The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins - 1000 Years of European Coinage - Par

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The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins — 1000 Years of European Coinage — PART IV: THE SCEATTAS Now part of the Fitzwilliam Museum Collection, Cambridge

Numismatischer Verlag Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Osnabrück 2008



LIST OF CONTENTS DE WIT PART IV No.

Page

THE DE WIT COLLECTION OF MEDIEVAL COINS PART IV

S1

- S 481

11

-

118

Thrymsas

S1

-

S 14

11

-

14

PADA

S8

-

S 12

13

-

14

S 13

-

S 14

S 15

-

S 32

15

-

19

S 15

-

S 19

15

-

16

VANIMVNDVS Pre Interlocal Crowned bust TIC / Standard Crowned bust APA, AEPA, EPA / Standard

14

S 20

-

S 32

16

-

19

Interlocal English

S 33

-

S 55

19

-

23

Interlocal Continental (Northern)

S 56

-

S 84

24

-

28

Combination of the groups Interlocal S 84

Continental Northern and Southern Interlocal Continental (Southern)

28

S 85

- S 139

29

-

38

S 140

- S 315

39

-

80

Helmeted Bust

S 140

- S 147

39

-

40

Local English Bust / Cross-Crosslet and Saltire

S 148

- S 150

41

FITVR - SAROALDA

S 151

- S 152

42

VERNVS

S 153

- S 160

42

-

44

Pecking Bird

S 161

- S 177

45

-

48

Dragon

S 178

- S 195

49

-

53

Transition from “Dragon” to “Dragon’s S 196

Head” Dragon’s Head

S 197

- S 214

53 53

-

57

Hound

S 215

- S 219

58

-

59

Bust Cross / Man standing

S 220

- S 230

59

-

61

Bust / Different Reverses

S 231

- S 238

61

-

63

Carip

S 239

- S 240

63

-

64

DE LVNDONIA

S 241

- S 248

64

-

65

Bust LEL / Porcupine

S 249

- S 251

66

Insect-like

S 252

- S 253

66

Woman’s head in profile

S 254

- S 258

67

Double Standard with Cross

S 259

- S 264

68

-

69

Triquetras

S 265

- S 267

69

-

70

Victory

S 268

- S 269

70

S 270

71

- S 273

71

S 274

72 72

“Porcupine” around cross Standard / Standard

S 271

“Aethelred” Spiral branch with berries

S 275

- S 276

“Plumed” Bird / Standard

S 277

- S 284

73

-

74

Birds

S 285

- S 303

74

-

78


No. Beast Quadruped

Page S 304

78

S 305

- S 315

78

-

80

S 316

- S 378

82

-

96

Bird on Cross

S 316

- S 336

82

-

86

MONITASCORVM

S 337

- S 341

86

-

87

SEDE

S 342

- S 344

87

-

88

Bust / Bird on Cross

S 345

- S 347

88

-

89

Bust / Two birds

S 348

- S 352

89

-

90

Two busts / Four birds

S 353

- S 358

90

-

91

Two busts / Bird looking back

S 359

- S 360

91

-

92

Two busts / Bird with cross

S 361

- S 362

Woman’s bust facing / Quadruped

S 363

- S 370

Animal Mask

S 371

- S 375

95

Archer

S 376

- S 378

96

S 379

- S 400

Porcupine / Stepped Cross

S 379

- S 381

97

Porcupine / Bust

S 382

- S 383

98

Standard / Cross

S 384

- S 388

98

-

99

Bust with cross / Standard

S 389

- S 400

99

-

101

Danish – Frisian – English

S 401

- S 421

102

-

106

107

-

Local English - Ecclesiastical

Local Continental

Northumbria

92 93

97

-

-

94

101

S 422

- S 476

Aldfrith (685-704)

S 422

- S 423

Eadberth (737-758)

S 424

- S 438

Eadberth – Ecgberth (737-758)

S 439

- S 441

110

Alchred (765-774)

S 442

110

Alchred – Ecgberth (765-766)

S 443

111 111

107

-

Aethelred I. (774-779)

S 444

- S 445

Aelfwald I. (779-788)

S 446

- S 449

111

-

Aetehlred I. (790-796)

S 450

- S 453

112

-

Aethelred I. – Eanbald I. (790-796)

117 107

S 454

110

112 113 113

Eanred (810-841)

S 455

- S 460

113

-

114

Aethelred II. (841-844)

S 461

- S 470

114

-

115

Raedwulf (+ 844)

S 471

- S 472

116

Houad ? (+ 860)

S 473

- S 474

116

Osberth (849-867)

S 475

- S 476

116

-

117

S 477

- S 481

117

-

118

S 477

- S 479

117

-

118

York Eanbald II. (796-840) Wigmund (837-854)

S 480

118

Wulfhere (854-900)

S 481

118

The General Index of the de Wit collection you will find at the end of Auction catalogue 137.


INTRODUCTION The first coin of the collection of Professor De Wit featured in the introduction of Part I of this sale - it was in 1965 that he bought the wonderful Saluto d’oro piece which is now part of the third catalogue. Not long after this, in 1967 during a visit to Mr Franceschi, a coin dealer in Brussels, a group of 10 to 12 small coins caught his eye. He bought one without knowing what it exactly was, simply because he was taken by its design. Research into the matter revealed that it was a sceatta - more precisely a continental porcupine type. Further study led to encounters with more interesting types originating in England. It was their interesting iconography and the outstanding workmanship they displayed that had captured his fascination. Thus this small purchase was the beginning of an extraordinary collection of sceattas.

No. S 85 The first Sceatta of the De Wit Collection At first, it was very hard to acquire good specimens. He bought some of them from the Elmore Jones collection (1973), later from the sales of three parcels from the Aston Rowant Hoard (1975) and in 1977 he purchased quite some coins from the Mack collection. Nevertheless the collection still consisted of only 30 coins by 1982. In the mid-80s metaldetector finds came to the sale and Professor De Wit’s close contact with Spink caused the collection to increase considerably. Together with acquisitions from dealers in the Netherlands the collection grew to 170 specimens in 1993. In 1994 Patrick Finn set up business for his own, and from then on two sources of acquisition became available: Spink and Patrick Finn (as one can see in the pedigrees of the pieces). A considerable part of the collection and some of the most interesting pieces were bought in the period up to 1998. The famous collection of Mr Subjack came onto the market in 1998 and of the 121 specimens offered for sale De Wit acquired nearly a third. Another 54 coins were added to the collection at the turn of the millennium, and with these purchases the collection grew to its final number of 421 specimens. This collection of sceattas is now one of the most significant of its kind in the world. Therefore, and in order to do justice to its tremendous significance to research on early English coinage, it is of the utmost importance that the whole collection should remain in its entirety in the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, to which the collection has been sold. Yet, to preserve Professor De Wit’s sceatta collection for numismatists, historians and interested collectors, if only in the form of a catalogue, and also to ensure that the publication of the overall collection is not tarnished by incompleteness, we have decided to publish it in the separate catalogue now before you. By doing so, we hope to have provided you with the joy of holding in your hand a complete, illustrated and highly exciting catalogue. As customary, each coin is displayed enlarged by a factor 2:1 and is richly commented by Professor De Wit. The individual specimens are marked with an “S” preceding their catalogue number to signify that they are part of the sceatta subcollection. We hope this catalogue might even inspire you to travel to Cambridge to view the pieces in their new setting at the Fitzwilliam.

Dr. Sebastian Steinbach



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'UUGZ

6JKU YCU VJG QNFGUV #PINQUCZQP MKPIFQO 7PVKN VJG VJ EGPVWT[ KV YCU VJG MKPIFQO QH VJG 'CUV 5CZQPU YJQ YQWNF NGPF KV KVU PCOG 'UUGZ #TEJGQNQIKECN HKPFKPIU UJQY VJCV VJG QTKIKPCN EQNQPKUVU YGTG HTQO EQPVKPGPVCN 5CZQP[ 6JG 'CUVUCZQP TQ[CN F[PCUV[ KU FQEWOGPVGF HTQO VJG NCVG VJ EGPVWT[ #NN TWNGTU QH 'UUGZ YGTG FGUEGPFCPVU QH 5CDGTV CTQWPF C UQP QH 5NGFF YJQ YCU OCTTKGF VQ 4KEWNC VJG UKUVGT QH #GVJGPGTVJ QH -GPV 7PFGT 5CDGTV .QPFQPʼnU KORQTVCPEG KPETGCUGF +P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG 'CUVUCZQP TQ[CN JQWUG FQOKPCVGF RCTVU QH *GTVHQTFUJKTG CPF /KFFNGUGZ KPENWFKPI .QPFQP 6JG YGUVGTP DQTFGT YCU QPN[ OKNGU CYC[ HTQO .QPFQP UQOGVJKPI VJCV FGGRN[ KPHNWGPEGF 'UUGZʼnU HWTVJGT JKUVQT[ &GURKVG VJG HCEV VJCV .QPFQP YCU RCTV QH 'UUGZ KV YCU #GVJGNDGTVJ QH -GPV CPF PQV 5CDGTV

DCRVKUGF KP WRQP KPVGTXGPVKQP D[ JKU WPENG #GVJGNDGTVJ YJQ JCF 5V 2CWNʼnU DWKNV KP .QPFQP CEEQTFKPI VQ 2QRG )TGIQT[ʼnU GZCEV YKUJGU 6JG RQRG YCPVGF VQ OCMG .QPFQP VJG OGVTQRQNKVCP UGG KPUVGCF QH %CPVGTDWT[ 5CDGTV YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU VJTGG UQPU YJQ VWTPGF CYC[ HTQO VJG %JTKUVKCP DGNKGH CPF JCF 2QRG )TGIQT[ʼnU OKUUKQPCTKGU VJTQYP QWV QH .QPFQP 6JKPIU EJCPIGF WPFGT 5CGDDK YJQ YCU OQTG QH C DKUJQR VJCP C MKPI FWTKPI JKU TGKIP CPF YJQ VQQM WR OQPCUVKE NKHG LWUV DGHQTG JKU FGCVJ 6QYCTFU VJG VWTP QH VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG MKPIU QH 'UUGZ CEMPQYNGFIGF VJG QXGTNQTFUJKR QH /GTEKC 'XGP YJGP KP VJG OKIJV[ -KPI #GVJGNDCNF TQUG VQ VJG VJTQPG KP /GTEKC VJG TQ[CN F[PCUV[ KP 'UUGZ EQPVKPWGF VQ GZKUV VJQWIJ JQY KV FGXGNQRGF KU WPENGCT +P VJQUG FC[U .QPFQP ECOG WPFGT /GTEKCP UYC[ 6JG RQTV QH .QPFQP YQWNF JCXG DGGP CP KORQTVCPV RTK\G HQT VJG /GTEKCP MKPIU CPF VJG TGOKUUKQPU QH VQNNU VQ EGTVCKP TGNKIKQWU JQWUGU QP UJKRU WUKPI VJG RQTV CTG QPG UKIP QH VJG MKPIUʼn KPVGTGUV KP EQOOGTEG .QPFQP YCU CP KORQTVCPV OKPV HQT #GVJGNDCNF CPF 1HHC JKU UWEEGUUQT CPF 1HHC OC[ JCXG FQPG OWEJ VQ FGXGNQR VJG EKV[ DQVJ CU C VTCFKPI DCUG CPF CU C TQ[CN EGPVTG ;QTMG 6JG RTCEVKEG QH EQ MKPIUJKR YCU WUWCN KP VJG 'CUVUCZQP MKPIFQO YJKEJ KU YJ[ UGXGTCN MKPIU TWNGF GCEJ GORNQ[KPI VJGKT QYP NGICN U[UVGO +P 'UUGZ HGNN VQ 9GUUGZ CPF VJG 'CUVUCZQP TQ[CN F[PCUV[ XCPKUJGF

5WUUGZ

5KVWCVGF DGVYGGP *CORUJKTG CPF -GPV VJKU MKPIFQO CRRTQZKOCVGF VJG %KXKVCU 4GIPK QH VJG 4QOGKPGP %JKEJGUVGT KVU HQTGOQUV RNCEG )GTOCPKE VTKDGU RQRWNCVKPI VJKU CTGC KU HKTUV FQEWOGPVGF HQT VJG VJ EGPVWT[ VJG[ RTGFQOKPCPVN[ GPICIGF KP HCTOKPI VJG TKEJ UQKNU CV VJG HQQV QH VJG &QYPU #GNNC KU IGPGTCNN[ EQPUKFGTGF VJG HQWPFGT QH 5WUUGZ JG NCPFGF CV %[OGPGUQTC KP YKVJ JKU VJTGG UQPU #HVGT #GNNG #GVJGNYCNJ FKGF DGHQTG KU VJG QPN[ QVJGT MPQYP MKPI QH 5WUUGZ JG YCU C XCUUCN QH 9WNHJGTG QH /GTEKC HTQO YJQO JG TGEGKXGF VJG +UNG QH 9KIJV *G YCU OWTFGTGF D[ %CGFYCNNC

0QTVJWODTKC

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¾KNN (TQO VJKU OCTTKCIG #NFHTKVJ YCU DQTP *G JCF DGGP TCKUGF KP +TGNCPF CPF JG YCU C UEJQNCT CPF C RQGV 7RQP VJG FGCVJ QH JKU JCNHDTQVJGT 'EIHTKVJ JG YCU ECNNGF VQ VJG 0QTVJWODTKCP VJTQPG 7PFGT JKO 0QTVJWODTKC GZRGTKGPEGF C RGTKQF QH ITGCV KPVGNNGEVWCN CPF CTVKUVKECN HNQWTKUJKPI 0QTVJWODTKCP 4GPCKUUCPEG 6JG .KPFGUHCTPG )QURGNU CPF VJG 4WVJYGNN 5


%TQUU COQPIUV QVJGTU CTG HTQO VJKU RGTKQF #NFHTKVJʼnU FGCVJ OGCPV C UWFFGP GPF VQ VJKU )QNFGP #IG +P FC[U YJGP EQKPCIG YCU FQOKPCVGF D[ CPQP[OQWU UEGCVVCU #NFHTKVJ JCF VTKGF KUUWKPI C EQKP YKVJ JKU PCOG HQT VJKU UGG WPFGT 0QTVJWODTKC PQ 5 CPF DWV YKVJQWV OWEJ UWEEGUU 6JGTG OKIJV JCXG DGGP CPQVJGT UWEJ CVVGORV D[ -KPI #GVJGNTGF QH /GTEKC PQ 5 YJKEJ KP VJCV ECUG CNUQ HCKNGF

6JG EQPVKPGPVCN VGTTKVQTKGU

.CEMKPI UQWTEGU UQOGVKOGU ECWUG (TKUKCP JKUVQT[ VQ DG UJTQWFGF GXGP OQTG VJCP VJG 'PINKUJ JGRVCTEJ[ 6JG UVTWIING YKVJ VJG (TCPMU UJCRGF VJG JKUVQT[ QH VJKU VGTTKVQT[ CPF EGTVCKP RCTVU QH VJG NCPF EJCPIGF JCPFU UGXGTCN VKOGU 5JQTVN[ CHVGT VJG FC[U QH &CIQDGTV + 7VTGEJV YCU JGNF D[ VJG (TCPMU 6JGP VJG (TKUKCPU EQPSWGTGF 7VTGEJV &QTGUVCF CPF CFXCPEGF CU HCT CU VJG 5KPEHCN YJKEJ YCU VJG OQWVJ QH VJG 4KXGT 5EJGNFG VJWU ETGCVKPI ō)TGCV (TKUKCŋ 1H GCTN[ (TKUKCP MKPIU YG MPQY PQVJKPI 6JG HKTUV PCOG JKUVQT[ UJGFU UQOG NKIJV WRQP KU #NFIKUNʼnU YJQ YCU UWEEGGFGF KP D[ 4CFDQWF +P CHVGT VJG $CVVNG QH 6GUVTK 2KRRKP YGPV QP VQ VCMG VJG YJQNG QH VJG (TCPMKUJ TGCNO UGGMKPI VQ TGEQPSWGT YJCV JCF DGGP NQUV +P ! JG VQQM %CUVTWO &WTKUVCVG CPF (TGUKC EKVGTKQT VJG VGTTKVQT[ UQWVJ QH VJG QNF 4JKPG CPF VJGP 7VTGEJV 6JCV CHVGT 7VTGEJV CPF 8GEJVGP HQTOGF VJG PQTVJGTPOQUV HQQVJQNFU QH VJG (TCPMU KU EGTVCKP #NVJQWIJ 4CFDQWFʼnU VGTTKVQT[ JCF DGGP TGFWEGF UGXGTGN[ JG UVKNN OCKPVCKPGF IQQF VKGU YKVJ 2KRRKP VJG UQP QH 2KRRKP )TKOQCNF YGFFGF 6JGQFGUKPFC 4CFDQWFʼnU FCWIJVGT #HVGT )TKOQCNF JCF DGGP OWTFGTGF D[ C (TKUKCP KP CPF 2KRRKP JCF FKGF VJCV UCOG [GCT 4CFDQWF TGECRVWTGF VJG VGTTKVQTKGU VJCV JCF DGGP NQUV #HVGT 2KRRKPʼnU FGCVJ %JCTNGU /CTVGN VQQM HKTO EQPVTQN QH VJG FQOKPKQP 9JGP 4CFDQWF FKGF KP /CTVGN TGECRVWTGF (TGUKC EKVGTKQT CPF FGHGCVGF VJG EQPVGORQTCT[ (TKUKCP QXGTNQTF $WDQ YJQ DQTG C FWECN VKVNG FWTKPI C ECORCKIP KP YJKEJ GHHGEVKXGN[ ICXG JKO UYC[ QXGT CNN (TKUKCP VGTTKVQTKGU WR VQ VJG .CWYGTU\GG

'EENGUKCUVKECN FGXGNQROGPV

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ʼnU ENQUG EQPPGEVKQP VQ #GVJGNDGTVJ VKRRGF VJG UECNGU KP HCXQWT QH %CPVGTDWT[ UGG CNUQ WPFGT 'UUGZ +P 2CWNKPWU ECOG VQ -GPV 9JGP KP 'FYKP QH 0QTVJWODTKC YCPVGF VQ GPVGT KPVQ OCTTKCIG YKVJ VJG UKUVGT QH 'CFDCNF MKPI QH -GPV CPF #GVJGNDGTVJňU UQP 2CWNKPWU CEEQORCPKGF VJG DTKFG YKVJ VJG KPUVTWEVKQP VQ EJTKUVKCPKUG 0QTVJWODTKC 'FYKP CPF OCP[ QH JKU HQNNQYGTU YGTG DCRVKUGF KP 2CWNKPWU DGECOG DKUJQR QH 0QTVJWODTKC CPF JKU UGG YCU KP ;QTM 2CWNKPWU YQTMGF KP $GTPKEKC CPF KP &GKTC HQWPFKPI EJWTEJGU KP %CORQFWPWO CPF .KPEQNP 6JG FGOKUG QH 'FYKP KP OGCPV CP GPF VQ JKU OKUUKQPCT[ YQTM *G TGVWTPGF VQ -GPV YJGTG JG DGECOG DKUJQR QH 4QEJGUVGT 2CWNKPWUʼnU VKOG YCU C RGTKQF QH VGORQTCT[ CPF RCUUKPI PCVWTG 4GCN EJTKUVKCPKUCVKQP QH VJG PQTVJ YQWNF EQOG HTQO CPQVJGT FKTGEVKQP VJG +TKUJ 5EQVVKUJ DQTFGT VQ DG RTGEKUG #V VJG TGSWGUV QH -KPI 1UYCNF VJG CDDQV QH +QPC #KF±P VQQM WR OKUUKQPCT[ YQTM HQWPFKPI COQPIUV QVJGTU VJG OQPCUVGT[ QH .KPFGUHCTPG 6JG HQNNQYGTU QH #KF±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ʼnU RGTUQPCNKV[ QH 0QTVJWODTKCP DKTVJ CDDQV QH 4KRQP CPF NCVGT DKUJQR QH ;QTM JCF OCFG KV KORQUUKDNG DQVJ HQT 6JGQFQTWU 6


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ʼnU FGCVJ KP CPF 4CFDQWFʼnU UWDUGSWGPV TGECRVWTKPI QH 7VTGEJV RTQORVGF 9KNNKDTQTF VQ NGCXG 9JGP VJG (TCPMU %JCTNGU /CTVGN QPEG CICKP VQQM EQPVTQN QH 7VTGEJV WRQP 4CFDQWFʼnU FGCVJ -CTGN /CTVGN 9KNNKDTQTF TGVWTPGF $QPKHCEG YJQUG QTKIKPCN PCOG YCU 9[DHTKVJ JG CUUWOGF JKU PGY PCOG $QPKHCEG WRQP JKU GPVT[ KPVQ VJG EJWTEJ YJQ YCU HTQO 9GUUGZ TGEGKXGF C RCRCN ECNNKPI HTQO )TGIQT[ ++ KP VQ VCMG WR OKUUKQPCT[ YQTM (TQO VQ JG RTGCEJGF KP (TKUKC CPF YCU CUMGF D[ 9KNNKDTQTF VQ DGEQOG EQ DKUJQR *G FGENKPGF CPF NGHV 1VJGTU CUUKUVKPI 9KNNKDTQTF YGTG 2NGEJGNOWU 1NFGP\CCN CPF #FGNDGTV 'IOQPF UGG WPFGT *QNNCPF 9KNNKDTQTF FKGF KP NGCXKPI VJG GRKUEQRCN UGG XCECPV HQT UQOG VKOG VQ EQOG $QPKHCEG NGHV HQT *GUUGP CPF 6JWTKPIKC +P JG CDFKECVGF VJG CTEJGRKUEQRCN UGG KP /CKP\ VQ FGXQVG JKU NCUV [GCTU JG YCU CV VJG VKOG VQ EQPXGTVKPI VJG (TKUKCPU YJKEJ YQWNF RTQXG VQ DG HCVCN YJGP JG YCU OWTFGTGF D[ (TKUKCPU KP KP &QMMWO /KUUKQPCT[ YQTM KP (TKUKC CU KP $TKVCKP YCU C NCDQTKQWU VCUM # NKVVNG OQTG UQ KP (TKUKC CU KVU TWNGTU FKF GXGT[VJKPI VJG[ EQWNF VQ QDUVTWEV VJG OKUUKQPCTKGU

6TCFG FGXGNQROGPV

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

5WOOCT[

5WOOCTKUKPI QPG HKPFU VJCV 'PINCPFʼnU RQNKVKECN U[UVGO ITGY NGUU EQORNGZ QXGT VKOG 6JG OWNVKVWFG QH MKPIFQOU KP VJG GPF ICXG YC[ VQ C U[UVGO KP YJKEJ VYQ VGTTKVQTKGU JGNF UYC[ QXGT VJG QVJGTU +PKVKCNN[ /GTEKC WPFGT 1HHC YCU D[ HCT VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV DWV KP VJG GPF 9GUUGZ RTGXCKNGF CPF JGPEGHQTVJ UWRRNKGF VJG ō-KPI QH CNN 'PINCPFŋ # UKOKNCT EQPUQNKFCVKQP ECPPQV DG UCKF VQ JCXG VCMGP RNCEG KP (TKUKC +P 'PINCPF EKVKGU YKVJ C URGEKHKE HWPEVKQP CTQUG YJGTGCU KP (TKUKC VJGTG YCU PQ UWEJ FGXGNQROGPV #EEQORCP[KPI VJKU FGXGNQROGPV KPVGTNQECN VTCFG GOGTIGF KP C PWODGT QH VQYPU KP 'PINCPF [GV KP (TKUKC YQWNF UVC[ NKOKVGF VQ C JCPFHWN QH RNCEGU &QTGUVCF #FFKVKQPCNN[ NQECN VTCFG FGXGNQRGF KP 'PINCPF YJKEJ KV FKF PQV KP (TKUKC

0WOKUOCVKE FGXGNQROGPV

9KVJ TGICTF VQ EQKPCIG QPG YQWNF GZRGEV KV VQ TGHNGEV RQNKVKECN CPF GEENGUKCUVKECN FGXGNQROGPVU CU YGNN CU VJQUG QH VTCFG ;GV C ENCUUKHKECVKQP QH VJG UEGCVVCU CNQPI VJGUG NKPGU JCU PQV DGGP CDNG VQ FCVG +P VJG HKTUV RGTKQF UVCTVKPI CTQWPF IQNF EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM KP $TKVCKP CPF KP (TKUKC OQUVN[ KOKVCVKQPU QH EWTTGPV EQKPU VQ YJKEJ C NQECN OCTM YCU CFFGF UVTWEM KP NQY SWCPVKVKGU VJG 'PINKUJ VJT[OUCU CTG NKUVGF JGTG VJG (TKUKCP GZCORNGU WPFGT (TKUKC 7


