'4 52#0+5%*'0 $'.#)'470)
4234
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP , XQP 4KEMKPIGP 'OFGP CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGT $GHTGKWPI FGT 5VCFV XQP FGT URCPKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPI 4KVVGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI UVGJGPF X X GKP 5EJYGTV KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP WPF GKPGP OKV FGO 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF JCNVGPF 'NH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WO\QIGP XQP GKPGO 5EJTKHVMTGKU OO I -2- X .QQP +8 5 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
*##4.'/ &+' $'.#)'470) 810 *##4.'/
4235
90
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO &G\GODGT I 1MVQIQPCNGT 5EJTÌV NKPI OKV XKGT -GPPUVGORGNP 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV QDGP MNGKPGTG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO 9CRRGP GKPGU WPDGMCPPVGP XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU =5GEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP QDGTJCND GKPGT NKG IGPFGP /QPFUKEJGN? WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN KP TCJOGPHÌTOKIGT 5VGORGNWPI +O (GNF T 5VGORGNWPI FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF =.ÌYGPUEJKNF KP IGRGTNVGO *QEJQXCN? IGO #PQTFPWPI XQO (GDTWCT \YGEMU 'TJÌJWPI FGU 0GPPYGTVU CWH 5VÒDGT Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO C 4 XCP )GNFGT D /CKNNGV 6H :.8++ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4238
4237
4236
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO &G\GODGT I 1MVQIQPCNGT 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV XKGT -GPPUVGORGNP 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV QDGP MNGKPGTG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO 9CRRGP FGU XGTCPVYQTVNKEJGP 5KNDGTUEJOKGFU *GTPTKEM %QTPGNKU XCP .GWWYGP =UVGKIGPFG .ÌYGP RTQVQOG N ? WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN KP TCJOGPHÌTOKIGT 5VGORGNWPI +O (GNF T 5VGORGNWPI FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF =.ÌYGPUEJKNF KP IGRGTNVGO *QEJQXCN? IGO #PQTFPWPI XQO (GDTWCT \YGEMU 'TJÌJWPI FGU 0GPPYGTVU CWH 5VÒDGT Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF &GNO C 4 XCP )GNFGT D /CKNNGV 6H :.8++ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
5KNDGTIWOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 8+0%+6 8+/ 8+4685 KPOKVVGP GKPGU -TCP\GU OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H X .QQP + 5 /CKNNGV 6H . 44 /KV 4GUVGP XQP #NVXGTIQNFWPI (GNFGT IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTIWOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF KO (GNF DQIKI #001 1DGP FGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WPF WPVGP FKG XQP GKPGT 4CJOWPI WOUEJNQUUGPG ,CJTGU\CJN FKG 7OUEJTKHV VGKNGPF 5GEJUDN·VVTKIG 4QUGVVG TKPIUWOJGT FTGKHCEJ IGUVCHHGNVG 7OUEJTKHV OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H X .QQP + 5 /CKNNGV 6H . 4 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4239
&+' 4ª%-8'4.')70) &'4 *##4.'/'4 5%*ª6<'0 +0 &+' *'+/#656#&6
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 4ÒEMXGTNGIWPI FGT *CCTNGOGT 5EJÒV\GP CWU FGT 5VCFV *CUUGNV KP FKG *GKOCVUVCFV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV *CUUGNV QDGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF WPF GKP NGGTGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF KO #DUEJPKVV &CVWOUCPICDG KP FTGK <GKNGP #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV *CCTNGO QDGP \YGK 9CRRGP UEJKNFG KO #DUEJPKVV UGEJU\GKNKIGT 6GZV -2- X .QQP ++ 5 OO I #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
91
5ʼn*'461)'0$15%* &+' '41$'470) 810 5 *'461)'0$15%* 70& 9'5'. 70& &+' $'4'+70) &'4 8'.79'
4240
$NGKIWOGFCKNNG PCEJ GKPGT #TDGKV FGU ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV Uʼn*GTVQIGPDQUEJ FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 9GUGN WPF FKG $GHTGKWPI FGT 8GNWYG 2TKP\ (TGFGTKM *GPFTKM XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP N \W 2HGTF KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG 5VCFV U *GTVQIGPDQUEJ &WTEJ GKP JQTK\QPVCNGU 5EJTKHV DCPF \YGKIGVGKNVGU $KNFHGNF QDGP $NKEM ÒDGT FGP XQP 5EJKHHGP DGHCJTGPGP 4JGKP CWH FKG 5VCFV 9GUGN WPVGP 2NCP FGU $TÒEMGPMQRHGU CP FGT +LUUGN OKV &CTUVGNNWPI FGT CPTÒEMGPFGP PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 5VTGKV MT·HVG WPF FGT CD\KGJGPFGP URCPKUEJGP $GUCV\WPI OO -2- \W FQTV FKG 2T·IGOGFCKNNG KP 5KNDGT X .QQP ++ 5 4QQXGTU \W FQTV FKG 2T·IGOGFCKNNG 5GJT UEJÌPGT UR·VGTGT )W
,7$+. 7/5('+'4 &'4 '41$'470) 810 5ʼn*'461)'0$15%* &74%* &+' )'0'4#.56##6'0
4241
1,5:1
92
1,5:1
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGT 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG XQP 2TKP\ *GKPTKEJ XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP IGHÒJTVGP PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG CO 1MVQDGT $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF /GTMWTUVCD WPF 2QUCWPG QDGP GKP 5EJTKHVDCPF 'KP OKV <YGKIGP FWTEJ UVGEMVGT 5EJNCPIGPTKPI CNU 'ODNGO FGT 'YKIMGKV QDGTJCND FGU IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFU FGT )GPGTCN UVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG FGU IGMTÌPVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFU FGU *CWUGU 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP WPF FGU IGMTÌPVGP XQP \YGK 9KNFGP /·PPGTP IGJCNVGPGP 5VCFVUEJKNFGU OO I 8GTX X .QQP 8QT\ÒINKEJ
*1..#0& &+' )')'056'/2'.70) &'4 2418+0< *1..#0& 9 *4'0& &'5 (4'+*'+65-#/2('5 #NU -TKGIUUVGWGT GTJQDGP FKG 5V·PFG XQP *QNNCPF GKPG KIG #WHYGTVWPI FGU WONCWHGPFGP /ÒP\IGNFGU 5·OVNKEJG /ÒP\GP KO )GNFXGTMGJT KPMNWUKXG FGT HTGOFGP QDGTJCND FGU 0GPPYGTVU XQP 6CNGT YWT FGP OKV GKPGO )GIGPUVGORGN CNU <GKEJGP FGT #WHYGTVWPI IGMGPP\GKEJPGV &KG )GIGPUVGORGN \GKIGP GPV YGFGT FGP JQNN·PFKUEJGP .ÌYGPUEJKNF QFGT FGP HTGK KO (GNFG UVGKIGPFGP JQNN·PFKUEJGP .ÌYGP #WEJ FKG 5V·PFG XQP <GGNCPF ÒDVGP FKGUG 2TCZKU WPVGT 8GTYGPFWPI XQP )GIGPUVGORGNP OKV FGO \GGN·PFKUEJGP 9CRRGP
4243
4242
2JKNKRRUVCNGT #PVYGTRGP XQP 2JKNKRR ++ XQP 5RCPKGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG IGMGPP \GKEJPGV OKV FGO )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 5V·PFG XQP *QNNCPF .ÌYGPUEJKNF KP IGRGTNVGO *QEJQXCN I $ÒUVG N KP *CTPKUEJ /GJTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH $WTIWPFGTMTGW\ QDGP -TQPG KO (GNF N WPF T LG GKP (GWGTGKUGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H )GIGPUVGORGN &GNO )GRT·IG WPF #
)GIGPUVGORGN XCP )GNFGT *QE C /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H )GIGPUVGORGN 5GJT UEJÌP
2JKNKRRUVCNGT 0KLOGIGP XQP 2JKNKRR ++ XQP 5RCPKGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG IGMGPP \GKEJPGV OKV FGO )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 5V·PFG XQP *QNNCPF .ÌYGPUEJKNF KP IGRGTNVGO *QEJQXCN I $ÒUVG T KP *CTPKUEJ /GJTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH $WTIWPFGTMTGW\ QDGP -TQPG KO (GNF N WPF T LG GKP (GWGTGKUGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H )GIGPUVGORGN &GNO # )GIGPUVGORGN XCP )GNFGT *QE F /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H )GIGPUVGORGN /ÒP\G HCUV UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
4244
4245
4246
&+' '+00#*/' 810 )'4647&'0$'4) +0 &'4 2418+0< *1..#0&
-W 4GEJGPRHGPPKI &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )GTVTWFGPDGTI )JGGTFGPDGTI I $NKEM CWH FKG DGHGUVKIVG CWH GKPGT .CPF\WPIG IGNGIGPG 5VCFV FKG XQP .CPF WPF 5GG XQP FGP 5RCPKGTP DGNCIGTV YKTF +O 8QTYGTM GKP RHNÒIGPFGT $CWGT 'KP *GGT CO (WG FGU $GTIGU #QTPQU CWH FGT $GTIMWRRG GKPG <KVCFGNNG OO &WIPKQNNG X .QQP + 5 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W 4GEJGPRHGPPKI &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )GTVTWFGPDGTI )JGGTFGPDGTI I 6QRQITCRJKUEJGT 2NCP FGU 7ONCPFGU FGT 5VCFV OKV FGO (GNFNCIGT FGT $GNCIGTGT LGPUGKVU FGU 8QTYGTMU FGT 5VCFV WPF 5EJKHHGP CWH FGO /GGT 5KGDGP <GKNGP 6GZV OO &WIPKQNNG X .QQP + 5 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
'+0 *1.. 0&+5%*'4 4'%*'02('00+) #7( &+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ $+5.+%*
-W 4GEJGPRHGPPKI &QTFTGEJV CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK $KUNKEJ CO 0KGFGTTJGKP I 5KGDGP <GKNGP 6GZV QDGP HÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUGVVG )TWRRG XQP -TKGIGTP OKV GKPGO 4COODQEM GKPG $TGUEJG KP GKPGP 9GJTVWTO TCOOGPF OO &WIPKQNNG X .QQP + 5 -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPG KPVGTGUUCPVG 5GTKG XQP -W 4GEJGPRHGPPKIGP CWH 'TGKIPKUUG FGU #EJV\KIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU HKPFGP 5KG WPVGT 0T
93
*7.56 &+' '+00#*/' 810 *7.56
4247
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP XCP .QQH /KFFGNDWTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU 2TKP\GP XQP 1TCPKGP #PUKEJV FGT DGNCIGTVGP WPF WPVGT $GUEJWUU NKGIGPFGP 5VCFV QDGP FGT XQP \YGK 2WVVK IGJCNVGPG 5VCFVUEJKNF WPVGTJCND GKPGU 5EJTKHVDCPFGU 6GZV KP GNH <GKNGP CWH GKPGO CWHIGURCPPVGP 6WEJ FCU WOIGDGP KUV XQP 9GKPVTCWDGP VTCIGPFGP 4GDGP\YGKIGP 1DGP FGT IGMTÌPVG 5EJKNF FGT )GPG TCNUVCCVGP OO I -2- X .QQP ++ 5 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTTNKEJG FWPMNG 2CVKPC OKP 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
.''79#4&'0 &+' <'456¤470) &'4 ('5670)'0 .''79#4&'0 *#4.+0)'0 70& 56#814'0
4248
1,5:1
94
1,5:1
&KEMG UKNDGTPG -NKRRG IGRT·IV OKV FGP 5VGORGNP FGU 4GEJGPRHGPPKIU CWH FKG <GTUVÌTWPI FGT (GUVWPIGP .GGWYCTFGP *CTNKPIGP WPF 5VCXQTGP I /GJTGTG OKV *CEMGP CWUIGUVCVVGVG /·PPGT DGKO 5EJNGKHGP FTGKGT $WTIGP FC\YKUEJGP \YGK (WJTYGTMG \WO #DVTCPURQTV FGU 5EJWVVU WPF $CWOCVGTK CNU 1DGP .ÌYGPUEJKNF &CXKF UVGJGPF OKV 5EJNGWFGT XQT FGO OKV GKPGT .CP\G DGYCHHPGVGP )QNKCVJ Z OO &WIPKQNNG XIN FQTV -W 4GEJGPRHGPPKI CWH TWPFGO 5EJTÌVNKPI X .QQP XIN + 5 FQTV CWH TWPFGO 5EJTÌVNKPI WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
.'+&'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 .'+&'0 .';&'0 .G[FGP YWTFG CO #WIWUV XQP URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU /CTUEJCNNU &QP (TCP EKUEQ 8CNFG\ GKPIGUEJNQUUGP &QEJ \QIGP FKG $GNCIGTGT CO /·T\ YGIGP FGU #PITKHHU GKPGT XQP )TCH .WFYKI XQP 0CUUCW IGHÒJTVGP 5VTGKVOCEJV CD &QEJ CO /CK UVCPFGP FKG 5RCPKGT CDGTOCNU XQT FGP 6QTGP .G[FGPU WPF DGFTQJVGP FKG 5VCFV PQEJ OGJT CNU XKGT /QPCVG NCPI #WEJ FKGUOCN MCOGP UKG PKEJV \WO <KGN FC CO 1MVQDGT OKV GKPGT )GWUGPHNQVVG FGT UGKV NCPIGO GTUGJPVG 'PVUCV\ HÒT FKG 5VCFV GKPVTCH /GJTHCEJ DTCEJVG FKG 5VCFV Y·JTGPF FGT DGKFGP \GKVNKEJGP 5GSWGP\GP FGT $GNCIGTWPI 0QVIGNF KP 8GTMGJT #O 0QXGODGT GTMN·TVG FGT /CIKUVTCV FKG XQTJCPFGPGP MWRHGTPGP <GKEJGP FGU 5V -CVJCTKPGPJQURKVCNU KJTGT GKIGPVNKEJGP <YGEMDGUVKOOWPI CNU GPVJQDGP WPF GTMN·TVG FKG 5VÒDGT 5VÒEMG \W <CJNWPIUOKVVGNP #O WPF &G\GODGT HQNIVGP \YGK 4CVUCDUEJKGFG FKG FKG #WUICDG XQP YGKVGTGO 'TUCV\IGNF XQTUCJGP \WP·EJUV XQP IGRT·IVGP 0QVVCNGTP CWH 5EJTÌVNKPIGP CWU 2CRKGT UQFCPP XQP GPVURTGEJGPFGP 8KGTVGNVCNGTP (·NUEJWPIGP XQP UQNEJGO RCRKGTGPGP 0QVIGNF YQNNVG FGT 4CV IGO· 'PVUEJGKF XQO TGUR ,CPWCT FCFWTEJ DGIGIPGP FCUU HQTVCP LGFGU HÒT GEJV DGHWPFGPG 'ZGORNCT OKV GKPGO )GIGPUVGORGN IGMGPP\GKEJPGV YGTFGP UQNNVG $GK FKGUGT 5VGORGNWPI DGFKGPVG OCP UKEJ FGT XQT 1TV DGTGKVU XQTJCPFGPGP .ÌYGPRWP\GP FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF FKG CNU -GPPUVGORGN HÒT FKG -WTUGTJÌJWPI FGU 5KNDGTIGNFGU XGTYGPFGV YQTFGP YCTGP XIN -CV 0TP WPF $CNF PCEJ FGO 'PFG FGT GTUVGP $GNCIGTWPI DQV FGT 4CV OKV UGKPGO $GUEJNWUU XQO /·T\ FKG /ÌINKEJMGKV FKG RCRKGTGPGP 6CNGT WPF 8KGTVGNVCNGT YKGFGT WO\WVCWUEJGP VGKNYGKUG IGIGP MWRHGTPGU -TGFKVIGNF KP (QTO PGW IGRT·IVGT *CNDUVÒDGT #O ,WNK PCEJFGO FKG URCPKUEJGP 8GTD·PFG YKGFGT XQT FKG 5VCFVOCWGTP \WTÒEMIGMGJTV YCTGP DGUEJNQUUGP FKG 5VCFVQDGTGP FKG #WUOÒP\WPI XQP UKNDGTPGP WPF 5VÒDGT 5VÒEMGP 0CEJYGKUNKEJ UEJOQN\ OCP \W FKGUGO <YGEMG -KTEJGP WPF -NQUVGTUKNDGT GKP &KG /QVKXG FKGUGT PGWGP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP QTKGPVKGTVGP UKEJ CP FGPGP FGT RCRKGTGPGP 0QVCWUICDG FQEJ XGTYGPFGVG OCP \W KJTGT 2T·IWPI PKEJV FKG XQTJCPFGPGP 5VGORGN UQPFGTP PGW IGUEJPKVVGPG 'KUGP
4249
4250
4252
4251
-W 5VÒDGT PCEJ FGO 4CVUDGUEJNWUU XQO 0QXGODGT I &CU 5VCFVYCRRGP QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 4CF #VVTKDWV FGT JGKNKIGP -CVJCTKPC QDGP -TQPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H .::+ XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
)WNFGP PCEJ FGO 4CVUDGUEJNWUU XQO &G\GODGT IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO TWPFGP 5EJTÌV NKPI FGT CWU OGJTGTGP ÒDGTGKPCPFGT IGMNGDVGP 2CRKGTNCIGP CWUIGUVCP\V YQTFGP KUV 0CEJ FGO 4CVUDG UEJNWUU XQO TGUR ,CPWCT IGMGPP\GKEJPGV OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5EJYGTV QDGP -TQPG +PPGTJCND GKPGU .QTDGGTMTCP\GU FGT 5VCFVPCOG KP XKGT <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H .::+ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO /·T\ I .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N KO (GNF ņ QDGP -TQPG &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 5WRRN % -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
5KNDGTPG -NKRRG CWU FGP 5VGORGNP XQO -W 5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO /·T\ I .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N KO (GNF ņ QDGP -TQPG &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV CWH TWPFGO -W 5EJTÌVNKPI XCP )GNFGT E /CKNNGV 6H .::++ 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
95
4253
5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WNK I /KV 4QNNYGTM XGT\KGTVG 9CRRGPMCTVWUEJG XQP \YGK 5EJTKHVMTGKUGP WOIGDGP .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N GKPGP 5VCD JCNVGPF CWH FGO FGT (TGKJGKVUJWV UVGEMV +O (GNF + $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI &GNO
4 XCP )GNFGT aC /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::+ FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4254
4255
4256
-NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WNK I /KV 4QNNYGTM XGT\KGTVG 9CRRGPMCTVW UEJG XQP \YGK 5EJTKHVMTGKUGP WOIGDGP .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N GKPGP 5VCD JCNVGPF CWH FGO FGT (TGKJGKVUJWV UVGEMV +O (GNF + $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH TWPFGO RCRKGTGPGP 5EJTÌVNKPI &GNO D 4 XCP )GNFGT E WPF F /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::+ FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH TWPFGO RCRKGTGPGP 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 2TQXKP\ *QNNCPF (GKPG 2CVKPC 5GJT UEJÌP
5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WNK I .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N KP FGT GTJQDGPGP TGEJVGP 2TCPMG GKPGP 5·DGN OKV FGT NKPMGP GKPGP 5EJKNF JCNVGPF FGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV \KGTV &GT NCVGKPKUEJG 1TVUPCOG KP XKGT <GKNGP TKPIUWOJGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGO RNCT CWH RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::+ FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV \YGK )GIGPUVGORGNP 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
-NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT FGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WNK I .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N KP FGT GTJQDGPGP TGEJVGP 2TCPMG GKPGP 5·DGN OKV FGT NKPMGP GKPGP 5EJKNF JCNVGPF FGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV \KGTV &GT NCVGKPK UEJG 1TVUPCOG KP XKGT <GKNGP TKPIUWOJGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI &GNO C 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::+
FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH TWPFGO RCRKGTGPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV \YGK )GIGPUVGORGNP 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
96
&+' ,7$+. 7/5('+'4 <74 $'(4'+70) &'4 56#&6 810 &'4 52#0+5%*'0 $'.#)'470)
4257
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP % ( -QPUG CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGU 'PVUCV\GU FGT 5VCFV XQP FGT URCPKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPI 5·WNG OKV FGO 5VCFVUEJKNF FGP 2QTVT·VOGFCKNNQPU XQP FTGK $ÒTIGTOGKUVGTP GKPGO 5EJTKHV DCPF WPF OKV .QTDGGTIKTNCPFGP IGUEJOÒEMV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF WOIGUVÒT\VG 3WGNNWTPG CWU FGT UKEJ GKP 9CUUGTUEJYCNN GTIKGV QDGP #TO )QVVGU N CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTVTGVGPF GKPGP 5·DGN JCNVGPF OO I -2- 8GTX X .QQP *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
/##564+%*6 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 /##564+%*6 &74%* 52#0+5%*' 64722'0 0CEJ FGT 4GQTICPKUCVKQP FGT URCPKUEJGP #TOGG KP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP WPF FGT $GHTKGFWPI 9CNNQPKGPU DGNCIGTVG FGT *GT\QI XQP 2CTOC UGKV FGO /·T\ FKG 5VCFV /CCUVTKEJV FKG GT CO ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU GTQDGTP MQPPVG #WU FGP 4CVUDGUEJNÒUUGP WPF FGP PWOKUOCVKUEJGP 5CEJ\GWIPKUUGP N·UUV UKEJ CDNGKVGP FCUU FKG 5VCFV MWRHGTPG 0QVOÒP\GP KP FTGK CWHGKPCPFGT HQNIGPFGP 5GTKGP CO #RTKN CO /CK WPF KO ,WPK XGTCWUICDV JCV
4258
4259
4260
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO #RTKN FGU ,CJTGU I 9CRRGPUEJKNF WPVGTJCND GKPGU 5EJYGTVGU KO (GNF HÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV KO #DUEJPKVV FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5EJÌP
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU I $GJGNOVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF + 8QP GKPGT *CPF GORQT IGJCNVGPGU 5EJYGTV +O (GNF XKGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV KO #DUEJPKVV FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
-W 5VÒDGT 'OKUUKQP XQO ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU I $GJGNOVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF 8QP GKPGT *CPF GORQT IGJCNVGPGU 5EJYGTV +O (GNF XKGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV KO #DUEJPKVV FKG TÌOK UEJG 9GTV\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H .::8 5EJÌP
97
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 /##564+%*6 &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4261
4262
'KPUGKVKIGT 6CNGT \W 5VÒDGT I )NCVVGT CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU UEJT·I IGMGTDVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV XKGT XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP HÒPHUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG KP TGEJVGEMKIGT .KPKGPTCJOWPI FCTWPVGT /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP . WPF ' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO /CKNNGV 6H .::8+ 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIGT *CNDVCNGT \W 5VÒDGT I )NCVVGT CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU UEJT·I IGMGTDVGT 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV XKGT XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP HÒPHUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG KP TGEJVGEMKIGT .KPKGPTCJOWPI FCTWPVGT /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP . WPF ' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 /CKNNGV 6H .::8+ 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
/+&&'.$74) &+' $.1%-#&' 810 /+&&'.$74) &74%* &+' 64722'0 &'4 )'0'4#.56##6'0 8QO (TÒJLCJT DKU JKGNVGP FKG )GWUGP GKPGP $NQEMCFGTKPI WO /KFFGNDWTI CWHTGEJV 0CEJFGO OGJTGTG 8GTUWEJG \WO 'PVUCV\ FGT VTGW WPF HGUV \W -ÌPKI 2JKNKRR XQP 5RCPKGP UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV HGJNIG UEJNCIGP YCTGP MCRKVWNKGTVG FKG 5VCFV CO (GDTWCT XQT FGO 2TKP\GP XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP 9·J TGPF FGT $NQEMCFG MCO GU \WT #WUICDG \YGKGT \GKVNKEJ CWHGKPCPFGT HQNIGPFGT 0QVOÒP\GPUGTKGP GKPG FTKVVG 5GTKG JCV FKG 5VCFV DCNF PCEJ KJTGT 'KPPCJOG RT·IGP NCUUGP #O &G\GODGT DGUEJNQUU FGT /CIKUVTCV 0QVOÒP\GP CWU FGO XQP FGP )KNFGP WPF XQO 4CV \WT 8GTHÒIWPI IGUVGNNVGP 5KNDGTIGT·V \W RT·IGP #O ,CPWCT HQNIVG FGT 'PVUEJGKF FGT 5VCFV CWEJ FKG XQTJCPFGPGP IQNFGPGP )GT·VUEJCH VGP \W 0QVIGNF \W XGTCTDGKVGP &KG NGV\VG 5GTKG LGPGT IQNFGPGT WPF UKNDGTPGT -NKRRGP FKG PCEJ FGT -CRK VWNCVKQP GPVUVCPFGP UKPF YWTFGP IGO· 'PPQ XCP )GNFGT XGTOWVNKEJ KO /·T\ XQP FGT 5VCFV JGT CWUIGIGDGP YQJN WO FGP -QPVTKDWVKQPUHQTFGTWPIGP FGT 5KGIGT PCEJ\WMQOOGP
4264 4263
98
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I 'OKUUKQP XQO &G\GODGT /KV FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNP KO <GPVTWO ITQGT TWPFGT 5VGORGN OKV FGT XQP GKPGO 2GTNTGKH WOUEJNQUUGPGP #WHUEJTKHV Ü & Ü 4 Ü 2 Ü ( Ü /+&& Ü + Ü Ü Ü < HGTPGT \YGK UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 'KPUEJN·IG OKV FGO 9CR RGP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF TGUR FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP XQP /KFFGNDWTI $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H .:::+++ 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W -TQPG 'OKUUKQP XQO ,CPWCT I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP KO <GP VTWO GKPG ITQG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT UKGDGP\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV Û + Û Û Û .+$'46 Ù Û 4'56 Ù Û 5 Û 2 Û 3 Û < '. Ù / Û 51.+ Û &'1 Û Û *1014 Û Û Û Û &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP GKPGO 2GTNTGKH +P FGT QDGTGP 'EM\QPG FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU GKPG MNGKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGO 9CRRGP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO (D XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H .:::+8 )1.& WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKP IGYGNNV XQT\ÒINKEJ
Belagerung der Festung Middelburg durch den Prinzen von Oranien.
1,5:1 1,5:1
4266 4265
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I #WUIGIGDGP YQJN KO /·T\ FGU ,CJTGU /KV \YGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNP KO <GPVTWO ITQGT TWPFGT 5VGORGN OKV GKPGT XQP GKPGO 2GTNTGKH WOUEJNQUUGPGP HÒPH\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV QDGP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 'KPUEJNCI OKV FGO 9CRRGP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H .:::+8 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I #WUIGIGDGP YQJN KO /·T\ FGU ,CJTGU /KV \YGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5VGORGNP KO <GPVTWO ITQGT TWPFGT 5VGORGN OKV GKPGT XQP GKPGO 2GTNTGKH WOUEJNQUUGPGP UKGDGP\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV QDGP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 'KPUEJNCI OKV FGO 9CRRGP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO 4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H .:::+8 44 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
99
4267
4269
4268
&+' 706'4&4ª%-70) &'4 7047*'0 +0 /+&&'.$74) 70& +0 &'4 2418+0< <''.#0&
5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CEQD XCP &KGUJQGEMG CWH FKG 7PVGTFTÒEMWPI FGT 7PTWJGP KP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF 2GTUGWU UVGJGPF N GKPGP 5·DGN WPF FCU *CWRV FGT /GFWUC JCNVGPF FGTGP -ÌTRGT KJO N \W (ÒGP NKGIV JKPVGP N 2GICUWU UVGKIGPF T +O *KPVGTITWPF 5EJKHHG CWH 5GG DGK FGT 5VCFV /KFFGN DWTI $NKEM CWH FCU 4CVJCWU XQP /KFFGNDWTI FCXQT OCTUEJKGTGPFG WPF KP (QTOCVKQP UVGJGPFG 5QNFCVGP +O 8QTFGTITWPF N FKG RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG (TGKJGKV UVGJGPF X X KP GKPGT OKV <KPPGP DGYGJTVGP 7OJGIWPI PGDGP KJT GKP IGMTÌPVGT #FNGT FGT CWH FGT $TWUV FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF VT·IV OO I %QNN (KGYG IGT 5NI ,WNKWU -2- X .QQP +8 5 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC OKP 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
0+,/')'0 &'4 '065#6< 810 0+,/')'0 810 &'4 (4#0<¤5+5%*'0 $'.#)'470)
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP $QUMCO 0KLOGIGP CWH FGP #D\WI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP &KG CNU (TCW RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG 5VCFV 0KLOGIGP UVGJGPF X X DGK GKPGO PKGFTKIGP 2QFGUV CWH FGO GKP 5VWJN WPF GKPG FTCRKGTVG 5·WNGPMQPUVTWMVKQP UVGJGP /KV FGO NKPMGP (W \GTVTKVV UKG GKPG 5EJNCPIG OKV FGT 4GEJVGP J·NV UKG GKP $WEJ OKV FTGK CPJ·PIGPFGP 5KGIGNP WPF OKV FGO NKPMGP #TO GKPGP 5EJKNF FGP FCU 7PJGKN CDYGJTGPFG )QTIQPGPJCWRV \KGTV +JT $NKEM KUV IGTKEJVGV CWH GKP 5EJYGTV WPF \YGK .KMVQTGPDÒP FGN FKG JKPVGP T CO 5QEMGN FGT DGKFGP 5·WNGP NGJPGP $NKEM ÒDGT GKPG HGWGTPFG #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT 8GTVGKFKIGT FGT 5VCFV CWH FCU HTGKG )GN·PFG CWGTJCND FGT $GHGUVKIWPIUOCWGTP KP FGO GKPG 8KGN\CJN XQP $GNCIGTGTP GTMGPPDCT KUV OO I *CYMKPU 6H %:8+ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU -2- X .QQP +8 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
18'4+,55'. &+' .15.¤570) &'4 2418+0< 18'4+,55'. 810 &'4 52#0+5%*'0 *'445%*#(6
5EJCWVCNGT Q , &QTFTGEJV .CPFFCIURGPPKPI \WO )GFGPMGP CP FKG .QUNÌUWPI FGT 2TQXKP\ XQP FGT URCPKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV I &KG 9CRRGP FGT 2TQXKP\ 1XGTKLUUGN WPF FGT 5V·FVG &GXGPVGT -CO RGP WPF <YQNNG WOIGDGP XQP 5EJTKHVMTGKU WPF FGP 9CRRGP FGT /KVINKGFGT FGU 4CVU XQP 1XGTK LUUGN 4GKVGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI T OKV IG\QIGPGO 5EJYGTV KO *KPVGTITWPF 5VCFVCPUKEJV *CYMKPU 6H :++ -2- X .QQP + 5 4QQXGTU #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ #NU 2T·IGCPNCUU HÒT FKG XQTNKGIGPFG /GFCKNNG YKTF VTCFKVKQPGNN FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK 6WTPJQWV CPIGIGDGP
100
4166'4&#/ &+' $'+.')70) &'4 7047*'0 +0 4166'4&#/
4270
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 0KGFGTUEJNCIWPI FGT 7PTWJGP PCEJ FGT *KPTKEJVWPI XQP -QTPG NKU -QUVGTOCP &CU JCND FWTEJ GKP 6WEJ XGTFGEMVG CDIGUEJNCIGPG *CWRV FGU &GNKPSWGPVGP CWH GKPGO OKV GKPGT HÒPH\GKNKIGP +PUEJTKHV XGTUGJGPGP 5QEMGN +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV 4QVVGTFCO 5\GPKUEJG &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 2NÒPFGTWPI WPF FGU #DTKUUGU FGU *CWUGU FGU 4QVVGTFCOGT *CWRVUEJÒV\GP ,CMQD <W[NGP XCP 0[GXGNV OO I -2- X .QQP +++ 5 5GJT CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4271 4272
5%*110*18'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 5%*110*18'0 &KG 5RCPKGT \QIGP CO #WIWUV XQT 5EJQQPJQXGP CWH WPF UGV\VGP FKG 5VCFV WPVGT $GUEJWUU FKG UEJQP CO HQNIGPFGP 6CI XQT FGO (GKPF MCRKVWNKGTVG 6TQV\ FKGUGT PWT UGJT MWT\ CPFCWGTPFGP $GNCIGTWPI JCV 5EJQQPJQXGP ņ XGTOWVNKEJ \WT $G\CJNWPI KJTGT )CTPKUQP ņ 0QVIGNF JGTIGUVGNNV FCU CWEJ KP FGP UEJTKHVNKEJGP 3WGNNGP FQMWOGPVKGTV KUV +P GKPGT CWH FGP 5GRVGODGT FCVKGTVGP 'PVUEJNKGWPI FGT 5VCCVGP XQP *QNNCPF YKTF FKG ō<WTÒEM\CJNWPIŋ F J 7OYGEJUNWPI QFGT 8GTTGEJPWPI FGT 5EJQQPJQ XGPGT $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP CWU <KPP IGTGIGNV
'KPUGKVKIG <KPP -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT I &KG +PKVKCNG 5 QDGP FKG TÌOKUEJG 9GTV\KHHGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H %+ 5GJT UEJÌP
6740*176 &+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 6740*176
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV XQP 6WTPJQWV WPF FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP \GJP 5V·FVGP WPF FTGK (GUVWPIGP UQYKG FKG 5KEJGTWPI FGU )GDKGVU PÌTFNKEJ FGU 4JGKPU FWTEJ PKGFGTN·PFKUEJG WPF XGTDÒP FGVG GPINKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU 2TKP\GP /QTKV\ XQP 1TCPKGP )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N GKP 2HGKNDÒPFGN KP FGT NKPMGP GKP 5EJYGTV KP FGT GTJQDGPGP TGEJVGP 8QTFGTRTCPMG 'NH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT *CYMKPU 6H :++ -2- X .QQP + (GKPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 101
91'4&'0 &+' $.1%-#&' 810 91'4&'0 5RCPKUEJG 6TWRRGPXGTD·PFG UEJNQUUGP 9QGTFGP CO 5GRVGODGT GKP 5KG DGUEJT·PMVGP UKEJ YGKV IGJGPF CWH GKPG $NQEMCFG FGT 5VCFV FKG UKG PCEJ MPCRR GKPL·JTKIGT &CWGT CO #WIWUV CWHJQDGP 0CEJ FGT WTMWPFNKEJGP ªDGTNKGHGTWPI JCV FKG 5VCFV \YGK 5GTKGP XQP -TGFKVIGNF CWU <KPPNGIKGTWPIGP CWUIGIGDGP FKG GTUVG KO 5GRVGODGT FKG \YGKVG KO #WIWUV
4273
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT Q , IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI CWUIGIGDGP KO 5GRVGODGT FGU ,CJTGU I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF KO (GNF ++++ 5 4KPIUWOJGT 2GTNTGKH Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H %::8 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4275
4274
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT Q , IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI CWUIGIGDGP KO 5GRVGODGT FGU ,CJTGU I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF KO (GNF ++ 5 4KPIUWOJGT (CFGPTGKH Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H %::8 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGT QJPG 9GTVCPICDG Q , IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI CWU GKPGT $NGK <KPP .GIKGTWPI CWUIGIGDGP KO #WIWUV FGU ,CJTGU I 91'4 &'0 KP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 4CJOWPI 4KPIUWOJGT 2GTNTGKH Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCP )GNFGT /CKNNGV 6H %::8 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4276
&+' #7(*'$70) &'4 $'.#)'470) 810 91'4&'0
102
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP /CWIGT 2CTKU CWH FKG #WHJGDWPI FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV CO 1MVQ DGT -QRH FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T #P GKPGO OKV 5EJKNH DGYCEJUGPGP 7HGTUCWO 8KEVQTKC UVGJGPF N KP FGT .KPMGP GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FGP CP GKPG 5·WNG DGHGUVKIVGP 5VCFVUEJKNF DGMT·P\GPF OO I &KXQ /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 X .QQP +++ 5 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
Belagerung und Einnahme von Zierikzee durch Wilhelm von Oranien.
<+'4+-<'' &+' $'.#)'470) 810 <+'4+-<'' &KG 5VCFV <KGTKM\GG YWTFG XQP GKPGO URCPKUEJGP *GTT WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP /QPFTCIQP UGKV FGO 5GRVGODGT DGNCIGTV WPF OWUUVG CO ,WNK FGO (GKPF FKG 6QTG ÌHHPGP &KG 5VCFV NKG OGJTGTG 5GTKGP XQP $GNCIGTWPIUIGNF RT·IGP 0CEJ FGO $GUEJNWUU XQO 0QXGODGT YWTFGP MNKRRGPHÌT OKIG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP \W WPF 6CNGT UQYKG -TGFKVIGNF CWU <KPP XQO 6CNGT DKU \WO 5VÒDGT 5VÒEM IGRT·IV &KG #WUICDG FKGUGU )GNFGU GTHQNIVG DKU /CK WPVGT $GKDGJCNVWPI FGT ,CJTGU\CJN CWH FGP 2T·IGUVGORGNP &KG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP VTWIGP PGDGP FGT GKIGPVNKEJGP *CWRVUVGORGNWPI OKV FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP WPF FGT UGRCTCV GKPIGUEJNCIGPGP ,CJTGU\CJN GKPG FTKVVG 5VGORGNWPI &KGUGT -QPVTQNNUVGORGN YCT \WP·EJUV GDGPHCNNU KP (QTO FGU 5VCFVYCRRGPU IGUVCNVGV )GO· FGU /CIKUVTCVUDGUEJNWUUGU XQO 0QXGODGT YWTFG GT HQTVCP FWTEJ GKPGP -QPVTQNNUVGORGN GTUGV\V FGT CPUVGNNG FGU 5VCFVUEJKNFGU FGPLGPKIGP FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF CWHYKGU )GO· 'PVUEJGKF XQO (GDTWCT GTHQNIVG FKG #WUICDG PGWGT -NKRRGP \W WPF 6CNGT KO /·T\ FKG 'OKUKQP XQP CWU <KPP IGIQUUGPGP 5VÒDGT /ÒP\GP 'TUV PCEJ FGT -CRKVWNCVKQP RT·IVG FKG 5VCFV KO ,WNK GKPUGKVKIG 6CNGT *CND WPF 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRGP CWU GKPIGUEJOQN\GPGO 5KNDGTIGT·V WO FGP HKPCP\KGNNGP (QTFGTWPIGP FGT 5KGIGT IGPÒIG NGKUVGP \W MÌPPGP
4277
4278
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W )WNFGP CWUIGIGDGP XQO DKU 0QXGODGT I /KV FTGK 5VGORGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG GKPG ITQG TWPFG OKV FGO 5VCFVYCRRGP KO QDGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ GKPG MNGKPGTG JQEJQXCNG -QPVTQNNUVGORGNWPI GDGPHCNNU FGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF \GKIGPF KO WPVGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ GKPG MCTVW UEJGPHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H
FQTV OKV FGO 9CRRGPUVGORGN FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF KO QDGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU &GNO
4 XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV XIN 6H %::: FQTV GKPG <KPPMNKRRG OKV FGO 9CRRGPUVGORGN FGT 2TQXKP\ <GGNCPF KO QDGTGP 'EMDGTGKEJ FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG \W 5VÒDGT CWUIGIGDGP KO ,WNK PCEJ FGO 'PFG FGT $GNCIGTWPI I +PPGTJCND GKPGU IGRGTNVGP 4WPFU GKPG UGEJU\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GNO XCP )GNFGT C /CKNNGV 6H %:::++ 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 103
0149')'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 (4'&'4+-5*#..
1,5:1
4279
4279
(TGFGTKM +8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2GVGT $GTI CWH FGP 6QF XQP -ÌPKI -CTN :++ XQP 5EJYGFGP Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI XQP (TGFGTKMUJCNN (GUVWPI (TGFGTKMUVGP DGK *CNFGP #EJV\GKNKIGT 6GZV &GT PQTYGIKUEJG .ÌYG IGMTÌPV OKV FGP 2TCPMGP FGP 5EJCHV GKPGT *GNNGDCTFG DKGIGPF UVGKIGPF N XQT FGO UEJYGFKUEJGP .ÌYGP FGT XQT KJO KP WPVGTYÒTHKIGT *CNVWPI MCWGTV +O *KPVGTITWPF FKG CWH GKPGO (GNURNCVGCW CPIGNGIVG (GUVWPI &GP NKPMGP WPF TGEJVGP 4CPF FGU $KNFHGNFGU DGITGP\V LG GKPG 6CPPG OO I )CNUVGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC (GNFGT CNVIGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
21.'0 &+' )')'056'/2'.70) #759 46+)'4 5146'0 +0 &'4 9+.0#'4 /ª0<' <74 $'<#*.70) &'4 5¤.&0'4 +/ .+8. 0&+5%*'0 -4+')
4280
104
5KIKUOWPF #WIWUV &WECVQ Q , 0GCRGN XQP 2JKNKRR ++ XQP 5RCPKGP OKV TWPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN XQP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG \YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP ,CJTGU\CJN FCU OKV GKPGT $ÒIGNMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG -ÌPKIUOQPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP 5 WPF # I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU XQP 5RCPKGP T KO *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN KO (GNF N /QPQITCOO /GJTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF ÒDGTJÌJV OKV GKPGT $ÒIGNMTQPG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF \W 6H %CIKCVK 5 XCT /CKNNGV \W 6H :%+8 44 .GKEJVGT &QRRGNUEJNCI CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP
&'4 #..+#0<5%*.755 )')'0 &+' 6ª4-'0
4281
,QJCPP +++ 5QDKGUMK 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *ÌJP &CP\KI CWH FKG IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP IGUEJNQUUGPG #NNKCP\ OKV FGO -CKUGT FGO TWUUKUEJGP <CTGP WPF FGO XGPG\KCPKUEJGP &QIGP <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP $TWUVDKNF FGU RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN QDGP -TQPG &CU )CP\G KPOKVVGP GKPGT HÒPHHCEJ IGUVCHHGNVGP 7OUEJTKHV &GT RQNPKUEJG #FNGT \YKUEJGP FGO FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP 4GKEJUCFNGT WPF FGO FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP TWUUKUEJGP <CTGP CFNGT QDGTJCND GKPGU 9QNMGPDCPFGU CWH FGO FGT XGPG\KCPKUEJG /CTMWUNÌYG UVGJV 7PVGP #PUKEJVGP FGT XKGT VGKNU XGTMÒT\V CWH .CVGKP DGPCPPVGP 5V·FVG 1HGP $WFC %CPFKC -TGVC %COKGPKGE 2QFQNKGP WPF -QPUVCPVKPQRGN /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I * %\ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 6#4)19+6<'4 -10(¤&'4#6+10 5VCPKUNCWU #WIWUV YCT U·EJUKUEJGT )GUCPFVGT CO *QH FGT <CTKP 'NKUCDGVJ KP 5V 2GVGTUDWTI YQ GT FKG )WPUV FGT )TQHÒTUVKP WPF UR·VGTGP <CTKP -CVJCTKPC ++ GTYCTD 0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU U·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU #WIWUV +++ UGV\VG FKG <CTKP KJTGP .KGDJCDGT DGK FGT -ÌPKIUYCJN XQO 5GRVGODGT FWTEJ FGT CO 0QXGODGT \WO -ÌPKI 5VCPKUNCWU ++ #WIWUV IGMTÌPV YWTFG 0CEJ FGT *KPPCJOG FGT GTUVGP RQNPKUEJGP 6GKNWPI XGTUWEJVG GT OKV WOHCUUGPFGP 5VCCVUTGHQTOGP WPF IWVGP $G\KGJWPIGP \W 4WNCPF GKPG IWVG 4GIKGTWPI \W HÒJTGP *ÌJGRWPMV FGT 4GHQTORQNKVKM YCT FKG 8GTHCUUWPI XQO /CK FKG FGT <CTKP -CVJCTKPC LGFQEJ \W TGXQNWVKQP·T GTUEJKGP &KG <CTKP DKNFGVG OKV 4GCMVKQP·TGP FKG IGIGP FKG 8GTHCUUWPI IGTKEJVGVG -QPHÌFGTCVKQP XQP 6CTIQYKV\ WPF GT\YCPI CWEJ FGP $GKVTKVV XQP 5VCPKUNCWU QDYQJN FKGUGT CO <WUVCPFGMQOOGP FGT 8GTHCUUWPI DGFGWVGPFGP #PVGKN JCVVG &GT FCTCWHJKP GPVHNCOOGPFG $ÒTIGTMTKGI HÒJTVG \WT \YGKVGP RQNPKUEJGP 6GKNWPI FKG FGP RQNPKUEJGP 5VCCV CWH GKPG RTCMVKUEJ PKEJV OGJT ÒDGTNGDGPUH·JKIG )TÌG \WUCOOGPUEJTWORHGP NKG 0CEJ YGKVGTGP #WHUV·PFGP XGTUEJYCPF 2QNGP OKV FGT FTKVVGP 6GKNWPI XQNNMQOOGP XQP FGT .CPFMCTVG WPF 5VCPKUNCWU 2QPKC VQYUMK FCPMVG CD &GT )GFGPMVCNGT CWH FKG -QPHÌFGTCVKQP XQP 6CTIQYKV\ GTKPPGTV CP GKPGP FGT YKEJVKI UVGP WPF PGICVKXUVGP /QOGPVG FGT RQNPKUEJGP )GUEJKEJVG WPF \·JNV \W FGP 4CTKV·VGP FGT RQNPKUEJGP 0WOKUOCVKM
4282
5VCPKUNCWU #WIWUV 6CNGT I -QPHÌFGTCVKQPUVCNGT CWH FKG 6CTIQYKV\GT -QPHÌ FGTCVKQP FGU RQNPKUEJGP #FGNU 0GWP <GKNGP 6GZV \YKUEJGP 'KEJGP\YGKIGP 5GEJU <GKNGP 6GZV WOIGDGP XQP FGT #PICDG FGU (GKPIGJCNVU WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX )WO * %\ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 4 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 105
&#5 ,7$+. 7/ &'5 '065#6<'5 810 9+'0
4283
#NGZCPFGT +++ XQP 4WUUNCPF 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /KEJCGN -WTPCVQYUMK -TCMCW CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGU 'PVUCV\GU XQP 9KGPU $TWUVDKNF FGU RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU ,QJCPP +++ 5QDKGUMK T KO 5EJWRRGPJCTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO 2GN\OCPVGN WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ &GT RQNPKUEJG -ÌPKI N ÒDGT GKPGP IGHCNNGPGP 6ÒTMGP JKPYGI TGKVGPF KPOKVVGP XQP LWDGNPFGO )GHQNIG KO *KPVGTITWPF N 6WTO FGU 5VG RJCPUFQOU OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9WT\D (GKPG 2CVKPC MNGKPG 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
&#0<+) &+' $'.#)'470) 810 &#0<+) 9 *4'0& &'5 $ª4)'4#7(56#0&5 0CEJ FGO 6QFG FGU MKPFGTNQUGP -ÌPKIU 5KIKUOWPF #WIWUV XQP 2QNGP KO ,CJTG MQPPVGP UKEJ DGK FGT 9CJN FGU PGWGP RQNPKUEJGP *GTTUEJGTU LGPG 5V·PFG FWTEJUGV\GP FKG FGP UKGDGPDÒTIKUEJGP (ÒTUVGP 5VGRJCP $CVJQT[ HCXQTKUKGTVGP (ÒT FKG 9CJN UGKPGU )GIGPMCPFKFCVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ XQP *CDUDWTI JCVVG UKEJ WPVGT CPFGTGP FKG 5VCFV &CP\KI GKPIGUGV\V &KG -TÌPWPI 5VGRJCP $CVJQT[U HCPF CO /CK KP -TCMCW UVCVV &KG 8GTVTGVGT &CP\KIU XGTYGKIGTVGP KJO KJTG *WNFKIWPI FC UKG XQTCD XQO PGWGP *GTT UEJGT KJTG CNVGP UV·FVKUEJGP 2TKXKNGIKGP WPF KJTG GTNCPIVG 4GNKIKQPUHTGKJGKV DGUV·VKIV JCDGP YQNNVGP &GT -ÌPKI XGTJ·PIVG CO 5GRVGODGT FKG #EJV ÒDGT FKG 5VCFV WPF \WFGO YKTVUEJCHVNKEJG 5CPM VKQPGP KPFGO GT FGP 5VCRGNRNCV\ FGT RQNPKUEJGP 9CTGP XQP &CP\KI PCEJ 'NDKPI XGTNGIVG WPF LGINKEJGP *CPFGNUXGTMGJT OKV FGT 5VCFV WPVGTUCIVG 'KP OKNKV·TKUEJGT 8QTUVQ 4KEJVWPI &KTUEJCW KO (TÒJLCJT DTCEJVG FGP &CP\KIGTP MGKPGP 'THQNI UQPFGTP UEJYGTG 8GTNWUVG FQEJ YKEJGP UKG PKEJV XQP KJTGT #D UKEJV CD KJTG 4GEJVG IGIGPÒDGT FGO -ÌPKI \W DGYCJTGP 5VGRJCP $CVJQT[ GTUEJKGP KO (TÒJLCJT WPF 5QOOGT INGKEJ FTGKOCN OKV KOOGT PGW XGTUV·TMVGT *GGTGUOCEJV XQT FGT 5VCFV DGUEJQUU FKGUG XQO $KUEJQHUDGTI WPF NKG FGP 5VWTO CWH FKG (GUVWPI 9GKEJUGNOÒPFG DGHGJNGP FQEJ MQPPVG GT FKG 5VCFV PKEJV GKPPGJOGP )GIGP 'PFG FGU ,CJTGU MCO GU WPVGT 8GTOKVVNWPI CWUY·TVKIGT &KRNQOCVGP \W (TKG FGPUXGTJCPFNWPIGP 9GKJPCEJVGP YCT FGT (TKGFGP YKGFGTJGTIGUVGNNV &GT -ÌPKI DGUV·VKIVG FKG 2TKXKNG IKGP FGT 5VCFV KO XQNNGP 7OHCPI WPF &CP\KI NGKUVGVG KJO FGP 6TGWGGKF 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI JCVVG FGT /CIKUVTCV FGT 5VCFV DGUEJNQUUGP KP FGT UV·FVKUEJGP /ÒP\G IQNFGPGU WPF UKNDGTPGU $GNCIGTWPIUIGNF \W RT·IGP WO FKG PQVYGPFKIGP )GNFOKVVGN \WO &WTEJJCNVGP \WT 8GTHÒIWPI \W JCDGP #NU 2T·IGUVQHH YWTFGP FGT UV·FVKUEJG 5KNDGTUEJCV\ UQYKG FKG 'FGNOGVCNNDGUV·PFG FGT -KTEJGP 5VKHVWPIGP $TÒFGTUEJCH VGP )KNFGP WPF <ÒPHVG YKG CWEJ )CDGP CWU FGP RTKXCVGP $GUV·PFGP FGT $ÒTIGT IGUCOOGNV WPF GKPIG UEJOQN\GP #WGTFGO YWTFGP HTGOFG )QNF WPF 5KNDGTOÒP\GP CWU FGO 8GTMGJT IG\QIGP OKV GKPGO )GIGPUVGORGN IGMGPP\GKEJPGV WPF \W GKPGO GTJÌJVGP -WTU YKGFGT CWUIGIGDGP &KG IGRT·IVGP &CP\KIGT 0QVOÒP\GP DNKGDGP DKU 9GKJPCEJVGP KP 7ONCWH
1,5:1
106
4284 1,5:1
)QNFIWNFGP -TGOPKV\ XQP .WFYKI ++ XQP 7PICTP OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 5VCFV &CP\KI CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG -TQPG ÒDGT \YGK -TGW\GP I /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UKV\GPF CWH NKGIGPFGT /QPFUKEJGN WPVGP #FNGT &GT JGKNKIG .CFKUNCWU UVGJGPF X X GKPG *GNNGDCTFG OKV FGT 4GEJVGP JCNVGPF +O (GNF - # $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM XIN (D )WO *WU\CT /CKNNGV XIN 6H :::8 FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGP UVGORGN 2QJN / )1.& 44 2TQDKGTUVGNNG CO 4CPF KPHQNIG )GIGPUVGORGNWPI FWTEJIGJGPFGT JCCTHGKPGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUU UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
Stadtansicht von Danzig.
4285 1,5:1
&WMCV XQP ,QJCPP ++ 5KIKUOWPF <CRQN[C CNU (ÒTUV XQP 5KGDGPDÒTIGP OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGP UVGORGN FGT 5VCFV &CP\KI CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG -TQPG ÒDGT \YGK -TGW\GP I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UKV\GPF CWH NKGIGPFGT /QPFUKEJGN WPVGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV *GTOCPP UVCFV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGP FGO )GIGPUVGORGN $W\F .WEJ 1RT &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM (D )WO /CKNNGV XIN 6H :::8 FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN 4GUEJ )1.& 44 /ÒP\G UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1
1,5:1
4286 1,5:1
&WMCV XQP -CURCT XQP .QICW $KUEJQH XQP $TGUNCW OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 5VCFV &CP\KI CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG -TQPG ÒDGT \YGK -TGW\GP I &GT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU $KUVWOU WPF FGT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGTUEJKNF WPVGP FGT (COKNKGPUEJKNF FGU $KUEJQHU 1DGP $KUEJQHUOÒV\G FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF ,QJCPPGU FGT 6·WHGT UVGJGPF X X $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM FQTV FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV (D ( W 5 )WO /CKNNGV XIN 6H :::8 FQTV FKXGTUG CPFGTG HTGOFG )QNFOÒP\GP OKV GPVURTGEJGPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 107
1,5:1
4287
1,5:1
&CP\KIGT &WMCV IGRT·IV CWU -KTEJGPIQNF I -GKNMTGW\ KP FGUUGP 9KPMGNP LG GKP IGVTGKFG MQTPHÌTOKIGU <GKEJGP /10' Û 01 Û #84 Û %+8+ Û )'&#0'05 Ù &GT XQP \YGK .ÌYGP IGJCNVGPG 5VCFVUEJKNF QDGP FTGK -WIGNP KP XGTVKMCNGT 1TKGPVKGTWPI &'('0&' Û 015 Û Û Û 5#.8#614 %JTK UVWU UVGJGPF T FKG 4GEJVG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN JCNVGPF +O (GNF + ņ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM ++ E (D )WO * %\ /CKNNGV 6H :::+8 XCT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUU CO 4CPF RCTVKGNN OKP DGUEJPKVVGP HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
4288
6CNGT I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF XQP \YGK .ÌYGP IGJCNVGP 1DGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 8QT FGO #PHCPI FGT 8U 7OUEJTKHV &QJNG T CNU <GKEJGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU 9CNVGT &CNGOCPP 6CNNGOCPP *ÒHVDKNF %JTKUVK T FKG 4GEJVG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP KP FGT .KPMGP GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN JCNVGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM )WO /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4289
1,5:1
4289
*CNDVCNGT I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF XQP \YGK .ÌYGP IGJCNVGP 1DGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN 8QT FGO #PHCPI FGT 8U 7OUEJTKHV /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP &QJNG T CNU <GKEJGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU 9CNVGT &CNG OCPP 6CNNGOCPP *ÒHVDKNF %JTKUVK T FKG 4GEJVG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP KP FGT .KPMGP 4GKEJUCRHGN JCNVGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM )WO /CKNNGV 6H :::8 XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV /KP 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
4290
108
)TQUEJGP I 1JPG /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP &CU 9CRRGPDKNF FGT 5VCFV -TQPG ÒDGT \YGK -TGW \GP +O (GNF N WPF T FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN *ÒHVDKNF %JTKUVK T FKG 4GEJVG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP KP FGT .KPMGP GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN JCNVGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM D )WO /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 9+'&'4'+00#*/' &'4 ('5670) *#726 $'+ &#0<+) 9·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·PGP JCVVG YGPFGP OÒUUGP TÒEMVGP FKG &CP\KIGT CO 5GRVGODGT OKV /CPP XQT *CWRV CWU FGT RQNPKUEJG (GNFJGTT .WDQOKTUMK UEJKEMVG 8GTUV·TMWPI WPF UQ MQPPVG FKG $GNCIGTWPI DGIKPPGP 0CEJ GVNKEJGP GTHQNITGKEJGP #PITKHHGP RNCPVGP FKG &CP\KIGT CO &G\GODGT FGP *CWRVUVWTO &GT UEJYGFKUEJG -QOOCPFCPV DCV CDGT WO HTGKGP #D\WI FGT KJO CWEJ IGY·JTV YWTFG #O 6CIG FGT ªDGTICDG MCO -ÌPKI ,QJCPP %CUKOKT OKV UGKPGT )GOCJNKP KO .CIGT CP WPF DGUKEJVKIVG OKV 9QJNIGHCNNGP FKG XQP FGP &CP\KIGTP CPIGNGIVGP .CWHIT·DGP #O &G\GODGT \QIGP FKG 5EJYGFGP CD UKG YCTGP CWH /CPP \WUCOOGPIGUEJOQN\GP &KG &CP\KIGT DG UGV\VGP FCTCWHJKP FKG (GUVWPI OKV /CPP WPVGT #PHÒJTWPI FGU 1DGTUVNGWVPCPVU 5KGYGTU
4291
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *ÌJP &CP\KI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI *CWRV #WH 5ÒFGP JKP QTKGPVKGTVG VQRQITCRJKUEJG #WHUKEJV FGU &CP\KIGT *CWRVU GKPGO XQP FGT 0GWGP WPF FGT #NVGP 9GKEJUGN DGITGP\VGP )GN·PFGURQTP CWH FGUUGP 5RKV\G FGT )TWPFTKUU FGT (GUVWPI *CWRV OKV FGP XQTIG NCIGTVGP .CWHIT·DGP WPF FGO .CIGT FGT RQNPKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPIUCTOGG 7PVGP GKP *KOOGNUTKEJVWPIUCP \GKIGT WPF FKG 5KIPCVWT FGU /GFCKNNGWTU 5KGD\GJP\GKNKIGT 6GZV WPVGP FGT XQP \YGK .ÌYGP IGJCNVGPG &CP\KIGT 5VCFVUEJKNF OO I &WVMQYUMK 5WEJCPGM * %\ 8QUUDGTI 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
<#/15% &+' $'.#)'470) 810 <#/15% 0CEJ FGO 4ÒEM\WI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP #TOGG CWU 4WUUNCPF .KVCWGP WPF 9CTUEJCW XGTUWEJVG FKG MNGKPG (GUVWPI <COQUE FGP JGTCPTÒEMGPFGP TWUUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP 9KFGTUVCPF \W NGKUVGP <WP·EJUV ICD GU PQEJ IGPÒIGPF .GDGPUOKVVGN KP FGT 5VCFV #NU FKG 4WUUGP LGFQEJ <COQUE WO\KPIGNV JCVVGP YCTGP FKG 'KPYQJPGT IG\YWPIGP KJTGP 8KGJDGUVCPF FCTWPVGT UQICT FKG 2HGTFG \W UEJNCEJVGP #NU CWEJ FKGUG 4GUGTXGP CWHIG\GJTV YCTGP UCJ UKEJ FGT MQOOCPFKGTGPFG )GPGTCN *CWMG IG\YWPIGP CWU FGO IGUCO OGNVGP 5EJOWEM FGT $ÒTIGT WPF FGO -KTEJGPUKNDGT IWVJCNVKIG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP \W RT·IGP /KV FKGUGP /ÒP\GP \W <NQV[ MQPPVGP FKG $GNCIGTVGP DGK FGP TWUUKUEJGP $GNCIGTGTP 0CJTWPIUOKVVGN MCWHGP 'U UVGNNVG UKEJ JGTCWU FC FKG $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP UQICT OGJT 5KNDGT GPVJKGNVGP CNU FKG /ÒP\GP FGU *GT \QIVWOU 9CTUEJCW (KPFKIG )GUEJ·HVUNGWVG MCWHVGP FGP TWUUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP FKG UKNDGTPGP $GNCIGTWPIU OÒP\GP CD WPF NKGGP UKG GKPUEJOGN\GP &CJGT UKPF FKGUG 5VÒEMG UGNVGP
4292
<NQV[ &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WPVGP )TCPCVG OKV DTGPPGPFGT .WPVG <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP <YGK IGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H )WO * %\ /CKNNGV 6H %::+: 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP
109
4293
4294
-W )TQU\[ I 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 9GTVCPICDG WPVGP IGDWPFGPG <YGKIG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H )WO * %\ /CKNNGV 6H %::+: ,WUVKGTV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
47/ 0+'0 &+' '41$'470) &'5 /1.&#9+5%*'0 )'$+'65 70& &'4 9#.#%*'+ 9·JTGPF FGU TWUUKUEJ VÒTMKUEJGP -TKGIGU XGTFT·PIVGP FKG TWUUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG FKG 6ÒTMGP CWU FGO OQNFCYKUEJGP )GDKGV WPF FGT 9CNCEJGK (ÒT FKG PWP GTHQTFGTNKEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI XGTYGPFGVG OCP FCU /GVCNN GTDGWVGVGT VÒTMKUEJGT )GUEJÒV\G
-CVJCTKPC ++ XQP 4WUUNCPF WPF -W 2CTC QFGT -QRGMGP 5CFQIWTC I <YGK UEJT·I CPGKPCPFGT NGJPGPFG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG QDGP (ÒTUVGPJWV 5EJTKHVVCHGN OKV #PICDG DGKFGT 9·JTWPIUPQOKPCNG $KVMKP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI $TGMMG 5 $W\F .WEJ 1RT 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG KPHQNIG MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4755.#0& &#5 ,7$+. 7/ &'4 9+'&'4'41$'470) &'4 ('5670) 5%*.ª55'.$74) 5EJNÒUUGNDWTI YWTFG XQP FGP 0QYIQTQFGTP Y·JTGPF KJTGU -TKGIU\WIGU IGIGP FKG 5EJYGFGP GT DCWV &KG -KNQOGVGT XQP 5V 2GVGTUDWTI IGNGIGPG (GUVWPI NKGIV CWH GKPGT +PUGN KP FGT 0GYC WPF YCT UGKV FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV GKP HQTVY·JTGPFGT <CPMCRHGN \YKUEJGP 5EJYGFGP WPF 4WUUNCPF #O 1MVQ DGT GTQDGTVG 2GVGT FGT )TQUUG FKG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI 5EJNÒUUGNDWTI WPF XGTGKPKIVG UKG FCWGTJCHV OKV UGKPGO 4GKEJ
4295
110
-CVJCTKPC ++ $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP 5COWGN ,WFKP 5V 2GVGTUDWTI \WO )GFGPMGP CP FKG 9KGFGTGTQDGTWPI FGT (GUVWPI 5EJNÒUUGNDWTI CO 1MVQDGT I $TWUVDKNF XQP <CT 2GVGT + T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &KG CWH GKPGT +PUGN KP FGT 0GYC IGNGIGPG DTGP PGPFG (GUVWPI 5EJNÒUUGNDWTI WPVGT FGO $GUEJWUU FGT KO 8QTFGTITWPF CWH GKPGO 7HGTUVTGKHGP DGHKPFNK EJGP TWUUKUEJGP /ÌTUGT WPF -CPQPGPDCVVGTKGP #WH FGO 9CUUGT GKP &TGKOCUVGT \CJNTGKEJG $QQVG UQYKG GKPG )CNGGTG OO 5OKTPQX #VVTCMVKXG TQVDTCWPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 16%*#-18 +O 8GTNCWH FGU TWUUKUEJ VÒTMKUEJGP -TKGIGU GTUVÒTOVG FKG TWUUKUEJG #TOGG WPVGT FGO 1DGT DGHGJN XQP (ÒTUV )TGIQT #NGZCPFTQYKVUEJ 2QVGOMKP CO &G\GODGT FKG CP FGT /ÒPFWPI FGT (NÒUUG &PLGRT WPF $WI IGNGIGPG (GUVWPI 1VEJCMQX &GT TWUUKUEJG (GNFOCTUEJCNN WPF )ÒPUVNKPI FGT <CTKP -CVJCTKPC ++ GTJKGNV CNU $GNQJPWPI HÒT UGKPG 8GTFKGPUVG FCU ITQG $CPF XQO 1TFGP FGU *GKNKIGP )GQTI &GT DGMCPPVG 4KVV FGU $CTQPU /ÒPEJJCWUGP CWH FGT -CPQPGPMWIGN UQNN Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT QUOCPKUEJGP (GUVWPI UVCVVIGHWPFGP JCDGP
4296
-CVJCTKPC ++ -W #DUEJNCI FGT URKV\QXCNGP 8GTFKGPUVOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV HÒT FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1VEJCMQX &CU IGMTÌPVG /QPQITCOO FGT <CTKP DKU CWH JCNDG *ÌJG XQP GKPGO )GDKPFG CWU GKPGO 2CNO WPF GKPGO .QTDGGT\YGKI WOUEJNQUUGP 0GWP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV Z OO I 5OKTPQX \W FQTV KP 5KNDGT *CCTHGKPG 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ
5%*9'&'0
4297
4298
&+' 5''5+')' ª$'4 &+' & 0+5%*' 70& &+' .ª$'%-'4 (.166' 70&
'TKM :+8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , 2T·IWPI FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG \YK UEJGP WPF \WT 5GG GTTWPIGPGP UEJYGFKUEJGP 5KGIG ÒDGT FKG (NQVVGP &·PGOCTMU WPF .ÒDGEMU $·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN #WH 5GG 0GRVWP UVGJGPF N CWH GKPGT XQP \YGK 5GGRHGTFGP IG\QIGPGP /WUEJGN FKG (ÒJTWPIU\ÒIGN WPF GKPGP &TGK\CEM JCNVGPF OO I *KNFGDTCPF 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*9'&+5%*' -.+22'024 )70) +/ 70& ,#*4*70&'46
'TKM :+8 -NKRRG \W ¤TG 5VQEMJQNO I )GMTÌPVGT 5EJKNF OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP ' Û 4 FKG 9GTVCPICDG VGKNGPF &GT IGMTÌPVG UEJYGFKUEJG 5EJKNF \YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI /CKNNGV XIN 6H %+++ FQTV ,CJTICPI 5GJT UEJÌP
4299
4300
,QJCPP +++ -NKRRG \W /CTM 5VQEMJQNO I &KG IGMTÌPVG 9CUCICTDG FKG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG -ÌPKIUKPKVKCNGP VGKNGPF &TGK\GKNKIGT 9CJNURTWEJ \YKUEJGP FGP <GKNGP FKG FTGK -TQPGP Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H %+8 XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
-NKRRG \W ¤TG 5VQEMJQNO I &KG IGMTÌPVG 9CUCICTDG KO (GNF QDGP FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU \CJN WPVGP + 4 &KG FTGK -TQPGP WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %8 5GJT UEJÌP
111
4301
4302
-CTN +: CNU *GT\QI XQP 5ÌFGTOCPPNCPF -NKRRG \W /CTM 5VQEMJQNO QFGT )TKRUJQNO I &KG +PKVKCNGP %&5 QDGP -TQPG WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG &KG 9CUCICTDG KO (GNF #JNUVTÌO C $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 6H %8 Z OO 5GJT UEJÌP
)WUVCX ++ #FQNRJ -W ([TM 5·VGT I &KG 9CUCICTDG KO (GNF FKG -ÌPKIUK PKVKCNGP &KG FTGK -TQPGP QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG Z OO #JNUVTÌO 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 5+')' &'4 5%*9'&'0 +0 &'765%*.#0&
4303
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,GCP )GPVKN 2CTKU CWH FKG KP FGO ,CJT KP &GWVUEJNCPF GTHQEJVGPGP 5KGIG &GT -ÌPKI CWH GKPGO JCNDT XQTCPUVÒTOGPFGP 2HGTF FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT 4GEJVGP DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGT N CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTVTGVGPFGP JKOONKUEJGP *CPF +O *KPVGT ITWPF CWH VKGHGT IGNGIGPGO 6GTTCKP 4GKVGT WPF (WUQNFCVGP N CWU GKPGO CO /GGTGUWHGT CWH IGUEJNCIGPGP (GNFNCIGT GKPGO HNKGJGPFGP (GKPF PCEJUGV\GPF #WH 5GG XKGT 5GIGNUEJKHHG &GT IGMTÌPVG MÌPKINKEJ UEJYGFKUEJG 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGTJCND FTGKGT -CTVWUEJGP &KG NKPMG \GKIV GKP <GRVGT WPF GKP 5EJYGTV ÒDGTMTGW\ WOIGDGP XQP 7OUEJTKHV FKG TGEJVG GKPG WOUVÒTOVG -TQPG CWH FGT -WRRG GKPGU $GTIGU FKG OKVVNGTG VT·IV GKPG HÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV OO I *KNFGDTCPF 5NI 5EJWN\G 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
4304
112
#NVXGTIQNFGVG JQEJQXCNG $TQP\GIWOGFCKNNG XQO WPDGMCPPVGP /GFCKNNGWT - 5 $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN DTGKVGO 5RKV\GPMTCIGP WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4KPIUWOJGT .QTDGGT MTCP\ #WH -TKGIUIGT·V .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF WPVGTJCND FGT .ÌYGPDTWUV FKG /G FCKNNGWTUUKIPCVWT \W FGP 5GKVGP GKPGT (CJPG 4KPIUWOJGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ /KV OKVIGIQUUGPGT 6TCIÌUG Z OO I *KNFGDTCPF 5R·VGTGT )W 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' ª$'45%*4'+670) &'5 )4155'0 $'.65 810 (ª0'0 0#%* 5''.#0& -CTN : )WUVCX -ÌPKI XQP 5EJYGFGP YCT GKPGT FGT JGTCWUTCIGPFUVGP (GNFJGTTGP UGKPGT <GKV 1DYQJN GT MGKP 'TDTGEJV CWH FGP UEJYGFKUEJGP 6JTQP JCVVG UGV\VG UGKPG %QWUKPG FKG -ÌPKIKP %JTKUVKPC KJP CNU 6JTQPHQNIGT FWTEJ WPF ÒDGTNKG KJO FKG 4GIKGTWPIUIGUEJ·HVG 5GKPG MTKGIGTKUEJG $GICDWPI MQPPVG GT DGTGKVU CP FGT F·PKUEJGP /KNKV·TMCFGOKG 5QTÌ WPF Y·JTGPF UGKPGU 'KPUCV\GU CNU UEJYGFKUEJGT )GPGTCN KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI WPVGT $GYGKU UVGNNGP +O UEJYGFKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP -TKGI XQP DKU XGTVGKFKIVG GT GTHQNITGKEJ FKG 4QNNG 5EJYGFGPU KO 1UVUGGTCWO 5GKPG ªDGTSWGTWPIGP FGU -NGKPGP $GNVU CO ,CPWCT XQP ,ÒVNCPF PCEJ (ÒPGP WPF FGU )TQGP $GNVU XQP (ÒPGP PCEJ 5GGNCPF CO (GDTWCT ÒDGT FCU \WIGHTQTGPG /GGT IGJÌTGP PQEJ JGWVG \W FGP VQNNMÒJPUVGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP 6CVGP FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU
4305
-CTN : )WUVCX 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP #TXKF -CTNUVGGP 5VQEMJQNO CWH FKG ªDGT UEJTGKVWPI FGU \WIGHTQTGPGP ITQGP $GNVU FWTEJ GKPG UEJYGFKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN $NKEM XQP GKPGO GTJÌJVGP 5VCPFRWPMV CWH FKG \WIGHTQTGPG 1UVUGG FCTCWH (WVTWRRGP KP ITWRRKGTVGT /CTUEJQTFWPI KP 4KEJVWPI FGT CO *QTK\QPV UKEJVDCTGP UGGN·PFKUEJGP -ÒUVG +O 8QTFGT ITWPF CWH FGT -WRRG GKPGT &ÒPG FGT -ÌPKI WPF )GHQNIG \W 4QUU UQYKG \YGK 2HGTFGIGURCPPG OKV CWH -WHGP OQPVKGTVGP -CPQPGPNCHGVVGP #O UGGY·TVU \WIGYCPFVGP *CPI FGT &ÒPG -CXCNNGTKG KP GKPGT \YGK HCEJGP .KPKG ITWRRKGTV UVGJGPF OO I *KNFGDTCPF (GKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 5%*.#%*6'0 810 *#./56#& .70& 70& .#0&5-410#
4306
-CTN :+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP #PVQP /G[DWUEJ -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG UKGITGKEJGP 5EJNCEJVGP XQP *CNOUVCF .WPF WPF .CPFUMTQPC $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN 'KP HGKPFNKEJGU -TKGIUJGGT CO (WG GKPGU $GTIGU CWH FGUUGP -WRRG GKPG -ÌPKIUMTQPG UVGJV $GK FKGUGT CO *KOOGN FCU CWU 9QNMGP JGTXQTVTGVGPFG $TWUVDKNF ,WRKVGTU X X $NKV\G CWH FKG 5QNFCVGP UEJNGWFGTPF WPF FKG .KPMG UEJÒV\GPF ÒDGT FKG -TQPG JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I *KNFGDTCPF $GCTDGKVWPIUURWT KP 4CPFP·JG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
113
)WUVCX %GFGTUVTÌO &GT .GKEJPCO -CTNU :++ YKTF ÒDGT FCU UEJYGFKUEJ PQTYGIKUEJG )GDKTIG IGVTCIGP
&'4 61& 810 -¤0+) -#4. :++ 9 *4'0& &'4 $'.#)'470) 810 (4'&'4+-5*#.. -CTN :++ DGUVKGI KO #NVGT XQP PWT ,CJTGP CO 0QXGODGT FGP UEJYGFKUEJGP 6JTQP 0KEJV GKPOCN FTGK ,CJTG UR·VGT DGICPP FGT )TQG 0QTFKUEJG -TKGI KP FGO 5EJYG FGP ÒDGTTCUEJGPF XQP GKPGO CWU &·PGOCTM 5EJYGFGP 2QNGP 5CEJUGP WPF 4WUUNCPF DGUVGJGPFGP $ÒPFPKU CPIGITKHHGP YWTFG &CU <KGN FGT 8GTDÒPFGVGP YCT FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP 1UVUGGRTQ XKP\GP 6T·WOG XQP GKPGO UEJPGNNGP 5KGI ÒDGT GKPGP OKNKV·TKUEJ WPGTHCJTGPGP -ÌPKI GTHÒNNVGP UKEJ LGFQEJ PKEJV &GT OKNKV·TKUEJ CWGTQTFGPVNKEJ DGICDVG -CTN :++ MQP\GPVTKGTVG UGKPG -T·HVG WO GKPGP )GIPGT PCEJ FGO CPFGTGP CWU\WUEJCNVGP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 0CTXC CO 0QXGODGT DGUKGIVG GT GKPG \CJNGPO·KI YGKV ÒDGTNGIGPG TWUUKUEJG #TOGG WPVGT FGO $GHGJN FGU <CTGP 2GVGT + FGT )TQG &CU 'TNGDPKU FGT GPFIÒNVKIGP 0KGFGTNCIG 5EJYGFGPU KO ,CJTG FWTEJ FGP (TKGFGP XQP 0[UVCF DNKGD FGO LWPIGP -ÌPKI LGFQEJ GTURCTV FC GT CO 0QXGODGT DGK FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT PQTYGIKUEJGP (GUVWPI (TGFGTKMUJCNN XQP GKPGT -WIGN VÌFNKEJ KP FKG 5EJN·HG IGVTQHHGP YWTFG $KU JGWVG KUV WPIGMN·TV QD FGT 5EJWUU XQP GKPGO )GIPGT QFGT XGTUGJGPVNKEJ QFGT CDUKEJVNKEJ CWU FGP GKIGPGP 4GKJGP CDIGIGDGP YWTFG
4307
1,5:1
4308
1,5:1
-CTN :++ &WMCV CWH FGP 6QF FGU -ÌPKIU Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT (GUVWPI (TG FGTKMUJCNN I <YKUEJGP (CJPGP WPF 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP $TWUVDKNF FGU 8GTUVQTDGPGP T CWH GKPGO PKGF TKIGP 5QEMGN KO #DUEJPKVV XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV #PUKEJV FGT DGNCIGTVGP WPF DGUEJQUUGPGP (GUVWPI (TGFG TKMUJCNN KO 8QTFGTITWPF (GNFNCIGT *KNFGDTCPF )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTCDUEJNCI XQP FGP 5VGORGNP FGU &WMCVGP CWH FGP 6QF FGU -ÌPKIU Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT (GUVWPI (TGFGTKMUJCNN <YKUEJGP (CJPGP WPF 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP $TWUVDKNF FGU 8GTUVQTDGPGP T CWH GKPGO PKGFTKIGP 5QEMGN KO #DUEJPKVV XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV #PUKEJV FGT DGNCIGTVGP WPF DGUEJQUUGPGP (GUVWPI (TGFGTKMUJCNN KO 8QTFGTITWPF (GNFNCIGT OO I *KNFGDTCPF (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
114
&#5 5%*9'&+5%*' 2.#66'0)'.&
4309 1:2
-CTN :++ -WRHGTRNCVVG \W &CNGT 5KNXGTO[PV #XGUVC OKV TWPFGO )GIGPUVGORGN XQP 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP )ÌVCNCPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF I +O <GPVTWO XKGTGEMKIG 5VGO RGNWPI OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG PCJG FGT XKGT 'EMGP FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU LG GKP TWPFGT )GIGPUVGORGN OKV FGO FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPFGP -ÌPKIUOQPQITCOO Z OO #JNUVTÌO WPF 5 )GIGPUVGO RGN # $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 6KPIUVTÌO 5 % WPF )GIGPUVGORGN 5 5GJT UEJÌP
4310 1:3
4311 1:3
(TKGFTKEJ + -WRHGTRNCVVG \W &CNGT 5KNXGTO[PV #XGUVC I +O <GPVTWO GKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG PCJG FGT XKGT 'EMGP LG GKP 5VGORGN OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP XGTMÒT\ VGP -ÌPKIUPCOGP QDGTJCND FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI /CKNNGV XIN 6H %8+++ FQTV ,CJTICPI 6KPIUVTÌO 5 # 5GJT UEJÌP
-WRHGTRNCVVG \W &CNGT 5KNXGTO[PV #XGUVC I +O <GPVTWO GKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG PCJG FGT XKGT 'EMGP LG GKP 5VGORGN OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP XGTMÒT\VGP -ÌPKIUPCOGP QDGTJCND FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI /CKNNGV 6H %8++ FQTV ,CJTICPI 6KPIUVTÌO 5 # 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP CO 9GTV\CJNUVGORGN UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
115
5%*9'+< &+' $'.#)'470) 810 )'0(
4313
4312
-W 5QNU I 5VCFVUEJKNF KP 5VTCJNGP 5GEJU\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GOQNG /CKNNGV 6H :.+ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
-W 5QN I 5VCFVUEJKNF KP 5VTCJNGP 5GEJU\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &GOQNG /CKNNGV 6H :.+ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
52#0+'0 &+' /+.+6 4+5%*'0 '4(1.)' +0 +6#.+'0 +/ 52#0+5%*'0 '4$(1.)' -4+')
4314
(GNKRG 8 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QUGRJ 4QGVVKGTU 2CTKU CWH FKG OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG KP +VCNKGP FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI XQP %TGOQPC FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP /CPVWC WPF FGP 5KGI ÒDGT )WCUVCNNC $TWUV DKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T KP /CPVGN OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5GEJU\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WPVGP FKG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU OO I (GWCTFGPV X .QQP +8 HTCP\ÌUKUEJG #WUICDG 5 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' 0#21.'10+5%*' '21%*' +0 52#0+'0 1DYQJN 5RCPKGP PQEJ FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -CKUGT 0CRQNGQP + *KNHG KO -TKGI IGIGP 2QTVWICN IGNGKUVGV JCVVG YCPFVG UKEJ FKGUGT FKTGMV IGIGP FCU .CPF 'T UGV\VG FGP URCPKUEJGP $QWT DQPGP (GTFKPCPF 8++ CD WPF OCEJVG UGKPGP GKIGPGP $TWFGT ,QUGRJ $QPCRCTVG \WO -ÌPKI &CU URCPK UEJG 8QNM GTJQD UKEJ IGIGP FKG $GUCV\GT WPF HÒJTVG GKPGP DTWVCNGP )WGTKNNCMTKGI FGT XQP GKPGO /CPP UVCTMGP GPINKUEJGP 'ZRGFKVKQPUMQTRU WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP #TVJWT 9GNNGUNG[ *GT\QI XQP 9GNNKPIVQP WPVGTUVÒV\V YWTFG 0CEJ UKGITGKEJGP 5EJNCEJVGP DGK 5CNCOCPEC WPF 8KVQTKC MQPPVGP FKG (TCP\QUGP UEJNKGNKEJ CWU 5RCPKGP XGTVTKGDGP YGTFGP WPF (GTFKPCPF 8++ MGJTVG CWH FGP 6JTQP \WTÒEM
4315
116
4316
,QUGRJ 0CRQNGQP $QPCRCTVG 2GUGVCU $CTEGNQPC I 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 'KEJGP\YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP WPVGP IGDWPFGPG .QTDGGT\YGKIG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI % % 6 /CKNNGV XIN 6H :++ FQTV ,I #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
2GUGVC $CTEGNQPC I 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KP 'KEJGPMTCP\ #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H % % 6 /CKNNGV XIN 6H :++ 5GJT UEJÌP
4317
4318
4319
(GTPCPFQ 8++ 5QWU \W 4GCNGU 2CNOC FG /CNNQTEC I )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG FGO XGTMÒT\VGP -ÌPKIUPCOGP WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &CX /CKNNGV 6H .::8++ 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
1MVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5QWU 2CNOC FG /CNNQTEC I 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG FGO XGTMÒT\VGP -ÌPKIUPCOGP WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &CX /CKNNGV 6H .::8++ 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
2GUGVCU 6CTTCIQPC I )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG FGO XGTMÒT\VGP -ÌPKIUPCOGP WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &CX /CKNNGV 6H %8+++ 5GJT UEJÌP
4320
4GCNGU % 5( (GNFOÒP\UV·VVG KP -CVCNQPKGP I $TWUVDKNF T OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO /KVVGNUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV <W YGKUWPI CP /ÒP\UV·VVG 4¾WU KP -CVCNQPKGP % % 6 /CKNNGV 6H :%8+ FQTV <WYGKUWPI CP /ÒP\UV·VVG 4¾WU KP -CVCNQPKGP 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
4321
4GCNGU % 5( 2CNOC FG /CNNQTEC I $TWUVDKNF T OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGT MTCP\ )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO /KVVGNUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H
FQTV ,I FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 4¾WU \WIGYKGUGP % % 6 /CKNNGV ņ FQTV ,I FGT /ÒP\ UV·VVG 4¾WU \WIGYKGUGP 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
117
&+' +06'4+/524 )70) #7( /#..14%#
4322
(GTPCPFQ 8++ 2GUGVCU 2CNOC FG /CNNQTEC I 2T·IWPI HÒT FKG $CNGC TGP 7OUEJTKHVGPXCTKCPVG OKV %1056+ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF 2 &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 /CKNNGV 6H +: -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 2418+514+5%*' 4')+'470) %CTVCIGPC KUV GKPG *CHGPUVCFV KP FGT URCPKUEJGP 2TQXKP\ /WTEKC WPF JCV FGP DGFGWVGPFUVGP -TKGIUJCHGP FGU .CPFGU +O ,CJTG DTCEJ JKGT GKP HÌFGTCNKUVKUEJGT #WHUVCPF CWU GTUV KO ,CPWCT MQPPVGP FKG 4GIKGTWPIUVTWRRGP FKG 5VCFV \WTÒEMGTQDGTP
4323
4GRWDNKM 2GUGVCU %CTVCIGPC I $GKFGTUGKVU #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF % % 6 &CX 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
-#6#.10+'0 &'4 #7(56#0& )')'0 &+' 52#0+5%*' -410' <YKUEJGP WPF MCO GU \W GKPGO DNWVKIGP #WHUVCPF FGU MCVCNCPKUEJGP 8QNMGU UQI #WHUVCPF FGT 5EJPKVVGT IGIGP FGP URCPKUEJ JCDUDWTIKUEJGP -ÌPKI 2JKNKRR (GNKRG +8 WPF UGKPGP 2TGOKGTOKPKUVGT )CURCT FG )W\O±P )TCH XQP 1NKXCTGU &KG 7PTWJGP YCTGP GKPG (QNIG FGT FWTEJ FGP &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI ÒDGTO·KI IGUVKGIGPGP 5VGWGTNCUV #WUDNGKDGPFG OKNK V·TKUEJG 'THQNIG FGT URCPKUEJGP -TQPG WPF FKG 'TOQTFWPI FGU MÌPKINKEJGP 5VCVVJCNVGTU KP $CTEGNQPC HÒJTVGP NGV\VNKEJ UQICT \WT #DNÌUWPI 2QTVWICNU XQP 5RCPKGP FC UKEJ FKG 2QTVWIKGUGP YGKIGTVGP 6TWRRGP \WT 0KGFGTUEJNCIWPI FGU #WHUVCPFGU \W GPVUGPFGP WPF KJTGTUGKVU TGXQNVKGTVGP &KG 'TGKIPKUUG XQP UKPF KP FGT QHHK\KGNNGP 0CVKQPCNJ[OPG -CVCNQPKGPU 'NU 5GICFQTU URCP FKG 5EJPKVVGT XGTCTDGKVGV YQTFGP YGNEJG PQEJ JGWVG CNNG -CVCNCPGP CWHTWHV FCU 8QNM WPF FKG *GKOCV \W XGTVGKFKIGP
4324
118
1,5:1
4324
4GCNGU $CTEGNQPC OKV 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (GNKRG +8 I )GMTÌPVGT MCVCNQPKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG 9GTVCPICDG -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN FTGK -WIGNP KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP GKP 4KPIGN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 /CKNNGV 6H : 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
4326
4325
4GCNGU %GTXGTC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+++ T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WO IGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ KO (GNF 4 -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN GKP 4KPIGN KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP FTGK -WIGNP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 6H ::8+ 4 )TQDG 0QVRT·IWPI OKV 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP CWH WPTGIGNO·KI JGTIGTKEJVGVGO 5EJTÌVNKPI (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
4GCNGU )GTQPC OKV 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (GNKRG +8 I )GMTÌPVGT MCVCNQPKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG 9GTVCPICDG -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN GKP 4KPIGN KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP FTGK -WIGNP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT % % 6 FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV /CKNNGV 6H :.+ XCT 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG CVVTCMVKXGU UGJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT
4327
4327
1,5:1
4GCNGU ,CJTGU\CJN KO 5VGORGN CWU IG·PFGTV +IWCNCFC OKV 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (GNKRG +8 I )GMTÌPVGT MCVCNQPKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF FKG 9GTVCPICDG -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN FTGK -WIGNP KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP GKP 4KPIGN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT % % 6 /CKNNGV 6H .8 XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌPGU 'ZGORNCT OKV XQNN NGUDCTGT 4ÒEMUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV FKGUGT ITQDGP RTQXKUQTKUEJGP 'OKUUKQP
4329
4328
4330
5QWU $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+++ T /KV GKPGO TCWVGPHÌT OKIGP 5EJKNF DGNGIVGU -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN FTGK -WIGNP KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP GKP 4KPIGN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 6H :+ 44 )TQDG 2T·IWPI MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
-W &KPGTQ 6CTTGIC I -QRH FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+++ T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN GKP 4KPIGN KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP FTGK -WIGNP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 6H %+: 4ÒEMUGKVG NGKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
-W 5GK\GPQ 5K\CKP $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH FGO -TGW\ FGT JGKNKIGP 'WNCNKC QDGP -QRH X X WPVGP .KNKG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV CPFGTGT ,CJTICPI % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ
119
4331
4332
1,5:1
1,5:1
-W #TFKVG $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H -NGKPGU <CKPGPFG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4GCNGU $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T KP /CPVGN KO (GNF : 4 /KV GKPGO TCWVGPHÌTOKIGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF DGNGIVGU -TGW\ KO GTUVGP WPF FTKVVGP 9KPMGN FTGK -WIGNP KO \YGKVGP WPF XKGTVGP GKP 4KPIGN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV 6H :++ 44 'VYCU WPTGIGNO·KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPI YKP\ 5VGORGNHGJNGT FGPPQEJ GKP CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4333
4334
-W 5GK\GPQ 5K\CKP ! 'KPUGT\KHHGT WPNGUGTNKEJ IGRT·IV DKU $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH FGO -TGW\ FGT JGKNKIGP 'WNCNKC QDGP -QRH X X WPVGP .KNKG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV XIN 6H :+ 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5GK\GPQ 5K\CKP ,CJTGU\CJN WPNGUGTNKEJ IGRT·IV DKU $CTEGNQPC I $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\Ì UKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH FGO -TGW\ FGT JGKNK IGP 'WNCNKC QDGP -QRH X X WPVGP .KNKG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H % % 6 &WRNGUU[ /CKNNGV XIN 6H :+ .GKEJV FG\GPVTKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
14#0 &+' $'.#)'470) &'4 52#0+5%*'0 )#40+510 810 14#0 &74%* /#74+5%*' 64722'0 1TCP JGWVG FKG \YGKVITÌVG 5VCFV #NIGTKGPU YCT GTUVOCNU KP URCPKUEJGP $GUKV\ IGNCPIV +O <WIG FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU YCTGP FKG URCPKUEJGP 6TWRRGP CWH FGP GWTQR·KUEJGP -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\ MQP\GPVTKGTV WPF GU IGNCPI FGP /CWTGP FKG 5VCFV \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP WPF DKU \W JCNVGP &KG 5RCPKGT YQNNVGP PKEJV CWH FGP UVTCVGIKUEJ YKEJVKIGP *CHGP KP 0QTFCHTKMC XGT\KEJVGP WPF GTQDGTVGP GTPGWV 1TCP +O HQNIGPFGP ,CJT YWTFG FKG URCPKUEJG )CTPKUQP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU /CTSWKU FG 5CPVC %TW\ XQP OCWTKUEJGP 6TWRRGP DGNCIGTV WPF GOKVVKGTVG FCJGT GKPG 5GTKG XQP 0QVOÒP\GP
4335
120
4336
(GNKRG 8 -W 4GCNGU 1TCP OKV 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (GNKRG 8 )TQDG 0QV RT·IWPI CWH GKPGO MCPVKIGP EQD CTVKIGP 5EJTÌVKPI I )GMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF N Q 6 T NKGIGPF FKG 9GTV\CJN 8+++ +P FTGK <GKNGP 1 4 # 0 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF \W 6H FQTV 4GCNGU WPF 6H FQTV 4GCNGU /CKNNGV 6H :% 44 5EJÌP
-W 4GCNGU 1TCP OKV 6KVGN FGU URCPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (GNKRG 8 )TQDG 0QVRT·IWPI I )G MTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF N Q 6 T NKGIGPF FKG 9GTV\CJN ++++ +P FTGK <GKNGP 1 4 # 0 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 6H :% 44 1Z[FHNGEMG UEJÌP
<;2'40 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 (#/#)756# &74%* 6ª4-+5%*' 64722'0
4338
4337
-W $KUCPVG I /CTMWUNÌYG N WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H )CODGTKPK /CKNNGV 6H :::+: 5EJNWODGTIGT 6H 8+++ 6TCKPC 6H %:.+++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-W $KUCPVG I /CTMWUNÌYG N WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H )CODGTKPK /CKNNGV 6H :::+: 5EJNWODGTIGT 6H 8+++ 6TCKPC 6H %:.+++ 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
ª$'45'' );26'0 &+' $'5'6<70) );26'05 &74%* &+' 5#55#0+&'0 +/ ,#*4*70&'46
4339
1,5:1
1,5:1
*GTCENKWU -W 0WOOK &QFGECPWOOKWO #NGZCPFTKC I )GMTÌPVGU WPD·TVKIGU $TWUVDKNF X X KO (GNF N CEJVUVTCJNKIG 5QPPG T /QPFUKEJGN CDPGJOGPF -TGW\ CWH )NQDWU \YKUEJGP FGP <CJN\GKEJGP + $ & 1 % *CJP D 5GCT 5GJT UEJÌP
8GTOWVNKEJ IGRT·IV Y·JTGPF FGT $GUGV\WPI I[RVGPU FWTEJ FKG 5CUUCPKFGP &GT )GMTÌPVG KUV OKV \KGONKEJGT 9CJT UEJGKPNKEJMGKV CNU FGT UCUUCPKFKUEJG -ÌPKI -JWUTQ \W FGWVGP 5QPPG WPF /QPF DGIGIPGP CNU $KNFGNGOGPVG CWH UCUUCPKFKUEJGP &KTJGOU
%*+.' 01624 )70) +0 &'4 2418+0< %12+#21
4340
4341
'KPUGKVKIG 0QVOÒP\G \W 2GUQ Q , I 5EJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI FCTKP 5VGTP WPVGP N·PIUTGEJVGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI FCTKP Ü + Ü 2 Ü - / /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H -N -TCV\GT WPF 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG 0QVOÒP\G \W 2GUQ Q , I 5EJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPI FCTKP 5VGTP WPVGP N·PIUTGEJVGEMKIG 5VGORGNWPI FCTKP Ü % - / /CKNNGV 8QT\ÒINKEJ
121
4343
4342
4344
)7#&'.172' &+' $'5'6<70) 810 )7#&'.172' &74%* )4155$4+6#00+'0
$TKVKUEJG 1MMWRCVKQP 5QWU 5JKNNKPI Q , I #WH XKGTGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV IGYGNNVGP 4·PFGTP FGT CWU FGO <GPVTWO GKPGU 4GCNUVÒEMGU CWUIGUVCP\V WPF GKPUGKVKI OKV FGT XQP 5VTCJNGP WOIGDGPGP +PKVKCNG ) PGW DGRT·IV YQTFGP KUV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FG %NGTOQPV 9JGGNGT /CKNNGV 6H :.8 2TKFOQTG 8QT\ÒINKEJ
+0&10'5+'0 &+' $4+6+5%*' '#56 +0&+# %1/2#0; +0 (146 /#4.$1417)* #7( 57/#64#
5WMWU #* %CNEWVVC I <YGK\GKNKIG 1TVUCPICDG KP NCVGKPKUEJGP .GVVGTP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN /GJT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV KP #TCDKUEJ &G %NGTOQPV 9JGGNGT - / 5 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 5VWKXGT $QPM DCTTGPHÌTOKIG \YGKUGKVKIG 2T·IWPI I 9GTVCPICDG ,CJTGU\CJN /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:+++ 5EJQNVGP 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
,#8# #.5 $'5+6<70) &'5 -¤0+)4'+%*5 *1..#0&
-7$# &+' 8'46'+&+)70) 810 *#8#00# )')'0 &+' $4+6+5%*'0 64722'0
4345
%CTNQU +++ $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP 6QOCU (TCPEKUEQ 2TKGVQ CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI XQP *CXCPPC FWTEJ FGP -QOOCPFCPVGP .WFQXKEQ FG 8GNCUEQ WPF .GWVPCPV 8KPEGPVKQ )QP\CNG\ &KG $TWUV DKNFGT XQP &QP 8GNCUEQ WPF &QP )QP\CNG\ T $NKEM ÒDGT FGP *CHGP OKV \CJNTGKEJGP 5EJKHHGP CWH FKG CWH GKPGO (GNUXQTURTWPI GTTKEJVGVG (GUVWPI /QTQ OKV IGDQTUVGPGT /CWGT KP FGUUGP +PPGTP UQGDGP GKPG IGYCNVKIG 'ZRNQUKQP GTHQNIV OO I 'KOGT 5CPFYKEJ %%C /GFKPC 44 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
/#74+6+75 &+' $4+6+5%*' *'445%*#(6 #7( /#74+6+75
4346
122
)GQTIG +8 5QWU QFGT &QNNCT Q , I 2CNOGP 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FG %NGTOQPV 9JGGNGT 5 /CKNNGV /C\CTF 6H 8+ D ,WUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP
/':+-1 &#5 016)'.& &'4 /':+-#0+5%*'0 (4'+*'+65- /2('4 &GT OGZKMCPKUEJG $CWGTPUQJP WPF CWUIGDKNFGVG 6JGQNQIG ,QU¾ /CTKC /QTGNQU UGV\VG UKEJ CP FKG 5RKV\G FGU #WHUVCPFGU IGIGP FKG URCPKUEJG *GTTUEJCHV FGT FWTEJ FKG KP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGP 0CRQNGQPK UEJGP -TKGIGP XGTWTUCEJVG 5EJY·EJWPI FGT URCPKUEJGP -TQPG GTNGKEJVGTV YWTFG &GT XQP /QTGNQU GKP DGTWHGPG -QPITG XQP %JKNRCPEKPIQ GTMN·TVG CO 0QXGODGT FKG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV /GZKMQU /Q TGNQU QTFPGVG GKPG WOHCPITGKEJG -WRHGTRT·IWPI \WT $G\CJNWPI UGKPGT 5QNFCVGP WPF \WT )GNFXGTUQTIWPI FGT XQP KJO DGJGTTUEJVGP )GDKGVG KO 5ÒFGP FGU .CPFGU CP /QTGNQU YWTFG KO 1MVQDGT XQP FGP 5RCPKGTP IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP WPF CO &G\GODGT KO #NVGT XQP ,CJTGP JKPIGTKEJVGV
4347
-W 4GCNGU I <YKUEJGP <YGKIGP 2HGKN WPF $QIGP PCEJ QDGP IGTKEJVGV WPVGP 57& 8QP $NCVVQTPCOGPVGP WOIGDGPG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN % % 6 C )TQXG - / /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:::+++ FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5EJTÌVNKPI XQT FGT 2T·IWPI ITQD LWUVKGTV FCJGT 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP
4349
4348
2'47 &+' 70#$* 0)+)-'+65- /2(' )')'0 &+' 52#0+5%*' *'445%*#(6
-W 2GUQ .KOC I #WH WPF 7OUEJTKHV .COC T NCIGTPF JKPVGP N (TGKJGKVUOÒV\G CWH 5VCD KO *KPVGTITWPF XQP FGT 5QPPG DGUVTCJNVG $GTIMGVVG 5NI (QPTQDGTV )TWPVJCN 5GNNUEJQRR /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
2TQXKUQTKUEJG 2T·IWPI Y·JTGPF FGT 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKVUM·ORHG
8'0'<7'.# &+' -¤0+).+%* 52#0+5%*' 24 )70) 9 *4'0& &'5 70#$* 0)+) -'+65-4+')5
4GCNGU %CTCECU -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP CDYGEJUGNPF FGT 6WTO XQP -CUVKNKGP TGUR FGT .ÌYG XQP .¾QP &KG 5·WNGP FGU *GTCMNGU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H % % 6 /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UQPUV UGJT UEJÌP
'+0' 016-.+22' 70$'56+//6'4 *'4-70(6
4350
7PDGUVKOOVGT 1TV 'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG Q , WPF QJPG 9GTVCPICDG I /KV UGEJU 5VGO RGNWPIGP KP FGT /KVVG FKG +PKVKCNGP / WPF # PCJG FGT XKGT IGUVWV\VGP 'EMGP LG GKP 5EJKNF OKV FTGK 5VGTPGP WPVGTJCND GKPGT .CWDMTQPG Z OO /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H ) 8QT\ÒINKEJ
123
*#$5$74)+5%*' '4$.#0&' ¤56'44'+%* &#5 814&4+0)'0 &'4 6ª4-'0 +0 '7412# 70& &+' #75'+0#0&'45'6<70)'0 7/ &+' 70)#4+5%*' -410' 5GKV FGT /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU YCTGP FKG 6ÒTMGP KP 5ÒFQUVGWTQRC GKPIGFTWPIGP +JTG 'ZRCPUKQP PCEJ 9GUVGP UVGNNVG UGKV FGO ,CJTJWPFGTV HÒT *CDUDWTI GKPG MQPMTGVG $GFTQJWPI FCT UR·VGUVGPU CNU (GTFKPCPF + \WO -ÌPKI XQP 7PICTP IGMTÌPV YQTFGP YCT (ÒT TWPF GKP 8KGTVGNLCJTVCWUGPF ITGP\VGP PWP FKG JCDUDWTIKUEJGP $GUKV\WPIGP ¤UVGTTGKEJ 7PICTP WPF $ÌJOGP IGIGP FCU 6ÒTMGPTGKEJ 5WNVCP 5ÒNGK OCP ++ FGT 2T·EJVKIG YCT GTUVOCNU KP FCU -ÌPKITGKEJ 7PICTP GKPIGHCNNGP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK /QJ±EU UEJNWI GT CO #WIWUV FCU WPICTKUEJ DÌJOKUEJG *GGT XGTPKEJVGPF UGKP )GIPGT .WFYKI ++ -ÌPKI XQP 7PICTP WPF $ÌJOGP MCO CWH FGT (NWEJV WO (GTFKPCPF XQP *CDUDWTI YWTFG FCTCWHJKP \WP·EJUV CO 1MVQDGT \WO -ÌPKI XQP $ÌJOGP IGMTÌPV FKG KJO XQO 4GKEJUVCI CO &G\GO DGT FGUUGNDGP ,CJTGU \WIGURTQEJGPG WPICTKUEJG -ÌPKIUMTQPG OWUUVG GT UKEJ IGIGP ,QJCPP <±RQN[C KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 6QMC[ CO 5GRVGODGT GTUVTGKVGP &GT UKGDGPDÒTIGPGT 9QLYQFG ,QJCPP YCT PCEJ FGO 6QF .WFYKIU ++ XQP GKPGT /GJTJGKV FGU WPICTKUEJGP #FGNU WPF OKV VÒTMKUEJGT 2TQVGMVKQP DGTGKVU CO 1MVQDGT \WO -ÌPKI XQP 7PICTP IGY·JNV CO 0QXGODGT KP 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI IGMTÌPV WPF UEJQP DCNF XQP FKXGTUGP )GIPGTP *CDUDWTIU CNU NGIKVKOGT *GTTUEJGT CPGTMCPPV YQTFGP 0CEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 6QMC[ HNQJ GT \WP·EJUV PCEJ 2QNGP 0CEJFGO FKG 5VTGKVMT·HVG (GTFKPCPFU + YKGFGT CWU 7PICTP JGTCWUIGFT·PIV YQTFGP YCTGP WPF 5ÒNGKOCP ++ KO FCTCWHHQNIGPFGP ,CJT CDGTOCNU KPU .CPF GKPIGHCNNGP YCT DGVTKGDGP FKG 6ÒTMGP GTHQNITGKEJ FKG 9KGFGTGKPUGV\WPI <±RQ N[CU CWH FGP WPICTKUEJGP 6JTQP FKG CO 5GRVGODGT UVCVVHCPF #O 0QXGODGT UEJNQUU (GTFKPCPF + OKV UGKPGO UKGDGPDÒTIKUEJGP -QPVTCJGPVGP GKPGP 9CHHGPUVKNNUVCPF <·JG 8GTJCPFNWPIGP HQNIVGP WPF OÒPFGVGP CO (GDTWCT KO 8GTVTCI XQP )TQYCTFGKP KP FGO FGT *CDUDWTIGT FCU -ÌPKIVWO <±RQN[CU CWH .GDGPU\GKV CPGTMCPPVG QJPG UGKPGTUGKVU FGP #PURTWEJ CWH FKG WPICTKUEJG -TQPG CWH\WIGDGP &KGUG 8GTGKPDCTWPI YWTFG PCEJ FGP 6QFG <±RQN[CU CDGT PKEJV YKTMUCO FC OCP FGUUGP PWT GTUV YGPKIG 6CIG CNVGP 5QJP WPF 'TDGP ,QJCPP 5KIKUOWPF \WO GTY·JNVGP -ÌPKI XQP 7PICTP RTQMNC OKGTVG XGT\KEJVGVG UGKPG /WVVGT \WIWPUVGP *CDUDWTIU CWH 5KGDGPDÒTIGP UQYKG CWH .CPF WPF -TQPG 7PICTPU WPF GTJKGNV KO )GIGP\WI FCU *GT\QIVWO 1RRGNP <±RQN[C GTJKGNV FKG 9QLYQFUEJCHV 5KGDGPDÒTIGP ÒDGTVTCIGP 'TUV KP FGO \YKUEJGP FGO -CKUGT WPF FGO VÒTMKUEJGP 5WNVCP IGUEJNQU UGPGP (TKGFGP XQP #FTKCPQRGN XGT\KEJVGVG 5KIKUOWPF <±RQN[C GPFIÒNVKI CWH FGP WPICTKUEJGP -ÌPKIUVKVGN
4351
(GTFKPCPF + HCEJGT 5EJCWVCNGT XQP *KGTQP[OWU /CIFGDWTIGT #PPC DGTI WPF (TGKDGTI CWH FCU 8QTFTKPIGP FGT 6ÒTMGP È ('4&+0#0&85 u &'+ u )4#%+# u *80)# 4+ u $1*'/+ u '6 % ª 4': È#001 u &1/+0+ u / u & u ::+: u '6#6+5 u 58 u ::8 $TWUVDKNF N OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF DTGKVMTGORKIGO *WV FCU CP GKPGO *CNUDCPF J·PIGPFG -NGKPQF FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU CWH FGT $TWUV VTCIGPF Ê &# ª /+%*+ ª 8+4686'/ ª %1064# ª *156'5 ª 6815 ª &1/+0' #&+86 14 u /' 85 u '5 u 38+# u 68 &GT IGMTÌPVG ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJ MCUVKNKUEJG 5EJKNF KP OGFCKNNQPCTVKIGT 4CJOWPI KO <GPVTWO GKPGU $NWOGPMGW\GU <YKUEJGP FGP -TGW\CTOGP FKG IGMTÌPVGP 5EJKNFG XQP $ÌJOGP -TQCVKGP &CNOCVKGP WPF 7PICTP I &QPGD *CDKEJ -CV\ /CTMN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG 8QTFGTUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP 2T·IWPI FQMWOGPVKGTV FGP #PURTWEJ FGU L·JTKIGP *GTTUEJGTU CWH FKG WPICTKUEJG -TQPG FKG 4ÒEMUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV DTKPIV FGP )GDGVUYWPUEJ (GTFKPCPFU CP )QVV \WO #WUFTWEM FCUU FKGUGT KJO CNU 7PVGTUVÒV\GT MTKGIGTKUEJGP /WV XGTNGKJGP OÌIG KO -CORH IGIGP FKG (GKPFG FGU *GTTP
124
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 9+'0 &GT VÒTMKUEJG 5WNVCP 5ÒNGKOCP ++ \QI XQP 7PICTP CWU OKV GKPGO 5QNFCVGP UVCTMGP *GGT WPF -CPQPGP XQT FKG 6QTG 9KGPU WO FKG 5VCFV \W GTQDGTP 0CEJUEJWDRTQDNGOG WPF FKG XGJGOGPVG )GIGPYGJT FGT CWU 5QNFCVGP WPF $ÒTIGTP DGUVGJGPFGP 8GTVGKFKIGTUEJCT WPVGT FGO -QO OCPFQ XQP 0KEQNCWU XQP 5CNO DGYQIGP FGP 5WNVCP KPFGU PCEJ PWT 6CIGP CO 1MVQDGT UGKPG $GNCIGTWPI YKGFGT CWH\WJGDGP +P FGT 5VCFV MCO $GNCIGTWPIUIGNF KP -NKRRGPHQTO KP 8GTMGJT FCU CWU GKPIGUEJOQN\GPGP IQNFGPGP WPF UKNDGTPGP )GT·VUEJCHVGP IGHGTVKIV YQTFGP YCT
4352
4353
Das Heerlager Süleymans des Prächtigen vor Wien 1529.
(GTFKPCPF + -NKRRG \W -TGW\GTP 9KGP I +P XKGT <GKNGP 684%- $.')'46 9+'0 + < 1DGP WPVGP WPF \W FGP 5GKVGP LG GKP $NCVVQTPCOGPV )NGKEJUEJGPMGNKIGU -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP FKG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG XQP 0KGFGTÌUVGTTGKEJ -CUVKNKGP 7PICTP WPF $ÌJOGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %::+ /CTMN / \ # 6H XCT 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
-NKRRG \W -TGW\GTP 9KGP I +P XKGT <GKNGP 684%- $.')'46 9+'0 + < 1DGP WPVGP WPF \W FGP 5GKVGP LG GKP $NCVVQTPCOGPV )NGKEJUEJGPMGNKIGU -TGW\ KP FGP 9KPMGNP FKG 9CRRGP UEJKNFG XQP 0KGFGTÌUVGTTGKEJ 7PICTP $ÌJOGP WPF -CUVKNKGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %::+ /CTMN / \ # 6H 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 4ª%-'41$'470) 810 4##$ &GT PKEJV WPGTJGDNKEJ DGHGUVKIVG 1TV CO /ÒPFWPIUYKPMGN \YKUEJGP FGT 4CCD WPF FGT MNGKPGP &QPCW YWTFG KPHQNIG FGU 8GTTCVU \YGKGT MCKUGTNKEJGT 1HHK\KGTG XQP FGP 6ÒTMGP GTQDGTV #O /·T\ MQPPVG GKPG XQP (ÒTUV #FQNRJ XQP 5EJYCT\GPDGTI WPF 0KMQNCWU 2±NNH[ IGHÒJTVG 5VTGKVOCEJV FKG (GUVWPI FGO )GIPGT YKGFGT GPVTGKGP &KG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI YWTFG KP FGP JCDUDWTIKUEJGP .CPFGP CNU TGIGNTGEJVGT 6TKWORJ IGHGKGTV +P \CJNTGKEJG 1TVGP GTTKEJVGVG OCP FKG CNU ō4CCDGT -TGW\Gŋ DGMCPPVGP )GFGPMU·WNGP
4354
4WFQNH ++ &TGKGEMKIG )QNFMNKRRG \W &WMCVGP CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI WPF 4ÒEMGTQDG TWPI FGT (GUVWPI 4CCD I Û 38#5/1 &1)'06+ Ù +00 Û &+'5'0 Ù 8'45.'+0 Û +56 Û <8 Ù 5'*0 9#0 Ù &+' Û '41$'480) Ù 4##$ Ù )'5%*' +O (GNF UGEJU <GKNGP +#884++08/ *156+' 4+2+684 8+4686 48 &8.2*+ /# 4%+ 1DGP FKG IGMTÌPVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT 4WFQNRJ ++ \YKUEJGP 4QUGVVGP Û %*4+5685 Ù )'6 Ù &84 Ù 8'4 5%*.150 Ù 6+4 Ù &+' Ù 8'5 680 Ù 4##$ Ù )9#0 Û 8+4 +O +PPGTP GKPGU )GD·WFGU %JTKUVWU FGP ,ÒPIGTP GTUEJGKPGPF +P FGP FTGK 'EMGP FGU $KNFHGNFGU ) 1 6 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV CWH UKNDGTPGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ )1.& WGTUV UGNVGP 5GJT UEJÌP &KG #WHUEJTKHV FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG GPVJ·NV FKG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO
125
4355
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 8CNGPVKP /CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI FGT (GUVWPI 4CCD $NKEM XQP UEJT·I QDGP CWH FKG CP \YGK 5VGNNGP DTGPPGPFG (GUVWPI QDGP 4CDGPUEJKNF 0GWP <GKNGP 6GZV QDGP GKP OKV <YGKIGP FWTEJUVGEMVGT .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP FKG +PKVKCNGP FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 567*.9'+55'0$74) 5< -'5( *'48 4 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI YCT KO /KVVGNCNVGT FKG -TÌPWPIUUVCFV WPF FGT $GIT·DPKUQTV FGT WPICTKUEJGP -ÌPKIG &KG 5VCFV UVCPF UGKV WPVGT VÒTMKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV #O 0QXGODGT YWTFG FKG 5VCFV XQP FGP -CKUGTNKEJGP GTQDGTV CDGT DCNF UEJQP YKGFGT XQP FGP 6ÒTMGP QMMWRKGTV FQEJ CO 5GRVGODGT XQP GKPGO *GGT FGU -CKUGTU 4WFQNH ++ CDGTOCNU IGPQOOGP $GTGKVU HKGN 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI KPHQNIG GKPGT /GWVGTGK FGT $GUCV\WPI YKGFGT KP FKG *·PFG FGT 6ÒTMGP FKG FKG 5VCFV DKU \WO ,CJTG JCNVGP MQPPVGP
4356
1,5:1
4356
4WFQNH ++ -NKRRG \W &WMCVGP \WO )GFGPMGP CP FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 5VWJNYGKGP DWTI FWTEJ MCKUGTNKEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG I 'KP CWH GKPGO FTGKUVWHKIGP 2QFGUV UVGJGPFGU 6JTQPIGJ·WUG FGUUGP 5RKV\IKGDGN OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGP IGUEJOÒEMV KUV FKG MCKUGTNKEJG 0COGPUK PKVKCNG 4 UQYKG FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP +PUKIPKGP -TQPG <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN DGTIGPF +O (GNF KP FTGK <GK NGP 568. 9'+5 5'0 $84) +P PGWP <GKNGP &84%* #8( )#$ 0#/$5 '+0 51.+/#0 Û /+6 5%*9'4& '5 -#;5'4 48&1.2* )9#0 Û 1DGP 4CPMGP QTPCOGPV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI ,WNKWU /CKNNGV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5NI 8QIGN XIN FQTV CNU -NKRRG \W &WMCVGP )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ *GPMGNURWT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4357
126
-NKRRGPHÌTOKIG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG \WO )GFGPMGP CP FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI FWTEJ MCK UGTNKEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG 'KP CWH GKPGO FTGKUVWHKIGP 2QFGUV UVGJGPFGU 6JTQPIGJ·WUG FGUUGP 5RKV\IKGDGN OKV FGO IGMTÌPVGP WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGP IGUEJOÒEMV KUV FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP +PUKIPKGP -TQPG <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN DGTIGPF +O (GNF KP FTGK <GKNGP 568. 9'+5 5'0 $84 Ù WPVGP KP \YGK <GKNGP FGT NCVGKPKUEJG 5VCFVPCOG #.$# 4' )#.+5 (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV KP XKGTGEMKIGT .KPKGP TCJOWPI QDGP FGT IGMTÌPVG FQRRGNMÌRHKIG 4GKEJUCFNGT N FGT IGMTÌPVG DÌJOKUEJG T FGT IGMTÌPVG WPICTKUEJG WPF WPVGP FGT IGMTÌPVG ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG 5EJKNF Z OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 56 0&' 810 $¤*/'0 70& / *4'0 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+') 0CEJ FGO #WUDTWEJ FGU $ÌJOKUEJGP #WHUVCPFU WPF FGO 2TCIGT (GPUVGTUVWT\ UEJNQUUGP UKEJ FKG 5V·PFG XQP $ÌJOGP /·JTGP 5EJNGUKGP UQYKG FGT 1DGT WPF 0KGFGTNCWUKV\ CO ,WNK KP FGT $ÌJOKUEJGP -QPHÌFGTCVKQPUCMVG \WUCOOGP
4358
4359
&KG 5V·PFG XQP $ÌJOGP WPF /·JTGP -KRRGT -TGW\GT -WVVGPDGTI I $ÒIGNMTQPG OKV 2GTNGP\KGT WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &KGVKMGT &QPGD *GTKPGM D /CKNNGV 6H :8 5GJT UEJÌP
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 1NOÒV\ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQ PWOGPV KO (GNF % % %JTKUVQRJ %CPVQT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 1NOÒV\ \GKVINGKEJ CWEJ KP 6TQRRCW $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &QPGD *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 4 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4360
4361
-KRRGT -TGW\GT $TÒPP I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT CO 'PFG FGT 7OUEJTKHV *2 2GVGT *GOC /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP $TÒPP /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQPWOGPV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI &QPGD XCT *GTKPGM C /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H
FQTV ,CJTICPI 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 1NOÒV\ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQ PWOGPV KO (GNF $ < $CNVJCUCT <YKTPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 1NOÒV\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF &QPGD *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
4362
4361
4363
-KRRGT -TGW\GT ,CJTGU\CJN KO 5VGORGN CWU IG·PFGTV 1NOÒV\ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQPWOGPV KO (GNF % ņ % %JTKUVQRJ %CPVQT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 1NOÒV\ \GKVINGKEJ CWEJ KP 6TQRRCW $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI &QPGD *GTKPGM XCT /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 1NOÒV\ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT &KG 4ÒEMUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV OKV 8+4$$1 UKE /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQPWOGPV KO (GNF $ ņ < $CNVJCUCT <YKTPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 1NOÒV\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &QPGD XCT *GTKPGM XCT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 4 5GJT UEJÌP
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 1NOÒV\ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT /KV 9GKPTGDGP WOTCPMVGU 2[TCOKFGPOQ PWOGPV KO (GNF $ < $CNVJCUCT <YKTPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 1NOÒV\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &QPGD XCT *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 4 -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJG HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
127
&'4 $¤*/+5%*' )')'0-¤0+) (4+'&4+%* 810 &'4 2(#.< &KG DÌJOKUEJGP 5V·PFG GTMCPPVGP FGP KO #WIWUV \WO -ÌPKI XQP $ÌJOGP IGY·JNVGP GT\MCVJQNKUEJGP 'T\JGT\QI (GTFKPCPF CNU KJTGP .CPFGUJGTTP PKEJV CP WPF Y·JNVGP OKV -WTHÒTUV (TKGFTKEJ 8 XQP FGT 2HCN\ FGP HÒJTGPFGP 8GTVTGVGT FGT 2TQVGUVCPVGP &KG -TÌPWPI (TKGFTKEJU HCPF CO 0QXGODGT KP 2TCI UVCVV 5GKPG *GTTUEJCHV Y·JTVG LGFQEJ PWT MWT\ FGPP UEJQP CO 0QXGODGT HÒIVG FCU *GGT FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP .KIC KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CO 9GKGP $GTI FGO DÌJOKUEJGP *GGT FKG GPVUEJGKFGPFG 0KG FGTNCIG DGK WPF \YCPI FGP UR·VGT CNU ō9KPVGTMÌPKIŋ XGTURQVVGVGP (TKGFTKEJ \WT (NWEJV PCEJ &GP *CCI ÒDGT 5EJNGUKGP $GTNKP 9QNHGPDÒVVGN WPF *CODWTI 2TCI YWTFG XQP FGP -CKUGTNKEJGP DGUGV\V &GT )GIPGT DGUGV\VG UR·VGT CWEJ UGKP 2H·N\GT 5VCOONCPF #O ,CPWCT YWTFG FKG #EJV ÒDGT (TKGF TKEJ XGTJ·PIV WPF KJO UQICT FKG -WTHÒTUVGPYÒTFG CDIGURTQEJGP WPF CP /CZKOKNKCP XQP $C[GTP ÒDGTVTCIGP -WT\ PCEJFGO GU FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP IGNWPIGP YCT FKG 2HCN\ \WTÒEM\WGT QDGTP UVCTD (TKGFTKEJ CO 0QXGODGT
4365
1,5:1
1,5:1
(TKGFTKEJ XQP FGT 2HCN\ FGT 9KPVGTMÌPKI 6CNGT 2TCI &KEMCDUEJNCI XQP FGP 5VGORGNP FGU -KRRGT -TGW\GTU I 1JPG /ÒP\OGKUVGT\GKEJGP )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T KO *CT PKUEJ OKV *CNUMTCWUG &GT IGVGKNVG DÌJOKUEJ MWTRH·N\KUEJG 5EJKNF FKG 7OUEJTKHV OKV 5EJTGKDHGJNGT 86.8 Û UEJNKGGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT FQTV QJPG )GYKEJVUCPICDG &QPGD *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT FQTV -TGW\GT UKGJG 5WRRN 5 5NI /GOOGU JGKOGT 5NI 0QUU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
5RQVVDKNF \WO $ÌJOKUEJ 2H·N\KUEJGP -TKGI CNU $KNFGTT·VUGN &KG (ÒTUVGP WPF (GNF JGTTP FGU -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\GU UVGJGP WO GKPGP 5RKGNVKUEJ &KG 5RCPKGT 5RKPQNC WPF -TGW\PCEJ UVGJGPF WPF %QTFQXC OKV 1RRGPJGKO KO #TO FGT 9KPVGTMÌPKI (TKGFTKEJ 8 TCVNQU OKV UGKPGP 4·VGP FGT MCKUGTNKEJG $QWESWQ[
FGP 5KGI XQP 2TCI XQT\GKIGPF XQP )CDQT $GVJNGP (ÒTUV XQP 5KGDGPDÒTIGP
CO YGKVGTGP 5RKGN IGJKPFGTV WPVGT FGO 6KUEJ VÒTMKUEJG WPF EJTKUVNKEJG 9CHHGP TGEJVU ÒDGTIKDV /CZKOKNKCP XQP $C[GTP -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF ++ FCU GTQDGTVG 2TCI \W FGUUGP (ÒGP FGT IGHGUUGNVG DÌJOKUEJG .ÌYG 128
4366
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 2TCI I /KV <GKEJGP &QRRGNNKNKG 2CWN 5M¾VC 5QVPQXUM[ /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 2TCI )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF *CNUMTCWUG 4WPFGU OGJTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO /KVVGNUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &KGVKMGT &QPGD XCT *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 9KP\ -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP
4367
1,5:1
1,5:1
-KRRGT -TGW\GT -WVVGPDGTI I /KV <GKEJGP 5VGTP 5GDCUVKCP *ÌN\N /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP -WVVGPDGTI )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF *CNU MTCWUG 4WPFGU OGJTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &KGVKMGT &QPGD *GTKPGM D /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GNVGP KP FKGUGT 'TJCNVWPI /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
4368
4369
-KRRGT -TGW\GT -WVVGPDGTI I /KV <GKEJGP 5VGTP 5GDCUVKCP *ÌN\N /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP -WVVGPDGTI )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ &GT IGVGKNVG DÌJOKUEJ MWTRH·N\KUEJG 9CR RGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &KGVKMGT &QPGD XCT *GTKPGM XCT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GJT UEJÌP
-KRRGT -TGW\GT 6TQRRCW I /KV <GKEJGP \YGK <CKPJCMGP IGMTGW\V \YKUEJGP % %
%JTKUVQRJ %CPVQT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 6TQRRCW )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WO IGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF *CNUMTCWUG 4WPFGU OGJTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO MWTRH·N\KUEJGP /KVVGN UEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF ( W 5 *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 44 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
129
&'4 '065#6< 810 9+'0 5WNVCP /GJOGF +8 VTCV PCEJ TWPF L·JTKIGT (TKGFGPU\GKV OKV FGO TÌOKUEJ FGWVUEJGP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + YKGFGT KP FGP -TKGI 'KPG ITQG VÒTMKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV DTCEJ CO /·T\ WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP )TQYGUKT -CTC /WUVCHC XQP -QPUVCPVKPQRGN CWH WO UKEJ ÒDGT 7PICTP 4KEJVWPI 9KGP \W DGYGIGP #WH UGKPGO 9GI FWTEJ FCU JGWVKIG $WNICTKGP 5GTDKGP WPF 7PICTP XGTGKPVG UKEJ FCU *GGT OKV YGKVGTGP VÒTMKUEJGP 'KPJGKVGP WPF TGMTWVKGTVG VCTVCTKUEJG UKGDGPDÒTIKUEJG WPF CPFGTG *KNHUVTWRRGP UQ FCUU KPUIG UCOV PCJG\W 5QNFCVGP KP &KGPUVGP FGU VÒTMKUEJGP 5WNVCPU KP 4KEJVWPI 9KGP OCTUEJKGTVGP #O ,WNK \QIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP XQT FGT -CKUGTUVCFV CWH DGICPPGP CO OKV FGT $GUEJKGWPI GTÌHHPGVGP DGTGKVU CO FKG .CWHIT·DGP WPF MQPPVGP CO ,WNK FGP 7ONCIGTWPIUUTKPI UEJNKGGP 5EJQP PGWP 6CIG \WXQT JCVVG -CKUGT .GQRQNF + UGKPG 4GUKFGP\UVCFV OKV )GHQNIG XGTNCUUGP &KG XQO (GNF\GWIOGKUVGT 'TPUV 4ÒFKIGT )TCH 5VCTJGODGTI DGHGJNKIVGP 8GTVGKFKIGT \·JNVGP 5QNFCVGP WPF -QORCPKGP YGJTH·JKIGT $ÒTIGT UQYKG 5VWFGPVGPMQORCPKGP +JTG )GUEJÒV\G WPF #WUHCNNUCVVCEMGP JCNHGP FKG #PITKHHG FGU )GIPGTU KOOGT YKGFGT CD\WYGJTGP +O 5GRVGODGT XGTUEJNGEJVGTVG UKEJ FKG .CIG FGT 'KP IGUEJNQUUGPGP KPHQNIG *WPIGTU WPF 5GWEJGP *KNHG MCO FWTEJ FCU XQP FGO MCKUGTNKEJGP (GNFJGTTP -CTN 8 .GQRQNF *GT\QI XQP .QVJTKPIGP IGHÒJTVG 'PVUCV\JGGT FCU UKEJ DGTGKVU UGKV /KVVG FGU ,CJTGU Y·J TGPF FGU 6ÒTMGPCPOCTUEJGU CWH 9KGP CWU 5VTGKVMT·HVGP FGU -CKUGTU WPF FGU 4GKEJGU \WO $GKUVCPF HQT OKGTV JCVVG UQYKG FWTEJ GKPG 5QNFCVGP WOHCUUGPFG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGU RQNPKUEJGP -ÌPKIU ,QJCPP +++ 5QDKGUMK &KG EC #NNKKGTVGP DGUVGJGPF CWU +PHCPVGTKG WPF -CXCNNGTKGGKPJGKVGP UQYKG CWU FGP /CPPUEJCHVGP HÒT FKG TWPF OKVIGHÒJTVGP )GUEJÒV\G DGUGV\VGP CO 5GRVGODGT FGP -CJ NGPDGTI GKPGP IÒPUVKI IGNGIGPGP UVTCVGIKUEJGP *ÌJGP\WI FGU 9KGPGTYCNFGU FGT GKPGP IWVGP $NKEM CWH FCU 6GTTCKP DQV +O #PIGUKEJV FGT CPTÒEMGPFGP CDGPFN·PFKUEJGP 5VTGKVOCEJV DGIKPI -CTC /WUVCHC FGP (GJNGT GKPGP 6GKN UGKPGT #TOGG KP FGP $GNCIGTWPIUUVGNNWPIGP \W DGNCUUGP WO FKG 5VCFV YGKVGT CP\WITGK HGP WPF FGP CPFGTGP 6GKN UGKPGU *GGTGU IGIGP FCU 'PVUCV\JGGT \W RQUKVKQPKGTGP &KG 'PVUEJGKFWPIU UEJNCEJV DGICPP HTÒJOQTIGPU CO 5GRVGODGT FWTEJ FGP #PITKHH FGU 'PVUCV\JGGTGU &KG GPV UEJGKFGPFG 9GPFG MCO CO HTÒJGP 0CEJOKVVCI OKV FGO 8QTUVQ FGT RQNPKUEJGP #TOGG FGT FKG 1UOC PGP UEJYGT VTCH &KG 'KPJGKVGP -CTNU XQP .QVJTKPIGP MQPPVGP UQFCPP FGP TGEJVGP (NÒIGN FGT 6ÒTMGP \GTUEJNCIGP WPF KPU <GPVTWO FGU )GIPGTU XQTUVQGP FGT PWP UGKP *GKN KP FGT (NWEJV UWEJVG )GIGP 7JT FTCPI /CTMITCH .WFYKI 9KNJGNO XQP $CFGP IGPCPPV 6ÒTMGPNQWKU OKV \YGK &TCIQPGTTGIKOGPVGTP DKU XQT FCU 5EJQVVGPVQT XQT YQ UKG \WUCOOGP OKV GKPGO #WUHCNNMQOOCPFQ FGT 8GTVGKFKIGT FGP JKGT XGTDNKGDGPGP $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP FGP NGV\VGP 5VQ \WHÒIVGP +P WPIGQTFPGVGT (NWEJV GPFGVG FCU GJTIGK \KIG 8QTJCDGP XQP -CTC /WUVCHC WPF UGKPGP /·PPGTP 9KGP \W GTQDGTP 'TUV JKPVGT FGT WPICTKUEJGP )TGP\G UCOOGNVGP UKEJ FKG 6ÒTMGP YKGFGT KP OKNKV·TKUEJGT 1TFPWPI 0CEJ 6CIGP JCTVGP -CORHGU ITQGP 8GTNWUVGP WPF 8GTYÒUVWPIGP YCT FKG 5VCFV DGHTGKV
4370
Türkischer Plan des belagerten Wiens.