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

QH QPN[ QT YGTG TGCNN[ UKIPKHKECPV CPF VJG PWODGT QH MKPIU VJCV TWNGF KP VJG RGTKQF YCU CEVWCNN[ SWKVG UOCNN KV KU PGXGTVJGNGUU KORQUUKDNG VQ GORNQ[ VJKU ENCUUKE OGVJQF /GVECNH KP 6 5 CPF OCP[ QVJGTU FKF UWIIGUV MKPIFQOU CPF MKPIU DWV KPXCTKCDN[ JCXG FKHHKEWNV[ RTQXKPI VJGKT CUUGTVKQPU $NCEMDWTP CPF $QPUGTʼnU EQOOGPFCDNG GHHQTV VQ RTQRQUG C EJTQPQNQI[ HQT UEGCVVCU $#4 R CPF /'% + R CNUQ ENGCTN[ UJQYU ICRU KP FQEWOGPVCVKQP ECWUKPI FWDKQWU NKPGU QH TGCUQPKPI 6JGTGHQTG QVJGT CRRTQCEJGU JCXG DGGP EJQUGP UWEJ CU *KNNʼnU QH YJQ KP VYQ CTVKENGU CFQRVGF C FKXKUKQP QH EQKPCIG KPVQ ō5VCPFCTFŋ CPF ō.QPFQP FGTKXGFŋ 6JKU VJGQT[ YQWNF OCTM VJG DGIKPPKPI QH C PGY FGXGNQROGPV +P 4KIQNF KPVTQFWEGF C U[UVGO QH UGTKGU YJKEJ ENCUUKHKGU UEGCVVCU VJCV UJQY C FKUVKPEVN[ UKOKNCT UV[NG KP UGTKGU 4KIQNF DCUGF JKU KFGC QH UGTKGU QP ETKVGTKC KPVGTPCN EQJGTGPEG FKUVKPEVKXKPGUU FKUVTKDWVKQP CPF EJTQPQNQI[ 1TKIKPCNN[ 4KIQNF JCF KPVGPFGF JKU U[UVGO HQT VJG VJTGG QNFGUV UGTKGU VJG 2TKOCT[ 2JCUG DWV NCVGT KV YQWNF DG CFQRVGF HQT VYQ QVJGT UGTKGU EQPVCKPKPI EQPVKPGPVCN UEGCVVCU +PVGTOGFKCVG 2JCUG #NN QVJGT V[RGU YGTG UWDUGSWGPVN[ ENCUUKHKGF YKVJKP VJG 5GEQPFCT[ 2JCUG 6JG 2TKOCT[ 2JCUG KU VJG RGTKQF VJG +PVGTOGFKCVG 2JCUG UVCTVU CTQWPF CPF VJG 5GEQPFCT[ 2JCUG TGHGTU VQ VJG RGTKQF 6JG FKHHKEWNV[ QH VJKU 5GEQPFCT[ 2JCUG NKGU KP VJG HCEV VJCV KV FQGU PQV HQNNQY CP[ EJTQPQNQI[ CU YGNN CU VJCV UGTKGU CTG IGPGTCNN[ PCOGF HQT VJGKT RTGUWOGF QTKIKPU YJKEJ OCMGU KV GZEGRVKQPCNN[ JCTF VQ CVVTKDWVG PGYN[ HQWPF V[RGU VQ C EGTVCKP UGTKGU 9JCV YG RTQRQUG JGTG KU C ENCUUKHKECVKQP QH EQKPU CNQPI VYQ NKPGU C VJGKT CEVWCN WUG VJGKT HWPEVKQP CU OQPG[ OGCPU QH RC[OGPV OGCPU QH XCNWCVKQP GVE CPF D VJGKT HWPEVKQP CU C OGCPU QH RTQRCICPFC FWG VQ VJG NCEM QH EQOOWPKECVKQP OGVJQFU EQKPU YGTG QHVGP VJG OGCPU RCT GZEGNNGPEG QH EQPXG[KPI EGTVCKP OGUUCIGU C HCEV VJCV KU YGNN GUVCDNKUJGF HQT 4QOCP VKOGU # 6JG HWPEVKQP CU OQPG[ 6JG FGXGNQROGPV QH EKVKGU QP VJG QPG JCPF CPF VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VTCFG XKC VJG 0QTVJ 5GC QP VJG QVJGT OCFG KUUWKPI OQPG[ PGEGUUCT[ +VU WUGU YQWNF XCT[ KP EKVKGU OQPG[ YKVJ C NKOKVGF QRGTCVKPI TCPIG YCU PGGFGF JGPEG EQKPU YKVJQWV C NGIGPF UWHHKEGF HQT GXGT[DQF[ MPGY YJCV VJG[ NQQMGF NKMG HQT VTCFG OQPG[ YCU PGGFGF VJCV EQWNF DG TGEQIPKUGF VJTQWIJQWV C NCTIG TGIKQP CPF VJCV OQTGQXGT EQWNF DG KUUWGF KP NCTIGT SWCPVKVKGU 9G VJGTGHQTG RTQRQUG VQ FKUVKPIWKUJ UEGCVVCU D[ KPVGTNQECN VTCHHKE TGEQIPKUCDNG EQKPU CORNG KP UWRRN[ CPF EWTTGPV HQT C NQPIGT RGTKQF QH VKOG CPF NQECN VTCHHKE EQKPU KPVGPFGF QPN[ HQT C NKOKVGF TCPIG QH EKTEWNCVKQP KUUWGF KP UOCNN SWCPVKVKGU CPF UQOGVKOGU DGCTKPI PQ NGIGPF $ 6JG HWPEVKQP CU OGCPU QH EQOOWPKECVKQP 2GTJCRU VJG VGTO ōOGCPU QH EQOOWPKECVKQPŋ YQWNF DG OQTG CRRTQRTKCVG VJCP ōOGCPU QH EQOOWPKECVKQPŋ %JTKUVKCPKUCVKQP YCU CNTGCF[ KP HWNN UYKPI KP VJG UEGCVVC RGTKQF -KPIU CPF VJGKT GPVQWTCIGU JCF CNTGCF[ DGGP EQPXGTVGF DWV UKPEG EJTKUVKCPKUCVKQP YCU C VQR FQYP CHHCKT KP VJKU TGIKQP VJG RGQRNG YGTG HCT HTQO EQPXGTVGF VQ %JTKUVKCPKV[ *GCVJGP EWNV U RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG 1PEG VJG MKPI JCF DGGP EQPXGTVGF EQKPU HQTOGF CP GZEGNNGPV OGCPU QH RTQOQVKPI VJG PGY TGNKIKQP 9KVJ TGURGEV VQ VJKU YG CUUWOG VJCV EQKPCIG YCU C TQ[CN RTGTQICVKXG YJKEJ /GVECNH VQQ RQUVWNCVGU UGG 6 5 R DWV VJGTG CTG CNUQ UQOG QVJGT XKGYU )TKGTUQP CPF $NCEMDWTP FQWDV VJKU VJGQT[ /'% + R 9G ECP JQYGXGT PQV KOCIKPG VJCV UQXGTGKIPU OKIJV[ QPGU KP RCTVKEWNCT CU HQT GZCORNG #GVJGNDCNF KP /GTEKC YJQ EQPVTQNNGF .QPFQP FKF PQV GZGTV KPHNWGPEG QP EQKPCIG /CP[ UEGCVVCU FKURNC[ C DWUVG YKVJ C ETQUU QP VJGKT QDXGTUG YJKEJ KP QWT QRKPKQP UJQWNF DG KPVGTRTGVGF CU C MKPI EQPXGTVGF +P VJGUG ECUGU C MKPI EQWNF GKVJGT ECNN WRQP JKU RGQRNG VQ HQNNQY JKU GZCORNG KP YJKEJ ECUG VJG TGXGTUG YKNN DGCT C FKUVKPEVN[ %JTKUVKCP OQVKH QT CEV ECWVKQWUN[ CPF NGCXG VJKPIU CV VJG QDXGTUG ETQUU KP YJKEJ ECUG VJG TGXGTUG YKNN DGCT C JGCVJGP OQVKH )CPPQP PQVGU VJCV YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG VJT[OUC DGCTKPI #8&8#4.& 4')'5 CVVTKDWVGF VQ 'CFDCNF ō6JG MKPI CRRGCTU VQ UVTGUU JKU EQPXGTUKQP VQ EJTKUVKCPKV[ D[ OGCPU QH ETQUUGU QP VJG EQKPʼnU QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG CPF JKU CFQRVKQP QH TQOCPKVCU FKCFGO CPF RTQOQVGF CPF HWTVJGTGF VJG KPVGTGUV QH VJG %JWTEJ VQ VJG DGUV QH JKU CDKNKV[ŋ )CPPQP R 6JKU EQWNF CNUQ GZRNCKP VJG FKUVKPEVKQP DGVYGGP C ōUCKPVN[ QT OQPM MKPIŋ CPF C ōYCTTKQT MKPIŋ /QTGJCTV KP $#4 R %WTKQWUN[ GPQWIJ VJG DCUKU HQT VJG KPVGTNQECN U[UVGO YCU CNTGCF[ NCKF FQYP D[ 2CFC PQ 5 *G KOKVCVGF VJG 8KTVWU 'ZGTEKV V[RG QH VJG 4QOCPU HQT JKU HKTUV EQKP 6JG QDXGTUG DGCTU VJG GHHKI[ QH VJG GORGTQT CPF VJG TGXGTUG VJG UVCPFCTF DGVYGGP VYQ RTKUQPGTU YKVJ VJG VGZV 8KTVWU 'ZGTEKV 6JG 4QOCP V[RG JCF DGGP UVTWEM KP 8


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•1 6JG % UGTKGU YCU EQPVKPWGF CU 4 UGTKGU +V JCU C FKUVKPEVN[ 'PINKUJ EJCTCEVGT •2 # PGY UGTKGU & KU ETGCVGF HQT YJKEJ VJG DWUV YKVJ #2# YCU CFQRVGF DWV PQV VJG TGXGTUG YKVJ UVCPFCTF (QT VJCV C UKORNG ETQUU EQPUKUVKPI QH HQWT FQVU YCU EJQUGP +VU EJCTCEVGT KU (TKUKCP 6JKU UGTKGU CNUQ UJQYU TWPGU QT EQTTWRVKQPU QH VJQUG •3 # PGY UGTKGU ' GOGTIGU HQT YJKEJ VJG UVCPFCTF YCU EQRKGF DWV PQV VJG DWUV +PUVGCF QH KV VJKU V[RG UJQYU C RQTEWRKPG +VU EJCTCEVGT KU C DKV OQTG UQWVJGTP &QODWTI EQOGU VQ OKPF )GPGTCNN[ VJKU UGTKGU JCU PQ YTKVKPI QT KP GZEGRVKQPCN ECUGU C PWODGT QH .CVKP EQODKPCVKQPU 6+%8 :#<1

5QOGVKOGU QVJGT EQODKPCVKQPU YGTG WUGF 6JG ETGCVKQP QH UGTKGU & CPF ' K O Q DQVJ OCFG KP 'PINCPF UGG WPFGT VJG TGURGEVKXG UGTKGU QHHGTU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH WUKPI FGUKIPU KP XCTKQWU EQODKPCVKQPU #NN VJG EQODKPCVKQPU QH VJKU UEJGOG CTG WUGF GZEGRV VJG EQODKPCVKQP RQTEWRKPG ETQUU 6JKU EQODKPCVKQP FQGUP V GZKUV DWV KV EQWNF DG C EQPPGEVKQP DGVYGGP UGTKGU & CPF '

9


#NN HQWT UKFGU FGIGPGTCVG KP VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG 6JG DWUV HKTUV TGCNKUVKE EJCPIGU VQ UV[NKUGF CPF CHVGT VJCV KU JCTFN[ TGEQIPKUCDNG CU C DWUV 6JG ETQUU KU KPKVKCNN[ IKTFGF D[ C PKEG U[OOGVTKECN RCVVGTP NCVGT D[ TCPFQO EJCTCEVGTU 6JG RQTEWRKPG UVCTVU QWV UJQYKPI PKEG YQTMOCPUJKR KVU CTE GPFKPI KP C URJGTG KVU JCKT URKM[ CPF VJTGG NKPGU KP VJG CTE NCVGT VJG CTE UJQYU C LWODNG QH U[ODQNU 6JG UVCPFCTF DGIKPU CU VJG CEEWTCVG 6Q6 > QPN[ VQ FGIGPGTCVG VQ C OWEJ EQWTUGT CPF UKORNGT FGUKIP .QECN OQPG[ EQPVKPWGF VQ DG WUGF CNQPIUKFG VJGUG V[RGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP 'PINCPF YJGTG EQKPU YGTG UVTWEM YKVJ CP CNN DWV GPFNGUU XCTKGV[ QH FGUKIPU VJCV QHVGP FKURNC[GF ITGCV CTVKUVT[ +P 'PINCPF EQKPU YGTG KP CNUQ UVTWEM D[ GEENGUKCUVKECN CWVJQTKVKGU QHVGP UJQYKPI %JTKUVKCP OQVKHU QP DQVJ UKFGU 5KOKNCT NQECN EQKPCIG KU JCTFN[ QDUGTXGF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH 3WGPVQXKE 6JGTG YGTG PQ EQKPU DGCTKPI MKPIUʼn DWUVU HQT VJGTG YGTG JCTFN[ CP[ MKPIU VJG HGY MKPIU VJCV FKF TWNG KP VJKU RGTKQF

4CFDQWF YGTG UVTKEVN[ QRRQUGF VQ VJG %JTKUVKCP DGNKGH 0GGFNGUU VQ UC[ VJG[ FKF PQV GPICIG KP OCMKPI RTQRCICPFC HQT %JTKUVKCPKV[ GKVJGT +P (TKUKC VJGTG YCU PQ GEENGUKCUVKECN EQKPCIG #TQWPF DQVJ VJG EQPVKPGPV CPF 'PINCPF CFQRVGF PGY OQPGVCT[ U[UVGOU CPF VJG CIG QH UEGCVVCU YCU QXGT The following numbers marked with an "S" in front of the catalogue-number were sold to the Fitzwilliam Museum / Cambridge. There are described to present the collection of Prof. de Wit as a whole.

10


THRYMSAS

6*4;/5#5 6JG VJT[OUCU DGECOG MPQYP KP RCTVKEWNCT VJTQWIJ VJG %TQPFCNN JQCTF UGG 5WVJGTNCPF YJKEJ KU DGKPI MGRV KP KVU GPVKTGV[ CV VJG #UJOQNGCP /WUGWO KP 1ZHQTF 6JT[OUCU YGTG CNUQ UVTWEM DGHQTG VJG RGTKQF QH VJG %TQPFCNN URGEKOGPU CU YGNN CU CHVGT KV CPF YGTG CV VJG VKOG MPQYP WPFGT VJG UCOG PCOG #RCTV HTQO HGCVWTGU EQRKGF HTQO QNFGT EQPVKPGPVCN EQKPCIG 4QOCP CPF /GTQXKPIKCP VJT[OUCU CNUQ GZJKDKV FKUVKPEVN[ KPFKXKFWCN VTCKVU 6JG %TQPFCNN JQCTF UVGOU HTQO VJG RGTKQF

5

# $WUV T 6 8 : + % 4 )GQOGVTKE RCVVGTP

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP 0 .KPEQNPUJKTG .KPFUG[ KP 0QV RWDNKUJGF 6JG IGQOGVTKECN RCVVGTP KU UQOGVJKPI QPG CNUQ HKPFU QP %GNVKE EQKPU HTQO VJG +EGPK TGIKQP VQFC[ʼnU 0QTHQNM 6JKU VQ O[ OKPF EQPUVKVWVGU VJG QPN[ EQKP YKVJ CP QDXGTUG FGTKXCVKXG QH 4QOCP EQKPU CPF C TGXGTUG UJQYKPI C %GNVKE OQVKH 6JG IQNF EQPVGPV KU JKIJ EQPVTCT[ VQ VJG PGZV EQKPU CRRTQZ

5

9KVOGP V[RG %TQPFCNN RJCUG # $WUV T VTKFGPV DGHQTG 4 $KHWTECVGF ETQUU KP EKTENG QH FQVU YKVJ OGCPKPINGUU NGIGPF 5WVJ +8 ++ IT

5RKPM .QPFQP URGEKOGPU ECOG WR KP VJG %TQPFCNN JQCTF KP /GVECNH ICXG C VQVCN QH URGEKOGPU 6JG VTKFGPV KU RQUUKDN[ PQV C VTKFGPV CV CNN CU VJG OKFFNG VQQVJ KU RTQNQPIGF CPF DGPFU VQ VJG NGHV *GPEG /GVECNH FGUETKDGU VJKU QDLGEV CU ŋC ECPFGNCDTWO QP DKHWTECVGF DCUGŌ C U[ODQN QH TQ[CN QT TGNKIKQWU CWVJQTKV[ 1PN[ VJG XGT[ HKTUV V[RG 5WVJ EWTTGPVN[ CV VJG $/ UJQYU C NGIGPF VJCV KU HWNN[ NGIKDNG 88+6/'0 /10+6# 9KVOGP VJG OQPG[GT KU C YGNN MPQYP 5CZQP PCOG 5WVJGTNCPF R FQGU PQV FGGO KORTQDCDNG VJCV VJG EQKP KP JCPF YCU UVTWEM WPFGT CP GEENGUKCUVKECN CWVJQTKV[ KP 4QEJGUVGT QT %CPVGTDWT[

5

9WPGGVVQP V[RG 7NVTC %TQPFCNN RJCUG # $WUV T YKVJ VTKFGPV KP DGCFGF EKTENG 4 5OCNN ETQUU RQVGPV KP FQWDNG EKTENG QH FQVU 980''6610 TGXGTUGF 5WVJ +8 +++ IT

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ʼnU 980''6610 KU C OGCPKPINGUU KPUETKRVKQP

11


THRYMSAS

5

%TKURWU V[RG 2QUV %TQPFCNN RJCUG # $WUV T JGNOGVGF CPF FTCRGF %$+528 01$%++'5 4 %TQUU QP UJCHV YKVJ VJTGG WRRGT NKODU VGTOKPCVKPI KP TKPI QTPCOGPV CPF KP NQYGT CPINGU ETQUUGU

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

5

6YQ GORGTQTU V[RG TKIJV # &KCFGOGF DWUV T 4 6YQ UOCNN DWUVU HCEKPI UKFG D[ UKFG YKVJ VTCEGU QH JCPFU UWRRQTVKPI CP QTD DGVYGGP VJGO CDQXG C UV[NK\GF HKIWTG QH 8KEVQT[ YKVJ OKPWVGN[ UVKRRNGF YKPIU GPHQNFKPI VJG JGCFU QH VJG DWUVU N CPF T QH VJG JGCF QH VJG 8KEVQT[ HQWT FQVU 5WVJ ++ 8 IT $CNFYKP .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ

5

6YQ GORGTQTU V[RG NGHV # &KCFGOGF DWUV N 4 6YQ UOCNN DWUVU HCEKPI UKFG D[ UKFG YKVJ VTCEGU QH JCPFU UWRRQTVKPI CP QTD DGVYGGP VJGO CDQXG C UV[NK\GF HKIWTG QH 8KEVQT[ YKVJ OKPWVGN[ UVTKRRNGF YKPIU GPHQNFKPI VJG JGCFU QH VJG DWUVU N CPF T QH VJG JGCF QH VJG 8KEVQT[ QPG FQV IT

(KPP -GPFCN 7PKSWG 6JG EJCTCEVGTU QP GKVJGT UKFG QH VJG DWUV CTG GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU VJQUG QH PQ 5 6JG PQUG QH VJKU DWUV KU GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJCV QH PQ 5

5

# $WUV T YKVJ QRGP JCPF DGHQTG KP JCPF C ETQUU 4 'KIJV TC[GF U[ODQN YKVJ RGNNGV VGTOKPCNU 86#2+1.86 IT )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP /CTEJ PQ (QWPF %CKUVQT D[ 0QTYKEJ 7PKSWG 9KVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG DWUV YKVJ TCKUGF JCPF /GVECNH TGHGTU VQ VJG /GTQXKPIKCP EQKP QH 'DTQKP $KCU PQ 2CTV + PQ .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 + R VJKU EQKP 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI

12


THRYMSAS 2#&# 6JG EQKPU QH 2CFC CPF 8CPKOWPFWU OCTM VJG VTCPUKVKQP QH IQNF VQ UKNXGT 6JG[ YGTG CNN HQWPF KP 'CUV -GPV UCXG QPG YJKEJ YCU HQWPF KP .QPFQP 4KIQNF CPF VJG[ DGNQPI VQ VJG RGTKQF 2CFC YCU KP VJG RCUV VJQWIJV VQ TGHGT VQ C MKPI 6JGTG CTG VYQ MKPIU QH VJCV PCOG 2GPFC QH /GTEKC

! CPF JKU UQP 2GCFC QH VJG /KFFNG #PINGU ÅŽ 6JGUG TGURGEVKXG UVCTVKPI FCVGU QH IQXGTPOGPV CTG VQQ GCTN[ VQ CRRN[ VQ VJG EQKPU 2CFC VJGTGHQTG TGHGTU VQ VJG OQPG[GT UKOKNCT VQ 9KVOGP

5

# *GNOGVGF CPF EWKTCUUGF DWUV T 6#1 1+<08 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ 6 1 6 : : RGNNGV KP 1 6WHC YKVJ VJTGG FQVU CTQWPF VJG UVCPFCTF / 2#&# KP TWPGU / '#66 4KIQNF 2 D PQ VJKU EQKP IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 'Z 5VCEM #WMVKQP PQ 'Z 5GCD[ %QKP CPF /GFCN $WNNGVKP 'Z 5RKPM #WMVKQP PQ 'Z .CYTGPEG EQNNGEVKQP )NGPFKPKPI PQ 6JGTG CTG MPQYP URGEKOGPU $/ #UJOQNGCP $0 VJKU EQKP 6JKU EQKP KU QH C XGT[ HKPG EWV CPF XGT[ U[OOGVTKECN 1P VJG TKIJV KV ENGCTN[ TGCFU / HQT OQPG[GT 2#&# 4GCFKPI QP VJG YTKVKPI EQPVKPWGU YKVJ / '#6 QP VJG NGHV YJGVJGT VJG QVJGT 6 RQQTN[ NGIKDNG KU RCTV QH KV KU PQV SWKVG ENGCT

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

%QOOGPVCT[ CEEQORCP[KPI VJG VTCPUNCVKQP QH $GFG +P VJG &1% VJG VWHC KU FGUETKDGF CU C ŋETQYP UWTOQWPVGF D[ C HCP UJCRGF RNWOG QH RGCEQEM HGCVJGTUŌ CPF KNNWUVTCVGF CU CDQXG &1% +++ 2CTV R /C[DG KV YCU C HQTO QH JCKTFTGUU YJKEJ YCU YQTP CV KORGTKCN VTKWORJU *QY KV YCU EQPUVTWEVGF CPF YQTP KU UVKNN PQV ENGCT 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI D CPF C

5

# .CWTGCVG DWUV T Q + 60% 4 9KVJKP C EKTENG 2#&# KP TWPGU FQVVGF NKPG DGNQY 6WHC YKVJ VJTGG FQVU CV PKPG QʼnENQEM /+<%6166#6/ 4KIQNF 2C ++C IT (KPP -GPFCN 2CNG IQNF 4KIQNF ENCUUKHKGU VJG 60% V[RGU CU ++D DWV VJKU OQUV EGTVCKPN[ KU ++C VJG 0 KU XGT[ ENGCT

5

# .CWTGCVG DWUV T Q + 60% 4 9KVJKP C EKTENG 2#&# KP TWPGU FQVVGF NKPG DGNQY 6WHC YKVJ VJTGG FQVU CV PKPG QʼnENQEM /+<%6166#6/ 4KIQNF 2C++C $/% IT

2GWU (TCPMHWTV #WEVKQP PQ 'Z )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP &GE PQ )NGPFKPKPI RTQXKFGF $NCEMJGCVJ UQWVJ GCUV QH .QPFQP CU C RQUUKDNG HKPFKPI URQV +PHQTOCVKQP TGRQTVGF D[ VJG HKPFGT YJKEJ )NGPFKPKPI FQWDVGF &KG FWRNKECVG QH 4KIQNF 2C++C

13


THRYMSAS

5

# &KCFGOGF XKUKIQVJKE DWUV T ETQUU QP EQCV %08 #80% 4 +P EKTENG QH FQVU ETQUU KP VJG GFIGU TKPIU YJKEJ CTG EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU YKVJ VJG EGPVTG QH VJG ETQUU 2#&# KP TWPGU #7;0# 4KIQNF 2C +++ C VJKU EQKP $/% IT

# &KCFGOGF XKUKIQVJKE DWUV T ETQUU QP EQCV +++ #80% 4 +P EKTENG QH FQVU ETQUU KP VJG GFIGU TKPIU YJKEJ CTG EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU YKVJ VJG EGPVTG QH VJG ETQUU 2#&# KP TWPGU #808 4KIQNF 2C +++ VJKU EQKP IT

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z %QNN /CEM 5[NN #WEVKQP )NGPFKPKPI /CEM ++ PQ (TQO 5CTTG %GOGVT[ +UNG QH 6JCPGV -GPV )TCXG PQ %H #TEJGQNQIKC %CPVKCPC 8++ R 6JG )NGPFKPKPI ECVCNQIWG RTQXKFGU VJG HQNNQYKPI PQVG +V KU COWUKPI VQ PQVG /CEM U VKEMGV YJKEJ UVCVGU (QWPF KP C LWPM UJQR YKVJ CPQVJGT QPG UKOKNCT D[ /T , 0QTVJ KP KP $TKIJVQP 5RKPM ,WN[

5

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP 'Z %JKEM EQNNGEVKQP RWTEJCUGF 5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 0% PQ (TQO 5CTTG %GOGVT[ +UNG QH 6JCPGV -GPV )TCXG PQ %H #TEJGQNQIKC %CPVKCPC +++ R (QWPF KP 6JKU RWTEJCUG KP CV NCUV TGWPKVGF DQVJ EQKPU HTQO VJG ITCXG QH 5CTTG EGOGVT[ 6JG TWPGU QP VJG EQKP KP JCPF CTG FGHQTOGF EQPVTCT[ VQ VJQUG QP PQ 5

8#0+/70&75

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T Q6= ?85 4 .CVKP ETQUU WPFGT ETQUU C FQV KP VJG EQTPGTU QH VJG ETQUU % CPF 8 8#+++/80&85 /1+' 5GTKG 8C $/% IT

(KPP -GPFCN 7PKSWG 1H VJKU V[RG LWUV VJTGG URGEKOGPU CTG MPQYP GCEJ QPG KP RCNG IQNF CPF HQWPF KP (TCPEG VYQ URGEKOGPU CTG PQY CV VJG $/ VJG QVJGTU GZ EQNN 2QPVQP Fʼn#O¾EQWTV $GNHQTV CPF 2TQW 6JKU QPG YCU HQWPF KP 5QWVJ 'PINCPF 6JG TGXGTUG VGZV KU YJQNN[ NGIKDNG CPF GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU QP VJG RCNG IQNF URGEKOGPU $GNHQTV RTQXKFGU 16+#5+85 CU VJG VGZV QH PQ

5

# *GNOGVGF DWUV T ETQUU UEGRVTG QXGT UJQWNFGT Q6+ +85 4 5OCNN ETQUU KP VYQ EKTENGU QH FQVU 6/8508/8% 5GTKG 8C $/% IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z %JKEM EQNNGEVKQP RWTEJCUGF 5RKPM 0WO %KTE PQ 6JKU V[RG OCVEJGU $GNHQTV VJTQWIJ /GVECNH 6 5 R CRRTQZ URGEKOGPU 0QV TGEQTFGF D[ 4KIQNF