130
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP 4GKPJQNF 'PIGNJCTFV $TGUNCW CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP &+8+0+ 27)0#06 241 /1'0+$75 +)0'5 #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP \CJNTGKEJG CWU 9QNMGP JGTXQTVTGVGPFG $NKV\G FKG GKPGP ITQGP 9CHHGPJCWHGP KO 8QTFGTITWPF GPV\ÒPFGP 8QT FGP 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP GKP NKGIGPFGT MCTVWUEJGPHÌTOKIGT 5EJKNF YQTCWH NKGIGPF KP HÒPH <GKNGP Û 8+'0# Û 1$5 Û & Ú +8. .+$ & 5'6 #001 CO TGEJVGP WPVGTGP $KNFTCPF FKG 5KIPCVWT Ü , Ü ' Ü * % /70&1 2#%'/ 8+%614+# 5#0%+6 Ü )GMTÌPVGT &QRRGNCFNGT OKV 4GKEJUCRHGN CWH FGT $TWUV OO I ( W 5 *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPFUVCD UGJT UEJÌP
4371
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP *GTOCPP *CHHPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP 9KGP #WU FGT 8QIGNUEJCW VQRQITCRJKUEJG #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV 9KGP OKV FGT *QHDWTI FGO 5VGRJCPUFQO WPF (GUVWPIUYGTMGP UQYKG FGU 7ONCPFU OKV FGO TKPIUWO XQTIGNCIGTVGP (GNFNCIGT FGT $GNCIGTGT -CXCNNGTKG FGU 'PVUCV\JGGTGU FKG CWHIGJGPFG 5QPPG KO 4ÒEMGP GKPG ITQG #DVGKNWPI QUOCPKUEJGT 4GKVGT KP FKG (NWEJV UEJNCIGPF 1DGT JCND FGT (NKGJGPFGP FGT *CNDOQPF KP 9QNMGP +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV 9KGP /KV INCVVGO 4CPF OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT *KTUEJ XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI *QTUM[ XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ FQTV OKV 4CPF UEJTKHV 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4372
5EJCWVCNGT XQP /CVVJKCU *QHOCPP KO #WHVTCI FGU 9KGPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGTU /CVVJKCU /KVVGTOC[T XQP 9CHHGPDGTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP #WH FGT 'TFMWIGN OKV FGO JGTXQTIGJQDGPGP 2NCP FGT 5VCFV 9KGP FGT IGMTÌPVG FQRRGNMÌRHKIG #FNGT UVGJGPF FKG +PKVKCNGP . + HÒT .GQRQNFWU +ORGTCVQT CWH FGT $TWUV KP FGP (·PIGP <GRVGT WPF 5EJYGTV 'T YKTF DGUEJKGPGP XQP FGP 5VTCJNGP FKG XQP FGO N QDGP UVGJGPFGP #WIG )QVVGU CWUIGJGP 7PVGP FGT GKPGT 9QNMG \WIGYCPFVG *CNDOQPF 6GZV KP GKPWPF\YCP\KI <GKNGP OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QINJWDGT (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&GT 5EJCWVCNGT WPF FKG HQNIGPFG /GFCKNNG UKPF KP KJTGP /ÒP\DKNFGTP WPF .GIGPFGP FGP 2T·IWPIGP GPI XGTYCPFV FKG FGT 9KGPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT /CVVJKCU /KVVGTOC[T XQP 9CHHGPDGTI CWH GKIGPG 4GEJPWPI CWUIGIGDGP JCV WPF OKV UGKPGO GKIGPGP 0COGP XQO 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT /CVVJKCU *QHOCPP UKIPKGTGP NKG *KTUEJ ņ
4373
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP /CVVJKCU *QHOCPP CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP #WH FGT 'TFMWIGN OKV FGO IWV UKEJVDCT JGTXQTIGJQDGPGP 2NCP FGT 5VCFV 9KGP FGT IGMTÌPVG FQRRGNMÌRHKIG #FNGT UVGJGPF FKG +PKVKCNGP . + HÒT .GQRQNFWU +ORGTCVQT CWH FGT $TWUV KP FGP (·PIGP <GRVGT WPF 5EJYGTV 'T YKTF DGUEJKGPGP XQP FGP 5VTCJNGP FKG XQP FGO N QDGP UVGJGPFGP #WIG )QVVGU CWUIGJGP 7PVGP FGT GKPGT 9QNMG \WIGYCPFVG *CNDOQPF 0GWP\GJP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV QDGP WPF WPVGP <YGKIQTPCOGPVG OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QINJWDGT XIN
FQEJ FQTV OKV 0COGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU /KVVGTOC[T CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG 4 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
131
4374
4374 1,5:1
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI WPF FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP 9KGP &#5 +56 )166'5 (+0)'4 $NKEM ÒDGT GKP VÒTMKUEJGU (GNFNCIGT CWH FKG 5VCFV XQP FGTGP $CWYGTMGP FGT 6WTO FGU 5VGRJCPUFQOU FWTEJ UGKPG )TÌG JGTXQTIGJQDGP KUV 'NH <GKNGP 6GZV OO I ( W 5 *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4375
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP .WFGT CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP $NKEM ÒDGT FKG &QPCW CWH FKG 5VCFV CWH FGTGP ·WGTGP (GUVWPIUYGTMGP GKPKIG 8GTVGKFKIGT RCVTQWNNKGTGP <W FGP 5GKVGP FGT 6WTOURKV\G FGU 5VGRJCPUFQOU 9+ '0 QDGP ÒDGT GKPGO 9QNMGPDCPF GKP IGMTÌPVGT #FNGT KO 5VWT\HNWI N GKP $NKV\DÒPFGN WPF GKP 5EJYGTV KP FGP (·PIGP JCNVGPF #EJV\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 9+' +82+6'4 &'4 4+'5'0 *#0& 8'4-84<'6 =#FNGT GP OKPKCVWTG? *#6 =#FNGT GP OKPKCVWTG? .'121.& &'4 684-'0 /#%*6 )'5684<'6 7PVGP 2CNO WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI IGDWPFGP OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4376
132
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP #PVQP /G[DWUEJ -QRGPJCIGP WPF 5VQEMJQNO CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ 9KGPU $TWUV DKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 'KP WPVGT FGT 4GKEJUHCJPG IGHÒJTVGU 4GKVGTJGGT N HNKGJGPFGT VÒTMKUEJGT -CXCNNGTKG PCEJUGV\GPF +O *KPVGTITWPF GKP XQT FGT 5VCFV IGNGIGPGU VÒTMKUEJGU (GNFNCIGT 1DGP (COC HNKGIGPF T GKPG 2QUCWPG DNCUGPF WPF GKPG YGKVGTG JCNVGPF 7PVGP 5EJTKHVDCPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC (GKNUVGNNG CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU MN -TCV\GT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4377
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP QFGT *CPU ,CEQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP 9KGP #WH GKPGT 9QNMG -CKUGT .GQRQNF + -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP -WTHÒTUV ,QJCPP )GQTI +++ XQP 5CEJUGP WPF FGT RQNPKUEJG -ÌPKI ,QJCPP 5QDKGUMK KP )GDGVUJCNVWPI MPKGPF \W FGO KP 5VTCJNGP CO *KOOGN UVGJGPFGP 0COGP +'575 GORQTDNKEMGPF +JPGP DGKIGQTFPGV HTGK UEJYGDGPF FKG GKIGPGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG <W FGP -PKGP FGT *GTTUEJGT GKP CDGPFN·PFKUEJGU 5EJYGTV WPF GKP RQNPKUEJGT 5·DGN NKGIGPF +O (GNF 7PVGTJCND FGT 9QNMG \ÒPIGNP (NCOOGP KP 4KEJVWPI FGU 0COGP /#*7/'& FGT KP WPGKPJGKVNKEJ QTKGPVKGTVGT $WEJUVCDGPHQNIG UQ\WUCIGP CNU #PVKRQFG \WO 0COGP XQP )QVVGU 5QJP HTGK CO WPVGTGP $KNFTCPF UEJYGDV $NKEM CWH FCU XQP FGP *ÒIGNP XQT 9KGP KP GKP VÒTMKUEJGU (GNFNCIGT XQTUVQGPFG XQP FGT 4GKVGTGK CPIGHÒJTVG 'PVUCV\JGGT FKG (GKPFG KP FKG (NWEJV UEJNCIGPF +O *KPVGT ITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV 1DGP IGMTÌPVGT #FNGT T GKP 5EJYGTV WPF FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF KP FGP (·PIGP WOURCPPV XQP GKPGO 4GIGPDQIGP CWH FGUUGP 5EJGKVGNRWPMV GKPG 6CWDG GKPGP ¤N\YGKI KO 5EJPCDGN JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT * %\ *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KVV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT FWPMNGT 2CVKPC *GTTNKEJGU 5EJCWUVÒEM FGU KP 4GIGPUDWTI IGDQTGPGP WPF KP 0ÒTPDGTI IGUVQTDGPGP )QNFUEJOKGFU /ÒP\ OGKUVGTU WPF /ÒP\YCTFGKPU FGT \WUCOOGP OKV FGO 0ÒTPDGTIGT /GFCKNNGPXGTNGIGT (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV FKG FCOCNU DGTGKVU KP 'PINCPF WPF (TCPMTGKEJ DGMCPPVG 4·PFGNYGTMVGEJPKM \WT (GTVKIWPI GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHVGP GTUVOCNU KP &GWVUEJNCPF CPIGYCPFV JCDGP UQNN
4378
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQO WPDGUVKOOVGP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT + 4 CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP 'KP WPVGT FGT 4GKEJUHCJPG WPF WPVGT FGO -TGW\DCPPGT IGHÒJTVGU 4GKVGTJGGT N HNKGJGPFGT VÒTMKUEJGT -CXCN NGTKG PCEJUGV\GPF +O *KPVGTITWPF +PHCPVGTKGM·ORHG DGK GKPGO VÒTMKUEJGP (GNFNCIGT CO *QTK\QPV FKG 5VCFV 9KGP 1DGP (COC HNKGIGPF T GKPG 2QUCWPG DNCUGPF WPF GKPG YGKVGTG JCNVGPF #WHUEJTKHV KP PGWP \GJP <GKNGP WPVGP GKP 4CPMGPQTPCOGPV &CU )CP\G WOUEJNQUUGP XQP \YGK IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GTTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP #NU /GFCKNNGWT M·OG W ' FGT *CODWTIGT 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT ,QJCPP 4GVGMG KP (TCIG FGT XQP EC DKU \W UGKPGO 6QFG KP *CODWTI CTDGKVGVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG CWEJ FGT HÒT KP &TGUFGP DG\GWIVG ,QJCPP 4CPKUEJ $GKFG /GFCKNNGWTG UKIPKGTVGP OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP + 4
133
4379
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP 8QT FGT 5VCFV DGTKVVGPG #DVGKNWPIGP FGU 'PVUCV\JGGTGU KP 5EJNCEJVQTFPWPI T FKG CWU KJTGO (GNFNCIGT HNKGJGPFGP (GKPFG XQT UKEJ JGT VTGK DGPF 1DGP #FNGT UEJYGDGPF FGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP $KPFGPUEJKNF WPF FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF FKG CP GKPGO NCPIGP $CPF J·PIGP OKV FGP (·PIGP JCNVGPF 8KGT\GJP\GKNKIGT 6GZV OO I )NCVVGT 4CPF 5NI *QTUM[ *KTUEJ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4380
4379
1,5:1
4381
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF VÒTMKUEJGU (GNFNCIGT WPF $CVVGTKG OKV HGWGTPFGP -CPQPGP #WHUEJTKHV KP CEJV <GKNGP DGIKPPGPF OKV 9+'00 /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I *KTUEJ 5NI *QTUM[ XCT FQTV QJPG 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV 9KGP #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF VÒTMKUEJGU (GNFNCIGT WPF $CVVGTKG OKV HGWGTPFGP -CPQPGP #WHUEJTKHV KP CEJV <GKNGP DGIKPPGPF OKV 9+'0 )NCVVGT 4CPF OO I *KTUEJ XCT FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN WPF FQTV CPFGTG 8CTKCPVGP CWH UKNDGTPGP 5EJTÌVNKPIGP 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV CPFGTG 8CTKCPVGP CWH UKNDGTPGP 5EJTÌVNKPIGP VGKNU OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 )4#0 0CEJ FGT $GHTGKWPI 9KGPU FTCPI GKP *GGT FGT 8GTDÒPFGVGP DGUVGJGPF CWU MCKUGTNKEJGP MÌPKINKEJ RQN PKUEJGP WPF 4GKEJUVTWRRGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU *GT\QIU -CTN 8 XQP .QVJTKPIGP KP FCU XQP FGP 6ÒTMGP IGJCNVGPG 7PICTP XQT #O 1MVQDGT GTQDGTVGP UKG FKG CO TGEJVGP &QPCWWHGT IGNGIGPG 5VCFV )TCP 'U\VGTIQO FKG ,CJTG WPVGT *GTTUEJCHV FGT 1UOCPGP IGUVCPFGP JCVVG
4382
134
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )TCP WPF FKG $GHTGKWPI FGU 'T\UVKHVU )TCP XQP VÒTMKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV $NKEM ÒDGT FGP /ÒPFWPIUYKPMGN XQP FGT )TCP KP FKG &QPCW CWH FKG CO IGIGPÒDGTNKGIGPFGP 7HGT NKGIGPFG 5VCFV CO (WG FGU (GUVWPIUDGTIGU +O 8QTFGT ITWPF DGKFGTUGKVU FGU 7HGTU FGT )TCP +PHCPVGTKG WPF #TVKNNGTKG FGT $GNCIGTGT 1DGP GKP #FNGT HNKGIGPF T GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KO 5EJPCDGN WPF GKP 5EJYGTV KO (CPI JCNVGPF <GJP <GKNGP 6GZV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ )4#0 70& &+' '+00#*/' 810 0'7* 75'. +O #WIWUV XGTUWEJVGP FKG 6ÒTMGP )TCP CDGTOCNU \W PGJOGP FQEJ YWTFGP UKG PQEJ XQT FGP 6QTGP FGT 5VCFV XQO MCKUGTNKEJGP *GGT IGUEJNCIGP +O UGNDGP /QPCV INÒEMVG FGP -CKUGTNKEJGP CWEJ FKG 'KP PCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 0GWJ·WUGN 'TUGMWLX±T GKPGU UVTCVGIKUEJ YKEJVKIGP 2NCV\GU FGT FGP 6ÒTMGP \WXQT \WT )TGP\UKEJGTWPI 7PICTPU IGFKGPV JCVVG
4383
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP 5KGI IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP DGK )TCP WPF FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 0GWJ·WUGN 2CNNCU OKV FGT 4GEJVGP GKPG 8KEVQTKCUVCVWGVVG JCNVGPF KP FGT .KPMGP GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK XQP LG GKPGO 2WVVQ IGJCNVGPGP $KNFVCHGNP &KG NKPMG VT·IV GKPG 5EJNCEJVU\GPG CO IGIGPÒDGT FGT 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI )TCP IGNGIGPGP &QPCWWHGT FKG TGEJVG \GKIV FGP VQRQITCRJKUEJGP 2CP FGT CO (NWUU 0GWVTC IGNGIGPGP (GUVWPI 0GWJ·WUGN +O #DUEJPKVV HÒPH\GKNKIGT 6GZV +P QHHGPGT .CPFUEJCHV 2CNNCU OKV GKPGO 9WTHURGGT KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP WPF GKPGO OKV FGO FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP 4GKEJUCFNGT IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF \W 2HGTF KP $GINGKVWPI \YGKGT ,CIF JWPFG \YGK N HNKGJGPFGP 9ÌNHGP PCEJUGV\GPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV GKP UKNDGTPGT #DIW GKPGU IGRT·IVGP 1TKIKPCNU 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP <KPP 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ +P 5KNDGT ·WGTUV UGNVGP -N 5VKHVNQEJ KO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
4384
4384 1,5:1
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG FKG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOOG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP ,QJCPP /KEJCGN *QHH OCPP 9KGP CWH FGP 5KGI DGK )TCP WPF FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 0GWJ·WUGN 2NCP FGT (GUVWPI 0GW J·WUGN OKV FGP FCXQT CPIGNGIVGP .CWHIT·DGP WPF FKXGTUGP 2QUKVKQPGP FGT $GNCIGTGT $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV )TCP OKV FGT &QPCWDTÒEMG WPF KPUGN 1DGP IGMTÌPVGT #FNGT HNKGIGPF T KP FGP (·PIGP GKP 5EJYGTV WPF FGP WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ *WU\CT -CV 0CVKQPCNOWUGWO $WFCRGUV 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF CPFGTGT 4ÒEMUGKVG 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
135
Die Rückeroberung von Neuhäusl 1685.
4385
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 0GWJ·WUGN TUGMWLX±T 8QP UEJT·I QDGP FCTIGUVGNNVGT 2NCP FGT (GUVWPI FCTKP 0'ª*'ª5'. 1DGP FKG JKPVGT \YGK 9QNMGP MT·P\GP XGTDQTIGPG UVTCJNGPFG 5QPPG 5GEJ\GJP <GKNGP 6GZV OO I ( W 5 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 5+')' ª$'4 &+' 6ª4-'0 +/ ,#*4
4386
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG UCVKTKUEJG 2T·IWPI XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTP DGTI CWH FKG KP FKGUGO ,CJT GTTWPIGPGP 5KGIG FGU -CKUGTU ÒDGT FGP VÒTMKUEJGP 5WNVCP &KG XQP FGT 5QPPG DGUEJKGPGPG 'TFMWIGN YQTCWH QDGP '7412# WPF WPVGP MQRHUVGJGPF #5+# 7PVGP \GTDTQEJGPGT *CNDOQPF WPF NKGIGPFGU 5VWPFGPINCU &KG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU -CKUGTU UVGJGPF CWH FGT IGDTQEJGPGP 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU 5WNVCPU WPVGP GKP CDGPFN·PFKUEJGT &GIGP CWH GKPGO \GTDTQEJGPGP VÒTMKUEJGP *KGD UEJYGTV 1DGP FCU 6GVTCITCOOCVQP KP 5VTCJNGP CNU 5[ODQN XQP )QVVGU &TGKGKPKIMGKV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG XQTNKGIGPFG /GFCKNNG HGKGTV KP 9QTVGP WPF GODNGOCVKUEJGP $KNFGTP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + CNU UVTCJNGPFGP 5KGIGT ÒDGT 5WNVCP /QJCOOGF +8
136
Die Belagerung von Buda 1684.
&+' '+00#*/' 810 1('0 $7&# $WFC YCT UGKV WPWPVGTDTQEJGP KP VÒTMKUEJGT *CPF VTQV\ FKXGTUGT $GNCIGTWPIUMCORCIPGP UGKVGPU FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP FKG \WNGV\V XGTIGDNKEJ FGP 8GTUWEJ WPVGTPQOOGP JCVVGP FKG 5VCFV \WTÒEM\WGT QDGTP 'KP XQP *GT\QI -CTN 8 XQP .QVJTKPIGP IGHÒJTVGU *GGT DGNCIGTVG $WFC UGKV FGO #WIWUV WPF MQPPVG FKG 4GUKFGP\UVCFV FGT WPICTKUEJGP -ÌPKIG UEJNKGNKEJ CO 5GRVGODGT GKPPGJ OGP
4387
.GQRQNF + <KPPOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC #PUKEJV FGT WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP CO $KNFTCPF N &QPCWDQIGP WPF 5EJKHH #WH FGO 4ÒEMGP GKPGU 4CWEJ URGKGPFGP &TCEJGPU GKP #FNGT KO GTJQDGPGP TGEJVGP (CPI GKP $NKV\DÒPFGN JCNVGPF /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV WPF GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5GJT UEJÌP
4388
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC #PUKEJV FGT WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT $GNCIGTGT CWH FGO IGIGPÒDGT NKGIGPFGP &QPCWWHGT PCJG FGP 5VÒORHGP FGT CDIGVTCIGPGP &QPCWDTÒEMG DGK FGT 5VCFV 2GUV 1DGP HNKG IGPFGT #FNGT N KO (CPI GKP 5EJYGTV WPVGTJCND FGT WOMT·P\VGP 0COGPUKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + 0GWP <GKNGP 6GZV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
137
4389
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF <GNVG FGT $GNCIGTGT CWH FGO IGIGPÒDGT NKGIGPFGP &QPCWWHGT KO #DUEJPKVV XKGT\GKNKIGT 6GZV 1DGP 8KEVQTKC HNKGIGPF N OKV 2QUCWPG WPF 2CNO\YGKI )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT CWH GKPGO (GNUGP UVGJGPF GKP 'K WPF GKPGP 5EJNÒUUGN KO GTJQDGPGP NKPMGP (CPI JCN VGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVG PWQXQ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G CNU WPGFKGTV CWUIGYKGUGP 2QRGNMC 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4390
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *ÌJP &CP\KI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC CO 5GRVGODGT $TWUVDKNF FGU -CKUGTU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &GT IGMTÌPVG FQRRGNMÌRHKIG #FNGT DGJCPIGP OKV FGO WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF KP FGP (·PIGP 5EJYGTV WPF 2CNO \YGKI JCNVGPF ÒDGT FGT &QPCW OKV FGP CPITGP\GPFGP 1TVGP $WFC WPF 2GUV $GK FGP #FNGTH·PIGP \YGK 5EJTKHVD·PFGT QDGTJCND XQP 2GUV FGT *CNDOQPF CNU VÒTMKUEJGU 'ODNGO CWGTJCND FGT 5VCFVOCWGTP XQP $WFC FCU <GNVNCIGT FGT $GNCIGTGT OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QP VGPWQXQ 44 #WUFTWEMXQNNGU -CKUGTRQTVT·V 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
4391
138
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP % 8KPEM WPF ,QJCPP -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC 0GDGP GKPGO OKV FGO WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP #NVCT FKG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI 7PICTPU MPKGPF T OKV (ÒNNJQTP WPF (CJPGPNCP\G +JT IGIGPÒDGT FKG O·PPNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT &QPCW MPKGPF N OKV FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP (KUEJ WPF OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPG (CJPG JCNVGPF <YKUEJGP FGP DGKFGP 2GTUQPKHK MCVKQPGP FGT &QPCWUVTQO FGT CWU FGT UKEJ GTIKGGPFGP 3WGNNWTPG FGU (NWUUIQVVGU GPVURTKPIV #WH FGO (NWUU GKPG MNGKPG $QQVUFCTUVGNNWPI WPF GKP CWU FGT 3WGNNWTPG JGTCWUURTKPIGPFGT (KUEJ )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 9CRRGPUEJKNF T QDGTJCND FGT #PUKEJV FGT DGNCIGTVGP 5VCFV OO I ( W 5 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4392
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *CPU ,CEQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV QDGP $TWUVDKNF FGU -CKUGTU \YKUEJGP <YGKIGP KO #DUEJPKVV HÒPH <GKNGP 6GZV #WH GTJÌJVGT 2QUKVKQP FGT OKV FGT 2J[UKQIPQOKG FGU -CKUGTU CWUIGUVCVVGVG ,QUWC KP 4ÒUVWPI UVGJGPF N OKV GKPGO <GRVGT KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP 4GEJVGP FGT UVTCJNGPFGP 5QPPG 5VKNNUVCPF IGDKGVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF CWH VKGHGT IGNGIGPGO 6GTTCKP GKPG 5EJNCEJV \YKUEJGP MCKUGTNKEJGT WPF VÒTMKUEJGT 4GKVGTGK 1DGP T QDGT JCND FGT 6ÒTMGP FGT UKPMGPFG *CNDOQPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
4393
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *CPU ,CEQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC 8+4676' 4'51.8+6 $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF <GNVG WPF 4GKVGT FGT $GNCIGTWPIUCTOGG 1DGP GKP 5EJYGTV FGP IQTFKUEJGP -PQVGP FWTEJVTGPPGPF &KG XKGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV *#76 4'51.7$+ .+5 7037#/ KPOKVVGP GKPGU OKV FGO ÌUVGTGKEJKUEJGP WPF FGO MWTDC[GTKUEJGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF IGUEJOÒEMVGP -TCP\IGDKPFGU FCU CWU GKPGO .QTDGGT\YGKI WPF GKPGT CWU (TÒEJVGP IG YWPFGPGP )KTNCPFG DGUVGJV 1DGP #FNGT /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ FQTV CNU WPGFKGTV CWUIG YKGUGP 9KVV 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI ,WNKWU #WMVKQP 4 )CGVVGPU LWP *GKFGNDGTI 0T
4394
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ WPF .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 1HGP $WFC &GT XQP GKPGT N HNKGIGPFGP 8KEVQTKC IGMTÌPVG -CKUGT UVGJGPF T KP CPVKMGT 4ÒUVWPI WPF /CPVGN FGP NKPMGP (W CWH FGP CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP VÒTMKUEJGP *CNDOQPF UGV\GPF KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKP <GRVGT JCNVGPF 8QT KJO FKG YGKDNKEJG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP 7PICTPU MPKGPF N DGK KJTGP (ÒGP GKP 5EJTKHV UVÒEM *KPVGP T YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV (KFGU UVGJGPF X X OKV 2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\ WPF *QUVKGPMGNEJ $NKEM ÒDGT GKPG MCKUGTNKEJG #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI JKPYGI CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV $WFC QDGP -TQPG /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 139
4396 4395
4395
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ WPF .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP
$WFC $NKEM CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF GKP (GNFNCIGT 1DGP -TQPG <YÌNH\GKNKIGT 6GZV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ -N (GJNGT CO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP 'PIGN HNKGIGPF N GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI WPF GKP -TGW\ JCNVGPF +O 8QTFGTITWPF -CORHU\GPG \YKUEJGP 4GKVGTP WPF (WUQNFCVGP 'NH\GKNKIGT 6GZV /KV UEJT·I IGMGTDVGO 4CPF OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XCT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ &WPMNG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4397
$TGKVGT 5EJCWVCNGT -TGOPKV\ XQP % / 4 CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC )GRT·IV CWH 8GTCPNCUUWPI FGU -COOGTITCHGP FGT WPICTKUEJGP $GTIUV·FVG ,CEQD 8KGEJVGT FG )TWGD -CKUGT .GQRQNF KP GKPGO XQP XKGT 2HGTFGP IG\QIGPGP 9CIGP JKPVGP IGHCPIGPG 6ÒTMGP WPF \CJNTGKEJG GTDGWVGVG (CJPGP WPF 5RKGG +O 8QTFGTITWPF T GKP HCUV WPDGMNGKFGVGT )GPKWU FCU 2HGTFGIGURCPP CO <ÒIGN HÒJTGPF WPF GKPGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF JCNVGPF CO $QFGP FGT \GTDTQEJGPG VÒTMKUEJG *CNDOQPF CO *KOOGN JKPVGT GKPGO 9QNMGPDCPF #WIG )QVVGU WOUEJNQUUGP XQP GKPGO KP 5VTCJNGP UEJYGDGPFGP &TGKGEM #PUKEJV FGT DGNC IGTVGP WPF WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF <GNVG 4GKVGT WPF (WVTWRRGP FGT $GNCIG TGT OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QINJWDGT (GKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4398
140
#NVXGTIQNFGVG N·PIUQXCNG $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP 2GVGT 5GGN 5CN\DWTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP
$WFC $NKEM ÒDGT FKG &QPCW CWH FKG WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU UVGJGPFG 5VCFV 1DGP 'PIGN HNKGIGPF T GKP -TGW\ WPF GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI JCNVGPF &KG /WVVGT )QVVGU UVGJGPF X X CWH GKPGT NKGIGPFGP /QPFUK EJGN OKV KJTGO YGKV CWUIGURCPPVGP /CPVGN FKG DGK KJT MPKGPFGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP -CKUGT .GQRQNF 2CRUV +PPQEGP\ :+ -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP WPF *GT\QI -CTN 8 XQP .QVJTKPIGP DG UEJKTOGPF Z OO 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI ,WNKWU XIN # FQTV KP /GUUKPI XGTIQNFGV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP /GUUKPI 9KVV <GNNGT 44 #NV TGRCTKGTVGT .QEJWPIUXGTUWEJ QFGT *GPMGNURWT UGJT UEJÌP
4399
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OKV &QPCW DTÒEMG QDGP DQIKI FTGKHCEJ IGUVCHHGNV &'4 )415 .'121.&6 Ü *#6 1('0 080 )'910'0 Ü &# &74%* &'4 684%-'0 /#%*6 Ü +0 80)#40 /'+56 <'410'0 Ü +O #DUEJPKVV \YKUEJGP 2CNO\YGKIGP #001 Û &0 5'6 56 0 &'5 -';5'45 9#(('0 (.14+4'0 9CHHGPUVÒEMG KP 9QNMGP QDGP 5EJTKHVDCPF YQTCWH +/ *+//'. WPVGP 80& #8( '4&'0 Ü QDGTJCND GKPGT #PUCOONWPI XQP 9CHHGP (CJPGP WPF 2CWMGP OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4400
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC -QRH FGU -CKUGTU T OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ #FNGT CO *KOOGN UEJYGDGPF N OKV TÒEMIGYCPFVGO -QRH KO 5EJPCDGN GKPGP <YGKI JCNVGPF KP FGP (·PIGP GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN WPF GKP $ÒPFGN OKV $NKV\GP FKG UKEJ ÒDGT FCU ICP\G .CPF XGTDTGKVGP WPF CWEJ GKPG DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KP FGT TGEJVGP $KNFJ·NHVG VTGHHGP 1DGTJCND FGT 5VCFV GKP CDPGJOGPFGT *CND OQPF ÒDGT FGT HTGKGP .CPFUEJCHV N FKG UVTCJNGPFG 5QPPG OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP <KPP CNU WPGFKGTV 5NI ,WNKWU WGTUV UGNVGP 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
4401
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP ,CMQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 1HGP $WFC $TWUV DKNF FGU -CKUGTU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $NKEM CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP 1DGP 8KEVQTKC HNKGIGPF N FKG WONQTDGGTVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG FGU -CKUGTU WPF FGP IGMTÌPVGP WPICTKUEJGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVG PWQXQ 9GNNGPJGKO 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
141
4402
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , FGU WPDGUVKOOVGP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU ' + CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 1HGP
$WFC $TWUVDKNF XQP *GT\QI -CTN 8 XQP .QVJTKPIGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $GK FGT NKPMGP 5EJWNVGT GKP -QOOCPFQUVCD WPF GKP CPVKMKUKGTGPFGT MCNQVVGPHÌTOKIGT *GNO OKV 0CUGPUEJWV\ &GT *GT\QI OKV 5EJYGTV WPF GKPGO WPJGKNCDMGJTGPFGP OKV FGO $KNF FGT /CTKC +OOCEWNCVC IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF WPF OKV *KNHG FGT -TCHV GKPGU CO *KOOGN XQT FGT 5QPPG UEJYGDGPFGP *QUVKGPMGNEJGU GKP OGJT MÌRHKIGU OKV GKPGT -GWNG WPF GKPGO VÒTMKUEJGP 5EJKNF DGYCHHPGVGU 7PVKGT DGM·ORHGPF OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ WGTUV UGNVGP 8QT\ÒINKEJ &CU 4ÒEMUGKVGPOQVKX KUV FGO <[MNWU FGT *GTCMNGUVCVGP FGT CPVKMGP ITKGEJKUEJGP /[VJQNQIKG GPVNGJPV 'U UGV\V FGP -CORH IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP FGP FGU ITKGEJKUEJGP *CNDIQVVU WPF *GNFGP OKV FGT *[FTC INGKEJ
&+' 5+')' ª$'4 &+' 6ª4-'0 +/ ,#*4
1,5:1
4403
142
4403
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP QFGT *CPU ,CEQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG KO .CWHG FGU ,CJTGU IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP GTTWPIGPGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG $TWUVDKNF FGU -CKUGTU T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #TTCPIGOGPV CWU FTGK\GJP FWTEJ GKPG -QTFGN OKVGKPCPFGT XGTMPÒRHVG /GFCKNNQPU OKV FGP #PUKEJVGP TGURGMVKXG 2N·PGP FGT GKPIGPQOOGPGP 5V·FVG WPF 2N·V\G 1HGP )TCP <QNPQT 'RGTKGU 8QTQXKV\ 0QXKITCF 7PIYCT 0GWJ·WUGN 6QMC[ 5CTCXCU %CUEJCW 5GIGFKP WPF (ÒPHMKTEJ 7PVGP FGT VÒTMKUEJG *CNDOQPF WOIGUVÒT\V NKGIGPF QDGP \YGK GKPCPFGT \WIGYCPFVG 2WVVK FKG KP 5VTCJNGP UVGJGPFG -CKUGTMTQPG ÒDGT FKGUGU 6TKWORJCNCTTCPIGOGPV JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 4 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&'4 5+') $'+ /1* %5 +P FGT CO #WIWUV CWUIGVTCIGPGP 5EJNCEJV CO 4CPF FGU &QTHGU 0CI[JCTU±P[ DGK /QJ±EU UKGIVG GKP XQP *GT\QI -CTN 8 XQP .QVJTKPIGP FGO DC[GTKUEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN WPF /CTMITCH .WFYKI 9KNJGNO XQP $CFGP IGHÒJTVGU ITQGU *GGT ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP &KGUGT 'THQNI VTWI GPV UEJGKFGPF \WT 8GTFT·PIWPI FGU )GIPGTU CWU 7PICTP DGK UKGJG CWEJ -CV 0T WPF OCEJVG FGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP FGU -CKUGTU FGP 9GI PCEJ 5KGDGPDÒTIGP WPF 5GTDKGP HTGK
4404
4404
1,5:1
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP QFGT *CPU ,CEQD 9QNTCD 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 5KGI DGK /QJ±EU -CXCNNGTKG IGHÒJTV XQP FGT 4GKEJUHCJPG FGO MWTHÒTUVNKEJ DC[GTKUEJGP WPF FGO JGT\Q INKEJ NQVJTKPIKUEJGP $CPPGT CP GKPGO VÒTMKUEJGP (GNFNCIGT XQTDGKUVÒTOGPF WPF HNKGJGPFG VÒTMKUEJG 4GKVGTGK XQT UKEJ JGT VTGKDGPF +O 8QTFGTITWPF 9CUUGT YQTKP 6ÒTMGP \W 2HGTF KO *KPVGTITWPF FGT FWTEJ ªDGTUEJTKHV DG\GKEJPGVG /CTMVHNGEMGP /QJ±E\ 1DGP -TGW\ KP 5VTCJNGP WPF FKG OKV 2CNO\YGKIGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 2QTVT·VU FGU -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP WPF FGU *GT\QIU -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP &GT -CKUGT KP GKPGO XQP FTGK .ÌYGP IG\QIGPGP 6TKWORJCNYCIGP ÒDGT GKPGP CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP *WPF WPF GKPGP IGHCNNGPGP 6ÒTMGP JKPYGIHCJTGPF N DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGO JKPVGT KJO HNKGIGP FGP 'PIGN 1DGP T GKPG CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTVTGVGPFG JKOONKUEJG *CPF GKPGP ¤N WPF GKPGP 2CNO \YGKI FCTDKGVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 9KVV -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&CU OKV FGO <KVCV +0 *1% 5+)01 =XKPEGU? ōKP FKGUGO <GKEJGP YKTUV &W =UKGIGP?ŋ XGTDWPFGPG -TGW\OQVKX CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG PKOOV DG\WI CWH FKG 8KUKQP %QPUVCPVKPU FGU )TQGP KP FGT 5EJNCEJV CP FGT /KNXKUEJGP $TÒEMG WPF UVGNNV FKG CDGPFN·PFKUEJGP -·ORHGT KO 6ÒTMGPMTKGI UQOKV KP FKG 6TCFKVKQP FGT HTQOOGP 8GTHGEJVGT FGU %JTKUVGPVWOU
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 5+-.¡5 -WT\ PCEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK /QJ±EU GTTCPIGP FKG -CKUGTNKEJGP WPF FKG OKV KJPGP XGTDÒPFGVGP 6TWRRGP CWEJ DGK FGO PWT GVYC -KNQOGVGT XQO 5EJNCEJVQTV GPVHGTPVGP 1TV 5KMNÉU GKPGP 5KGI
4405
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK 5KMNÉU -QRH T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 5EJNCEJV CO (WG GKPGU *ÒIGNU CWH FGUUGP -WRRG GKPG 5EJCP\G N FKG IGQTFPGV CWHIGUVGNNVGP 4GIKOGPVGT FGT -CK UGTNKEJGP T FKG DGTGKVU KP 7PQTFPWPI IGTCVGPGP VÒTMKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 5GJT UEJÌP
143
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 5+-.¡5 70& &+' '+00#*/' 9'+6'4'4 $'('56+)6'4 146' +0 70)#40 0CEJ FGP 'THQNIGP FGT CDGPFN·PFKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG KP 7PICTP KO ,CJTG TGXQNVKGTVGP KP -QPUVCP VKPQRGN FKG ,CPKVUEJCTGP IGIGP 5WNVCP /GJOGF +8 &KG KPPGPRQNKVKUEJGP 7PTWJGP KO QUOCPKUEJGP 4GKEJ MQPPVG -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP PWV\GP WO KP FCU WPVGT VÒTMKUEJG .GJPUJQJGKV UVGJGPFG 5KGDGPDÒTIGP GKP \WFTKPIGP FGUUGP .CPFVCI KO ,CJTG FKG 1DGTJQJGKV FGU WPICTKUEJGP -ÌPKIU WPF FGU -CKUGTU CPGT MCPPVG YQDGK FGT -CKUGT FGO (ÒTUVGP #RCH[ FKG *GTTUEJCHV CWH .GDGPU\GKV \WUKEJGTVG
4406
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK 5KMNÉU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ <YKUEJGP 2CNO\YGKIGP 5EJNCEJVGPU\GPG QDGP 5EJTKHVDCPF 7PVGP UGEJU OKVGKPCPFGT XGTDWPFGPG N·PIUQXCNG $KNFOGFCKNNQPU OKV FGP #PUKEJVGP FGT GTQDGTVGP (GUVWPIGP 2QUGIC 'UUGEM 9CNRQ 2GVGT 9CTFGKP 2CNQVVC WPF 'TNC ITWRRKGTV WO FKG #WHUEJTKHV 8'4/'*4'4 &'5 4'+%*5 Û Û OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 567*.9'+55'0$74) 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI 5\¾MGUHGJ¾TX±T JCVVG UGKV FGO ,CJTG WPWPVGTDTQEJGP WPVGT VÒTMKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV IGUVCPFGP UKGJG -CV 0T +O /CK GTQDGTVGP FKG -CKUGTNKEJGP FKG 5VCFV
1,5:1 4407
144
4407
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG XQP 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI -CKUGT .GQRQNF + WPF UGKP 5QJP FGT WPICTKUEJG -ÌPKI ,QUGRJ KP GKPGO XQP \YGK HNKGIGPFGP #FNGTP IG\QIGPGP GKPCEJUKIGP 6TKWO RJYCIGP N ÒDGT 9CHHGP WPF FKG D·WEJNKPIU CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGU 0GKFU JKPYGI TQN NGPF 7PVGTJCND FGT #FNGT FTGK IGHGUUGNVG VÒTMKUEJG )GHCPIGPG QDGTJCND FGT 8ÌIGN FKG YGKDNKEJG 8GT MÌTRGTWPI FGU 5KGIGU OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP .QTDGGTMTCP\ ÒDGT FKG *GTTUEJGT JCNVGPF KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP 5EJNCPIGPTKPI CNU 'ODNGO FGT 'YKIMGKV 8QP GTJÌJVGT 9CTVG $NKEM CWH FKG XQP FGT 5QPPG DG UEJKGPGPG 5VCFV CO *QTK\QPV FGT WPVGTIGJGPFG *CNDOQPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV CVVTCMVKXGT 2CVKPC
4408
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ WPF .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI &GT -CKUGT VJTQPGPF HCUV X X KP XQNNGO 1TPCV KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKP <GRVGT JCNVGPF KO (GNF N FGT ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG $KPFGPUEJKNF T FGT WPICTKUEJG 9CRRGPUEJKNF $NKEM XQP UEJT·I QDGP CWH FKG 5VCFV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $'.)4#& $GNITCF YCT UGKV $GUVCPFVGKN FGU QUOCPKUEJGP 4GKEJGU WPF GKPG FGT YKEJVKIUVGP (GUVWPIGP CWH FGO $CNMCP #O 5GRVGODGT MQPPVG GKPG #TOGG CWU /CPP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU DC[GTK UEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN FKG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI GTUVÒTOGP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP IWV ,CJTGP GTNKVV $GNITCF GKP YGEJUGNXQNNGU 5EJKEMUCN
4409
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GNITCF
CWEJ )TKGEJKUEJ 9GKUUGPDWTI IGPCPPV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI $GNITCF KO #DUEJPKVV UGEJU <GKNGP 6GZV &KG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT EJTKUVNKEJGP 4GNKIKQP UEJTGKVGPF N FCU WPICTKUEJG &QRRGNMTGW\ GKPGO CO $QFGP WPVGT JKOONKUEJGP 5VTCJNGP PKGFGTDTGEJGPFGP 6ÒTMGP GPVIGIGP JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 9KVV #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' '+00#*/' 810 -#0+5%*# -#0+<5#
4410
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP -CPKUEJC #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP (COC UEJYGDGPF N FKG 2QUCWPG DNCUGPF WPF GKP 5EJTKHVDCPF OKV FGO 0COGP FGT 5VCFV JCNVGPF +O #DUEJPKVV UKGDGP\GKNKIGT 6GZV &GT -CKUGT UVGJGPF T KP CPVKMGT 4ÒUVWPI FCU .CDCTWO OKV FGT 4GEJVGP WPF GKPG 8KEVQTKCUVCVWGVVG KP FGT .KPMGP JCNVGPF 8QT FGO *GTTUEJGT GKP IGHCPIGPGT 6ÒTMG MPKGPF N KP -GVVGP FKG 5VCFVUEJNÒUUGN ÒDGTTGKEJGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT 145
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 5#.#0-#/'0 5<.#0-#/'0 7PYGKV FGT 6JGKOÒPFWPI KP FKG &QPCW VTCHGP DGK 5CNCPMCOGP CO #WIWUV GKP XQP .WFYKI 9KNJGNO /CTMITCH XQP $CFGP IGPCPPV 6ÒTMGPNQWKU IGHÒJTVGU MCKUGTNKEJG *GGT OKV 5QNFCVGP WPF GKPG GVYC /CPP UVCTMG VÒTMKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU )TQYGUKTU -ÌTRTÒNÒ CWHGKPCPFGT &GO /CTMITCHGP IGNCPI GU UEJNKGNKEJ FGP ÒDGTO·EJVKIGP )GIPGT PCEJ GKPGO <CPIGPCP ITKHH \W UEJNCIGP 'VYC (GKPFG YCTGP IGHCNNGP FCTWPVGT CWEJ FGT )TQYGUKT WPF 2CUEJCU &KG -CKUGTNKEJGP JCVVGP TWPF GKP 8KGTVGN KJTGT .GWVG XGTNQTGP
4411
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP WPVGT FGT (ÒJTWPI XQP .WFYKI 9KNJGNO /CTMITCH XQP $CFGP GTHQEJVGPGP 5KGI DGK 5CNCPMCOGP )GHGUUGNVGT 6ÒTMG UKV\GPF T DGK \CJNTGKEJGP $GWVGUVÒEMGP WPF 9CHHGP QDGP IGMTÌPVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU /CTMITCHGP \YKUEJGP 2CNO \YGKIGP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + GKPG 8KEVQTKCUVCVWGVVG KP FGT 4GEJVGP KP GKPGT 6TKWORJCNSWCFTKIC ÒDGT CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP 5EJKNFGP OKV VÒTMKUEJGP WPF HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 'ODNGOGP WPF #PITKHHUYCHHGP JKPYGI HCJTGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KGNCPFV <GKV\ (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 )41559#4&'+0 0 );8 4#& 8 4#&+0 0CEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 5CNCPMCOGP YCPFVG UKEJ /CTMITCH .WFYKI 9KNJGNO XQP $CFGP OKV UGKPGP 6TWR RGP )TQYCTFGKP \W FCU FKG 6ÒTMGP UGKV DGUGV\V JKGNVGP &KG $GNCIGTWPI FWTEJ FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP GPFGVG OKV FGT -CRKVWNCVKQP FGU )GIPGTU CO ,WPK
4412
146
1,5:1
4412
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )TQYCTFGKP &KG $TWUVDKNFGT XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + WPF -ÌPKI ,QUGRJ + PGDGPGKPCPFGT T &GT -CKUGT T VJTQPGPF FKG 5EJNÒUUGN XQP FGT XQT KJO MPKGPFGP 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV GORHCPIGPF 1DGP 8KEVQTKC HNKGIGPF N OKV FGT 4GEJVGP FGP *GTTUEJGT DGMT·P\GPF GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI KP FGT .KPMGP +O *KPVGTITWPF (GNFNCIGT XQT #PUKEJV FGT DGHGUVKIVGP 5VCFV WPF FGT (GUVWPI )TQYCTFGKP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4413
4414
4415
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )TQYCTFGKP 'KP IGHNÒ IGNVGT )GPKWU UEJTGKVGPF T XQT FGO KJO IGIGPÒDGT UKV\GPFGP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + FGO *GTTUEJGT GKP WONQTDGGTVGU /GFCKNNQP OKV FGT #PUKEJV FGT GTQDGTVGP 5VCFV UQYKG GKP 5EJTKHVUVÒEM RT·UGPVKGTGPF 8QT FGT (NWUUNCPFUEJCHV WO )TQYCTFGKP FKG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT $GJCTTNKEJMGKV WPF 5VCPFJCHVKIMGKV DGK GKPGO 5·WNGPUVWORH UVGJGPF N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF 5VCD /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
&+' 5+')' ª$'4 &+' (4#0<15'0 70& &+' 6ª4-'0 +/ ,#*4 -CKUGT .GQRQNF + YCT UGKV KP GKPGP <YGKHTQPVGPMTKGI XGTYKEMGNV KO 1UVGP FGU 4GKEJGU OKV FGP 6ÒTMGP WPF KO 9GUVGP OKV FGO -ÌPKITGKEJ (TCPMTGKEJ KO UQIGPCPPVGP 2H·N\KUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI $KU FGO 2T·IGLCJT FGT PCEJHQNIGPFGP /GFCKNNG JCVVG FKG ō*GKNKIG #NNKCP\ŋ GKP WPVGT FGO 2TQVGMVQTCV XQP 2CRUV +PPQ\GP\ :+ IGUEJNQUUGPGU $ÒPFPKU FGU -CKUGTU FGU -ÌPKIU XQP 2QNGP WPF FGT 4GRWDNKM 8GPGFKI IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP \CJNTGKEJG 'THQNIG \W XGT\GKEJPGP #WEJ KO YGEJUGNXQNN XGTNCWHGPFGP -TKGI IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ MQPPVG FKG ō)TQG #NNKCP\ŋ FGT PGDGP FGO -CKUGT FKG )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGT NCPFG 5RCPKGP WPF 5CXQ[GP CPIGJÌTVGP KP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP WPF KP +VCNKGP GKPKIG 'THQNIG GT\KGNGP UQ CWEJ CO 4JGKP YQJKP FGT -CKUGT KO ,CJTG UGKPGP VCVMT·HVKIGP WPF GTHQNITGKEJGP )GPGTCNHGNFOCT UEJCNN .WFYKI 9KNJGNO /CTMITCH XQP $CFGP IGPCPPV 6ÒTMGPNQWKU XQO ÌUVNKEJGP -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\ CNU 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGT XGTUGV\V JCVVG UKGJG FC\W CWEJ -CV 0T
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG CO 4JGKP WPF KP 7PICTP 'KPG )TWRRG XQP DGJGNOVGP MKPFNKEJGP )GPKGP .CP\GP OKV FGP $CPPGTP XQP 2QNGP WPF .KVCWGP 5RCPKGP FGU XGPG\KCPKUEJGP &QIGP WPF FGU -CKUGTU FCU 5KIPWO FGU %JTKUVGPVWOU .CDCTWO UQYKG (CJPGPNCP\GP OKV FGP $CPPGTP FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG )TQDTKVCPPKGPU WPF 5CXQ[GPU JCNVGPF WPF CWH FGP CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP (CJPGP FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU (TCPM TGKEJU WPF FGU QUOCPKUEJGP 4GKEJGU UVGJGPF 8KEVQTKC UVGJGPF X X OKV .QTDGGTMT·P\GP WPF 2CNO\YGKI \YKUEJGP FGP CO $QFGP OKV 3WGNNWTPGP UKV\GPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPIGP FGT (NÒUUG &QPCW WPF 6JGKUU UQYKG FGU 4JGKPU /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 2TCEJVXQNNG 2CVKPC MN 5VGORGNDTWEJ CO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
<KPPOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5KGIG CO 4JGKP WPF KP 7PICTP /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV WPF GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5GJT UEJÌP
147
4417 4416
4416
&+' '+00#*/' 810 2'6'49#4&'+0 2 6'48 4#&
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP 2GVGTYCTFGKP
2¾VGTX±TCF 2NCP FGT $GNCIGTWPI XQP 2GVGTYCTFGKP OKV FGT (GUVWPI WPF FGO DGHGUVKIVGP .CIGT FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP CO TGEJVGP &QPCWHGT WPF GKPGO $TÒEMGPMQRH CO NKPMGP 7HGT FGU (NWUUGU 8KEVQTKC UVGJGPF JCNDT GKPGP 5VCD JCNVGPF *KPVGT KJT GKPG 5EJCP\G KP FGT UKEJ VÒTMKUEJG -TKGIGT WPF \YGK -COGNG DGHKPFGP +P GKPKIGT 'PVHGTPWPI FKG (GUVWPI WPF FGT &QPCWNCWH OKV CPMGTPFGP 5EJKHHGP ªDGT FGP 5EJKH HGP IGJV GKP 7PYGVVGT PKGFGT /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 -N 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' -72('424 )70) 810 5%*'/0+6< $ 05-# 56+#80+%# 9 *4'0& 70& 0#%* &'/ 6ª4-'0-4+')
+P FGT WPICTKUEJGP $GTIDCWUVCFV 5EJGOPKV\ JGWVG 5NQYCMGK GPVUVCPFGP \YKUEJGP WPF -WR HGTRT·IWPIGP QJPG 9GTVCPICDG WPF OKV FGT IGMTÌPVGP 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT .GQRQNFU + )GO· /CKNNGV WPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF GPVUVCPFGP UKG KO 6ÒTMGPMTKGI *GTKPGM PKOOV UKG GDGPHCNNU CNU 0QVOÒP\GP KO 9GTV XQP D\Y 2QNVWTGP KP UGKPGP -CVCNQI FGT JCDUDWTIKUEJGP /ÒP\RT·IWPIGP CWH 0CEJ CPFGTGT /GKPWPI JCPFGNV GU UKEJ DGK FGP -WRHGTRT·IWPIGP WO /CTMGP .GQRQNF + -W 2T·IWPI \W 2QNVWTC 5EJGOPKV\ I &KG IGMTÌPVG 0COGPUK PKVKCNG FGU -CKUGTU \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP % WPF 5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H %+ 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 %4'/10# 70& &+' )'(#0)'00#*/' &'5 (4#0<¤5+5%*'0 1$'4$'('*.5*#$'45 8+..'41;
2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP YCT DGTGKVU KO 0QXGODGT XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + \WO 1DGTMQOOCPFKG TGPFGP FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP #TOGG KP 1DGTKVCNKGP DGUVGNNV YQTFGP 9·JTGPF FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU FTCPI GT KP FGT 0CEJV XQO ,CPWCT CWH FGP (GDTWCT OKV UGKPGP 5QNFCVGP VQNNMÒJP KP FKG XQP FGP (TCP\QUGP DGUGV\VG 5VCFV %TGOQPC GKP WPF PCJO FQTV FGP 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGT FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP KP +VCNKGP FGP /CTUEJCNN 8KNNGTQ[ UCOV UGKPGT 5QNFCVGP IGHCPIGP
4418
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI UCVKTKUEJG 2T·IWPI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP %TGOQPC WPF FKG )GHCPIGPPCJOG FGU 1DGTDGHGJNU JCDGTU /CTUEJCNN 8KNNGTQ[ FWTEJ MCKUGTNKEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP +POKVVGP GKPGT )TWRRG CWUGKPCPFGT UVKGDGPFGT *ÒJPGT GKP #FNGT GKPGP TÒEMNKPIU CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP *CJP UEJNCIGPF CO NKPMGP $KNFTCPF 2QUCWPG DNCUGPFG (COC VCP\GPF X X 1DGP GKP OKV 2CNO\YGKIGP IG UEJOÒEMVGU /GFCKNNQP OKV FGO T IGYCPFVGP 2QTVT·V FGU 2TKP\GP 'WIGP &TGK .KNKGPIGY·EJUG FGPGP FKG $N·VVGT XQP FGO CWU GKPGT 9QNMG DNCUGPFGP 9KPF GPVTKUUGP YGTFGP +O 8QTFGTITWPF DGJGNOVG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV )GTOCPKC #WUVTKC ! UKV\GPF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF NCPIGO -NGKF UKEJ CWH GKPGP OKV FGO FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP #FNGT IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF UVÒV\GPF GKPG .CP\G OKV FGT 4GEJVGP WPF GKPG 8KEVQTKCUVCVW GVVG KP FGT XQTIGUVTGEMVGP .KPMGP JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT %QNN (KGYGIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 4 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ &KG XQTNKGIGPFG /GFCKNNG FKGPV \WT 8GTJGTTNKEJWPI FGU *WUCTGPUVTGKEJU FGU 2TKP\GP 'WIGP WPF \WINGKEJ \WT 8GTURQV VWPI FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU FGT JKGT CNU ICNNKUEJGT *CJP WPF GKPIGFGPM UGKPGU 9CRRGPU CNU KJTGP $N·VVGTP DGTCWDVG .KNKGPIGY·EJUG GTUEJGKPV
148
&'4 #7(56#0& &'4 /#.-106'06'0 70& &'4 -747<<'0-4+') 7PICTP YCT OKV FGO XQTN·WHKIGP 'PFG FGU 6ÒTMGPMTKGIGU KO IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP -CTNQYKV\ MGKPG N·PIGTG 4WJG\GKV XGTIÌPPV /KV #WUPCJOG FGU $CPCVU WPF 5KGDGPDÒTIGPU YCT FCU .CPF \YCT PWP XQP FGP 6ÒTMGP DGHTGKV FQEJ JCFGTVG GKP 6GKN FGU #FGNU FKG /CNMQPVGPVGP OKV FGT .CPFGUJGTTUEJCHV FGU *CWUGU *CDUDWTI KP 7PICTP 5EJQP HTÒJGT YCT GU CWU FKGUGO )TWPFG \W #WHUV·PFGP KP 7PICTP IGMQOOGP \WNGV\V KP GKPGT XQP +OTG )TCH XQP 6ÌMÌN[ IGHÒJTVGP 'TJGDWPI IGIGP *CDUDWTI 'KP CDGTOCNKIGT #WHUVCPF GTHQNIVG WPVGT (TCP\ ++ XQP 4±MÉE\[ FGT XQP FGT 1DTKIMGKV XGTJCHVGV WPF WPF KP #DYGUGPJGKV \WO 6QFG XGTWTVGKNV YWTFG PCEJFGO GT HNKGJGP MQPPVG /KV UGKPGO #WHTWH \WO #WHUVCPF FGT 7PICTP IGIGP *CDUDWTI MQPPVG GT GKPG YCEJUGPFG #PJ·PIGTUEJCHV IGYKPPGP FKG UKEJ -WTW\\GP PCPPVGP /KV UGKPGT 2TQMNCOCVKQP FGT 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV 7PICTPU XQO ,WPK DTCEJVG GT GKPGP )TQVGKN UGKPGU 8QNMGU CWH FKG 5GKVG FGT -WTW\\GP 9·JTGPF FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU QRGTKGTVGP FKG -WTW\\GP OKNKV·TKUEJ IGIGP *CDUDWTI 5KG FTCPIGP KP FKG WPIGUEJÒV\VGP QHHGPGP )GIGP FGP 9GUVWPICTPU XQT WPF KP FKG UÒFNKEJG 5VGKGTOCTM UGNDUV DKU 9KGP YWTFG KJT (ÒJTGT 4±MÉE\[ \WO (ÒTUVGP XQP 5KGDGPDÒTIGP GTJQDGP WPF \WO (ÒJTGT FGT WPICTKUEJGP -QPHÌFGTCVKQP IGY·JNV FQEJ GTNKVV GT DGTGKVU DGK 6[TPCW GKPG UEJYGTG OKNKV·TKUEJG 0KGFGTNCIG IGIGP GKPG MCKUGTNKEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV #WH FGO WPICTKUEJGP -QPHÌFGTCVKQPUTGKEJUVCI \W 1PQF DGVTKGD GT FGP $GUEJNWUU \WT 6JTQPCDUGV\WPI FGT *CDUDWTIGT 0CEJ FGT GPVUEJGKFGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGT -WTW\\GP DGK 6TGPVUEJKGP KO ,CJTG DGICD UKEJ 4±MÉE\[ KPU 'ZKN PCEJ 2QNGP &GT -WTW\\GPMTKGI GPFGVG KPFGU GTUV KP FGO CO #RTKN \W 5\CVO±T XQP -CKUGT ,QUGRJ + OKV FGP 5V·PFGP XQP 7PICTP WPF 5KGDGPDÒTIGP IGUEJNQUUG PGP (TKGFGP KP FGO *CDUDWTI FGP #WHUV·PFKUEJGP #OPGUVKG WPF HTGKG 4GNKQPUCWUÒDWPI \WDKNNKIVG (TCP\ ++ 4±MÉE\[ MGJTVG LGFQEJ PKG OGJT KP UGKP *GKOCVNCPF \WTÒEM
4420
4419
#WHUVCPF WPVGT (TCP\ 4CMQE\[ -W 2QNVWTC 2* OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG /CFQPPC I /KV GKPGT $ÒIGNMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVGT IGURCNVGPGT WPICTKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF /CFQPPC UKV\GPF X X KO (GNF 2 * WPVGP -CTVWUEJG OKV FGT 9GTV\CJN QDGP DQIKI 241 .+$'46#6' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM *WU\CT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .+++ 5GJT UEJÌP
-W 2QNVWTC OKV JQEJQXCNGO )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG /CFQPPC I )GURCNVGPGT WPICTKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP -TQPG -CTVWUEJG OKV FGT 9GTV\CJN QDGP 241 .+$'46#6' $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI *GTKPGM *WU\CT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .+8
FQTV ,CJTICPI 5GJT UEJÌP
4421
4422
4423
4422
-W 2QNVWTC -$ -TGOPKV\ I )GURCNVGPGT WPICTKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP -TQPG /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UKV\GPF X X $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM *WU\CT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .+8 5GJT UEJÌP 4GKEJUVCNGT // /WPMCEU I )GURCNVGPGT WPICTKUEJGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP -TQPG WO JGT 8GT\KGTWPI #WH 9QNMG /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UKV\GPF X X KO (GNF / / $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H *GTKPGM *WU\CT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .+++ 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&#5 -72('40' -4'&+6)'.& 810 '2'4,'5 +/ -747<<'0-4+')
9·JTGPF FGT $NQEMCFG FGT 5VCFV 'RGTLGU 'RGTKGU FWTEJ FKG -WTW\\GP GTHQNIVG FKG #WUICDG MWRHGTPGP -TGFKVIGNFGU OKV FGO 5KIPWO XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + .GQRQNF + -W 0QVOÒP\G QJPG 9GTVCPICDG 2QNVWTC ! 'RGTLGU I &KG OKV GKPGT -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN '2'4 Û Û $.1% Û $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT %0# M *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GJT UEJÌP
149
&#5 -72('40' -4'&+6)'.& 810 )41559#4&'+0 +/ -747<<'0 -4+') #WEJ KP FGT 5VCFV )TQYCTFGKP 8CTCFKP GTICD UKEJ Y·JTGPF FGU -WTW\\GPMTKGIGU UKGJG -CV 0TP FKG 0QVYGPFKIMGKV \WT #WUICDG MWRHGTPGP 0QVIGNFGU UGKVGPU FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP FKGUOCN OKV FGT +PKVKCNG ,QUGHU +
4425
4424
,QUGH + -W 2QNVWTC 8CTCFKP )TQYCTFGKP I &KG OKV FGT TWFQNHKPKUEJGP -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT ,QUGHU + FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT $W\F .WEJ 1RT XCT %0# J *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H %:+8 XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -W 0QVRT·IWPI QJPG 0QOKPCNCPICDG 2QNVWTC ! 8CTCFKP )TQYCTFGKP I &KG OKV FGT TWFQNHKPKUEJGP -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG -CKUGT ,QUGHU + \YKUEJGP ) 9 + +1 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $W\F .WEJ 1RT %0# J *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H %:+8 44 7PTGIGNO·KIGT 5EJTÌVNKPI UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ *¤%*56 &6 70& $.+0&*'+/ $.'0*'+/ +O 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI GTNKVV -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP KO ,CJTG GKPG UEJYGTG 0KGFGTNCIG FKG FCU 5EJKEMUCN $C[GTPU HÒT FKG HQNIGPFGP ,CJTG OCIGDNKEJ DGGKPHNWUUGP UQNNVG 0CEJ FGO 5KGI FGT #NNKKGTVGP ÒDGT FCU DC[GTKUEJG *GGT CO ,WNK DGK &QPCWYÌTVJ UKGJG -CV 0T VTCHGP FKG )GIPGT CO #WIWUV CDGTOCNU DGK *ÌEJUV·FV WPF $NKPFJGKO GPIN $NGPJGKO CP FGT &QPCW CWHGKPCPFGT &KG DGKFGP XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP WPF ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQ TQWIJ IGHÒJTVGP #TOGGP FGT #NNKKGTVGP XGTHÒIVGP \WUCOOGP ÒDGT /CPP WPF )GUEJÒV\G 5KG DTCEJVGP FGP OKV 5QNFCVGP WPF )GUEJÒV\GP \CJNGPO·KI ÒDGTNGIGPGP $C[GTP GKPG GPVUEJGK FGPFG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 9·JTGPF FKG #NNKKGTVGP CWH KJTGT 5GKVG 6QVG WPF 8GTYWPFGVG XGT \GKEJPGVGP YCTGP $C[GTP IGHCNNGP WPF EC XGTYWPFGV QFGT ÒDGTIGNCWHGP <WFGO OCEJVGP FKG #NNKKGTVGP )GHCPIGPG FCTWPVGT CWEJ FGT IGIPGTKUEJG /CTUEJCNN 6CNNCTF 0CEJ FKGUGT GPV UEJGKFGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG \QIGP UKEJ FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG WPF FKG 4GUVG FGT DC[GTKUEJGP #TOGG CWU ICP\ 5ÒFFGWVUEJNCPF \WTÒEM WPF DGICDGP UKEJ CWH FCU NKPMG 4JGKPWHGT #WEJ -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN UCJ UKEJ \WT (NWEJV CWU UGKPGO .CPFG IG\YWPIGP WPF DGICD UKEJ PCEJ $TÒUUGN 5GKPG KO .CPF XGTDNKGDGPG )GOCJNKP DGMCO XQP KJO CO #WIWUV FKG 4GIGPVUEJCHV ÒDGT $C[GTP ÒDGTVTCIGP (TGKNKEJ NKG -CKUGT ,QUGRJ + FCU .CPF XQP 6TWRRGP DGUGV\GP WPF UVGNNVG GU WPVGT MCKUGTNKEJG #F OKPKUVTCVKQP #O #RTKN FGU FCTCWH HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGU YWTFG /CZKOKNKCP 'OCPWGN XQO -CKUGT IG·EJ VGV 5GKPG 4GEJVG WPF UGKP 6GTTKVQTKWO DGMCO GT GTUV KO (TKGFGP XQP 4CUVCVV YKGFGT \WIGURTQEJGP
4426
150
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT HÒT FGP /GFCKNNGPRTQFW\GPVGP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK *ÌEJUV·FV 2TKP\ 'WIGP WPF ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ GKPCPFGT \WIGYCPFV MPKGPF IÌVVNKEJGP $GKUVCPF GTHNGJGPF WPF PCEJ QDGP DNKEMGPF YQ JKOONKUEJG 5VTCJNGP GKP 9QNMGPDCPF FWTEJDTGEJGP +O *KPVGTITWPF <GNVG GKPGU (GNFNC IGTU 5EJNCEJVU\GPG +O 8QTFGTITWPF MCKUGTNKEJG GPINKUEJG WPF JGUUKUEJG 4GKVGTGK HNKGJGPFGT HTCP\ÌUK UEJGT +PHCPVGTKG PCEJUGV\GPF +O *KPVGTITWPF XQT FGO &QPCWNCWH WPF GKPGT $GTIMGVVG FKEJVGU -CORH IGVÒOOGN \YKUEJGP FGT 5VCFV *ÌEJUV·FV WPF FGP XQTIGNCIGTVGP 5EJCP\WPIGP FGT (TCP\QUGP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC 4 &WPMNG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'(4'+70) 5%*9#$'05 0CEJ FGT UKGITGKEJGP 5EJNCEJV DGK *ÌEJUV·FV MQPPVGP FKG #NNKKGTVGP WPIGJKPFGTV KP 5EJYCDGP GKPOCT UEJKGTGP FC FKG IGUCOVG )GIGPF XQP FGP HGKPFNKEJGP 6TWRRGP IGT·WOV YQTFGP YCT
4427
.GQRQNF + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG $GHTGKWPI 5EJYC DGPU $TWUVDKNF XQP -CKUGT .GQRQNF + T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF FGT -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8KGU &GT -CKUGT VJTQPGPF T DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGO JKPVGT KJO UVGJGPFGP 'PIGN FGT XQT KJO UVGJGPFGP YGKDNKEJGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI 5EJYCDGPU GKP <GRVGT TGKEJGPF FKG OKV KJTGT .KPMGP FGP 5EJKNF FGU 5EJY·DKUEJGP 4GKEJUMTGKUGU J·NV 'TJCDGPG 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 .+..' 4;55'. +O ,CJTG MQP\GPVTKGTVGP UKEJ FKG 1RGTCVKQPGP IGIGP .QWKU :+8 KP (NCPFGTP WPF 0QTFHTCPMTGKEJ 'KPG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT #NNKKGTVGP DTCEJVG CO ,WNK FGU ,CJTGU DGK 1WFGPCCTFG CP FGT 5EJGNFG FGT HTCP\Ì UKUEJGP #TOGG GKPG JGTDG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK FKG FGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP FGP /CTUEJ CWH FCU UVCTM DGHGUVKIVG .KNNG GTÌHHPGVG 'KP XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP IGHÒJTVGU *GGT DGICPP CO #WIWUV FKG 5VCFV GKP\WUEJNKGGP FKG GTUV UGKV WPVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV UVCPF WPF UGKVFGO \W GKPGT FGT IGYCN VKIUVGP (GUVWPIGP CP FGT 0QTFITGP\G FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU CWUIGDCWV YQTFGP YCT &KG $GUEJKGWPI FGT 5VCFV YWTFG CO #WIWUV GTÌHHPGV 0CEJ GKPGT XGTNWUVTGKEJGP $GNCIGTWPI ÒDGTICD FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -QO OCPFCPV WPF /CTUEJCNN FG $QWHHNGTU \YCT CO 1MVQDGT FKG 5VCFV FQEJ \QI GT UKEJ UQFCPP WOIGJGPF OKV UGKPGP 5QNFCVGP KP FKG <KVCFGNNG \WTÒEM FKG GT PQEJ DKU \WT GPFIÒNVKIGP -CRKVWNCVKQP CO &G\GODGT \·J XGTVGKFKIVG
4428
,QUGH + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP .KNNG &KG YGKDNKEJG 8GT MÌTRGTWPI (TCPMTGKEJU UKV\GPF JCNDN KP 6TCWGTRQUG FGP -QRH OKV FGT .KPMGP UVÒV\GPF 5KG YGKUV OKV FGT 4GEJVGP CWH GKPG CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG .KNKG FKG CWU FGO MÌPKINKEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP .KNKGPUEJKNF JGTCWU IGHCNNGP KUV FGT N PGDGP KJT CP FGO XGTFQTTVGP #UV GKPGU $CWOUVWORHGU DGHGUVKIV KUV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV .KNNG XQP 5ÒFGP KO 8QTFGTITWPF 9KPFOÒJNGP /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT #PO 5NI 'TNCPIGT FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP .C\CTWU )QVVNKGD .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI *CYMKPU 6H %::+: KO $GINGKVVGZV \WT #DD RTQDCDN[ VJG YQTM QH /CTVKP $TWPPGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU -2- FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QP VGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP %CURCT 6JGQRJKN .CWHHGT 0ÒTPDGTI /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC OKP 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
151
&+' '+00#*/' 810 61740#+ 70& /105 #WEJ KO ,CJTG XGTNKGH FKG -CORCIPG FGT #NNKGTVGP KP 0QTFHTCPMTGKEJ UGJT GTHQNITGKEJ <WP·EJUV DG NCIGTVGP UKG 6QWTPCK &KG 5VCFV MCRKVWNKGTVG CO ,WNK WPF CO 5GRVGODGT ICD CWEJ FKG $GUCV\WPI FGT <KVCFGNNG KJTGP -CORH XGTNQTGP #PUEJNKGGPF YCPFVGP UKEJ 2TKP\ 'WIGP WPF FGT *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ FGT UVCTMGP (GUVWPI /QPU \W FKG UKG LGFQEJ GTUV GTTGKEJVGP PCEJFGO UKG DGK /CNRNCSWGV WPVGT ITQGP 8GTNWUVGP GKPG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV IGUEJNCIGP JCVVGP &KG $GNCIGTWPI XQP /QPU GPFGVG OKV FGT -CRKVWNCVKQP FGT 5VCFV CO 1MVQDGT
4429
,QUGH + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6QWTPCK WPF /QPU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGT MTCP\ 2QUCWPG DNCUGPFG (COC HNKGIGPF N GKP &GPMOCN DGMT·P\GPF CP FGUUGP (TQPV GKP /GFCKNNQP OKV FGT 5VCFVCPUKEJV XQP 6QWTPCK 8QTP /CTU UKV\GPF OKV GKPGO 5EJYGTV WPF GKPGT -CTVWUEJG FCTKP 5EJNCEJV U\GPG PGDGP KJO *GTEWNGU OKV -GWNG WPF GKPGT -CTVWUEJG FCTKP 5VCFVCPUKEJV XQP /QPU OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *CYMKPU 6H %:::+ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4430
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT WPF /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'TQDG TWPI XQP 6QWTPCK &KG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI (TCPMTGKEJU KP )GDGVUJCNVWPI UKV\GPF FGP $NKEM CWH GKPGP DTGPPGPFGP 6WTO TKEJVGPF FGT WPVGT FGT 9WEJV XQP $NKV\GP DKTUV #PUKEJV FGT WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF <GNVG WPF 5VGNNWPIGP FGT $GNCIGTGT 1DGP \YGK 9CRRGPUEJKNFG /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I *CYMKPU 6H %::: 5NI ,WNKWU X a.QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC FQTV KP <KPP 44 9KP\KIG 2TQDKGTURWTGP CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 &17#+
4431
152
,QUGH + 5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP &QWCK <YGK 9ÒTHGNURKGNGT CWH GKPGO CO $QFGP CWUIGDTGKVGVGP /CPVGN UKV\GPF &GT NKPMG GKP 8GTVTGVGT FGT #NNKKGT VGP GORH·PIV XQP UGKPGO )GIGPÒDGT GKP (TCP\QUG GKP OÒP\CTVKIGU /GFCKNNQP YQTCWH &1 8#; <W UGKPGP (ÒGP YGKVGTG /GFCKNNQPU YQTCWH /1 05 47 5'. TGR &14 0+% $GK FGO TGEJVGP 5RKGNGT GKPGO 8GTVTGVGT (TCPMTGKEJU \YGK /GFCKNNQPG YQTCWH #4 4#5 TGUR 2# 4+5 &KG 'TFMW IGN FKG 5QPPG FCU 'ODNGO FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 HCUV I·P\NKEJ XGTFGEMGPF OO I %QNN (KGYGIGT *CYMKPU 6H %:::++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC FQTV KP $TQP\G WPF <KPP 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4432
4433
4434
&+' '+00#*/' 810 &17#+ 56 8'0#06 $'6*70' 70& #+4'
,QUGH + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIU DWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP &QWC[ 5V 8GPCPV $GVJWPG WPF #KTG &KG GKPCPFGT IGIGP ÒDGT IGUVGNNVGP $TWUVDKNFGT XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP WPF ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ DGKFG KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF 1TFGPUMGVVG 8KGT OKV /CWGTMTQPGP ÒDGTJÌJVG -CTVWUEJGP OKV &CTUVGNNWPIGP FGT HÒPH GTQDGTVGP 2N·V\G QDGP GKPG OKV GKPGT 2CNKUCFGPMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG -CTVWUEJG OKV &CTUVGNNWPI GKPGT 5EJNCEJV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'KOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %:::+++ FQTV KO $GINGKVVGZV CNU #TDGKV XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 5NI ,WNKWU FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT 5GJT UEJÌP
&GT 5EJÌRHGT FGT 2T·IGUVGORGN KUV W ' PKEJV UKEJGT \W DGUVKOOGP &KG /GFCKNNG UVGJV KP UVKNKUVKUEJGT *KPUKEJV GJGT FGP /ÒNNGT UEJGP P·JGT CNU FGP *CWVUEJ GP #TDGKVGP &KG OKV FGT 0COGPUKPKVKCNG * UKIPKGTVG 8QTFGTUGKVG GKPGT XQP *CWVUEJ IGUEJPKVVGPGP /GFCKNNG CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK /CNRNCSWGV 2QRGNMC GPVURTKEJV KO $KNF WPF 5EJTKHV \YCT FGO JKGT XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEM FQEJ UVGJV UKG FKGUGT KP KJTGT UVKNKUVKUEJGP 7OUGV\WPI FGWVNKEJ PCEJ &KG DGKFGP HÒPHUVTCJNKIGP 5VGTPTQUGVVGP KPPGTJCND FGT 7OUEJTKHV UKPF YQJN MCWO CNU 5KIPCVWT XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT UQPFGTP XKGNOGJT CNU FGMQTCVKXG +PVGTRWPMVKQP \W XGTUVGJGP 5QYGKV /ÒNNGT UGKPG #TDGKVGP PKEJV OKV UGKPGP +PKVKCNGP UKIPKGTVG XGTYGPFGVG GT GKPGP UGEJUUVTCJNKIGP 5VGTP
<KPPOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP &QWC[ 5V 8GPCPV $GVJWPG WPF #KTG &KG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT IGUVGNNVGP $TWUVDKNFGT XQP 2TKP\ 'WIGP WPF ,QJP %JWTEJKNN *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ DGKFG KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF 1TFGPUMGVVG 8KGT OKV /CWGTMTQPGP ÒDGTJÌJVG -CTVWUEJGP OKV &CTUVGNNWPIGP FGT HÒPH GTQDGTVGP 2N·V\G QDGP GKPG OKV GKPGT 2CNKUCFGPMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG -CTVWUEJG OKV &CTUVGNNWPI GKPGT 5EJNCEJV /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV WPF GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO 'KOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %:::+++ FQTV KO $GINGKVVGZV CNU #TDGKV XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTP DGTI 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT CNU #TDGKV XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 5NI ,WNKWU FQTV CNU #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN 2QRGNMC
FQTV KP 5KNDGT CNU #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5CVKTKUEJG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GVJWPG 5V 8GPCPV WPF #KTG KO JGWVKIGP 0QTFHTCPMTGKEJ WPF FKXGTUGT HNCPFTKUEJGT 5V·FVG $NKEM CWH #KTG KO 8QTFGTITWPF FCU DTKVKUEJG 'KPJQTP FGT #FNGT FGU *GKNKIGP 4ÌOKUEJGP 4GKEJGU WPF FGT PKG FGTN·PFKUEJG .ÌYG GKPGP JÌN\GTPGP <CWP PKGFGTTGKGPF 1DGP GKPG CWH GKP 0QVGPDNCVV PQVKGTVG #TKG #WH GKPGO 6KUEJ FGT OKV GKPGO OKV FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP .KNKGP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 6WEJ XGTJÒNNV KUV GKP <GRVGT WPF GKP CWHIGUEJNCIGPGU 0QVGPDWEJ UVGJGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT %QNN (KGYGIGT XIN FQTV KP <KPP *CYMKPU 6H %:::+++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC XIN
FQTV KP <KPP 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
153
&+' -#+5'4.+%*' #&/+0+564#6+10 +0 $#;'40 +P FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK *ÌEJUV·FV YWTFG FCU DC[GTKUEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJG *GGT FWTEJ 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP WPF FGP *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ XQNNUV·PFKI XGTPKEJVGV /CZKOKNKCP 'OCPWGN OWUUVG $C[GTP XGTNCUUGP WPF XGTNQT UGKPG .CPFG /CP XGTJ·PIVG FKG 4GKEJUCEJV ÒDGT KJP 'TUV FWTEJ FGP (TKGFGP XQP $CFGP YWTFGP FKG 4GKEJUCEJV WPF FKG FCOKV XGTDWPFGPGP 5CPMVKQPGP CWHIGJQDGP &KG KP FGT <YK UEJGP\GKV GPVUVCPFGPGP /ÒP\GP YKG FKG DGKFGP HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMG UKPF XQP FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP #FOKPKUVTC VKQP KP $C[GTP IGRT·IV YQTFGP
4436
4435
,QUGH + )TQUEJGP /ÒPEJGP I $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GMTÌPVGT &QRRGNCFNGT *CJP *GTKPGM 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
-CTN 8+ )TQUEJGP /ÒPEJGP I $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GMTÌPVGT &QRRGNCFNGT *CJP *GTKPGM 4 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $#4%'.10#
4437
-CTN 8+ CNU -ÌPKI -CTN +++ XQP 5RCPKGP 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV $CTEGNQPC $TWUVDKNF T KP *CT PKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN &GT *GTTUEJGT UVGJGPF T DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGT HNKGIGPFGP 8KEVQTKC DG MQOOV XQP FGT XQT KJO N MPKGPFGP 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV GKPG /CWGTMTQPG FCTIGTGKEJV 1DGP T GKPG IGHNÒIGNVG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV UEJYGDGPF X X GKP (ÒNNJQTP JCNVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF FGT *CHGP WPF FKG 5VCFV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' #7(*'$70) &'4 $'.#)'470) 810 $#4%'.10#
4438
154
-CTN 8+ CNU -ÌPKI -CTN +++ XQP 5RCPKGP 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG #WHJGDWPI FGT $GNCIGTWPI $CTEGNQPCU $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF FGT -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU $NKEM CWH FGP *CHGP WPF FKG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF T GKPG CWU KJTGT #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI HNKGJGPFG )TWRRG FGT $GNCIGTGT QDGP N FKG XQO /QPF PCJG\W XQNNMQOOGP XGTHKPUVGTVG 5QPPG 'KP KP FGP *CHGP GKPHCJTGPFGU 5EJKHH VT·IV CWH UGKPGO 5GIGN FCU GPINKUEJG 9CRRGPDKNF +O #DUEJPKVV FTGK <GKNGP 6GZV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC
4439
4440
4441
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , XQP /CCTVGP 5OGNV\KPI #OUVGTFCO CWH FKG $GHTGKWPI XQP $CTEGNQPC $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $GK GKPGO )TCPCVCRHGNDCWO ,CUQP CWH FGO DG\YWPIGPGP &TCEJGP UVGJGPF X X OKV 5EJYGTV WPF FGO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU <W UGKPGP (ÒGP -TÌVGP GKPG \GTDTQEJGPG -GWNG GKP (ÒNNJQTP WPF GKPG DTGPPGPFG (CEMGN T GKP 5EJCTHTKEJVGT WPF GKP -CTFKPCN HNKGJGPF T +O *KPVGTITWPF T FKG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI $CTEGNQPC UQYKG FCU XQP 5EJKHHGP DGHCJTGPG /KVVGNOGGT OO I *CYMKPU 6H %::+++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '4(1.)' &'4 #..++'46'0 +0 52#0+'0 70& +0 $4#$#06
-CTN 8+ CNU -ÌPKI -CTN +++ XQP 5RCPKGP -NKRRGPHÌTOKIG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'THQNIG FGT #NNKKGTVGP KP 5RCPKGP WPF $TC DCPV KO /CK FGU ,CJTGU &KG OKV OGPUEJNKEJGP )GUKEJVU\ÒIGP CWUIGUVCVVGVG WPF IGMTÌPVG 5QPPG KP 5VTCJNGP \W FGP 5GKVGP WPF WPVGP LG GKPG -TQPG &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 5QPPGPHKPUVGTPKU XQO /CK 7PVGP YGNMGPFGU .KNKGPIGY·EJU OKV FTGK $NÒVGP &KG CUVTQPQOKUEJG &CTUVGNNWPI KUV WOIGDGP XQP FGP OGJT\GK NKIGP $GPGPPWPIGP FGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG 'PVUCV\ XQP $CTEGNQPC $GUGV\WPI XQP /CFTKF $GUGV\WPI XQP $TCDCPV 5EJNCEJV DGK 6KTNGOQPV Z OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %::+++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU -2- X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC ÒDNKEJGT 5VGORGNHGJNGT CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ
-NKRRGPHÌTOKIG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 0KGFGTYGTHWPI 2JKNKRRU XQP #PLQW KP 5RCPKGP WPF KP FGP 5RCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP #EJV <GKNGP 5EJTKHV \YKUEJGP FGT UKGDVGP WPF CEJVGP <GKNG \YGK IGDWPFGPG 2CNO\YGKIG WPVGP XKGT <GKNGP 5EJTKHV KP FC\W MQRHUVGJGPFGT 1TKGPVKGTWPI 8KGT 2GTUQPGP CO 7HGT GKPGU (NWUUNCWHU UVGJGPF FGP -CORH \YGKGT ÒDGTITQGT -TKGIGT CO *KOOGN DGQDCEJVGPF KO #DUEJPKVV FCU &CVWO FGU -TKGIUDGIKPPU \YKUEJGP -CTN 8 XQP *CDUDWTI WPF (TCP\ + XQP (TCPMTGKEJ (GDTWCT Z OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU -2- X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ #VVTCMVKXG FWPMNG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
155
4442
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 6TKWORJG FGU ,CJTGU $GHTGKWPI $CTEGNQPCU 'KP\WI KP /CFTKF WPF FKG 5EJNCEJV XQP 4COKNNKGU 2QTVT·VOGFCKNNQP FGU -CKUGTU CWH IGMTGW\V ITWRRKGTVGP (CJPGPNCP\GP +PPGTJCND FGT FWTEJ FKG 5EJ·HVG IGDKNFGVGP 9KPMGN FTGK OKV /CWGTMTQPGP ÒDGTJÌJVG WPF WOMT·P\VG $KNFOGFCKNNQPU &CU QDGTG \GKIV GKPG #PUKEJV FGT WPVGT $GUEJWUU NKGIGPFGP 5VCFV $CTEGNQPC XQP FGT 5GGUGKVG FCU NKPMG GKPG #PUKEJV XQP /CFTKF WPF FCU TGEJVG FCU -CORHIGVÒOOGN FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 4COKNNKGU 0ÌTFNKEJGT #DUEJPKVV FGT *GOKURJ·TG OKV #WHUEJTKHV '7412 QDGP 9QNMGPDCPF FKG 5QPPG DGKPCJG XGTFGEMGPF OO I *CYMKPU 6H %::+8 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 44 (GNF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG NGKEJV DGTKGDGP HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG XQP 9QNMGP XGTFGEMVG 5QPPG YKTF XQO 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT CNU 'ODNGO HÒT FKG UEJYKPFGPFG /CEJV FGU 5QPPGPMÌPKIU .QWKU :+8 XGTYGPFGV
&+' -#+5'4-4¤070) -#4.5 8+ +0 (4#0-(746 70& &'4 '065#6< 810 %#4&10#
4443
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG -CKUGTMTÌPWPI KP (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP WPF FGP 'PVUCV\ XQP %CTFQPC CO UGNDGP 6CIG &G\GODGT +O +PPGPTCWO FGU (TCPMHWTVGT &QOGU -CKUGT -CTN 8+ N MPKGPF KP -TÌPWPIUQTPCV XQT #NVCT JKPVGP HÒPH -WTHÒTUVGP UVGJGPF -CKUGTNKEJG 4GKVGT KO -CORH JKPVGP N HNKGJGPFG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG +PHCPVGTKUVGP CO *QTK\QPV #PUKEJV FGT DGHGUVKIVGP 5VCFV %CT FQPC /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I (ÌTUEJPGT 5NI *QTUM[ , W ( 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP <KPP X .QQP +8 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '41$'470) 810 37'501;
4444
156
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO 8GUVPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 3WGUPQ[ $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $NKEM CWH FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF GKPG CWH JCNDGT 5VCOOJÌJG IGDTQEJGPG 'KEJG OO I $GTPJGKOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC FQTV KP <KPP 4 -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 (4+'&' 810 764'%*6
4445
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG FKG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ CWH FGP (TKGFGP XQP 7VTGEJV 9'0 5+%* ).'+%* #..' 016* #0*'$6 Û %JTKUVWU UVGJGPF X X CWH 9QNMG KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKP -TGW\DCPPGT FKG .KPMG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP +O #DUEJPKVV +%* 9'+5 &#5 /'+0 '4.¤5'4 .'$6 *+1$ Û Û 8 Û Û +*4 9'4&'6 *¤4'0 -4+')' 80& )'5%*4'; 810 -4+')'0 Û /#66* Û 8 Û Û Û $NKEM CWH GKPG WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU UVG JGPFG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF -CPQPGPDCVVGTKG WPF GKP XQP GKPGO TGKVGPFGP 1HHK\KGT DGHGJNKIVGU +PHCPVGTKGDCVCKNNQP FGT #PITGKHGT KP IGQTFPGVGT #WHUVGNNWPI +O #DUEJPKVV &# 9+4& 5+%* #. .'4'456 &+' 016* #0*'$'0 Û. OO I %CV (KGYGIGT 5NI (GKNN 5NI )QRRGN 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2CZ KP 0WOOKU 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
4446
4447
Plan zur Belagerung und Schlacht von Belgrad 1717.