14


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±P OQTG RTGEKUGN[ 7PFGTPGCVJ VJKU C NKPG QH FQVU 6JG ETQYP QH VJG VJTGG VTKCPINGU KU CNUQ UGGP QP VJG *CTNKPIGP UQNKFWU NGCFKPI $QGNGU VQ DGNKGXG VJKU UQNKFWU YCU HTQO 'PINCPF 6JG UQNKFWU HQWPF KP 5EJYGKPFQTH HQWPF KP KP 'CUV (TKUKC JCU ECWUGF VJKU XKGY VQ DGEQOG QWVFCVGF $GTIJCWU VJKPMU VJKU ETQYP IQGU DCEM VQ VJCV QH UQOG 4QOCP 'ORGTQTU UGG #PINQ HTKGUKUEJG 4Ã’PGPUQNKFK KO .KEJVG FGU 0GWHWPFGU XQP 5EJYGKPFQTH R 6JG ETQYP KU CP KORQTVCPV U[ODQN QH CWVJQTKV[ WPKVKPI VJG HQTOCN UKFG QH VTCFKVKQP YKVJ KVU EQPVGPV 6JGTG CTG VJG ETQYP CU U[ODQN QH 8KEVQT[ VJG TCFKCVG ETQYP CU U[ODQN QH VJG )QF *GNKQU VJG DGCOU GOCPCVKPI HTQO JKU JGCF CPF VJG FKCFGO YJKEJ CRRGCTU KP NCVG 4QOCP VKOGU +P VJG /KFFNG #IGU VJGUG VJTGG HWUG VJGTG KU PQ GUUGPVKCN FKHHGTGPEG CP[OQTG .GZ F /KVV 8 R CPF )CPPQP R 6JG HCEG KU CNYC[U VWTPGF VQ VJG TKIJV 6JG QNFGUV URGEKOGPU UJQY CP QXCN YKVJ C FQV KP KV U[ODQNKUKPI CP GCT NCVGT VJKU EJCPIGU VQ C JCNH QXCN YKVJ C FQV KP KV $GJKPF VJG DWUV CP # DGVYGGP C TKPI CPF CP GKIJV $GHQTG VJG DWUV VJG NGVVGTU 6+% 6JG TGXGTUG CFQRVU VJG 2CFC V[RG + UVCPFCTF 6JG : : KU TGRNCEGF YKVJ > CPF VJG TKPI OQXGU VQ VJG EGPVTG QH VJG UVCPFCTF YKVJQWV C FQV 6JG VWHC YKVJ VJTGG FQVU KP KV KU MGRV QP #V VJG VQR QH VJG UVCPFCTF C FTQQRKPI CTE QP GKVJGT UKFG #TQWPF VJG UVCPFCTF VJG NGVVGTU #6 TKIJV CPF 2+ NGHV #HVGT VJG %KOKG\ JQCTF VJKU UGTKGU KU VJG OQUV NKMGN[ VQ JCXG DGGP UVTWEM KP -GPV KP VJG FC[U QH -KPI *NQVJGTG #HVGT VJG FGCVJ QH *NQVJGTG VJG UKVWCVKQP KP -GPV DGECOG GZVTGOGN[ KPUVCDNG +V YCU CVVCEMGF KP D[ 9GUUGZ %CGFYCNNC CPF /WN CPF 'UUGZ +P 9KJVTGF TGUVQTGF RGCEG 4KIQNF EQPENWFGU VJCV VJG RGTKQF YCU PQV UWKVGF HQT OKPVKPI /GVECNH EQPVKPWKPI CNQPI VJKU NKPG QH TGCUQPKPI DGNKGXGU UGTKGU # EQPVKPWGU WR VQ CPF UGTKGU % DGIKPU KP +V KU KPVGTGUVKPI VQ UGG JQY VJG UJCRG QH VJG NGVVGT 6 GXQNXGU FWTKPI VJGUG UGTKGU (QT C HWTVJGT CPCN[UGU QH VJKU EQKPCIG KV YQWNF DG CFXKUCDNG VQ HQEWU QP VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH VJG NGVVGTU

5

IT

/Ã’P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN 5[NN VJKU EQKP 6JKU EQKP ENGCTN[ UJQYU VJG NGVVGTU 2+ VQ VJG NGHV QH VJG UVCPFCTF 6JKU KU PQV VTWG HQT VJG HQNNQYKPI VYQ EQKPU YJKEJ QPN[ UJQY #6 VQ VJG TKIJV

5

IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

15


PRE-INTERLOCAL

5

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (TQO NKUV PQ (QWPF KP 9KLPCNFWO 0QXGODGT

5WDITQWR 5GTKGU # $/% C 6JG OCKP VTCKV QH VJKU UWD V[RG QH UGTKGU # KU C NKPG QH HQWT FQVU YJKEJ KU XKUKDNG DGJKPF VJG DWUV ;GV VJGTG CTG CNUQ UQOG QVJGT CNVGTCVKQPU UWEJ CU VJG GKIJV VQ VJG TKIJV QH VJG # JCU DGEQOG C TKPI VJG FTQQRKPI CTEU EQPVKPWG CV HKTUV NCVGT QP VJG[ FKUCRRGCT 6JGTG KU PQ NQPIGT C NGVVGT EQODKPCVKQP #6 2+

5

IT

5

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JKU UVKNN HGCVWTGU VJG FTQQRKPI CTEU (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG FTQQRKPI CTEU JCXG FKUCRRGCTGF

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

6JKU UWD ITQWR JCU #2# #'2# DGHQTG VJG DWUV 6JG TGXGTUG KU VJG PQTOCN UVCPFCTF GZEGRV HQT VJG VYQ FTQQRKPI CTEU YJKEJ CTG UQOGVKOGU NQECVGF CV VJG DQVVQO LWUV NKMG VJG VWHC YJKEJ KU UQOGVKOGU CV VJG VQR CPF UQOGVKOGU CV VJG DQVVQO

5

16

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ $WUV YKVJ WPWUWCNN[ NCTIG PQUG CPF CP GCT NKMG C NCTIG '


PRE-INTERLOCAL

5

IT

5

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5RKPM .QPFQP

5WDITQWR 5GTKGU % $/% C 6JKU UGEQPF UWD ITQWR YKVJ #2# #'2# HGCVWTGU C UKORNKHKGF UVCPFCTF CNN VJG U[ODQNU CTQWPF YJKEJ JCXG DGGP TGRNCEGF YKVJ ETQUUGU +PKVKCNN[ #2# #'2# KU RTGEGFGF D[ C 6 YJKEJ NCVGT FKUCRRGCTU

5

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF 5QVJGD[ PQ 'Z $QQVJ EQNNGEVKQP 9KVJ 6 .CTIG HCV HCEG YKVJ GCT NKMG C VJGVC /GVECNH 6 5 R PQVGU VJG HQNNQYKPI # HKPF HTQO 9CVVQP 0QTHQNM #UO CPF VJKU EQKP HTQO #UVQP 4QYCPV FKG FWRNKECVG QH 9CVVQP OCMG PQ VGEJPKECN OKUVCMGU KP EQR[KPI VJG FGUKIP QH % 6JG JGCF KU VQQ DKI CPF VJG XGTVKECN TQY QH RGNNGVU DGJKPF VJG JGCF YJKEJ KU PQTOCNN[ QOKVVGF KP % KU RTQOKPGPV 6JG HKGNF QH VJG TGXGTUG FKG WPFWNCVGU KP C YC[ VJCV KU VGEJPKECNN[ KPVTKIWKPI

5

IT

5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

17


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

5

IT

8KPEJQP 2CTKU 6JG FKG FKHHGTU QH YJCV KU PQTOCNN[ UGGP KP VJKU UWD ITQWR #FFKVKQPCNN[ VJG YGKIJV KU NQY IT EQORCTGF VQ CP CXGTCIG YGKIJV QH ņ IT

5

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

IT

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

5

IT

5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF )NGPFKPKPI CWEVKQP PQ KNNWUVTCVGF QP EQXGT 'Z & $ (GCVJGT EQNNGEVKQP

5

18

IT

5QVJGD[ .QPFQP . PQ 'Z 5VCEM EQNNGEVKQP


INTERLOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 5GTKGU 4 $/% C 6JG TF CPF VJ ITQWR JCXG '2# DGHQTG VJG DWUV 6JKU TF UWD ITQWR EQPVCKPU QPG V[RG VJCV FKHHGTU HTQO PQTOCN FGXGNQROGPV $GJKPF VJG DWUV CPF VQ VJG NGHV CPF VJG TKIJV QH VJG UVCPFCTF YG HKPF VJG NGVVGTU 6#6 '2# KU RTGEGFGF D[ C 6 CPF KP VJG UVCPFCTF > CTG TGRNCEGF YKVJ ^ ^ /GVECNH CFFU VJG UWD ITQWRU CPF VQ VJG UGTKGU 4 $NCEMDWTP CPF $QPUGT KP $0, R OCMG C ECUG HQT ENCUUKHKECVKQP QH DQVJ ITQWRU WPFGT UGTKGU %

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

(TQO 0% PQ 9JGP EQORCTKPI VJG FTCYKPIU CPF RJQVQU QH QVJGT URGEKOGPU /GVECNH MPQYU QH QPN[ HKXG URGEKOGPU QPG OKIJV EQPENWFG VJG[ CTG QH VJG UCOG FKG #V CP[ TCVG VJG DWUV KU XGT[ EJCTCEVGTKUVKE KPFGGF +P $GFG YG GPEQWPVGT VJG PCOG 6CVG VJG RGV PCOG QH 3WGGP #GVJGNDWTJ FCWIJVGT QH -KPI #GVJGNDGTVJ YJQ YCU OCTTKGF VQ 'FYKP -KPI QH 0QTVJWODTKC

5WDITQWR 5GTKGU %< $/% 6JKU KU CP CNVQIGVJGT FGXKCVKPI UWD ITQWR $GHQTG VJG DWUV #2# QT #'2# DGJKPF VJG JGCF C NKPG QH HQWT FQVU PQVJKPI DGJKPF VJG DWUV 6JG TGXGTUG JCU VJG PQTOCN UVCPFCTF YKVJ QPN[ C UKPING FKHHGTGPEG VJG DCUG KU QRGP CPF TGRNCEGF YKVJ C NCTIG ETQUU +P VJG UVCPFCTF 6 Q 6 VYQ FTQQRKPI CTEU CPF 6 U PGZV VQ VJG UVCPFCTF /GVECNH MPQYU QH QPN[ URGEKOGPU RTGUWOCDN[ HTQO PQTVJ GCUV 9GUUGZ

5

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (TQO NKUV PQ

+06'4.1%#. '0).+5* $WUV 4WPGP 5VCPFCTF 5GTKG 4 $/% E 6JG ENCUUKHKECVKQP KPVQ UGTKGU 4 VJTQWIJ 4 YCU CFQRVGF HTQO 6 5 R /GVECNH 6 5 R TGOCTMU VJCV UGTKGU 4 YJKEJ YCU OKPVGF KP NCTIG SWCPVKVKGU QXGT C RGTKQF QH UGXGTCN FGECFGU YGTG VJG RTKPEKRCN EQKPCIG QH VJG MKPIU QH 'CUV #PINKC

5

# 4GCNKUVKE DWUV T DGHQTG 1 '2# DGJKPF 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU CTQWPF VJG UVCPFCTF ^ QP VJG GFIG JGTG PGCTN[ ETQUUGU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ &KG FWRNKECVG QH #UO PQ 6 5 /GVECNH FGUETKDGU KV CU # KOKVCVKQP QH 4 CPF 4 KU KOKVCVKQP QH 4

19


INTERLOCAL ENGLISH

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG :'2# DGJKPF # 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU IT

# $WUV T DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF # # 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU QPG TKPI + QP GCEJ UKFG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z ,QG .KP\CNQPG EQNNGEVKQP 5VCEM CWEVKQP PQ

5

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ &GURKVG VJG HCEV VJCV VJG PGEM NKPGU CTG OKUUKPI JGTG VJKU EQKP YCU PGXGTVJGNGUU ENCUUKHKGF WPFGT V[RG CU KVU UV[NG CPF NGVVGTU OCVEJ VJCV DGUV

5

# $WUV N DGHQTG :'2# DGJKPF # 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU CTQWPF RGNNGV IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ :'2# KU TGVTQITCFG

5

5GTKG 4 $/% E # $WUV T DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF \KI\CI NKPG YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU ITGCV 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENWFGF NKPGU CTQWPF TKPI IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 6JG ETQYP TGCRRGCTU UGG CNUQ 4 CNDGKV KP C XGT[ JKIJN[ UKORNKHKGF HQTO

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF # 1 # 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU CTQWPF TKPI HQWT 6ʼnU KP VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENG QH RGNNGVU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ +P DQVJ #ʼnU DGJKPF DWUV C FQV 6JG \KI\CI NKPG UGGP KP PQ 5 JCU UWDNKOCVGF KPVQ VYQ #ʼnU

5GTKG 4 6JG ETQYP KU UKORNKHKGF GXGP OQTG RNCEGF QP C UKPING NKPG CPF VJG FQVU KP VJG ETQYP CNUQ FKUCRRGCT KP VJG EQWTUG QH VKOG 5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF # 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ 6ʼnU CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP

20


INTERLOCAL ENGLISH

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF # 6 4 5VCPFCTF HQWT 6ʼnU CTQWPF RGNNGV CDQXG CPF DGNQY 6#6 IT -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM #WEVKQP PQ 6JG V[RG 6 5 UJQYU ETQUUGU QWVUKFG QH VJG UVCPFCTF UKOKNCT VQ PQ 5

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG '2#' DGJKPF # 6 4 5VCPFCTF HQWT 6ʼnU CTQWPF RGNNGV 6WHC CDQXG CPF DGNQY # IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 4WFF .KUV PQ OGPVKQPU VJG RNCEGU +RUYKEJ QH 9QQFDTKFIG 7PRWDNKUJGF CRRCTGPVN[

5

5GTKG 4 # $WUV N DGHQTG '2# DGJKPF Z # 4 5OCNN UVCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI CPF HQWT RGNNGVU 6WHC QWVUKFG 8 IT

5GTKG 4 # %TQYPGF DWUV T $GHQTG VJG HKTUV NGVVGT KU FQWDVHWN DGJKPF 1 1 4 5VCPFCTF VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU CTQWPF TKPI HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP KNNWUVTCVGF 6JG 2 QH '2# KU TGPFGTGF D[ C UOCNN CPIWNCT E 6JG YGKIJV FQGU PQV HKV KP YKVJ VJG 4 UGTKGU +VU ENCUUKHKECVKQP KP UGTKGU 4 QT KP UGTKGU % EQPVKPWGU VQ DG FGDCVGF 0QVG KP 6 5 R 6JG .CPIHQTF HKPF KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP VJG 9 #NNGP UCNG 5QVJGD[ /CTEJ NQV 6JGTG CTG XCTKQWU .CPIHQTFU KP FKHHGTGPV EQWPVKGU DWV VJGTG KU PQ .CPIHQTF KP 'CUV #PINKC 6JG EQKP TGCRRGCTGF CU .QEMGVV +VU QTKIKP YQWNF DG /KFFNG #PINKC TCVJGT VJCP 'CUV #PINKC

5

5RKPM .QPFQP 'CUV #PINKC

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV N DGHQTG 4*; KP TWPGU 4 5VCPFCTF ETQUU YKVJ HQWT RGNNGVU KP EGPVTG VYQ KPENKPGF UVTKRGU CDQXG TGOCKPKPI QH C VWHC IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ .KPG FTCYKPI 6 5 R VJG TKIJVOQUV QH VJG HQWT VJKU EQKP 6JG TGXGTUG FKG FWRNKECVG QH #UO (KPF %CKUVQT D[ 0QTYKEJ 2TGUWOCDN[ HTQO GCUVGTP 0QTHQNM

5

5GTKG 4 6JKU UGTKGU HGCVWTGU VYQ V[RGU QH TGXGTUG QPG YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ UNQRKPI NKPGU CPF QPG YKVJ VYQ 6 U CPF VYQ TKIJV CPINGU # %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG 1 '2# DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

21


INTERLOCAL ENGLISH

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG 1 '2# DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG 1 '2# DGJKPF 1 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG ' 4 KP TWPGU TGVTQITCFG DGJKPF 1 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z *KNN EQNNGEVKQP VJKU EQKP KU UJQYP KP *KNN 6JG 5VCPFCTF CPF .QPFQP 5GTKGU QH #PINQ 5CZQP 5EGCVVCU WPFGT 0Q 2. + CPF KP *KNN 5CZQP 5EGCVVCU CPF VJGKT 2TQDNGOU WPFGT PQ 2N ++ /GVECNH EQPUKFGTU KV VQ OCTM VJG VTCPUKVKQP QH VJG $WUV JQTUG UGTKGU UGTKGU 3 VQ VJG UGTKGU 4 5GG 6 5 R

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG /+ UJQWNF DG TGCF CU '4 DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG '7 KP TWPGU DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ 6 Q 6 CPF VYQ TKIJV CPINGU QP VJG GFIG VJTGG ETQUUGU CPF \KI\CINKPG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG FGIGPGTCVGF TWPGU CTG VJG UCOG CU QP 5 /'% UWIIGUVU '7

22

# %TQYPGF DWUV N DGHQTG '2# 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP '2# TGVTQITCFG

5


INTERLOCAL ENGLISH

5

# $WUV N DGHQTG /++ DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ 6 Q 6 CPF VYQ TKIJV CPINGU HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ

5

5GTKG 4 # $WUV T DGHQTG 52+ DGJKPF # # 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ 6ʼnU CPF VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CTQWPF TKPI 6WHC YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU ^ QP VJG QVJGT GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM 'Z *KNN EQNNGEVKQP 0WO %JTQP 2N 8+ 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z %CODTKFIG JQCTF /GVECNH IKXGU VJG HQNNQYKPI HQQVPQVG 6 5 R , 'XCPU 1P C UOCNN JQCTF QH 5CZQP UEGCVVCU HQWPF PGCT %CODTKFIG 0% RN 5%$+ /CEM GZ *KNN GZ )TCPVNG[ 0% RN 0% KVGO .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R VJKU EQKP

5GTKG 4

5

/GVECNH UVCVGF 6JGUG ITQWRU DGNQPI VQ C UVKNN NCVGT UVCIG QH VJG 'CUV #PINKCP KUUWGU CPF KPVTQFWEG VYQ PGY TWPGU NGIGPFU YJKEJ CTG HQT VJG HKTUV VKOG EGTVCKPN[ RGTUQPCN PCOGU 9+)4#'& CPF 6+.$'146* 6JKU VQ O[ OKPF CNUQ KORNKGU VJCV /GVECNH FQGU PQV EQPUKFGT #2# '#2# '2# 52+ GVE VQ DG PCOGU QH OQPG[GTU # $WUV T DGHQTG 9+)4#'& DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU CTQWPF TKPI HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

5

# $WUV N DGHQTG 9+)4#'& DGJKPF 1 8 1 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU CTQWPF TKPI HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 'Z 5VCEM #WEVKQP PQ /GVECNH R (QT 9KITGCF YKVJ DWUV NGHV UGG /'%

23


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¾G CPF C ITGGM ETQUU KU RTCEVKECNN[ CNYC[U UWTTQWPFGF D[ OGCPKPINGUU U[ODQNU YJKEJ XGT[ UECTEGN[ ECP DG OCFG QWV VQ UKIPKH[ UQOGVJKPI ;GV VJGTG KU CNYC[U C ETQUU CDQXG VJG ETQUU CPF C NCTIG TKPI WPFGT KV #NVJQWIJ VJG QTKIKPU QH VJG RQTEWRKPG UGTKGU NKG OQTG VQ VJG PQTVJ VJCP VJQUG QH VJKU UGTKGU YG JCXG PGXGTVJGNGUU FGUKIPCVGF KV CU ňPQTVJGTPʼn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

EH 9 1R FGP 8GNFG & / /GVECNH 6JG /QPGVCT[ 'EQPQO[ QH VJG 0GVJGTNCPFU E E CPF VJG VTCFG YKVJ 'PINCPF # UVWF[ QP VJG 5EGCVVCU QH 5GTKGU & KP ,/2 R 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV TKIJV

5

# #2# KP TWPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G :#808

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (QWPF KP $QGT 6JKU KU QPG QH VJG HGY URGEKOGPU VJCV FKUVKPEVN[ TGCFU #2# DGHQTG VJG JGCF 6JG TGXGTUG TGCFU :#808 NGVVGTU VJCV CTG TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG NGVVGTU :#<1 HQWPF QP C PWODGT QH RQTEWRKPGU QXGT VJG EWTXG UGG UWDITQWR QH +PVGTNQECN %QPVKPGPVCN 5QWVJGTP 5GTKGU & $/% E

5

# +P HTQPV QH VJG JGCF #2# KP TWPGU PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

# # DGJKPF VJG JGCF #2# KP HTQPV KP TWPGU PGEM QH HKXG NKPGU VYQ UVTCKIJV NKPGU CPF VJTGG FQVVGF NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G IT *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV PQ (QWPF KP (TKGUNCPF 6JKU CNTGCF[ UJQYU C UQOGYJCV UV[NKUGF JGCF

6JG RTGXKQWU UEGCVVCU UJQY TWPGU DGHQTG VJG JGCF #U RCTV QH VJG TWPGU YGTG UVTWEM QWVUKFG QH VJG HNCP VJGTG KU PQ EGTVCKPV[ CU VQ YJGVJGT KV TGCFU #2# QT #'2#

5

24

# 0Q TWPGU XKUKDNG 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 4GCNKUVKE RQTVTCKV RCTVN[ DGECWUG QH VJG DGCTF YJKEJ OKIJV CNUQ DG VJG PGEM 6JKU EQKP YCU HQWPF KP PGCT )TGCV &WPOQY 'UUGZ D[ /T &CXKFIG &GUETKDGF KP %QKP 4GIKUVGT KP $0,

PQ


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (NORTHERN)

5

# 6 CPF VJTGG NKPGU EQPPGEVGF D[ UJQTV NKPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF PGEM QH VYQ VJKP NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU IT 8KPEJQP 2CTKU 6JG HQTO QH VJG JGCF KU TGCNKUVKE QH VJG OQTG TGCNKUVKE RQTVTCKVU VJKU KU VJG QPN[ QPG DGCTKPI C )TGGM ETQUU 6JG TGXGTUG CRRGCTU VQ UJQY C ETQYP QXGT VJG ETQUU

5

# .CTIG ETQYP GPFKPI DGNQY VJG JGCF PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU

5

IT

9GUVGTJQH 5PGGM #WEVKQP PQ

# #21 KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF # DGJKPF PGEM QH VJTGG NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV FGE PQ

5

# 6 + + + KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF # DGJKPF PQ PGEM 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# 6JTGG UVTKRGU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G IT

# (QWT UVTKRGU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF # DGJKPF 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP

5

IT

5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP

5

# 5V[NK\GF JGCF PGEM QH HKXG NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF

5

IT

# 5V[NK\GF JGCF HQWT NKPGU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VYQ VJKP NKPGU KP HTQPV PGEM QH VJTGG NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

25


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (NORTHERN)

5

# # DGJKPF JGCF 4 )TGGM ETQUU

IT

# 5SWCTG DGJKPF JGCF PGEM QH HQWT FQVVGF NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5 5

# *GCX[ UV[NK\GF JGCF PGEM QH VYQ NKPGU QH RGNNGVU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

# 0GCTN[ WPMPQYCDNG JGCF QPN[ TGEQIPK\CDNG D[ VJG PQUG # DGJKPF 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# *GCF YKVJ ITGCV PQUG 8 1 KP HTQPV # DGJKPF PGEM QH UKZ FQVVGF NKPGU FGIGPGTCVGF ETQYP 4 )TGGM ETQUU IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG #P CNVQIGVJGT FGXKCPV V[RG YKVJ TGICTF VQ DQVJ VJG QDXGTUG CPF VJG TGXGTUG 6JG QDXGTUG DTKPIU VQ OKPF PQ 5 UWDITQWR QH VJG DKTF QP ETQUU ITQWR KVU TGXGTUG KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ EQWTUG

5

# 5VTCPIG FTCYP JGCF PQ ETQYP DWV ITGCV PQUG # ( KP HTQPV PGEM QH VJTGG NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'ZVTGOGN[ RGEWNKCT EQKP 6JGTG KU C FKG FWRNKECVG VJCV ECOG WR YKVJ VJG 4GOOGTFGP JQCTF PQ

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV NGHV

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF N PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

%QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ (TQO 'PINCPF 8GT[ TGCNKUVKE RQTVTCKV YJKEJ JQYGXGT FQGU PQV HKV KP YGNN YKVJ VJG FGXGNQROGPV YKVJKP VJKU UWDITQWR 6JG FGUKIP QH VJG NGFIG WPFGT VJG ETQYP KU C DKV CYMYCTF CPF PQV CU UVTCKIJV CU WUWCN

26


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (NORTHERN)

5

# 6JTGG NKPGU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF # DGJKPF 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

.CP\ /Ã’PEJGP #WEVKQP PQ #U HTQO VJG HQTO QH VJG JGCF VJKU KP O[ QRKPKQP UGGOU VQ DG VJG QNFGUV V[RG EH $KCU HKI JGCF T 6JG TGXGTUG KU PKEGN[ U[OOGVTKECN CDQXG VJG ETQUU KU C ETQUU WPFGT KV C TKPI CPF CTQWPF KV QP GKVJGT UKFG C \KI\CI NKPG VJKU EQWNF DG C RTQVQV[RG

5

# .KPGU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF TWFKOGPV # DGJKPF PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU OCFG QH RGNNGVU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G IT )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF

5

# # DGJKPF VJG JGCF PGEM QH VJTGG FQVVGF NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF

5

# # DGJKPF VJG JGCF PGEM QH HQWT UVTCKIJV NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU

IT

IT

5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP

5

# (TQO VJG JGCF QPN[ C ITGCV PQUG KU XKUKDNG PGEM QH VYQ NKPGU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (QWPF KP 9KLPCNFWO

5

# 7PMPQYCDNG JGCF HQWT NKPGU GPFKPI KP RGNNGVU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF 8 1 DGJKPF PGEM QH VJTGG NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU IT

5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP

27


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (NORTHERN) 5WDITQWR 6JKU UWD ITQWR KU EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ TWPGU DGHQTG VJG JGCF KV ECP DG VQ VJG TKIJV CU YGNN CU VQ VJG NGHV VJG[ CTG CNYC[U VJG UCOG DWV FKHHGT HTQO VJG WUWCN QPGU #U VJG HKTUV CPF VJG NCUV TWPG CTG VJG UCOG CPF VJGKT HQTO OQTGQXGT UQOGYJCV TGUGODNGU PQTOCN TWPGU 1R FG 8GNFG UWIIGUVU VJCV VJKU UKORN[ OGCPU #2# 6JG SWGUVKQP TGOCKPU YJGTG YGTG VJG[ WUGF! 6JG CPUYGT OC[ VGNN WU UQOGVJKPI CDQWV VJGKT QTKIKP

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF T # DGJKPF PGEM QH HQWT NKPGU 4 )TGGM ETQUU

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (TQO 'PINCPF

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF N XGT[ UJQTV PGEM 4 )TGGM ETQUU

IT

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF N XGT[ UJQTV PGEM 4 )TGGM ETQUU 5RKPM .QPFQP