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 2'6'49#4&'+0
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO 8GUVPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 5KGI CP FGT 5CXG DGK 2GVGTYCTFGKP $TWUVDKNF T OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 5VCFV 4GKVGT WPF (WXQNM KO 0CJMCORH \CJNTGKEJG 6ÒTMGP N ÒDGT FKG &QPCW HNKGJGPF FKG KO *KPVGTITWPF GPVNCPI GKPGT $GTIMGVVG XGTN·WHV OO I $GTPJGKOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGO 4CPFUVCD XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $'.)4#&
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO 8GUVPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GNITCF $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OKV \CJNTGKEJGP /KPCTGVVGP QDGP HNKGIGPFGT 'PIGN T OKV (NCOOGP UEJYGTV UKEJ IGIGP GKPG VÒTMKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV YGPFGPF FKG UKEJ CWGTJCND FGT 5VCFV CWH GKPGO .CPF UVÒEM \YKUEJGP &QPCW WPF 5CXG DGHKPFGV OO I $GTPJGKOGT 5NI 'TNCPIGT
FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC (GKPG 2CVKPC YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
157
4448
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GNITCF $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $NKEM XQP FGT .CPFUGKVG CWH FCU WOUEJCP\VG .CIGT FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP WPF CWH FKG 5VCFV FKG XQO LGPUGKVKIGP &QPCWWHGT WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU IG PQOOGP YKTF +O 8QTFGTITWPF -CORHU\GPG OKV 4GKVGTP WPF (WXQNM DGK VÒTMKUEJGP <GNVGP OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC XIN
FQTV KP <KPP 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4449
1,5:1
1,5:1
)QNFGPGT ,GVQP \W &WMCVGP XQP 2JKNKRRG 4QGVVKGTU #PVYGTRGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GNITCF %#41.85 Ù 5':685 41/ Ù +/2 Ù '6 6'46+85 4': *+52 Ù $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP 4 %1056#06+# '6 (146+67&+0' 'KP ITQGT WPF \YGK MNGKPGTG .ÌYGP T IGIGP GKPGP XQP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP CUUKUVKGTVGP &TCEJGP CPUVÒTOGPF 1DGP GKP FGT 5QPPG GPVIGIGP HNKGIGPFGT #FNGT GKPGP *CNDOQPF KP FGP (·PIGP JCNVGPF +O #DUEJPKVV Û OO I &WIPKQNNG XCT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT GKP YQJN OKV /ÒP\\GKEJGP *CPF IGMGPP\GKEJPGVGU 'ZGORNCT CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG #PVYGTRGP XIN &WIPKQNNG 2QRGNMC C XCT )1.& WGTUV UGNVGP 8QT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
&+' ('+0&5'.+)-'+6'0 (4#0-4'+%*5 )')'0 &'0 -#+5'4 9 *4'0& &'5 6ª4-'0-4+')5
4450
158
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG (GKPFUGNKIMGKVGP (TCPMTGKEJU IGIGP FGP -CKUGT Y·JTGPF FGU 6ÒTMGPMTKGIU 7PVGT JKOONKUEJGP 5VTCJNGP 5CWN N XQO 2HGTF UVÒT\GPF *KPVGT FGO 4QUU GKP N UVGJGPFGT -TKGIGT CO $QFGP XKGT YGKVGTG 5ÌNFPGT NKGIGPF 6GZV KP UKGDGP <GKNGP QDGP WPF WPVGP LG GKP 4CPMGPQTPCOGPV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 /'55+0#
4451
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO 8GUVPGT WPF 2GVGT 2CWN 9GTPGT 0ÒTP DGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP /GUUKPC $TWUVDKNF XQP -CKUGT -CTN 8+ T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ ªDGT FGT VQRQITCRJKUEJGP &CTUVGNNWPI XQP 5VCFV WPF *CHGP /GUUKPC 8KEVQTKC HNKGIGPF N GKPGP .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGP 9CRRGPDKNFGTP XQP ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF -CUVKNKGP JCNVGPF OO I $GTPJGKOGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP <KPP 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 6TCKPC + 5 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC OKP 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 5+<+.+'0
4452
-CTN 8+ $TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP # 6TCXCPK KO #WHVTCI FGT 5VCFV 2CNGTOQ CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG 5K\KNKGPU $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &TGKOCUVGT N CWH GKPG *CHGPGKPHCJTV \WUVGWGTPF CPIG VTKGDGP XQO 9KPF FGT CWU GKPGO QDGP N CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTUEJCWGPFGP 2WVVQMQRH IGDNCUGP YKTF OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 5+') #0 &'4 /15'.
4453
-CTN 8+ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2GVGT 2CWN 9GTPGT WPF 2CWN )QVVNKGD 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 5KGI 5GEMGPFQTHU CP FGT /QUGN WPF FGP 4ÒEM\WI FGT (TCP\QUGP $ÒUVG FGU -CKUGTU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 7PVGT FGT 4GKEJUHCJPG T XQTCPUVÒTOGPFG 4GKVGT WPF (WUQNFCVGP HNKGJGPFGP (TCP \QUGP PCEJUGV\GPF 1DGP #FNGT HNKGIGPF T FGP (NÒEJVGPFGP $NKV\G JKPVGTJGT UEJNGWFGTPF OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP <KPP 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QP VGPWQXQ 4 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
159
&+' $'.#)'470) 70& '+00#*/' 810 24#) +/ ¤56'44'+%*+5%*'0 '4$(1.)'-4+') 2TCI YWTFG CO 0QXGODGT XQP GKPGT 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT OKV FGO 9KVVGNUDCEJGT -CKUGT -CTN 8++ XGTDÒPFGVGP (TCP\QUGP GKPIGPQOOGP 5EJQP DCNF TÒEMVG GKP UVCTMGU ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGU *GGT CP WO FKG 5VCFV YKGFGT \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP 'TUV KO ,CPWCT MCRKVWNKGTVG FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG $GUCV\WPI
4454
4455
7PVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT $GUCV\WPI 4GKEJUVCNGT IGRT·IV 2TCI 5QIG PCPPVGT 0QVIWNFGP I $TWUVDKNF -CKUGT -CTNU 8+ T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ &GT FQRRGNMÌRHKIG 4GKEJUCFNGT OKV IGMTÌPVGO XKGTHGNFKIGP $TWUVUEJKNF FGT CWHIGNGIVG /KVVGNUEJKNF \GKIV FGP DÌJOKUEJGP .ÌYGP &KGVKMGT *CNCEMC *GTKPGM 44 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
)GO· $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5 H UQNN FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPV FKG 2T·IWPI XQP *CNDVCNGTP OKV CNVGP 5VGORGNP XQP CPIGQTFPGV JCDGP 5KGJG JKGT\W CWEJ / \ # 5 #PO &KG XQP &KGVKMGT QJPG 3WGNNGP CPICDG PQVKGTVG 2T·IWPI CWU NGKEJVGO 5KNDGT MCPP CPIGUKEJVU FGT OGVTKUEJGP &CVGP PKEJV DGUV·VKIV YGTFGP FC FKG 5VÒEMG DGK MQPXGPVKQPGNNGT )GYKEJVUGTOKVVNWPI FCU XQNNG )GYKEJV GKPGU *CNDVCNGTU CWHYGKUGP 'JGT Y·TG CNUQ GKPG #WURT·IWPI KP UEJNGEJVGTGO 5KNDGT FGPMDCT
/CTKC 6JGTGUKC 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FKG 'KP PCJOG XQP 2TCI $TWUVDKNF T KP FGMQNNGVKGTVGO -NGKF OKV &KCFGO WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN &KG YGKDNK EJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV UVGJGPF X X GKPGP ¤N\YGKI KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP OKV FGT .KPMGP FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF JCNVGPF $GK KJTGP (ÒGP GKPG CO $QFGP NKGIGPFG (GUUGN +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OO I &QPGD ( W 5 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4456
4457
4458
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 ')'4 &74%* $#;'4+5%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
/CTKC 6JGTGUKC <KPP -TGW\GT 'IGT %JGD I )GVGKNVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG 1TVUCPICDG WPF ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H # *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H :::8+++ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
<KPP -TGW\GT 'IGT %JGD I )GVGKNVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WPVGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG 1TVUCPICDG WPF ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H # *GTKPGM /CKNNGV 6H :::8+++ 4 9KP\ 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ (1-5#0
160
,QUGH ++ <KPPOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FGP DGK (QMUCP GTTWPIGPGP 5KGI ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGT WPF TWUUKUEJGT 5VTGKVMT·HVG ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP CO ,WNK $TWUVDKNF FGU (GNFJGTTP (TKGFTKEJ ,QUKCU XQP 5CEJUGP %QDWTI 5CCNHGNF N KP 7PKHQTOTQEM OKV 1TFGPU DCPF WPF 1TFGPUMTGW\ 8QP TÒEMY·TVKIGT #TVKNNGTKG WPVGTUVÒV\VG ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJ TWUUKUEJG -CXCNNGTKG WPF +PHCPVGTKG CWH VÒTMKUEJG 4GKVGTGK VTGHHGPF CO *QTK\QPV T #PUKEJV FGU DGHGUVKIVGP (QMUCP JGWVG 4WO· PKGP +O #DUEJPKVV XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV OO 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /GTUGD 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5NI 9KNO 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $'.)4#&
4459
,QUGH ++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XQP +IPCV\ &QPPGT 9KGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $GNITCF CO 1MVQDGT $TWUVDKNF FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP )GPGTCNU WPF (GNFOCTUEJCNNU )KFGQP 'TPUV (TGKJGTT XQP .CWFQP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV 1TFGPUDCPF $NKEM CWH FKG WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU UVGJGPFG 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ <YGK 5KNDGTRWP\KGT\WPIGP CWH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4460
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP $GNITCF CO 1MVQDGT $TWUVDKNF FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP )GPGTCNU WPF (GNFOCTUEJCNNU )KFGQP 'TPUV (TGKJGTT XQP .CWFQP N KP 7PKHQTOTQEM OKV 1TFGPUDCPF WPF $TWUVMTGW\ -TKGIGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI OKV IG \QIGPGO 5EJYGTV CWH GKPGO P N URTKPIGPFGP *GPIUV KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG &QPCW WPF CWH FGO LGPUGKVKIGP 7HGT FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV OKV FGP T XQTIGNCIGTVGP 5EJCP\WPIGP WPF FGO (GNFNCIGT FGT $GNCIGTGT OO I 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5NI 9KNO XIN FQTV KP <KPP 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG MNGKPGT 5EJÌVNKPIUHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4461
8GTIQNFGVG <KPPOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 'TQDG TWPI XQP $GNITCF CO 1MVQDGT $TWUVDKNF FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP )GPGTCNU WPF (GNFOCTUEJCNNU )KFGQP 'TPUV (TGKJGTT XQP .CWFQP N KP 7PKHQTOTQEM OKV 1TFGPUDCPF WPF $TWUVMTGW\ -TKGIGT KP XQNNGT 4ÒUVWPI OKV IG\QIGPGO 5EJYGTV CWH GKPGO P N URTKPIGPFGP *GPIUV KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG &QPCW WPF CWH FGO LGPUGKVKIGP 7HGT FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV OKV FGP T XQTIGNCIGTVGP 5EJCP\WPIGP WPF FGO (GNFNCIGT FGT $GNCIGTGT OO 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI ,WNKWU \W 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5NI 9KNO 8QT\ÒINKEJ
161
5#.<$74) &+' $'6'+.+)70) &'5 '4<$+5%*1(5 810 5#.<$74) #/ 6ª4-'0-4+') #NU FKG 6ÒTMGP KP -TQCVKGP GKPHKGNGP TÒUVGVG 'T\DKUEJQH 9QNH &KGVTKEJ XQP 4CKVGPCW GKP 6TWRRGP MQPVKPIGPV CWU WPF WPVGTUVGNNVG GU FGO $GHGJN UGKPGU $TWFGTU ,CMQD *CPPKDCN XQP 4CKVGPCW &KG #TOGG FKG FGO -CKUGT \W *KNHG GKNGP UQNNVG ÒDGTYKPVGTVG KP 2GVVCW WPF MGJTVG CO (TQJPNGKEJPCOUHGUV \WTÒEM QJPG KP GKPG GKP\KIG 5EJNCEJV XGTYKEMGNV IGYGUGP \W UGKP &KG 1HHK\KGTG WPF 5QNFCVGP GTJKGNVGP \WU·V\NKEJ \W KJTGO ÒDNKEJGP 5QNF GKPG 6WTORT·IWPI KP GKPGO FGO LGYGKNKIGP &KGPUVTCPI GPVURTGEJGP FGP 0QOKPCN &GT 6WTO WPF FKG 7OUEJTKHVGP U[ODQNKUKGTGP FKG 5VCPFJCHVKIMGKV FGU 'T\DKUEJQHU KO -CORH WO FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGU EJTKUVNKEJGP #DGPFNCPFGU
4463
4462
4462
9QNH &KGVTKEJ XQP 4CKVGPCW &QRRGNVG 4GKEJUVCNGTMNKRRG I 6WTORT·IWPI *KPVGT FGO 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT JGKNKIG 4WRGTV VJTQPGPF JCNDN OKV #VVTKDWVGP +P (NWVGP UVGJGPFGT 6WTO WPVGT *CIGNUEJNCI DGUVÒTOV XQP XKGT 9KPFMÌRHEJGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX #PO /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV CNU 6CNGT 2TQDU\V 5GJT UEJÌP
4GKEJUVCNGTMNKRRG Q , I 6WTORT·IWPI *KPVGT FGO 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT JGKNKIG 4WRGTV VJTQPGPF JCNDN OKV #VVTKDWVGP +P (NWVGP UVGJGPFGT 6WTO WPVGT *CIGNUEJNCI DGUVÒTOV XQP XKGT 9KPF MÌRHEJGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H % 2TQDU\V 5GJT UEJÌP
4464
162
4GKEJVCNGT I 6WTORT·IWPI 8CTKCPVG OKV RNCUVKUEJ JGTXQTVTGVGPFGO 4GNKGH 1XCNGT OGJT HGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF \W FGP 5GKVGP FGT JGKNKIG 4WRGTV WPF FGT JGKNKIG 8KTIKN UKV\GPF QDGP -CTFKPCNUJWV +P (NWVGP UVGJGPFGT 6WTO WPVGT *CIGNUEJNCI DGUVÒTOV XQP XKGT 9KPFMÌRHEJGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP UVGORGNINGKEJGT /GJTHCEJFWMCV /CKNNGV 2TQDU\V 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC UGJT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' -+22'4/ª0<'0 5#.<$74)5 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')
4465
2CTKU XQP .QFTQP -KRRGT 6CNGT -TGW\GT I ªDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGP UEJKNF QDGP -CTFKPCNUJWV *ÒHVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 4WRGTV JCNDN OKV 5CN\HCUU WPF -TWOOUVCD 2TQDU\V /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV CNU -KRRGTVCNGT *GPMGNURWT UGJT UEJÌP
5+'$'0$ª4)'0 &+' 51)'0#006'0 ('.&24 )70)'0 +0 5+'$'0$ª4)'0
4467
4466
,QJCPP ++ 5KIKUOWPF 'KPUGKVKIGT (GNFVCNGT I +PPGTJCND GKPGT UEJKNFHÌTOKIGP 8GTVKGHWPI FCU <CRQN[C 9CRRGP GKPG CWHIGTKEJVGVG 9QNHURTQVQOG N \YKUEJGP CDPGJOGPFGO *CNDOQPF WPF 5VGTP <W FGP 5GKVGP FGU .GKDGU + < QDGP Û + Û ' Û 4 Û 8 Û. $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $W\F .WEJ 1RT &CX /CKNNGV 6H .++ 4GUEJ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
%JTKUVQRJ $CVJQT[ 'KPUGKVKIG 0QVIWNFGPMNKRRG I +PPGTJCND GKPGT UEJKNFHÌT OKIGP 8GTVKGHWPI FCU $CVJQT[ 9CRRGP WPVGTJCND GKPGT XQP \YGK 'PIGNP IGJCNVGPGP $CPFGTQNG OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN 1DGP % Ù $ & Ù 5 Ù 5 Ù . Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H $W\F .WEJ 1RT XIN FQTV CNU )WNFGP CWH TWPFGO 5EJTÌVNKPI /CKNNGV XIN 6H %:+++ FQTV CNU 6CNGTMNKRRG 4GUEJ XIN FQTV CNU )WNFGP CWH TWPFGO 5EJTÌVNKPI 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
4468
5KIKUOWPF $CVJQT[ 6CNGTMNKRRG -TQPUVCFV I &QRRGNCFNGT WO\QIGP XQP FGT 8NKGUQTFGPUMGVVG CWH FGT $TWUV FCU IGMTÌPVG $CVJQT[ 9CRRGP 1DGP -TQPG &CU -TQPUV·FVGT 9CRRGPDKNF -TQPG CWH GKPGO YWT\GNTGKEJGP $CWOUVCOO TKPIUWOJGT 5EJTKHVMTGKU QDGP FTGK <GKNGP 6GZV Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF #DD 5 $W\F .WEJ 1RT &CX /CKNNGV 4GUEJ 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 163
4470
1,5:1
4469
1,5:1
)CDTKGN $CVJQT[ 'KPUGKVKIGT 0QVVCNGT I &CU $CVJQT[ 9CRRGP \YKUEJGP FGP \YGK 9CRRGP OKV FGP LGYGKNKIGP JGTCNFKUEJGP UKGDGPDÒTIKUEJGP $KNFGTP 1DGP -TQPG WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU \CJN QDGTJCND %+$+0 &CU )CP\G XQP GKPGO UKEJ KP FGP 5EJYCP\ DGKGPFGP &TCEJGP WOUEJNQUUGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT $W\F .WEJ 1RT &CX # /CKNNGV 44 /KPKOCNGT &QRRGNUEJNCI UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
56 &6' +0 5+'$'0$ª4)'0
-TQPUVCFV &WMCV -TQPUVCFV I h &'85 Ü 2416'%614 Ü 0156'4 &CU -TQPUV·FVGT 9CRRGPDKNF YWT\GNTGKEJGT YKGFGT CWUUEJNCIGPFGT $CWOUVCOO c 2#6410# Ü 80)#4+ Ü + +< Ü /CFQPPC UKV\GPF X X KO (GNF % $ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF $W\F .WEJ 1RT (D /CKNNGV 4GUEJ )1.& 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ &CU KO $WT\GPNCPF IGNGIGPG -TQPUVCFV YWTFG XQO &GWVUEJGP 4KVVGTQTFGP IGITÒPFGV FGOUGNDGP CDGT GPV\QIGP WPF FGT UKGDGPDÒTIKUEJGP 5CEJUGPRTQXKP\ GKPIGHÒIV +P FGT (QNIG\GKV YWTFG FKG 5VCFV OGJTHCEJ XQP FGP 6CTVCTGP \GTUVÌTV GTJQNVG UKEJ LGFQEJ KOOGT YKGFGT WPF YWTFG KO ,CJTJWPFGTV GKP 8QTQTV FGU 2TQVGUVCPVKU OWU +P FGP ,CJTGP YWTFG -TQPUVCFV YKGFGTJQNV XQO GKIGPGP (ÒTUVGP )CDTKGN $CVJQT[ DGNCIGTV WPF OWUUVG UKEJ UEJNKGNKEJ GTIGDGP PCEJFGO UGKP VCRHGTGT $ÒTIGTOGKUVGT /KEJCGN 9GK KP FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP /CTKGPDWTI IGHCNNGP YCT 6TQV\ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG MQPPVG UKEJ -TQPUVCFV KP FGT (QNIG\GKV IGIGP )CDTKGN $CVJQT[ DGJCWRVGP &GT WPIGDTQ EJGPG /WV FGT -TQPUV·FVGT YKTF CWH FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP &WMCV FWTEJ FGP YKGFGT CWUUEJNCIGPFGP $CWOUVWORH GKP FTWEMUXQNN FQMWOGPVKGTV
4471
4471 1,5:1
-CTNUDWTI )QNFOGFCKNNG \W &WMCVGP XQP -CTN ,QUGH *QHHOCPP $TGUNCW CWH FKG )TÒPFWPI FGT (GUVWPI -CTNUDWTI 1DGTJCND GKPGT *ÒIGNMGVVG OKV UKGDGP $WTIGP FKG PGWP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV g .8%' 5#%4# %#41.+ 5+/+.'5 #.$ #%%+2+6 14685 Ù g +0 51.+&# 24+/85 210+684 #4%' .#2+5 Û g +8.+# 0#6# (8+ %#41.85 8+ / 41$84 GV #8:+6 Ù +8.+# 5+0 .+$'#6 080% %#41.+0# 81%'4 Û 1DGP -TGW\TQUGVVG =4CWVG? 686+55+/# =4CWVG? 38+'5 =4CWVG? #FNGT ÒDGT #PUKEJV FGT (GUVWPI -CTNUDWTI UEJYGDGPF KP FGP (·PIGP FKG +PKVKCNGP % WPF 8 %CTQNKPC 8QEGT JCNVGPF +O #DUEJPKVV g % Ù + Ù * g. OO I 5NI *QTUM[ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 2QRGNMC XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 4GUEJ # )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV /KP 4CPFHGJNGT YKP\ 5VGORGNHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ -CTNUDWTI IGJV CWH FCU FCMKUEJG 6JCTOKU \WTÒEM WPF YCT WPVGT FGO 0COGP #RWNWO FKG *CWRVUVCFV FGT TÌOKUEJGP 2TQXKP\ &CMKGP UR·VGT CNU 9GKGPDWTI KO ,CJTJWPFGTV FKG 4GUKFGP\ FGT (ÒTUVGP XQP 5KGDGPDÒTIGP +O ,CJT YWTFG FKG 5VCFV PCEJ -CTN 8+ FGT FKG (GUVWPI CPNGIVG -CTNUDWTI DGPCPPV
164
&'765%*.#0& ##%*'0 24 )70)'0 /+6 )')'056'/2'.0 &'4 56#&6 ##%*'0
4472
4472 1,5:1
-W $CWUEJG OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG #FNGTUEJKNF I #FNGT OKV N IGYCPFVGO -QRH TKPIUWOJGT IGDWPFGPG .QTDGGT\YGKIG &KG +PKVKCNG $ QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN TKPIUWOJGT IGDWP FGPG .QTDGGT\YGKIG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H -TWODCEJ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H /GPCFKGT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUU CO 4CPF HCUV UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
&GT JKGT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[RWU KUV DGK $TCWUG /CPUHGNF WPF /CKNNGV CNU 0QVOÒP\G XGT\GKEJPGV #WEJ /GPCFKGT FGT UKG CNU $CWUEJG CPURTKEJV UKGJV FKG 2T·IWPI XQT FGO *KPVGTITWPF GKPGU -QPHNKMVU \YKUEJGP -CKUGT 4WFQNH ++ WPF FGO RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 5VCFVTCV &KG <WYCPFGTWPI \CJNTGKEJGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGT %CNXKPKUVGP HÒJTVG KP FGT \YGKVGP *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU KP #CEJGP \WT 5V·TMWPI FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPIUITWRRG WPF \WINGKEJ \WT MQPHGUUKQPGNNGP 5RCNVWPI FGT $ÒTIGTUEJCHV 'U GPVUVCPFGP \YGK PGDGPGKPCPFGT CIKGTGPFG 5VCFVT·VG GKP MCVJQNKUEJGT WPF GKP RTQVGUVCP VKUEJGT FKG XQPGKPCPFGT WPCDJ·PIKI CIKGTVGP WPF FKG 8GTVTGVWPI CNNGT $ÒTIGT HÒT UKEJ CNNGKP DGCPURTWEJVGP 0CEJFGO MCKUGTNKEJG )GUCPFVG FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 4CV PKEJV CPGTMCPPV JCVVGP MCO GU \W GKPGO $ÒTIGTCWHUVCPF WPF \WT 0GW DGUGV\WPI FGU /CIKUVTCVU FGT PWP JCWRVU·EJNKEJ CWU 2TQVGUVCPVGP DGUVCPF &C GU 4WFQNH ++ PKEJV IGNCPI FKG MCVJQNK UEJG 4CVUIGYCNV \W TGUVCWTKGTGP XGTJ·PIVG GT FKG 4GKEJUCEJV ÒDGT FKG 5VCFV WPF UEJKEMVG /KNKV·T FGO GU IGNCPI FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 4CV CD\WUGV\GP &KG JKGT FWTEJ FCU XQTNKGIGPFG 'ZGORNCT DGNGIVG -WRHGTGOKUUKQP UQNN IGO· $TCWUG /CPUHGNF WPF /GPCFKGT \WT <GKV FGT IGIGP #CEJGP XGTJ·PIVGP 4GKEJUCEJV GPVUVCPFGP UGKP GKPGT 2JCUG KP FGT FKG PKGFGTTJGKPKUEJGP -TGKUUV·PFG FGT 5VCFV 5KV\ WPF 5VKOOG XGTUCIV WPF UKG XQP FGP 2TQDCVKQPUVCIGP CWUIGUEJNQUUGP JCDGP UQNNGP
4473
4473 1,5:1
/CTM Q , YQJN CWU FGT *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU I &GT 5EJTÌVNKPI GKPGT XQNNMQOOGP CDIGPWV\VGP ·NVGTGP 5KNDGTOÒP\G OKV \YGK )GIGPUVGORGNP CWH FGT GKPGP 5GKVG GKP #FNGT FCU 9CRRGP DKNF FGT 5VCFV KPPGTJCND GKPGU 2GTNTGKHU CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG FKG 9GTV\CJN 8+ KPPGTJCND GKPGU 2GTNTGKHU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H -TWODCEJ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H /GPCFKGT D FQTV CNU $NKPFG $CWUEJG DG\GKEJPGV 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 8QP FGO XQTNKGIGPFGP 6[RWU GZKUVKGTGP 'ZGORNCTG OKV XGTUEJKGFGPGP <KHHGTPUVGORGNWPIGP :++ 8+ +++ ++ WPF + FKG -TWODCEJ ÒDGT\GWIGPF OKV FGT #CEJGPGT /CTM 9·JTWPI KP 8GTDKPFWPI DTKPIV #PJCPF GKP\GNPGT FCVKGTDCTGT 2T·IWPIGP OKV #CEJGPGT )GIGPUVGORGNP MCPP -TWODCEJ PCEJYGKUGP FCUU FGTGP 2T·IGLCJTG \YKUEJGP WPF NKGIGP 'T NGIV FKG 'PVUVGJWPI FKGUGU )GNFGU KP FKG \YGKVG *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU CNUQ LGPGT <GKV CNU KP #CEJGP MGKPG PGWGP /ÒP\GP GPVUVCPFGP UKPF IGPCWGT KP FKG ,CJTG PCEJ FGO 5VCFVDTCPF WPF XQT FGT 9KGFGTCWHPCJOG FGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI KO ,CJTG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF DTKPIV FKG #CEJGPGT )GIGPUVGORGNWPI UVCTM \KTMWNKGTVGT 5KNDGT OÒP\GP KP 8GTDKPFWPI OKV FGT $GUGV\WPI #CEJGPGT )GDKGVUVGKNG FWTEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP KP FGP ,CJTGP \YKUEJGP WPF
165
Die Eidesleistung der Augsburger Bürger vor König Gustav Adolf auf dem Weinmarkt.
#7)5$74) &+' *'445%*#(6 &'4 5%*9'&'0 +0 #7)5$74) +O /·T\ OCTUEJKGTVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP WPVGT -ÌPKI )WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP FGT IGTCFG GTQDGTVGP 5VCFV 0ÒTPDGTI KP 4KEJVWPI #WIUDWTI &CDGK VTCHGP UKG CO #RTKN DGK 4CKP CO .GEJ CWH FKG XQP )TCH 6KNN[ IGHÒJTVGP 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP .KIC FKG UKG CP FGT ªDGTSWGTWPI FGU (NWUUGU JKPFGTP YQNN VGP +O )GHGEJV \QI UKEJ 6KNN[ GKPG 8GTNGV\WPI \W CP FGT GT GKPKIG 6CIG UR·VGT UVGTDGP UQNNVG #WEJ UGKP 5VGNNXGTVTGVGT #NFTKPIGT YWTFG UEJYGT XGTYWPFGV #PIGUKEJVU FKGUGT 5KVWCVKQP \QIGP UKEJ FKG -CKUGTNK EJGP KP 4KEJVWPI +PIQNUVCFV \WTÒEM 5Q MQPPVG FGT 5EJYGFGPMÌPKI WPIGJKPFGTV XQT FKG 6QTG FGT 4GKEJU UVCFV #WIUDWTI \KGJGP FKG OKV MWTDC[GTKUEJGT +PHCPVGTKG WPF UGEJU 4GKVGTMQORCPKGP DGUGV\V YCT 0CEJ GKPKIGP 8GTJCPFNWPIGP MQPPVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP CO #RTKN WPVGT ,WDGN FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPI KP FKG 5VCFV GKP\KGJGP &KG 'KPPCJOG JCVVG PKEJV PWT UVTCVGIKUEJG $GFGWVWPI UQPFGTP CWEJ GKPGP JQJGP KFGGNNGP 5VGNNGPYGTV HÒT FKG ICP\G RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG 5CEJG FC JKGT CWH FGO 4GKEJUVCI FKG %QPHGUUKQ #WIWUVCPC FKG ITWPFNGIGPFG RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG $GMGPPVPKUUEJTKHV FGO -CKUGT ÒDGTIGDGP WPF FGT \YGKVG 4GNKIKQPUHTKGFGP IGUEJNQUUGP YQTFGP YCT 0CEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG FGT *GKNDTQPPGT .KIC KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 0ÌTFNKPIGP CO 5GRVGODGT MQPPVGP FKG 5EJYGFGP #WIUDWTI PQEJ DKU JCNVGP DKU FGT *WPIGT FKG $GUCV\WPI \WT -CRKVWNCVKQP \YCPI WPF FKG 5VCFV YKGFGT KP FKG *·PFG FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP HKGN
4474 1,5:1
1,5:1
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCVGP #WIUDWTI I &KG T IGYCPFVGP $TWUV DKNFGT FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU WPF UGKPGT )GOCJNKP /CTKC 'NGQPQTC 6QEJVGT FGU -WTHÒTUVGP ,QJCPP 5KIKUOWPF XQP $TCPFGPDWTI &KG KP GKPGT OKV FGT -ÌPKIUMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVGP &QRRGNTCJOGP -CTVWUEJG PGDGPGKPCPFGT XGTGKPVGP UEJYGFKUEJGP WPF DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP 9CRRGP <YKUEJGP FGP WPVGTGP CWUNCFGP FGP 5EJPKV\YGTMRCTVKGP FGT 4CJOWPI FCU 5VCFVR[T FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF #JNUVTÌO (D (QTUVGT )1.& 44 #VVTCMVKXGU XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4475
166
&WMCV #WIUDWTI I $TWUVDKNF JCNDT KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGT MTCP\ )GMTÌPVG 9CRRGPMCTVWUEJG WPVGP FCU XQP 5EJPKV\YGTM WOUEJNQUUGPG 5VCFVR[T #JNUVTÌO C (D (QTUVGT )1.& 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4476
4GKEJUVCNGT I $ÒUVG JCNDT KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO /KVVGNUEJKNF WPVGP 2[T #JNUVTÌO &CX (QTUVGT 5GJT UEJÌP
4477
%JTKUVKPC &QRRGNVGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FGP KO ,CJT \WXQT XGTUVQTDGPGP -ÌPKI )WUVCX ++ #FQNH I &GT -ÌPKI KO *CTPKUEJ \W 2HGTF N KP FGT 4GEJVGP FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF GKPG 5VTGKVOCEJV KP /CTUEJQTFPWPI \W (W WPF DGTKVVGPG 1HHK\KGTG XQT FGT 5VCFV )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP TKPIUWOJGT FKG 9CRRGP FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP 2TQXKP\GP #JNUVTÌO FQTV FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG 5VQEMJQNO \WIGYKGUGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF &CX /CKNNGV 44 (GNFGT OKP IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
&'4 '065#6< 810 #7)5$74) +O 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI JCVVGP CO &G\GODGT 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP WPF XGTDÒPFGVG HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP FKG 5VCFV #WIUDWTI PCEJ OGJTV·IKIGT $GNC IGTWPI GKPIGPQOOGP &KG 'TQDGTGT DGNGIVGP FKG $ÒTIGT OKV OCUUKXGP #DICDGP WPF WOHCPITGKEJGP 'KPSWCTVKGTWPIGP 0CEJ FGO 5KGI FGT CNNKKGTVGP #TOGG ÒDGT (TCP\QUGP WPF $C[GTP DGK *ÌEJUV·FV MCO ICP\ 5ÒFFGWVUEJNCPF KP FKG *·PFG FGT 8GTDÒPFGVGP FGU -CKUGTU &CTCWHJKP TÒEMVGP FKG $GUCV\GT #WIU DWTIU CO #WIWUV CD PCEJFGO UKG PQEJ XGTUWEJV JCVVGP (GWGT KP FGT 5VCFV \W NGIGP
4478
1,5:1
4478
)QNFOGFCKNNG \W &WMCVGP XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI CWH FGP #D\WI FGT $GUCV\GT #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV XQP 1UVGP KO #DUEJPKVV HÒPH <GKNGP 6GZV 6CWDG T GKPGP ¤N\YGKI KO 5EJPCDGN CWH FKG #TEJG 0QCJ \WHNKGIGPF FKG CWH FGT -WRRG GKPGU XQP 9CUUGTOCUUGP WOIGDGPGP (GNUGPU TWJV #O (GNUJCPI FCU #WIUDWTIGT 5VCFVR[T OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 9KP\ &TWEMUVGNNG CO 4CPF XQT\ÒINKEJ 167
4479
1,5:1
1,5:1
)QNFOGFCKNNG \W &WMCVGP XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /Ã&#x2019;NNGT #WIUDWTI CWH FGP #D\WI FGT $GUCV\GT +O .GEJVCN FKG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV PCEJ N UKV\GPF FGP 5VCFVUEJKNF OKV FGT .KPMGP JCNVGPF OKV FGT 4GEJVGP CWH GKPGP 5VGTP YGKUGPF FGT Ã&#x2019;DGT FGT *Ã&#x2019;IGNMGVVG LGPUGKVU FGU (NWUUGU CWHIGJV +O #DUEJPKVV HÃ&#x2019;PH <GKNGP 6GZV 6CWDG T GKPGP ¤N\YGKI KO 5EJPCDGN CWH FKG #TEJG \WHNKGIGPF FKG CWH FGT -WRRG GKPGU XQP 9CUUGTOCUUGP WOIGDGPGP (GNUGPU TWJV #O (GNUJCPI FCU #WIUDWTIGT 5VCFVR[T OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QP VGPWQXQ )1.& 8QP ITQÂGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\Ã&#x2019;INKEJ
$#&'0 &'4 5+') &'5 6ª4-'0.17+5 +0 &'4 5%*.#%*6 $'+ 0+5%* +O 6Ã&#x2019;TMGPMTKGI WPVGTPCJO FKG MCKUGTNKEJG #TOGG GKPGP (GNF\WI KP 5GTDKGP &GT MCKUGTNKEJG 1DGT DGHGJNUJCDGT /CTMITCH .WFYKI 9KNJGNO XQP $CFGP IGPCPPV 6Ã&#x2019;TMGPNQWKU WOUEJNQUU WPF CVVCEMKGTVG OKV UGKPGP -·ORHGTP GKPG \CJNGPO·ÂKI Ã&#x2019;DGTNGIGPG XQO 5GTCUMKGT #TCD 4GFUEJGD 2CUEJC MQOOCP FKGTVG QUOCPKUEJG #TOGG FKG UKEJ DGK 0KUEJ 0KUUC XGTUEJCP\V JCVVG #NU FKG UEJYGTG 0KGFGTNCIG FGT 6Ã&#x2019;TMGP QHHGPUKEJVNKEJ YWTFG XGTUWEJVGP FKGUG UKEJ FGO )GIPGT FWTEJ &WTEJSWGTWPI FGU (NWUUGU 0K UEJCXC \W GPV\KGJGP 8KGNG FGT (NKGJGPFGP YWTFGP XQP FGT PCEJUGV\GPFGP MCKUGTNKEJGP -CXCNNGTKG PKG FGTIGOCEJV #PUEJNKGÂGPF PCJOGP FKG 5KGIGT FKG 5VCFV 0KUEJ GKP
4480
168
1,5:1
4480
.WFYKI 9KNJGNO 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT WPF ,QJCPP (·TDGT 0Ã&#x2019;TPDGTI CWH FGP 5KGI DGK 0KUEJ $TWUVDKNF FGU /CTMITCHGP T KP *CTPKUEJ /KV FGT 4GKEJUHCJPG WPF FGO 0C OGPUDCPPGT FGU -CKUGTU IGMGPP\GKEJPGVG -CXCNNGTKG T XQTDGKUVÃ&#x2019;TOGPF CP VÃ&#x2019;TMKUEJGP <GNVGP HNKGJGPFG VÃ&#x2019;TMKUEJG 4GKVGTGK Ã&#x2019;DGT GKPGP #DJCPI JKPYGI WPF Ã&#x2019;DGT FKG 0KUEJCXC XQT UKEJ JGT VTGKDGPF +O *KPVGT ITWPF FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV 0KUEJ /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KGNCPFV <GKV\ 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 5VGORGNHGJNGT CVVTCMVKXGU XQT\Ã&#x2019;INKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' 5+')' &'5 6ª4-'0.17+5 +0 &'0 ,#*4'0 $+5 /CTMITCH .WFYKI 9KNJGNO XQP $CFGP YCT UGKV CNU 1HHK\KGT UGKV CNU 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGT FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP #TOGG GKPG OCIGDNKEJG 2GTUÌPNKEJMGKV KO -CORH IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP 5GKPG OKNKV·TKUEJGP 'THQNIG KPUDGUQPFGTG FKG 5KGIG DGK 0KUEJ WPF 5CNCPMCOGP DTCEJVGP KJO FGP GJTGPXQNNGP $GKPCOGP ō6ÒTMGPNQWKUŋ GKP
4481
.WFYKI 9KNJGNO 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FKG 5KGIG ÒDGT FKG 6ÒTMGP &GT /CTMITCH KP 4ÒUVWPI \W 2HGTF T FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT 4GEJVGP +O *KPVGTITWPF 4GKVGTUEJNCEJV CWH VKGHGT IGNGIGPGO 6GTTCKP $GYGIVG &CTUVGNNWPI GKPGU .ÌYGP DGKO *GV\GP GKPGU 9QNHUTWFGNU +O 8QTFGTITWPF N GKP YKGFGT CWUIGVTKGDGPGT $CWOUVWORH /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT
FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT 5NI *QJGPMWDKP 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KG NCPFV <GKV\ C *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC MN 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' '40'0070) &'5 6ª4-'0.17+5 <7/ 1$'4$'('*.5*#$'4 &'4 4'+%*5#4/'' #/ 4*'+0 &KG XQP (TCPMTGKEJ FGO 4GKEJ \WIGHÒIVGP 0KGFGTNCIGP KO 2H·N\KUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI XGTCPNCUUVGP -CK UGT .GQRQNF + UGKPGP KO -CORH IGIGP FKG 6ÒTMGP UQ GTHQNITGKEJGP )GPGTCNHGNFOCTUEJCNN .WFYKI 9KN JGNO XQP $CFGP CNU 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGT FGT 4GKEJUCTOGG \WO YGUVNKEJGP -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\ CP FGP 4JGKP \W DGQTFGTP &GO (GNFJGTTP IGNCPI GU KP FGT 6CV JKGT FGP 8QTOCTUEJ FGT 6TWRRGP FGU 5QPPGPMÌPKIU .WFYKIU :+8 DKU \WO 'PFG FGU -TKGIGU \W UVQRRGP
4482
.WFYKI 9KNJGNO 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTP DGTI KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGTPGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FGP (GNF\WI FGT XQO /CTMITC HGP IGHÒJTVGP MCKUGTNKEJGP 4GKEJUCTOGG CO 1DGTTJGKP $TWUVDKNF FGU /CTMITCHGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV #NNQPIGRGTÒEMG #O 4JGKPWHGT FGT (GNFJGTT UVGJGPF N UGKPG 4GEJVG GORQT \WT 5QPPG TKEJVGPF WPF FKGUGT UQ FGP 5VKNNUVCPF IGDKGVGPF 'T YKTF DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGT JKPVGT KJO UEJTGKVGPFGP YGKDNKEJGP )G UVCNV FKG OKV KJTGT .KPMGP GKPGP OKV VÒTMKUEJGP 6TQRJ·GP IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5VCD VT·IV 8QT FGO /CTMITCHGP UKV\V FGT RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG 4JGKP OKV IGHGUUGNVGP (ÒGP FKG *·PFG KO -NCIGIGUVWU GTJQDGPGP /KV GTJCDG PGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KGNCPFV <GKV\ *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT WPF -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
169
4483
4484
4485
$#/$'4) &+' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'5 $#/$'4)'4 $+5%*1(5 +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+') )GIGP FCU TGXQNWVKQP·TG (TCPMTGKEJ JCVVG UKEJ WPF GKPG ITQG CWU 2TGWGP ¤UVGTTGKEJ FGO 4GKEJ 4WUUNCPF 'PINCPF FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP 5RCPKGP 2QTVWICN WPF 5CTFKPKGP WPF 0GCRGN DGUVGJGPFG #NNKCP\ IGDKNFGV FKG OKV KJTGO )GIPGT FGP XQP DKU Y·JTGPFGP GTUVGP -QCNKVKQPUMTKGI CP \CJNTGKEJGP 2N·V\GP 'WTQRCU CWUHQEJV (ÒT FKG -QCNKVKQP XGTNKGHGP FKG -CORHJCPFNWPIGP KP &GWVUEJNCPF WPF FGP 5EJCWRN·V\GP KP FGP YGUVNKEJGP 0CEJDCTN·PFGTP PCEJ CPH·PINKEJGP 'THQNIGP UGKV WPIÒP UVKI <WT (KPCP\KGTWPI FGU -TKGIGU OWUUVGP CWEJ FKG IGKUVNKEJGP 5V·PFG #DICDGP NGKUVGP 'KPKIG IGKUVNK EJG (ÒTUVGP NKGGP FCJGT UQIGPCPPVG -QPVTKDWVKQPUOÒP\GP \WT #WUUVCVVWPI WPF 8GTUQTIWPI FGT #TOGGP RT·IGP FGTGP /ÒP\OGVCNN CWU IGURGPFGVGP QFGT GKPIGHQTFGTVGP 'FGNOGVCNNDGUV·PFGP FGT -KTEJGPUEJ·V\G WPF $ÒTIGT JGTIGUVGNNV YQTFGP YCT $KUEJQH (TCP\ .WFYKI XQP 'TVJCN NKG GPVURTGEJGPFG /ÒP\GP KP 0ÒTPDGTI KP (QTO XQP -QPXGPVKQPUVCNGTP RT·IGP &KGUG /ÒP\GP UKPF RTQITCOOCVKUEJ OKV 7O WPF #WHUEJTKHVGP KP &GWVUEJ XGTUGJGP &KG KP MNCUUK\KUVKUEJGT /CPKGT UEJNKEJV IGUVCNVGVG 4ÒEMUGKVG DGVQPV OKV FGO %TGFQ ō<7/ $'56'0 &'5 8#6'4.#0&5ŋ FGP $GFGWVWPIUJKPVGTITWPF FKGUGT 2T·IWPI
(TCP\ .WFYKI XQP 'TVJCN -QPX 6CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI I /KV FGO (ÒTUVGPJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH GKPGO OKV FGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGP /CPVGN &TGK <GKNGP 6GZV WO UEJNQUUGP XQP GKPGT .QTDGGTIKTNCPFG WPVGP FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN WPF KP \YGK <GKNGP FKG (GKPIGYKEJVU CPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX # -TWI C /CKNNGV 6H +: 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'+0 $#/$'4)'4 -108'06+1056#.'4 #75 &'/ ,#*4' &GT XQTNKGIGPFG 6CNGT YWTFG KP FGT <GKV FGU \YGKVGP XQP DKU CPFCWGTPFGP -QCNKVKQPUMTKGIGU IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ PKEJV CNU -QPVTKDWVKQPUOÒP\G UQPFGTP CNU TGIWN·TGU )GNF PCEJ FGO -QPXGPVKQPUHW IGRT·IV
%JTKUVQRJ (TCP\ XQP $WUGEM -QPX 6CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI I /KV FGO (ÒTUVGPJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH GKPGO OKV FGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGP /CPVGN KO (GNF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP FKG (GKPIGYKEJVUCPICDG KPPGTJCND GKPGT OKV GKPGT )KTNCPFG DGJCPIGPGP N·PIUQXCNGP 4CJOWPI &CX # -TWI .GKEJVG *KV\GURWTGP OKP 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
$#;'40 &+' -74(ª456.+%* $#;'4+5%*' -+22'424 )70) +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')
170
9·JTGPF FGT -KRRGT WPF 9KRRGTKPHNCVKQP KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI \·JNVG CWEJ -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP XQP $C[GTP \W FGP /ÒP\JGTTGP FKG UEJNGEJVGU )GNF RT·IGP NKGGP &KG MWTDC[GTKUEJGP 0QOKPCNG CWU FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG /ÒPEJGP TGKEJGP XQP MWRHGTPGP 2HGPPKIGP WPF -TGW\GTP DKU JKP \W UEJNGEJVGP 6CNGTP FKG DGK KJTGT #WUICDG \W -TGW\GTP IGTGEJPGV YWTFGP /CZKOKNKCP + -KRRGTVCNGT \W -TGW\GTP /ÒPEJGP I /KV FGO -WTJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WO\QIGP XQP FGT 8NKGUQTFGPUMGVVG .ÌYG JQEMGPF X X GKP -TÒEMGPMTGW\ JCNVGPF CWH FGO UKEJ QDGP GKPG -CTVWUEJG DGHKPFGV FKG FKG 9GTV\CJN WOUEJNKGV 7PVGP *CJP /CKNNGV 6H :+++ XCT 9KVV 4 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT MN 5VGORGNHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4486
-KRRGTIWNFGP \W -TGW\GTP /ÒPEJGP I /KV FGO -WTJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF WO\QIGP XQP FGT 8NKGUQTFGPUMGVVG .ÌYG JQEMGPF X X GKP -TÒEMGPMTGW\ JCNVGPF CWH FGO UKEJ QDGP GKPG -CTVWUEJG DGHKPFGV FKG FKG 9GTV\CJN WOUEJNKGV *CJP /CKNNGV XIN 6H :+++ FQTV ,CJT ICPI 9KVV 'VYCU HNCW IGRT·IV UGJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ /1* %5 #O $GTIG *CTUCP[ WPF DGK FGT &QPCWDTÒEMG DGK /QJ±EU MCO GU CO #WIWUV \W GKPGT 5EJNCEJV \YKUEJGP EC CPITGKHGPFGP 6ÒTMGP WPF FGT TWPF /CPP UVCTMGP MCKUGTNKEJGP #TOGG &GT XQP -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN DGHGJNKIVG NKPMG (NÒIGN FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP OWUUVG UKEJ \YCT OCUUKXGP #VVCEMGP FGT IGIPGTKUEJGP -CXCNNGTKG GTYGJTGP MQPPVG LGFQEJ OCIGDNKEJG -T·HVG FGU (GKPFGU DKU \WT #PMWPHV FGU *GT\QIU -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP DKPFGP WPF FCPCEJ IGOGKPUCO OKV FGP 6TWRRGP FGU *GT\QIU FKG VÒTMKUEJGP $GHGUVKIWPIGP PGJOGP +P FGT 5EJNCEJV VCVGP UKEJ CWEJ FGT LWPIG 2TKP\ 'WIGP WPF UGKP ·NVGTGT 8GVVGT /CTMITCH .WFYKI XQP $CFGP JGTXQT &GT 5KGI DGK /QJ±EU GTYKGU UKEJ CNU 5EJNÒUUGN \WT 'TQDGTWPI 7PICTPU WPF \WT $GUGV\WPI 5KGDGPDÒTIGPU
4487
Die Schlacht von Mohács, türkische Miniatur.
/CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP DGK /QJ±EU GTHQEJVGPGP 5KGI WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU -WTHÒTUVGP /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN 5VKGT OKV IGUGPMVGO -QRH N GKPG 5·WNG CPIGJGPF CWH FGT FKG $ÒUVG FGU -WT HÒTUVGP UVGJV 7PVGT FGT DC[GTKUEJGP WPF FGT MWTHÒTUVNKEJGP (CJPG M·ORHGPFG +PHCPVGTKG WPF -CXCNNGTKG IGIGP FCU DGHGUVKIVG (GNFNCIGT FGT 6ÒTMGP CPUVÒTOGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF FGT 1TV /QJ±EU /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KVV 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC 171
&+' 9+'&'4'41$'470) 810 0#/74 &KG 6TWRRGP .WFYKIU :+8 JCVVGP FKG 5VCFV 0COWT UQYKG FKG (GUVWPI WPF FKG <KVCFGNNG KO 2H·N\K UEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI PCEJ DNWVKIGP -·ORHGP IGPQOOGP MQPPVGP FKG #NNKKGTVGP PCEJ \GJPYÌEJKIGT $GNCIGTWPI FKG XQP FGO HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVWPIUCTEJKVGMVGP 8CWDCP XGTUV·TMVG <KVCFGNNG WPF FKG XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP XGTVGKFKIVG 5VCFV GTQDGTP &KG $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP UVCPFGP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 9KNJGNO +++ WPF XQP -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN FGT UGKV FKG KJO XQP UGKPGO 5EJYKGIGTXCVGT -CKUGT .GQRQNF + XGTNKGJGPG )GPGTCNUVCVVJCNVGTYÒTFG FGT URCPKUEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFG KPPG JCVVG
4488
1,5:1
4488
/CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG CDGTOCNKIG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 0COWT *GTMWNGU UVGJGPF JCNDN GKP /GFCKNNQP OKV FGO 2QTVT·V FGU DTKVKUEJGP -ÌPKIU 9KNJGNO +++ WPF GKP /GFCKNNQP OKV FGO $KNFPKU XQP -WTHÒTUV /CZKOKNKCP ++ 'OCPWGN XQP $C[GTP JCNVGPF <W UGKPGP (ÒGP N GKP MCWGTPFGT &TCEJG WPF T FGT <GTDGTWU UKV\GPF $NKEM CWH FKG CWH GKPGO UVGKNGP $GTI IGNGIGPG (GUVWPI 0COWT KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG 5VCFV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT *CYMKPU 6H %++ 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KVV *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
$100 &+' '41$'470) 810 $100 *7; .+/$74) 4*'+0$'4) 70& )'.&'40
4489
172
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , XQP /CCTVGP 5OGNV\KPI #OUVGTFCO CWH FKG 5KGIG FGT 8GTDÒPFGVGP WPF FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP $QPP *W[ .KODWTI 4JGKPDGTI WPF )GNFGTP #WH GKPGT GTJÌJVGP -WRRG FKG 8GTMÌTRG TWPI FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG UVGJGPF X X OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPG OGJTHCEJ DGMTÌPVG .CP\G KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP )GNFUCEM JCNVGPF *KPVGT FGO TGEJVGP 4CPF FGT -WRRG GTUEJGKPGP FKG *ÒHVDKNFGT GKPGU -TKGIGTU OKV 2HGKNDÒPFGN WPF WOMT·P\VGP 5EJYGTV UQYKG FKG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGU 4JGKPU OKV /GTMWTUVCD &TGK\CEM WPF 3WGNNWTPG +O *KPVGTITWPF GKP YGKVGT #WUDNKEM CWH GKPG HNCEJG 'DGPG OKV FGP GTQDGTVGP 5V·FVGP FGO 4JGKPNCWH UQYKG CWH FCU XQP \CJNTGKEJGP 5EJKHHGP DGHCJTGPG /GGT 7PDGMNGKFGVGT MKPFNKEJGT )GPKWU CWH GKPGT $CPM UKV\GPF X X KP FGP GTJQDGPGP *·PFGP LG GKP .QVVGTKGNQU <W UGKPGT .KPMGP WPF UGKPGT 4GEJVGP LG GKP .QVVGTKGNQUDGJ·NVGT WPF GKP (ÒNNJQTP 1DGP UEJYGDGPFGT 2WVVQ \YGK <GVVGN CWU UGKPGT .KPMGP HCNNGP NCUUGPF WPF KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPG 9CCIG JCNVGPF OO I &KTMU *CYMKPU 6H %:8+++ 5NI ,WNKWU XCP .QQP 9GKNGT 4 -N 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG XQT\ÒINKEJ
4491
4490
4491
$4#0&'0$74) +0 (4#0-'0 &'4 <9'+6' /#4-)4 (.'4-4+') /CTMITCH #NDTGEJV #NEKDKCFGU XQP $TCPFGPDWTI -WNODCEJ WPF $C[TGWVJ HÒJTVG UGKV GKPGP XQT PGJONKEJ CWH 6GTTKVQTKCNIGYKPP \KGNGPFGP -TKGI FGT KP FKG )GUEJKEJVUUEJTGKDWPI CNU FGT \YGKVG /CTM IT·HNGTMTKGI GKPIGICPIGP KUV &GT /CTMITCH GTMCPPVG FGP KP FKGUGO ,CJTG KO 0COGP -CKUGT -CTNU 8 OKV FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 4GKEJUHÒTUVGP IGUEJNQUUGPGP 2CUUCWGT 8GTVTCI PKEJV CP WPF FWTEJUVTGKHVG RNÒPFGTPF OKV UGKPGP 5ÌNFPGTP FKG /CKP WPF 4JGKPIGIGPF YQDGK UKEJ UGKPG DGFGWVGPFUVGP <KGNG CWH (TCPMGP MQP\GPVTKGTVGP 'T DGNCIGTVG 0ÒTPDGTI FCU CO ,WPK MCRKVWNKGTVG WPF TCPI 9ÒT\DWTI WPF $CO DGTI GTJGDNKEJG VGTTKVQTKCNG <WIGUV·PFPKUUG CD FGTGP 4GEJVO·KIMGKV \YCT XQO -CKUGT \WP·EJUV PKEJV CPGTMCPPV UR·VGT XQO *CDUDWTIGT CDGT FQEJ CM\GRVKGTV YWTFG &KG DGVTQHHGPGP HT·PMKUEJGP 5V·PFG UEJNQUUGP UKEJ OKV -ÌPKI (GTFKPCPF + *GT\QI *GKPTKEJ FGO ,ÒPIGTGP XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI WPF OKV #N DTGEJVU GKPUVKIGO 9CHHGPDTWFGT -WTHÒTUV /QTKV\ XQP 5CEJUGP \WO (T·PMKUEJGP $WPF \WUCOOGP WPF XGTVTKGDGP FGP $TCPFGPDWTIGT CWU (TCPMGP &CTCWHJKP HKGN /CTMITCH #NDTGEJV #NEKDKCFGU KP FCU *GT \QIVWO $TCWPUEJYGKI GKP #O ,WNK YWTFG UGKPG GVYC /·PPGT WOHCUUGPFG 5VTGKVOCEJV WPYGKV XQP 5KGXGTUJCWUGP DGK .GJTVG XQP FGP -·ORHGTP FGT $WPFGUIGPQUUGP /QTKV\ WPF *GKP TKEJ IGUEJNCIGP -WTHÒTUV /QTKV\ GTNKVV JKGT GKPG 8GTYWPFWPI CP FGT GT DCNF FCTCWH XGTUVCTD FGT YGNHK UEJG *GT\QI XGTNQT FTGK UGKPGT 5ÌJPG 'KPG \YGKVG GORHKPFNKEJG 0KGFGTNCIG GTNKVV FGT /CTMITCH KO 5GR VGODGT DGK 5VGVGTDWTI KO .ÒPGDWTIKUEJGP #O &G\GODGT XGTJ·PIVG FGT -CKUGT FKG 4GKEJ UCEJV ÒDGT FGP /CTMITCHGP &KG (GKPFG DGUGV\VGP UGKPG 'TDNCPFG WPF ÒDTKIGP $GUKV\WPIGP DKU ,WNK XQNNUV·PFKI #NDTGEJV #NEKDKCFGU HNQJ \WP·EJUV PCEJ (TCPMTGKEJ WPF XGTUVCTD CO /·T\ CWH FGT 5WEJG PCEJ PGWGP 8GTDÒPFGVGP KP 2HQT\JGKO DGK UGKPGO 5EJYCIGT FGO /CTMITCHGP XQP $CFGP 9·J TGPF FGU /CTMIT·HNGTMTKGIGU GPVUVCPFGP IQNFGPG WPF UKNDGTPG (GNFMNKRRGP FKG IGO· XQP 5EJTÌVVGT KP WPF WO 5EJYGKPHWTV *QH WPF *QJGPNCPFGPDGTI IGRT·IV YQTFGP UGKP UQNNGP
#NDTGEJV FGT ,ÒPIGTG #NEKDKCFGU CNNGKP UGKV 'KPUGKVKIG (GNFVCNGTMNKRRG XGT OWVNKEJ 5EJYGKPHWTV I &GT DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJG #FNGTUEJKNF QDGP Û #/<$ Û WPVGP Û + Û Û = Û? #P FGP GKPIGUEJYWPIGPGP 5GKVGP FGU 5EJKNFGU LG GKP MNGKPGU #UVMTGW\ Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 6H ++ XCT X 5EJT 5EJWNVGP 5NI 9KNO 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV -N 2T·IGUEJY·EJGP UGJT UEJÌP
$4#0&'0$74) 24'755'0 &+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ ('*4$'..+0 +O ,CJTG DGVGKNKIVG UKEJ -WTHÒTUV (TKGFTKEJ 9KNJGNO OKV UGKPGP 6TWRRGP CO 4GKEJUMTKGI IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ #O &G\GODGT FTCPIGP FKG 5EJYGFGP CNU $ÒPFPKURCTVPGT FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU XQP 8QTRQOOGTP CWU PCEJ $TCPFGPDWTI GKP WPF DTCEJGP UQOKV FGP UEJYGFKUEJ DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP -TKGI XQO <CWOG FGT GTUV UGKPGP #DUEJNWUU HCPF 8QO /CKP JGT MQOOGPF HÒJTVG KJPGP FGT )TQG -WTHÒTUV UGKPG 5VTGKVMT·HVG GPVIGIGP 0CEJ KJTGO 5KGI DGK 4CVJGPQY UEJNWIGP FKG XQP )GPGTCN (GNFOCT UEJCNN )GQTI XQP &GTHHNKPIGT IGHÒJTVGP $TCPFGPDWTIGT FKG 5EJYGFGP CO ,WNK KP FGT GPVUEJGK FGPFGP 5EJNCEJV DGK *GEMGPHGNFG UÒFÌUVNKEJ XQP (GJTDGNNKP WPF \YCPIGP FGP )GIPGT \WT 4·WOWPI FGT /CTM &KG 5EJNCEJV DGK (GJTDGNNKP DGITÒPFGVG FGP 4WJO FGU DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP *GTTUEJGTU FGT UEJQP DCNF FCTCWH OKV FGO UEJOÒEMGPFGP WPF TGURGMVXQNNGP $GKPCOGP ōFGT )TQG -WTHÒTUVŋ DG\GKEJPGV YWTFG
(TKGFTKEJ 9KNJGNO FGT )TQG -WTHÒTUV 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP *ÌJP &CP\KI CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK (GJTDGNNKP $NKEM XQP NGKEJV GTJÌJVGT 2QUKVKQP CWH FCU 5EJNCEJVHGNF KO 8QTFGTITWPF FGT -WTHÒTUV TGKVGPF N XQT KJO N FGT 5VCNNOGKUVGT (TQGDGP XQP GKPGT -WIGN IGVTQHHGP XQO 2HGTF UVÒT \GPF T GKP 4GKVGT WPVGT FGT -TQPG GKPGU $CWOGU FCU -CORHIGVÒOOGN DGVTCEJVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF FGT (NWUU 4JKP WPF FGT 1TV (GJTDGNNKP 6GZV KP HÒPH\GJP <GKNGP OO I $TQEMOCPP 4 -N )TCHHKVQ KO (GNF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
173
&+' '+00#*/' 810 56'66+0 0CEJ FGO 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGPUUEJNWUU YCTGP 8QTRQOOGTP WPF 4ÒIGP FKG *CHGPUVCFV 5VGVVKP FCU /ÒPFWPIUIGDKGV FGT 1FGT WPF GKP .CPFUVTGKHGP CO ÌUVNKEJGP 1FGTWHGT 5EJYGFGP \WIGURTQEJGP YQTFGP 0CEJ UGKPGO DGK (GJTDGNNKP GTTWPIGPGP 5KGI PCJO $TCPFGPDWTI PQEJ KO UGNDGP ,CJT 9QNNKP WPF 9QN ICUV GKP #PMNCO WPF &GOOKP +O ,WNK TÒEMVGP 5QNFCVGP FGU )TQGP -WTHÒTUVGP XQT FKG /CWGTP 5VGVVKPU FKG FWTEJ GKPG XQO UEJYGFKUEJGP )GPGTCN XQP 9WNHHGP DGHGJNKIVG )CTPKUQP XQP /CPP XGTVGKFKIV YWTFG &KG $GUCV\WPI MQPPVG DKU &G\GODGT FGU ,CJTGU CWUJCTTGP WPF UVTGEMVG FKG 9CHHGP GTUV CNU KJT FKG /WPKVKQP CWUIKPI )GO· FGU \YKUEJGP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF 5EJYGFGP IG UEJNQUUGPGPGP (TKGFGPU XQP 5CKPV )GTOCKP GP .C[G OWUUVG $TCPFGPDWTI FGO )GIPGT CNNG UGKPG 'TQDG TWPIGP KP 5EJYGFKUEJ 8QTRQOOGTP OKV #WUPCJOG GKPGU )GDKGVUUVTGKHGPU TGEJVU FGT 1FGT \WTÒEMIGDGP 5VGVVKP XGTNKGGP FKG $TCPFGPDWTIGT \WNGV\V
1,5:1
4492
1,5:1
(TKGFTKEJ 9KNJGNO FGT )TQG -WTHÒTUV &WMCV $GTNKP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 5VGVVKP I &GT -WTHÒTUV \W 2HGTF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CPVGN OKV -WTJWV WPF <GRVGT \W GKPGO QHHGPGP 2QTVCN JKP QTKGPVKGTV (ÒPH <GKNGP 6GZV QDGP \YGK 2WPMVG (D X 5EJT )1.& 9KP\ -TCV\GT MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP &KG 2T·IWPI FKGUGT )GFGPMOÒP\G GTHQNIVG YQJN GTUV #PHCPI
&+' $'(4'+70) &'4 -74-¤.0+5%*'0 56 &6' +O *GTDUV DGICPP FGT 2H·N\KUEJG 'TDHQNIGMTKGI (TCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP ÒDGTUEJTKVVGP FKG 4GKEJU ITGP\G DGUGV\VGP TCUEJ 6GKNG FGU 'T\DKUVWOU -ÌNP UQYKG FKG 5V·FVG 9QTOU 5RG[GT *GKFGNDGTI (TCP MGPVJCN /CKP\ /CPPJGKO -QDNGP\ WPF 2JKNKRRUDWTI WPF MQPPVGP DKU PCEJ 5EJYCDGP WPF (TCPMGP XQTTÒEMGP &GT 4GKEJUVCI TGCIKGTVG FCTCWH CO (GDTWCT OKV FGO $GUEJNWUU \WO 4GKEJUMTKGI -CKUGT .GQRQNF + UEJNQUU UKEJ CO /CK OKV FGP )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG IGIGP (TCPMTGKEJ \WT UQIGPCPPVGP )TQGP #NNKCP\ \WUCOOGP FGT CWEJ 5RCPKGP WPF 5CXQ[GP DGKVTCVGP +P FKGUGO ,CJT MQPP VGP FKG 8GTDÒPFGVGP 6GTTCKP \WTÒEMGTQDGTP WPF FKG HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP KP &GWVUEJNCPF \WTÒEMFT·P IGP &GP MWTHÒTUVNKEJ DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP MCO FKG #WHICDG \W FCU 'T\UVKHV -ÌNP WPF FKG WONKGIGPFGP )GIGPFGP XQP FGP (TCP\QUGP \W DGHTGKGP /KV GKPGT 5VTGKVOCEJV XQP EC /CPP WPF PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 6TWRRGP CP UGKPGT 5GKVG IGNCPI GU -WTHÒTUV (TKGFTKEJ +++ XQP $TCPFGPDWTI FKGUG #WHICDG \W GTHÒNNGP 4GEJVU WPF NKPMU FGU 4JGKPU PCJO GT FGP (TCP\QUGP \CJNTGKEJG 1TVG WPF (GUVWPIGP CD &KG -CRKVWNCVKQP FGT (GUVWPI 4JGKPDGTI GTHQNIVG CO /CK -CKUGTUYGTVJ MCRKVWNKGTV CO ,WPK WPF $QPP YWTFG XQP FGP (TCP\QUGP GTUV PCEJ GKPGT TWPF FTGKOQPCVKIGP $GNCIGTWPI CO 1MVQDGT ÒDGTIGDGP
4493
174
(TKGFTKEJ +++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP $GTPJCTF 5EJWNV\ $GTNKP CWH FKG $GHTGK WPI FGT MWTMÌNPKUEJGP 5V·FVG XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT $GUGV\WPI $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF /CP VGN 5EJNCEJVGPU\GPG KP YGKVGT XQO 4JGKP FWTEJ\QIGPGT .CPFUEJCHV CO (NWUU FKG 5V·FVG 4JGKPDGTI -CKUGTUYGTVJ 0GWUU -ÌNP WPF $QPP OO I $TQEMOCPP 5NI ,WNKWU /GPCFKGT 9GKNGT $QPP 9GKNGT -ÌNP 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 /+.+6 4+5%*' $'+56#0& (ª4 &+' 0+'&'4.#0&' 0CEJ FGT 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT (TCP\QUGP CWU FGO MWTMÌNPKUEJGP )GDKGV DGICD UKEJ -WTHÒTUV (TKGFTKEJ +++ OKV 5QNFCVGP KP FGP PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 4CWO WO UKEJ CWEJ FQTV FGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP GPV IGIGP \W UVGNNGP +P FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK (NGWT[ (NGTWU KO *GPPGICW CO ,WPK MQPPVG GT \YCT PKEJV GKPITGKHGP WO FGP 5KGI FGT (TCP\QUGP ÒDGT FKG FGWVUEJ PKGFGTN·PFKUEJG #TOGG \W XGTGKVGNP FQEJ FKG #PYGUGPJGKV FGT DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP 6TWRRGP KP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP XGTJKPFGTVG FCUU UKEJ FGT )GIPGT FQTV HGUVUGV\GP MQPPVG
4494
(TKGFTKEJ +++ 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 4CKOWPF (CNV\ $GTNKP CWH FGP OKNKV·TKUEJGP $GKUVCPF HÒT FKG 0KGFGTNCPFG $TWUVDKNF FGU -WTHÒTUVGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN /KPGTXC UVGJGPF X X OKV .CP\G WPF GKPGO OKV FGO MWTDTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP #FNGT IGUEJOÒEMVGP 5EJKNF FGP $NKEM T IGYCPFV <W KJTGT .KPMGP GKP .ÌYG UVGJGPF JCNDT +O *KPVGTITWPF GKPG 5VCFV KP GKPGT HNCEJGP .CPFUEJCHV OO I $TQEMOCPP -2- X .QQP +++ 5 5VGIWYGKV 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 )'.&'40 <W FGP 5EJCWRN·V\GP KO 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI \·JNVG CDGTOCNU CWEJ FKG 0KGFGTTJGKPIGIGPF $TCP FGPDWTI YCT CNU +PJCDGT FGU *GT\QIVWOU -NGXG WPOKVVGNDCT DGVTQHHGP 0CEJ GKPKIGP GTHQNITGKEJGP )G HGEJVGP \QIGP 6TWRRGP FGU 2TGWUUGPMÌPKIU WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP )GPGTCNOCLQT (ÒTUV .GQRQNF XQP #PJCNV &GUUCW XQT FKG (GUVWPI )GNFGTP FKG UGKV \WUCOOGP OKV FGO UÒFNKEJGP 6GKN FGU GKPUVKIGP *GT\QIVWOU )GNFGTP FCU UQIGPCPPVG 1DGTSWCTVKGT )GNFGTP WPVGT URCPKUEJGT *GTTUEJCHV UVCPF &KG UVCTMG (GUVWPI JCVVG OCP \WXQT PQEJ PKG GTQDGTP MÌPPGP #WEJ FKG 2TGWUUGP MQPPVGP FGP 2NCV\ PKEJV FWTEJ 9CHHGP GTUVÒTOGP FKG 'KPPCJOG IGNCPI FGPPQEJ FC FKG IGIPGTKUEJG $GUCV\WPI KPHQNIG FGU /CP IGNU CP .GDGPUOKVVGNP CO &G\GODGT MCRKVWNKGTVG &KG *GTTUEJCHV 2TGWUUGPU KO 1DGTSWCTVKGT )GNFGTP YWTFG KO (TKGFGP XQP 7VTGEJV HGUVIGUEJTKGDGP
4495
(TKGFTKEJ + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP $QUMCO $GTNKP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )GNFGTP $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU T KO *CTPKUEJ OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 1TFGPUDCPF WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM ÒDGT FGP 4JGKP CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU UVGJGPFG 5VCFV +O 8QTFGTITWPF CWH GKPGO 2QFGUV FGT CWH GKPGO (CNVUEJGOGN UKV\GPFG -ÌPKI N DGMT·P\V XQP FGT JKPVGT KJO UVGJGPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGU 5KGIGU XQP FGT XQT KJO CO $QFGP MPKGPFGP 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV )GNFGTP CWH GKPGO 6GNNGT FKG 5VCFVUEJNÒUUGN GOR HCPIGPF OO I $TQEMOCPP /CTKGPD /GPCFKGT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2CVKPC YKP\ 5COONGTRWP\G KO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 175
&'4 #75$47%* &'5 '456'0 5%*.'5+5%*'0 -4+')'5 &KG QDGTUEJNGUKUEJGP WPF \CJNTGKEJG PKGFGTUEJNGUKUEJG *GT\QIVÒOGT UVCPFGP UGKV WPVGT .GJPUJQJGKV FGT *CDUDWTIGT &KG UEJNGUKUEJGP 5V·PFG JCVVGP KO ,CJTG FKG 2TCIOCVKUEJG 5CPMVKQP WPF UQOKV /CTKC 6JGTGUKC CNU 0CEJHQNIGTKP KJTGU 8CVGTU -CTN 8+ WPF CNU MÒPHVKIG .CPFGUJGTTKP CPGTMCPPV 0CEJFGO FGT -CKUGT CO 1MVQDGT XGTUVQTDGP YCT OCTUEJKGTVG (TKGFTKEJ ++ XQP 2TGWUUGP CO 0QXGODGT OKV GKPGT UVCTMGP #TOGG KP 5EJNGUKGP GKP <WT HCFGPUEJGKPKIGP 4GEJVHGTVKIWPI XGTYKGU GT CWH CNVG DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJG $GUKV\CPURTÒEJG CWH FKG *GT\QIVÒOGT ,·IGTPFQTH .KGIPKV\ $TKGI WPF 9QJNCW &KGUG (QTFGTWPI DGTWJVG W C CWH GKPGT \YKUEJGP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF FGO *GT\QI \W .KGIPKV\ $TKGI WPF 9QJNCW IGUEJNQUUGPGP 'TDXGTDTÒFGTWPI FKG KO (CNNG FGU (GJNGPU FKTGMVGT O·PPNK EJGT 'TDGP GKPVTGVGP UQNNVG 2CTCNNGN \W UGKPGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 1RGTCVKQP XGTUWEJVG 2TGWUUGP QJPG 'THQNI CO 9KGPGT *QH CWH FKRNQOCVKUEJGO 9GIG UGKPG +PVGTGUUGP FWTEJ\WUGV\GP
4496
4496 1,5:1
(TKGFTKEJ ++ FGT )TQG )QNFOGFCKNNG \W XKGT &WMCVGP WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FGP #WUDTWEJ FGU GTUVGP 5EJNGUKUEJGP -TKGIGU WPF FGP GKP ,CJT \WXQT GKPIGVTGVGPGP 6QF XQP -CKUGT -CTN 8+ 7PVGTJCND FGU CWH GKPGO UVGKPGTPGP 7PVGTDCW UVGJGPFGP 5CTMQRJCIU FGU -CKUGTU FKG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI 5EJNGUKGPU UKV\GPF T UKEJ OKV FGO TGEJVGP #TO CWH FGP UEJNGUKUEJGP #FNGTUEJKNF UVÒV\GPF FKG .KPMG CNU <GKEJGP FGT 6TCWGT CO -QRHUEJNGKGT #O *QTK\QPV T FKG WPVGTIGJGPFG 5QPPG /GPUEJGP WPF 2HGTFGNGKEJGP KP QHHGPGO )GN·PFG WPVGTJCND FGU UVTCJNGPFGP 5[ODQNU FGU 2NCPGVGP /CTU XGTUVTGWV NKGIGPF KO *KPVGTITWPF DTGPPGPFG *·WUGT OO I ( W 5 XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G 5NI *GPEMGN XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT /CTKGPD 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN DKU 1NF )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ %*1675+6< +O ,CJT OCTUEJKGTVGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG 6TWRRGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU *GT\QIU -CTN XQP .QVJTKPIGP 4KEJVWPI 2TCI WO FKG UVTCVGIKUEJ WPF HÒT FGP 0CEJUEJWD YKEJVKIG DÌJOKUEJG *CWRVUVCFV CP\WITGKHGP FKG XQP GKPGT )CTPKUQP FGT OKV 2TGWUUGP XGTDÒPFGVGP $C[GTP IGJCNVGP YWTFG (TKGFTKEJ ++ UVGNNVG UKEJ OKV /CPP GKNKI FGT GVYC INGKEJ UVCTMGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP #TOGG KP FGP 9GI #O /QTIGP FGU /CK MCO GU DGK %JQVWUKV\ VUEJGEJ %JQVWUKEG KP $ÌJOGP \WT 5EJNCEJV FKG UEJQP IGIGP /KVVCI \WIWPUVGP 2TGWUUGPU GPVUEJKGFGP YCT 9·JTGPF (TKGFTKEJ /CPP XGTNQT \·JNVGP FKG ¤UVGTTGKEJGT 8GTNWUVG &KG $GFTQJWPI 2TCIU YCT FCOKV XQTGTUV DGUGKVKIV WPF FKG 8GTUQTIWPI FGT RTGWUUKUEJGP 8GTD·PFG YGKVGTJKP IGUKEJGTV &GT 'THQNI DGK %JQVWUKV\ DQV HÒT 2TGWUUGP GKPG IÒPUVKIG 8GTJCPFNWPIURQ UKVKQP DGKO #DUEJNWUU FGU $TGUNCWGT 8QTHTKGFGPU CO ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU KP FGO /CTKC 6JGTGUKC KJTGO )GIPGT (TKGFTKEJ FKG )TCHUEJCHV )NCV\ 0KGFGT WPF GKPKIG 6GKNG 1DGTUEJNGUKGPU ÒDGTNKG
4497
176
(TKGFTKEJ ++ FGT )TQG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP )GQTI 9KNJGNO -KVVGN $TGUNCW CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK %JQVWUKV\ CO /CK FGU ,CJTGU $ÒUVG FGU -ÌPKIU T CWH GKPGO OKV UGEJU (CJPGP WPF $GWVGYCHHGP UVCHHKGTVGP 5QEMGN 4GKVGTIGHGEJV KO *KPVGTITWPF GKPG )TWRRG XQP N XQTTÒEMGPFGP +PHCPVGTKUVGP OO I ( W 5 5NI *GPEMGN 5NI ,WNKWU 1NF /CTKGPD &WPMNG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
Preußisches Feldlager.
&+' $'5'6<70) &'5 -74(ª456'067/5 5#%*5'0 +/ 5+'$'0, *4+)'0 -4+') #O #WIWUV ÒDGTUEJTKVVGP RTGWUUKUEJG 5QNFCVGP FKG MWTU·EJUKUEJG )TGP\G /KV FGT 'T QDGTWPI GKPGU PGWVTCNGP 0CEJDCTUVCCVGU YQNNVG FGT 2TGWUUGPMÌPKI GKPGO HÒT FCU HQNIGPFG ,CJT IGIGP 2TGWUUGP IGRNCPVGP #PITKHH ¤UVGTTGKEJU WPF 4WUUNCPFU \WXQTMQOOGP WPF UKEJ \WINGKEJ GKPG IWVG 1RGTC VKQPUDCUKU IGIGP $ÌJOGP XGTUEJCHHGP 7PIGJKPFGTV MQPPVGP FKG 2TGWUUGP CO 5GRVGODGT KP &TGUFGP GKPOCTUEJKGTGP &GT U·EJUKUEJG .CPFGUJGTT (TKGFTKEJ #WIWUV ++ KP 2GTUQPCNWPKQP CNU #WIWUV +++ CWEJ -ÌPKI XQP 2QNGP YCT WPVGTFGUUGP PCEJ 9CTUEJCW IGHNQJGP UGKPG #TOGG DGK 2KTPC XQP FGP 2TGWUUGP GKPIGMTGKUV 0CEJFGO FKG \WO $GKUVCPF HÒT FKG 5CEJUGP GPVUCPFVGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP CO 1MVQDGT DGK .QDQUKV\ KP $ÌJOGP XQP FGP 2TGWUUGP IGUEJNCIGP YQTFGP YCTGP MCRKVWNKGTVG FCU GVYC /CPP UVCTMG U·EJUKUEJG *GGT CO 1MVQDGT 5QOKV MCO ICP\ -WTUCEJUGP WPVGT RTGWUUKUEJG *GTTUEJCHV WPF 8GTYCNVWPI &CU .CPF DNKGD DKU WPVGT RTGWUUKUEJGT -QPVTQNNG CNU (TKGFTKEJ ++ UGKPG JKGT UVCVKQPKGTVGP 6TWRRGP \WO -CORH IGIGP FKG XGTDÒPFGVGP 4WUUGP WPF ¤UVGTTGKEJGT YGKVIGJGPF CD\QI &CTCWHJKP MQPPVG FKG 4GKEJUCTOGG KO #WIWUV *CNNG /GTUGDWTI .GKR\KI 6QTICW WPF 9KVVGPDGTI GKPPGJOGP #O #WIWUV UVCPF FCU 4GKEJUJGGT XQT &TGUFGP WPF MQPPVG FKG 5VCFV CO 5GRVGODGT PGJOGP &GP 2TGWUUGP IGNCPI GU KPFGU OKV 5QNFCVGP .GKR\KI YKGFGT \W DGUGV\GP FQEJ FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI FGU U·EJUKUEJGP )GUCOVIGDKGVU OKUUNCPI XGTUWEJVG (TKGFTKEJ FGT )TQG &TGUFGP FWTEJ GKPG OCUUKXG $GUEJKGWPI YKGFGT KP UGKPG *CPF \W DTKP IGP FQEJ FKGUGT 2NCP IKPI PKEJV CWH 5CEJUGP DNKGD -TKGIUUEJCWRNCV\ WPF 5VCPFQTV DGKFGT IGIPGTKUEJGT 2CTVGKGP 'TUV FGT CO (GDTWCT \YKUEJGP 2TGWUUGP WPF ¤UVGTTGKEJ IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFG XQP *WDGTVWUDWTI DTCEJVG FKG 9KGFGTJGTUVGNNWPI FGT CNVGP 8GTJ·NVPKUUG KP 5CEJUGP WPF FKG 4ÒEMMGJT FGU -WTHÒTUVGP &KG RTGWUUKUEJG $GUCV\WPI 5CEJUGPU JKPVGTNKG FGO .CPF GKP UEJYGTGU XQNMUYKTVUEJCHVNKEJGU 'TDG -TKGIUUEJ·FGP WPF JQJG PKEJV GPFGPFG -QPVTKDWVKQPUHQTFGTWPIGP FGT $GUCV\GT JCVVGP FKG U·EJUKUEJG 9KTVUEJCHV UVCTM DGGKPVT·EJVKIV &QEJ PKEJV PWT FKG #DICDGP FGT $ÒTIGT JCDGP FGO 2TGWUUGPMÌPKI JQJG 'KPMÒPHVG GKPIGDTCEJV JCVVG GT FKG .GKR\KIGT /ÒP\UV·VVG CP FGP 7PVGTPGJOGT 'RJTCKO XGTRCEJVGV FGT FQTV RTGWUUKUEJGU -TKGIUIGNF UQYKG OCUUGPYGKUG OKPFGTYGTVKIG /ÒP\GP OKV FGO $KNFPKU FGU U·EJUK UEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP WPF FGO U·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP 9CRRGP CWU XQTIGHWPFGPGP WPF OKV PGW IGUEJPKVVGPGP VGKNU TÒEMFCVKGTVGP 5VGORGNP RT·IGP NKG FKG KO 8QNMG DCNF FGP 5RQVVPCOGP ō'RJTCKOKVGPŋ GTJKGNVGP #WEJ FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG \W &TGUFGP GTJKGNV 'RJTCKO \WT 2CEJV YQ GDGPHCNNU UGKV 5QOOGT UEJNGEJVGU -TKGIUIGNF GPVUVCPF (GTPGT YWTFGP JKGT CDGT KP GKPGO IGYKUUGP 7OHCPI XQNNYGTVKIG 0QOKPCNG WPVGT 6CNGTITÌG IGRT·IV FCPGDGP CWU PGWGP 5VGORGNP CWEJ IWVJCNVKIG &WMCVGP UQYKG 6CNGT MWTU·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP )GRT·IGU FKG CWH KJTGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FKG +PKVKCNGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU ,QJCPP &CXKF $KNNGT WPF FKUMTGV WPVGTJCND FGU U·EJUKUEJ RQNPKUEJGP 9CRRGPU FCU IGMTÌPVG /QPQITCOO (TKGFTKEJU ++ VTCIGP
4498 1,5:1
1,5:1
(TKGFTKEJ ++ FGT )TQG &WMCV &TGUFGP )WVJCNVKIG -TKGIURT·IWPI I $TWUV DKNF (TKGFTKEJ #WIWUVU ++ XQP 5CEJUGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN <YKUEJGP <YGKIGP IGMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV /KVVGNUEJKNF WPVGP FCU /QPQITCOO (4 (D FQTV WPVGT 5CEJUGP 1NF C X 5EJT )1.& WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT )QNFRCVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 177
4500
4499
4501
4GKEJUVCNGT &TGUFGP )WVJCNVKIG -TKGIURT·IWPI #WUDGWVG FGT U·EJUKUEJGP )TWDGP I $TWUVDKNF (TKGFTKEJ #WIWUVU ++ XQP 5CEJUGP T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO *GTOGNKPOCPVGN CWH FGT $TWUV FCU -NGKPQF FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU CO $CPFG VTCIGPF &KG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGU -ÌPKITGKEJU 2QNGP WPF FGU -WTHÒTUVGPVWOU 5CEJUGP QDGP -TQPG WPVGP FCU /QPQITCOO (4 &CX /ÒUGNGT E 1NF C 5EJPGG X 5EJT C 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 8'46'+&+)70) 70& &'4 '065#6< &'4 ('5670) -1.$'4)
&KG OKV UVCTMGP (GUVWPIUOCWGTP WOYGJTVG RQOOGTUEJG -ÒUVGPUVCFV -QNDGTI YWTFG KO 5KGDGPL·JTKIGP -TKGI FTGKOCN XQP TWUUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP DGNCIGTV DGJCWRVGVG UKEJ FKG /CPP \·JNGPFG RTGWUUKUEJG $GUCV\WPI \WUCOOGP OKV FGP $ÒTIGTP IGIGPÒDGT GKPGT 5QNFCVGP UVCTMGP TWUUKUEJGP #TOGG &KG XQO #WIWUV DKU \WO 5GRVGODGT Y·JTGPFG \YGKVG $GNCIGTWPI MQPPVG FKG WPVGT $GHGJN FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP 1DGTUV *GKPTKEJ XQP FGT *G[FG UVGJGPFG )CTPKUQP GDGPHCNNU FWTEJ UVGJGP &GP 8GTVGKFKIGTP UVCPFGP GKPG (NQVVG CWU UEJYGFKUEJGP WPF TWUUKUEJGP -TKGIUUEJKHHGP UQYKG /CPP HGKPFNKEJGT +PHCPVGTKG IGIGPÒDGT &KG XQP )GPGTCNOCLQT 2CWN XQP 9GTPGT IGHÒJTVGP 'PV UCV\MT·HVG DGUVGJGPF CWU FGP $TCWPGP *WUCTGP WPF FTGKGT $CVCKNNQPG RTGWKUEJGT +PHCPVGTKG GTTGKEJVGP -QNDGTI CO 5GRVGODGT #PIGUKEJVU FGT 8GTUV·TMWPI UGV\VGP UKEJ FKG $GNCIGTGT CO HQNIGPFGP 6CIG HNWEJVCTVKI ÒDGT FKG 1UVUGG CD (TKGFTKEJ ++ FGT )TQG 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 0KNU )GQTIK WPF ,CEQD #DTCJCO $GT NKP CWH FKG 8GTVGKFKIWPI FGT (GUVWPI -QNDGTI WPF FKG $GHTGKWPI 2QOOGTPU $TWUVDKNF FGU RTGWUUKUEJGP -QOOCPFCPVGP 1DGTUV *GKPTKEJ 5KIKUOWPF XQP FGT *G[FG T KP 7PKHQTO FGP 1TFGP 2QWT NG /¾TKVG XQT FGT $TWUV VTCIGPF #O /GGTGUWHGT -TKGIGT UVGJGPF N FCU 5EJYGTV IGIGP GKP CWU FGO 9CUUGT CWHVCW EJGPFGU 4CWEJ URGKGPFGU 7PIGJGWGT TKEJVGPF WPF OKV GKPGO OKV FGO 2TGWUUGPCFNGT IGYCRRPGVGP 5EJKNF FKG PGDGP KJO UKV\GPFG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI 2QOOGTPU DGUEJKTOGPF OO I ( W 5 *QHHOCPP /CTKGPD 1NF 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 8QP FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /GFCKNNG DGMCO 1DGTUV XQP FGT *G[FG XQO -ÌPKI GKP IQNFGPGU WPF UKNDGTPG 'ZGORNCTG ÒDGTTGKEJV ōWO FKG 'TKPPGTWPI CP FKG TWJOYÒTFKIG &GHGPUKQP UQ +JT \W YKGFGTJQNVGP /CNGP XQP FGT 'WEJ CPDG VTCWVGP 8GUVWPI %QNDGTI IGVJCP JCDV CWEJ CWH FKG UR·VGUVG 0CEJTKEJV \W DTKPIGP &CU $KNF FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG KUV FGO /QVKX XQP 2GTUGWU WPF #PFTQOGFC CWU FGT CPVKMGP ITKGEJKUEJGP /[VJQNQIKG PCEJGORHWPFGP
178
<KPPIWOGFCKNNG XQP 0KNU )GQTIK WPF ,CEQD #DTCJCO $GTNKP CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT (GUVWPI -QN DGTI $TWUVDKNF FGU )GPGTCNOCLQTU 2CWN XQP 9GTPGT T KP *WUCTGPWPKHQTO OKV WOIGNGIVGO 2GN\ WPF FGO 1TFGP 2QWT NG /¾TKVG #O /GGTGUWHGT GKP -TKGIGT UVGJGPF N FCU 5EJYGTV IGIGP GKP CWU FGO 9CUUGT CWHVCWEJGPFGU 4CWEJ URGKGPFGU 7PIGJGWGT TKEJVGPF WPF OKV GKPGO OKV FGO 2TGWGPCFNGT IG YCRRPGVGP 5EJKNF FKG PGDGP KJO UKV\GPFG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌTRGTWPI 2QOOGTPU DGUEJKTOGPF OO ( W 5 *QHHOCPP /CTKGPD 1NF NVGTGT )W -N 1Z[FHNGEMGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 4755+5%*' $'5'6<70) 15624'755'05 <CTKP 'NKUCDGVJ + 2GVTQXPC JCVVG CO &G\GODGT 1UVRTGWGP \WO TWUUKUEJGP 'KIGPVWO GTMN·TV PCEJFGO DGTGKVU KO ,WPK WPF #WIWUV TWUUKUEJG 6TWRRGP UKGITGKEJ KP FGP 1UVGP FGT 2TQXKP\ GKPOCTUEJKGTV YCTGP UKEJ LGFQEJ CWHITWPF CWHMQOOGPFGT 8GTUQTIWPIUUEJYKGTKIMGKVGP KO 1MVQDGT DKU PCEJ /GOGN \WTÒEMIG\QIGP JCVVGP $GK KJTGO CDGTOCNKIGP 'KPOCTUEJ MQPPVG FKG TWUUKUEJG 5VTGKVOCEJV KO ,CPWCT QJPG PGPPGPUYGTVG )GIGPYGJT XQTFTKPIGP WPF ICP\ 1UVRTGWGP QMMWRKGTGP -ÌPKIUDGTI MCRKVW NKGTVG CO ,CPWCT &KG 2TQXKP\ DGJKGNV WPVGT FGT TWUUKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV GKPG IGYKUUG 5GNDUV·PFKIMGKV &KG .CPFGUIGUGV\G DNKGDGP DGUVGJGP GDGPUQ FKG 8GTYCNVWPIU WPF ,WUVK\MQNNGIKGP UCOV KJTGP $GCOVGP PWT GTJKGNVGP UKG TWUUKUEJG 1HHK\KGTG CNU #WHUKEJVUKPUVCP\GP DGKIGQTFPGV &KG JÌEJUVG )GYCNV KO .CPFG QDNCI FGO /KNKV·TIQWXGTPGWT )TCH (GTOQT TGUR UGKPGP #OVUCEJHQNIGTP XQP -QTHH WPF 5WTQYQY &KG 4WUUGP HQTFGTVGP XQP FGT $GXÌNMGTWPI WOHCPITGKEJG 0CVWTCNNKGHGTWPIGP CP FKG #TOGG WPF XQP FGP 5V·FVGP -TKGIUMQPVTKDWVKQPGP FKG WPF LGYGKNU /KNNKQP 6CNGT DGVTWIGP &CU )GDQV FGT #D NKGHGTWPI LGINKEJGT 9CHHGP FKG ªDGTYCEJWPI FGU 2QUVYGUGPU WPF FKG 2TGUUG\GPUWT UQNNVGP FGT #WHTGEJV GTJCNVWPI XQP 4WJG WPF 1TFPWPI KO .CPFG FKGPGP 5GKV GPVUVCPF HÒT 1UVRTGWGP URG\KGNNGU $GUCV \WPIUIGNF FCU KP -ÌPKIUDGTI WPF CWEJ KP /QUMCW IGRT·IV YWTFG GKPGTUGKVU WO FGP *CPFGN WPF 9CPFGN \W HÌTFGTP CPFGTGTUGKVU CDGT CWEJ WO OKV FGT #WUÒDWPI FGU /ÒP\TGEJVU FKG <CTKP CNU PGWG .CPFGUJGTTKP \W RT·UGPVKGTGP &KG XQTOCNKIGP $GFKGPUVGVGP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG -ÌPKIUDGTI YCTGP XQT #PMWPHV FGT $GUCV\GT IGHNQJGP OKV #WUPCJOG FGU /ÒP\MQPVTQNNGWTU $GTPJCTF (TKGFTKEJ <KVGOCPP FGT KO #RTKN CNU TWUUKUEJGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT CPIGPQOOGP WPF XGTGKFKIV YWTFG &GT 6QF FGT <CTKP 'NKUC DGVJ CO ,CPWCT WPF FGT XQP KJTGO 0CEJHQNIGT <CT 2GVGT +++ CO /CK OKV FGO 2TGWUUGPMÌPKI IGUEJNQUUGPG (TKGFGP UCJ GKPG UQHQTVKIG 4ÒEMICDG 1UVRTGWGPU XQT FKG CDGT PKEJV WPOKVVGNDCT WOIGUGV\V YWTFG FC FGT <CT KO ,WNK GKPGO /QTF \WO 1RHGT HKGN WPF UGKPG )GOCJNKP WPF 6JTQPHQNIGTKP 'NKUCDGVJ ++ \WP·EJUV FGP (TKGFGPUUEJNWUU ÒDGTFCEJVG &QEJ CO #WIWUV VTCV 1UVRTGWGP YKGFGT WPVGT FKG *GTT UEJCHV -ÌPKI (TKGFTKEJU ++ &KG NGV\VGP TWUUKUEJGP 5QNFCVGP XGTNKGGP FCU .CPF KO 5GRVGODGT
4502
'NKUCDGVJ 2GVTQXPC 6CNGT -ÌPKIUDGTI I )GMTÌPVGU $TWUVDKNF FGT TWUUK UEJGP <CTKP 'NKUCDGVJ 2GVTQXPC T KP FGMQNNGVKGTVGO -NGKF WPF /CPVGN )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT OKV <GRVGT WPF 4GKEJUCRHGN KO #DUEJPKVV FKG 9GTVCPICDG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 1NF C /CKNNGV 6H .:8+++ X 5EJT 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
$4#70#7 #/ +00 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4#70#7 +O ¤UVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI JCVVGP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJG 6TWRRGP YGKVG 6GKNG $C[GTPU GKPIGPQO OGP &KG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV $TCWPCW YWTFG UGKV FGO /CK XQP ÌUVGTTGKEJKUEJGP 8GTD·PFGP WPVGT 'T\JGT \QI -CTN WPF (GNFOCTUEJCNN .WFYKI #PFTGCU XQP -JGXGPJÒNNGT DGNCIGTV &GT CNU MWTDC[GTKUEJGT )GPG TCN (GNF\GWIOGKUVGT KP &KGPUVGP FGU YKVVGNUDCEJKUEJGP )GIGPMCKUGTU -CTN 8++ UVGJGPFG 5VCFVMQOOCP FCPV .WFYKI (TKGFTKEJ *GT\QI \W 5CEJUGP *KNFDWTIJCWUGP NKG KP FKGUGT 5KVWCVKQP 0QVOÒP\GP CWU $NGK <KPPNGIKGTWPIGP WPF CWEJ CWU 'FGNOGVCNN UEJNCIGP &KG 5VCFV HKGN CO ,WPK KP FKG *·PFG FGT $GNCIGTGT
4503 1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG WPDGUVKOOVGT 9GTVUVWHG I &GT OKV FGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVG U·EJUKUEJG 4CWVGPUEJKNF \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H *GTKPGM *QNNOCPP -GNNPGT /CKNNGV 6H :8+ 44 *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC OKP LWUVKGTV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG $GUVKOOWPI FGT 0QOKPCNG FKGUGT WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP 5KNDGTMNKRRG KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV
179
2:1
4504
4505
'KPUGKVKIG MNGKPG QMVQIQPCNG 5KNDGTMNKRRG \W -TGW\GTP I &GT OKV FGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGT JÌJVG U·EJUKUEJG 4CWVGPUEJKNF \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM XCT *QNNOCPP -GNNPGT /CKNNGV 6H :8+ 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG $NGK <KPP 8KGTVGNIWNFGPMNKRRG \W -TGW\GTP I &GT OKV FGO *GT \QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVG U·EJUKUEJG 4CWVGPUEJKNF \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *GTKPGM *QNNOCPP -GNNPGT /CKNNGV 6H :8+ 5GJT UEJÌP
$4#705%*9'+) &+' 56#&6 +0 &'4 #75'+0#0&'45'6<70) /+6 +*4'/ .#0&'5*'440 +P FGT 5VCFV $TCWPUEJYGKI JCVVGP UEJQP HTÒJ FKG +FGGP FGT 4GHQTOCVKQP (W IGHCUUV &KG #WUÒDWPI FGT PGWGP .GJTG YWTFG XQP 4CV WPF $ÒTIGTUEJCHV QHHK\KGNN \WIGNCUUGP &CFWTEJ IGTKGV FKG 5VCFV KP -QPHNKMV OKV KJTGO .CPFGUJGTTP *GT\QI *GKPTKEJ FGO ,ÒPIGTGP FGT HGUV FGO CNVGP TÌOKUEJGP )NCWDGP XGTJCHVGV YCT 0CEJFGO GU CWH FGO .CPFVCI XQP 5CN\FCJNWO \WO $TWEJ \YKUEJGP FGT 5VCFV WPF FGO .CPFGUJGTTP IGMQOOGP YCT VTCV $TCWPUEJYGKI KO #WIWUV FGO 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGP $WPF DGK GKPGO 5EJWV\DÒPFPKU FGT GXCPIGNKUEJGP (ÒTUVGP WPF 5V·FVG 7PVGT FGO 5EJWV\ FGU $WPFGU XGTOKPFGTVG FKG $ÒTIGTUEJCHV FKG <CJN FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP -KTEJGP -NÌUVGT WPF ÒDTKIGP +PUVKVWVKQPGP +O $NKEM CWH FKG NCVGPVG $GFTQJWPI FGT 5V·FVG $TCWPUEJYGKI WPF )QUNCT FWTEJ *GKPTKEJ FGP ,ÒPIGTGP GTMN·TVGP KJO FKG 5EJOCNMCNFGPGT FGP -TKGI WPF DGUGV\VGP UGKP *GTTUEJCHVUIGDKGV YCU FGP *GT\QI \WT (NWEJV XGT CPNCUUVG 5GKV WPVGTPCJO GT OGJTGTG 8GTUWEJG UGKP .CPF \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP 8GTIGDGPU XGTUWEJVG GT KP FKGUGO ,CJT CWEJ FKG 5VCFV $TCWPUEJYGKI \W GTQDGTP &GT *GT\QI IGTKGV DCNF FCTCWH DGK *ÌEMGN JGKO KP JGUUKUEJG )GHCPIGPUEJCHV CWU FGT GT PCEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG FGU 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGP $WPFGU KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK /ÒJNDGTI YKGFGT HTGK MCO &C 5EJNKEJVWPIUXGTUWEJG \YKUEJGP $TCWPUEJYGKI WPF *GT\QI *GKPTKEJ GTIGDPKUNQU DNKGDGP MCO GU KO ,WNK \WT $GUGV\WPI FGU .CPFIGDKGVU WPF \W GKPGT CEJVYÌEJKIGP $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ JGT\QINKEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG FKG KO 5GRVGODGT KPHQNIG MCKUGTNKEJGT 8GTOKVVNWPI CWHIGJQDGP YWTFG &GT *GT\QI MQP\GPVTKGTVG UKEJ KP FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP OGJT CWH FKG $GM·ORHWPI FGT 5VCFV )QUNCT WPF FGP -CORH IGIGP #NDTGEJV #NEKDKCFGU XQP $TCPFGPDWTI -WNODCEJ FGP GT KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 5KGXGTUJCWUGP UEJNWI +O 5GRVGODGT FKGUGU ,CJTGU DGNCIGTVG *GKPTKEJ CDGTOCNU $TCWPUEJYGKI FQEJ YKGFGT QJPG 'THQNI 7PVGT 8GTOKVVNWPI FGU -CKUGTU \CJNTGKEJGT (ÒTUVGP WPF 5V·FVG UEJNQUUGP FKG -QPVTCJGPVGP KO 1MVQDGT FGP (TKGFGP \W 9QNHGPDÒVVGN KP FGO UKEJ DGKFG 2CTVGKGP \WT HTGKGP 4GNKIKQPUCWUÒDWPI DGTGKV GTMN·TVGP &KG 5VCFV MQPPVG YGKVIGJGPF KJTG 7PCDJ·PIKI MGKV DGYCJTGP
4506
4506 1,5:1
180
*CNDVCNGT UQI 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGT $WPFGUJCNDVCNGT I .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N %JTKUVWU CWH GKPGO CO $QFGP NKGIGPFGP OGPUEJNKEJGP 5MGNGVV UVGJGPF X X OKV -TGW\HCJPG WPF \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGPGT .KP MGP *KPVGP QHHGPGT 5CTMQRJCI $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GPVURTGEJGPFGT 6CNGT ,GUUG a -P[RJ /CKNNGV 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV <YGK YKP\KIG )TCHHKVK UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4#705%*9'+) +O HTÒJGP ,CJTJWPFGTV YWTFG FKG *CPUGUVCFV $TCWPUEJYGKI GTPGWV XQP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP OKV KJTGO .CPFGUJGTTP UQYKG XQP KPPGTGP -QPHNKMVGP GTUEJÒVVGTV +P FGT \YGKVGP *·NHVG FGU ,CJTGU HÒJTVGP FKG IGUGNNUEJCHVNKEJGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP KO UV·FVKUEJGP )GOGKPYGUGP \W GKPGT ITWPFU·V\NKEJ PGWGP HÒT FCOCNKIG 8GTJ·NVPKUUG TGXQNWVKQP·TGP 0GWQTFPWPI FGU 5VCFVTCVU FKG FKG 8QTJGTTUEJCHV FGT 2CVTK\KGT WPF FGT TGKEJGTGP )KNFGP DTCEJ )NGKEJ\GKVKI OÒPFGVG FGT UEJQP UEJYGNGPFG -QPHNKMV KP GKPGP -TKGI OKV FGO .CPFGUJGTTP *GT\QI (TKGFTKEJ 7NTKEJ $GTGKVU FGUUGP 8QTI·PIGT *GT\QI *GKPTKEJ ,W NKWU JCVVG FKG PCEJ UGKPGT #WHHCUUWPI WPDQVO·KIG 5VCFV PCEJ GKPGO OKUUINÒEMVGP #PITKHH DGNCIGTV WPF FCU (GNF GTUV IGT·WOV CNU JCPUKUEJG 6TWRRGP \WO 'PVUCV\ CPTÒEMVGP &C FKG 4GHQTOGP FGT IGUGNNUEJCHVNKEJGP 5VTWMVWTGP KP FGT 5VCFV CWEJ FGO PGWGP *GT\QI (TKGFTKEJ 7NTKEJ GKP &QTP KO #WIG YCTGP UEJKEMVG GT CO ,WNK CNUQ TWPF \YGK ,CJTG PCEJ UGKPGO 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV GKPG 5VTGKV OCEJV XQT FKG /CWGTP $TCWPUEJYGKIU &CU *GTCPPCJGP GKPGT /CPP UVCTMGP 8QTJWV FGT \WT *KNHG IGTWHGPGP WOHCUUGPFGP JCPUKUEJ PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 'PVUCV\VTWRRGP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU 4GKEJUHTGK JGTTP $QFQ XQP -P[RJCWUGP DTCEJVG CO 5GRVGODGT FCU 'PFG FGT $GNCIGTWPI +P FGO CO &G \GODGT IGUEJNQUUGPGP (TKGFGP XQP 5VGVGTDWTI JGWVG 5VCFVVGKN XQP 5CN\IKVVGT DGUV·VKIVG FGT *GT\QI FKG (TGKJGKVGP FGT 5VCFV +O )GIGP\WI XGTRHNKEJVGVG UKEJ FKGUG \WT 'TDJWNFKIWPI
4507
5KNDGTPGU /GFCKNNQP XQP *GKPTKEJ 4CRRQUV $TCWPUEJYGKI CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV $TCWP UEJYGKI $CTJ·WRVKIGU *ÒHVDKNF FGU *GT\QIU (TKGFTKEJ 7NTKEJ XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI 9QNHGPDÒVVGN T KP *CTPKUEJ KP FGT 4GEJVGP FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF FKG .KPMG CWH GKPGO QHHGPGP 8KUKGTJGNO FGT CWH GKPGO OKV GKPGT &GEMG XGTJÒNNVGP 6KUEJ UVGJV 'KPG O·EJVKIG (TÒEJVG VTCIGPFG 'KEJG KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG 5VCFV $TCWPUEJYGKI .KPMU QDGP FGT 0COG ,GJQXCU KP JGDT·KUEJGP .GVVGTP WOIGDGP XQP 5VTCJNGP FKG GKP 9QNMGPDCPF FWTEJDTGEJGP WPF FGP $CWO VGKNU DGUEJGKPGP VGKNU XGTDTGPPGP OO I $TQEMOCPP C (KCNC -P[RJ 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4508
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP %JTKUVKCP /CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV #WU FGT 8QIGNUEJCW #PUKEJV FGT XQP HGKPFNKEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP 5VCFV &GT XQP GKPGO .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF GKPGO FTGKHCEJGP 5EJTKHVMTGKU WOUEJNQUUGPG 5VCFVUEJKNF OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT -PKIIG -P[RJ 4 -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
181
$4#705%*9'+) 91.('0$ª66'. &+' 2(#(('0('+0&24 )70) &'5 ō61..'0 %*4+56+#0ŋ
4509
Christian, Bischof von Halberstadt 1617-1627.