%QODKPCVKQP QH VJG ITQWRU +PVGTNQECN %QPVKPGPVCN 0QTVJGTP CPF 5QWVJGTP

5

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

28


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN) +06'4.1%#. %106+0'06#. 5176*'40 6JG OQFCN UEGCVVC V[RG KU VJG RQTEWRKPG VJG EQKP YKVJ VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE CTEJGF DCEM CPF URKM[ JCKT +VU QTKIKP YCU VJG UWDLGEV QH OWEJ URGEWNCVKQP 6JG NCVGUV UWIIGUVKQP KU HTQO &J¾PKP YJQ VJKPMU VJCV VJG RQTEWRKPG KU FGTKXGF HTQO VJG EGNVKE EQKPU QH VJG %CTPWVGU 6JG V[RGU + VJKPM NKG ENQUGUV VQ VJG RQTEWRKPG + JCXG OCTMGF RQTEWRKPG NKMG UGG PQ 5 EQODKPGF YKVJ C EGNVKE ETQUU CPF 5 EQODKPGF YKVJ C %CTKR DWUV 6JKU RQTEWRKPG NKMG HKIWTG OKIJV YGNN DG C XCTKCPV QH VJG UPCMG YG UGG QP VJG 5GFG V[RGU

EH PQ 5 CPF 5 YJKEJ OQTGQXGT EQODKPG C 5GFG EQKP 5 YKVJ C IGPWKPG RQTEWRKPG +P XKGY QH VJG OCP[ V[RGU HQWPF QP VJG EQPVKPGPV RCTVKEWNCTN[ KP &QODWTI KV KU HCKTN[ UWTG VJCV YG CTG FGCNKPI YKVJ C EQPVKPGPVCN V[RG 5VKNN KV UGGOU KP XKGY QH VJG TGXGTUG QH UWDITQWR CU UGTKGU # % PQV CNVQIGVJGT KORTQDCDNG VJCV VJG QTKIKP QH VJKU UGTKGU NKGU KP 'PINCPF /GVECNH CITGGU +V YQWNF DG CP GZVTCXCICPV J[RQVJGUKU VQ UWIIGUV VJCV VJG FKUVKPEVKXG RQTEWRKPG FGUKIP QTKIKPCVGF KP 'PINCPF YJGTG KP 'PINCPF! CPF VJGP OKITCVGF VQ VJG 4JKPG OQWVJU 6JG RQTEWRKPG YCU ENGCTN[ C VTCFG EQKP +V JCF PQ NGIGPF PGKVJGT KP TWPGU PQT KP .CVKP YTKVKPI YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH UWDITQWR YJKEJ UJQYU HQWT .CVKP NGVVGTU #RRCTGPVN[ VGZV YCU PQV PGEGUUCT[ /GVECNH UWDFKXKFGF VJKU V[RG KP C PWODGT QH UWDV[RGU # VJTQWIJ ) 6 5 R QH YJKEJ JG FGGOU HQWT VJG QNFGUV 2NWOGF DKTF UGG VJGTG 8+%1 UGG UWDITQWR ) UGG UWDITQWR CPF & UGG UWDITQWR #OQPI VJGUG HKTUV V[RGU /GVECNH FQGU PQV EQPUKFGT UWDITQWR YJKEJ VQ O[ OKPF JQYGXGT EQPUVKVWVGU VJG XGT[ DGIKPPKPI #U C EQPVKPWCVKQP QP JGT UVWF[ QH UGTKGU & 1R FGP 8GNFG CPF /GVECNH OCFG VJG UCOG UVWF[ QH UGTKGU ' 6JG[ EQNNGEVGF CNTGCF[ OQTG VJCP KVGOU VJG URGEKOGP QH VJKU EQNNGEVKQP CTG KPENWFGF VQ VTCEG VJG FKG NKPMU 6JKU UVWF[ KU UVKNN KP RTQITGUU CPF YKNN DG RWDNKUJGF UQQP 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 1DXGTUG CP CTE VQ VJG TKIJV YKVJ JCKTU URKMGU TGXGTUG VJG UVCPFCTF YKVJ 6 Q 6 > 6JG TGXGTUG KU C ENGCT KOKVCVKQP QH UGTKGU # % ;GV VJGTG KU OWEJ FQWDV CU VQ YJGVJGT KV EQPUVKVWVGU VJG RTQVQV[RG QH VJG RQTEWRKPG UGTKGU + VJKPM KV KU HQT VJG YGKIJV QH PQ 5 YJKEJ KU WPEKTEWNCVGF NKGU KP VJG UCOG TCPIG CU VJCV QH VJG # UGTKGU YJKEJ NKGU DGVYGGP CPF IT JGTG 6JG TGUV QH VJG YGKIJVU HKV UGTKGU % DGVVGT DGVYGGP CPF IT JGTG 6JKU UWDITQWR CHVGT CNN YCU ETGCVGF KP VJG UCOG RGTKQF CU VJG % UGTKGU .QYGT YGKIJVU CTG VJG TGUWNV QH YGCT WUWCNN[ CP GZEGRVKQP VQ VJKU CTG VJG NCUV VYQ PWODGTU QH VJKU UWDITQWR 5 CPF 5

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU CPF RGNNGV KPUKFG VJG CTE 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

(TCPEGUEJK $TWUUGN (TQO VJG (TCPEGUEJK NQV (TQO VJG .WVLG 5CCMUWO JQCTF QT VJG -NQUVGT $CTVJG JQCTF 6JG YGKIJV QH VJKU EQKP KU C DKV CDQXG VJG YGKIJV KP VJG # UGTKGU 5GTKGU ' $/%

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (QWPF KP 8TQWYGPRQNFGT KP /C[ +V UGGOU FQWDVHWN VJCV VJGTG KU C ETQUU NGHV QH VJG UVCPFCTF 2QUUKDN[ FKG FWRNKECVG QH PQ 5 6JG EQKP KU UQOGYJCV YQTP JGPEG VJG NQYGT YGKIJV

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ GKIJV ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JKU ENGCTN[ UJQYU GKIJV ETQUUGU CTQWPF VJG UVCPFCTF UGRCTCVGF D[ FQVU +V KU PQV KORQUUKDNG VJCV VJG PWODGTU 5 CPF 5 CNUQ JCXG GKIJV ETQUUGU

29


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU DGNQY TKPI KP HTQPV 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

%QKP +PXGUVOGPV .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ

5

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU DGNQY TKPI KP HTQPV 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ TQYU QH RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT

# #TE NKPG ETQUU CPF 1+++ DGNQY 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG CPF QTPCOGPV KP VJG CPINGU IT

'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG RQTEWRKPG NQQMU NKMG C RTKOKVKXG HQTO QH VJG RNWOGF DKTF +VU YGKIJV KU NQY FWG VQ YGCT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# #TE PQ RGNNGV VJTGG NKPGU CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU DGNQY ETQUU DGHQTG CTE 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT ETQUUGU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG QTPCOGPVU KP VJG CPINGU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV VYQ VYKIU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 5VCPFCTF VJG 6ʼnU CTG ITGCVGT VJCP WUWCN RGNNGV DGVYGGP VJG UVTKRGU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6[RG YKVJ VYQ VYKIU KU WPMPQYP

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG QDXGTUG UJQYU VJG CTE FGXGNQRKPI C TQWPFGT HQTO VJG TGXGTUG 6ʼnU CTG TGRNCEGF YKVJ OQTG GNGICPV 6ʼnU CPF VJG NKPGU YKVJ 6ʼnU QT QVJGT QTPCOGPVU 6JG YGKIJVU DGEQOG NQYGT JGTG VJG[ XCT[ DGVYGGP CPF IT

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 6JTGG RGNNGVU DGVYGGP VJG +ʼnU KP VJG UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF 6ʼnU CTQWPF IT *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

6JG VYQ 6ʼnU CPF +ʼnU CTG XGT[ DGCWVKHWN FGUKIPGF

30


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# 5VTQPI EWTXGF #TE VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 6 KP HTQPV 4 1PG 6 EQPPGEVGF YKVJ CP + EH NCUV PQ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP ETGUEGPV 6ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5

# #TE YKVJ C NQV QH SWKNNU VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 6YQ 6ʼnU QPG TKPI CPF QPG ETGUEGPV YKVJKP VJG UVCPFCTF IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# #TE YKVJ NKPG QH RGNNGVU QP VJG QWVGT GFIG EH UWDITQWR (TCPGMGT V[RG ++06 DGNQY 4 6YQ 6ʼnU QPG ETQUU CPF QPG NKPG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJG TKPI KP EGPVTG KU TGRNCEGF D[ C FQV IT

%QKP +PXGUVOGPV FGP *CCI #WEVKQP PQ

5

# #TE YKVJ XCIWG NKPG QH RGNNGVU QP VJG QWVGT GFIG HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 6YQ NCVKP ETQUUGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU YKVJKP VJG UVCPFCTF CTQWPF C TKPI IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE VJG TGXGTUG UJQYU C FGUKIP FKHHGTGPV VQ VJCV QH UWDITQWRU CPF

5

# 5VTQPI EWTXGF CTE YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU QP KV VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT RGNNGVU CTQWPF HQWT 6ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 4KPI CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP FQWDNGF UVCPFCTF

IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

31


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV VYQ RGNNGVU QP VJG CTE VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT VKOGU VJTGG RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 6 N QH UVCPFCTF IT

%QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ

5

# #TE VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY VJG QWVGT NKPG EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJG CTE VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 4KIJV CPING 6 + CPF 8 YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 'Z /CNEQNO 5JKGNFU EQNNGEVKQP 6JG HCEV VJCV QP VJG QDXGTUG VJG WRRGTOQUV NKPG YKVJKP VJG CTE EQPPGEVU VQ VJG GPF QH VJG CTE KU TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG 8+%1 EQKPU UGG UWDITQWR CPF VJG NGVVGTU KP VJG UVCPFCTF CNUQ TGUGODNG VJGUG HQWT NGVVGTU 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU RTQNQPIGF UKFGU QH VJG UVCPFCTF

5

# #TE GPFKPI KP RGNNGV 1 8 CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 (QWT NKPGU CPF TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF RGNNGVU CPF UVTKRGU QP VJG GFIG IT %QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ %QWNF VJG UVTKRGU T QH VJG UVCPFCTF DG NGVVGTU!

5

# %QCTUG #TE YKVJ RGNNGV QP KV VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY XGT[ UVTQPI URKM[ JCKT 4 5KZ ETGUEGPVU VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF QPG TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU CPF VYQ SWKNNU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JKU EQKP YCU UVTWEM XGT[ EQCTUGN[ YJKEJ OC[ DG VJG TGCUQP HQT KVU JKIJGT YGKIJV VJCP VJG RTGXKQWU EQKPU

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG QDXGTUG CTE KU CNYC[U VGTOKPCVGF D[ VJG WRRGTOQUV NKPG YKVJKP VJG CTE 6JG TGXGTUG TGCFU 8+%1 KP VJG UVCPFCTF 6JG YGKIJV QH VJG 8+%1 EQKPU KU UWDUVCPVKCNN[ JKIJGT VJCP VJCV QH VJG QVJGT UWDITQWRU YKVJ VJG GZEGRVKQP QH QPG /GTQXKPIKCP EQKPU UQOGVKOGU UJQY VJG YQTF 8+%1 EKV[ &QGU VJCV OGCP VJKU UWDITQWR OC[ DG CVVTKDWVGF VQ C EGTVCKP EKV[! ,WUV CU NCVGT YCU VJG ECUG YKVJ $10# 7VTGEJV ! WPFGT %JCTNGOCIPG 2CTV + PQ 6KGN CPF &GXGPVGT EH 2CTV + PQ CPF

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU DGNQY VTKCPING KP HTQPV 4 8+%1 CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF SWKNNU CDQXG NKPG N IT #WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ /GVECNH R V[RG D

32


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU RGNNGVU CPF VTKCPING DGNQY ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 8+%1 CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF NKPG N IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU DGNQY VTKCPING KP HTQPV FQVVGF NKPG CDQXG 4 8+%1 CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT RGNNGVU N IT /Ã’P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO CWVWOP PQ

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 8+%1 CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF

IT

#WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG QDXGTUG CTE KU IKTFGF D[ C DQTFGT QH FQVU QP DQVJ UKFGU 6JG TGXGTUGU XCT[ EQPUKFGTCDN[ 6JKU UWDITQWR KU MPQYP CU VJG (TCPGMGT V[RG

5

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ NKPG QH RGNNGVU VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 6 Q 6 > YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 8ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT

# %TWFG CTE YKVJ RGNNGV QP KV UWTTQWPFGF D[ NKPGU QH RGNNGVU HQWT NKPGU DGNQY 4 5VCPFCTF 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT ETQUUGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU CPF HQWT TKIJV CPINGU QP VJG GFIG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG TGXGTUG DTKPIU VQ OKPF UGTKGU # CPF %

5

$QWIJV &GMMGT EQNNGEVKQP $QWIJV 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO QP 6JKU V[RG JCU C NQV KP EQOOQP YKVJ VJG ) UGTKGU

5

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ NKPGU QH RGNNGVU HQWT NKPGU DGNQY VTKCPING DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VJTGG ETQUUGU NKPG CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF TQYU QH RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT %QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ *GTG CICKP VJG ) UGTKGU EQOGU VQ OKPF

33


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ NKPG QH RGNNGVU VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY + 1 : KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VJTGG ETQUUGU NKPG CPF RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF RGNNGVU CPF 8ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT X F &WUUGP /CCUVTKEJV #WEVKQP PQ 6JG ETQUUGU KP VJG UVCPFCTF CTG OWEJ VJKPPGT CPF OQTG KTTGIWNCT VJCP VJQUG QH PQ 5 8CTKGV[ ( UGG /GVECNH 6 5 R GV UGSS VJKU V[RG KU PQV NKUVGF VJGTG

5

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ VYQ NKPGU QH RGNNGVU CTTQY DGVYGGP 8 CPF : DGNQY 4 4KPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU ETQUU CPF NKPG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ QPG NKPG QH RGNNGVU VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY TKPI CPF ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 4KIJV CPING TKPI CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5

# #TE UWTTQWPFGF D[ NKPG QH RGNNGVU VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV LWPG PQ

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE #V VJG GPF QH VJG CTE KU CP VTKCPING NQQMKPI NKMG C HCEG /GVECNH XCT &

5

# #TE HQWT NKPGU DGNQY VTKCPING KP HTQPV NQQMKPI NKMG CP G[G 4 4KPI VYQ CPINGU CPF RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP #NVJQWIJ VJKU EQKP FQGU PQV UJQY C FKUVKPEV VTKCPING VJG G[G OKIJV DG TGICTFGF CU KVU RTGFGEGUUQT 6JG TGXGTUG VQQ FKHHGTU HTQO VJG PQTOCN V[RGU

5

# #TE VTKCPING YKVJ NKPG CPF RGNNGV KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ +ʼnU CPF VYQ 8ʼnU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

-TKEJGNFQTH 5VWVVICTV #WEVKQP PQ 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU UQOG NKMGPGUU VQ VJG RTGXKQWU PWODGT 5

34


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE YKVJ RGNNGVU QP KV VTKCPING YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU KP HTQPV VJTGG RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 6 Q 6 > YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG 6JG TGXGTUG KU TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG TGXGTUG QH 5GTKGU # CPF % UCXG HQT VJG 6ʼnU YJKEJ CTG HKPKUJGF PKEGT HQT VJKU UGG UWDITQWR

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV QP KV 8 YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 4KPI VYQ 6ʼnU CPF 8ʼnU ETQUU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP (TQO NKUV 1EVQDGT PQ 6JG 6ʼnU QP VJG TGXGTUG CTG EWV KP VJG UCOG UV[NG CU QP VJG RTGXKQWU PWODGT 5 6JG QDXGTUG VTKCPING KU PQV EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG CTE YJKEJ EQWNF OGCP KV DGNQPIU VQ UWDITQWR (QWPF KP (TKGUNCPF

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF OCFG QH ITGCVGT RGNNGVU IT *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING TKPI YKVJ RGNNGV ETQUU CPF 6 # + 8 DGNQY 4 4KPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU VYQ NKPGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VYQ ETGUEGPVU CPF 0 8 ++ 6 QP VJG GFIG 6 XGT[ ENGCT XKUKDNG IT

#U HCT CU MPQYP VJG V[RG YKVJ VJKU TGXGTUG FQGU PQV QEEWT

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING TKPI ETQUU CPF 6 # + 8 DGNQY 4 4KPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU VYQ NKPGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VYQ ETGUEGPVU CPF 0 8 ++ 6 QP VJG GFIG IT . 5EJWNOCP $WUUWO #WEVKQP PQ 6JG QDXGTUG KU RTQDCDN[ C FKG FWRNKECVG QH PQ 5 VJG TGXGTUG OQUV NKMGN[ KU PQV (QWPF PGCT VJG 'IOQPF CDDG[ 0GVJGTNCPFU

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING ETQUU CPF RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 5OCNN UVCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI 6ʼnU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP %QWTUGN[ UVTWEM

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING 6 QT ETQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP TKPI DGNQY 4 5OCNN UVCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI UQOG OCTMU QP VJG GFIG IT

*GP\GP #OGTQPIGP

35


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING QPG UOCNN CPF QPG NQPI NKPG DGNQY 4 4KPI CPF HQWT UVTKRGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG (TQO NKUV PQ (QWPF KP 5NCRRGVGTR

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING TKPI CPF ETQUU DGNQY 4 4KPI YKVJ HQWT CPINGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF (KPP -GPFCN #TE CPF VTKCPING HQTO C HCEG VJCV UGGOU VQ DG UOKNKPI

5

IT

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING NKPG YKVJKP 6 TKPI 8 CPF NKPGU DGNQY 4 4KPI VYQ NKPGU CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 6ʼnU RGNNGVU CPF 8ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ +PUGEV NKMG DQF[ YKVJ HQTGNGI /QTG KPVGTGUVKPIN[ FTCYP VJCP PQTOCN YKVJ OCP[ U[ODQNU KP VJG HKGNF *KIJ YGKIJV

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG CTE JCU PQY C URGEKCN UJCRG QH VTKCPING 6JG UVCPFCTF JCU RGNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT JQTK\QPVCN NKPGU /GVECNH XCT ) 6JG JQCTF )QVKPI -NKHH (ÃŒJT UJQYGF C TGNCVKXGN[ NCTIG PWODGT QH VJKU V[RG *CV\ UWDFKXKFGF VJGO KP UWDV[RGU ) *CV\ &GT /Ã’P\HWPF XQO )QVKPI -NKHH (ÃŒJT 0WO 5VWFKGP PQ *CODWTI

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING CPF VYQ RGNNGVU QP KV TKIJV CPING NKPG NQ\GPIG YKVJ RGNNGV DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VWHC QP VJG GFIG IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING CPF VYQ RGNNGVU QP KV TKIJV CPING NKPG CPF RGNNGV DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT /Ã’P\GP W /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO NKUV CWVWOP PQ # UKOKNCT V[RG ECP DG HQWPF KP 0% PQ KVU TGXGTUG CNUQ UJQYU C VWHC

36


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN)

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV QP KV UKZ RGNNGVU TKIJV CPING CPF ETQUU DGNQY 4 (QWT NKPGU VYQ RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF NKPG DGNQY 4 4KPI KP RGNNGV CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING CPF VYQ RGNNGVU QP KV VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF CPING YKVJ ETQUU DGNQY 4 4KPI KP RGNNGV CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ %H $0, /GVE R

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG CTE YKVJ VTKCPING PQY JCU VYQ RGNNGVU IKXKPI OQTG CRRGCTCPEG QH C HCEG +P HTQPV CTG HQWT NGVVGTU :#<1 6JG TGXGTUG TGOCKPU VJG UCOG

5 # 2QTEWRKPG CU C HCEG :#<1 DGNQY 4 4KPI KP RGNNGV CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF

IT

5

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# 2QTEWRKPG CU C HCEG :#<1 DGNQY 4 4KPI KP RGNNGV CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF

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5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE +PUGEV NKMG PQV VQ DG EQPHWUGF YKVJ VJG UWDITQWR +PUGEV NKMG OGPVKQPGF WPFGT PQ 5 CPF 5

5

# #TE YKVJ UOCNN VTKCPING VYQ RGNNGVU DGPV NKPG CPF USWCTG DGNQY 4 4KPI KP RGNNGV CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ /GVECNH V[RG ) )TQWR ) HTQO VJG CTVKENG QH $NCEMDWTP CPF $QPUGT KP $0, R YJGTG KV KU UJQYP WPFGT PQ

37


INTERLOCAL CONTINENTAL (SOUTHERN) 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 6JG QDXGTUG CTE PQY RQKPVU VQYCTFU VJG NGHV

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING QP VJG N VJG SWKNNU CTG CTVKEWNCVGF HQWT RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 5OCNNGT USWCTG YKVJ EGPVTCN RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJG EQTPGTU LQKPGF VQ VJG QWVGT EQTPGTU D[ NKPGU HQWT NKPGU CV VJG UKFGU IT

(KPP -GPFCN # YJQNN[ WPMPQYP RQTEWRKPG 9KVJ VJG CTE JCXKPI YCPFGTGF VQYCTFU VJG GFIG QH VJG HNCP VJG URKMGU VQ VJG TKIJV ECP DG UGGP VQ JCXG CP GZVGPUKQP VQYCTFU VJG NGHV

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING QP VJG N VYQ RGNNGVU KP VJG VTKCPING CPF VYQ HWTVJGT RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 %TQUU CPF NKPGU CTQWPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM 'Z *KNN EQNNGEVKQP

5

# #TE YKVJ VTKCPING QP VJG N VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF \KI\CINKPG DGNQY 4 6YQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VQ 6ʼnU CTQWPF EKTENG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

/Ã’P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN

5

# ŋ(NCVŌ CTE GPENQUKPI VJTGG NKPGU 4 6JTGG NKPGU CPF C TKIJV CPING TQWPF EGPVTCN RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

%QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ

5

38

# #TE GPENQUKPI HQWT RGNNGVU 4 .KPGU CTQWPF EKTENG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF NKPGU CV QPG UKFG VWHC!

%QKP +PX .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ IT (QWPF KP 5EJCNUWO (TKGUNCPF (TKUKC 0GVJGTNCPFU 6JG YGKIJV KU JCNH VJCV QH C PQTOCN RQTEWRKPG 6JG UKFGU QH VJKU UVCPFCTF CTG CDQWV QH VJG PQTOCN UVCPFCTF %QWNF VJKU DG CP QDQN NKMG JCNH UEGCVVC!


LOCAL ENGLISH

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

*'./'6'& $756

5EGCVVC EQKPCIG KP OCP[ CURGEVU TGHNGEVU /GTQXKPIKCP KPHNWGPEG 5VKNN VJKU KU RGTJCRU VJG QPN[ ITQWR VJCV DGIKPU YKVJ C V[RG VJCV KU C HCKVJHWN EQR[ QH C /GTQXKPIKCP EQKP #U VJG HKTUV EQKP KP VJG ITQWR YCU PQV FKUEQXGTGF WPVKN VJGTG YCU KPKVKCNN[ C NQV QH FQWDV QXGT YJGVJGT VJKU V[RG YCU #PINQ 5CZQP QT /GTQXKPIKCP 6JKU YCU CIITCXCVGF D[ VJG HCEV VJCV MPQYP URGEKOGPU YGTG XGT[ NKOKVGF CU PQ 5 HQT KPUVCPEG +V YCU QPN[ CHVGT C UKIPKHKECPV PWODGT QH VJGO ECOG WR YKVJ VJG #UVQP 4QYCPV JQCTF KP VQVCN QH YJKEJ CTG MGRV KP VJG $/ VJCV VJG V[RG EQWNF EQPENWUKXGN[ DG UCKF VQ DG #PINQ 5CZQP %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 1DXGTUG UQOGVKOGU FGETKDGF CU YKVJ DTQCF TKOOGF JCV 6JG ETQUU DGJKPF VJG DWUV KU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VGZV QT C TGUKFW QH KV 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU C ETQUU QP UVGRU RGNNGV DGVYGGP VJG UVGRU 6JG JGNOGVGF DWUV VQ O[ OKPF KU CP GZCORNG QH C YCTTKQT MKPI (QT VJKU UGTKGU UGG 5GTKGU ( KP 0% %:+ R

5WDITQWR

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

5

# $WUV T YKVJ DTQCF TKOOGF JCV OQTG PWOGTQWU RGNNGVU VQ TGRTGUGPV JCKT #8'10' /10' 4 %TQUU QP VYQ UVGRU PQ RGNNGV DGVYGGP CTQWPF VJG ETQUU 6 1 1 1 1 6 #86+<1&'1%+ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ &KG FWRNKECVG QH TGXGTUG KP *WPVGTKCP 5%$+ + PQ 5GTKGU ( $/% D

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6 5 R UWDFKXKFGF VJG URGEKOGPU MPQYP VQ JKO KPVQ ITQWRU # FKXKUKQP KPVQ VYQ ITQWRU QH QDXGTUGU UGGOU OQTG UGPUKDNG C PGEM YKVJQWV C EGPVTG NKPG CPF QPG YKVJ UWEJ C NKPG +P CFFKVKQP V[RGU QH TGXGTUG OC[ DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF C VQ I +P VJG HQNNQYKPI QPN[ EQODKPCVKQPU YKNN DG TGHGTTGF VQ 5

# 81+%0/'116 4 + 1%&06&1+ )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN 8GKNKPI )NGPFKPKPI PQ PQ 'Z .CYTGPEG EQNNGEVKQP 6[RG C C

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39


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

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40

9KNNGOU $GPPGMQO (TQO 0% PQ 6[RG D G

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5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVD 5WTJWKUVGTX #V VJG OQOGPV QH UGNNKPI VJKU EQKP JCF DGGP KP VJG RQUUGUUKQP QH VJG 5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM HQT CDQWV [GCTU

#UVQP 4QYCPV JQCTF! 6[RG D E

5

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ʼnU EQPSWGUV QH VJG +UNG QH 9KIJV KP RCTVN[ DGECWUG YG JCXG PQ OGCPU QH LWFIKPI VJG FCVG QH KPVTQFWEVKQP QH 9 KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJCV GXGPV 6 5 R 4GEGPVN[ /GVECNH JCF VJG QRRQTVWPKV[ VQ OCMG C PGY EQTRWU QH UGTKGU 9 *G ECOG VQ VJG EQPENWUKQP VJCV VJG UGTKGU 9 JCF VQ DG RNCEGF CV VJG XGT[ DGIKPPKPI QH C UGEWPFCT[ RJCUG RGTJCRU KP VJG RTKOCT[ RJCUG 6JG UGTKGU YCU OKPVGF KP 5QWVJGTP 9GUUGZ KP VJG VKOG RTKOCT[ *COYKE FKFP V GZKUV *G FKUVKPIWKUJ VJTGG XGTKGVKGU YKVJ C PWODGT QH UWD XCTKGVKGU %H & / /GVECNH 6JG HKTUV UGTKGU QH 5EGCVVCU OKPVGF KP 5QWVJGTP 9GUUGZ 5GTKGU 9 KP $0, R

5

# $CTGJGCFGF DWUV T YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU 4 6YQ ETQUUGU QPG YKVJ UKFG NKODU QXGT GCEJ QVJGT YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP $GPVNG[ PGCT +RUYKEJ 5WHHQNM KP 5COG QDXGTUG FKG CPF RTQDCDN[ TGXGTUG FKG CU $NCEMDWTP $QPUGT PQ C CPF C VJKU QPG KU CV VJG #UJOQNGCP CPF %QKP 4GIKUVGT PQ 5GG CNUQ $0, %QKP 4GIKUVGT PQ CPF $0, %QKP 4GIKUVGT PQ $NCEMDWTP $QPUGT VCMKPI UVQEM KP $#4 R (KPFU HTQO 0QTVJ 'CUV .KPEQNPUJKTG JCXG FKXKFGF VJG EQKPU KPVQ HQWT ITQWRU $QVJ HKTUV V[RGU CTG 'PINKUJ DWV VJG VYQ QVJGTU DGKPI 'PINKUJ KU FWDKQWU $NCEMDWTP $QPUGT V[RG C LWUV VJTGG V[RGU YGTG MPQYP CV VJG VKOG 5GTKGU 9 $/% +NNWUVTCVGF CU NKPG FTCYKPI KP /GVECNH WPFGT C XCTKGV[ XCTKGV[ $ 8CTKGV[ +$ NQQMU NKMG XCTKGV[ +#

5

# $CTGJGCFGF DWUV T YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU NKODU GPFKPI KP TKPIU 4 %TQUU YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG CPF ETQUUGU KP VJG CPINGU IT

# $WUV T YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU 4 %TQUU YKVJ ETQUUGU KP VJG CPINGU

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP $GTMUJKTG KP $NCEMDWTP $QPUGT V[RG D LWUV QPG V[RG YCU MPQYP CV VJG VKOG 5GTKGU 9 $/% 0QV OGPVKQPGF KP /GVECNH 8CTKGV[ XCTKGV[ # 6JKU URGEKOGP NQQMU NKMG HKI D 'ZEGRV VJKU QPG /GVECNH MPQYU QH URGEKOGP

5

IT

(KPP -GPFCN 7PKEWO 5GTKGU 9 $/% /GVECNH MPQYU QPN[ QPG URGEKOGP XCTKGV[ XCTKGV[ & HKI D HTQO 5QWVJ .KPEQNPUJKTG PQY KP VJG #DTCOUQP EQNNGEVKQP VJG YGKIJV KU NQY IT +V UGGOU PQV KORQUUKDNG VJCV VJG URGEKOGP KP VJG #DTCOUQP EQNNGEVKQP KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH VJKU QPG

41


LOCAL ENGLISH (+684 5#41#.&# 6JKU ITQWR EQPVCKPU VYQ V[RGU VJCV VQ CP GZVGPV CTG TGNCVGF +P VJGKT CTVKENG 5KPING HKPFU QH #PINQ 5CZQP CPF 0QTOCP %QKPU R KP $0, $NCEMDWTP CPF $QPUGT WPFGT PQ RTQXKFG CP QXGTXKGY QH VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH YJCV KU MPQYP CU VJG (KVWT ITQWR 6JG[ EJCTCEVGTKUG KV CU C UOCNN EQJGTGPV ITQWR QH UEGCVVC C VJGQT[ EQTTQDQTCVGF D[ VJG NGIKDNG VGZV QP PQ 5

5

# *GCF T TKPI DGHQTG 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ (+648 CPF RGNNGV KP EGPVTG 5 8+ 8+ QP VJG GFIG IT

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

5

# $WUV T PGEM CU C VTKCPING JCKT QH NKPGU YKVJQWV RGNNGVU 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ UCNVKTG VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ EQTPGT 5# 41# . &1 6 QP VJG GFIG TGVTQITCFG VJGTG KU CNUQ C RQUUKDKNKV[ VJCV VJG 6 KU CV VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG VGZV IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG $NCEMDWTP $QPUGT CTVKENG OGPVKQPU HKXG URGEKOGPU CNN QH VJGO UJQYKPI C NGIGPF VJCV KU CNN DWV KPFGEKRJGTCDNG 6JG TGCUQP VJCV VJKU V[RG KU MPQYP CU 5CTQCNFQ PGXGTVJGNGUU NKGU KP VJG HCEV VJCV CP CPCNQIQWU URGEKOGP QH VJG (+684 EQKP YJKEJ JCU C ETQUU YKVJ HQWT FQVU KP VJG UVCPFCTF KPUVGCF QH (+684 UJQYU VJG YQTF 5#41#.&1 +P O[ QRKPKQP VJKU KU VJG QPN[ URGEKOGP VJCV JCU VJKU VGZV QP YJKEJ 5#41#.&1 KU NGIKDNG

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

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF T 8'4085 KP HTQPV 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VWHC YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU ETQUUGU CV VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

42


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF T 8'4085 KP HTQPV 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ VWHC YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU VJTGG ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP /KFFNGUGZ 1DXGTUG KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH PQ 5

5

# %TQYPGF JGCF T YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU DGNQY 8'0185 KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

4WFF #[NUJCO (TQO NKUV PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 6JG CPIWNCT JGCF KU VJG UCOG CU QP VJG VYQ RTGXKQWU PWODGTU DWV VJG G[G KU OKUUKPI + DGNKGXG VJKU EQKP KU HTQO VJG UCOG OKPV CU DQVJ RTGXKQWU DGECWUG QH VJG UJCRG QH VJG NGVVGT ' 6JG TGXGTUG KU CNUQ VJG UCOG CU VJCV QH VJG VYQ RTGXKQWU EQKPU YJGVJGT VJG QDLGEV KU C VWHC ECPPQV DG UCKF

5WDITQWR 6JKU KU ENGCTN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJG NCUV #NDGKV VJKU UWD ITQWR TGVCKPU VJG CPIWNCT UJCRG QH VJG JGCF VJG ETQYP KU TGRNCEGF YKVJ URKM[ JCKT 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU C UNKIJVN[ FKHHGTGPV FGUKIP QH VJG UVCPFCTF DWV VJG VWHC KU MGRV QP # HKPG GZCORNG QH VJKU UWD ITQWR KU RTQXKFGF D[ VJG /GTQXKPIKCP EQKP HTQO 3WGPVQXKE EH 2CTV + PQ 6JG JGCF KU VJG UCOG CU KU VJG URKM[ JCKT CPF VJG NGVVGTU 1 0 CU RCTV QH #.+01/1 OQPG[GT #NFKPWU ECP DG TGCF DGHQTG VJG JGCF VJWU UJQYKPI RCTV QH 8GTPWU PWU

5

# *GCF T YKVJ URKM[ JCKT 1 1 0 KP HTQPV VJG UGEQPF 1 KU FQWDVHWN 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI HQWT JQTK\QPVCN UVTKRGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 6WHC IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF 6JKU EQKP EQPPGEVU VQ VJG NCUV QH UWD ITQWR KV JCU PQ G[G GKVJGT DWV CP CTE KPUVGCF KP VJG UCOG RNCEG CU CNN V[RGU QH UWD ITQWR 6JG HCEG KU UJQTV

5

# *GCF T YKVJ URKM[ JCKT 1 ! 0 KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ XGTVKECN NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF 8 QP VJG GFIG IT 4WFF #[NUJCO (TQO NKUV PQ (QWPF KP 2QVVGTUDWT[ 0QTVJCORVQPUJKTG QP 5GRVGODGT '/% 6JG G[G TGVWTPU VJQWIJ CPIWNCTN[ UJCRGF 6JG HCEG KU NQPI CU KP PQ 5

43


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# *GCF T YKVJ URKM[ JCKT 0 KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 8 QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG HCEG KU UJQTV CICKP CU KP PQ 5

5

# *GCF PGCTN[ WPMPQYCDNG YKVJ URKM[ JCKT ETQUU CPF UQOG NGVVGTU KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI HQWT JQTK\QPVCN UVTKRGU CPF VYQ RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU QP VJG GFIG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP 6JG HCEG JCU CNOQUV FKUCRRGCTGF PQY

5WDITQWR 6JGTG KU PQ HCEG CP[OQTG KP VJKU UWD ITQWR 6JG FGRKEVKQP QH VJG QDXGTUG KU C NKVVNG DKV RTQDNGOCVKE

5

# 0GCTN[ WPXKUKDNG KNNWUVTCVKQP 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYQ 6ʼnU CPF VYQ UVTKRGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN 6JG FGUKIP QH VJG UVCPFCTF QP VJG TGXGTUG KU UNKIJVN[ TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG QNFGUV UJCRG DWV KVU RQQT YQTMOCPUJKR VQ O[ OKPF RTGENWFGU C RTQXGPCPEG KP VJG GCTNKGUV RGTKQF

44


LOCAL ENGLISH 0QY EQOG C PWODGT QH ITQWRU YKVJ CPKOCNU YJKEJ CNN JCXG C OQTG QT NGUU %JTKUVKCP QT RCICP OGCPKPI RGEMKPI DKTF KPEN RGCEQEMU FTCIQP FTCIQPʼn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

6JG RGCEQEM KU CNUQ KPENWFGF CU KVU UV[NG KU XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ VJG QVJGT DKTFU 6JG RGCEQEM ECP DG FKUVKPIWKUJGF D[ VJG ETGUV QP KVU JGCF CPF D[ VJG OKUUKPI XKPGU 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJKU UWD ITQWR KU VJG HCEKPI JGCF HTCOGF D[ CP QXCN QP VJG QDXGTUG IKTFGF D[ TQWPFGNU YKVJ FQVU KP VJGO CPF KVU RGCEQEM QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JG OKPV KU 5QWVJCORVQP *COYKE 2GCEQEMU CTG %JTKUVQNQIKECN U[ODQNU QH KOOQTVCNKV[ CPF QH VJG TGUWTTGEVKQP DGECWUG VJGKT HNGUJ YCU TGRWVGF VQ DG KPEQTTWRVKDNG )CPPQP R 2GCEQEMU ECP CNUQ DG HQWPF KP VJG $QQM QH -GNNU /GVECNH GZVGPUKXGN[ FGUETKDGU VJKU UWD ITQWR KP JKU CTVKENG 6JG EQKPU CPF RQVVGT[ HTQO *COYKE R GV UGSS 6JG HQNNQYKPI FGUETKRVKQPU TGUV WRQP JKU QXGTXKGY QP R ECVGIQTKUCVKQP CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG PWODGT QH TQWPFGNU 6JG HCEKPI JGCF ENGCTN[ GZJKDKVU VTCKVU QH VJG 9QFCP EQKPU UGG WPFGT &CPKUJ (TKUKCP 'PINKUJ 6JG OQVKH ECP DG HQWPF DCEM QP VJG QNFGUV UGTKGU QH &CPKUJ EQKPU UGG /CNOGT SWQVGF KP VJG UGEVKQP &CPKUJ (TKUKCP 'PINKUJ 6JCV VJG EQKPU QH *COYKE UJQY &CPKUJ KPHNWGPEGU UVCPFU VQ TGCUQP CU KV YCU VJG OCKP RQTV QH VJG TGIKQP

5

# *GCF KP QXCN UJKGNF UWTTQWPFGF D[ RGNNGVU TQWPFGNU CTQWPF RGNNGV KPUKFG DGVYGGP VJG TQWPFGNU C RGNNGV 4 2GCEQEM T VYQ RGNNGVU CPF VYQ TQWPFGNU KP HKGNF RGNNGV KPUKFG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 5GTKGU * $/% 6[RG E

5

# *GCF KP QXCN UJKGNF UWTTQWPFGF D[ RGNNGVU TQWPFGNU CTQWPF RGNNGV KPUKFG DGVYGGP VJG TQWPFGNU C RGNNGV DGNQY C ETQUU 4 2GCEQEM T QPG RGNNGV CPF QPG TQWPFGN KP HKGNF RGNNGV KPUKFG C ETQUU YKVJ HQWT RGNNGVU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP 6[RG C

45


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# *GCF KP QXCN UJKGNF UWTTQWPFGF D[ RGNNGVU TQWPFGNU RGNNGV KPUKFG DGVYGGP VJG TQWPFGNU C RGNNGV DGNQY C ETQUU DGVYGGP RGNNGVU 4 2GCEQEM T QPG RGNNGV CPF VYQ TQWPFGNU KP HKGNF RGNNGV KPUKFG IT

# *GCF KP QXCN UJKGNF UWTTQWPFGF D[ RGNNGVU TQWPFGNU CTQWPF RGNNGV KPUKFG DGVYGGP VJG TQWPFGNU C RGNNGV DGNQY RGNNGVU 4 2GCEQEM T QPG RGNNGV CPF QPG TQWPFGN KP HKGNF RGNNGV KPUKFG ETQUU QH HKXG RGNNGVU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ (QWPF 9GUVJCOPGVV PGCT %JKEGUVGT 6[RG C

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6[RG D LWUV C UKPING FQV DGVYGGP VJG TQWPFGNU CPF FKHHGTGPV JGCF

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJG QDXGTUG KU C OCP UVCPFKPI KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU CPF VJG TGXGTUG UJQYU C RGEMKPI DKTF (QT VJG FKUEWUUKQP QP VJG UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG UGG VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP QH $WUV ETQUU /CP UVCPFKPI 6JG OCP KU FGRKEVGF KP C PWODGT QH UV[NGU CU KU VJG RGEMKPI DKTF 6JG OCP KU YGCTKPI C UJQTV VWPKE CPF KU JQNFKPI VJG ETQUUGU YKVJ DGPV CTOU VJG DKTF KU KP C UKORNG UV[NG CPF VJG XKPG KU UJQTV

5 # /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF

IT

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU 7 $/% D

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ $CUG OGVCN EQKP

5WDITQWR 6JG FKHHGTGPEG YKVJ UWD ITQWR KU VJCV VJG OCP KU PQY YGCTKPI C NQPIGT VWPKE JKU CTOU CTG NGUU DGPV

NCVGT UVKNN VJG[ CTG UVTCKIJV VJG DKTF KU OQTG FGVCKNGF CPF VJG XKPG KU HKTUV UJQTV VJGP NQPI

5

46

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF UJQTV XKPG

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU 7

IT


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

5

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF NQPI XKPG

IT

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF NQPI XKPG

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM 0% PQ 5GTKGU 7

5

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU 7

5

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF NQPI XKPG

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV $CNFYKP 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 4CUJNGKIJ EQNNGEVKQP 5GTKGU 7

# /CP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUUGU KP C UGOK EKTEWNCT EWTXG DGVYGGP VYQ DKTFU 4 2GEMKPI DKTF NQPI XKPG IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ /GVECNH R $/% E 2CIG UJQYU C FTCYKPI QH C HCEKPI HKIWTG YGCTKPI C NCTIG OQWUVCEJG 6JG VYQ DKTFU CTG OKUUKPI 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU C RGEMKPI DKTF VJQWIJ VQ VJG NGHV 6JKU V[RG E KU FKHHGTGPV HTQO QVJGTU DGECWUG QH VJG HCEKPI HKIWTG 5GTKGU 7 $/% E

5WDITQWR *GTG VJG QDXGTUG KU C EGNVKE ETQUU VJG TGXGTUG KU C RGEMKPI DKTF DWV VJG XKPG KU PQY GZENWUKXGN[ OCFG WR QH FQVU

5

# %GNVKE ETQUU QPG TQUGVVG KP VJG EGPVTG CPF KP GCEJ CPING 4 2GEMKPI DKTF XKPG OCFG QH RGNNGVU VYQ RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU * $/%

5

# %GNVKE ETQUU QPG TQUGVVG KP VJG EGPVTG CPF KP GCEJ CPING 4 2GEMKPI DKTF XKPG OCFG QH RGNNGVU VYQ RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP 5GTKGU * $/%

47


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# %GNVKE ETQUU YKVJKP C ETQUU GPFKPI KP RGNNGVU CTQWPF HQWT RGNNGVU KP GCEJ EQTPGT QH VJG EGNVKE ETQUU C TQUGVVG 4 2GEMKPI DKTF YKVJ XKPG T IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU * $/% (QWPF KP 6KNDWT[ 5GG NKPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R VJKU EQKP $GUV YGUVGTP UV[NG YKVJ C -GPVKUJ DQF[ CPF VCKN /GVECNH FTCYU C JGCF YKVJ C DGCM CDQXG VJG DKTF VJKU KU KPEQTTGEV YJCV KU UJQYP KU VJG GPF QH VJG XKPG C VYKI YKVJ VJTGG DGTTKGU 5GTKGU * $/%

5WDITQWR 6JKU UGTKGU KU CNUQ EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C RGEMKPI DKTF VJQWIJ KVU UJCRG KU GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV 6JG QDXGTUG UJQYU VJG YQNH YKVJ VJG VYKPU #U YKVJ VJG UVCPFCTF VJKU QDXGTUG FGUKIP KU OQFGNNGF QP C 4QOCP EQKP VJG 7TDU 4QOC V[RG 6JGUG YGTG PQV UVTWEM KP .QPFQP DWV KP CNOQUV CNN VJG QVJGT RNCEGU KP VJG GORKTG 6JG UJG YQNH VQ VJG TKIJV QEEWTU KP VJG HKTUV 4QOCP UGTKGU 6JG UJG YQNH CPF VYKPU KU OWEJ OQTG URGEKHKECNN[ C ENCUUKE OQVKH CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG EKV[ QH 4QOG CPF HQT GKIJV EGPVWT[ #PINQ 5CZQPU YKVJ YJCV 4QOG OGCPV HQT VJGO 6 5 R 6JG RGEMKPI DKTF CPF XKPG QP VJG TGXGTUG PQY KU XGTVKECN EQPVTCT[ VQ VJG UWD ITQWRU WR VQ PQY # HKPG GZCORNG QH VJKU FGUKIP KU UJQYP QP C HTCIOGPV KP ,GFDWTIJ $QTFGTU UGG HKI E KP )CPPQP R

5

# 9QNH T VYKPU DGNQY YKVJ HQWT RGNNGVU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 $KTF YKVJ YKFG QRGP DGCM KP YJKEJ VJG GPF QH VJG XKPG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 'Z .QPFGUDQTQWIJ 'Z /QPVCIW 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP ++ /CEM 5%$+ 6JKU URGEKOGP KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH VJG EQKP KP VJG %CPVGTDWT[ JQCTF 0QTOCNN[ VJG UJG YQNH HCEGU KPYCTFU JGTG JGT JGCF KU XGTVKECNN[ RQUKVKQPGF 6JG DTGCUV QH VJG DKTF KU DTQMGP VJKU KU GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG YKVJ PQ 5 6JG HTWKVU CTG OWEJ OQTG RTQPQWPEGF JGTG QP VJG NCUV QPG VJG[ TGUGODNGF DGTTKGU 5GTKGU 8 $/%

5

# 9QNH T VYKPU DGNQY YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 $KTF YKVJ DGCM OCFG QH RGNNGVU

(KPP -GPFCN 9QNHʼnU JGCF UOCNNGT $KTF YKVJ TQWPFGF DTGCUV UKPING DGCM PWOGTQWU NGCXGU

5

48

IT

IT

# 9QNH T VYKPU DGNQY YKVJ ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO 4 $KTF YKVJ DGCM OCFG QH RGNNGVU

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JG RQUKVKQP QH VJG YQNHʼnU JGCF KU XGTVKECNN[ FQYPYCTF VJG DKTFʼnU DTGCUV KU DTQMGP


LOCAL ENGLISH &4#)10 6JKU ITQWR KU EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ C FTCIQP QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JG FTCIQPʼnU FGUKIP HQNNQYU C HKZGF RCVVGTP C DGCUV YKVJ NCTIG ENCYU CPF C VWTPGF JGCF 9KVJKP VJKU HTCOGYQTM FTCIQPU ECP VCMG C YKFG XCTKGV[ QH CRRGCTCPEGU RCTVKEWNCTN[ YKVJ TGICTF VQ VJGKT VCKNU +P CNN O[VJQNQIKGU FTCIQPU RNC[ C MG[ TQNG 6JG[ CTG C JQUVKNG HQTEG QRRQUKPI VJG IQFU +P EJTKUVGPFQO VQQ VJG FTCIQP KU VJG HQG QH VJG FKXKPG HWTVJGT GCUV FTCIQPU CTG RQUKVKXGN[ XKGYGF CU TGRTGUGPVCVKPI C RWTIKPI HQTEG &TCIQPU YGTG VQ DG UNCKP CPF VJTGG HQTEGU JCF KV KP VJGKT RQYGT VQ FQ UQ )QF JGTQGU CPF UCKPVU /WEJ NCVGT VJG UVTWIINGU QH 5V /KEJCGN CPF 5V )GQTIG YQWNF DG HTGSWGPVN[ RQTVTC[GF QP EQKPU C NQV QP C EQKP VJG DKUJQR QH 1UPCDTÃ’EM 2CTV ++ PQ ECP DG UGGP VQ HKIJV C FTCIQP DWV KP VJCV ECUG VJG FTCIQP TGRTGUGPVU +UNCO 5EGCVVCU QHVGP FGRKEV FTCIQPU VJQWIJ VJG[ CTG PGXGT HQWIJV 6JG VWTPGF JGCF JCU QHVGP DGGP KPVGTRTGVGF CU DGVVGT HKVVKPI C TQWPF FGUKIP CU WUGF HQT EQKPU DWV VJCV KU KPEQTTGEV CU XGT[ QNF FGRKEVKQPU QH FTCIQPU UJQY VJG VWTPGF JGCF XCTKCPV UGG )CPPQP HKI QP R &TCIQPU CNUQ RNC[ C TQNG KP DCRVKUO # FTCIQP UNCKP YJKNG KP YCVGT DGEQOGU CP CNNGIQT[ QH VJG NKDGTCVKQP QH OCP VJTQWIJ DCRVKUO UGG 2U #WH &CTUVGNNWPIGP FGT 6CWHG %JTKUVK KUV FGT Ã’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¾G QH UVCPFKPI HKIWTGU VJCV CU HCT CU + CO EQPEGTPGF CTG ENGCTN[ FGTKXGF HTQO 4QOCP EQKPU CPF HTQO FTCIQPU QH FKUVKPEV )GTOCPKE QT 5ECPFKPCXKCP QTKIKP 5WDITQWR 5VCPFCTF YKVJ 6 Q 6 >

5

# &TCIQP T YKVJ DGCM NKMG LCYU JGCF VWTPGF DCEM NGI DGNQY DTCPEJ DGJKPF 4 5VCPFCTF 6 Q 6 >

RGNNGV KP VJG Q HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ # UKPING NGI RQKPVU VQYCTFU C DKTF 5VKNN VJG JGCF HCEGU NGHV VJGTGHQTG YG VJKPM KV KU C FTCIQP 6JGTG KU C NKPG DGVYGGP VJG JGCF CPF VJG DQF[ HTQO YJKEJ C VYKI URTQWVU GPFKPI KP C FQV # URGEKCN EQKP YJKEJ EQODKPGU VJG FTCIQP YKVJ VJG QNFGUV UJCRG QH VJG UVCPFCTF UGTKGU # % +U VJKU C RTQVQV[RG QH VJG FTCIQP UGTKGU!

5WDITQWR 1PG OCP UVCPFKPI OQUVN[ YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU /KPVRNCEG .QPFQP!

5

# 5VCPFKPI HCEKPI HKIWTG JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU HGGV N CTOU TKIJV CPINGF 4 /QPUVGT NCTIG G[G T YKVJ ENCYGF HGGV YKVJ QPG QH YJKEJ KV KU UETCVEJKPI KVU JGCF IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU 1 $/%

49


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# 5VCPFKPI HCEKPI HKIWTG JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU HGGV T CTOU EWTXGF 4 &TCIQP T YKVJ ENCYGF HGGV NCTIG VCKN DGHQTG VJG OQWVJ QH VJG FTCIQP C XKPG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# 5VCPFKPI HCEKPI HKIWTG JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU HGGV T CTOU EWTXGF 4 &TCIQP NCTIG G[G T YKVJ ENCYGF HGGV UJQTV VCKN IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z 6TKVQP ++ PQ 'Z ,QJP ,QTFCP EQNNGEVKQP 6JG JGCF KU FTCYP CU C JGNOGV VJG G[G KP VJG JGNOGV

# 5VCPFKPI HCEKPI HKIWTG JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU HGGV T CTOU EWTXGF 4 &TCIQP NCTIG JGCF N YKVJ ENCYGF HGGV YKVJ QPG QH YJKEJ KV KU UETCVEJKPI KVU JGCF UJQTV EWTXGF VCKN IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 'Z 0% PQ 1H GZEGNNGPV %GNVKE )GTOCPKE UV[NG

5

5

# 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T YKVJ UJQTV VWPKE JQNFKPI ETQUU CTCDGUSWG DGJKPF JKO 4 &TCIQP NCTIG JGCF N YKVJ ENCYGF HGGV EWTXGF VCKN CPF UKORNG HGGV IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z /QPVCIW EQNNGEVKQP + 5GTKGU - 0 $/% C

5

# 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T YKVJ UJQTV VWPKE JQNFKPI ETQUU CPF UVCHH KP VJG JCPFU YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 4 &TCIQP N EWTXGF VCKN YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU IT (KPP -GPFCN /GVECNH MPQYU QH VYQ QVJGT URGEKOGPU 6 5 R 1PG KP VJG #UJOQNGCP 6 5 HQWPF PGCT 6KNDWT[ CPF QPG HQWPF KP %QQNKPI PGCT *QQ -GPV /GVECNH 6YGPV[ (KXG 0QVGU QP UEGCVVCU HKPFU KP $#4 PQ DWV VJCV JCU VJG FTCIQP VQ VJG TKIJV

50


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6YQ OGP UVCPFKPI YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU /KPVRNCEG 'CUV #PINKC! /GVECNH UVCVGF VJCV VJG VYQ UVCPFKPI HKIWTGU OQVKHU OKIJV JCXG DGGP EQRKGF HTQO PQP PWOKUOCVKE UQWTEGU + VJKPM VJKU KU KPEQTTGEV 6JG VYQ HKIWTGU URGEKHKECNN[ VJQUG HCEKPI GCEJ QVJGT CTG GPEQWPVGTGF CNOQUV KP GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG UV[NG QP CP KOKVCVKQP QH C 4QOCP EQKP

5 # 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI GCEJ QVJGT JQNFKPI C NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO CPF QVJGTU KP T CPF N JCPFU TGURGEVKXGN[ 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 5GTKGU 0 $/% C 8GT[ TGCNKUVKE RQTVTCKVU UGG HQT C EQORCTKUQP 2CTV + PQ

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI JQNFKPI C NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO CPF QVJGTU KP T CPF N JCPFU TGURGEVKXGN[ QP C DCUG NKPG 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP HQWT RGNNGVU NKPG HTQO JGCF QH VJG FTCIQP WPFGT GPFKPI KP C RGNNGV IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0% PQ 5GTKGU 0 $/% D

5

FGVCKN

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI PQ NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO QPN[ VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF QVJGTU KP T CPF N JCPFU TGURGEVKXGN[ 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QT CP GZCORNG UGG PQ 5GTKGU 0 $/% D

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI JQNFKPI NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO CPF QVJGTU KP T CPF N JCPFU TGURGEVKXGN[ 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM UJQTV VCKN GPFKPI KP QPG RGNNGV QP VJG T NQPI DGCMGF DKTF CRRCTGPVN[ HGGFKPI VJG FTCIQP IT

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI PQ NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO QPN[ UQOG RGNNGVU KP T CPF N JCPFU C UVKEM GPFGF KP VJTGG RQKPVU NKMG C ETQUKGT UJQTV VWPKU QP C DCUG NKPG 4 &TCIQP T JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU NKPG HTQO JGCF QH VJG FTCIQP WPFGT GPFKPI KP VYQ RGNNGVU IT /Ã’P\GP W /GFCKNNGP $CUGN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU 0 $/% D

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO PQ (QWPF KP 5QWVJ .KPEQNPUJKTG 6JG $/ JCU CPQVJGT URGEKOGP !