%JTKUVKCP $KUEJQH XQP *CNDGTUVCFV 4GKEJUVCNGT .KRRUVCFV 2HCHHGPHGKPFVCNGT I )166'5 (4'80&6 &'4 2(#(('0 ('+0&6 KPOKVVGP GKPGU XKGNHCEJ DQIKIGP 4WPFU 'KP CWU GKPGT 9QNMG N JGTXQTVTGVGPFGT IGRCP\GTVGT JKOONKUEJGT #TO GKP 5EJYGTV JCNVGPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX $ &GVJNGHU ++ &WXG 8++ /CKNNGV 6H +++ 9GNVGT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUU HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 2HCHHGPHGKPFVCNGT YGTFGP CWEJ )QVVGUHTGWPFVCNGT IGPCPPV &KGUG 5RQVVOÒP\GP FGU HÒT FKG 5CEJG FGU 2TQVGUVCPVKUOWU M·ORHGPFGP VQNNGP %JTKUVKCP YWTFGP CWU -KTEJGPUKNDGT DGUQPFGTU FGU 2CFGTDQTPGT &QOU IGRT·IV
4510
4GKEJUVCNGT .KRRUVCFV 2HCHHGPHGKPFVCNGT I )166'5 (4'80&6 &'4 2(#(('0 ('+0&6 KPOKVVGP GKPGU XKGNHCEJ DQIKIGP 4WPFU 'KP CWU GKPGT 9QNMG N JGTXQTVTGVGPFGT IGRCP\GTVGT JKOONKUEJGT #TO J·NV GKP 5EJYGTV CWH FGUUGP 5RKV\G GKP $KTGVV FGU ,GUWKVGPQTFGPU UVGEMV $TCWUG /CPU HGNF 6H &CX &GVJNGHU 8+ &WXG 8+++ /CKNNGV 6H +++ 9GNVGT 44 5GJT UEJÌP $GUQPFGTU UGNVGP UKPF FKG URÌVVKUEJGP 2HCHHGPHGKPFVCNGT OKV FGT XQO 5EJYGTV CWHIGURKGVGP ,GUWKVGPMCRRG GKPGO XQP FGP 2TQVGUVCPVGP UGJT IGJCUUVGP 6GKN FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP #OVUVTCEJV 5KG YWTFGP WPF PQEJOCNU KP FGP GT ,CJTGP IGRT·IV ªDGT FKG 0CEJRT·IWPI FGT 5RQVVOÒP\GP DGUEJYGTVG UKEJ FGT #FOKPKUVTCVQT XQP %QTXG[ FGT OÒP UVGTKUEJG (ÒTUVDKUEJQH %JTKUVQH $GTPJCTF XQP )CNGP KO ,CJT UKGJG )GTF &GVJNGHU &KG 2HCHHGPHGKPFOÒP\GP FGU *GT\QIU %JTKUVKCP XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI KP 00$ /·T\ 5 5R·VGT YWTFGP FKGUG UEJQP KO ,CJTJWPFGTV DGK 5COONGTP UGJT DGNKGDVGP 5RQVVOÒP\GP OCPKRWNKGTV KPFGO CWH 'ZGORNCTGP OKV FGO DNQGP 5EJYGTV FKG ,GUWKVGPMCRRG PCEJVT·INKEJ CWHIGNÌVGV YWTFG &KG 2HCHHGPHGKPFVCNGT UKPF GKP DGUQPFGTU CPUEJCWNKEJGU &QMWOGPV FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 2TQRCICPFC Y·JTGPF FGU &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU
182
&+' 9+'&'4*'456'..70) &'4 70+10 &'4 )'0'4#.56##6'0 &'4 0+'&'4.#0&'
4511
-CTN 9KNJGNO (GTFKPCPF <KPPOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 9KGFGTJGTUVGNNWPI FGT 7PKQP FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG FWTEJ FKG RTGWK UEJG #TOGG WPVGT FGT (ÒJTWPI XQP )GPGTCNHGNFOCTUEJCNN -CTN 9KNJGNO (TKGFTKEJ XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI 9QNHGPDÒVVGN $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN FCTCWH FGT 5VGTP FGU *QUGPDCPFQT FGPU WPF OKV WOIGNGIVGO 1TFGPUDCPF UCOV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGO -NGKPQF $NKEM CWH #OUVGTFCO QDGP FKG DQIGPHÌTOKI CPIGQTFPGVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGT PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 2TQXKP\GP +O #DUEJPKVV FKGUGNDGP 5EJKNFG WPIGQTFPGV ITWRRKGTV /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV OO I $TQEMOCPP (KCNC 8GTX X .QQP 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
$4'+5#%* &+' $'.#)'470) 810 $4'+5#%* &KG -CKUGTNKEJGP JCVVGP FCU 'NUCUU T·WOGP OÒUUGP WPF KJTG 8GTYCNVWPI KP FCU DGHGUVKIVG WPF UVTCVGIKUEJ IÒPUVKI IGNGIGPG $TGKUCEJ XGTNGIV <WP·EJUV YWTFG FKG (GUVWPI XQO )GIPGT FWTEJ FGP 'KP UCV\ OQDKNGT -QPVKPIGPVG XQO 0CEJUEJWD CDIGUEJPKVVGP FQEJ UGKV FGO ,WNK NKGGP FKG DGKFGP IGIPGTKUEJGP (GNFJGTTP 4JGKPITCH 1VVQ WPF /CTMITCH (TKGFTKEJ XQP $CFGP &WTNCEJ FKG (GUVWPI TGIGN TGEJV DGNCIGTP &KG HQNIGPFGP /QPCVG YWTFGP HÒT FKG 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP GPVDGJTWPIUTGKEJ &C UKEJ CWEJ FKG $G\CJNWPI FGT 8GTVGKFKIGT CWHITWPF HGJNGPFGP 0CEJUEJWDU XGTUEJNGEJVGTVG NKG FGT (GUVWPIUMQO OCPFCPV *CPPKDCN XQP 5EJCWGPDWTI DGK FGP $TGKUCEJGT $ÒTIGTP 'FGNOGVCNNQDLGMVG DGUEJNCIPCJOGP WO FCTCWU )QNF WPF 5KNDGTOÒP\GP KP -NKRRGPHQTO \W RT·IGP #O 1MVQDGT UEJNWI GKP WPVGT (ÒJ TWPI FGU *GT\QIU XQP (GTKC 8K\GMÌPKI XQP 8CNGPEKC JGTDGKIGGKNVGU 'PVUCV\JGGT FKG $GNCIGTGT KP FKG (NWEJV
4512
1,5:1
1,5:1
-NKRRG \W )QNFIWNFGP I &KG PGDGPGKPCPFGT UVGJGPFGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGU 'T\JGT\QIVWOU ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF FGT .CPFITCHUEJCHV 1DGT 'NUCUU VGKNYGKUG ÒDGTNCIGTV XQP GKPGO 4GKEJUCRHGN FGT FGP 4CWO \YKUEJGP FGP 5EJKNFGP HÒNNV 7PVGP FGT $TGKUCEJGT 5VCFVUEJKNF +O (GNF Û Û Û Û <YKUEJGP 2WPMVGP 4QUGVVGP WPF YGKVGTGP 1TPCOGPVGP FKG HÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV Û /1 Ù 01 Ù Û 8#56 Ù #.5 Ù Û '6 Û Û $4+5+#%#' Û Û +0&': Û Û Û. Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF $GTUVGVV (D XIN /CKNNGV )1.& WGTUV UGNVGP (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 183
4513 1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG I f /1 Ù 01 Ù 8#56 Ù #.5 Ù '6 Û $4+5+#%#' Û +0&': 4GKEJUCRHGN \YKUEJGP FGP 5EJKNFGP FGU 'T\JGT\QIVWOU ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF FGT .CPFITCHUEJCHV 1DGT 'NUCUU WPVGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF \YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $GTUVGVV XCT /CKNNGV 6H :8+++ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 2CTVKGNN NGKEJVGT &QRRGNUEJNCI HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
4514
-NKRRG \W -TGW\GT I (ÒPH <GKNGP 6GZV &KG 5EJKNFG FGU 'T\JGT\QIVWOU ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF FGT .CPFITCHUEJCHV 1DGT 'NUCUU WPVGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF \YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP TÌOKUEJGP 9GTV\CJN QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $GTUVGVV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 5GJT UEJÌP
4515
184
6CNGTMNKRRG CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV WPF FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT $GNCIGTGT I ‰ $4+5#% Ù 1$5'55 Ù &8%6 Û 4'+0)4 Ù 16 Ù '6 Û /#4%* Ù (4+& Ù &84 Ú &KG 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGU 'T\JGT \QIVWOU ¤UVGTTGKEJ WPF FGT .CPFITCHUEJCHV 1DGT 'NUCUU WPVGP FGT $TGKUCEJGT 5VCFVUEJKNF &C\YKUEJGP KP UKGDGP <GKNGP Û &+' Û 8++ +8.+ '6 g +++ Û #8)856+ Û #001 &0+ Û ‰ #$ Û 864+538' Û 6842+ Û (8)# Û &'5'46 Ù &+' Ù :8+ Û 1%61$ Ù 9QNH TÒEMDNKEMGPF N HNKGJGPF QDGP N *1% Û 14+ '06' Û (8 )+6 Û QDGP T KP 9QNMGP GKP 5VGTP FKG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG ( FGU -CKUGTU WOUEJNKGGPF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT $GTUVGVV XCT /CKNNGV 6H :+: XCT WGTUV UGNVGP .GKEJVG 2T·IGUEJY·EJG UGJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $4'+5#%* $GTPJCTF *GT\QI XQP 5CEJUGP 9GKOCT IKNV CNU FGT YQJN DGFGWVGPFUVG FGWVUEJG RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG (GNF JGTT FGU &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU &GT CO #WIWUV KP 9GKOCT IGDQTGPG *GT\QI UEJNQUU UKEJ PCEJ GKPKIGP 5VWFKGPOQPCVGP KP ,GPC FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 6TWRRGP CP WPF HQEJV DGK 9KGUNQEJ WPF 9KORHGP #NU )GPGTCN )WUVCX #FQNHU XQP 5EJYGFGP JKGNV $GTPCTF FKG GTQDGTVGP 4JGKPNCPFG PCJO CO 5VWTO CWH 9CNNGPUVGKPU .CIGT VGKN WPF DGJCWRVGVG PCEJ FGO 6QF )WUVCX #FQNHU FCU 5EJNCEJVHGNF DGK .ÒV\GP 0CEJ FGO 8GTNWUV XQP 4GIGPUDWTI YWTFG $GTPJCTF DGK 0ÌTFNKPIGP XGTPKEJVGPF IGUEJNC IGP WPF XGTNQT UGKP *GT\QIVWO +P FGP DGKFGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP M·ORHVG GT OKV HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 8GTDÒP FGVGP OKV YGEJUGNPFGP 'THQNIGP XQT CNNGO KP .QVJTKPIGP UEJNWI FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP DGK 4JGKPHGNFGP WPF PCJO PCEJ OGJTOQPCVKIGT $GNCIGTWPI CO &G\GODGT $TGKUCEJ GKP YQTCWH FKG XQTNKGIGPFG /GFCKNNG $G\WI PKOOV 0CEJ FGP #PUVTGPIWPIGP FGT (GNF\ÒIG GTNCI $GTPJCTF CO ,WNK DGK 0GWGPDWTI CO 4JGKP GKPGT MWT\GP -TCPMJGKV
4516
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP $NWO $TGOGP WPF -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV +PPGT JCND GKPGT JQEJQXCNGP MCTVWUEJGPHÌTOKIGP 4CJOWPI $TWUVDKNF XQP $GTPJCTF *GT\QI XQP 5CEJUGP 9GK OCT JCNDN KP *CTPKUEJ OKV DTGKVGO 5RKV\GPMTCIGP WPF (GNFDKPFG KP FGT .KPMGP GKPGP -QOOCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF $NKEM XQP 9GUVGP ÒDGT FGP 4JGKP CWH FKG 5VCFV CO FKGUUGKVKIGP 7HGT FKG (GUVWPI $TGKUCEJ QDGP XKGT <GKNGP 6GZV OO I $GTUVGVV 5NI /GTUGD 6GPV\GN 6H *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
4517
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 5GDCUVKCP &CFNGT &CP\KI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV #WH GKPGT NGKEJVGP #PJÌJG KO 8QTFGTITWPF *GT\QI $GTPJCTF XQP 5CEJUGP 9GKOCT \W 2HGTF DCTJ·WRVKI KP *CTPKUEJ KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP -QOOCPFQUVCD DGMT·P\V XQP GKPGO T CWU GKPGT 9QNMG JGTXQTVTGVGPFGP JKOONKUEJGP #TO #WH FGO GVYCU VKGHGT IGNGIGPGP XQP \YGK 9CUUGTN·WHGP DGITGP\VGP 6GTTCKP KP FGT OKVVNGTGP $KNF \QPG VTGKDGP 4GKVGT WPF (WVTWRRGP FKG WPVGT $NKV\GP HNKGJGPFG IGIPGTKUEJG 4GKVGTGK WPF +PHCPVGTKG N XQT UKEJ JGT +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV XQP $TGKUCEJ WPF FGO -CKUGTUVWJN $NKEM XQP 9GUVGP CWH FKG 5EJCP\G CWH FGT 4JGKPKPUGN WPF CWH FKG 5VCFV $TGKUCEJ CO IGIGPÒDGTNKGIGPFGP 7HGT +O 8QTFGTITWPF )GUEJÒV\UVGNNWPIGP WPF GKPG )TWRRG FGT $GNCIGTGT 1DGP KP 9QNMGP FGT XQP \YGK 2WVVK IGJCNVGPG 5VCFVUEJKNF OO I $GTUVGVV 5NI /GTUGD 6GPV\GN 6H 8 9KGEGM 44 -N 4CPFHGJNGT WPF YKP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JGTTNKEJGT 2CVKPC 185
$4'/'0 70& 8'4&'0 &#5 *'4<1)67/ $4'/'0 70& 8'4&'0 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 &KG 5GNDUV·PFKIMGKV FGU 'T\DKUVWOU $TGOGP GPFGVG KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI FWTEJ F·PKUEJG #FOKPKUVTCVKQP WPF FWTEJ UEJYGFKUEJG $GUGV\WPI &GT UEJYGFKUEJG $GUKV\ $TGOGPU UQYKG FGU $KUVWOU 8GTFGP YWTFG KO 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP XQP CPGTMCPPV INGKEJ\GKVKI YWTFGP FKG DGKFGP -KTEJGPIGDKGVG KP FCU *GT\QIVWO $TGOGP WPF 8GTFGP WOIGYCPFGNV 'TUV KO 0QTFKUEJGP -TKGI GTQDGTVGP F·PKUEJG 6TWRRGP FKG PÌTFNKEJGP .CPFGUVGKNG Y·JTGPF *CPPQXGT 8GTFGP DGUGV\VG FCU *GT\QIVWO MCWHVG WPF ,CJTG UR·VGT FKG UEJYGFKUEJGP 4GEJVG OKV /KNNKQP 6CNGT CDHCPF
4518
-CTN :+ XQP 5EJYGFGP 4GKEJUVCNGT 5VCFG I Ê %#41.75 :+ &'+ )4#6+# 4': 58'% Ù )16* Ù '6 8#0& Ù $ÒUVG T OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF .QTDGGTMTCP\ &7: $4'/ '6 8'4& Ü Ü <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP 2CNO\YGKIGP FCU 9CRRGPDKNF FGU *GT\QIVWOU $TGOGP WPF 8GTFGP WPVGP \YGK IGMTGW\VG <CKPJCMGP \YKUEJGP # * #PFTGCU *KNNG /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 5VCFG #JNUVTÌO 5NI $TWWP &CX 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4519
4GKEJUVCNGT 5VCFG I $TWUVDKNF T KO /CPVGN WPVGTJCND FGU $TWUVCDUEJPKVVU ,%# ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP #TGPUDWTI /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 5VCFG )GMTÌPVGT XQP \YGK .ÌYGP IGJCNVGPGT 9CR RGPUEJKNF /KV -GTDTCPF #JNUVTÌO &CX 44 5GJT UEJÌP
&10#79¤46* &+' 5%*.#%*6 #/ 5%*'..'0$'4)
4520
/QFGTPG )QNFOGFCKNNG Q , *·NHVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU (GKPIGYKEJV I HGKP CWH FKG 'TQDG TWPI FGT 5VCFV CO ,WNK WPF FKG 5EJNCEJV CO 5EJGNNGPDGTI #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO *KPVGTITWPF FCU .CIGT FGT 'TQDGTGT 1DGP 5EJTKHVDCPF YQTCWH 5%*'..'0$'4) 0KODKGTVGT FQRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT CWH FGT $TWUV GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT +PKVKCNG 9 VTCIGPF QDGP -TQPG OO I )1.& /CVVKGTVG 2T·IWPI 5VGORGNINCP\ &CU /QVKX FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FKGUGT 2T·IWPI KUV GPVNGJPV FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGT /GFCKNNG CWH FGPUGNDGP #PNCUU
)GDJCTV FCU /QVKX FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FGU &QPCWYÌTVJGT 6CNGTU TGUR *CNDVCNGTU )GDJCTF
186
'+%*56 66 '+0' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'5 $+567/5 '+%*56 66 +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+') &CU )GDKGV FGU *QEJUVKHVU 'KEJUV·VV YWTFG CO 5GRVGODGT XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI XQP )GPGTCN &GUCKZ DGUGV\V WPF UEJQP DCNF YKGFGT XQP MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP \WTÒEMGTQDGTV $GKFG #TOGGP XGTNCPIVGP FGT $GXÌNMGTWPI WOHCPITGKEJG -QPVTKDWVKQPGP CD &GT $KUEJQH NKG \WT .KP FGTWPI FGT CNNIGOGKPGP 0QV CWU UGKPGP RGTUÌPNKEJGP 5KNDGTDGUV·PFGP 6CNGT WPF *CNDVCNGT RT·IGP FGTGP #WUOÒP\WPI PCEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 3WGNNGP GKP )GUCOVXQNWOGP XQP )WNFGP IGJCDV JCDGP UQNN
4521
,QUGRJ XQP 5VWDGPDGTI -QPX 6CNGT /ÒPEJGP -QPVTKDWVKQP I $TWUVDKNF T KP *GTOGNKP 8KGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH GKPGO OKV FGO (ÒTUVGPJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGP CWHIGURCPPVGP *GT OGNKPOCPVGN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H %CJP &CX /CKNNGV 6H :::8+++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'4(746 &+' 56#&6 '4(746 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
4522
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP 4GKEJUVCNGT 'THWTV 2WTKOVCNGT I #WH FGP GTUVGP ,CJTGUVCI FGU 5KGIGU FGT UEJYGFKUEJ U·EJUKUEJGP #NNKCP\ KP FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK $TGKVGPHGNF &TGK 6GZV\GKNGP QDGP FGT CWH *GDT·KUEJ XGTHCUUVG 0COG )QVVGU KP 5VTCJNGP WPVGP GKP 4CPMGPQTPCOGPV WPF FCU <GKEJGP FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU ,QJCPP 5EJPGKFGT IGPCPPV 9GKOCPVGN 'NH\GKNKIGT 6GZV XQP FGT 7O UEJTKHV WOUEJNQUUGP #JNUVTÌO D &CX $ & D\Y $ & .GKV\OCPP XCT 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4523
1,5:1
1,5:1
%JTKUVKPC XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCVGP I $TWUVDKNF JCNDN \YKUEJGP <YGKIGP QDGP FGT UVTCJNGPFG 0COG ,GJQXCU )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV /KVVGNUEJKNF #JNUVTÌO C (D )1.& 44 (CUUWPIUURWTGP (GNFGT IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP
187
(4#0-'0 &#5 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+') 0'7 )'5%*#(('0' *'4<1)67/ (4#0-'0 *GT\QI $GTPJCTF XQP 5CEJUGP 9GKOCT FKGPVG KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI UGKV CNU (GNFJGTT FGP 5EJYGFGP &GT PCEJ FGO 6QFG XQP -ÌPKI )WUVCX ++ #FQNH OKV FGT 4GIGPVUEJCHV HÒT FKG PQEJ WPOÒP FKIG UEJYGFKUEJG 6JTQPHQNIGTKP %JTKUVKPC DGVTCWVG 4GKEJUMCP\NGT #ZGN )WUVCXUUQP )TCH 1ZGPUVKGTPC ÒDGTVTWI *GT\QI $GTPJCTF FCU CWU FGP *QEJUVKHVGP 9ÒT\DWTI WPF $CODGTI PGW IGITÒPFGVG *GT \QIVWO (TCPMGP FCU OKV FGT XGTJGGTGPFGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGT 2TQVGUVCPVGP PCEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV DGK 0ÌTFNKP IGP YKGFGT CWHIGNÌUV YWTFG
4524
$GTPJCTF FGT )TQG XQP 5CEJUGP 9GKOCT $CV\GP 9ÒT\DWTI I 8GT\KGTVGU JQEJQXCNGU 9CRRGP QDGP FKG 9GTVCPICDG %JTKUVWU UVGJGPF X X FKG 4GEJVG \WO 5GIGP GTJQDGP FGP 4GKEJUCRHGN KP FGT .KPMGP *GNOUEJTQVV 5NI /GTUGD 5NI 2KNQV[ 5GJT UEJÌP
(4#0-'06*#. &+' $'.#)'470) 810 (4#0-'06*#. +O 5QOOGT OCTUEJKGTVGP 8GTD·PFG FGT MCVJQNKUEJGP .KIC WPVGT )GPGTCNNGWVPCPV 6KNN[ KP FKG 2HCN\ GKP #PHCPI 0QXGODGT UVCPFGP UKG XQT FGT \WT (GUVWPI CWUIGDCWVGP 5VCFV (TCPMGPVJCN 6KNN[ GPVUEJNQUU UKEJ KP #PDGVTCEJV FGU JGTCPPCJGPFGP 9KPVGTU CWH GKPG $GNCIGTWPI \W XGT\KEJVGP WPF UVCVV FGUUGP FKG 5VCFV FWTEJ GKPG $NQEMCFG XQO 0CEJUEJWD CD\WUEJPGKFGP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP /QPCVGP XGT UEJNGEJVGTVG UKEJ FKG 5KVWCVKQP FGT GKPIGUEJNQUUGPGP $ÒTIGT WPF 5QNFCVGP \WUGJGPFU &KG 8QTT·VG UEJTWORHVGP WPF FCU )GNF YWTFG MPCRR 7O FKG <CJNWPI FGU 5QNFU CP FKG $GUCV\WPI YGKVGTJKP IG Y·JTNGKUVGP \W MÌPPGP YWTFGP 0QVOÒP\GP CWU GKPIGUEJOQN\GPGP 'FGNOGVCNNGP IGRT·IV &KG .CIG FGT 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP YWTFG KOOGT CWUUKEJVUNQUGT WPF CWH GKPGP 'PVUCV\ FGT 5VCFV YCT PKEJV OGJT \W JQH HGP &KG ªDGTICDG FGT 5VCFV GTHQNIVG IGO· GKPGU CO /·T\ IGUEJNQUUGPGP 8GTVTCIGU
4525
4526
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W )WNFGP I 8KGTDN·VVTKIG 4QUGVVG OKV 5VCWDH·FGP &'85 Û 2'64# Û 01564# Û #0)8.#4+5 +P #WHUKEJV FCTIGUVGNNVGT 6GVTCGFGT KO (GNF WPVGP ( 'KPRWP\KGTVG 9GTV\CJN CWGTJCND FGU 5VGORGNU Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 'JTGPF /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 44 (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W )WNFGP I ó )166 u +56 u 805'4 u '%-56'+0 +P #WHUKEJV FCTIGUVGNNVGT 6GVTCGFGT KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN WPVGP ( Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV OKV 2WP\KGTWPI FGT 9GTV\CJN WPF FQTV #DD WPURG\KHK\KGTV QJPG #PICDG FGU 0QOKPCNU 'JTGPF XCT FQTV OKV 2WP\KGTWPI FGT 9GTV\CJN /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H FQTV #DD WPURG\KHK\KGTV QJPG #PICDG FGU 0QOKPCNU 44 8QT\ÒINKEJ
188
(4#0-(746 &+' 9+'&'4'41$'470) 810 (4#0-(746 +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105 -4+')
4527
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP &CPKGN (TKGFTKEJ .QQU $GTNKP CWH FKG $GHTGKWPI FGT 5VCFV XQP FGT HTCP\ÌUK UEJGP $GUGV\WPI FWTEJ RTGWKUEJG WPF JGUUKUEJG 6TWRRGP 5\GPG FGT $GNCIGTWPI XQT FGO (TKGFDGTIGT 6QT $NKEM CWH FCU XQP 2TGWGP IGUVKHVGVG *GUUGPFGPMOCN OO I , W ( *QHHOGK UVGT 5EJÒV\ 5QOOGT # 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 2TCEJVGZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC
4529
4528
4528
<KPPOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 9KGFGTGTQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ JGUUKUEJG WPF RTGWKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG CO &G\GODGT $ÒUVG FGU JGUUKUEJGP .CPFITCHGP 9KNJGNO +: T #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV WPF 5CEJUGPJCWUGPU XQP 9GUVGP OKV $GUEJWUU XQO UÒFNKEJGP /CKPWHGT /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV OO *QHHO , W ( 5EJÒV\ 5NI 9KNO 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV XGTOWVNKEJ XQP ,QJCPP %JTKUVKCP QFGT ,QJCPP /CVVJKCU 4GKEJ (ÒTVJ CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 4GXQNWVKQPUVTWRRGP DGUGV\VGP 5VCFV FWTEJ RTGWKUEJG WPF JGUUKUEJG 6TWRRGP $NKEM CWH FGP /CKP WPF FKG XQP 5CEJUGPJCWUGP CWU DGUEJQUUGPG 5VCFV KO #DUEJPKVV +'6610 0GWP <GKNGP 6GZV OO I , W ( *QHHO XCT /CTKGPD 5EJÒV\ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'+0' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'4 56#&6 (4#0-(746 +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+')
1,5:1
4530
1,5:1
&WMCV -QPVTKDWVKQP I #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OKV &QO /CKPDTÒEMG WPF 5CEJUGPJCW UGP 5KGDGP\GKNKIGT 6GZV KP .QTDGGTMTCP\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H (D , W ( /CKNNGV 6H :::+: 9KP\ -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
189
(4'+$'4) &#5 ,7$+. 7/ &'4 $'(4'+70) &'4 56#&6 (4'+$'4) 810 &'4 $'.#)'470) &74%* &+' 5%*9'&'0
4531
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP %JTKUVKCP 5KGIOWPF 9GTOWVJ &TGUFGP CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGT $GHTGKWPI FGT 5VCFV XQP FGT $GNCIGTWPI FWTEJ FKG 5EJYGFGP 9GKDNKEJG )GUVCNV 8KEVQTKC ! UKV\GPF N GKPGP HTWEJVVTCIGPFGP -QTPJCNO WPF GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI JCNVGPF +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT XQP FGT 5QPPG DGUEJKGPGPGP 5VCFV N GKP $GTIOCPP UVGJGPF X X GKPG 'T\OWNFG UEJWNVGTPF <GJP\GKNKIG #WH UEJTKHV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'PIGNJCTFV 5NI /GTUGD /ÒUGNGT 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
(7.&# '+0' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'5 $+567/5 (7.&# +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+')
4532
#FCNDGTV XQP *CTUVCNN -QPX 6CNGT I $TWUVDKNF T KP #OVUVTCEJV /KV FGO (ÒTUVGPJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT XKGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF XQP GKPGT )KTNCPFG DGJCPIGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $WEJQPKC /CKNNGV 6H :. 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
)4'+(59#.& &+' $'.#)'470) 810 )4'+(59#.& 9·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI )TGKHUYCNFU FWTEJ UEJYGFKUEJG 6TWRRGP KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI YWTFG KO /CK KP 'TOCPIGNWPI CPFGTGP /CVGTKCNU XQP FGP $ÒTIGTP FGT IGUCOVG 8QTTCV CP -WRHGT WPF <KPP GKPIGHQTFGTV WO JKGTCWU \WT $G\CJNWPI FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP /ÒP\GP RT·IGP \W NCUUGP #O ,WPK OCEJVG FGT 4CV DGMCPPV FCUU FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP DGTGKV UGKGP FKG \KPPGTPGP 0QVOÒP\GP CP\WPGJOGP HCNNU FKG $ÒTIGT FGT 5VCFV GKP )NGKEJGU V·VGP &CU 0QVIGNF JCVVG LGFQEJ PKEJV NCPIG )ÒNVKIMGKV FC FKG 5VCFV DGTGKVU FTGK 6CIG UR·VGT KP UEJYGFKUEJG *·PFG HKGN ªDGT FKG 0QVRT·IWPIGP )TGKHUYCNFU CWU FGP ,CJTG UEJTGKDV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5KG UKPF DCNF XQP FGT 9GNV XGTUEJYWPFGP WPF XQP CWUUGTQTFGPVNKEJGT 5GNVGPJGKV
4533
0QVRT·IWPI \W GKPGT 7P\G IGRT·IV CWH GKPGO NGKEJV MGIGNUVWORHHÌTOKIGP $NGK <KPP 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV 6KVGN (GTFKPCPFU ++ I )TGKH UVGKIGPF N CWH GKPGO YKGFGT CWUIGVTKGDGPGP $CWOUVWORH KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN )GMTÌPVGT FQRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT OKV $TWUVUEJKNF \YKUEJGP FGP -ÌRHGP GKPG .CWDMTQPG OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H :.+++ 5NI 2QIIG WGTUV UGNVGP 5VGORGNHGJNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP #WU 5COONWPI 8KTIKN / $TCPF .GW 0WOKUOCVKM #) <ÒTKEJ #WMVKQP
190
*#..' #0 &'4 5##.' &+' 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 *#..' #0 &'4 5##.' &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*'5 /+.+6 4
4534
<KPPIWOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG -CPQPCFG DGK FGT *QJGP $TÒEMG CO #RTKN WPF FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG 5KGDGP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 6GKNCPUKEJV FGT WPVGT -CPQPGPDGUEJWUU NKGIGPFGP 5VCFV +O 8QTFGTITWPF #TVKNNGTKGIGHGEJV CP DGKFGP 7HGTP FGT 5CCNG KP FGT 0·JG FGT *QJGP $TÒEMG OO $TCOUGP 5NI ,WNKWU 44 5GJT UEJÌP
*#/$74) &+' $'.#)'470) 810 *#/$74) &KG F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIG FKG UGKV \WINGKEJ CWEJ CNU *GT\ÌIG ÒDGT *QNUVGKP TGIKGTVGP JCVVGP UEJQP WPF CWH OKNKV·TKUEJGO 9GIG XGTIGDNKEJ XGTUWEJV FKG 5VCFV *CODWTI KP KJTG )GYCNV \W DGMQOOGP +O ,CJTG OCEJVG UKEJ -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP 8 GKPGP KPPGTUV·FVKUEJGP -QPHNKMV \YKUEJGP FGT FGOQMTCVKUEJGP 2CTVGK WPF FGT TGIKGTGPFGP CTKUVQMTCVKUEJGP 4CVURCTVGK \W 0WV\G KPFGO GT FGT GTUVGTGP UGKPG 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI CPDQV 5GKV (GDTWCT XGTNCIGTVG GT \WPGJOGPF 6TWRRGPMQPVKPIGPVG KP UGKPG JQNUVGKPKUEJGP )GDKGVUVGKNG FKG *CODWTIU 0QTFGP WOUEJNQUUGP #O #WIWUV HQTFGTVG FGT -ÌPKI ÒDGT UGKPGP )GUCPFVGP XQP FGT 5VCFV FKG ªDGTICDG FGT 5VCFVUEJNÒUUGN FKG UQHQTVKIG 'TDJWNFKIWPI FKG #WHPCJOG GKPGT F·PKUEJGP )CTPKUQP FKG #DVTCIWPI FGT #WGPYGTMG KO 1UVGP WPF GKPG -QPVTKDWVKQP XQP F·PKUEJGP 4GKEJUVCNGTP &KG $ÒTIGTUEJCHV YCT UKEJ GKPKI UKEJ FKGUGT (QTFGTWPI \W YKFGT UGV\GP FKG \GTUVTKVVGPGP 2CTVGKGP UVGNNVGP CPIGUKEJVU FKGUGT OCUUKXGP ·WGTGP $GFTQJWPI KJTGP -QPHNKMV KP FGP *KPVGTITWPF &C FKG 5VCFV XQO 4GKEJ CPIGUKEJVU FGU 6ÒTMGPMTKGIGU MGKPG RTCMVKUEJG 7PVGTUVÒV\WPI GTYCTVGP MQPPVG UWEJVG UKG $GKUVCPF DGK FGP 5EJYGFGP FGP NÒPGDWTIKUEJGP *GT\ÌIGP WPF DGKO -WTHÒTUVGP XQP $TCPFGPDWTI FKG KJTG FKRNQOCVKUEJG *KNHG \WUCIVGP 5EJQP CO #WIWUV \QIGP FKG F·PKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG XQT FGP /CWGTP *CODWTIU CWH 'KP DGXQT\WIVGU <KGN KJTGT #TVKNNGTKG YCT XQO DKU #WIWUV FKG 5VGTPGPUEJCP\G GKP 5RGTTHQTV FCU XQP FGP *CODWTIGTP CWH FGO *GKFDGTI GTTKEJVGV YQTFGP YCT GKPGT HÒT GVYCKIG #PITGKHGT UVTCVGIKUEJ IÒPUVKI IGNGIGPGP EC MO XQP FGP 5VCFVOCWGTP GPVHGTPVGP #PJÌJG )NGKEJ\GKVKI VTCVGP 'PINCPF $TCPFGPDWTI WPF .ÒPGDWTI KP 8GTJCPF NWPIGP OKV FGO &·PGPMÌPKI FGT UEJQP CO #WIWUV GKPGT 9CHHGPTWJG \WUVKOOVG WPF UEJNKGNKEJ FGT #WHJGDWPI FGU -TKGIU\WUVCPFU DGKRHNKEJVGVG
4535
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG Q , XQP ,QJCPP 4GKPJQNF 'PIGNJCTF $TGUNCW WPF 5VGVVKP CWH FKG $GJCTTNKEJMGKV FGT 8GTVGKFKIGT Y·JTGPF FGT F·PKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV +O 8QTFGTITWPF RC VTQWKNNKGTGPFG F·PKUEJG 5QNFCVGP \WT #WHTGEJVGTJCNVWPI FGT $NQEMCFG KO *KPVGTITWPF GKPG DTGPPGPFG DGHGUVKIVG 1TVUEJCHV WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGDGUEJWUU FGT XQP FGT CWGTJCND FGT 5VCFVOCWGTP NKGIGPFGP 5VGT PGPUEJCP\G CWUIGJV +P QHHGPGT .CPFUEJCHV FKG CNU (TCW FCTIGUVGNNVG 5VCFV UKEJ OKV 5EJYGTV WPF 5EJKNF IGIGP \YGK -CXCNKGTG XGTVGKFKIGPF OO I )CGFGEJGPU ,CUEJMG /CGTEMGT .CPIGTOCPP :8++ 2CDGN 5 44 #VVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV JÒDUEJGT 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ 191
4537 4536
4536
$TQP\GIWOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV 6QTDWTI OKV FTGK 6ÒTOGP KO 2QTVCN FCU 0GUUGNDNCVV 7PVGP FKG TÌOKUEJG ,CJTGU\CJN #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF GKPG CWU FTGK /ÌTUGTP DGUVGJGPFG $CVVGTKG OO I )CGFGEJGPU )CNUVGT XIN FQTV 2T·IG OGFCKNNG NVGTGT \KUGNKGTVGT )W 5GJT UEJÌP
'+0 /'*. 70& /ª*.'0<'+%*'0 &'4 56#&6 *#/$74)
'KPUGKVKIGU -W /GJN\GKEJGP OKV 2WP\KGTWPI FGT <CJN CWH FGT CPUQPUVGP WPDGRT·IVGP 4ÒEM UGKVG 5VCFVDWTI OKV FTGK 6ÒTOGP OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 2QTVCN +O (GNF OO I &CPIGTU KP )GNFIGUEJKEJVNKEJG 0CEJTKEJVGP ,I 5 )CGFGEJGPU + 5 XCT /CKNNGV \W 6H :.8 FQTV OKV FGT <KHHGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG 0GWOCPP \W FQTV OKV FGT <KHHGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG 5GJT UEJÌP
/CKNNGV JCV GKP GPVURTGEJGPFGU <GKEJGP HTGKNKEJ QJPG GTMN·TGPFGP -QOOGPVCT KP UGKP 9GTM ÒDGT 0QV WPF $GNCIG TWPIUOÒP\GP CWHIGPQOOGP FQEJ UEJQP )CGFGEJGPU JCV FKG WTURTÒPINKEJG 8GTYGPFWPI FKGUGT 1DLGMVG MQTTGMV CNU /ÒJN\GKEJGP TGUR /GJN\GKEJGP GTMCPPV 5QNEJG <GKEJGP YWTFGP XQP FGP ō$ÒTIGT %CRKVCKPGPŋ FGT HÒPH -KTEJ URKGNG *CODWTIU CP JKNHUDGFÒTHVKIG WPF PQVNGKFGPFG 2GTUQPGP CWUIGIGDGP FKG FCPP FCHÒT DGK FGT 4CVUOÒJNG MQUVGP NQU QFGT \W GKPGO PKGFTKIGTGP 2TGKU GKPG DGUVKOOVG /GPIG /GJN KP 'ORHCPI PGJOGP FWTHVGP $GK FGT CWH FGT 4ÒEM UGKVG FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP <GKEJGPU CPIGIGDGPGP <CJN UQNN GU UKEJ WO FKG KPFKXKFWGNNG -GPPWOOGT FGU DGVTGHHGPFGP $ÒTIGT -CRKV·PU JCPFGNP GKPG UQNEJG -GPP\GKEJPWPI FÒTHVG HÒT FKG #DTGEJPWPIGP WPF -QPVTQNNGP FKGUGU #DICDGU[ UVGOU PQVYGPFKI IGYGUGP UGKP
&+' $'5'6<70) 810 *#/$74) *CODWTI YWTFG KO 0QXGODGT XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU /CTUEJCNNU #FQNRJG /QTVKGT DGUGV\V WO FKG ITQG PQTFFGWVUEJG *CHGP WPF *CPFGNUUVCFV KP FKG -QPVKPGPVCNURGTTG GKP\WDKP FGP &C 0CRQNGQP LGINKEJGP *CPFGN OKV 'PINCPF WPF UGKPGP #NNKKGTVGP WPVGT 5VTCHG UVGNNVG WPF CNNG KP FGT 5VCFV IGNCIGTVGP GPINKUEJGP *CPFGNUIÒVGT MQPHKU\KGTGP NKG YCT FCU )GOGKPYGUGP XQP FKGUGT /C PCJOG JCTV DGVTQHHGP <WFGO YWTFGP FGP $ÒTIGTP \CJNTGKEJG 5VGWGTP WPF JQJG #DICDGP HÒT FGP 7P VGTJCNV FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )CTPKUQP CDXGTNCPIV #O ,CPWCT YWTFG *CODWTI \WUCOOGP OKV .ÒDGEM WPF FGO 9GUGT 'OU )GDKGV $GUVCPFVGKN FGU -CKUGTTGKEJU (TCPMTGKEJU 0CEJ FGT WPJGKNXQNNGP 0KGFGTNCIG FGT )TCPFG #TO¾G KP 4WUUNCPF T·WOVGP FKG (TCP\QUGP \YCT FKG 5VCFV CO /·T\ FQEJ IGNCPI GU KJPGP DGTGKVU CO /CK *CODWTI \WO \YGKVGP /CNG GKP\WPGJOGP &KG 5VCFV WPVGT UVCPF PWP GKPGT UVTGPIGP /KNKV·TXGTYCNVWPI WPVGT /CTUEJCNN .QWKU 0KEQNCU &CXQWV &KG $GXÌNMGTWPI YWTFG GKPGO UVTGPIGP 4GINGOGPV WPVGTUVGNNV WPF *CODWTI UVCTM DGHGUVKIV &GP $ÒTIGTP YWTFG GKPG -QPVTKDWVKQP XQP /KNNKQPGP (TCPEU CWHGTNGIV 1DINGKEJ FKG $GUCV\GT KJTG (QTFGTWPI DCNF TGFW\KGTVGP MQPPVGP FKG *CODWTIGT FGP $GVTCI PKEJV CWHDTKPIGP #WU FGO 5KNDGTDGUVCPF FGT *CODWTIGT $CPM KO 7OHCPI XQP /KNNKQPGP /CTE $CPMQ NKG &CXQWV KO 0QXGODGT HÒT FKG /KNKV·TMCUUG -WTCPV OÒP\GP \W 5EJKNNKPIGP OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN RT·IGP /CTUEJCNN &CXQWV WPF UGKPG /CPPGP JKGNVGP FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT #NNKKGTVGP FKG KO &G\GODGT DGICPP DKU ÒDGT FGP 'KPOCTUEJ FGT 5KGIGT KP 2CTKU JKPCWU UVCPF &KG -CRKVWNCVKQP FGT $GUCV\GT GTHQNIVG GTUV CO #RTKN
4538
192
5EJKNNKPI IGRT·IV I $GJGNOVGT 5VCFVUEJKNF WPVGP *Û5Û-Û 9GTVCPICDG KP XKGT <GKNGP WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN /KV GTJCDGPGO .CWDTCPF #-5 $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H , C /CKNNGV 6H :.8 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
*'+&'.$'4) &+' <'456¤470) 810 *'+&'.$'4)
4539
$TQP\GOGFCKNNG XQP ,¾TQOG 4QWUUGN 2CTKU CWH FKG <GTUVÌTWPI XQP *GKFGNDGTI $ÒUVG FGU HTCP\Ì UKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .WFYKI :+8 T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ $GK TWKPGPJCHVGO /CWGTYGTM FKG YGKDNKEJG 8GTMÌT RGTWPI FGT 5VCFV UKV\GPF T KP 6TCWGTRQUG UKEJ OKV FGO NKPMGP #TO CWH FGP RH·N\KUEJGP .ÌYGPUEJKNF UVÒV\GPF $GK KJT FKG CDIGNGIVG /CWGTMTQPG CWH /CWGTUVGKPGP 8QT KJT FKG O·PPNKEJG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGU 0GEMCTU PCEJ N CWH GKPGO (GNUGP UKV\GPF GKPG 3WGNNWTPG CWUIKGGPF YQTCWH 0+)'4 +O *KPVGTITWPF KP JÒIGNKIGT .CPFUEJCHV #PUKEJV FGT DTGPPGPFGP 5VCFV OO I $GTUVGVV 'ZVGT ++ 5 /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU *KV\GURWTGP UGJT UEJÌP
Französische Mordbrenner in Heidelberg, Holzstich 1877.
193
*'55'0 -#55'. &'4 '065#6< &'4 ('5670) 4*'+0('.5 9·JTGPF FGU XQP FCWGTPFGP 2H·N\KUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU \YKUEJGP .WFYKI :+8 WPF FGO 4GKEJ YCTGP #PHCPI &G\GODGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP CWHIGDTQEJGP WO FKG JGUUKUEJG (GUVWPI 4JGKPHGNU DGK 5V )QCT GKP\WPGJOGP .CPFITCH -CTN JCVVG IGTCFG PQEJ TGEJV\GKVKI 5QNFCVGP KP 5VGNNWPI IGDTCEJV FKG FGO /CPP UVCTMGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP *GGT VTQV\ JGHVKIGO #TVKNNGTKGDQODCT FGOGPVU UVCPFJKGNVGP $GKO *GTCPPCJGP FGWVUEJGT 'PVUCV\VTWRRGP UGV\VGP UKEJ FKG (TCP\QUGP KP FGP 0·EJVGP \WO WPF ,CPWCT CD
4540
-CTN 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT KO #WHVTCI FGU 0ÒTPDGTIGT 7PVGT PGJOGTU (TKGFTKEJ -NGKPGTV CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT (GUVWPI 4JGKPHGNU $NKEM CWU 4KEJVWPI FGT (GUVWPI 4JGKPHGNU XQP FGT KO 8QTFGTITWPF PWT GKP 6WTO FGU 8GTVGKFKIWPIUYGTMU UKEJVDCT KUV CWH FGP 4JGKP WPF CWH FCU LGPUGKVKIG (NWUUWHGT OKV FGO 5V·FVEJGP 5V )QCTUJCWUGP WPVGTJCND FGT $WTI 0GW -CV\GPGNP DQIGP WPF GKPGO CO NKPMGP $KNFTCPF CPIGFGWVGVGP -CORHIGVÒOOGN DGK GKPGO (GNFNCIGT <YKUEJGP \YGK 5·WNGP FGT RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG 4JGKP UKV\GPF JCNDT UKEJ OKV FGO TGEJVGP #TO CWH GKPG WOIGUVÒT\VG UKEJ GTIKGGPFG 3WGNNWTPG UVÒV\GPF OKV FGT .KPMGP GKP 5VGWGTTWFGT JCNVGPF ªDGT FKG 5·WNGP SWGT JKPYGI GKP 5EJTKHVDCPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *QHHO 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 5EJÒV\ #NVG 2CVKPC 4CPFUV·DG CNV LWUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1 4541
4541
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT $WTI 4JGKPHGNU &GT ICNNKUEJG *CJP UVGJGPF N XQP GKPGT XQT KJO JQEMGPFGP -CV\G IGTWRHV #PUKEJV GKPGU 4JGKPCDUEJPKVVU OKV FGT $WTI KO 8QTFGTITWPF FKG XQO LGPUGKVKIGP (NWUUWHGT DGUEJQUUGP YKTF CWU FKXGTUGP #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPIGP TWPF WO FCU WPVGTJCND FGT $WTI 0GW -CV\GPGNPDQIGP IGNGIGPG 5V·FVEJGP 5V )QCTUJCWUGP OO I *QHHOGKUVGT 5NI ,WNKWU 5EJÒV\ 44 2TCEJVGZGORNCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\ &KG -CV\GPFCTUVGNNWPI CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG FÒTHVG HÒT FKG DGKO 'PVUCV\ UVTCVGIKUEJ YKEJVKIG $WTI -CV\GPGNPDQIGP UVGJGP FKG OCP UEJQP FCOCNU IGOGKPJKP MWT\ CNU FKG -CV\ DG\GKEJPGVG
194
&+' '41$'470) 810 64#4$#%* 70& &'4 )4 ('0$74) &KG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6TCTDCEJ OKV FGT 8GUVG )T·HGPDWTI YCT 6GKN FGU 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU FGT XQP CPFCWGTVG WPF JCND 'WTQRC KP UGKPGP $CPP \QI 'PFG 1MVQDGT DGICPP FKG 'KPUEJNKGWPI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP )CTPKUQP KP 6TCTDCEJ FWTEJ JGUUKUEJG 6TWRRGP WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ FGU 'TDRTKP\GP (TKGFTKEJ UR·VGT (TKGFTKEJ + #O &G\GODGT PCJO (TKGFTKEJ 6TCTDCEJ WPF FCU FCTÒDGT NKGIGPFG 4CWDPGUV FKG )T·HGPDWTI PCEJ $GUEJWUU WPF 5VWTO KP $GUKV\
4542
-CTN 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP /CTVKP $TWPPGT WPF )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTP DGTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6TCTDCEJ WPF FGT )T·HGPDWTI CP FGT /QUGN &KG CNU (NWUUIQVV RGTUQPKHK \KGTVG /QUGN NCIGTPF N &CXQT 8KEVQTKC UEJYGDGPF N OKV FGT 4GEJVGP GKPG .CP\G UEJWNVGTPF CWH FGTGP 5EJCHV \YGK /CWGTMTQPGP WPF GKP .QTDGGT\YGKI UVGEMGP KP FGT .KPMGP GKPG /CWGTMTQPG FGO (NWUU FCTTGKEJGPF *KPVGT FGT /QUGN GKPG N UEJTGKVGPFG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV GKPGP 5VCD JCNVGPF FGT OKV GKPGO (TGKJGKVUJWV DGUVGEMV KUV 'KP CWU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GWVGYCHHGP WPF (CJPGP GTTKEJVGVGU 5KGIGUOCN CO $QFGP \YGK (ÒNNJÌTPGT CWU FGPGP FTGK /CWGTMTQPGP TGUR FTGK .QTDGGTMT·P\G JGTXQTSWGNNGP OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT *QHHO 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5EJÒV\ 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
4543
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI XQP 6TCTDCEJ WPF FGT )T·HGPDWTI CP FGT /QUGN $TWUVDKNF FGU 'TDRTKP\GP (TKGFTKEJ XQP *GUUGP T KP *CT PKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN $NKEM CWH FCU DGHGUVKIVG 6TCTDCEJ WPVGTJCND FGT )T·HGPDWTI KO 8QTFGT ITWPF FKG /QUGN /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *QHHO 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5EJÒV\ 4 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 *'55+5%*' .#0&)4#( (4+'&4+%* + #.5 -¤0+) 810 5%*9'&'0
4544
(TKGFTKEJ + 4GKEJUVCNGT -CUUGN I $TWUVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 7PVGTJCND FGU #TOCDUEJPKVVU FKG +PKVKCNGP .Ü 4Ü .WFYKI 4QNNKP /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP -CUUGN &CU OKV FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIUMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG XKGTHGNFKIG UEJYGFKUEJG 9CRRGP OKV CWHIGNGIVGO JGUUK UEJGP /KVVGNUEJKNF IGJCNVGP XQP \YGK IGMTÌPVGP .ÌYGP &KG 5EJKNFJCNVGT UVGJGP CWH GKPGO MCTVWUEJGP HÌTOKIGP 7PVGTDCW OKV GKPGT #WUURCTWPI WPVGP YQTKP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN QDGTJCND %#55 &CX *QHHO 5EJÒV\ 44 2T·IGINCP\ OKP 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ 195
*+.&'5*'+/ '+0 *+.&'5*'+/'4 /'55+0)<'+%*'0 810
4545
-NKRRGPHÌTOKIGU /GUUKPI /ÒJN\GKEJGP FGT 0GWUVCFV HÒT 5EJGHHGN 9GK\GP UGMWPF·T IGMGPP \GKEJPGV CNU 9GKFG\GKEJGP OKVVGNU GKPGU )GIGPUVGORGNU CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG IGMTÌPVG +PKVKCNG J I 5VCFVUEJKNF &KG ,CJTGUCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP QDGP )GVTGKFGMQTP Z OO $WEM $CJTH a /CKNNGV 6H .+ 5GJT UEJÌP
&CU <GKEJGP YWTFG XQP /CKNNGV KTTVÒONKEJ CNU 0QVOÒP\G XGT\GKEJPGV
,ª.+%* &+' $'.#)'470) 810 ,ª.+%* &CU *CWU -NGXG GTNQUEJ CO /·T\ OKV FGO 6QF FGU *GT\QIU ,QJCPP 9KNJGNO FGT MGKPG 0CEJMQOOGP JKPVGTNKG 5GKP 'TDG DGUVCPF CWU FGP *GT\QIVÒOGTP ,ÒNKEJ -NGXG WPF $GTI FGP )TCH UEJCHVGP /CTM WPF 4CXGPUDGTI UQYKG FGT MNGKPGP PKGFGTTJGKPKUEJGP *GTTUEJCHV 4CXGPUVGKP &GT UKEJ TCUEJ GPV\ÒPFGPFG 5VTGKV WO FKG 'TDHQNIG FTQJVG UKEJ \W GKPGO GWTQR·KUEJGP -QPHNKMVHCNN \W GPVYKEMGNP )NGKEJ OGJTGTG #PY·TVGT DGCPURTWEJVGP FKGUG WOHCPITGKEJG *KPVGTNCUUGPUEJCHV CNNGP XQTCP -WTDTCP FGPDWTI WPF 2HCN\ 0GWDWTI CDGT CWEJ 2HCN\ <YGKDTÒEMGP WPF $WTICW UQYKG 5CEJUGP WPF -NGXG 0G XGTU #WEJ FGT -CKUGT YCT DGUVTGDV UGKPG +PVGTGUUGP KP FKGUGT #PIGNGIGPJGKV \W YCJTGP <YGK FKGUGT 2T·VGPFGPVGP -WTHÒTUV ,QJCPP 5KIKUOWPF XQP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF 2HCN\ITCH ,QJCPP 9KNJGNO XQP 0GW DWTI JCPFGNVGP WPOKVVGNDCT WPF IG\KGNV *CVVGP UKG \WP·EJUV XGTUWEJV LGFGT HÒT UKEJ CNNGKP FKGUG XCMCP VGP 6GTTKVQTKGP GKP\WHQTFGTP UQ GKPKIVGP UKG UKEJ CNU ō2QUUKFKGTGPFG (ÒTUVGPŋ DGTGKVU CO ,WPK CWH GKPG IGOGKPUEJCHVNKEJG 4GIKGTWPI FGU 5VTGKVQDLGMVU &GT -CKUGT XGTYGKIGTVG FKG #PGTMGPPWPI FKGUGT +PDGUKV\PCJOG WPF GTPCPPVG FCTCWHJKP UGKPGP 8GVVGT 'T\JGT\QI .GQRQNF FGP $KUEJQH XQP 2CUUCW \WO #FOKPKUVTCVQT FGT LÒNKEJ MNGXKUEJGP .CPFG 'T\JGT\QI .GQRQNF GTTGKEJVG ,ÒNKEJ CO ,WNK YQ KJO FKG (GUVWPI XQO MCKUGTVTGWGP WPF MCVJQNKUEJGP -QOOCPFCPVGP $CTQP XQP 4GWUEJGPDGTI ÒDGTIGDGP YWTFG #O ,WNK \QI GKPG O·EJVKIG 5VTGKVOCEJV FGT 2QUUKFKGTGPFGP (ÒTUVGP XQT FGT (GUVWPI ,ÒNKEJ CWH DGUVGJGPF CWU GKIGPGP 8GTD·PFGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU /CTMITCHGP 'TPUV XQP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF FGU KP RH·N\KUEJGP &KGPUVGP UVGJGPFGP 2TKP\GP %JTKUVKCP XQP #PJCNV WPVGTUVÒV\V XQP -QPVKPIGPVGP FGT 8GT DÒPFGVGP (TCPMTGKEJ )TQDTKVCPPKGP WPF FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG +O .CWHG FGT HÒPHWPF FTGKKIV·IKIGP $GNCIGTWPI UCJ UKEJ FGT (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFGWT IGPÌVKIV 0QVOÒP\GP JGTCWU\WIGDGP FGTGP MNKRRGPHÌTOKIG 5EJTÌVNKPIG CWU \GTUEJPKVVGPGO 6CHGNIGUEJKTT DGUVCPFGP #O 5GRVGODGT OWUUVG FKG $GUCV\WPI FGT (GUVWPI FKG 9CHHGP XQT FGP #PITGKHGTP UVTGEMGP
4546
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 6CNGT I )GHGTVKIV CWU FGT ªDGTICPIURCTVKG XQP 4CPF WPF $QFGP GKPGU ITQGP UKNDGTPGP HNCEJ CPUVGKIGPFGP )GH·GU XGTOWVNKEJ GKPGU 6GNNGTU QFGT GKPGT 6CHGNRNCVVG /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP GTUVGPU OKV FGT 9GTV\KHHGT ++++ KP GKPGT TGEJVGEMKIGP 8GTVKGHWPI WPF \YGKVGPU OKV GKPGO *QJGKVUUVGORGN .GV\VGTGT \GKIV KO IGRGTNVGP 1XCN FKG IGMTÌPVG 0COGPUKPKVKCNG 4 FGU MCKUGTVTGWGP $GHGJNUJCDGTU ,QJCPP XQP 4GWUEJGPDGTI QDGTJCND GKPGT 9GNNGPNKPKG WPF FKG XQP FGT 0COGPUKPKVKCNG . FGU 'T\JGT\QIU .GQRQNF IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT ! /CKNNGV 6H .:8+ FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT ! 0GWOCPP XIN KPUDGUQPFGTG WPF 0QUU \W WGTUV UGNVGP &GT 2GTNTGKH FGU *QJGKVUUVGORGNU VGKNU PKEJV CWUIGRT·IV FGPPQEJ GKP CVVTCMVKXGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI $TCPF #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
196
4547
1,5:1
4548
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG I 8QP XKGTGEMKIGT )TWPFHQTO OKV GKPGT JCNDTWPFGP 'TYGKVGTWPI CP GKPGT FGT .·PIUUGKVGP IGHGTVKIV CWU FGT &CWOGPTCUV FGU &GEMGNU GKPGU UKNDGTPGP *WORGPU QFGT FGO 'PFUVÒEM GKPGU .ÌHHGNU TGURGMVKXG GKPGT )CDGN /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP GTUVGPU GKPG JQEJTGEJVGEMKIG OKV FGT 9GTV\KHHGT + \YGKVGPU GKPG TWPFG RGTNWOU·WOVG OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP 8 + 4 HÒT 8KXCV +ORGTCVQT 4WFQNRJWU QFGT +QJCPP XQP 4GWUEJGPDGTI QDGTJCND GKPGT 9GNNGPNKPKG WPF FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H /CKNNGV 6H .:8+ XIN 0GWOCPP XIN 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI $TCPF #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP %JTKUVKCP /CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGU -WTHÒTUVGP XQP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF FGU 2HCN\ITCHGP XQP 2HCN\ 0GWDWTI UQYKG XQP FGP XGTDÒPFGVGP 6TWR RGP WPVGT (ÒJTWPI FGU 2TKP\GP /QTKV\ XQP 0CUUCW 1TCPKGP #WU FGT 8QIGNUEJCW FKG WOYGJTVG 5VCFV UCOV FGT <KVCFGNNG UQYKG FKXGTUGP #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPIGP WPF 6TWRRGPHQTOCVKQPGP FGT $GNCIG TGT $4#0&'0$84)'05+5 '6 0'1$84)+%85 24+0%'25 &+' 5'26'/$4+5 #00+ 1 #&+8614' /#84+6+1 0#5518+ %1/+6' #4%'/ +8.+#%'05'/ 1%%82#06 588/3 +85 8+0&+%#2#06 &GT MWTHÒTUVNKEJ DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJG WPF FGT RHCN\IT·HNKEJ PGWDWTIKUEJG 5EJKNF FC\YKUEJGP UVGJGPF GKP OKV <YGKIGP DGUVGEMVGT /GTMWTUVCD 1DGP \YGK $NÒVGPUVGPIGN #PHCPI WPF 'PFG FGT FTGKHCEJ IGUVCHHGNVGP 7OUEJTKHV VTGPPGPF 7PVGP 2HGKNDÒPFGN \YKUEJGP % / OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT -2- X .QQP ++ XIN 5 FQTV GKP OQVKXINGKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF GKPGT 4ÒEMUGKVG OKV GKPGT CWH &GWVUEJ IGHCVGP 7OUEJTKHV 0GWOCPP /GFCKNNGP XIN FQTV GKP OQVKXINGKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 8QTFGTUGKVG WPF GKPGT 4ÒEMUGKVG OKV GKPGT CWH &GWVUEJ IGHCVGP 7OUEJTKHV 5NI 9G[ICPF FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT WGTUV UGNVGP 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 ,ª.+%* 0CEJ FGT 'KPPCJOG ,ÒNKEJU KO ,CJTG FWTEJ FKG 2QUUKFKGTGPFGP (ÒTUVGP YWTFG GKPG #DVGKNWPI FGU DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP UQYKG GKP 8GTDCPF FGU 2HCN\ITCHGP XQP 0GWDWTI IGOGKPUCO KP FKG (G UVWPI XGTNGIV #NU -QOOCPFGWT YWTFG FGT 0KGFGTN·PFGT (TGFGTKM 2KVJCP GKPIGUGV\V &CU KO (TÒJLCJT QHHGP CWUDTGEJGPFG <GTYÒTHPKU \YKUEJGP $TCPFGPDWTI WPF 2HCN\ 0GWDWTI MQPPVGP FKG )GPGTCN UVCCVGP FGT 0KGFGTNCPFG \WT $GUGV\WPI FGT (GUVWPI ,ÒNKEJ PWV\GP FC -QOOCPFCPV 2KVJCP FKG (GUVWPI \WXQT WPVGT FGP 5EJWV\ FGT )GPGTCNUVCCVGP IGUVGNNV JCVVG 0CEJ #DNCWH GKPGU \YÌNHL·JTKIGP 9CHHGPUVKNN UVCPFU GPVDTCPPVG KO ,CJTG FGT UGKV QHHGP CWUIGVTCIGPG -QPHNKMV \YKUEJGP 5RCPKGP WPF FGP PÌTFNKEJGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP GTPGWV 5RCPKGP RNCPVG WPVGT &KTGMVKXG FGU )GPGTCNU #ODTQUKWU 5RKPQNC FKG )GPGTCNUVCCVGP XQO LÒNKEJ MNGXKUEJGP 6GTTKVQTKWO JGT CP\WITGKHGP &GT KP URCPKUEJGP &KGPUVGP UVGJGPFG )GPGTCN *GKPTKEJ XQP FGO $GTI YWTFG XQP 5RKPQNC DGCWHVTCIV ,ÒNKEJ \W PGJOGP #O 5GRVGODGT \QI UGKPG 5VTGKVOCEJV XQT FKG /CWGTP FGT (GUVWPI &KG UKEJ ÒDGT OGJTGTG /QPCVG JKPYGI GTUVTGE MGPFG $GNCIGTWPI YCT HÒT FKG 'KPIGUEJNQUUGPGP GPVDGJTWPIUTGKEJ XQT CNNGO YGIGP FGT MPCRRGP 0CJ TWPIUOKVVGNXQTT·VG <WT 'PVNQJPWPI FGT /CPPUEJCHVGP WPF 1HHK\KGTG NKG -QOOCPFCPV 2KVJCP 0QVOÒP \GP CWU 5KNDGTIGUEJKTTVGKNGP WPF ·NVGTGO 5KNDGTIGNF RT·IGP 1JPG *QHHPWPI CWH 'PVUCV\ MCRKVWNKGTVG FKG (GUVWPI CO (GDTWCT
4549
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG RGPVCIQPCNG -NKRRG \W 5VÒDGTP I /KV UGEJU 5VGORGNWPIGP GKPG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG OKV FGT XQO /QPQITCOO FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP (TGFGTKM 2KVJCP IGVGKNVGP XKGT\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV ÿ + <+ Æ Û +0 )8. $' .' ) TKPIUWOJGT HÒPH MNGKPGTG UEJKNFHÌTOKIG 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGT XQO /QPQITCOO FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP IGVGKNVGP \YGK\GKNKIGP #WHUEJTKHV + <+ 5 Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:8+ 0GWOCPP XIN 44 5GJT UEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /ÒP\\GPVTWO -ÌNP 0T
197
-'*. #/ 4*'+0 &+' '+00#*/' 810 -'*.
4550
4550
1,5:1
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QUGRJ %JCTNGU 4QGVVKGTU 2CTKU CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ HTCP\ÌUK UEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG CO 1MVQDGT $TWUVDKNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -ÌPKIU .QWKU :8 T KP *CTPKUEJ OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN WPF 1TFGPUDCPF 7PVGTJCND FGU #TOCDUEJPKVVU /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP , % WPF 4 2NCP FGT CO 4JGKP IGNGIGPGP (GUVWPI -GJN OO I 5NI ,WNKWU /¾FCKNNGU HTCP¼CKUGU 5 XCT FQTV 8QTFGTUGKVGPUVGORGN XQP &W 8KXKGT 4 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
.#0&#7 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 .#0&#7 &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0 706'4 &'4 (ª*470) &'5 6ª4-'0.17+5 +O 5RCPKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGI YWTFG FKG GJGOCNKIG 4GKEJUUVCFV .CPFCW FKG UGKV FGO 9GUV H·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP XQP WPVGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGO 5EJWV\ UVCPF KPUIGUCOV XKGTOCN DGNCIGTV YWTFG UKG XQO MCKUGTNKEJGP 1DGTDGHGJNUJCDGT .WFYKI XQP $CFGP IGPCPPV 6ÒTMGPNQWKU DGUGV\V PCEJ GKPGO 2NCP FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP (GUVWPIUDCWOGKUVGT 8CWDCP FGT .CPFCW KP FGP ,CJTGP DGHG UVKIV JCVVG WPF FCJGT CWEJ FKG 5EJYCEJUVGNNGP FGT (QTVKHKMCVKQP IGPCW MCPPVG FWTEJ 6CNNCTV \WTÒEMGT QDGTV UGV\VG UKEJ YKGFGTWO FGT 6ÒTMGPNQWKU KP FGP $GUKV\ FGT (GUVWPI FKGUOCN WPVGTUVÒV\V FWTEJ 2TKP\ 'WIGP XQP 5CXQ[GP WPF FGP GPINKUEJGP *GGTHÒJTGT /CTNDQTQWIJ +O ,CJT YWTFG .CPFCW FGO CNU )QWXGTPGWT GKPIGUGV\VGP %CTN #NGZCPFGT XQP 9ÒTVVGODGTI GTPGWV XQP HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP 6TWRRGP GPVTKUUGP DGXQT FKG (GUVWPI FGP (TCP\QUGP KO (TKGFGP XQP 4CUVCVV \WIGURTQEJGP YWTFG &KG KO HQNIGPFGP \WT 8GTUVGKIGTWPI MQOOGPFGP 0QVMNKRRGP WPF 5KNDGTOGFCKNNGP URKGIGNP GKPFTWEMUXQNNGP FKG YGEJUGNJCHVG )GUEJKEJVG .CPFCWU KO DGIKPPGPFGP ,CJTJWPFGTV
4552 4551
1,5:1
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W .KXTGU WPF 5QWU I )GHGTVKIV CWU FGT 4CPFRCTVKG GKPGU 6CHGNIG UEJKTT 6CDNGCWU IGMGPP\GKEJPGV OKV GKPGO 9CRRGP WPF GKPGO 9GTVUVGORGN UQYKG OKV \GJP .KNKGPRWP \GP CNU -QPVTQNN\GKEJGP \WO 5EJWV\ XQT $GUEJPGKFWPI FGT 4CPF\QPGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H *GWUGT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:+: 44 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W .KXTG WPF 5QW I )GHGTVKIV CWU 6CHGNIGUEJKTT IGMGPP \GKEJPGV OKV GKPGO 9CRRGP WPF GKPGO 9GTVUVGORGN UQYKG OKV UKGDGP .KNKGPRWP\GP CNU -QPVTQNN\GKEJGP \WO 5EJWV\ XQT $GUEJPGKFWPI FGT 4CPF\QPGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H *GWUGT /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H 4 5GJT UEJÌP
198
4553
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ HÒT FKG 9GTMUVCVV XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI .CPFCW /GFCKNNQP OKV FGO N IGYCPFVGP $TWUVDKNF XQP -ÌPKI ,QUGH + WOIGDGP XQP FGT 5QPPG 5VGTPGP WPF FGO /QPF $NKEM CWH FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV QDGP #FNGT HNKGIGPF T GKP 5EJTKHVDCPF JCNVGPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT *GWUGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP +8 5 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 9KGNCPFV <GKV\ 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4554
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG ,CJTGU\CJN CNU %JTQPQITCOO XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ HÒT FKG 9GTMUVCVV XQP )GQTI (TKGFTKEJ 0ÒTPDGTIGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI .CPFCW $ÒUVG XQP -CKUGT ,QUGH + T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGTJCND FGU 5EJWNVGTCDUEJPKVVU )*Ü +O #DUEJPKVV XKGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WPF FKG +PKVKCNGP )(0Ü 2NCP FGT (GUVWPI .CPFCW WPF FGU WOIGDGPFGP XQP .CWHIT·DGP WPF 5EJCP\ CPNCIGP FWTEJ\QIGPGP 6GTTCKPU #WH FGT -CPVG FGU 4CPFGU CWH *ÌJG FGU 5EJGKVGNRWPMVU FGT /QVKXG XQP 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG GTJCDGP IGRT·IV Û NKGIGPFGU &TGKDNCVV ) Û ( Û 0 Û NKGIGPFGU &TGKDNCVV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT FQTV OKV PKEJV DGPCPPVGT 4CPFUEJTKHV PQVKGTV *GWUGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU FQTV OKV PKEJV DGPCPPVGT 4CPFUEJTKHV PQVKGTV X .QQP +8 XIN 5
FQTV QJPG 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV QJPG 4CPFUEJTKHV 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4555
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI .CPFCW $TWUVDKNF XQP -ÌPKI ,QUGH + JCNDN KP *CTPKUEJ OKV -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU FGP -QRH JCNDT IGYCPFV $NKEM XQP UEJT·I QDGP CWH FKG DGUEJQUUGPG WPF DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV WPF FKG XQT FGP (GUVWPIUOCWGTP CPIGNGIVGP MCKUGTNKEJGP .CWHIT·DGP WPF 5VGNNWPIGP /KV GTJCDG PGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *GWUGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
199
&+' 9+'&'4'41$'470) 810 .#0&#7 &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0
4556
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG XQP .CPFCW $TWUVDKNF XQP -ÌPKI ,QUGH + JCNDN KP *CTPKUEJ OKV -GVVG FGU 1TFGPU XQO )QNFGPGP 8NKGU FGP -QRH JCNDT IGYCPFV $NKEM ÒDGT GKPG MCKUGTNKEJG )GUEJÒV\UVGNNWPI CWH FKG UVCTM WOYGJTVG 5VCFV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT (QTUVGT *GWUGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2QRGNMC #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 .#0&#7 &74%* (4#0<¤5+5%*' 64722'0
4557
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W )WNFGP WPF -TGW\GT I /KV TWPFGO /KVVGNUVGORGN \YGK 4GEJVGEMUVGORGNP WPF XKGT /QPQITCOOUVGORGNP /KVVGNUVGORGN FGT OKV GKPGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVG WPF OKV FGT ,CIFQTFGPUMGVVG DGJCPIGPG 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP %CTN #NGZCPFGT XQP 9ÒTVVGODGTI WPVGP Û 1DGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV 9CJNURTWEJ WPVGP 4GEJV GEMUVGORGN OKV 1TVU WPF 9GTVCPICDG 7O FGP /KVVGNUVGORGN ITWRRKGTGP UKEJ FKG XKGT 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGO XQP GKPGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGP /QPQITCOO FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP /KV UEJT·I IGMGTDVGO 4CPF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT -NGKP 4CHH /CKNNGV 6H .:+: XCT 2TCEJVGZGORNCT (GKPG 2CVKPC HCUV 5VGORGNINCP\
4558
4559
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W )WNFGP WPF -TGW\GT I /KV TWPFGO /KVVGNUVGORGN \YGK 4GEJVGEMUVGORGNP WPF XKGT /QPQITCOOUVGORGNP /KVVGNUVGORGN FGT OKV GKPGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVG WPF OKV FGT ,CIFQTFGPUMGVVG DGJCPIGPG 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGU MCKUGTNKEJGP (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP %CTN #NGZCPFGT XQP 9ÒTVVGODGTI WPVGP 1DGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV 9CJNURTWEJ WPVGP 4GEJV GEMUVGORGN OKV 1TVU WPF 9GTVCPICDG 7O FGP /KVVGNUVGORGN ITWRRKGTGP UKEJ FKG XKGT 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGO XQP GKPGO *GT\QIUJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGP /QPQITCOO FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP /KV INCVVGO 4CPF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H -NGKP 4CHH /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:+: 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG -NKRRG \W )WNFGP WPF -TGW\GT I )GMGPP\GKEJPGV KO (GNF OKV FGO /QPQITCOO FGU (GUVWPIUMQOOCPFCPVGP %CTN #NGZCPFGT XQP 9ÒTVVGODGTI GKPGT 9CJNURTWEJ WPF GKPGT 9GTVUVGORGNWPI UQYKG KP 0·JG FGT 'EMGP OKV LG GKPGT 9CRRGPUVGORGNWPI /KV INCVVGO 4CPF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H -NGKP 4CHH C /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:+: 8QT\ÒINKEJ
200
.'+2<+) .'+2<+)'4 -72('4/#4-'0
4560
4561
4562
'KPUGKVKIG QMVCIQPCNG -W 4CVUOCTMG \W 2HGPPKIGP Q , OKV GKPIGUEJNCIGPGT -GPPPWOOGT Z OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV CPFGTGT 9GTVCPICDG WPF QJPG -GPPPWOOGT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::
FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV CPFGTGT 9GTVCPICDG WPF QJPG -GPPPWOOGT /GTUGD XIN D WPF FQTV CNU /CTMGP FGT 5VTCHCPUVCNV .GWEJVGPDWTI 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG JGZCIQPCNG -W 4CVUOCTMG \W 2HGPPKIGP Q , OKV GKPIGUEJNCIGPGT -GPPPWOOGT Z OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 9GTVCPICDG FQEJ OKV CPFGTGT #PQTFPWPI FGT 9CRRGP WPF QJPG -GPPPWOOGT /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:: FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV KFGPVKUEJGT 9GTVCPICDG FQEJ OKV CPFGTGT #PQTFPWPI FGT 9CRRGP WPF QJPG -GPPPWOOGT /GTUGD XIN D WPF FQTV CNU /CTMGP FGT 5VTCHCPUVCNV .GWEJVGPDWTI 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -W 4CVUOCTMG Q , OKV GKPIGUEJNCIGPGT -GPPPWOOGT I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV 9GTVCPICDG /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:: FQTV GKP XGTYCPFVGU 'ZGORNCT CWH CDIGTWPFGV FTGKGEMKIGO 5EJTÌVNKPI OKV 9GTVCPICDG /GTUGD XIN D WPF FQTV CNU /CTMGP FGT 5VTCHCPUVCNV .GWEJVGPDWTI 5GJT UEJÌP
$TCWUG /CPUHGNF WPF /CKNNGV JCDGP FKG .GKR\KIGT /CTMGP KTTVÒONKEJ CNU 0QVOÒP\GP XGT\GKEJPGV
Beschießung von Leipzig im 30jährigen Krieg.