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI PQ NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO QPN[ UQOG RGNNGVU KP T CPF N JCPFU C UVKEM GPFGF KP VJTGG RQKPVU NKMG C ETQUKGT UJQTV VWPKE QP C DCUG NKPG 4 &TCIQP T JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU NKPG HTQO JGCF QH VJG FTCIQP WPFGT IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 5GTKGU 0 $/% D

51


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR (TQO VJKU ITQWR QP VJG HCEGU CTG TGPFGTGF KP C XGT[ RTKOKVKXG UV[NG OQUVN[ D[ C HGY FQVU 6JG HKIWTGU DGECOG OWEJ UKORNGT 5VKNN VJG IGPGTCN NC[ QWV KU TGVCKPGF VYQ UVCPFKPI HKIWTGU NQPI ETQUU KP VJG OKFFNG HNCPMGF D[ VYQ ETQUUGU 6JG FTCIQP VQQ UJQYU C UNKIJVN[ FKHHGTGPV UJCRG /QUV PQVCDN[ VJG HQQV UETCVEJKPI VJG JGCF RCUUGU KP HTQPV QH VJG JGCF LWUV DGJKPF KV 6JG JGCF CNUQ JCU C MKPF QH JQTP /GVECNH 6 5 R FGGOU VJKU CP KOKVCVKQP QH VJG 1 CPF 0 UGTKGU

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN RTKOKVKXG HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO KP T CPF N JCPFU C NQPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU HGGV UJQTV DGHQTG JGCF QP VJG JGCF C EWTXG YKVJ C RGNNGV IT (KPP -GPFCN &KG FWRNKECVG QH VJG #UJOQNGCP URGEKOGP 6 5 /GVECNH 6 5 R MPQYU QH QPN[ QPG URGEKOGP VJCV HTQO VJG #UJOQNGCP /WUGWO 5GTKGU 3+D

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN RTKOKVKXG HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO KP T CPF N JCPFU C NQPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQP T JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM HGGV UJQTV DGHQTG JGCF QP VJG JGCF C EWTXG YKVJ C RGNNGV VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU TQY QH RGNNGVU HTQO JGCF WPFGT GPFKPI KP C UVTCKIJV NKPG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 5GTKGU 3+C

5

# 6YQ KFGPVKECN RTKOKVKXG HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI HCEKPI NQPI ETQUU DGVYGGP VJGO KP T CPF N JCPFU C NQPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQP N JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU HGGV UJQTV DGHQTG JGCF QP VJG JGCF C EWTXG YKVJ C RGNNGV IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU 3+D

5WDITQWR 6JG QDXGTUG FGUKIP KU PQY C IGQOGVTKE RCVVGTP

5

# 5SWCTG YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG YKVJKP VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU # 8 1 DGVYGGP VJGO 4 &TCIQP T JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM HGGV UJQTV DGHQTG JGCF VCKN GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU VYQ TQYU QH RGNNGVU DGHQTG OQWVJ QP VJG JGCF C EWTXG YKVJ C RGNNGV IT (KPP -GPFCN 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C 5GTKGU 3 +Z

52


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR *GTG VJG FTCIQP KU EQODKPGF YKVJ C ETQUU YKVJ VYQ UV[NK\GF DKTFU

5

# (QTMGF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ UV[NK\GF DKTFU CPF VYKEG UGXGP RGNNGVU 4 &TCIQP T JGCF NQQMKPI DCEM ETQUUGF ENCYU UJQTV VCKN GPFKPI KP RGNNGVU GKIJV RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 7PKEWO *GTG VJG FTCIQP JCU URKM[ JCKT QP KVU DCEM UQOGVJKPI QPN[ QDUGTXGF QP VJG QNFGUV V[RGU UGG G I UWD ITQWR 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI CPF

6JGTG CTG CNUQ UQOG QVJGT V[RGU VJCV JCXG C FTCIQP OQVKH QP VJGKT TGXGTUG | VJG QDXGTUG UJQYU VJG JGCF KP C YTGCVJ 5 |2 VJG QDXGTUG UJQYU C YCNMKPI DKTF 5 6JG[ YGTG NKUVGF WPFGT VJG TGNGXCPV ITQWRU

64#05+6+10 (41/ &4#)10 61 &4#)10ʼnU *'#&

5

# 6YQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU GCEJ VGTOKPCVKPI KP C UGTRGPV U JGCF RGNNGV DGHQTG OQWVJ 4 &TCIQP UKVVKPI N JGCF TGXGTVGF RGNNGV KP HKGNF IT

%0) .CPECUVGT #WEVKQP PQ (QWPF CV -KNJCO 'CUV ;QTMUJKTG 2GTKQF EC #RRCTGPVN[ WPRWDNKUJGF CPF WPKSWG /WNG QH TGXGTUG FGUKIPU HTQO UGTKGU - CPF 0 6JG QDXGTUG KU ENGCTN[ EQRKGF HTQO UGTKGU - V[RG YJKEJ PQTOCNN[ JCU C UKPING YQNH U JGCF CV VJG GPF QH C DGCFGF EKTENG 6JG VYQ JGCFU KP VJKU ECUG JCXG DGGP EQRKGF FKTGEVN[ HTQO VJG JGCF QH VJG OQPUVGT QP VJG TGXGTUG 6JG OQPUVGT KVUGNH JCU DGGP DQTTQYGF HTQO UGTKGU 0 DWV VJG FKG GPITCXGT JCU OKUWPFGTUVQQF GNGOGPVU QH VJG PQTOCN FGUKIP VJG ETGUV KU EQPVKPWGF WPFGT VJG DQF[ VQ HQTO QPG QH VJG NGIU CPF VJG VCKN IQGU UVTCKIJV WR KPUVGCF QH CTEJKPI QXGT VJG DCEM VQYCTFU VJG OQWVJ $QPUGT KP ECVCNQIWG %0)

&4#)10ʼnU *'#& 6JKU ITQWRʼnU QDXGTUG KU VJG DWUV UQOGVKOGU C UVCPFCTF EGNVKE ETQUU QT OCP UVCPFKPI DWV CNUQ VJG HGOCNG EGPVCWT +VU TGXGTUG UJQYU C UKPING FTCIQPʼnU JGCF YKVJ C NQPI VQPIWG KP VJG FTCIQP ITQWR FTCIQPU PGXGT JCXG C VQPIWG )CPPQPʼnU PQVG YKVJ HKI D CPF E KU KPEQTTGEV PQV C VQPIWG DWV C VCKN 6JGP VJTGG FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU VWTPKPI KP C EKTENG CPF HKPCNN[ HQWT VWTPKPI FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU 5WDITQWR 6JG FTCIQPʼnU JGCF HKNNU VJG HWNN UWTHCEG QH VJG EQKP +VU UGTRGPVKPG DQF[ IKTFU VJG JGCF 6JG VQPIWG EQOGU KP C HGY XCTKCPVU KV UQOGVKOGU DGEQOGU CP CTCDGUSWG PQ 5

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 5GTKGU - $/%

53


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG VJG NQPI VQPIWG JCU VYQ RCTVU DQVJ GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z %JKEM EQNNGEVKQP $QWIJV 5RKPM /CTEJ (QWPF CV 5V #NDCPU *GTVU DGHQTG UJQYP CV VJG $/ FWTKPI %H $0, R PQ 5JQYP $/ CRTKN -GPV QT 6JCOGU 8CNNG[ EC 5GTKGU - $/%

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EQPVKPWQWU CTCDGUSWG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU - $/%

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EQPVKPWQWU CTCDGUSWG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ $0, R PQ UKOKNCT QDXGTUG 5GTKGU - $/%

5

(TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU - $/% 6JKU EQKP CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI PWODGT ENGCTN[ UJQY VJG FTCIQPʼnU VGGVJ

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG GPFKPI KP C DWF KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG IT $CNFYKP .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5GCD[ U %QKP CPF /GFCN $WNNGVKP UGRVGODGT * 5GTKGU - $/%

54

# $WUV N YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG GPFKPI KP C EWTXG KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU - $/% D

5

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG GPFKPI KP C EWTXG WPFGT VJG VQPIWG VJTGG RGNNGVU CDQXG HQWT RGNNGVU KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG IT (KPP -GPFCN


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# $WUV T ETQUU PQ JCPF VJG FTCRGT[ KU FKHHGTGPV YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG NCUV PWODGTU 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N VJG VQPIWG QUEKNNCVKPI CTQWPF VJG JGCF YKVJ KVU DQF[ CPF VJG VQTE CNN YQXGP VQIGVJGT KPVQ C EWTXG IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 'Z 5VCEM CWEVKQP PQ 5GTKGU - $/%

5WDITQWR 6JG OQUV UVTKMKPI EJCTCEVGTKUVKE QH VJKU FGUKIP KU KVU EWTNGF WR FTCIQPʼnU DQF[ YKVJ ENGCTN[ XKUKDNG NGIU 1H QWVUVCPFKPI CTVKUVKECN OGTKV $KTMJCP 0WO <GKVUEJTKHV R JCU FTCYP CVVGPVKQP VQ VJG UQWTEG QH VJKU V[RG KP C %GNVQ IGTOCPKE 5EJNÃ’UUGNRHGPPKI YKVJ C 4QNNVKGT QT EWTNGF CPKOCN CU KVU V[RG HTQO VJG 4JGKPNCPFU QT DG[QPF *G JCU KNNWUVTCVGF C RTQVQV[RG YJKEJ KU UQ GZCEVN[ UKOKNCT KP KVU FGUKIP VQ VJG UEGCV VJCV VJG FKG EWVVGT OWUV JCXG JCF KV KP HTQPV QH JKO 8QT CNNGO FKG ªDGTGKPUVKOOWPI KP FGT 4QNNVKGTFCTUVGNNWPI IGJV UQ UGJT KPU &GVCKN IGUVT·WDVGU 4Ã’EMGPJCCT IGRWPMVGVGT .GKD 1JTGP FGT 5EJNCPIG CWH IGMTÃ’OOVGU 5EJYCP\GPFG FCUU OCP YQJN PKEJV CP <WHCNN FGPMGP MCPP 6JG NKMGPGUU YKVJ GXGP VJG UOCNNGUV FGVCKNU KP VJG EWTNGF CPKOCN FGUKIP KU UQ GZCEV URKM[ JCKT QP VJG DCEM FQVVGF DQF[ UPCMG GCTU CTEJGF VCKN GPF KU UQ ITGCV VJCV CP[ PQVKQP QH EQKPEKFGPEG JCU VQ DG FKUECTFGF 5GG 6 5 R

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU VJG EKTENG KU CV VJG DQVVQO TGXGTUGF 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG GPFKPI KP C EWTN VGGVJ XGT[ ENGCT EWTXGF DQF[ ENCYU CTG XKUKDNG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 5GTKGU - $/% C

5

# $WUV T YKVJ NCTIG JCPF JQNFKPI ETQUU VJG EKTENG KU CV VJG DQVVQO TGXGTUGF 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG GPFKPI KP VJTGG RGNNGVU VGGVJ PQV XKUKDNG EWTXGF DQF[ CNNU ENCYU CTG XKUKDNG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU - $/% C

5WDITQWR 6JG DWUV YKVJ VJG ETQUU KU PQY TGRNCEGF YKVJ C UVCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT TKPIU VJCV CTG EQPPGEVGF VQ GCEJ QVJGT

5

# 5VCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT TKPIU DQWPFGF D[ NKPG 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF T YKVJ UJCTR VQPIWG EWTXGF DQF[ IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 2TGUWOCDN[ C FKG FWRNKECVG QDXGTUG QH VJG QPN[ QVJGT URGEKOGP $0, RN PQ /GVECNH 6 5 R 0Q HKPFKPI NQECVKQP IKXGP QTCN TGOCTM CP 'CUV #PINKCP HKPF /GVECNH KP 6 5 R PQ 5GTKGU - 4

55


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# 2GNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU CPF HQWT NKPGU QP VJG GFIG 4 &TCIQPʼnU JGCF N YKVJ VQPIWG GPFKPI KP C EWTN EWTXGF DQF[ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH KP 6 5 R PQ 6JG FTCIQPʼnU DQF[ KU OWEJ NCTIGT VJCP QP VJG QVJGT URGEKOGPU KV OQTGQXGT JCU VYQ NCTIG VGGVJ KP KVU OQWVJ 5GTKGU - 4

5RGEKHKE UWD ITQWRU CTG C PWODGT QH FTCIQPUʼn JGCFU IQKPI TQWPF KP C EKTENG UWD ITQWRU 6JGUG VWTPKPI JGCFU UVCTV QEEWTKPI KP VJG NCVG VJ GCTN[ VJ EGPVWT[ COQPIUV QVJGTU KP OCPWUETKRVU UGG HKI

.KEJHKGNF 5V %JCFʼnU )QURGNU KP /QTGJCTV $0, # RCTCNNGN ECP DG FTCYP DGVYGGP VJG DKTFU QH VJG $ UGTKGU CPF VJG VWTPKPI DKTFU QH VJG , UGTKGU UGG WPFGT 6YQ DWUVU (QWT DKTFU CPF VJG FTCIQP CPF VJG VWTPKPI FTCIQPUʼn JGCFU 5WDITQWR 6JKU KU VJG HKTUV KPUVCPEG QH UGXGTCN FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU QP QPG EQKP 6JGTG CTG VJTGG TQVCVKPI JGCFU 6JG DKI VQQVJ KU FKUVKPEV 6JG VQPIWGU QH VJG FTCIQPU CTG EQPPGEVGF KP C EGPVTCN RQKPV

5

# /CP YKVJ JGNOGV UVCPFKPI CPF NQQMKPI T YKVJ NQPI VWPKE JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU 4 6JTGG FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU TQVCVKPI KP EKTENG VQ VJG T IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU . $/% G

5WDITQWR *GTG CICKP VJG VWTPKPI FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU HCEG TKIJV 6JG VQPIWGU CTG PQ NQPIGT EQPPGEVGF DWV UYKTN CYC[ DGJKPF VJG JGCFU QH VJG QVJGT FTCIQPU 6JG QDXGTUG KU PQY C EGNVKE ETQUU

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ *COYKE V[RG /GVECNH 6 5 R 5GTKGU * $/%

56

# %GNVKE ETQUU QP VJG ETQUU RGNNGVU KP EGPVTG CPF QP VJG NKODU TQUGVVGU KP VJG CPINGU QH VJG ETQUU 4 6JTGG FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU KP EKTENG IT


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JKU ITQWR UGGU VJG TGVWTP QH VJG FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU VWTPKPI KP C EKTENG PQY HQWT VJGKT VQPIWGU NKPMGF KP C EGPVTCN RQKPV 6QPIWGU VWTPKPI VQ VJG NGHV CTG PQTOCN TKIJV VWTPKPI VQPIWGU HQTO CP GZEGRVKQP 6JG QDXGTUG FGUKIP KU PQY OCFG WR QH C JGNOGVGF HGOCNG EGPVCWT HCEKPI TKIJV YKPIGF 6YQ FGUETKRVKQPU GZKUV QH VJKU TGOCTMCDNG FGUKIP $[ /QTGJCTV (GOCNG %GPVCWT QT 5RJKPZ $0, R 6JKU V[RG JCU QHVGP DGGP TGHGTTGF VQ CU URJKPZ CNUQ D[ /GVECNH UGG JKU CTVKENG 5EGCVVCU HTQO VJG VGTTKVQT[ QH VJG *YKEEG 0WO %JT :8+

R $WV VJG DQF[ KU PQV VJCV QH VJG ENCUUKECN URJKPZ KV KU OQTG QH C NKQP 6JGTGHQTG /QTGJCTV RTGHGTTGF VJG PCOG HGOCNG EGPVCWT 5JG YTKVGU VJCV VJKU U[ODQNKUO KU TQQVGF KP )GTOCPKE EWNVWTG TCVJGT VJCP KP 4QOCP QT %GNVKE EWNVWTG 5JG DGNKGXGU VJG TGXGTUG FQGU EQPUVKVWVG C OKZVWTG QH %GNVKE CPF )GTOCPKE KPHNWGPEGU $[ )ÃŒDN &KG *GZCFTCEJOGPRT·IWPI FGT )TQUU $QKGT 9KGP YJQ RTQXKFGU VJG HQNNQYKPI FGUETKRVKQP QH C EQKP QH $WUW R 9GKDNKEJGT (NÃ’IGNMGPVCWT OKV JCPFHÃŒTOKI GPFGPFGO 5EJYGKH PCEJ NKPMU UVGJGPF \WTÃ’EMDNKEMGPF &C\W \YKUEJGP FGP $GKPGP HTGKUVGJGPF $858 2N PQ 'KPG GEJVG UR·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ÃŒDN VJKPMU UQ VQQ CPF C NKQP #EEQTFKPI VQ 5EJOKFV R GV UGSS YKPIGF HKIWTGU YGTG OGP KV YQWNF VCMG WPVKN )KQVVQʼnU VKOG HQT HGOCNG HKIWTGU VQ CRRGCT 6JKU KU C OCP VQ O[ OKPF CNUQ KP XKGY QH VJG HCEV VJCV JG KU YGCTKPI C JGNOGV 6JG DQF[ DGKPI C NKQPʼnU KU CNUQ TCVJGT KORTQDCDNG VJG NGIU CTG VQQ NQPI 9JCV CEVWCNN[ EQOGU VQ OKPF KU C JQTUG

5

# (GOCNG EGPVCWT N YKVJ JGNOGV CPF YKPIU 4 (QWT FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU KP EKTENG TQVCVKPI VQ VJG T VQPIWGU LQKPKPI KP EGPVTG IT

4CWEJ 9KGP #WEVKQP PQ 6JKU EQKP YCU KNNWUVTCVGF KP 4 )ÃŒDNʼnU &KG *GZCFTCEJOGPRT·IWPI FGT )TQUU $QKGT 9KGP WPFGT PQ QP RNCVG WPFGT PQ C UKOKNCT UEGCVVC KU UJQYP 6JG NGIU QH VJG CPKOCN CTG RQUKVKQPGF ETQQMGF QP VJKU EQKP YJGTGCU VJG[ CTG RGTHGEVN[ UVTCKIJV PQTOCNN[ UGG VJG PGZV PWODGTU 5GTKGU 5 $/%

5

# (GOCNG EGPVCWT N YKVJ JGNOGV CPF YKPIU 4 (QWT FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU KP EKTENG TQVCVKPI VQ VJG T VQPIWGU LQKPKPI KP EGPVTG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

5

# (GOCNG EGPVCWT N YKVJ JGNOGV CPF YKPIU 4 (QWT FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU KP EKTENG TQVCVKPI VQ VJG T VQPIWGU LQKPKPI KP EGPVTG IT

-Ã’PMGT 1UPCDTÃ’EM #WEVKQP PQ

5

# (GOCNG EGPVCWT N YKVJ JGNOGV CPF YKPIU 4 (QWT FTCIQPʼnU JGCFU KP EKTENG TQVCVKPI VQ VJG N VQPIWGU LQKPKPI KP EGPVTG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 0QTOCNN[ VJG VQPIWGU QH VJG FTCIQPU TQVCVKPI VQ VJG T VJGTG KU QPG URGEKOGP YKVJ VJG UCOG TGXGTUG DWV CNUQ VJG CXGTUG VWTPGF CTQWPF EH $0,

57


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

5

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG C XKPG 4 *QWPF NQQMKPI DCEMYCTFU YKVJ XKPG

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP /GVECNH JCU UWDFKXKFGF VJG QDXGTUG VJG TGXGTUG CPF VJG FTCRGT[ KP XCTKQWU ITQWRU 6JKU EQKP 1DX C 4GX ++ FTCR 5GTKGU - $/%

# $WUV T DGHQTG C XKPG 4 *QWPF NQQMKPI DCEMYCTFU YKVJ XKPG

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP /GVECNH X\ C M\ ++ FTCR 5GTKGU - $/%

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE JCYM KP HTQPV QH VJG DWUV

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV YKVJ JCYM QP UJQWNFGT JCYM NQQMU N 4 *QWPF N NQQMKPI DCEMYCTFU CV C XKPG IT (KPP -GPFCN

(TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH X\ D M\ + FTCR 5GTKGU - $/%

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV YKVJ JCYM QP UJQWNFGT JCYM NQQMU N 4 *QWPF N NQQMKPI DCEMYCTFU CV C XKPG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ /GVECNH X\ D M\ +8 FTCR %H /GVECNH GP 9CNMGT PQ 5GTKGU - $/%

58


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE C ETQUU DGHQTG VJG DWUV

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV YKVJ ETQUU DGHQTG JCYM NQQMU T 4 *QWPF N NQQMKPI DCEMYCTFU CV C XKPG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH X\ E M\ + FTCR 5GTKGU - $/%

$756 %4155 /#0 56#0&+0) )GPGTCN HGCVWTGU &KCFGOGF DWUV CPF C OCP UVCPFKPI )GPGTCNN[ VJKU OCP UVCPFU YKVJKP C EWTXG QT UGOK EKTENG +V JCU DGGP FGUETKDGF KP $/% CU C DQCV NKMG EWTXG DWV KV KU OQTG RTQDCDN[ C FCKU QT UCPEVWCT[ QT UQOG QVJGT KPFKECVKQP QH TQ[CN FKIPKV[ EH /GVECNH 0WO %JT :8+ R #U VJKU EWTXG KU UQOGVKOGU OKUUKPI + DGNKGXG KVU OGCPKPI KU PQV VJCV UKIPKHKECPV &TCRGT[ OQUV UJCNNQY 8ʼnU /GVECNH CUUWOGU VJG UVCPFKPI OCP VQ DG -KPI #GVJGNDCNF 6JKU UVCPFKPI HKIWTG YGCTU C JGNOGV FQWDVNGUU VJG E[PGJGNO QT TQ[CN JGNOGV ETQYP UGG VJG CTVKENG TGHGTTGF VQ CDQXG 5WDITQWR &KCFGOGF DWUV NCVKP ETQUU DGHQTG UVCPFKPI OCP YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NCVKP ETQUU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG VYQ ETQUUGU IT #WMVKQPGU $CUGN #WEVKQP PQ +V KU PQV SWKVG UWTG YJGVJGT VJG OCP QP VJG TGXGTUG KU HCEKPI TKIJV QT HCEKPI VJG XKGYGT 5GTKGU . $/% C

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NCVKP ETQUU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG VYQ ETQUUGU IT #WHJ·WUGT /Ã’PEJGP +V KU PQV SWKVG UWTG YJGVJGT VJG OCP QP VJG TGXGTUG KU UVCPFKPI KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG 5GTKGU . $/% C

5

# $WUV HCEKPI DGHQTG RNCPV 4 5VCPFKPI OCP HCEKPI VYQ ETQUUGU

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 5GTKGU . $/% 6JG OCP KU PQV UVCPFKPI KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG /GVECNH IKXGU C NKPG FTCYKPI QH VJG RNCPV 6 5 R VJKTF QH VJG TKIJV 1H VJG TGXGTUG /GVECNH IKXGU C NKPG FTCYKPI 6 5 R UGEQPF QP VJG NGHV

59


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# $WUV T DGHQTG HKXG RGNNGVU CU C ETQUU DGHQTG CPF DGJKPF VJG DWUV C TQUGVVG RGNNGV KPUKFG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP HCEKPI VYQ ETQUUGU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ *KNN NKUVGF WPFGT PQ VYQ URGEKOGP QPG KP )NCUIQY *WPVGTKCP 5%$+ CPF QPG YKVJ WPMPQYP RTQXGPCPEG UGG 5GCD[ʼnU $WNNGVKP CWIWUV PQ 5GTKGU - . $/%

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE &KCFGOGF DWUV OCP UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUU CPF HCNEQP &TCRGT[ UJCNNQY 8ʼnU GZGRV VJG NCUV VYQ PWODGTU /QUVN[ KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG # EQOOGPV QP VJKU DKTF YG HKPF KP &CTM #IG $TKVCKP R # NGVVGT QH #GVJGNDGTVJ MKPI QH -GPV VQ $QPKHCEG KU GZKUVGPV CUMKPI HQT JKU RTC[GTU CPF UGPFKPI IKHVU QH VYQ YQQNNGP ENQCMU CPF C UKNXGT FTKPMKPI EWR NKPGF YKVJ IQNF +P VJG NGVVGT JG TGOKPFU $QPKHCEG QH JKU HTKGPFUJKR YKVJ $WEIG JKU MKPUYQOCP CPF CUMU JKO HQT C RCKT QH HCNEQPU SWKEM CPF URKTKVGF GPQWIJ VQ CVVCEM ETQYU YKVJQWV JGUKVCVKQP #RRCTGPVN[ HGY UWEJ HCNEQPU YGTG CXCKNCDNG KP -GPV 0QTOCNN[ VJG DKTF YQWNF DG KPFKECVGF CU JCYM DWV QP VJG ITQWPFU QH VJKU SWQVG YG JCXG EJQUGP VJG VGTO HCNEQP DQVJ JCYMU CPF HCNEQPU YGTG MPQYP TQ[CN JWPVKPI DKTFU )CPPQP OCMGU PQ EJQKEG CPF TGHGTU VQ C DKTF

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV NCVKP ETQUU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ C ETQUU CPF C HCNEQP DGNQY VJG HCNEQP C 6 IT #WHJ·WUGT /Ã’PEJGP 5GTKGU . $/% 6JG 6 KU UQOGVKOGU KPVGTRTGVGF CU RGTEJ HQT VJG JCYM