201
/#)&'$74) &+' $'.#)'470) &'4 56#&6 /#)&'$74) &74%* /14+6< 810 5#%*5'0 0CEJ FGO 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGP -TKGI UVCPF -CKUGT -CTN 8 CWH FGO )KRHGN UGKPGT /CEJV FGT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJG $WPF YCT \GTUEJNCIGP WPF FGT 2TQVGUVCPVKUOWU YCT FGWVNKEJ IGUEJY·EJV 9KG MGKPG CPFGTG 4GKEJUUVCFV UVGOOVG UKEJ /CIFGDWTI IGIGP FGP 5KGIGUNCWH FGU -CKUGTU WPF JKGNV FKG (CJPG FGT GXCPIGNKUEJGP 5CEJG CWHTGEJV &KG 'KPYQJPGT /CIFGDWTIU JCVVGP UKEJ XQO 'T\DKUEJQH WPF -CRKVGN NQUIGUCIV FKG 5VKHVUIÒVGT KP $GUKV\ IGPQOOGP WPF FGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP )QVVGUFKGPUV GKPIGHÒJTV YQHÒT /CIFGDWTI XQP -CKUGT -CTN 8 OKV FGT 4GKEJUCEJV DGNGIV YWTFG &C CWEJ FKGUG /CPCJOG QJPG 9KT MWPI DNKGD YWTFG UEJNKGNKEJ -WTHÒTUV /QTKV\ XQP 5CEJUGP FKG #WUHÒJTWPI FGT #EJV ÒDGTVTCIGP UQ FCUU FKGUGT CWH -QUVGP FGU 4GKEJGU GKP *GGT IGIGP /CIFGDWTI HÒJTVG WPF FKG YKFGTURGPUVKIG 4GKEJUUVCFV DGNCIGTVG &KG KPUIGUCOV 6CIG FCWGTPFG $GNCIGTWPI DNKGD QJPG 'THQNI 'TUV CNU /QTKV\ XQP 5CEJUGP FKG 2CTVGK IGYGEJUGNV JCVVG WPF UKEJ OKV CPFGTGP 4GKEJUHÒTUVGP IGIGP -CKUGT -CTN 8 UVGNNVG ÌHHPGVGP FKG $ÒTIGT /CIFGDWTIU KJTG 2HQTVGP WPF JWNFKIVGP KJO
4564
4563
0QVIWNFGP I &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT (ÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT X 5EJT 8U 4U 5NI *CWUYCNFV XCT 44 5EJÌP
)WNFGP I &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT (ÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV X 5EJT
8U 4U 5NI *CWUYCNFV XIN FQTV 8CTKCPVGP 44 5EJÌP
'KPUGKVKIGT -W 2HGPPKI &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT +O IGÌHHPGVGP 6QT GKP HÒPHUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .::8++ X 5EJT 5NI *CWUYCNFV .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 /#)&'$74) &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0 #O /·T\ GTNKG FGT FGWVUEJG -CKUGT FCU XGTJ·PIPKUXQNNG 4GUVKVWVKQPUGFKMV YGNEJGU FGP &TGK KIL·JTKIGP -TKGI WP\YGKFGWVKI \WO 4GNKIKQPUMTKGI UVGORGNVG 9KG KP FGP 6CIGP -CKUGT -CTNU 8 GPV UEJNQUU UKEJ /CIFGDWTI YKGFGTWO FCU $QNNYGTM FGU 2TQVGUVCPVKUOWU \W UGKP #PFGTU CNU KO 'FKMV XQTIGUGJGP JCVVG /CIFGDWTI FGP U·EJUKUEJGP 2TKP\GP #WIWUV KO ,CJTG \WO 'T\DKUEJQH GTPCPPV #NU -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF ++ #WIWUV XQP 5CEJUGP FKG $GUV·VKIWPI XGTYGKIGTVG WPF UVCVVFGUUGP UGKPGP GKIG PGP 5QJP .GQRQNF 9KNJGNO CNU 'T\DKUEJQH GKPUGV\GP YQNNVG MCO GU \WO 9KFGTUVCPF FGT /CIFGDWTIGT $ÒTIGT YCU UEJNKGNKEJ KP FGT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ 9CNNGPUVGKPU 6TWRRGP OÒPFGVG #DGT CWEJ CNU 2CRRGPJGKO FGT H·JKIUVG #PHÒJTGT 9CNNGPUVGKP XQT FCU -GV\GTPGUV TÒEMVG YWTFG FKG VTQV\KIG $ÒTIGTUEJCHV PKEJV IGDGWIV 0CEJ GKPGO JCNDGP ,CJT $GNCIGTWPI WPF \CJNTGKEJGP 8GTNWUVGP CWH 5GKVGP FGT -CKUGTNKEJGP \QI 9CNNGPUVGKP UGKPG 6TWRRGP UEJNWUUGPFNKEJ CD 9·JTGPF FGT <GKV FGT $GNCIGTWPI UKPF FKG KO HQNIGPFGP CPIGDQVGPGP /ÒP\GP IGRT·IV YQTFGP YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ CWU FGO 5KNDGT FGT VCRHGTGP $ÒTIGT /CIFGDWTIU
4566
202
0QVIWNFGP \W )TQUEJGP I &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT &KG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN KP HÒPH <GKNGP TKPIUWOJGT FKG 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H X 5EJT
FQTV GKP IGIGPIGUVGORGNVGU 'ZGORNCT 5NI *CWUYCNFV 4 (CUV UGJT UEJÌP
4567
0QVIWNFGP \W )TQUEJGP OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWU FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG HÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUG I &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT &KG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN KP HÒPH <GKNGP TKPIUWOJGT FKG 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV QJPG )GIGPUVGORGN X 5EJT 5NI *CWU YCNFV FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT 44 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK UQPUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4569 4568
4568
)TQUEJGP OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG HÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUG I &KG ,WPIHTCW
/CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP JKPVGT FGP <KPPGP GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT &KG 9GTVCPICDG WPF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN KP HÒPH <GKNGP TKPIUWOJGT FKG 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV QJPG )GIGPUVGORGN /CKNNGV 5WRRN XIN 6H FQTV QJPG )GIGPUVGORGN X 5EJT #PO 5NI *CWUYCNFV 4 .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
)TQUEJGP I &KG ,WPIHTCW /CIF UVGJGPF X X \YKUEJGP \YGK 6ÒTOGP CWH GKPGT 5VCFVOCWGT OKV IGÌHHPGVGO 6QT (ÒPHDN·VVTKIG 4QUG $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H X 5EJT 5NI *CWUYCNFV 5EJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
&+' <'456¤470) 810 /#)&'$74) &74%* 6+..;5 64722'0 &GO CWU GKPGO DTCDCPVKUEJGP #FGNUIGUEJNGEJV UVCOOGPFGP *GGTHÒJTGT ,QJCPP 6UGTENCGU )TCH XQP 6KNN[ IGNCPI CO /CK FKG 'TUVÒTOWPI /CIFGDWTIU &KG 5VCFV YWTFG IGIGP FGP 9KNNGP 6KNN[ʼnU HCUV XQNNUV·PFKI FWTEJ (GWGT XGTPKEJVGV
1,5:1 4570
4570
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG <GTUVÌTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ 6KNN[U 6TWRRGP $NKEM CWH FKG 5VCFV ÒDGT FKG 'NDG QDGP FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF CWH GKPGO 5EJTKHVDCPF KO #DUEJPKVV 1661 /#) Ù %#'5 Ù #Q Û /# )& Ù 24+8+ Ù 14 Ù #Q Û '2+ 5%1 Ù (80 Ù '6 /1 Ù #Q Û #WHUEJTKHV KP GNH <GKNGP Ü 8+%6# 8+81 Ü +EJ /CIFCDWTI UQ NCPI HNQTKGTVV .KGI ,·OOGTNKEJ ICPV\ TWKPKTVV Ü ,EJ HTCI WPF MNCI YCTWOD FK IUEJKGJV Ü 1 JGTT IGTGEJV UKPF FGKP IGTKEJV Ü #P OKT URKGIGN UKEJ LGFG 5VCVV &CU KC FKG 4GY PKEJV MQOO \W URCVV <W URCVV MCP FK 4GY PKOOGT UGKP Ü Ù 9CP UKG IGJV CWU FGO JGTV\ Ù GP TGKP Ü Û Û. OO I 5NI *CWUYCNFV FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT WGTUV UGNVGP 8QT\ÒINKEJ 203
&'4 0'7#7($#7 810 /#)&'$74)
4571
4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FGP 0GWDCW FGT 5VCFV I &GT DGJGNOVG XKGTHGNFKIG 5VCFVUEJKNF KO (GNF N WPVGP <CKPJCMGP T 25 2GVGT 5EJTCFGT UV·FVKUEJGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT +POKVVGP FGT \YÌNH\GK NKIGP #WHUEJTKHV FGT FQRRGNMÌRHKIG 4GKEJUCFNGT WPVGTJCND FGT -CKUGTMTQPG CWH FGT $TWUV GKP JQEJQXCNGU 2QTVT·VOGFCKNNQP XQP -CKUGT (GTFKPCPF +++ VTCIGPF &CX X 5EJT 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
&'4 ,#*4'56#) &'4 <'456¤470) 810 /#)&'$74)
4572
<KPPOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FGP ,CJTGUVCI FGT <GTUVÌTWPI WPF FGP 9KGFGTCWHDCW FGT 5VCFV $NKEM ÒDGT FCU 'NDWHGT CWH FKG DTGPPGPFG 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF 4GKVGT WPF (WUQNFCVGP +O .QTDGGT MTCP\ OGJT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV UQYKG 5EJYGTV WPF (CEMGN OO 5NI *CWUYCNFV 9WT\D -N -TCV\GT XQT\ÒINKEJ
/#+0< /#+0< 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
1,5:1
204
1,5:1
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV I $TWUVDKNF JCNDT )GMTÌPVGU XKGTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP OKV /KVVGNUEJKNF #JNUVTÌO (D FQTV WPVGT 0ÒTPDGTI 5NI 9CNVJGT )1.& 44 /KP IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
1,5:1
4573
4574
1,5:1
&WMCV I $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 5KGDGP\GKNKIGT XQP GKPGO .QTDGGTMTCP\ WOUEJNQUUGPGT 6GZV #JNUVTÌO C (D 5NI 9CNVJGT )1.& 44 .GKEJV IGYGNNV UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 70& 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 /#+0< &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0 +O ,CJTG DGUGV\VGP HTCP\ÌUKUEJG 6TWRRGP FKG -WTRHCN\ WPF FKG CPITGP\GPFGP IGKUVNKEJGP -WTHÒT UVGPVÒOGT 0QEJ KO UGNDGP ,CJT FT·PIVGP XGTDÒPFGVG MCKUGTNKEJG MWTDTCPFGPDWTIKUEJG MWTU·EJUKUEJG DTCWPUEJYGKI JCPPQXGTUEJG NCPFIT·HNKEJ JGUUKUEJG WPF MWTDC[GTKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG FGP 'KPFTKPINKPI CWH FCU NKPMG 4JGKPWHGT \WTÒEM /CKP\ MQPPVG PCEJ GKPGT OGJTGTG /QPCVG Y·JTGPFGP $GNCIGTWPI XQP FGP #NNKKGTVGP KO ,CJTG GPVUGV\V YGTFGP &GT HTCP\ÌUKUEJG -QOOCPFCPV /CTSWKU Fʼn7ZGNNGU NKG GKPG 5GTKG XQP $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP JGTUVGNNGP WO FGP )GNFOCPIGN KP FGT XQT FGT #WGPYGNV CDIGUEJPKVVGPGP 5VCFV \W NKPFGTP
4575
6CNGT I /10'6# Û 018# Û #4)'06'# Û 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO XQP .QWKU :+8 -Ì PKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ KP GKPGT IGMTÌPVGP -CTVWUEJG Ê ).14+# Û +0 Û ':%'.5+5 Û &'1 Û &KG 9GTVDTWEJ\CJN KPOOKVVGP FGT 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5NI 9CNVJGT XCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4576
6CNGT I 5RKGIGNOQPQITCOO XQP .QWKU :+8 -ÌPKI XQP (TCPMTGKEJ KP GKPGT IGMTÌPVGP -CTVWUEJG KO (GNF Ê ).14+# Û +0 Û ':%'.5+5 Û &'1 Ù &KG 9GTVDTWEJ\CJN KPOKVVGP FGT 7OUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5NI 9CNVJGT 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4577
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV WPF FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUCV\GT $NKEM ÒDGT FGP 4JGKP CWH FKG DGUEJQUUGPG 5VCFV CWH FGO (NWUU 5EJKHH WPF $QQVG #FNGT HNKGIGPF T OKV GKPGO $NKV\ 2JCGVQP CWU FGT 5QPPGP SWCFTKIC UEJNGWFGTPF /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2T #NGZ 5NI 9CNVJGT 9KVVGNUD 44 1Z[FHNGEM CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP 205
4579
4578
4578
<KPPOGFCKNNG XQP 2JKNKRR *GKPTKEJ /ÒNNGT #WIUDWTI WPF 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV WPF FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP $GUCV\GT $NKEM ÒDGT FGP 4JGKP CWH FKG DGUEJQUUGPG 5VCFV CWH FGO (NWUU 5EJKHH WPF $QQVG #FNGT HNKGIGPF T OKV GKPGO $NKV\ 2JCGVQP CWU FGT 5QPPGPSWCFTKIC UEJNGWFGTPF /KV FGO QTKIKPCNGP -WRHGTUVKHV WPF GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO 5NI 'TNCPIGT XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G (QTUVGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT 2T #NGZ 5NI 9CNVJGT XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT WPF FQTV KP $TQP\G 9KVVGNUD XIN FQTV KP 5KNDGT -N 4CPFHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
/GUUKPI ,GVQP CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FCU 4GKEJUJGGT #PUKEJV FGT DGUEJQUUGPGP 5VCFV 0GWP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV OO I 2T #NGZ 5NI 9CNVJGT 44 -NGKPGU <CKPGPFG UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 70& 9+'&'4'+00#*/' 810 /#+0< &74%* &+' 4'+%*5#4/''
4581
4582
Beschießung von Mainz.
$TQP\G 5QNU #0 #WU )NQEMGPOGVCNN I /KV GKPGT ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G DGFGEMVGU (CUEGU DÒPFGN \YKUEJGP 'KEJGP\YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP -WRHGT *QHHO /CKNNGV XIN 6H .::: FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP -WRHGT 2T #NGZ 5NI 9CNVJGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
0QVIGNF FGU HTCP\ÌUKUEJGP -QOOCPFCPVGP )GPGTCN F 1[T¾
206
-W 5QNU #0 I /KV GKPGT ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G DGFGEMVGU (CUEGUDÒPFGN \YKUEJGP 'KEJGP \YGKIGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP $TQP\G *QHHO XIN FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP $TQP\G -CPQPGPOGVCNN /CKNNGV 6H .::: 2T #NGZ XIN
FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP )NQEMGPOGVCNN 5NI 9CNVJGT XIN FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP $TQP\G 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
-W 5QN #0 I /KV GKPGT ,CMQDKPGTOÒV\G DGFGEMVGU (CUEGUDÒPFGN \YKUEJGP 'KEJGP\YGK IGP 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP /KV UGEJUDN·VVTKIGP 4QUGVVGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H *QHHO FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP -CPQPGPOGVCNN /CKNNGV 6H .::: 2T #NGZ XIN FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP )NQEMGPOGVCNN 5NI 9CNVJGT XIN FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT KP $TQP\G ,WUVKGTURWTGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP
4583
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP (TKGFTKEJ *GKPTKEJ -TÒIGT UGPKQT &TGUFGP CWH FKG 9KGFGTGKPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG 4GKEJUCTOGG $NKEM XQP -CUVGN ÒDGT FGP 4JGKP CWH FKG 5VCFV +O 8QTFGTITWPF CO TGEJVGP (NWUUWHGT GKP 1DGNKUM \W FGUUGP $CUKU FGT 5VCFVUEJKNF GKPG (CJPG WPF GKP -CPQPGPTQJT PGDUV -WIGNP PKGFGTIGNGIV UKPF +P GKPGT XQP FGT CWHIGJGPFGP 5QPPG DGUVTCJNVGP 'DGPG CO (WG GKPGT *ÒIGNMGVVG FGT RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG /CKP WPF FGT RGTUQPKHK\KGTVG 4JGKP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT NCIGTPF OKV 3WGNNWTPGP FGP ÒDGT KJPGP HNKGIGPFGP 2CNO\YGKIG JCNVGPFGP FQRRGNMÌRHKIGP #FNGT ITÒGPF OO I 2T #NGZ *QHHOGKUVGT 5NI 9CNVJGT 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
'+0' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'5 '4<$+567/5 /#+0< +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+')
4584
(TKGFTKEJ -CTN ,QUGRJ XQP 'TVJCN -QPX 6CNGT /CKP\ -QPVTKDWVKQP I $TWUVDKNF JCNDT KO *GTOGNKP (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV \YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX 5NI 9CNVJGT 9KP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 '065#6< 810 /#+0< &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0
4585
(TKGFTKEJ -CTN ,QUGRJ XQP 'TVJCN -QPX 6CNGT #WH FGP 'PVUCV\ FGT XQP FGP (TCP \QUGP DGUGV\VGP 5VCFV FWTEJ FGP MCKUGTNKEJGP (GNFOCTUEJCNN %NGTHC[V I 5VCFVCPUKEJV OKV FGO 4JGKPUVTQO WPF FGT 5EJKHHUDTÒEMG QDGP &QRRGNCFNGT 2[TCOKFGPOQPWOGPV OKV #TOCVWTGPUEJOWEM DGMTÌPV OKV GKPGT NQTDGGTWOYWPFGPGP -WIGN &CX 5NI 9CNVJGT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT NGKEJVG 4CPFXGTRT·IWPI XQT\ÒINKEJ +P FGT ·NVGTGP PWOKOCVKUEJGP .KVGTCVWT WPF KO /ÒP\JCPFGN YKTF FGT XQTNKGIGPFG 6[RWU CNU <YKVVGTRT·IWPI IGHÒJTV 'DGTJCTF .KPM MQPPVG PCEJYGKUGP FCUU GU UKEJ KPFGU WO GKPGP TGIWN·TGP /CKP\GT -QPXGPVKQPUVCNGT JCPFGNV FGT CPN·UUNKEJ FGT $GHTGKWPI FGT 5VCFV JGTCWUIGIGDGP YWTFG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG CNU 2T·OKG WPF #PFGPMGP HÒT FCU CO 'PVUCV\ DGVGKNKIVG /KNKV·T ' .KPM KP )GNFIGUEJKEJVNKEJG 0CEJTKEJVGP ,I
207
/+0&'0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 /+0&'0 *GT\QI )GQTI XQP $TCWPUEJYGKI .ÒPGDWTI YCT Y·JTGPF FGU &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU CWH FKG 5GKVG FGT 5EJYGFGP ÒDGTIGVTGVGP 5GKP XQTTCPIKIGU <KGN YCT GU FKG 9GUGT XQP MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP \W DGHTGKGP &KG $NQEMCFG /KPFGPU KP FGT 6TWRRGP )GPGTCN 6KNN[ʼnU UVCPFGP DGICPP CO ,WNK WPF FCWGTVG DKU \WO 1MVQDGT FGUUGNDGP ,CJTGU &KG PCEJHQNIGPF CPIGDQVGPG 0QVOÒP\G UVCOOV CWU \GTUEJNCIGPGO 5KNDGTIGUEJKTT
4588
4586 4587
-NKRRG \W )TQUEJGP OKV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \YGK IGMTGW\VG 5EJNÒUUGN I &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 9GTVCPICDG KP FTGK <GKNGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H
FQTV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG /CKNNGV XIN 6H .:::8 FQTV )GIGPUVGORGN CWH FGT 8QT FGTUGKVG 5VCPIG 5GJT UEJÌP
-W -NKRRG \W )TQUEJGP I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP GKPG TWPFG OKV \YGK IGMTGW\VGP 5EJNÒUUGNP WPF GKPG \YGKVG TGEJVGEMKIG OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG ++++ ) Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 5VCPIG 9GKPI·TVPGT C XCT 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP
-W /CTKGPITQUEJGP I <YKUEJGP FGT IGVGKNVGP ,CJTGU\CJN FKG \YGK IGMTGW\VGP 5EJNÒUUGN QDGP /+0&# 1$5'5 9GTVCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H /CKNNGV 6H .:::8 5VCPIG 9GKPI 44 5GJT UEJÌP
/ª056'4 &+' 9+'&'46 7('4 +0 /ª056'4 #O (GDTWCT YWTFG FKG 4GHQTOCVKQP KP /ÒPUVGT FWTEJ 8GTVTCI \YKUEJGP $ÒTIGTUEJCHV WPF $KUEJQH (TCP\ XQP 9CNFGEM NGICNKUKGTV &GT WTURTÒPINKEJ NWVJGTKUEJ RTGFKIGPFG 6JGQNQIG 4QVJOCPP ÒDGTPCJO \WPGJOGPF FKG .GJTGP FGT 9KGFGTV·WHGT &KG 2CTVGK FGT 9KGFGTV·WHGT IGYCPP UEJNKGNKEJ FKG 4CVUOGJTJGKV RNÒPFGTVG -NÌUVGT -KTEJGP WPF #TEJKXG UEJCHHVG 2TKXCVGKIGPVWO WPF 'KPGJG CD WPF UQTIVG HÒT <WICPI XQP CNNGTJCPF )GUKPFGN YCU \CJNTGKEJG GKPJGKOKUEJG $ÒTIGT \WO 8GTNCUUGP FGT 5VCFV DGYQI $KUEJQH (TCP\ XQP 9CNFGEM MQPPVG FKG 5VCFV \WP·EJUV OKNKV·TKUEJ PKEJV GKPPGJOGP 'TUV OKV *KNHG XQP 4GKEJUVTWRRGP WPF PCEJ DNWVKIGP 5VTCGPM·ORHGP YWTFG /ÒPUVGT CO ,WPK GT QDGTV &KG #PHÒJTGT FGT 9KGFGTV·WHGTDGYGIWPI YWTFGP PCEJ IGUEJGKVGTVGP $GMGJTWPIUXGTUWEJGP CO ,CPWCT CWH FGO /CTMVRNCV\ FGT 5VCFV ITCWUCO JKPIGTKEJVGV +JTG .GKEJGP YWTFGP KP GKUGTPGP -ÌTDGP CO 6WTO FGT .CODGTVKMKTEJG CWHIGJCPIGP YQ UKG DKU DNKGDGP
4589
208
6CNGT I 1TKIKPCNRT·IWPI &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 6*1 /80 56'4 KP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 4CJOWPI \W FGP 5GKVGP N WPF T LG GKPG 5VGTPTQUGVVG 1DGP FKG XQP 5VGTPTQUGVVGP HNCPMKGTVG ,CJTGU \CJN &CU )CP\G XQP \YGK 5EJTKHVMTGKUGP WOUEJNQUUGP 5KGDGP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV TKPIUWOJGT 5EJTKHV MTGKU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX #PO )GKUDGTI /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 44 5GJT UEJÌP
4590
4591
Die Bestrafung der Wiedertäufer zu Münster.
&QRRGNVCNGT I 7PUKIPKGTVG 2T·IWPI FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 6*1 /80 56'4 KP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 4CJOWPI QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN &CU )CP\G XQP \YGK 5EJTKHVMTGKUGP WOUEJNQUUGP (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV TKPIUWOJGT 5EJTKHVMTGKU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX #PO )GKUDGTI /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
6CNGT I 2T·IWPI XQP 'PIGNDGTV -GVVNGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP /ÒPUVGT &TGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 6*1 /80 56'4 KP UEJKNFHÌTOKIGT 4CJOWPI QDGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN &CU )CP\G XQP \YGK 5EJTKHVMTGKUGP WOUEJNQUUGP (ÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WPVGP FKG /ÒP\OGKUVGTKPKVKCNG - 4KPIUWOJGT 5EJTKHVMTGKU $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX )GKUDGTI /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
4592
5EJCWVCNGT (GKPGT )W FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI WPF FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV $TWUVDKNF FGU -ÌPKIU FGT 9KGFGTV·WHGT ,CP XCP .G[FGP T OKV DCTGVV·JPNKEJGT -QRHDGFGEMWPI KP JQEJ IGUEJNQUUGPGO MTCIGPNQUGP *GOF WPF 5EJCWDG 'NH\GKNKIGT 6GZV OO I 44 (GKPGT )W 5GJT UEJÌP
209
4593
4594
4596
4595
&'4 <7 /ª056'4 70& 150#$4ª%- )'5%*.155'0' 9'56( .+5%*' (4+'&'0
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 'PIGNDGTV -GVVNGT /ÒPUVGT CWH FGP 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP $NKEM CWH FKG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV QDGP \YGK 'PIGN &GT NKPMG J·NV GKPGP 2CNO\YGKI WPF DN·UV KP GKPG 6WDC CWU FGT 2#: GTUEJCNNV &GT TGEJVG J·NV GKPGP .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF GKPGP ¤N\YGKI <YGK CWU 9QNMGP JGTXQTVTGVGPFG *·PFG IGOGKPUCO \YGK (ÒNNJÌTPGT WPF GKPGP ¤N\YGKI JCNVGPF 1DGP FGT HNCOOGPFG WPF UVTCJNGPFG CWH *GDT·KUEJ XGTHCUUVG )QVVGUPCOG ,CJYG 7PVGP GKP 9CHHGPJCWHGP OO I &GVJ 1TF 2CZ KP 0WOOKU 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) &'4 56#&6 /ª056'4 &74%* $+5%*1( %*4+5612* $'40*#4& 810 )#.'0 +P FGT 5VCFV /ÒPUVGT ICD GU /KVVG FGU ,CJTJWPFGTVU $GUVTGDWPIGP FKG 4GKEJUHTGKJGKV \W GTNCPIGP $KUEJQH %JTKUVQRJ $GTPJCTF XQP )CNGP XGTUWEJVG CPHCPIU PQEJ OKV FKRNQOCVKUEJGP /KVVGNP FKG FKEMMÌR HKIGP 5VCFVX·VGT FKG KJO YGFGT FKG TKEJVGTNKEJG 'PVUEJGKFWPI KP KJTGP 5VTGKVKIMGKVGP \WIGUVGJGP PQEJ GKPG )CTPKUQP KP KJTGP /CWGTP CWHPGJOGP YQNNVGP \WO )GJQTUCO \W DTKPIGP 5EJNKGNKEJ MCO GU CO ,WNK \WT $GNCIGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ DKUEJÌHNKEJG WPF MCKUGTNKEJG 6TWRRGP &KG FCFWTEJ CWU DTGEJGPFG ITQG 0QV \YCPI /ÒPUVGT CO 0GWLCJTUVCI \W 8GTJCPFNWPIGP OKV FGO $KUEJQH &GT 8GTVTCI \WT ªDGTICDG FGT 5VCFV MCO CO /·T\ \W 5VCPFG
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF KP GKPGT MCTVWUEJGPHÌTOKIGP 4CJOWPI $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .:::8++ 2GWU 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG *CNDVCNGTMNKRRG I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF KP GKPGT MCTVWUEJGPHÌTOKIGP 4CJOWPI $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H .:::8++ 2GWU 4 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP
&+' '+00#*/' 810 /ª056'4
210
%JTKUVQRJ $GTPJCTF XQP )CNGP $TGKVGT FQRRGNVGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV I (ÒPHHCEJ DGJGNOVGT OKV -TWOOUVCD WPF 5EJYGTV DGUVGEMVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2CWNWU CWH 9QNMGP &CX &GVJNGHU # E 5EJWN\G 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4597
4598
4599
$TGKVGT FQRRGNVGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV I (ÒPHHCEJ DGJGNOVGT OKV -TWOO UVCD WPF 5EJGTV DGUVGEMVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2CWNWU CWH 9QNMGP &CX &GVJNGHU & M 5EJWN\G F 4 (GKPG 2CVKPC OKP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJ
$TGKVGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV I (ÒPHHCEJ DGJGNOVGT OKV -TWOOUVCD WPF 5EJYGTV DGUVGEMVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2CWNWU CWH 9QNMGP &CX &GVJNGHU # C 5EJWN\G G 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV I (ÒPHHCEJ DGJGNOVGT OKV -TWOOUVCD WPF 5EJYGTV DGUVGEMVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP $TWUVDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP 2CWNWU CWH 9QNMGP &CX &GVJNGHU 0 X 5EJWN\G D (CUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
0ª40$'4) '+0 .1570)5 70& 70)'.&)7.&'0 &'4 56#&6 0ª40$'4) 7PVGT FGT .QUWPI XGTUVCPF OCP FKG XQP FGT 5VCFV GTJQDGPG 5VGWGT FGT $ÒTIGT 'U YCT FKGU GKPG MQO RNK\KGTV MQODKPKGTVG -QRH WPF 8GTOÌIGPUUVGWGT /KV FGT #WUICDG URG\KGNNGT .QUWPIU\GKEJGP MQPPVG FGTGP 2TGKU XQO 4CV XCTKCDGN HGUVIGUGV\V YGTFGP 7PVGT 7PIGNF XGTUVCPF OCP FKG CWH 9GKP WPF $KGT GTJQDGPG )GVT·PMGUVGWGT
4600
1,5:1
1,5:1
.QUWPIU WPF 7PIGNFIQNFIWNFGP I &KG FTGK 9CRRGPUEJKNFG KP -CTVWUEJGP QDGP UGEJU UVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP HÒT *CPU %JTKUVQRJ .CWGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 0ÒTPDGTI WPVGP /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP . 1 WPF 8 +PPGTJCND GKPGT MCTVWUEJGPHÌTOKIGP 4CJOWPI HÒPH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV WPVGP /QPQITCOO 5NI 'TNCPIGT (D -GNNPGT D )1.& 4 9KP\ $GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNG YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT HCUV UGJT UEJÌP
211
&+' 56#&6 0ª40$'4) 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
4601
Kampf um Nürnberg 1632.
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV I $TWUVDKNF T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF DTGKVGO 5RKV\GPMTCIGP )GMTÌPVGU 9CRRGP #JNUVTÌO (D 5NI 'TNCPIGT )1.& 9KP\ 2TQDKGTURWT CO 4CPF UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4603
4602
6CNGT CWH UGKPGP 6QF I $TWUVDKNF JCNDT KP *CTPKUEJ OKV (GNFDKPFG WPF DTGKVGO 5RKV\GPMTCIGP 5EJPKV\YGTMVCHGN OKV UGEJU\GKNKIGO 6GZV #JNUVTÌO 5NI $TWWP *KNFGDTCPF 9KP\ 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG CO 4CPF OKP &QRRGNUEJNCI XQT\ÒINKEJ
6CNGT CWH UGKPGP 6QF I $TWUVDKNF JCNDT KP *CTPKUEJ OKV (GNFDKPFG WPF DTGKVGO 5RKV \GPMTCIGP 5EJPKV\YGTMVCHGN OKV UGEJU\GKNKIGO 6GZV #JNUVTÌO 5NI $TWWP *KNFGDTCPF /KP 2T·IGUEJY·EJG MN 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UGJT UEJÌP
150#$4ª%- &+' $'.#)'470) 810 150#$4ª%- &74%* &+' 5%*9'&'0 $KUEJQH (TCP\ 9KNJGNO XQP 9CTVGPDGTI YCT UEJQP XQT $GIKPP FGT $GNCIGTWPI PCEJ $QPP IGHNÒEJVGV JCVVG CDGT PQEJ XQT UGKPGT #DTGKUG FGP $GHGJN IGIGDGP \WT $G\CJNWPI FGT 6TWRRGP UKNDGTPG -NKRRGP CWUOÒP\GP \W NCUUGP
4604 1,5:1
212
(TCP\ 9KNJGNO XQP 9CTVGPDGTI 'KPUGKVKIG 4GKEJUVCNGTMNKRRG I *KPVGT GKPGO XKGTHGNFKIGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT JGKNKIG 2GVTWU UVGJGPF X X OKV 5EJNÒUUGN WPF $WEJ +O (GNF Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H FQTV OKV UGMWPF·TGT )TCXWT CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG -GPPG RQJN /CKNNGV 6H :% 44 ªDNKEJG MN 5VGORGNHGJNGT HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
2(#.< (4+'&4+%* 810 &'4 2(#.< -74(ª456 70& $¤*/+5%*'4 )')'0-¤0+)
4605
(TKGFTKEJ XQP FGT 2HCN\ FGT 9KPVGTMÌPKI -KRRGT -TGW\GT Q , *GKFGNDGTI I )GMTÌPVGT .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N 7OUEJTKHV OKV 5EJTGKDHGJNGT 4'*0+ WPF OKV $#8# Û UEJNKGGPF 7PVGT JCND FGU -WTJWVU CP $·PFGTP J·PIGPF FGT .ÌYGPUEJKNF FGT -WTUEJKNF WPF FGT 9GEMGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &QPGD *GTKPGM D /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 5NI 0QUU 4 ,WUVKGTURWTGP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&'4 9+'&'4#7($#7 &'5 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+') 56#4- <'4 56¤46'0 *'+&'.$'4)
4606
-CTN .WFYKI 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI 2HTÒPFV CWH FGP 9KGFGTCWHDCW *GKFGNDGTIU PCEJ FGT <GTUVÌTWPI KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI *ÒHVDKNF FGU -WTHÒTUVGP T KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP -QO OCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF WPF OKV FGT .KPMGP GKPGP (GFGTDWUEJJGNO WPF FGP -WTJWV WOUEJNKGGPF FKG CWH GKPGO OKV GKPGT &GEMG XGTJÒNNVGP 6KUEJ UVGJGP $NKEM ÒDGT FGP 0GEMCT CWH FKG 5VCFV *GKFGNDGTI CO (WG FGU -ÌPKIUUVWJNU WPF FCU 5EJNQUU 1DGP 5EJTKHVDCPF KO #DUEJPKVV \YGK CWH DGITCUVGO )TWPF UVGJGPFG .ÌYGP GKPG -CTVWUEJG OKV FGO XQO *QUGPDCPFQTFGP WO\QIGPGP MWTRH·N\KUEJGP 9CRRGP JCNVGPF OO I 'ZVGT + 5 5VGORGT WGTUV UGNVGP -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT MN -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP 213
&'4 '+0(#.. &'4 (4#0<15'0 +0 &+' 2(#.< +/ '4$(1.)'-4+')
4607
2JKNKRR 9KNJGNO 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FGP 'KPHCNN HTCP\ÌUKUEJGT 5VTGKVMT·HVG KP FKG 2HCN\ 2NÒPFGTPFG WPF OCTQFKGTGPFG 5QNFCVGP <KXKNKUVGP VTCMVKGTGPF KO *KPVGTITWPF 6TWRRGPCWHOCTUEJ WPF $GUEJWUU FGT (GUVWPIGP WPF 5V·FVG 2JKNKRRUDWTI -QDNGP\ WPF *GKFGNDGTI &TGK YGKDNKEJG #NNGIQTKGP FKG OKVVNGTG KO *CDKV FGT /KPGTXC CNU 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCPF JCHVKIMGKV UVGJGPF X X DGK GKPGO 5·WNGPUVWORH FKG *·PFG JCNVGPF OKV FGP DGKFGP HNCPMKGTGPFGP (KIW TGP &KG NKPMG CNU 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT .KGDG KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKP /GFCKNNQP OKV FTGK *GT\GP JCNVGPF UVGJGPF T CWH /CUMGP CNU 5KPPDKNFGTP FGT (CNUEJJGKV FKG TGEJVG (KIWT UVGJGPF N DGK GKPGO 5EJKHHUXQT FGTVGKN KP FGT .KPMGP GKP 2HGKNDÒPFGN CNU 'ODNGO FGT YGJTJCHVGP 'KPKIMGKV 8QT FGT OKVVNGTGP (KIWT TÒEMDNKEMGPFGT #FNGT UVGJGPF N GKP $NKV\DÒPFGN KO TGEJVGP (CPI JCNVGPF +O #DUEJPKVV FTGK <GKNGP 6GZV )NCVVGT 4CPF OO I 5NI 'TNCPIGT XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 'ZVGT + 5 %%. XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI /GOOGUJ XCT FQTV OKV 4CPFUEJTKHV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ XIN FQTV KP $TQP\G 5VGORGT 4 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
&#5 )4ª0&70)5,7$+. 7/ 810 56#&6 70& ('5670) /#00*'+/
4608
,QJCPP 9KNJGNO 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTVG #TDGKV XQP ,QJCPP .KPEM *GKFGNDGTI CWH FKG ,CJTHGKGT FGT )TÒPFWPI FGT 5VCFV /CPPJGKO +POKVVGP GKPGU (GUVWPIURNCPU XQP /CPPJGKO .ÌYG UVGKIGPF N GKPGP 5EJKNF JCNVGPF 0GWP\GKNKIGT 6GZV OO I 5NI /GOOGUJ 5VGORGT *GTTNKEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ 5VGORGNINCP\
2*+.+225$74) &+' '+00#*/' 810 2*+.+225$74) &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0
4609
214
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT (GUVWPI 2NCP FGT CO 4JGKP IGNGIGPGP 5VCFV WPF (GUVWPI UCOV FGT 4JGKPUEJCP\G CO IGIGPÒDGTNKGIGPFGP (NWUUWHGT UQYKG FGT 5VGNNWPIGP .CWHIT·DGP WPF $CVVG TKGP FGT $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP 5KGDGP <GKNGP 6GZV OO I $GTUVGVV #PO 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU X .QQP 5 FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT OKV XCTKKGTGPFGT 4ÒEMUGKVG CDIGDKNFGV 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 2GVT\KNMC C 4 5GJT UEJÌP
21//'40 &#5 *'4<1)67/ 21//'40 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
4610 1,5:1
1,5:1
%JTKUVKPC XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV 5VGVVKP I )GMTÌPVGU *ÒHVDKNF JCNDN /GJT HGNFKIGU 9CRRGP QDGP $TWUVDKNF %JTKUVK X X OKV UGIPGPFGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN KP FGT .KPMGP #JNUVTÌO (D 5NI 2QIIG )1.& 4 5GJT UEJÌP
4611
4612
4612 1,5:1
-CTN :+ XQP 5EJYGFGP 6CNGT 5VGVVKP I $TWUVDKNF T KP /CPVGN OKV .QT DGGTMTCP\ /KV GKPGT DGJGNOVGP -TQPG ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF IGJCNVGP XQP \YGK DGJGNOVGP 9KNFGP /·PPGTP #JNUVTÌO (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
-CTN :++ XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV CWH FGP 6QF FGU -ÌPKIU CO &G\GODGT I $TWUVDKNF KP /CPVGN T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 5KGDGP\GKNKIGT 6GZV KO #DUEJPKVV &CVWOUCPICDG KP \YGK <GKNGP (D *KNFGDTCPF FGO\WHQNIG KP 5VGVVKP IGRT·IV 5NI $TWWP )1.& 4 4CPF OKP DGCTDGKVGV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
5#%*5'0 &'4 5%*/#.-#.&+5%*' $70& &GT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJG $WPF FGUUGP )TÒPFWPIUWTMWPFG CO (GDTWCT KP FGT U·EJUKUEJGP -CP\NGK KP 6QTICW CWUIGHGTVKIV YWTFG YCT GKP $ÒPFPKU \WT 8GTJKPFGTWPI FTQJGPFGT #PITKHHG CWH FKG GXCPIGNK UEJG .GJTG WPF \WT (ÌTFGTWPI FGU (TKGFGPU KO 4GKEJ 'U TKEJVGVG UKEJ PKEJV IGIGP FGP -CKUGT QFGT GKPGP 4GKEJUUVCPF YCT CNUQ \WP·EJUV GKP TGKPGU 8GTVGKFKIWPIUDÒPFPKU &GT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJG $WPF GPVYKEMGNVG UKEJ KP FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP \W GKPGO GWTQR·KUEJGP /CEJVHCMVQT WPF YWTFG GTUV KO 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGP -TKGI \GTUEJNCIGP
4613
,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ FGT )TQOÒVKIG WPF 2JKNKRR FGT )TQOÒVKIG XQP *GUUGP 6CNGT )QUNCT 'TUVGT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGT $WPFGUJCNDVCNGT I <YKUEJGP XKGT 9CRRGPUEJKNFGP FCU $TWUVDKNF FGU -WTHÒTUVGP XQP 5CEJUGP T KP -WTOCPVGN FCU 5EJYGTV KP FGT 4GEJVGP *ÒHVDKNF FGU .CPF ITCHGP XQP *GUUGP JCNDN FGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT 4GEJVGP FKG .KPMG CO )TKHH FGU WOIGIÒTVGVGP 5EJYGTVGU 7PVGP \YGK QDGP UQYKG N WPF T LG GKP 9CRRGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H -GKNKV\
FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV -GKNKV\ -QJN FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV /CKNNGV 5WRRN 5 5NI /GTUGD 5EJPGG 5EJWNVGP 5EJÒV\ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV *GPMGNURWT (GNFGT NGKEJV IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌP 215
4615
4614
4616
4GKEJUVCNGT )QUNCT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGT $WPFGUVCNGT I $CTJ·WRVKIGU $TWUVDKNF FGU -WT HÒTUVGP ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ JCNDT KO -WTOCPVGN FCU 5EJYGTV KP FGT 4GEJVGP $CTJ·WRVKIGU *ÒHVDKNF FGU .CPFITCHGP 2JKNKRR P N OKV -QOOCPFQUVCD WPF 5EJYGTV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT &CX /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H XCT 5EJPGG 5EJÒV\ 5GJT UEJÌP
6CNGT )QUNCT 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGT $WPFGUXKGTVGNVCNGT I &GT -WTUEJKNF QDGTJCND FGT DGK FGP 5EJKNFG FGU *GT\QIVWOU 5CEJUGP WPF FGT .CPFITCHUEJCHV 6JÒTKPIGP &GT 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT .CPF ITCHUEJCHV *GUUGP QDGTJCND FGT 5EJKNFG FGT )TCHUEJCHV <KGIGPJCKP WPF FGT )TCHUEJCHV &KG\ $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H $ FQTV ,CJTICPI -GKNKV\ -GKNKV\ -QJN /CKNNGV 5EJWNVGP 5EJÒV\ 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV .GKEJV MQTTQFKGTV UEJÌP UGJT UEJÌP
,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ FGT )TQOÒVKIG 'KPUGKVKIG (GNFMNKRRG \W GKPGO 8KGTVGNVCNGT I )GURCNVGPGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP **(- WPVGP KO (GNF N WPF T LG GKP IGUVKGNVGU &TGKDNCVV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H XCT -GKNKV\ XCT -GKNKV\ -QJN FQTV FKGUGU 'ZGORNCT CDIGDKNFGV /CKNNGV 6H ++ XCT Z OO 5GJT UEJÌP
&KG 2T·IGUV·VVG FKGUGT KO -TKGI FGU IG·EJVGVGP RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP -WTHÒTUVGP ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ IGIGP UGKPGP GTPGUVKPK UEJGP CWH FKG 5GKVG FGU -CKUGTU IGYGEJUGNVGP GTPGUVKPKUEJGP 8GVVGT *GT\QI /QTKV\ GPVUVCPFGPGP (GNFRT·IWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 .'+2<+) *GT\QI /QTKV\ XQP 5CEJUGP XGTNKGUU FGP 5EJOCNMCNFKUEJGP $WPF WPF NCXKGTVG ÒDGT OGJTGTG ,CJTG JKPYGI \YKUEJGP FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP WPF FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP 5GKVG YGEJUGNVG FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG (ÒTUV HQTOGNN FKG (TQPVGP WPF UEJNQUU UKEJ -CKUGT -CTN 8 CP 0CEJ 8GTJ·PIWPI FGT 4GKEJUCEJV ÒDGT UGKPGP GTPGUVKPKUEJGP 8GTYCPFVGP -WTHÒTUV ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ HKGN /QTKV\ KP -WTUCEJUGP GKP #WEJ .GKR\KI HKGN KO <WIG FKGUGT OKNKV·TKUEJGP 1RGTCVKQP KP UGKPG *·PFG &QEJ UEJQP DCNF GTUEJKGP ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ OKV GKPGT 5VTGKVOCEJV XQT FGT 5VCFV WPF DGICPP CO ,CPWCT OKV FGT $GNCIGTWPI 4CUEJ GPVUVCPF WPVGT FGP 8GTVGKFKIGTP GKP GTJÌJVGT )GNFDGFCTH FGT FWTEJ FKG 2T·IWPI XQP 0QVMNKRRGP CWU )QNF WPF 5KNDGT IGFGEMV YGTFGP UQNNVG FC FKG XQO 5VCFVMQOOCPFCPVGP $CUVKCP XQP 9CNNYKV\ DGHGJNKI VGP 5ÌNFPGT OKV IWVGO )GNF DG\CJNV YGTFGP OWUUVGP <WT 8GTOÒP\WPI IGNCPIVG KPUDGUQPFGTG FCU CWU FGO $GUKV\ FGU 5VKHVGU /GTUGDWTI UVCOOGPFG 5KNDGTIGUEJKTT WPF -KTEJGPIGT·V FCU XQT FGO -TKGIG CWU 5KEJGTJGKVUITÒPFGP KP .GKR\KI GKPIGNCIGTV YQTFGP YCT &CU XGTHÒIDCTG 'FGNOGVCNNIGT·V YWTFG \W FKG UGO <YGEM KP FGT 5VCFV XQP )QNFUEJOKGFGP WPF *CPFYGTMGTP GKPIGUEJOQN\GP \W <CKPGP IGIQUUGP \W MNKRRGPHÌTOKIGP 5EJTÌVNKPIGP IGUEJPKVVGP WPF UEJNKGNKEJ \W 0QVIGNF IGRT·IV &KG -NKRRGP VTCIGP KP +PKVKCNGP 0COGP WPF 6KVGN FGU *GT\QIU /QTKV\ WPF FGP JGT\QINKEJ U·EJUKUEJGP 4CWVGPUEJKNF $GTGKVU CO ,CPWCT JQD FGT )GIPGT FKG $GNCIGTWPI YKGFGT CWH FC GKP MCKUGTNKEJGU 'PVUCV\JGGT UKEJ FGT 5VCFV P·JGTVG
1,5:1
216
4617 1,5:1
/QTKV\ 4CWVGPHÌTOKIG -NKRRG \W &WMCV .GKR\KI I 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP ¤ u / u * Û < Û 5 u &CU )CP\G WOTCJOV XQP GKPGT IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGTIKTNCPFG +P CEJV <GKNGP ¤ u * u *(4+ u $'.') '46 u .'+2 u u <+) u /'05 +#0 Ù #0u /&: . 8++ &CU )CP\G WOTCJOV XQP GKPGT IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGTIKTNCPFG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H (D -GKNKV\ /CKNNGV 6H .:+: )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 70& '+00#*/' 810 )16*# &KG $GNCIGTWPI WPF 'KPPCJOG XQP )QVJC IGJV WTURTÒPINKEJ CWH FGP 4GKEJUTKVVGT 9KNJGNO XQP )TWO DCEJ \WTÒEM FGT PCEJ UGKPGT EJVWPI DGK FGO GTPGUVKPKUEJGP *GT\QI ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ ++ KP )QVJC 7PVGTUEJNWRH HCPF 0CEJ 'TPGWGTWPI FGT 4GKEJUCEJV ÒDGT )TWODCEJ CO /CK YWTFG CWEJ FGT *GT\QI ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ ++ CO &G\GODGT IG·EJVGV FKG 'ZGMWVKQP YWTFG UGKPGO 8GVVGT FGO CNDGTVKPKUEJGP -WTHÒTUV #WIWUV XQP 5CEJUGP ÒDGTVTCIGP FGT DGTGKVU IGIGP 9GKJPCEJVGP FGUUGNDGP ,CJTGU FGP $GNCIGTWPIUMTKGI IGIGP )QVJC GTÌHHPGVG *GT\QI ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ ++ OWUUVG CO #RTKN MCRKVWNKGTGP YGKN UGKPG GKIGPGP 5QNFCVGP IGOGWVGTV WPF )TWODCEJ CNU 8GTWTUCEJGT FGU -TKGIGU XGTJCHVGV JCVVGP )TWODCEJ YWTFG PCEJ GKPGO WPVGT (QNVGT GTRTGUUVGP )GUV·PFPKU NGDGPFKI IGXKGTVGKNV FGT *GT\QI XGTNQT UGKP .CPF CP UGKPGP $TWFGT WPF IKPI KP )GHCPIGPUEJCHV
4618
1,5:1
4619
,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ ++ IGUVQTDGP KP )GHCPIGPUEJCHV 'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W &WMCV )QVJC I )GURCNVGPGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF OKV FGP -WTUEJYGTVGTP WPF FGO 4CWVGPMTCP\ KO (GNF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN QDGP FKG +PKVKCNGP **()- $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV WPURG\KHK\KGTVGU 0QOK PCN QJPG )GYKEJVUCPICDG (D )TCUUGT 5 -QRRG /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H FQTV CNU -NKRRG \W &WMCV 5NI /GTUGD )1.& 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV +P CNVGT <KGTHCUUWPI 9KP\ -TCV\GT UGJT UEJÌP &KG +PKVKCNGP UVGJGP IGO 6GPV\GN 5 HÒT *GTV\QI *CP (TKGFTKEJ )GDQJTPGT -WTHÒTUV &COKV WPVGTUVTGKEJV ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ ++ FGP #PURTWEJ FGT GTPGUVKPKUEJGP .KPKG CWH FGP -WTHÒTUVGPVKVGN
'KPUGKVKIG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG )QVJC I )GURCNVGPGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF OKV FGP -WTUEJYGTVGTP WPF FGO 4CWVGPMTCP\ KO (GNF FKG ,CJTGU\CJN QDGP FKG +PKVKCNGP **()- $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H -QRRG /CKNNGV 6H :.++ 5NI /GTUGD 5GJT UEJÌP
4620
#WIWUV 4GKEJUVCNGT &TGUFGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP )QVJC &GT -WTUEJKNF OKV 5EJPKV\YGTM CP FGP 4·PFGTP 1DGP /CUMGTQP WPVGP /QPQITCOO CWU FGP +PKVKCNGP * WPF $ *CPU $KGPGT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP &TGUFGP 0GWP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX -GKNKV\ -CJPV /CKNNGV 6H :.+++ 5EJPGG (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' '+00#*/' 810 $#76<'0 +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')
4621
,QJCPP )GQTI + 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG ,CJTGUCPICDG CNU %JTQPQITCOO XQP 4WRTGEJV 0KENCU -KV\MCV\ &TGUFGP CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG XQP $CWV\GP &GT -WTHÒTUV DCTJ·WRVKI KP *CTPKUEJ T \W 2HGTF KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP -QOOCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF #PUKEJV FGT DTGPPGPFGP WPF WPVGT #TVKNNGTKGHGWGT UVGJGPFGP 5VCFV KO 8QTFGTITWPF #PITKHHUUVGNNWPIGP WPF FCU MWTHÒTUVNKEJG (GNFNCIGT OO I 5NI 'PIGNJCTFV )TWPF - 6GPV\GN 6H 8+ WGTUV UGNVGP 5GJT UEJÌP 217
4622
5KNDGTIWOGFCKNNG PCEJ %JTKUVKCP /CNGT 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI WPF 'KPPCJOG XQP $CWV \GP *ÒHVDKNF FGU -WTHÒTUVGP JCNDT DCTJ·WRVKI KO *CTPKUEJ OKV ITQGO 5RKV\GPMTCIGP WPF (GNFDKPFG KP FGT 4GEJVGP GKPGP -QOOCPFQUVCD JCNVGPF <YÌNH\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV OO I &CFQTH 5NI 'PIGNJCTFV FQTV GKP IGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT /GTUGD FQTV GKP IGRT·IVGU 'ZGORNCT 6GPV\GN 6H +8 4 5R·VGTGT )W 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 5%*.#%*6 $'+ $4'+6'0('.& #.5 9'0&'270-6 &'5 )4155'0 -4+')5 &KG 5EJNCEJV DGK $TGKVGPHGNF IGJÌTV \W FGP DGFGWVGPFUVGP #WUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP FGU &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU 0CEJFGO FKG MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP WPVGT 6KNN[ KP 5CEJUGP GKPIGHCNNGP YCTGP UEJNQUU UKEJ -WTHÒTUV ,QJCPP )GQTI + CO 5GRVGODGT )WUVCX #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP CP #O 5GRVGODGT MCO GU IGIGP 7JT \WT 5EJNCEJV DGK $TGKVGPHGNF 1DYQJN FKG MCKUGTNKEJG 4GKVGTGK FKG WPIG ÒDVGP 5CEJUGP UEJNWI VTWI NGV\VGPFNKEJ FKG RTQVGUVCPVKUEJG #TOGG FGP 5KGI FCXQP #WUUEJNCIIGDGPF JKGTHÒT YCT GKPG PGWG DGYGINKEJG -CORHYGKUG WPF FCU UV·TMGTG )GUEJÒV\ FGT 5EJYGFGP $TGKVGPHGNF YCT FGT GTUVG ITQG 5KGI FGT 2TQVGUVCPVGP WPF OCTMKGTVG GKPGP 9GPFGRWPMV KO &TGKKIL·JTKIGP -TKGI
4623
218
,QJCPP )GQTI + 5KNDGTIWOGFCKNNG PCEJ FGT 2T·IGOGFCKNNG XQP 5GDCUVKCP &CFNGT CWH FKG 5EJNCEJV WPF FGP 5KGI DGK $TGKVGPHGNF $NKEM CWH FCU 5EJNCEJVHGNF QDGP GKP XQP UKGDGP 5VGTPGP CWU FGO 5VGTPDKNF FGU -NGKPGP $·TGP WPF 9QNMGP WOIGDGPGT 'PIGN HNKGIGPF N KP FGT GTJQDGPGP 4GEJVGP GKP (NCOOGPUEJYGTV JCNVGPF &KG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQPGP FGT )GTGEJVKIMGKV OKV 5EJYGTV FGT 5VCPFJCHVKIMGKV OKV IGMTÌPVGT 5·WNG WPF FGU (TKGFGPU OKV .QTDGGT\YGKI DGKGKPCPFGT UVGJGPF UKEJ KO *CPFUEJNCI FKG 4GEJVG TGKEJGPF 1DGP FGT KP JGDT·KUEJGP .GVVGTP IGHCUUVG 0COG )QVVGU XQP 5VTCJNGP WOIGDGP +O *KPVGTITWPF #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV .GKR\KI OO I 5NI 'PIGNJCTFV \W 5NI /GTUGD \W 9KGEGM \W /KV PCEJVT·INKEJ CPIGDTCEJVGO -GTDTCPF (CUUWPIUURWTGP (GNFGT IGIN·VVGV UGJT UEJÌPGT UR·VGTGT )W
5%*.'5+'0 &+' 5%*.'5+5%*'0 56 0&' +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')
4626 4625 4624
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 6CNGTP $TGUNCW I &GT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGT KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU \CJN +O 5EJTÌVNKPIU 'EMDGTGKEJ QDGP GKPG MNGKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV GKPGO JCWUOCTMGPCTVKIGP <GKEJGP CWU FGT <KHHGT WPF FGT +PKVKCNG / WPVGP GKPG MNGKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV GKPGO OQPQ ITCOOHÌTOKIGP <GKEJGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H ( W 5 XCT FQTV OKV MNGKPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP /CKNNGV 6H %++ 44 9KP\ 5VGORGNHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV CVVTCMVKXGT 2CVKPC
'KPUGKVKIG -NKRRG \W 6CNGTP $TGUNCW I &GT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGT KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU \CJN +O 5EJTÌVNKPIU 'EMDGTGKEJ QDGP GKPG MNGKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV GKPGO JCWUOCTMGPCTVKIGP <GKEJGP CWU FGT <KHHGT WPF FGT +PKVKCNG / WPVGP GKPG MNGKPG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV GKPGO OQPQ ITCOOHÌTOKIGP <GKEJGP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H ( W 5 XCT FQTV OKV MNGKPGP 5VGORGNWPIGP /CKNNGV 6H %++ 5EJTÌVNKPI OKP LWUVKGTV UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
'KPUGKVKIG 6CNGTMNKRRG $TGUNCW I &GT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGT KO (GNF FKG IGVGKNVG ,CJTGU \CJN +P FGP 'EMDGTGKEJGP FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU XKGT -QPVTQNNUVGORGNWPIGP CWU FTGK XGTUEJKGFGPGP 2WP\GP Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H ( W 5 /CKNNGV 6H %++ #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC MN 2T·IGUEJY·EJG XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
&+' '8#0)'.+5%*'0 56 0&' +/ &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')
4627
1,5:1
1,5:1
&WMCV $TGUNCW I &GT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGT KO (GNF * 4 *CPU 4KGIGT 9CTFGKP KP $TGUNCW +'*18# ÒDGT 9QNMG WPF 5VTCJNGP $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI (D ( W 5 /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H )1.& 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
4628
-TGW\GT $TGUNCW I &GT UEJNGUKUEJG #FNGT /KV FGO (ÒTUVGPJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF XIN 6H FQTV ,CJTICPI ( W 5 /CKNNGV XIN 5WRRN 6H
FQTV ,CJTICPI 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
219
/#4-'0 &'4 56#&6 $4'5.#7
4631
4630 4629
'KPUGKVKIG -W -NKRRG \W )TQUEJGP I /KV FTGK 5VGORGNWPIGP FGT *CWRVUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN KP IGMTÌPVGT 4GEJVGEMTCJOWPI FCTWPVGT FKG +PKVKCNG FGU 5VCFVPCOGPU 9 GKPGO MNGKPGTGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG UQYKG GKPGO FTKVVGP TWPFGP 5VGORGN OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP # Û 5 Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5NI $TGVVCWGT ( W 5 *GNNGT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GJT UEJÌP
'U JCPFGNV UKEJ DGK FKGUGO WPF FGP DGKFGP HQNIGPFGP 5VÒEMGP PKEJV YKG KJT #WUUGJGP XGTOWVGP N·V WO 0QVOÒP \GP UQPFGTP WO -WRHGTOCTMGP &KG TWPFG 5VGORGNWPI OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP # WPF 5 DGIGIPGV CWH $TGUNCWGT -WRHGT MNKRRGP QFGT GPVURTGEJGPFGP 2T·IWPIGP CWH TWPFGP 5EJTÌVNKPIGP XQP UQYKG CWH MWRHGTPGP /CTMGP FGT GT ,CJTG GDGPUQ INGKEJCTVKIG 5VGORGNWPIGP OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP 0 WPF 5 )GO· ' *QN\OCKT FGO $GCTDGKVGT FGT 5NI $TGVVCWGT KUV FGT #5 5VGORGN CNU -GPP\GKEJPWPI HÒT FCU $TGUNCWGT #TOGPURKVCN XGTYGPFGV YQTFGP CWH FKG 'ZK UVGP\ FGU 05 5VGORGNU XGTYGKUV GT JKPIGIGP PKEJV &C GKP WPOKVVGNDCTGT <WUCOOGPJCPI \YKUEJGP FGP #5 WPF 05 5VGORGNP IGIGDGP UGKP FÒTHVG H·NNV GU UEJYGT FGT *QN\OCKT UEJGP &GWVWPI \W HQNIGP FGPP HÒT YGNEJGU 5RKVCN UV·PFG FCPP FGT 05 5VGORGN! 0CEJ WPUGTGO 'TOGUUGP N·IG GU P·JGT FKG $WEJUVCDGPRCCTG CNU %JKHHTGP HÒT #NV 5VCFV WPF 0GW 5VCFV \W KPVGTRTGVKGTGP WPF UQOKV FKG UQ IGMGPP\GKEJPGVGP 2T·IWPIGP CNU /CTMGP TGUR <GKEJGP FGT $TGUNCWGT #NV WPF 0GWUVCFV \W FGWVGP
'KPUGKVKIG -W -NKRRG \W )TQUEJGP I /KV FTGK 5VGORGNWPIGP FGT *CWRVUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN KP IGMTÌPVGT 4GEJVGEMTCJOWPI FCTWPVGT FKG +PKVKCNG FGU 5VCFVPCOGPU 9 GKPGO MNGKPGTGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG UQYKG GKPGO FTKVVGP TWPFGP 5VGORGN OKV FGP +PKVKCNGP # Û 5 Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5NI $TGVVCWGT ( W 5 *GNNGT /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG -W -NKRRG \W )TQUEJGP I /KV \YGK 5VGORGNWPIGP FGT *CWRVUVGORGN OKV FGT ,CJTGU\CJN KP IGMTÌPVGT 4GEJVGEMTCJOWPI FCTWPVGT FKG +PKVKCNG FGU 5VCFVPCOGPU 9 UQYKG GKPGO MNGKPGTGP 4GEJVGEMUVGORGN OKV FGT 9GTVCPICDG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5NI $TGVVCWGT ( W 5 *GNNGT /CKNNGV 5GJT UEJÌP
&+' 0'7$'('56+)70) &'4 56#&6 $4'5.#7
4632
220
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,QJCPP 4GKPJCTF 'PIGNJCTF CWH FKG 0GWDGHGUVKIWPI FGT 5VCFV #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV QDGP FGT FQRRGNMÌRHKIG 4GKEJUCFNGT XQP FGT 5QPPG DGUEJKGPGP &CU DGJGNOVG 5VCFVYCRRGP TKPIUWOJGT PGWP\GJP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG /KV -GTDTCPF OO I ( W 5 4 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
5%*.'59+) *1.56'+0 &+' $'.#)'470) 810 4#6<'$74) &KG $GNCIGTWPI XQP 4CV\GDWTI YCT 6GKN FGU .CWGPDWTIKUEJGP 'TDHQNIGMTKGIGU #NU FGT NGV\VG 5CEJGP .CWGPDWTIKUEJG *GT\QI ,WNKWU (TCP\ UVCTD MCO GU \W 'TDCWUGKPCPFGTUGV\WPIGP \YKUEJGP FGP 9GNHGP WPF FGO F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP 8 FKG NGV\VNKEJ \WIWPUVGP FGT 9GNHGP CWUIKPIGP
4633
%JTKUVKCP 8 -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM 5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ,CP 5OGNV\KPI CWH FKG $GUEJKGWPI FGT 5VCFV 4CV\GDWTI -QRH T WPVGTJCND FGU *CNUCDUEJPKVVU + Ü 5/'.6<+0) Ü #WH GKPGT #PJÌJG GKP -QOOCPFGWT UGKPG T CWH VKGHGT IGNGIGPGU )GN·PFG XQTUVQGPFGP 4GKVGT WPF (WVTWRRGP DGHGJNKIGPF T #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI KO *KPVGTITWPF FKG WPVGT $QODCTFGOGPV UVGJGPFG 5VCFV OO I )CNUVGT .CPIG X .QQP +8 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
4634
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP #PVQP /G[DWUEJ -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI XQP 4CV\GDWTI &KG CWH GKPGT +PUGN KO 4CV\GDWTIGT 5GG IGNGIGPG DGHGUVKIVG 5VCFV XQP CNNGP 5GKVGP WPVGT FGO $GUEJWUU WHGTPCJGT #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPIGP 'KP 2HGTF KO +PPGTP GKPGU $QNNYGTMU OKV FGP *KPVGTJWHGP GKPG $TGUEJG KP FKG 7OYGJTWPI UEJNCIGPF OO I )CNUVGT .CPIG WGTUV UGNVGP #VVTCMVKXG FWPMNG 2CVKPC YKP\ 4CPFHGJNGT XQT\ÒINKEJ 221
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 6¤00+0) &74%* & 0+5%*' 64722'0 (TKGFTKEJ +8 YCT FGT ·NVGUVG 5QJP XQP %JTKUVKCP 8 'T YWTFG PCEJ FGO 6QF UGKPGU 8CVGTU CO #WIWUV -ÌPKI XQP &·PGOCTM WPF 0QTYGIGP *GT\QI XQP 5EJNGUYKI WPF *QNUVGKP MÌPKINKEJGT #PVGKN WPF )TCH XQP 1NFGPDWTI WPF &GNOGPJQTUV &WTEJ FKG 5EJWNF UGKPGU 8CVGTU YWTFG (TKGFTKEJ +8 DGK UGKPGO 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV KP GKPGP -TKGI XGTYKEMGNV %JTKUVKCP 8 JCVVG UKEJ IGYGKIGTV FGP *GT\QI (TKGFTKEJ +8 \WH·NNKI PCOGPUINGKEJ OKV FGO F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKI XQP *QNUVGKP )QVVQTR CNU CNNGKPKIGP 4GIGPVGP CP\WGTMGPPGP &KGUGT JKGNV LGFQEJ CP FGT #WHTGEJVGTJCNVWPI FGT #NVQPCGT 8GTINGKEJG HGUV FKG KJO FCU 4GEJV CWH GKIGPG 6TWRRGPJCNVWPI (GUVWPIUDCW UQYKG FGP #DUEJNW XQP $ÒPFPKUUGP \WUKEJGTVGP &KGUG 5VTGKVKIMGKVGP YWTFGP FWTEJ FGP 6QF %JTKUVKCPU 8 WPVGTDTQEJGP FCPP CDGT WPVGT (TKGFTKEJ +8 XQP &·PGOCTM HQTVIGUGV\V +O (TÒJLCJT HKGN GT KP *QNUVGKP GKP WPF DGNCIGTVG UGKV FGO #RTKN 6ÌPPKPI &GT #D\WI GTHQNIVG CO ,WPK YGKN GKP /CPP UVCTMGU 'PVUCV\JGGT CWU JCPPQXGTUEJGP UEJYGFKUEJGP WPF PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 5VTGKVMT·HVGP CPTÒEMVG #WGTFGO UCPFVGP 'PINCPF WPF *QNNCPF \WUCOOGP OKV 5EJYGFGP GKPG IGOGKPUCOG (NQVVG PCEJ -QRGPJCIGP WO FKG &·PGP \WO 4ÒEM\WI \W DGYGIGP &KGUGT #NNKCP\ UVCPFGP FKG &·PGP OCEJVNQU IGIGPÒDGT FCU PWP DGIKPPGPFG $QODCTFGOGPV CWH -QRGPJCIGP CO ,WNK YCT PKEJV \W XGTJKPFGTP (TKGFTKEJ YCT IG\YWPIGP (TKGFGPUXGTJCPFNWPIGP GKP\WNGKVGP FKG KO FCTCWHHQNIGPFGP /QPCV OKV FGO (TKGFGP XQP 6TCXGPVJCN DGUKGIGNV YWTFGP
4635
1,5:1
4635
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG $GNCIGTWPI XQP 6ÌPPKPI FWTEJ 6TWRRGP FGU F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (TGFGTKM +8 $NKEM XQP 5ÒFGP ÒDGT FKG 'KFGT CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU HGKPFNKEJGT $CVVGTKGP UVGJGPFG 5VCFV <GJP\GKNKIGT 6GZV OO I .CPIG 44 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
4636
222
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG XQP FGP &·PGP WPVGT -ÌPKI (TGFGTKM +8 CWHIGIGDGPG $GNCIG TWPI FGT (GUVWPI 6ÌPPKPI CO ,WPK $NKEM XQP 0QTFGP ÒDGT GKPG F·PKUEJG #TVKNNGTKGUVGNNWPI JKPYGI CWH FKG XQP FGP &·PGP DGUEJQUUGPG 5VCFV $NKEM XQP 5ÒFGP ÒDGT FKG 'KFGT CWH FKG WPVGT $GUEJWUU HGKPF NKEJGT $CVVGTKGP UVGJGPFG 5VCFV OO I &CPUMG /[PVGT QI /GFCKNNGT 6GKN (TGFGTKM +8 6H +8 .CPIG XIN # FQTV UVCTM XCTKKGTGPFG MNGKPGTG /GFCKNNG 8QP ITÌVGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
51./5 *1*'051./5 &+' '+00#*/' 810 91.('0$ª66'. )TCH 2JKNKRR 4GKPJCTF XQP 5QNOU *QJGPUQNOU
,WNK Ó ,WPK DGICD UKEJ KP FKG &KGPUVG FGU -ÌPKIU %JTKUVKCP +8 XQP &·PGOCTM #NU FGUUGP 5VCVVJCNVGT PCJO GT KO UGNDGP ,CJT 9QN HGPDÒVVGN GKP WPF NKG KP FGT FQTVKIGP JGT\QINKEJGP /ÒP\UV·VVG )QNF WPF 5KNDGTOÒP\GP RT·IGP )GO· VTCFKVKQPGNNGT ªDGTNKGHGTWPI UVCOOV FCU XGTOÒP\VG 'FGNOGVCNN CWU JGT\QINKEJ YGNHKUEJGO 6CHGNIGUEJKTT WPF CPFGTGT -TKGIUDGWVG FKG 2JKNKRR 4GKPJCTF CNU $GXQNNO·EJVKIVGT FGU &·PGPMÌPKIU MQPHKU\KGTV JCDGP UQNN &KG 8QTFGTUGKVGPWOUEJTKHV FGU 6CNGTU FKG XGTMÒT\V FKG 6KVWNCVWT 8KECTKWU F J 5VGNNXGTVTGVGT GPVJ·NV XGTUEJCHHVG FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP /ÒP\G FGP XQNMUVÒONKEJGP 0COGP *CJPTGKVCNGT /KV *CJPTGK YWTFG KO 8QNMUOWPF GKP 'JGOCPP DG\GKEJPGV FGT XQP UGKPGT (TCW DGVTQIGP YKTF
4637
2JKNKRR 4GKPJCTF + 4GKEJUVCNGT 9QNHGPDÒVVGN 5QIGPCPPVGT *CJPTGKVCNGT I )GMTÌPVGU OGJTHGNFKIGU 9CRRGP FGT )TCHGP XQP 5QNOU )GMTÌPVGU /QPQITCOO XQP -ÌPKI %JTKUVKCP +8 XQP &·PGOCTM $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H &CX ,QUGRJ /CKNNGV 5WRRN 6H 44 5COONGTRWP\G =/? KO (GNF FGT 4U UGJT UEJÌP
52';'4 '+0' -.+22'024 )70) #75 &'4 <'+6 &'5 &4'+55+), *4+)'0 -4+')'5
4638 1,5:1
2JKNKRR %JTKUVQRJ XQP 5QGVGTP 'KPUGKVKIG UKNDGTPG 8KGTVGNVCNGT -NKRRG Q , 2JKN KRRUDWTI I /CFQPPC OKV -KPF UVGJGPF X X CWH GKPGT NKGIGPFGP /QPFUKEJGN WOIGDGP XQP GKPGT (NCOOGPINQTKQNG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H 'JTGPF D /CKNNGV 6H :%+++ 2GVTG\KNMC D 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV 5GJT UEJÌP 9GIGP &KHHGTGP\GP OKV FGO 4CV FGT RTQVGUVCPVKUEJGP 5VCFV 5RG[GT NKG $KUEJQH 2JKNKRR %JTKUVQRJ XQP 5QGVGTP FCU &QTH 7FGPJGKO GTYGKVGTP WPF ICD KJO FGP PGWGP 0COGP 2JKNKRRUDWTI *KGT DGVTKGD FGT $KUEJQH XQP DKU GKPG /ÒP\UV·VVG 1DYQJN FCU 5VÒEM XQP /CKNNGV WPF $TCWUG /CPUHGNF CNU $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\G XGT\GKEJPGV YWTFG UVGJV FCU 5VÒEM YQJN MCWO KP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV MTKGIGTKUEJGP 'TGKIPKUUGP 'U OWUU XKGNOGJT CNU JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVG IGIGPTGHQTOCVQTKUEJG /CFQPPGPRT·IWPI XGTUVCPFGP YGTFGP GKPG 2TQDGRT·IWPI HÒT FKG \WT #WUHÒJTWPI IGNCPIVG 8KGTVGNVCNGTMNKRRG XQP 'JTGPF
223
56#&' &+' '41$'470) 810 56#&' 5VCFG GTUVOCNU GTY·JPV GTJKGNV \YKUEJGP WPF FWTEJ *GKPTKEJ FGP .ÌYGP 5VCFVTGEJVG YWTFG 5VCFG /KVINKGF FGU 4JGKPKUEJGP 5V·FVGDWPFGU KO ,CJTJWPFGTV VTCV FKG 5VCFV FGT *CPUG DGK 5GKV YCT 5VCFG *CWRVUVCFV FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP *GT\QIVWOU $TGOGP WPF 8GTFGP +P FKGUGT <GKV YWTFG FKG 5VCFV \WT (GUVWPI CWUIGDCWV &WTEJ GKPGP )TQDTCPF WPF FKG F·PKUEJG $GUEJKGWPI KO ,CJT CWH FKG FKG PCEJHQNIGPF \WT 8GTUVGKIGTWPI MQOOGPFGP /GFCKNNGP $G\WI PGJOGP YWTFG FKG OKVVGNCNVGTNKEJG 5VCFV YGKVIGJGPF XGTPKEJVGV
4639
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP 2GVGT $GTI -QRGPJCIGP CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ F·PKUEJG 5VTGKV MT·HVG CO 5GRVGODGT $TWUVDKNF FGU F·PKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (TGFGTKM +8 KP 5EJWRRGPJCTPKUEJ OKV WOIG NGIVGO /CPVGN FGP 'NGHCPVGPQTFGP CO $CPF VTCIGPF &GT XQP FTGK $GTKVVGPGP DGINGKVGVG -ÌPKI \W 2HGTF N XQP FGT XQT KJO MPKGPFGP 8GTMÌTRGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FKG 5EJNÒUUGN GORHCPIGPF <W FGP (ÒGP FGT YGKDNKEJGP #NNGIQTKG FKG DGKFGP 9CRRGPUEJKNFG FGU *GT\QIVWOU $TGOGP 8GTFGP WPF FGT 5VCFV +O *KPVGTITWPF FCU (GNFNCIGT WPF F·PKUEJGT 6TWRRGPCWHOCTUEJ UQYKG FKG $GUEJKGWPI FGT 5VCFV OO I $CJTHGNFV )CNUVGT 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI *QNIGT *GFG #WMVKQP $TWWP 4CUOWUUGP $ #JNUVTÌO -QRGPJCIGP 5GRVGODGT WPF 'ZGORNCT FGT 5NI 'OKN )NÒEMUVCFV 9KPMGN /CIPWUUQP #WMVKQP -QRGPJCIGP 5GRVGODGT
4640
4640 1,5:1
224
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ F·PKUEJG 5VTGKVMT·HVG CO 5GRVGO DGT #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV KO #DUEJPKVV 56#&' 5KGDGP\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV OO I $CJTH )CNUVGT -P[RJ 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
56'66+0 &+' $'.#)'470) &'4 +0 5%*9'&+5%*'/ $'5+6< $'(+0&.+%*'0 56#&6 &74%* #..++'46' 64722'0
4641
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP ) 6CDGTV CWH FGP #D\WI FGT MCKUGTNKEJGP MÌPKINKEJ RQNPKUEJGP WPF MWT HÒTUVNKEJ DTCPFGPDWTIKUEJGP $GNCIGTWPIUVTWRRGP &GT UVTCJNGPFG 0COG ,GJQXCU KPOKVVGP \YGKGT 5EJTKHVMTGKUG WPF GKPGU $N·VVGTMTCP\GU 4KPIUWOJGT FTGK YGKVGTG 5EJTKHVMTGKUG #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OKV *CHGP QDGP FGT 0COG ,GJQXCU KP 5VTCJNGP OO I $TQEMOCPP *KNFGDTCPFV /CTKGPD 5NI 2QIIG 8QP ITQGT 5GNVGPJGKV #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC HCUV XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' 4ª%-)#$' 810 56'66+0 #0 &+' 5%*9'&'0 0#%* &'/ (4+'&'0 810 56 )'4/#+0
4642
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP GKPGO WPDGUVKOOVGP OKV ' ( UKIPKGTGPFGP 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT CWH FCU 'PFG FGT $GNCIGTWPI WPF FKG 4ÒEMICDG FGT 5VCFV CP FKG UEJYGFKUEJG -TQPG #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV OKV 1FGT DTÒEMGP WPF 5EJKHHGP CWH FGO (NWUU #PUKEJV FGT 5VCFV CWU CPFGTGT $NKEMTKEJVWPI QDGP <GRVGT WPF 5EJYGTV WPVGTJCND GKPGT $ÒIGNMTQPG OO I 5NI $TCVTKPI XIN *KNFGDTCPF 5NI 2QIIG 44 *ÒDUEJG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT
564#.570& &+' 56#&6 564#.570& 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 1DYQJN UKEJ FKG 5VCFV 5VTCNUWPF UGKV KP UEJYGFKUEJGO $GUKV\ DGHCPF WPF KO 9GUVH·NKUEJGP (TKGFGP FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP -TQPG \WIGURTQEJGP YWTFG HKPFGV UKEJ CWH FGP /ÒP\GP FGT 6KVGN FGU TÌOKUEJ FGWVUEJGP -CKUGTU
4643
1,5:1
1,5:1
%JTKUVKPC XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV OKV 6KVGN (GTFKPCPFU +++ I 8QP GKPGO .QT DGGTMTCP\ WOUEJNQUUGPGT 5VTCJN &QRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT QDGP -TQPG #JNUVTÌO (D )1.& 5GJT UEJÌP 225
1,5:1
4644 1,5:1
-CTN :+ XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV OKV 6KVGN .GQRQNFU + I 5VTCJN \YKUEJGP IG DWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP &QRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT QDGP -TQPG #JNUVTÌO $TCVTKPI (D 5NI 2QIIG )1.& 4 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
&+' $'.#)'470) 810 564#.570& &74%* 24'755+5%*' 64722'0 0CEJFGO FGT UEJYGFKUEJG -ÌPKI -CTN :++ XQP UGKPGP -TKGIGP KP FGT 6ÒTMGK PCEJ 5VTCNUWPF \WTÒEMIG MGJTV YCT GTÌHHPGVG GT YKGFGT FKG -CORHJCPFNWPIGP IGIGP FKG KP 2QOOGTP UVCVKQPKGTVG RTGWKUEJG $GUCV\WPIUOCEJV 'T XGTVTKGD FKG 2TGWGP CWU #PMNCO 9QNICUV WPF 7UGFQO (TKGFTKEJ 9KNJGNO + FGT 5QNFCVGPMÌPKI UCOOGNVG UGKPG 6TWRRGP XQT 5VGVVKP \W FGPGP PQEJ U·EJUKUEJG 5QNFCVGP UVKGGP #O ,WNK UGV\VGP TWPF 2TGWGP OKV FGP 5CEJUGP ÒDGT FKG 2GGPG WPF MCOGP CO ,WNK XQT 5VTCNUWPF CP #O #WIWUV YWTFGP FKG 2GGPGOÒPFGT 5EJCP\GP IGUVÒTOV WPF CO 0QXGODGT ITKHHGP FKG 6TWRRGP WPVGT FGO $GHGJN XQP .GQRQNF XQP &GUUCW OKV *KNHG FGT F·PKUEJGP (NQVVG 4ÒIGP CP WPF GTQDGTVGP FKG +PUGN PCEJ UVCTMGP )GHGEJVGP CO 0QXGODGT 5VTCNUWPF MCRKVWNKGTVG FCPP CO &G\GODGT
4645
4646
5EJKNNKPI I 5VTCJN WPVGP INGKEJUEJGPMNKIGU -TGW\ 8KGT\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV $TCVTKPI $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %++ 5GJT UEJÌP
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP &CXKF )GTJCTF XQP *CEJVGP *CODWTI CWH FKG 5VCPFHGUVKIMGKV FGT 5VCFV Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI $TWUVDKNF XQP -ÌPKI -CTN :++ XQP 5EJYGFGP T KP *CTPKUEJ WPF .GKDTQEM OKV WOIGNGIVGO /CPVGN 5VCFVCPUKEJV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'PFTWGKV *KNFGDTCPF C 5NI 2QIIG 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ
7./ &+' $'.#)'470) 70& '+00#*/' 810 7./ &74%* -#+5'4.+%*' 64722'0 #O #WIWUV TÒEMVG FGT *GT\QI XQP /CTNDQTQWIJ 1DGTMQOOCPFKGTGPFGT FGT *QNN·PFGT WPF 'PIN·PFGT XQT FKG (GUVWPI 7NO KP FGT FCU XGTDÒPFGVG *GGT FGT $C[GTP WPF (TCP\QUGP GKPG UVCTMG $GUCV\WPI WPVGT FGO )GPGTCN XQP $GVVGPFQTH \WTÒEMIGNCUUGP JCVVG WO KJTGP 4ÒEM\WI PCEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP *ÌEJUV·FV IÒPUVKIGT DGYGTMUVGNNKIGP WPF FKG #NNKKGTVGP N·PIGTG <GKV CWHJCNVGP \W MÌPPGP &KG #NNK KGTVGP DGUEJNQUUGP FKG 6TWRRGP \W VGKNGP &GT ITÌGTG 6GKN OCTUEJKGTVG IGIGP FGP 4JGKP XQT FGT MNGK PGTG 6GKN DGUVGJGPF CWU MCKUGTNKEJGP 6TWRRGP DGICPP FKG 5VCFV \W DGNCIGTP )GPGTCN XQP $GVVGPFQTH GTÌHHPGVG GKP UVCTMGU (GWGT CWH FKG $GNCIGTGT VTQV\FGO YCT UGKPG 7PVGTNGIGPJGKV UEJPGNN CD\WUGJGP #O 5GRVGODGT TGKEJVG GT FKG -CRKVWNCVKQP GKP CO 6CI FCTCWH \QI GT CWU FGT 5VCFV 9·JTGPF FGT $GUCV\WPI JCVVG FGT /CTSWKU FG $NCKPXKNNG FKG 'TNCWDPKU IGIGDGP CWU FGP )GH·GP FGT -KTEJGP WPF $ÒTIGT )GNF RT·IGP \W NCUUGP
4647
226
-NKRRG \W )WNFGP PCEJ .GKR\KIGT (W &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF QDGP 2WVVQMQRH 0KODKGTVGT FQRRGNMÌR HKIGT #FNGT CWH FGT $TWUV 4GKEJUCRHGN VTCIGPF 1DGP -TQPG Z OO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H /CKNNGV 6H %:+8 0CW 5GJT UEJÌP
4648
1,5:1
1,5:1
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG XQP )GQTI *CWVUEJ 0ÒTPDGTI CWH FKG 4ÒEMGTQDGTWPI FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG MCKUGT NKEJGP 6TWRRGP $TWUVDKNF FGU )GPGTCNHGNFOCTUEJCNNU *CPU -CTN (TGKJGTT XQP 6JÒPIGP X X KO *CT PKUEJ FGP -QRH JCNDN IGYCPFV OKV FGT -QNNCPG FGU RTGWUUKUEJGP 9GKGP #FNGT 1TFGPU WPF #WIGP DKPFG &GT (GNFJGTT WPF FKG 2GTUQPKHKMCVKQP FGT 5VCFV GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT UVGJGPF DGKO *CPFUEJNCI &GT GKPGP NCPIGP 5VCD JCNVGPFG 1HHK\KGT YKTF XQP GKPGT JKPVGT KJO UVGJGPFGP DGJGNOVGP YGKDNKEJGP )GUVCNV DGMT·P\V &KG #NNGIQTKG FGT 5VCFV UVGJV JKPVGT GKPGO 5QEMGN FGT IGUEJOÒEMV KUV OKV FGO 5VCFVUEJKNF WPF GKPGO 'KEJGPMTCP\ FGT FKG FTGK\GKNKIG #WHUEJTKHV 1$ %+8 Ü 5'48 WOUEJNKGV /KV GTJCDGPGT 4CPFUEJTKHV OO I 'DPGT 5NI *QTUM[ 5NI ,WNKWU 5NI /QPVGPWQXQ 0CW 4 8QT\ÒINKEJ
9'5'. /#4-'0 &'4 56#&6 9'5'.