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV NCVKP ETQUU QP C VTKCPIWNCT DCUG DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T YKVJ C ETQUU CPF C HCNEQP IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 0Q DQCVUJCRGF EWTXG 5GTKGU . $/%

# &KCFGOGF DWUV XKPG YKVJ DGTTKGU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ C ETQUU CPF C HCNEQP IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG EWTXGF NKPG NQQMU NKMG C TGCN DQCV 5GTKGU . $/%

60

# &KCFGOGF DWUV ETQUU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI TKIJV KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ C ETQUU CPF C HCNEQP IT $CNFYKP .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 5GTKGU . $/%

5

5


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV NCVKP ETQUU DGHQTG 4 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI N KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ C ETQUU CPF UQOGVJKPI GNUG IT

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ʼnU VKOG 1HHC DGECOG MKPI QH /GTEKC KP CPF VJG HKTUV RGPP[ KU HTQO CTQWPF 1PN[ VJG #TCDKE FKPCT YKVJ VJG KPUETKRVKQP 1((# 4': KU MPQYP HTQO VJG VKOG DGVYGGP QP C FKPCT QH 6JKU UEGCVVC YQWNF VJGP JCXG VQ DG FCVGF VQ DGVYGGP CPF YJKEJ YQWNF CNUQ RWV KPVQ RGTURGEVKXG VJG +UNCOKE TGHGTGPEG (QT CPQVJGT RQUUKDNG QH C UEGCVVC HTQO 1HHCʼnU HKTUV [GCTU QH QHHKEG UGG VJG CTVKENG QH #TEJKDCNF &J¾PKP # UEGCV QH 1HHC QH /GTEKC KP $0, R

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE &KCFGOGF DWUV YKVJ EJCNKEG CPF ETQUU 5VCPFKPI OCP YKVJ ETQUU CPF JCYM

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG EJCNKEG YKVJ ETQUU 4 5VCPFKPI OCP YKVJ ETQUU CPF HCNEQP DGNQY HCNEQP C 6 IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU . $/% $/% JCU C EJCNKEG DWV PQV VJG ETQUU (QT VJG OGCPKPI QH VJG 6 EH PQVG CV PQ 5

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG EJCNKEG YKVJ ETQUU 4 5VCPFKPI OCP YKVJ ETQUU CPF HCNEQP DGNQY HCNEQP C 6 IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU - $/% 5GG NKPG FTCYKPI KP /GVECNH R VJG QPG QP VJG TKIJV 6JKU XCTKCPV YCU RWDNKUJGF D[ *KNN RN PQ

$756 &+(('4'06 4'8'45'5 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV YKVJ TWPGU EQODKPGF YKVJ CPPWNGV ETQUU

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T DGHQTG '2# KP TWPGU 4 +P VYQ EKTENGU HQWT CPPWNGVU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ C ETQUU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 1P RCIG 6 5 IKXG C NKPG FTCYKPI CPF TGHGT VQ $0, R 2N 5GTKGU 4 \ $/%

61


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV N DGHQTG '2# KP TWPGU DGJKPF \KI\CINKPG DGVYGGP VYQ NKPGU 4 +P VYQ EKTENGU HQWT CPPWNGVU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ C ETQUU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO C JQCTF $QVJ PQ 5 CPF 5 HGCVWTGF KP CP CTVKENG D[ $NCEMDWTP 6[RG ( KP R 6JG $/ QYPU C URGEKOGP QH DQVJ 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI D CPF G

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV EQODKPGF YKVJ DKTF QP ETQUU

5

# %TWFG JGCF T VYQ TKPIU KP HTQPV 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING CDQXG DKTF T

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 7PMPQYP V[RG 6JG TGXGTUG XGT[ OWEJ TGUGODNGU VJG V[RGU QH UGTKGU $ DWV VJG ETQUU KU RQVGPV PQY CPF VJG QDXGTUG KU FKHHGTGPV GPVKTGN[ #U VJG DKTF QP ETQUU KU C FKUVKPEVN[ %JTKUVKCP U[ODQN VJG EQKP EQWNF JCXG DGGP UVTWEM WPFGT C UGEWNCT TWNGT YKVJQWV VJG %JTKUVKCP U[ODQNU YKVJ C %JTKUVKCP OGUUCIG QP VJG TGXGTUG KNNGIKDNG

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV EQODKPGF YKVJ C UVCPFCTF

5

# .CTIG TGCNKUVKE JGCF T ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT TKIJV CPINGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJTGG RGNNGVU QP GCEJ UKFG IT (KPP -GPFCN 2TGUWOCDN[ WPKSWG 6JG JGCF QP VJG EQKP NQQMU UQOGYJCV NKMG VJG JGCF QP VJG NCUV EQKP PQ 5

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV YKVJ NCTIG LCY T #2# CPF CPPWNGV KP HTQPV # DGJKPF DWUV PGEM OCFG QH VYKEG VYQ NKPGU 4 4KPI CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU CPF HQWT 6ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PTGEQTFGF +P XKGY QH VJG #2# VGZV CPF VJG URGEKHKE # DGJKPF DWUV VJKU V[RG OWUV DG RNCEGF GCTN[ QP KP VJG % UGTKGU 6JG QPN[ VJKPI VJCV FQGU PQV HKV VJKU UGTKGU KU VJG UJCRG QH VJG JGCF

62


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# *GCF T 8 6 8 KP HTQPV URKM[ JCKT 4 8XQ+% VYQ RGNNGVU CPF QPG UVTKRG YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VYQ ETQUUGU CPF VYQ \KI\CINKPGU QP VJG GFIG IT

4WFF #[NUJCO (TQO NKUV PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 6JG 8GEEJK ECVCNQIWG FGUETKDGF VJKU EQKP CU C 8GTPWU KOKVCVKQP 9JKNG VJGTG CTG XCIWG GEJQGU QH DQVJ 8GTPWU CPF 5CTQCNFQ V[RGU KP VJG QDXGTUG VJG TGXGTUG UGGOU VQ DG C ETWFG EQR[ QH VJG 8+%1 RQTEWRKPG YKVJ NKVVNG KP EQOOQP YKVJ GKVJGT VJG 8'4085 QT 5#41#.&1 TGXGTUGU $QVJ VJGUG NCVVGT V[RGU VJQWIJV VQ DG 'PINKUJ UQ VJKU EQKP ECP JCTFN[ DG *QYGXGT VJG QDXGTUG CPF TGXGTUG UV[NGU CTG UQ FKHHGTGPV VQ GCEJ QVJGT VJCV C ŋOWNGŌ UGGOU NKMGN[ 6JGTG KU CP WPRWDNKUJGF HKPF HTQO PGCT $GFHQTF VJCV JCU C UKOKNCT QDXGTUG VJG TGXGTUG VJQWIJ KU FKHHGTGPV $QPUGT

5

# *GCF KP UJCRG QH C VTKCPING %:8 ! KP HTQPV 4 6YQ 6ʼnU CPF VYQ NKPGU CTQWPF EGPVTCN RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF RGNNGVU CPF 8ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ YJGTG KV KU FGUETKDGF CU CP KOKVCVKQP QH VJG # UGTKGU YJKEJ + DGNKGXG VQ DG KPEQTTGEV 2TGUWOCDN[ WPKSWG

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE $WUV %QODKPGF YKVJ C EGNVKE ETQUU

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV UQOG RGNNGVU DGJKPF 4 %TQUU ETQUUNGV UWRGTKORQUGF QP EGNVKE ETQUU YKVJ UOCNN TQUGVVGU QH RGNNGVU KP CPINGU RGNNGVU CTQWPF VJG ETQUU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 5GTKGU . $/% D 6JKU ETQUU ETQUUNGV TGXGTUG XCTKGV[ CRRGCTU VQ DG WPTGEQTFGF

%#4+2 6JKU ITQWR VQ UQOG GZVGPV UVCPFU CRCTV HTQO VJG TGUV 6JG QDXGTUG KU CNYC[U C DWUV YKVJ NGVVGTU KP HTQPV QH KV 6JG TGXGTUG XCTKGU ITGCVN[ KP KVU KOCIGT[ 1P URGEKOGP TGCFU % #4+2 KVU OGCPKPI KU WPENGCT 6JG % KU MGRV QP HQT C DTKGH RGTKQF DWV VJGP KU FTQRRGF CPF VJG #4+2 NGVVGTKPI DGEQOGU OQTG CPF OQTG DNWPFGTGF 6JG HCEV VJCV PGKVJGT QH VJG RTGUGPV EQKPU CTG OGPVKQPGF KP 6 5 R EQPXG[U CP KFGC QH JQY NCTIG VJG XCTKGV[ KP TGXGTUGU TGCNN[ KU

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T %#4+2 KP HTQPV 4 5GCVGF HKIWTG NQQMKPI T YKVJ UVCHH CPF NQPI ETQUU (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PTGEQTFGF YKVJ UKVVKPI HKIWTG 6JG %#4+2 KU VQVCNN[ DNWPFGTGF CPF FQGU PQV HKV CP[ QH VJG XCTKGVKGU UWOOGF WR D[ /GVECNH 6 5 R 6JKU EQKP KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C

IT

63


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T YKVJ PQ NGIGPF 4 2QTEWRKPG NKMG HKIWTG T YKVJ PWOGTQWU HKPGN[ FTCYP SWKNNU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PTGEQTFGF 6JG QDXGTUG DWUV KU XGT[ ENQUG VQ PQ 5 DWV VJCV JCF VJG %#4+2 NGIGPF VJG TGXGTU QDXKQWUN[ TGNCVGU VQ /GVECNH YKVJ VJG RQTEWRKPG NKMG HKIWTG NGHV 6JKU TGXGTUG KU XGT[ TGOKPKUEGPV QH VJG TGXGTUGU QH VJG 5'&' EQKPU VJQWIJ VJG[ ENGCTN[ UJQY C UPCMG YJGTG VJKU JCU C RQTEWRKPG NKMG ETGCVWTG 9JCVʼnU OQTG VJG[ JCXG C ETQUU KP VJG EGPVTG CPF VJG EQKP KP JCPF JCU C FQV 6JG RQTEWRKPG YG HKPF CNUQ CV 5 YJGTG KV KU EQODKPGF YKVJ C EGNVKE ETQUU

&' .80&10+# 6JKU ITQWR EQORTKUGU VJG EQKPU VJCV UJQY VJG NGIKDNG VGZV &' .80&10+# CU YGNN CU VJG EQKPU VJCV JCXG VJG UCOG NGIGPF KP C OQTG QT NGUU NGIKDNG TGPFGTKPI 6JG TGXGTUG RTGFQOKPCPVN[ UJQYU VJG UVCPFKPI OCP YKVJ ETQUUGU [GV QPN[ QP VJG URGEKOGPU YKVJ VJG DNWPFGTGF NGIGPF 6JG QPGU VJCV ENGCTN[ TGCF &' .80&10+# GKVJGT JCXG C RQTEWRKPG UVTKMKPIN[ VJG V[RGU YKVJ .'. CNYC[U JCXG C RQTEWRKPG CU YGNN QT C EGNVKE ETQUU 6JG V[RGU JCXG DGGP UWDFKXKFGF CEEQTFKPI VQ NGIKDKNKV[ QH VJG &' .80&10+# NGIGPF 5WDITQWR 6JG KPUETKRVKQP &' .80&10+# KU HWNN[ NGIKDNG

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T ' .80&10+# 4 2QTEWRKPG VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP KP $GFHQTFUJKTG ,WUV HQWT URGEKOGPU GZKUV C (TKGU /WUGWO GZ *CNNWO D #UJOQNGCP GZ $CNFYKP EQNNGEVKQP 6 5 PQ E CPF F PQU 5 CPF 5 #NN HQWT CTG HTQO VJG UCOG FKG 6JGTG KU CP CFFKVKQPCN FGXKCVKPI V[RG QDXGTUG UJQYKPI &' .80&10+# TGXGTUG CNUQ UJQYKPI VGZV UGG 0% PQ

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T ' .80&10+# 4 2QTEWRKPG VJTGG NKPGU DGNQY

IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ $/% 5GG EQOOGPV CV PQ 5

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T &' .80&10+# 4 %GNVKE ETQUU EGPVTG RGNNGV CPF QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ NKOD TQUGVVGU KP VJG CPINGU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH 6 5 R UGG NKPG FTCYKPI MPGY QH VYQ QVJGT URGEKOGPU JG KNNWUVTCVGU QPG CPF VJG QVJGT KU HTQO VJG UCOG FKG DWV VJKU QPG HQWPF KP %QUJCO JCU C HWNN[ WPDNWPFGTGF NGIGPF TGCFKPI &' .80&10+# $/%

64


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR (TQO JGTG QPYCTFU VGZVU CTG DNWPFGTGF VQ C ITGCVGT QT NGUUGT GZVGPV

5

# &KCFGOGF JGCF T .80&10+# 4 /CP NQQMKPI T UVCPFKPI KP DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU IT

# $WUV T .70&10+# DNWPFGTGF 4 /CP UVCPFKPI KP DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU IT

(KPP -GPFCN 5GTKGU . $/%

5

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ /CEM ++ 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z /CPP EQNNGEVKQP 'Z 2 9 2 %CTN[QP $TKVVQP EQNNGEVKQP (QWPF KP VJG 4KXGT 6JCOGU 5GTKGU . $/%

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T YKVJ ETQUU JCVEJGF JCKT CPF VJTGG YTGCVJ VKGU DNWPFGTGF .70&10+# NGIGPF

80110# 4 /CP UGCVGF QP EJCKT YKVJ GNGICPV UETQNNGF DCEM JQNFKPI ETQUU YKVJ N JCPF CPF NQQMKPI DCEM QXGT JKU UJQWNFGT CV C JCYM QP JKU T YTKUV IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH 6[RG YCU WPKSWG WR VQ YJGP C UGEQPF URGEKOGP YCU HQWPF 6JKU KU VJG TF MPQYP URGEKOGP 5GTKGU . $/% 6JKU EQKP KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI CPF D

5

# $WUV N 8 + + .80&10+# 4 /CP UVCPFKPI HCEKPI NQQMKPI N JQNFKPI DKTF CPF ETQUU CNN KP EWTXGF DCUG NKPG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PTGEQTFGF XCTKCPV 7PRWDNKUJGF YKVJ DWUV CPF NGIGPF NGHV CPF YKVJ VJKU TGXGTUG # EQKP QH IQQF *YKEEKCP UV[NG QDXKQWU NQY UKNXGT EQPVGPV

5

# $WUV N DNWPFGTGF NGIGPF ! ^ ^! 4 %GNVKE %TQUU QPG TQUGVVG KP GCEJ CPING ETQUU YKVJKP VJG EGNVKE ETQUU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO 9CPIHQTF PGCT $WT[ 5V 'FOWPFU KP QT GCTNKGT (QWPF KP VYQ RCTVU .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R 5GTKGU . $/%

65


LOCAL ENGLISH $756 .'. 214%72+0' 6JGUG CNN JCXG C FKCFGOGF .QPFQP DCUGF DWUV QP VJG QDXGTUG +P HTQPV QH VJG DWUV CTG VJG NGVVGTU .'. RTGEGFGF D[ C ETQUU QH XCT[KPI UJCRG 6JG OGCPKPI QH VJGUG NGVVGTU UQOGVKOGU HQNNQYGF D[ C 8 CPF QT YJCV NQQMU NKMG C EQOOC 5! KU WPENGCT 6JG TGXGTUG RQTEWRKPG KU CNYC[U VQ VJG NGHV VJG CTE KU CNYC[U VGTOKPCVGF D[ C FQV CPF CNYC[U UJQYU HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP VJG CTE

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T .' . KP HTQPV 4 2QTEWRKPG KPUKFG VJG CTE C RGNNGV

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG ETQUU RTGEGFKPI .'. KU OCFG WR QH HQWT EQPPGEVGF FQVU /GVECNH UWIIGUVGF C UWDFKXKUKQP 6 5 R YJKEJ JQYGXGT FQGU PQV CEEQOQFCVG VJG RTGUGPV EQKP 5GTKGU 6 $/%

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T .'. 0 ! EQOOC KP HTQPV 4 2QTEWRKPG

IT

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ . ' 8 / 5 OGCPU .GX OQPKVC UEQTWO OQPKVC CFOQPKVKQP QT YQTF QH CFXKEG QTCENG 'Z 0QTYGD EQNNGEVKQP 5%$+ 0QTYGD PQ $QWIJV HTQO $CNFYKP .QPFQP #RTKN *KNN 0WO %JT R V[RG C 6JG ETQUU RTGEGFKPI .'. KU OCFG WR QH HQWT EQPPGEVGF FQVU +P /GVECNHʼnU UWDFKXKUKQP VJKU KU C +P HQQVPQVG PQ QH 6 5 VJKU EQKP IGVU VJG TGHGTGPEG 5%$+ 0QTYGD YJKEJ KU KPEQTTGEV HQT KV KU VJKU EQKP #UJO I 6JG NCVVGT KU EQTTGEV #UJO TGHGTU VQ PQ $V HQWPF 6KNDWT[ CPF VJCV KU VJG QPG KNNWUVTCVGF YKVJ C NKPG FTCYKPI

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T .%. 8 EQOOC KP HTQPV 4 2QTEWRKPG TQY QH FQVU YKVJKP VJG CTE

5RKPM .QPFQP *KGT . % 8 KPUVGCF QH . ' 8 /GVECNH V[RG 1P R QH 6 5 /GVECNH RTQXKFGU C NKPG FTCYKPI GZCEVN[ OCVEJKPI VJKU EQKP GXGP FQYP VQ VJG UJCRG QH VJG HNCP

DWV /GVECNHʼnU TGHGTGPEG KU VQ VJG 9GUV .QPFQP 0CV )CNN 5KVG

+05'%6 .+-' 6JG TGXGTUG QH VJKU ITQWR UJQYU UQOG NKMGPGUU VQ VJG FTCIQP VJQWIJ DQVJ VJG OQWVJ CPF VJG DQF[ CTG GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV

5

# $WUV N DQF[ HQTOGF CU C VTKCPING DGVYGGP HQWT RQVGPV ETQUUGU 4 +PUGEV NKMG CPKOCN YKVJ VTKRNGF VCKN IT

(KPP -GPFCN 6JG QDXGTUG CU YGNN CU VJG TGXGTUG FKGU QH PQU 5 CPF 5 CTG FKHHGTGPV 7PRWDNKUJGF

5

# $WUV N DQF[ HQTOGF CU C VTKCPING ETQUU KP HTQPV CPF VYQ ETQUUGU DGJKPF 4 +PUGEV NKMG 8 UJCRGF VCKN CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU DGVYGGP VJG ENCYU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 7PRWDNKUJGF

66


LOCAL ENGLISH 91/#0ʼn5 *'#& +0 241(+.' 6JG QDXGTUG KU EJCTCEVGTKUVKECN C JGCF YKVJ NQPI JCKT VQ VJG TKIJV UQOGVKOGU VQ VJG NGHV KP QPG QT VYQ DQTFGTU QH FQVU DGVYGGP VJGO C OGCPKPINGUU VGZV 6JKU QDXGTUG KU EQODKPGF YKVJ QPG QH VJG HQNNQYKPI HQWT TGXGTUGU UOCNN DKTF UVCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU PQV KP VJKU ITQWR FTCIQP CPF UVCPFCTF

5WDITQWR

4GXGTUG UOCNN DKTF

5

5

# *GCF T RGNNGV KP EKTENG DGNQY 4 $KTF T YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU CPF ETGUEGPV

IT

# *GCF T RGNNGV KP EKTENG DGNQY 4 $KTF T YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU CPF ETGUEGPV

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 5GTKGU 1 $/%

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0WO %KTE PQ 5GTKGU 1 $/%

5WDITQWR 4GXGTUG FTCIQP

5

# *GCF T RGNNGV KP EKTENG DGNQY VWTPGF WR PQUG 4 &TCIQP N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTFU HKXG RGNNGVU DGNQY EWTN[ VCKN IT 5RKPM .QPFQP /GVECNH 6 5 R MPQYU QH HQWT URGEKOGP 5GTKGU 1 $/%

5WDITQWR 4GXGTUG UVCPFCTF YKVJ VJTGG FQVU KP GXGT[ CPING 6JG FGUKIP KU OWEJ OQTG UV[NK\GF VJCP VJG NCUV ITQWR KVU UV[NG FKHHGTKPI HTQO UWD ITQWR CPF 6JG JGCF VQ VJG NGHV EQPUVKVWVGU [GV CPQVJGT FKHHGTGPEG VQ UWD ITQWRU CPF

5

# 5V[NK\GF JGCF N RGNNGV KP EKTENG DGNQY DGVYGGP VJG VYQ EKTENGU QH RGNNGVU OGCPKPINGUU VGZV 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

# 5V[NK\GF JGCF N RGNNGV KP EKTENG DGNQY DGVYGGP VJG VYQ EKTENGU QH RGNNGVU OGCPKPINGUU VGZV 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP UVCPFCTF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 'TKMC 5KGDGT EQNNGEVKQP .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R V[RG +8 6JKU KU VJG QPN[ URGEKOGP MPQYP VQ /GVECNH 5GTKGU 1 $/%

5

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ &KG FWRNKECVG QH PQ 5 (TQO C FGVGEVQT JQCTF QHHGTGF CV 5RKPMʼnU KP (GDTWCT[ QH 5GG 0% PQ 0Q 5 CPF PQ 5 CTG RQUUKDN[ VJG QPN[ MPQYP URGEKOGPU QH VJG UCOG FKG 5GTKGU 1 $/%

67


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

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T 1 :2# KP HTQPV 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 8 Q QP VJG GFIG IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ #PCNQIQWU UEGCVVCU ECP DG HQWPF KP 6 5 QP R 5VKNN VJQUG CTG ENGCTN[ FKHHGTGPV V[RGU GXGP KH VJGTG KU TGHGTGPEG VQ VJG 4 UGTKGU 5QOGVKOGU VJG DWUV JCU C ETQUU DGHQTG KV CPF QVJGT VKOGU VJG TGXGTUGU UJQY VWHCU

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T 1 :2# KP HTQPV 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 8 QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# %TQYPGF DWUV T 1 :2# KP HTQPV 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 8 8 8 QP VJG GFIG IT 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP . PQ 'Z 5VCEM EQNNGEVKQP 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF $QWIJV 5RKPM

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE VYQ RGTRGPFKEWNCT NKPGU KP C FQWDNG UVCPFCTF

5

# $WUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV RGNNGVU KP HKGNF DGJKPF VJG PGEM # VJG PGEM KU HQTOGF D[ VYQ NKPGU CPF C ETQUU 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP FQWDNG UVCPFCTF FQVU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH MPQYU QH QPG URGEKOGP #UJOQNGCP PQ 6 5 R

68


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE VYQ RGTRGPFKEWNCT FQVVGF NKPGU KP C FQWDNG UVCPFCTF

5

# 6YQ HKIWTGU UVCPFKPI GCEJ YKVJ C UVCHH QPG HCEKPI CPF QPG NQQMKPI N DQVJ YKVJ C HNCV JGCF IGPKVCNU XKUKDNG 4 %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ NKOD VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING CNN YKVJKP FQWDNG UVCPFCTF 6WHC IT 5RKPM .QPFQP /GVECNH MPQYU QH C PWODGT QH URGEKOGPU 6 5 R

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE VYQ RGTRGPFKEWNCT FQVVGF NKPGU GZVGPFKPI KPVQ VJG TKO KP VYQ EQPEGPVTKE EKTENGU

5

# (QWT JGCTVU KP EKTENG QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 4 %TQUU YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING YKVJKP FQWDNG EKTENG QH RGNNGVU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH FGUETKDGU VJKU CU FQWDNG ETQKZ CPET¾GÅŒ + JQYGXGT UGG HQWT UOCNN JGCTVU *G MPQYU QH VJTGG URGEKOGPU GCEJ YKVJ C TGEQTFGF JQCTF UKVG 6 5 R +V KU C OQQV SWGUVKQP YJGVJGT VJKU EQKP UJQWNF DG NKUVGF YKVJ VJG FQWDNG UVCPFCTF ITQWR CU YCU FQPG KP 6 5 6JKU EQKP UJQWNF OWEJ OQTG DG TGICTFGF CU CP GCTN[ RTGEWTUQT QH VJG 'PINKUJ EQKPU CRRGCTKPI OWEJ NCVGT YJKEJ JQYGXGT KP VJG URKTKV QH VJG CIG JCXG C NGIGPF IKTFKPI VJG HKGNF 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C CPF D

64+37'64#5 # ITQWR YKVJ C URGEKCN TGXGTUG C ETWEKHQTO KPVGTNCEGF RCVVGTP YKVJ RGNNGVU QT CPF TQUGVVGU 6JKU KPVGTNCEGF RCVVGTP EQPUKUVU QH HQWT MPQVU GPFKPI KP VJG EQTPGTU QH C USWCTG 6JG QVJGT UKFGU QH VJG MPQVU VQIGVJGT HQTO VJG DQTFGTKPI EKTENG $QQVJ $CT R XKGYU VJG VTKSWGVTC CU RQUUKDN[ C 0QTVJWODTKCP TQ[CN U[ODQN

5

# $WUV HCEKPI 5CFFNGDCEM FTCRGT[ CPF YTGCVJ VKGU YKVJ QTPCOGPV DGNQY 4 +PVGTNCEG YKVJ HKXG UKPING RGNNGVU IT (KPP -GPFCN &KG FWRNKECVG QH $/% PQ RN +8 PQ VJKU QPG KU FTCYP CU PQ KP 6 5 R $/%

5

# (CEKPI DWUV YKVJ MPQVVGF YTGCVJ VKGU 4 +PVGTNCEG RCVVGTP YKVJ HQWT TQUGVVGU CPF QPG RGNNGV IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ /GVECNH 6 5 R PQU KFGPVKHKGU URGEKOGPU HKIWTGU CPF KFGPVKECN VQ VJKU QPG

69


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# 5VCPFKPI OCP NQQMKPI T YKVJ VYQ NQPI ETQUUGU 4 +PVGTNCEG RCVVGTP YKVJ HQWT TQUGVVGU CPF QPG RGNNGV IT

5RKPM .QPFQP /GVECNH IKXGU C NKPG FTCYKPI KP PQ 6 5 R YJKEJ KU #UJOQNGCP PQ VJQWIJ VJCV JCU DQVJ VJG JGCF CPF VJG HGGV VQ VJG NGHV 6JG #UJOQNGCPʼnU URGEKOGP PQ QH C OQTG FGNKECVG UV[NG FQGU JCXG VJG JGCF CPF VJG HGGV VQ VJG TKIJV CU VJG EQKP KP JCPF