4649
/GUUKPI /CTMG \W 5QNU )GMTÌPVGT QXCNGT CP FGP 5GKVGP XGT\KGTVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF KO (GNF 5 WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN &CU XGTRT·IVG /QVKX FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $ GKPUGKVKIG 2T·IWPI KP -WRHGT /CKNNGV XIN 6H %::+++ GKPUGKVKIG 2T·IWPI KP -WRHGT 5NI 2KGRGT
GKPUGKVKIG 2T·IWPI KP /GUUKPI 5NI 9G[ICPF 5GJT UEJÌP
$TCWPUG /CPUHGNF XGT\GKEJPGVGP FKGUG 9GUGNGT /CTMGP KTTVÒONKEJ CNU 0QVOÒP\GP &KG XQTNKGIGPFG /CTMG KUV UVTGPIIGPQOOGP CNU GKPUGKVKIG 2T·IWPI \W XGTUVGJGP GPVURTGEJGPF FGO 'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 2KGRGT &KG \YGK UGKVKIG 2T·IWPI FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU GTHQNIVG KP #TDGKVUI·PIGP OKV GKP WPF FGOUGNDGP 5VGORGN &KG 2T·IWPI FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG YCT CPUEJGKPGPF WPDGHTKGFKIGPF CWUIGHCNNGP UQ FC FGT 2T·IGXQTICPI CWH FGT CPFGTGP 5GKVG FGU 5EJTÌVNKPIU YKGFGTJQNV YWTFG
4650
4651
'KPUGKVKIG QMVQIQPCNG /GUUKPI -NKRRG \W 5QN )GMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF CWH 2CNO\YGKIGP KO (GNF + 5 WPVGP FKG ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 6H $ /CKNNGV XIN 6H %::+++ FQTV KP -WRHGT 5NI 2KGRGT 5NI 9G[ICPF 5GJT UEJÌP
'KPUGKVKIG /GUUKPI /CTMG \W 5QN &KG OKV GKPGT .CWDMTQPG ÒDGTJÌJVG +PKVKCNG 9 WPVGP FKG $TWEJ\CJN CNU 9GTV QFGT /CCPICDG FKG ,CJTGU\CJN VGKNGPF OO I $TCWUG /CPUHGNF /CKNNGV 5NI 2KGRGT C 5NI 9G[ICPF 5GJT UEJÌP
227
9+5/#4 &+' 56#&6 9+5/#4 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6 9KG CWEJ KP 5VTCNUWPF HÒJTVG FKG UGKV KP UEJYGFKUEJGO $GUKV\ DGHKPFNKEJG 5VCFV 9KUOCT CWH KJTGP /ÒP\GP \WP·EJUV FGP 6KVGN FGU TÌOKUEJ FGWVUEJGP -CKUGTU
4652
%JTKUVKPC XQP 5EJYGFGP 4GKEJUVCNGT OKV 6KVGN (GTFKPCPFU +++ I -PKGDKNF FGU JGKNKIGP .CWTGPVKWU X X OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF 4QUV 7PVGP 9CRRGPUEJKNF FGT 5VCFV &QRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT CWH FGT $TWUV GKPGP 4GKEJUCRHGN OKV FGT 9GTV\CJN < VTCIGPF QDGP FKG -CKUGTMTQPG 7PVGTJCND FGT #FNGTH·PIG FKG +PKVKCNGP $ - $GTVJQNF -TCWUG /ÒP\OGKUVGT KP 9KUOCT #JNUVTÌO &CX -WP\GN # C 44 #VVTCMVKXG 2CVKPC YKP\ *GPMGNURWT ! UGJT UEJÌP
4653 1,5:1
1,5:1
(TKGFTKEJ + XQP 5EJYGFGP &WMCV 9KUOCT I &GT 5VCFVUEJKNF 1DGP KO 5EJGKVGNRWPMV FGT 7OUEJTKHV IGJCTPKUEJVGT #TO OKV 5EJYGTV N 0KODKGTVGT FQRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT QDGP $ÒIGNMTQPG #JNUVTÌO C (D -WP\GN )1.& 4 0WT 'ZGORNCTG IGRT·IV 5GJT UEJÌP XQT\ÒINKEJ .GV\VG &WMCVGPRT·IWPI FGT 5VCFV CWUIGIGDGP CPN·UUNKEJ FGT UGKVGPU FGT 5VCFV CO &G\GODGT XQNN\QIGPGP *WNFKIWPI FGU UEJYGFKUEJGP -ÌPKIU (TKGFTKEJ + IGRT·IV CWU PGW CPIGHGTVKIVGP 5VGORGNP FWTEJ FGP 9KUOCTGT )QNFUEJOKGFGOGKUVGT WPF NVGTOCPP ,QJCPP (TKGFTKEJ 4CJO &GT 9KUOCTGT &WMCV XQP FKGPVG FGO 5VGORGN UEJPGKFGT CNU $KNFXQTNCIG HÒT FKGUG PGWG )QNFRT·IWPI #WEJ FGT IGRCP\GTVG GKP 5EJYGTV HÒJTGPFG #TO FGT CWH FGT ·NVGTGP /ÒP\G CNU <GKEJGP FGU XQP KP 9KUOCT CTDGKVGPFGP /ÒP\OGKUVGTU *CPU 4KFFGT GTUEJGKPV YWTFG DGK FGT #PHGTVKIWPI FGT PGWGP &WMCVGPUVGORGN OKV GKPIGCTDGKVGV
&+' '+00#*/' 810 9+5/#4 &74%* & 05+%*' 64722'0
4654
228
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG &·PGP $NKEM XQP 0QTFGP CWH FGP *CHGP WPF FKG 5VCFV 9KUOCT OKV -TKGIUXQNM CWH FGO XQTIGNCIGTVGP 6GTTCKP FCU XQO 9CUUGTNCWH FGT 6KGHG KP \YGK 7HGTUGKVGP IGVGKNV YKTF 5EJKHHG KO *CHGP WPF CWH FGO /GGTGU\WHNWUU #O (WG GKPGU CWU 9CHHGPUVÒEMGP FGO PQTYGIKUEJGP $CPPGT WPF YGKVGTGP (CJPGP GTTKEJVGVGP 5KGIGUOCNU GKPG YGKDNKEJG )GUVCNV KP *CTPKUEJ WPF -NGKF KP 6TCWGTRQUG MPKGPF X X OO I 'XGTU 5 )TKOO -WP\GN #DD 44 $TQUEJKGTURWTGP WPF NGKEJVG )N·VVWPIGP OKP &QRRGNUEJNCI UGJT UEJÌP
&+' $'.#)'470) 70& '+00#*/' 810 9+5/#4 &74%* 24'755+5%*' 70& & 0+5%*' 64722'0
4655
6CNGT $GTNKP XQP (TKGFTKEJ 9KNJGNO XQP $TCPFGPDWTI OKV )GIGPUVGORGN FGT 5VCFV CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG )GURCNVGPGT JQEJQXCNGT 5EJKNF OKV FGO JCNDGP 5VKGTMQRH WPF 0 9
0GEGUUKVCU 9KUOCTKGPUKU &KG )GIGPUVGORGNWPI GTHQNIVG KP FGP ,CJTGP I $TWUVDKNF T /KV FGO -WTJWV ÒDGTJÌJVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF $CJTH D FQTV QJPG )GIGPUVGORGN (TKGFGTKEJ \W -WP\GN \W #DD /CKNNGV \W 6H %::8 X 5EJT FQTV QJPG )GIGPUVGORGN 44 /ÒP\G UGJT UEJÌP )GIGPUVGORGN UGJT UEJÌP
4656 1:1,5
5EJKNNKPI 'KPUGKVKIG NCPITGEJVGEMKIG 2NCVVG CWU -CPQPGPOGVCNN IGMGPP\GKEJPGV OKV FKXGTUGP 5VGORGNWPIGP &KG 9GTVCPICDG 5%*+.. =5VGTP? 9+5/ =FTGK 5VGTPG KP FTGKDNCVVHÌTOKIGT 5VGN NWPI? KPOKVVGP GKPGT TWPFGP MTCP\HÌTOKIGP 'KPHCUUWPI QDGP MNGKPGT IGURCNVGPGT JQEJQXCNGT 5EJKNF OKV FGO JCNDGP 5VKGTMQRH WPF 0 9 0GEGUUKVCU 9KUOCTKGPUKU 0CJG FGT XKGT 'EMGP LG GKPG <KHHGT FGT ,CJTGU\CJN Z OO #JNUVTÌO $TCWUG /CPUHGNF 5NI )CGVVGPU )TKOO -WP\GN /CKNNGV 5WPFSWKUV KP 0WOKUOCVKUEJGU 0CEJTKEJVGPDNCVV 5 #DD 6KPIUVTÌO XIN 5 #DD % FQTV GKP 'ZGORNCT QJPG ,CJTGU\CJN WGTUV UGNVGP 8QP UGJT UEJÌPGT 'TJCNVWPI
4657
5KNDGTOGFCKNNG WPUKIPKGTV CWH FKG 'KPPCJOG FGT 5VCFV FWTEJ FKG XGTDÒPFGVGP 2TGWGP WPF &·PGP $NKEM XQP 0QTFGP CWH *CHGP WPF 5VCFV 9KUOCT 5KGDGP <GKNGP 6GZV QDGP 4CPMGPQTPCOGPV OO I )CNUVGT )TKOO -WP\GN #DD 44 (GKPG 2CVKPC XQT\ÒINKEJ
229
Festzug in Stockholm 1650 aus Anlaร der Krรถnung Kรถnigin Christines.
91.)#56 &+' 56#&6 91.)#56 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
4658
230
%JTKUVKPC XQP 5EJYGFGP 8KGTHCEJGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FGP XGTUVQTDGPGP -ร PKI )WUVCX ++ #FQNH I &KG 5GGNG FGU KO XQNNGP 1TPCV CWHIGDCJTV N NKGIGPFGP VQVGP -ร PKIU YKTF XQP \YGK 'PIGNP \WO UVTCJNGPFGP 0COGP ,GJQXCU GORQT IGVTCIGP KO *KPVGTITWPF N 5EJNCEJVHGNF OKV +PHCPVGTKG WPF 4GKVGTP &GT XQP 4GNKIKQP WPF )GTGEJVKIMGKV DGMTยทP\VG -ร PKI N KP GKPGO XQP FTGK IGHNร IGNVGP 2HGTFGP IG\QIGPGP 5VTGKVYCIGP GKP OKV FGT 2CRUVMTQPG IGUEJOร EMVGU 7PVKGT ร DGTHCJTGPF #JNUVTร O &CX FQTV WPVGT 'THWTV 44 5GJT UEJร P
4659
1,5:1
1,5:1
&KEMGT 4GKEJUVCNGT CWH FGP XGTUVQTDGPGP -ÌPKI )WUVCX ++ #FQNH I &KG 5GGNG FGU KP XQNNGP 1TPCV CWHIGDCJTV N NKGIGPFGP VQVGP -ÌPKIU YKTF XQP \YGK 'PIGNP \WO UVTCJNGPFGP 0COGP ,GJQXCU GORQT IGVTCIGP KO *KPVGTITWPF N 5EJNCEJVHGNF OKV +PHCPVGTKG WPF 4GKVGTP &GT XQP 4GNKIKQP WPF )GTGEJVKIMGKV DGMT·P\VG -ÌPKI N KP GKPGO XQP FTGK IGHNÒIGNVGP 2HGTFGP IG\QIGPGP 5VTGKVYCIGP GKP OKV FGT 2CRUVMTQPG IGUEJOÒEMVGU 7PVKGT ÒDGTHCJTGPF #JNUVTÌO &CX FQTV WPVGT 'THWTV 44 8QT\ÒINKEJGU 'ZGORNCT OKV HGKPGT 6ÌPWPI
9ª4<$74) &+' 56#&6 9ª4<$74) 706'4 5%*9'&+5%*'4 *'445%*#(6
4660
)WUVCX ++ #FQNH XQP 5EJYGFGP 4GKEJUVCNGT I .QUWPIU *CNDVCNGT *ÒHVDKNF T KP *CTPKUEJ GKPGP -QOOCPFQUVCD KP FGT 4GEJVGP FGP 4GKEJUCRHGN KP FGT .KPMGP 1DGP FGT 0COG )QVVGU KP 5VTCJNGP <YKUEJGP IGDWPFGPGP .QTDGGT\YGKIGP IGMTÌPVGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF OKV )TGKHGPMQRH XGT\KGTWPIGP QDGP 9CJNURTWEJ #JNUVTÌO *GNOUEJTQVV XIN 5NI 2KNQV[ (GKPG 2CVKPC UGJT UEJÌP
'+0' -1064+$76+10524 )70) &'5 $+567/5 9ª4<$74) +/ '456'0 -1#.+6+105-4+')
4661
)GQTI -CTN XQP (GEJGPDCEJ -QPX 6CNGT 9ÒT\DWTI -QPVTKDWVKQP I $TWUV DKNF T KP #OVUVTCEJV 8KGTHGNFKIGT 9CRRGPUEJKNF QDGP (ÒTUVGPJWV $TCWUG /CPUHGNF *GNOUEJTQVV /CKNNGV 6H %::8++ XCT -N 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGT UGJT UEJÌP
231
.165 -4+') 70& (4+'&'0 #7( 0+'&'4. 0&+5%*'0 4'%*'02('00+)'0
+PVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI XQP PKGFGTN·PFKUEJGP 4GEJGPRHGPPKIGP 'ZGORNCTG KP 5KNDGT 'ZGORNCT KP /GUUKPI FKG ÒDTKIGP KP -WRHGT FGU WPF ,CJTJWPFGTVU IGRT·IV CWH FKXGTUG 'TGKIPKUUG FGU #EJV\KIL·JTKIGP -TKGIGU \YKUEJGP FGP 0KGFGTNCPFGP WPF 5RCPKGP 5GJT UEJÌP WPF DGUUGT
-72('40'5 -4'&+6)'.& &'5 5%*9'&+5%*'0 (+0#0<4#65 )¤46< 9 *4'0& &'5 )4155'0 014&+5%*'0 -4+')5
+PVGTGUUCPVG 5GTKG XQP MWRHGTPGP )ÌTV\UEJGP 0QVVCNGTP #JNUVTÌO 'ZGORNCTG 5GJT UEJÌP WPF DGUUGT
.+6'4#674 <7 &'0 6*'/'0 $'.#)'470) -4+') 70& (4+'&'0 /101)4#2*+'0
#*.564¤/ $ #./'4 ; -'00'6* , &KG /ÒP\GP FGT UEJYGFKUEJGP $GUKV\WPIGP 5VQEMJQNO 5 OKV \CJNTGKEJGP #DD -CTVG -CTVQPKGTV
$4#75' /#05('.& # (GNF 0QVJ WPF $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP $·PFG $GTNKP WPF :+ 5 6HP 8+++ 5 6HP (TQPVKURK\ )TQUUHQNKQ 7OUEJNCI OKPKOCN DGTKGDGP UQPUV RTCEJVXQNN GTJCNVGPGU 9GTM 1TKI *CNDNGFGT
%1%*'6'7: / &W OCTSWKU FG 5WTXKNNG GV FGU /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU HTCRR¾GU C 6QWTPCK GP 6QWTPCK 5 6HP *GHVWPI NQUG )GJGHVGV
%7;2'45 2 0QVKEG JKUVQTKSWG UWT NGU /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU HTCRR¾GU C $TGFC RGPFCPV NG UK½IG FG $TÒUUGN *GHVWPI VGKNYGKUG NQUG 5GKVGPT·PFGT NGKEJV DGUEJ·FKIV 1TKI )GJGHVGV
&7$; 6 4GEWGKN )¾P¾TCN FGU 2K½EGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV FG 0GEGUUKV¾ 2CTKU :8+ 5 6HP (QNKQ 1TKI *CNDNGFGT
*'75'4 ' &KG $GNCIGTWPIGP XQP .CPFCW KP FGP ,CJTGP WPF .CPFCW :::: 5 6HP -CTVG 1TKI *CNDNGKPGP &C\W 4KIÌ -CVCNQI .CPFCW 0QVOÒP\GP FKG Y·JTGPF FGT $GNCIGTWPI WPF IGUEJNCIGP YWTFGP 5 OKV #DD -NGKPHQTOCV )CP\NGKPGP
,76< - * (+'5'4 , / 2JKNKRRUDWTI )GUEJKEJVG FGT 5VCFV WPF GJGOCNKIGP 4GKEJUHGUVWPI 2JKNKRRU DWTI 5 OKV #DD *CNDNGKPGP
-#..'0 ) &KG $GNCIGTWPI XQP 0GWUU FWTEJ -CTN FGP -ÒJPGP ,WNK ,WPK 8+ 5 #DD -CTVG 1TKI $TQUEJWT
/#+..'6 2 %CVCNQIWG FGUETKRVKH FGU /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV 0GEGUUKV¾ CXGE CVNCU 6GZV WPF 6CHGN DCPF OKV 5WRRNGOGPVGP $TÒUUGN WPF :8++ 5 : 5 5 6HP 5 6HP .GKEJV YCUUGTTCPFKI WPF UVQEMHNGEMKI 'TUVG WPF NGV\VG 5GKVGP GVYCU DGUEJ·FKIV 4ÒEMGP XQO 6CHGNDCPF VGKNYGKUG NQUG 6GKNYGKUG $NGKUVKHVPQVK\GP 1TKI *CNDNGFGT
%CVCNQIWG FGUETKRVKH FGU /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV 0GEGUUKV¾ CXGE CVNCU 6GZV WPF 6CHGNDCPF OKV 5WRR NGOGPVGP 0CEJFTWEM FGT #WUICDGP $TÒUUGN WPF :8++ 5 : 5 5 6HP 5 6HP .GKPGP
0'7/#00 * &KG ,ÒNKEJGT 0QVMNKRRGP XQP ,ÒNKEJ 5 OKV #DD $TQUEJKGTV
8#0 &'4 /''45%* & , 0QVKEG UWT NGU /QPPCKGU 1DUKFKQPCNGU FʼnCWFGPCTFG HTCRR¾GU RGPFCPV NG UK½IG FG $TÒUUGN 5 6H $KPFWPI NGKEJV DGUEJ·FKIV 1TKI *CNDNGKPGP
-1081.76 +PVGTGUUCPVGU -QPXQNWV MNGKPGT 5EJTKHVGP WPF #WMVKQPUMCVCNQIG -QRKGP ÒDGT $GNCIG TWPIUOÒP\GP $#.$1 # )+#+/1 # 7P CUUGFKQ FKRKPVQ IWGTC G RCEG C DTKEJGTCUKQ PGN <' &'.+75 8 ,ÒNKEJGT -NKRRGP XQP 5& CWU $QPPGT ,CJTDÒEJGT ,CJTICPI *+45%* # &KG /GFCKNNGP CWH FGP 'PVUCV\ 9KGPU *+45%* ) /ÒPEJGP #WMVKQP XQO -QRKG -7$' 4 $GTNKP #WMVKQP XQO -QRKG 07/+5/#6+5%*' )'5'..5%*#(6 5%*9'+0(746 5QPFGTJGHV &KG 5EJYGKPHWTVGT $GNCIGTWPIUMNKRRGP XQP 8#0 2'6') *'/ / % 2CTKU #WMVKQP XQO 5NI /CKNNGV -QRKG 9'+.'4 * $QPPGT $GNCIGTWPIGP KO 5RKGIGN FGT /GFCKNNGP 7PVGTUEJKGFNKEJ IGDWPFGP
232
#7-6+105-#6#.1)'
*'55 # (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP #WMVKQP XQO %CVCNQI XGTUEJKGFGPGT /ÒP\GP WPF /G FCKNNGP 5COONWPIGP 7 C /ÒP\GP W /GFCKNNGP 9GUVRJCNGPU WPF FGT 4JGKPRTQXKP\ 5COONWPI FGU *GTTP -TKGIUIGTKEJVU &KTGMVQT ,QUGRJ 9GKPI·TVPGT KP /ÒPUVGT (GNF 0QVJ WPF $GNCIGTWPIU /ÒP\GP
5COONWPI FGU *GTTP *CWRVOCPP #WIWUV -TCWUG KP $GTNKP 0TP 1JPG 6CHGNP 7OUEJNCI JKPVGP HGJNV 'KPUQTVKGTVG ' .KUVG $TQUEJKGTV
5%*7./#0 , #OUVGTFCO #WMVKQP XQO %QNNGEVKQP FG HGW 2 , $ 4W[U FG 2GTG\ C $NQGOGPFCCN 0TP 6HP 0QVK\GP CWH 4ÒEMGP WPF 7OUEJNCI $TQUEJKGTV
-NGKPGU -QPXQNWV XQP #WMVKQPUMCVCNQIGP FGT (KTOC 5EJWNOCP #WMVKQP XQO /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV FG 0GEGUUKV¾ %QNNGEVKQP FʼnWP COCVGWT FKUVKPIW¾ C 7VTGEJV GV FʼnWPG UWEEGUKQP FʼnWP COC VGWT EQPPW C 2CTKU #WMVKQP XQO %CVCNQIWG FʼnWPG HQTV DGNNG %QNNGEVKQP FG /QPPCKGU QDUK FKQPCNGU GV FG 0GEGUUKV¾ #WMVKQP XQO %QNNGEVKQPU FW &T / )GTUVN FG 9KNNGOUVCF
%WTCECQ FG / $GTPUVTÌO C )ÌVGDQTI 5WGFG GV FʼnCWVTGU RTQXGPEGU #WMVKQP XQO %QNNGEVKQP FG HGW /QPUGWT % , -QEJ GV FʼnWP COCVGWT DKGP EQPPW #NNG -CVCNQIG OKV 6CHGNP (TÒJGUVGT -CVCNQI NGKEJV DGUEJ·FKIV $TQUEJKGTV
-NGKPGU -QPXQNWV XQP #WMVKQPUMCVCNQIGP FGT (KTOC 5EJWNOCP #WMVKQP XQO %QNNGEVKQP TGPQOOG¾ JQNNCPFCKUG FG /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU FG NC IWGTTG FG SWCVTG XKPIV CPU #WMVKQP XQO %QNNGEVKQP FG /QPCKGU RTKPEKRCNGOGPV GP QT /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV FG 0GEGUUKV¾ #WM VKQP XQO /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV FG 0GEGUUKV¾ #NNG -CVCNQIG OKV 6CHGNP 0QVK\GP CWH FGP 7OUEJN·IGP .GV\VGT -CVCNQI OKV PQVKGTVGP 2TGKUGP 1TKI $TQUEJWT
8#0 2'6')*'/ / % 2CTKU #WMVKQP XQO 5NI /CKNNGV 0TP 1JPG 6HP 'TUVG 5GKVGP NGKEJV UVQEMHNGEMKI .GKPGP
-1081.76 -NGKPGU -QPXQNWV XQP #WMVKQPUMCVCNQIGP )#'66'05 4 *GKFGNDGTI #WMVKQP XQO 5NI ,WNKWU +++ 6GKN *'55 # (TCPMHWTV CO /CKP #WMVKQP XQO /ÒP\GP XQP ,ÒNKEJ -NGXG $GTI /ª0<'0 70& /'&#+..'0 #) $CUGN #WMVKQP XQO &GWVUEJG /ÒP\GP 0QV WPF $GNCIGTWPIUOÒP\GP 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\GP 5%*7./#0 , #OUVGTFCO #WMVKQP XQO /QPPCKGU QDUKFKQPCNGU GV FGU 0GEGUUKVG #NNG -CVCNQIG OKV 6CHGNP 'KPKIG YGPKIG 0QVK\GP CWGP WPF KPPGP $TQUEJKGTV Z *CNDNGKPGP Z
233
STICHWORTVERZEICHNIS GENERALINDEX A
#CEJGP #CNUV #CVJ I[RVGP NXUDQTI #KTG #NGUUCPFTKC #NIGTKGP #NMOCCT #OUVGTFCO #PVYGTRGP #WFGPCTFG UKGJG 1WFGPCCTFG #WIUDWTI #WUDGWVG
B
$CFGP $CNVKMWO $CODGTI $±PUMC 5VKCXPKEC UKGJG 5EJGOPKV\ $CTEGNQPC $CWV\GP $C[GTP $GNIKGP $GNITCF $GTIGP QR <QQO $GVJWPG $KUNKEJ $NGPJGKO UKGJG $NKPFJGKO $NKPFJGKO $QOOGN $QPP $TCDCPV $TCPFGPDWTI (TCPMGP $TCPFGPDWTI 2TGWGP $TCWPCW CO +PP $TCWPUEJYGKI 5VCFV $TCWPUEJYGKI .ÒPGDWTI $TGFC $TGKUCEJ $TGKVGPHGNF $TGOGP WPF 8GTFGP $TGUEKC $TGUNCW $TÒIIG $TÒUUGN $WFC $[\CP\
C
%CODTCK %COKGPKGE %CORGP %CTFQPC %CTNKUNG %CUCNG %CUEJCW %CVCP\CTQ %CVVCTQ %JKNG %JKQU %JQVWUKV\ %QGXQTFGP %QRKCRQ %TGOQPC %WPGQ
D
&·PGOCTM &COOG &CP\KI &GWVUEJNCPF &GXGPVGT &QPCWYÌTVJ &QQTPKLM UKGJG 6QWTPCK &QWCK
E
'IGT 'KEJUV·VV 'NHUDQTI UKGJG NXUDQTI 'NUCUU 'RGTKGU 'THWTV 'TNC 'TUGMWLX±T UKGJG 0GWJ·WUGN 'UUGEM 'U\VGTIQP UKGJG )TCP 'WTQR·KUEJG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP
F
(COCIWUVC (GJTDGNNKP (GTOQ (NQTGP\ (QMUCP (TCPMGP 235
(TCPMGPVJCN (TCPMHWTV (TCPMTGKEJ (TGFGTKMUJCNN (TGKDWTI (ÒPGP (ÒPHMKTEJ (WNFC
G
)GIGPUVGORGN )GNFGTNCPF )GNFGTP )GPH )GPV )GPWC )GTQPC )GTVTWFGPDGTI )JGGTFGPDGTI UKGJG )GTVTWFGPDGTI )KDTCNVCT )NÒEMUVCFV )ÌVGDQTI )QVJC )T·HGPDWTI )TCP )TGKHUYCNF )TKGEJGPNCPF )TQPKPIGP )TQDTKVCPPKGP )TQYCTFGKP )WCFGNQWRG )WCUVCNNC
H
*CCTNGO *CDUDWTI *CIGPCW *CNNG C F 5CCNG *CNOUVCF *CODWTI *CPPQXGT *CTNKPIGP *CUUGNV *CWRV 236
*CXCPPC *GKFGNDGTI *GNUKPIDQTI Uʼn*GTVQIGPDQUEJ *GUUGP *KNFGUJGKO *ÌEJUV·FV *QNNCPF *WNUV *W[
I
+PFQPGUKGP +QPKUEJG +PUGNP +TNCPF NG FG (TCPEG GV $QPCRCTVG UKGJG /CWTKVKWU WPF 4GWPKQP +VCNKGP
J
,CXC ,ÒNKEJ
K
-CKUGTUYGTVJ -CPKUEJC -CPK\UC UKGJG -CPKUEJC -CR 2CUUCTQ -CTNUDWTI UKGJG 9GKUUGPDWTI -CVCNQPKGP -GJN -GTM[TC UKGJG -QTHW -KTEJGPUVCCV -QDNGP\ -ÌNP -QNDGTI -QPUVCPVKPQRGN -QRGPJCIGP -QTHW -QTUKMC -QVQT UKGJG %CVVCTQ -TGVC -TQCVKGP -TQPUVCFV -WDC
L
.CPFCW .CPFUMTQPC .CWVGTDWTI .GGWYCTFGP .GKFGP .GKR\KI .G[FGP UKGJG .GKFGP .KGT
.KNNG .KODWTI .KVCWGP .KXN·PFKUEJGT 1TFGP .QPFQP .QWXCKP .ÒDGEM .ÒVVKEJ .WPF .WZGODWTI
M
/CCUVTKEJV /CFTKF /CIFGDWTI /CKNCPF /CKP\ /CNNQTEC /CPPJGKO /CPVWC /CTGPIQ /CTUVTCPF /CWTKVKWU /CWTKVKWU WPF 4¾WPKQP /GEJGNGP /GFCKNNGWTG #DTCJCO , $GTI 2 $QTUVQTHH 6 $NWO , $QUMCO , $QYGT ) $TWPPGT / $[NCGT ) XCP $[NCGT , XCP %TQMGT , &CFNGT 5 &KGUJQGEMG , XCP &QPPGT + &WXKXKGT , 'PIGNJCTFV , 4 (·TDGT , (CNV\ 4 ( ' (QTVKPK ) )GPVKN , )GQTIK 0 *CEJVGP & ) XQP *CHHPGT * *COGTCPK 1 *CTV . , *CWVUEJ ) *ÌJP ,
*QHHOCPP , / *QHOCPP / *QNV\JG[ / + ' ,WFKP 5 -CTNUVGGP # -CTUG % ( -GVVNGT ' -KTM # -KVVGN ) 9 -KVVGN , -KV\MCV\ 4 0 -NGKPGTV ( -TÒIGT UGP ( * -WTPCVQYUMK / .CWHGT . ) .G $NCPE , .KPEM , .QQH , XCP .QQU & ( .WFGT , /CIFGDWTIGT * /CNGT % /CNGT 8 /CPHTGFKPK . /CWIGT , /G[DWUEJ # /QNCTV / /ÒNNGT 2 * 0ÒTPDGTIGT ) ( 0ÒTPDGTIGT 2 ) 2HTÒPFV ) 2TKGVQ 6 ( 4 % / 4 + 4CRRQUV * 4GKEJ , % 4GKEJ , / 4KEMKPIGP , XQP 4ÌI / 4QGVVKGTU , 4QGVVKGTU 2 4QICV ' 4QWUUGN , 5 - 5EJPGKFGT % 5EJWNV\ , $ 5GGN 2 5OGNV\KPI / 5QTDGTIGT , ) 6CDGTV ) 6TCXCPK #
237
8GUVPGT ) 9 8KPEM % 9GTOWVJ % 9GTPGT 2 2 9KPGMG % 9QNHH , * 9QNTCD , , /GUUKPC /GZKMQ /KFFGNDWTI /KPFGP /QFGPC /QJCEU /QPU /Ã&#x2019;PUVGT
N
0±I[X±TCF UKGJG )TQÂYCTFGKP 0COWT 0CTGPVC 0GCRGN WPF 5K\KNKGP 0GTGVXC UKGJG 0CTGPVC 0GWJ·WUGN 0GW -CV\GPGNPDQIGP 0GWUU 0GYCTM 0KGFGTNCPFG 0KLOGIGP 0KUEJ 0KUUC UKGJG 0KUEJ 0QTYGIGP 0QXKITCF 0Ã&#x2019;TPDGTI 0WOKUOCVKUEJG .KVGTCVWT
O
1HGP UKGJG $WFC 1TCP 1UPCDTÃ&#x2019;EM 1UVGPFG 1VEJCMQX 1WFGPCCTFG 1XGTKLUUGN
P
2CNOCPQXC 2CNQVVC 2CTOC 2CXKC 2GTRKIPCP 2KECTFKG UKGJG 5V 3WGPVKP 2GTW 2¾VGTX±TCF UKGJG 2GVGT 9CTFGKP 2GVGT 9CTFGKP 238
2HCN\ 2JKNKRRUDWTI 2QNGP 2QOOGTP 2QPVGHTCEV 2QUGIC 2T·OKG 2TQDGP
Q
3WGUPQ[
R
4CCD 4COKNNKGU 4CV\GDWTI 4GRWDDNKEC 4QOCPC UKGJG 4QO 4GXCN 4JGKPDGTI 4JGKPHGNU 4KIC 4QGTOQPF 4QO 4QPEKINKCTG 4QVVGTFCO 4WO·PKGP 4WÂNCPF
S
5CEJUGP 5CKPV #PFT¾ 5CNCPMCOGP 5CN\DWTI 5V )QCTUJCWUGP 5V 3WGPVKP 5V 8GPCPV 5CTCXCU 5CUCPKFGP 5CXQ[GP 5EJGNNGPDGTI 5EJGOPKV\ 5EJNGUKGP 5EJNGUYKI *QNUVGKP 5EJNÃ&#x2019;UUGNDWTI 5EJQQPJQXGP 5EJWNGP *QEJUEJWNGP 7PKXGTUKV·VGP 5EJYCDGP 5EJYGFGP 5EJYGK\ 5GGNCPF 5GIGFKP 5KGDGPDÃ&#x2019;TIGP
5KMNÉU 5K\KNKGP 5QNOU 5RCPKGP 5RG[GT 5VCFG 5VCXQTGP 5VGVVKP 5VTCNUWPF 5VTCDWTI 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI 5WDCNRKPG 4GRWDNKM 5WOCVTC 5\½MGUH½JGTX¯T UKGJG 5VWJNYGKGPDWTI
9GUGN 9KGP 9KUOCT 9QGTFGP 9QNHGPDÒVVGN 9QNICUV 9ÒT\DWTI
Z
<CFCT <CNVDQOOGN UKGJG $QOOGN <COQUE <CTC UKGJG <CFCT <GGNCPF <KGTKM\GG <QNPQT <YQNNG <[RGTP
T
6CNNKPP 6CTIQYKV\GT -QPHÌFGTCVKQP 6KTNGOQPV 6ÌPPKPI 6QMC[ 6QTVQUC 6QWTPCK 6TCTDCEJ 6ÒTMGK 6WTKP 6WTPJQWV
U
7NO 7PICTP 7PIYCT 7VTGEJV
V
8GNWYG 8GPGFKI 8GPG\WGNC 8GPNQ 8GTEGNNK 8GTTWC 8GWTPG 8KIQ 8QTQXKV\
W
9CNRQ 9GKUUGPDWTI 9GPFGP 239
241
242
243
244
NUMISMATISCHE BEGRIFFE EXPRESSIONS NUMISMATIQUES NUMISMATIC TERMS TERMINI DI NUMISMATICA DEUTSCH
ENGLISCH
FRANÇAIS
ITALIANO
Abschlag Am Rand Berieben Blei Dezentriert Doppelschlag Einfassung Einseitig Emailliert Erhaltung Etwas Exemplar Fassungsspuren Fehlprägung Feld(er) Fundexemplar Gedenkmünze Geglättet Gelocht Geprägt Gewellt Goldpatina Hübsch Jahrh. = Jahrhundert. Kl. = klein Korrosionsspuren Kratzer Kupfer Legierung Leicht(e) l. = links Min. = minimal Nachahmung Prachtexemplar Prägeschwäche Randdelle Randfehler Randschrift r. = rechts Rückseite Schriftspuren Schrötling Schrötlingsfehler Schwach ausgeprägt Selten in dieser Erhaltung Seltener Jahrgang Stempel Stempelfehler Überdurchschnittlich erhalten Überprägt Unediert Unikum Vergoldet Von aller größter Seltenheit Vorderseite Winz.= winzig Zain Zierrand Zinn Ziseliert
struck at the rim/border slightly polished lead uncentered double struck frame uniface enamelled condition/preservation slightly specimen, copy trace of mounting mis-strike field(s) specimen from a hoard commemorative coin tooled holed minted bent golden patina attractive century small traces of corrosion scratch(es) copper alloy slightly left minimal imitation attractive, perfect piece weakly struck edge nick edge faults lettered edge to right reverse traces of inscription flan flan defect weakly struck rare in this condition rare year die(s) mistake in the die extraordinary condition overstruck unpublished unique specimen gilt extremely rare head tiny flan ornamental border tin chased
frappe au tranche frotté plomb decentré double frappe encadrement uniface émaillé conservation un peu exemplaire traces de monture défaut de frappe champ de trésor monnaie commemorative lissé troué frappé ondulé patina doré jolie siécle petit traces de corrosion rayure cuivre alliace légère gauche minimal imitation pièce magnifique de frappe molle défaut sur la tranche erreur a la tranche inscription sur la tranche droite revers traces de légende flan erreur de flan de frappe molle conservation rare année rare estampe erreur de frappe Conservation extraordinaire surfrappé inédit pièce unique dorée très rare en face petit flan tranche ornée étain ciselé
coniazione al bordo trattato piombo non centrato ribattitura cornice uniface smaltato conservazione un poco esemplare tracce di montatura difetto di coniazione campo da tesoretto moneta commemorativa liscio bucato coniato ondolato patina d´oro carino secolo piccolo segni di corrosione graffio(i) rame lega leggero sinistra minimamente contraffazzione esemplare magnifico conio stanco ammaccatura al bordo errore nel bordo inscrizione sul bordo destra rovescio tracce di leggenda tondello errore di tondello conio stanco conservazione rara annata rara conio errore di conio conservazione estraordinaria ribattuto inedito pezzo unico dorato di estrema raritá diritto veramente piccolo tondello taglio ornato stagno cesellato
245
VERSTEIGERUNGSBEDINGUNGEN Die Versteigerung erfolgt im Auftrag und für Rechnung der Eigentümer unter Einhaltung der sich aus der Versteigerungsordnung (BGB1 I 1976, 1346) ergebenden und für Kommissionäre geltenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des BGB und HGB gegen Barzahlung des Kaufpreises in €-Währung. Durch Abgabe eines Gebotes werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen anerkannt, dies gilt auch für die schriftlichen Gebote. Der Zuschlagpreis ist Nettopreis im Sinne des Mehrwertsteuergesetzes und bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld in Höhe von 15 %. Auf den daraus entstehenden Gesamtpreis (Zuschlag + Aufgeld) wird die zur Zeit gültige, ermäßigte Mehrwertsteuer von 7 % erhoben. Papiergeld unterliegt ebenfalls dem ermäßigten Steuersatz. Goldmünzen, bei denen Zuschlagpreis und Aufgeld geringer ist als das zweieinhalbfache des Metallpreises, unterliegen dem normalen Mehrwertsteuersatz von zur Zeit 16%, ebenso historische Wertpapiere. Goldmünzen, die als Anlagegold gelten, sind mehrwertsteuerfrei. Ausländischen Käufern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird die in Deutschlang gültige Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Anderen ausländischen Käufern (aus Drittländern) wird, sofern die Münzen durch uns exportiert werden, ein Aufgeld von 15 % netto auf den Zuschlagpreis berechnet; sie erhalten die Lieferung nur gegen Zahlung des Kaufpreises in € - Währung, bankspesenfrei. Ausländischen Münzhändlern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird bei Nachweis der Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer (§ 27 a USTG) und der sonstigen Voraussetzungen gemäß § 4 Nr. 1 b USTG in Verbindung mit § 6 a USTG die Lieferung ohne Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist die Zahlung der Auktionsrechnung bei anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen Bietern spätestens 20 Tage nach Erhalt fällig. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen von 1 % pro Monat berechnet. Wird die Zahlung nicht sofort an den Versteigerer geleistet oder die Abnahme der zugeschlagenen Sache verweigert, so findet die Übergabe der Sache an den Ersteigerer nicht statt. Der Ersteigerer verliert vielmehr seine Rechte aus dem Zuschlag, und die Sache kann auf seine Kosten erneut versteigert werden. In diesem Fall haftet der Ersteigerer für den Ausfall, dagegen hat er auf dem Mehrerlös keinen Anspruch. Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und verpflichtet zur Abnahme und Zahlung. Bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten über den Zuschlag wird die Nummer noch einmal ausgerufen. Der Versteigerer ist berechtigt, Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen. Eine Vorausnahme von Nummern erfolgt nicht. Der Zutritt zur Versteigerung ist nur Interessenten gestattet, die einen Katalog besitzen. Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen: Mindestangebote
werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbeginn verbindlich berücksichtigt werden. Im Bedarfsfall ist der Auktionator berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Bei mehreren gleichhohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene den Zuschlag. Unlimitierte Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung. Telefonisches Bieten ist nur in Ausnahmefällen möglich. Telefonische Bieter müssen sich mindestens einen Tag vor der Auktion voranmelden. Der Versand geht zu Lasten und auf Risiko des Ersteigerers bzw. Empfängers. Das Auktionsgut bleibt bis zur vollständigen Bezahlung aller Forderungen aus Anlaß der Versteigerung Eigentum des Verkäufers. Ist der Käufer Vollkaufmann, so ist Osnabrück als Gerichtsstand vereinbart. Für das Mahnverfahren gilt die Zuständigkeit des Amtsgerichts Osnabrück auch in allen anderen Fällen als vereinbart. Ansonsten ist es Osnabrück nur, wenn nur die Firma Fritz Rudolf Künker ihren allgemeinen Gerichtsstand in der BRD hat, oder wenn alle Ansprüche im Wege des Mahnverfahrens geltend gemacht werden, oder wenn die im Klageweg in Anspruch zu nehmende Vertragspartei nach Vertragsabschluß ihren gewöhnlichen Aufenthaltsort aus dem Geltungsbereich der BRD verlegt hat, oder ihr Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlicher Aufenthaltsort zum Zeitpunkt der Klage nicht bekannt ist. Die Beschreibung im Katalog ist gewissenhaft durchgeführt. Sie begründet jedoch keine Rechts- oder Sachmängelhaftung gemäß §§ 434, 459 ff BGB. Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und gilt als persönliche Beurteilung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich „wie besehen“. Da durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit gegeben ist, sich vom Erhaltungszustand des Versteigerungsgutes zu überzeugen, können nach erfolgtem Zuschlag Reklamationen nur bei irrtümlich übersehener Henkel- oder Fassungsspur oder gestopftem Loch berücksichtigt werden. Bei Losen mit mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur Circa-Angaben, irrtümliche Zuschreibungen sind im Einzelfall nicht ausgeschlossen. Diese Lose sind nach erfolgtem Zuschlag von jeder Reklamation ausgeschlossen. Der Versteigerer kann bei eventuellen Meinungsverschiedenheiten bzw. Beanstandungen einen vereidigten Sachverständiger seiner Wahl (die Kosten trägt der unterliegende Teil) beauftragen. Eventuelle Beanstandungen können nur innerhalb von 8 Tagen nach der Auktion bzw. nach Erhalt der ersteigerten Stücke berücksichtigt werden. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird bis zur Höhe des Kaufpreises garantiert. Die beigedruckten Preise sind Schätzpreise, die unter- oder überschritten werden können. Aufträge, die unter 80 % des Schätzpreises liegen, können nicht bearbeitet werden.
Ausländische Kunden kaufen nach den Devisen-, Zoll- und Steuerbestimmungen ihres Landes. Versandformalitäten werden vom Versteigerer erledigt.
Mindeststeigerungsstufe Soweit nicht anders vermerkt, gelten im übrigen die allgemeinen Versteigerungsbestimmungen und – auch im Verhältnis zu ausländischen Kunden – gilt Deutsches Recht.
bis zu
€ 100,--
€ 5,--
bis zu
€ 300,--
€ 10,--
bis zu
€ 1.000,--
€ 20,--
Für Büchersendungen und Sendungen ins Ausland werden Versandkosten nach Aufwand in Rechnung gestellt.
bis zu
€ 2.000,--
€ 50,--
Die Ergebnisliste erscheint sofort nach der Auktion.
bis zu
€ 5.000,--
€ 100,--
bis zu
€ 10.000,--
€ 200,--
bis zu
€ 20.000,--
€ 500,--
ab
€ 20.000,--
€ 1.000,--
DIE VERSTEIGERER:
FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER DR. ANDREAS KAISER ARNE KIRSCH OLIVER KÖPP
Schriftliche Aufträge werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision gewissenhaft ausgeführt. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können nur ausgeführt werden, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt
246
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF AUCTION The auction is conducted on behalf and for the account of the appropiate proprietors of the goods and is subject to the federal Auction Regulation (Versteigerungsordnung, BGB1 I 1976, 1346) published in the Federal Law GazetteVol. I, 1976, 1346 and the relevant provisions for factors in accordance with the German Cicil Code (BGB) and Commercial Code (HGB). Payment of the hammer-price has to be made in cash and in Euro. The submission of an offer implies the express acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction; the same applies to the submission of an offer in writing. The hammer-price is exclusive of applicable German VAT according to the prevailing VAT – legislation and represents the basis for calculating the surcharge of 15 percent payable by the puchaser. The total price so calculated (hammerprice plus surcharge) is subject to the reduced VAT (value added tax=Mehrwertsteuer) of 7 per cent as presently applicable, which is payabel additionally. The reduced VAT applies also to paper-money. Gold coins for which the hammer-price plus surcharge is less than two and ohne half times the intrinsic gold price, are subject to the normal VAT rate of presently 16 per cent. The same applies to historical bonds. Gold coins which are considered as a gold investment are free of VAT. Purchasers from abroad will be charged a surcharge of 15 per cent net on the hammer-price, provided the export of the coins is undertaken by the auctioneer. Buyers in European Community (EEC) countries (other than Germany) will be charged Value Added Tax at the rates prevailing in Germany. Dealers from EEC countries (other than Germany) will receive goods free of tax upon presentation of their VAT I.D. number, and upon fulfillment of the other conditions set forth in Paragraph 4, Nr. 1 b, and Paragraph 6 a of the GermanTurnover Tax Law. Buyers from other countries are not charged Value Added Tax. Delivery will be made against payment in Euro with no bank charges to the auctioneer. Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from purchasers present at the auction is due immediately. From purchaser who have submitted a bid in writing, payment is due within 20 days after receipt of the goods. Defaulted payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default. Should payment to the auctioneer not be made immediately or should the acceptance of the awardet item be refused, such item shall not be handed overt to the purchaser. Instead the purchaser shall forfeit all right and title in and to such item from the award and the item may again be put to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards any excess proceeds. An item will be knocked down after the highest bid has been called three times. The award shall be a binding commitment and liability on the part of the bidder to take acceptance and delivery of the item or items so awarded. In the event of any dispute with regard to the award the lot will be put up again for bidding. The auctioneer reserves the right to combine or to seperate lots. Lots will not be called out of sequence. Access to the auction will only be permitted to interested persons who are in possession of the catalogue.
price or prices for a given lot, the bid first received by the auctioneer shall be given the award. Unlimited bids shall not oblige the auctioneer to consider, accept or carry out such order. Telephone bidding is generally an option for lots of substantial value only. The registration is required at the latest a day before auction. Shipment (by mail or otherwise) of the goods shall be for the sole cost and risk of the purchaser or receipient, resp. The auctioned goods remain the sole and exclusiv property of the vendor until full payment and settlement of any and all dues and claims in connection with the auction. In the event the purchaser is a merchant (in the sende of the German commercial laws) Osnabrück shall be the agreed and exclusive place of jurisdiction. The competence of the District Court (Amtsgericht) of Osnabrück is agreed in respect of summary proceedings for the collection of defaulted payments (Mahnverfahren) as well as in any and all other cases. Should the purchaser not be a merchant Osnabrück shall be the place of jurisdiction with the District Court of Osnabrück’s competence, if only the auctioneer has his ordinary legal domicil in the Federal Republic of Germany or if claims are made by way of summary proceedings of collection (Mahnverfahren) or if the defendant has moved his ordinary legal domicil outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Republik of Germany or if the legal domicil of the defendant is unknown to the auctioneer at the time of filing a suit. To the exclusion of any other legislation German law, as in force at the time, shall be applied for the settlement of any and all legal or judicial matters. The specifications and descriptions in the catalogue have been prepared diligently and in good faith do, however, not constitute the acceptance by the auctioneer of any warranty or liability in respect of defect in material or title. The state of preservation of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. Purchasers present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of “as is where is” and “as inspected”. In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condition of the auction lots, complaints and objections made after the sale will only be considered, if by obvious error or mistake loop or traces or moutings, traces of trimmings or settings, or the plugging of a hole (eyelet) have remained unnoticed. If and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent an approximate figure. An error in the allocation of indivdual pieces to a certain lot cannot be excluded. Such lots are, therefore, excluded from any complaintes or objections after the lot is knocked down. In the event of disputes or complaints as to the quality of an item the auctioneer may call upon a gernerally sworn expert of the trade, which the auctioneer may choose at his sole discretin, for assessment an the rendering of a decision as to the justification of such dispute or complaint. The costs of such expert shall be borne by the party loosing the dispute according to the expert’s decision. Complaints or objections, if justified, will only be considered if made and received by the auctioneer within 8 days after the auction or after receipt the lots, respectively. The authenticity of the coins is warranted. Warranted up to the total purchase price. The prices set out in the catalogue are estimates only, which may bei exceeded or undercut. Orders for less than 80 per cent of the estimated price cannot accepted.
The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are: for minimum offers
minimum increase rate
Purchasers from abroad will have to observe all applicable laws and regulations in respect of foreign exchange, customs duties and taxation of their country. The auctioneer will only dischare such formalities, which have to be observed, in the Federal Republic of Germany in connection with the export of the purchased item(s).
up to
€ 100,--
€ 5,--
up to
€ 300,--
€ 10,--
up to
€ 1.000,--
€ 20,--
up to
€ 2.000,--
€ 50,--
Unless stipulated otherwise herein, the general rules regulations for auctions applicable in Germany shall govern any transaction in respect of the auction; German Law shall also be applicable in relation to purchasers form abroad. Only the German text has legal forde.
up to
€ 5.000,--
€ 100,--
Shipment to foreign countries and shipment of books we charge upon expenses.
up to
€ 10.000,--
€ 200,--
The prices realized will be published in the form of a list immediately after the auction.
up to
€ 20.000,--
€ 500,--
above
€ 20.000,--
€ 1.000,--
Orders submitted in writing will be carried out diligently and without charge of an extra commission. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be accepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours befor auction. If necessary, the auctioneer is alloweed to increase the bids by 3-5%. Should several bids be obtained in writing bidding the same
THE AUCTIONEERS:
FRITZ RUDOLF KÜNKER DR. ANDREAS KAISER ARNE KIRSCH OLIVER KÖPP
247
NUMISMATISCHE BEARBEITUNG FOTOS LAYOUT DRUCK
Alexandra Putz, Sebastian Steinbach M. A., Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Manuela Weiß Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen media-print, Paderborn Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses
BANKVERBINDUNGEN DEUTSCHE BANK OSNABRÜCK DRESDNER BANK OSNABRÜCK SPARKASSE OSNABRÜCK VOLKSBANK BORGLOH-HILTER E. G. BANKHAUS LAMPE KG BIELEFELD POSTBANK HANNOVER CREDIT SUISSE
BLZ 265 700 90, Konto 0 177 006 BLZ 265 800 70, Konto 780 520 200 BLZ 265 501 05, Konto 247 320 BLZ 265 624 90, Konto 1 200 222 400 BLZ 480 201 51, Konto 174 076 BLZ 250 100 30, Konto 2900 60 - 308 Konto 135 494 - 42 - 1
Zahlungen aus dem Ausland - Foreign payments SPARKASSE OSNABRÜCK DEUTSCHE BANK OSNABRÜCK POSTBANK HANNOVER CREDIT CARDS
IBAN: DE50 2655 0105 0000 2473 20 SWIFT-CODE: NOLADE22XXX IBAN: DE11 2657 0090 0017 7006 00 SWIFT-CODE: DEUTDE3B265 IBAN: DE73 2501 0030 0290 0603 08 SWIFT-CODE: PBNKDEFF We do accept VISA and MASTERCARD Service charge: 4,5 %
ERHALTUNGS- UND SELTENHEITSGRADE ERHALTUNGSGRADE/ GRADING TERMS DEGRÉS DE CONSERVATION GRADI DI CONSERVAZIONE
SELTENHEITSGRADE
248
Polierte Platte Proof
Flan bruni Fondo specchio
Stempelglanz Uncirculated
Fleur de coin Fior di conio
Vorzüglich Extremely fine
Superbe Splendido
Sehr schön Very fine
Très beau Bellissimo
Schön Fine
Beau Molto Bello
Gering erhalten Very good
Très bien conservé Bello
R = Selten Von großer Seltenheit
RR = Sehr selten Von größter Seltenheit