8+%614; # UOCNN UGTKGU QH YJKEJ HGY MPQYP URGEKOGPU GZKUV 6JG QDXGTUG C 8KEVQTKC YKVJ C YTGCVJ FKUVKPEVN[ TGOKPKUEGPV QH 4QOCP EQKPU DWV CNUQ QH NCVGT QPGU 6JG 8KEVQTKC KU YKPIGF CPF KP VJG NKIJV QH VJG EJTKUVKCPKUCVKQP RTCEVKUGF KP VJKU RGTKQF UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF CP CPIGN 6JG TGXGTUG QH QPG QH VJG VYQ UWD V[RGU XGT[ OWEJ TGUGODNGU 4QOCP EQKPU CPF VJG VJT[OUC 5 YKVJ CP CPIGN YKVJ FKURNC[GF YKPIU QXGT VYQ JGCFU VYQ ETQUUGU JGTG 6JG QVJGT ITQWRʼnU TGXGTUG ENGCTN[ FGTKXGU HTQO VJG . UGTKGU $QVJ ITQWRU JCXG VJTGG TWPGU KP HTQPV QH VJG XKEVQT[ YJKEJ JQYGXGT JCXG PQV DGGP FGEKRJGTGF VQ FCVG

5WDITQWR

6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU VJG CPIGN YKVJ FKURNC[GF YKPIU

5

# 9KPIGF 8KEVQT[ T JQNFKPI YTGCVJ VJTGG XGT[ NGIKDNG TWPGU 4 5VCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ URTGCFGF YKPIU CPF DGVYGGP VYQ ETQUUGU KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6 5 R NKUVU QPN[ VJTGG URGEKOGPU VJKU QPG PQV KPENWFGF $/%

5WDITQWR 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU C UVCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU

5

# 9KPIGF 8KEVQT[ JQNFKPI YTGCVJ YKVJ ETQUU VJTGG TWPGU 4 5VCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ URTGCFGF YKPIU CPF DGVYGGP VYQ ETQUUGU KP C DQCV UJCRGF EWTXG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 6JG QDXGTUG KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH $/% RN ++ /GVECNH R NKUVU URGEKOGPU VJKU QPG PQV KPENWFGF $/%

70


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

5

# 2QTEWRKPG NKMG HKIWTG T YKVJ PWOGTQWU HKPGN[ FTCYP SWKNNU CTQWPF C ETQUU RQOO¾G 4 %GNVKE ETQUU YKVJ HQWT TQUGVVGU CPF HKXG RGNNGVU 8ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 2TGUWOCDN[ VJG UGEQPF URGEKOGP MPQYP

56#0&#4& 56#0&#4& 9JGTG VJG RNCEG QH QTKIKP QH VJKU ITQWR OWUV DG NQQMGF HQT KU PQV ENGCT 6 5 R PQT KP YJKEJ RGTKQF KV UJQWNF DG RNCEGF 4GOCTMCDN[ VJG QDXGTUG CNYC[U UJQYU VJG UCOG HQTO C UVCPFCTF YKVJ CP GORV[ VWHC +P VJG UVCPFCTF C UCNVKTG YKVJ C FQV KP GXGT[ CPING $GUKFG VJG UVCPFCTF QP DQVJ UKFGU C ETQUU QT C NKPG WPFGTPGCVJ CNYC[U VJTGG FQVU 6JG TGXGTUG JQYGXGT UJQYU C ITGCVGT XCTKGV[ KP FGUKIP YKVJKP VJG UVCPFCTF CU YGNN CU YKVJQWV /GVECNH RTQXKFGU XCTKQWU EQODKPCVKQPU 6 5 R

5

# %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF VYQ NKPGU QP VJG GFIG 4 5OCNN UVCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG HQWT NKPGU CPF VJTGG VKOGU VJTGG RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5KOKNCT VQ $KTF )NGPFKPKPI #WEVKQP NQV TGXGTUG $/%

5

# %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF VYQ ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG

GORV[ VWHC 4 5VCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ KPENKPGF NKPGU HQWT ETQUUGU CPF HQWT RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT

(KPP -GPFCN

5

# %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VYQ NKPGU VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF CP GORV[ VWHC QP VJG GFIG 4 .CTIG UVCPFCTF YKVJ TKPI KP EGPVTG CPF VYQ TKIJV CPINGU HQWT 6ʼnU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ #U PQ 5 DWV QH C OQTG EQCTUG UV[NG

71


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

5

# 2QTEWRKPG GPFKPI KP RGNNGV HQWT NKPGU CPF \KI\CINKPG DGNQY 4 #'6*+.+4#'& TGVTQITCFG KP VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP VJTGG EKTENGU QH RGNNGVU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0% PQ 6JKU URGEKOGP KU TGHGTTGF VQ KP 6 5 R CPF HKPFU OQTG GNCDQTCVG FGUETKRVKQP KP $NCEMDWTP CPF $QPUGT 5KPING HKPFU QH #PINQ 5CZQP CPF 0QTOCP %QKPU $0, R WPFGT PQ $ KNNWUVTCVGF QP RN 4GOCTMCDNG KP \KI\CI NKPG WPFGT VJG NKPGU KP VJG CTE 6JKU \KI\CINKPG CNUQ GPEQWPVGTGF KP (TKUKC YKVJ VJG &TQPTKLR V[RG UGG (TKGUNCPF 2CTV + PQ 6JG VGTO DQWUVTQRJGFQP JCU DGGP KP WUG UKPEG /CTKG FG /CP JQYGXGT KV KU KPCEEWTCVG 6 5 R 5GTKGU ' $/%

52+4#. $4#0%* 9+6* $'44+'5 6JKU UGTKGU UJQYU JCTFN[ CP[ UKOKNCTKVKGU VQ QVJGT UGTKGU /GVECNH 6 5 R MPQYU QH C UEQTG QH URGEKOGPU YJKEJ JG CUUWOGU VQ DG HTQO C UOCNN UVWFKQ KP 'CUV -GPV %QKPCIG YQWNF DG FCVGF KP VJG NCVG UGEQPFCT[ RJCUG CU C TGUWNV 6JG TGXGTUG CNYC[U UJQYU C URKTCN DTCPEJ YKVJ DGTTKGU /GVECNH FKUVKPIWKUJGU VYQ V[RGU VJG HKTUV V[RG KU PQ 5 DWV PQ 5 YJKEJ KU UWRRQUGF VQ DG VJG UGEQPF V[RG ENGCTN[ UJQYU UKFG DTCPEJGU

5

# 9KPIGF OQPUVGT T EWTXGF VCKN CPF NQPI EWTXGF VQPIWG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 5RKTCN DTCPEJ YKVJ DGTTKGU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM #WIWUV 6JKU EQKP OCVEJGU UWD C KP 6 5 R WPFGT UWD C NKPG FTCYKPI HTQO KV NGHV CDQXG 5GTKGU / $/%

5

# 9KPIGF OQPUVGT T EWTXGF VCKN CPF NQPI EWTXGF VQPIWG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF HQTGN[ WPFGT VJG DQF[ 4 5RKTCN DTCPEJ YKVJ DGTTKGU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JKU EQKP OCVEJGU UWD H KP 6 5 R

72


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

5 # $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T ETQUU CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU ' $/%

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T ETQUU CPF QPG RGNNGV DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T VYQ ETQUUGU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VYQ RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5RKPM 5GRV 'Z *KNN EQNNGEVKQP 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T ETQUU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T ETQUU DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT

5

%QKP +PXGUVOGPV .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T ETQUU CPF RGNNGV DGNQY 4 2GNNGV KP TKPI VYKEG VYQ RGNNGVU CPF HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG DKTF KU RCTVKEWNCTN[ RTKOKVKXG KVU NGIU CTG UVTCKIJV NKPGU CPF VJG YQTMOCPUJKR KU XGT[ ETWFG

73


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JG DKTF PQY JCU C RNWORGT DQF[ CPF VJG NQPI PGEM KU GNGICPVN[ EWTXGF 6JG UVCPFCTF QP VJG TGXGTUG KU QH C FKHHGTGPV RCVVGTP VJCP KP UWD ITQWR VJQWIJ EQPUKUVGPVN[ VJG UCOG

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T RGNNGV KP TKPI CPF RGNNGVU DGNQY 4 (KXG RGNNGV KP TKPIU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT VKOGU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

5

# $KTF YKVJ ŋURKM[ JCKTŌ T RGNNGV KP TKPI CPF 6 DGNQY 4 (KXG RGNNGV KP TKPIU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT VKOGU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

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

5

# $WUV T ETQUU CPF UKZ RGNNGVU KP HTQPV VYQ RGNNGVU DGJKPF 4 9CNMKPI DKTF N YKVJ YKPI HQTOGF CU C JQEM[ UVKEM VGP RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5RKPM #WEVKQP PQ 'Z #ITKEQNC EQNNGEVKQP (QWPF KP .CMGPJGCVJ 5WHHQNM 5GG *KNN 0% RN 8++ UCOG FKG 5GTKGU 3 +G $/% D

5

$WUV T ETQUU CPF UKZ RGNNGVU KP HTQPV VJTGG RGNNGVU DGJKPF 4 9CNMKPI DKTF N YKVJ YKPI TGRTGUGPVGF CU C RQTEWRKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG PQUG KU C NQV UJCTRGT CPF VJG G[G KU OQTG RTQPQWPEGF VJCP KP PQ 5 +P VJG #UJOQNGCP VJGTG KU C URGEKOGP 6 5 PQ VJCV RTQDCDN[ KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH VJKU EQKP 6JG #UJOQNGCP URGEKOGP YCU HQWPF KP .CMGPJGCVJ 5GTKGU 3 +G

5

$WUV T ETQUU CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 9CNMKPI DKTF N YKVJ UVTQPI DGPV YKPI RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

(KPP .QPFQP 6JG PQUG KU GXGP UJCTRGT VJG G[G GXGP OQTG RTQPQWPEGF 5GTKGU 3 +G $/%

74


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 5VCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU

5

# 5VCPFKPI HKIWTG YKVJ VYQ ETQUUGU DGVYGGP HQWT RGNNGVU 4 9CNMKPI DKTF N YKVJ YKPI TGRTGUGPVGF CU C RQTEWRKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0% PQ 'Z 0% PQ .KPG FTCYKPI QH VJKU EQKP KP 6 5 R *KNN MPGY VJTGG URGEKOGPU C 'Z $CNFYKP GZ /QPVCIW PQY #UJOQNGCP D (QWPF KP &QODWTI 1R FGP 8GNFG -NCCUUGP PQ E 'Z .QEMGVV 5GTKGU 3 +H $/%

5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE 3WCFTWRGF 6JG SWCFTWRGF KU PQV QPN[ EQODKPGF YKVJ DKTFU DWV YKVJ CNN OCPPGT QH KOCIGU 6JG V[RGU VJCV EQODKPG VJG SWCFTWRGF YKVJ C DKTF CTG NKUVGF JGTG CNN QVJGT EQODKPCVKQPU ECP DG HQWPF WPFGT VJG PGZV ITQWR 3WCFTWRGF 6JG 3WCFTWRGF KP IGPGTCN JCU C TCKUGF HQTGNGI 6JG SWCFTWRGF QH VJKU UWD ITQWR NQQMU C NQV NKMG C JQTUG 6JKU KU CNUQ VJG IGPGTCN EJCTCEVGT QH VJG ITQWR SWCFTWRGF 6JG SWCFTWRGF QH UWD ITQWR KU GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VCKN FQYPYCTFU RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF N YKVJ YKPI CU CP CPING DGVYGGP VYQ ETQUUGU HKXG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 5WDLCEM EQNNGEVKQP PQ 6JKU EQKP KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP #TEJKDCNF CPF &J¾PKP # UEGCV QH 1HHC QH /GTEKC KP $0, R 6JG VCKN QH VJG DKTF QP VJKU EQKP KU TGRTGUGPVGF CU HQTMGF CU VJG 1HHC UEGCV 2N PQU 4GEGPVN[ &CXKF 1YGP JCU KFGPVKHKGF VJG DKTF CU C $NCEM VCKNGF )QFYKV C OGODGT QH VJG UCPFRKRGT HCOKN[ +V KU QPG QH VJG NCTIGUV QH VJG YCFGTU YKVJ VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKE DQF[ UJCRG 5GTKGU 3 ++E

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF N DGVYGGP VYQ ETQUUGU PKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

'NUGP $TWUUGN (TQO NKUV PQ # UKOKNCT URGEKOGP KU HQWPF YKVJ 1R FGP 8GNFG -NCCUUGP HKI C FKG FWRNKECVG RGTJCRU HQWPF KP &QODWTI 5GTKGU 3 ++F

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VCKN FQYPYCTFU YKPI HQTOGF CU C UVTCKIJV NKPG PKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF N ETQUU QP JGCF KP HTQPV QH VJG DKTF CP CPKOCN FTCIQP YKVJ VWTPGF JGCF VJG DQF[ QUEKNNCVG DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT

# 3WCFTWRGF N VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF N UVCPFKPI QP DTCPEJ NCVKP ETQUU KP HTQPV RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JKU UWDV[RG KU PQV KP 6 5 2GTJCRU C WPKSWG 5GTKGU 3 ++

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG UJCRG QH VJG DKTF RQKPVU VQYCTFU 3+++ 5GTKGU 3 ++

75


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF N UVCPFKPI QP DTCPEJ ETQUU KP HTQPV RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT (KPP .QPFQP (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG DKTFʼnU DQF[ KU NGUU RNWOR VJCP QP PQ 5 6JKU VGPFU VQ 3++ 5GTKGU 3 ++

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF T YKPI XGTVKECN VTKFGPV KP HTQPV PKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JKU V[RG KU PQV KP 6 5 5GTKGU 3 ++

5WDITQWR 6JG SWCFTWRGF KU PQY TGRNCEGF D[ C SWCFTWRGF YKVJ C UJCTRN[ DGPV DQF[ CPF C NQPI UPQWVGF JGCF VJCV KU VWTPGF

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N YKVJ VWTPGF NQPI UPQWV VCKN GPFKPI KP VTKSWGTC T HQTGNGI PQV NKHVGF RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF T RGNNGVU KP HKGNF VTKSWGTC CDQXG IT 8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ /GVECNH MPQYU QPG QVJGT URGEKOGP $KTOKPIJCO /WUGWO 5GTKGU 3 +++C

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTFU RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $KTF T VTKSWGTC CDQXG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JG DQF[ KU OQTG DGPV CU VJCV QH PQ 5 6JG VTKRNG VCKN QUEKNNGV CTTQY NGI CU DQF[ 9KPI VJG UCOG CU 5 6JG TKIJV HQTGNGI KU FGUKIPGF KP CP QTVJQRCGFKE KPCEEWTCVG OCPPGT 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI D CPF C 5GTKGU 3 +++!

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTFU 4 $KTF T VTKSWGTC CDQXG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP &GUKIP KFGPVKECN YKVJ PQ 5

76

IT


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JG DKTF KU PQY EQODKPGF YKVJ C UVCPFCTF

# 4KPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU CPF HQWT NKPGU QP VJG GFIG 4 $KTF N RGNNGVU KP HKGNF DGVYGGP JGCF CPF YKPI VYQ VTKCPINGU YKVJ RGNNGVU KPUKFG IT

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ #RRCTGPVN[ HQWPF KP 5WHHQNM #XGTUG WPTGEQTFGF 6JKU V[RG KU PQV KP 6 5 6JG DKTF NQQMU XCIWGN[ NKMG C RGNKECP 5GTKGU 3 4

5

# 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF GKIJV RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG 4 $KTF T RGNNGVU KP HKGNF IT

(KPP -GPFCN #XGTUG WPTGEQTFGF 6JKU V[RG KU PQV KP 6 5 5GTKGU 3 4

5WDITQWR 0QY VJG DKTF KU EQODKPGF YKVJ C JGP

5

# *GP N XKPG DGNQY 4 $KTF N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTFU ETGUEGPV CDQXG VJG YKPI DGNQY VYQ KPVGTEQPPGEVGF DTCPEJGU IT (KPP -GPFCN 7PTGEQTFGF V[RG 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C CPF C

5WDITQWR %QKPU YKVJ CP GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV EJCTCEVGT CNUQ KP VGTOU QH UV[NG /QTGQXGT VJG[ JCXG C UKNXGT NKMG EQNQWT 6JG[ FQ PQV HKV KP YKVJ VJG RTGXKQWU V[RGU VQ O[ OKPF FGURKVG VJG HCEV VJCV VJG[ CNUQ UJQY C FKHHGTGPV DKTF

5

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 5GTKGU 3 +8C

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N NKMG FGGT YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG NGIU CU C DKTF 4 $KTF T UPCRU CV VYQ KPVGTEQPPGEVGF DTCPEJGU XKPGU! IT

# 3WCFTWRGF N NKQP! 4 $KTF T UPCRU CV VYQ KPVGTEQPPGEVGF DTCPEJGU XKPGU!

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ PQV KP 6 5

IT

77


LOCAL ENGLISH

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N NKQP! VYKEG VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 .KQP ! YKVJ DKTFU ENCYU

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG QDXGTUG QH VJKU EQKP XGT[ OWEJ TGUGODNGU VJG QDXGTUG QH /CEM 5[NN CPF /CEM ++ PQ #WEVKQP )NGPFKPKPI 0Q PQ VJQWIJ VJG TGXGTUG KU CNVQIGVJGT FKHHGTGPV 5GTKGU 3 +8G

$'#56 $QVJ UKFGU PQY UJQY C DGCUV

5

# /QPUVGT N YKVJ NCTIG EWTN QP VJG JGCF TCKUGF HQTGNGI CPF XKUKDNG IGPKVCNU 4 %WTXGF DGCUV YKVJ TCKUGF ENCY IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF KP $GTMUJKTG 9CU ENCUUKHKGF CU UGTKGU / VJQWIJ KV JCU PQ URKTCN DTCPEJ YKVJ DGTTKGU JQYGXGT VJG QDXGTUG FQGU UJQY UQOG EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU QH VJG UGTKGU / 5

37#&472'& #NN V[RGU VJCV JCXG C SWCFTWRGF CTG NKUVGF JGTG GZEGRV VJQUG VJCV JCXG C DKTF QP VJGKT QVJGT UKFG UGG QPFGT $KTFU 6JG SWCFTWRGF QHVGP NQQMU NKMG C JQTUG 5WDITQWR 6JG SWCFTWRGF KU EQODKPGF YKVJ C FGGT

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 &GGT N RGNNGVU KP HKGNF

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 2TGUWOCDN[ QPN[ VYQ MPQYP URGEKOGPU 5GTKGU 3

IT

5WDITQWR 6JKU EQODKPGU VJG SWCFTWRGF YKVJ C UVCPFCTF

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN UKZ RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 4KPI VYQ TKIJV CPINGU CPF VYQ NKPGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF HQWT ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

78


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JKU EQODKPGU VJG SWCFTWRGF YKVJ C DWUV YKVJ TWPGU QT YJCV TGOCKPU QH VJGO

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 %TQYPGF DWUV T ' 4 KP TWPGU KP HTQPV # DGJKPF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6[RG 3 4 $/%

5

# 3WCFTWRGF N VTKRNG VCKN PKPG RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $WUV T ' 4 KP TWPGU KP HTQPV # DGJKPF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ + ECPPQV OCMG QWV C ETQYP 5GTKGU 3 4 (QT VJG FGIGPGTCVG TWPGU /'% UWIIGUV '7 EH 5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $WUV N ' 4 KP TWPGU KP HTQPV TGUKFWG # DGVYGGP VYQ TKPIU DGJKPF IT

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ + ECP LWUV OCMG QWV C ETQYP 6JG TWPG HQT VJG ' KU XGT[ ENGCT JGTG EQPVTCT[ VQ VJG VYQ NCUV PWODGTU YJKEJ JCXG DGGP UWDUVCPVKCNN[ FGHQTOGF 6JG NKPG FTCYKPI QH /GVECNH 6 5 R HKVU KP TGURGEV QH VJG DWUV UKFG FKG FWRNKECVG DWV VJG TGXGTUG KU GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV 5GTKGU 3 4

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VCKN GPFKPI KP HQWT RGNNGVU GKIJV RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 4 $WUV N TWPGU KP HTQPV 8 YKVJ RGNNGV KP KV DGJKPF TGUKFWG QH #! IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP + ECPPQV OCMG QWV C ETQYP 6JG TWPGU EQWNF DG VJG UCOG CU QP VJG NCUV HGY EQKPU ' 4 6JG NGIU QH VJG SWCFTWRGF CTG TGPFGTGF KP C UVTCPIGN[ ENWOU[ UV[NG 5GTKGU 3 4

5WDITQWR 6JKU ITQWRʼnU SWCFTWRGF KU OQTG QH C JQTUG DWV VJG VTKRNG VCKN KU JCTF VQ GZRNCKP KP VJCV ECUG

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN 4 %TQUU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF U[ODQNU QP VJG GFIG

IT

$CNFYKP .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 6JG NGVVGTU UJQY CNDGKV PQV KP VJG TKIJV QTFGT VJG EQODKPCVKQP :#<1 YJKEJ KU CNUQ GPEQWPVGTGF QP VJG RQTEWRKPGU

EH 5 CPF 5 6JG TGXGTUG DTKPIU VQ OKPF VJG 5CTQCNFQ V[RG YJKEJ JQYGXGT JCU VJTGG FQVU KP GCEJ CPING CPF VJG YTKVKPI KU FKHHGTGPV VQQ

79


LOCAL ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JKU UWD ITQWR UJQYU VJG UCOG SWCFTWRGF CU KP UWD ITQWR JGTG VQQ KV OKIJV DG C JQTUG DWV VJG TGXGTUG KU CNVQIGVJGT FKHHGTGPV

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT JGCF 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING : + 8 2 # QP VJG GFIG IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT JGCF 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 6 0 ^ ^ / 8 QP VJG GFIG IT (KPP -GPFCN 2TGUWOCDN[ 5 CPF 5 CTG VJG VYQ QPN[ MPQYP URGEKOGPU 6JG UV[NG QH 5 KU ETWFGT VJCP VJCV QH 5

5WDITQWR 6JG SWCFTWRGFU CTG GXGP OQTG UV[NKUGF KP VJKU UWD ITQWR 0Q 5 UVKNN NQQMU NKMG VJG NCUV UWD ITQWR DWV QP PQ 5 VJG SWCFTWRGF KU GPVKTGN[ UV[NKUGF CPF VJG VTKRNG VCKN JCU IQPG

5

# 3WCFTWRGF T VTKRNG VCKN VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT JGCF 4 %TQUU YKVJ FQWDNG NKPGU CV VJG NKODU CPF QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JKU KU MPQYP CU VJG #UVQP 4QYCPV V[RG 1VJGT URGEKOGPU YGTG RWDNKUJGF KP $0, 5KPING HKPFU #PINQ 5CZQP CPF 0QTOCP EQKPU WPFGT PQ

PQY #UJOQNGCP 6 5 PQ 6JTGG HWTVJGT URGEKOGPU ECOG WR YKVJ VJG #UVQP 4QYCPV JQCTF UGG 5QVJGD[ ,WN[ NQV PQY #UJOQNGCP 6 5 PQ KP $/ CPF KP #UJOQNGCP 6 5 PQ GZ )NGPFKPKPI (GDTWCT[ NQV 6JKU NCUV QPG VGPFU VQYCTFU PQ 5 KP VGTOU QH UV[NG

5

# 6YQ JQTK\QPVCN NKPGU GPFKPI KP RGNNGVU ETQUU CDQXG HQWT XGTVKECN NKPGU DGNQY 4 .QPI ETQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF VJTGG RGNNGVU KP GCEJ CPING IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF PGCT %QXGPVT[ .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R VJKU EQKP 6JG QDXGTUG KU UVKNN TGOKPKUEGPV QH C SWCFTWRGF JQTUG 5GEQPF MPQYP URGEKOGP 6JG QVJGT URGEKOGP KU RQTVTC[GF KP $0, KP 5KPING HKPFU QH #PINQ 5CZQP CPF 0QTOCP %QKPU WPFGT PQ YJGTG KV KU NKUVGF CU CP WPRWDNKUJGF V[RG /GVECNH UWIIGUVU KV KU C UVKEM NKMG DGCUV YKVJ C VCKN QXGT KVU DCEM 2GTKQF ! 6JGTG KU TGHGTGPEG VQ $0, 5KPING HKPFU #PINQ 5CZQP CPF 0QTOCP EQKPU WPFGT PQ $WV VJCV KU VJG V[RG QH PQ 5 6JKU EQKP KU KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI D

80


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LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL 5WDITQWR

6JKU KU C RTQVQV[RG HQT VJG TGOCKPFGT QH VJG UGTKGU

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5

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5

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5

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82


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

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5

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5

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5

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83


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL 5WDITQWR 5GTKGU $ $/% 6JG VGZVU CTG CDCPFQPGF QT TGFWEGF VQ KPUKIPKHKECPEG 6JKU V[RG KU QHVGP ENCUUKHKGF WPFGT UGTKGU , 4KIQNF CPF 5VGYCTV $#4 6Q O[ OKPF VJG DWUV HKVU KP DGVVGT YKVJ UGTKGU $

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5

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5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T KP WTWDQTWU 4 $KTF QP ETQUU CV GCEJ UKFG ETQUU CPPWNGV DGHQTG DKTF ETQUU KP WTQDQTWU IT 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z #UVQP 4QYCPV *QCTF )NGPFKPKPI CWEVKQP PQ 'Z & $ (GCVJGT EQNNGEVKQP +P PQ 5 CU YGNN CU KP PQ 5 VJG EJKP KU FGRKEVGF D[ C XGT[ NCTIG FQV

5

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5

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84


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL 5WDITQWR 6[RG YKVJ VJG UJCTR DGCM 6JG DKTFʼnU UJCRG GPVKTGN[ FKHHGTGPV

5

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5

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5

# 2TKOKVKXG JGCF HCEKPI 8 4 $KTF QXGT HQTMGF ETQUU VQ VJG T VYQ TKPIU DGUKFG VJG ETQUU KNNGIKDNG VGZV IT

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5

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85


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# 2TKOKVKXG JGCF HCEKPI 8 8 # 4 $KTF QXGT ITGGM ETQUU VQ VJG T KNNGIKDNG VGZV

IT

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5

# 2TKOKVKXG JGCF HCEKPI 8 E 8 E 8 8 4 $KTF QXGT ITGGM ETQUU VQ VJG N WPFGT VJG DKTFʼnU JGCF C TKPI KNNGIKDNG VGZV IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 0% PQ 6JG G[GU CTG FGRKEVGF D[ VYQ UJQTV JQTK\QPVCN NKPGU

5

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5

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86

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5


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# 5OCNN DWUV T &' .80&10+# DGJKPF JGCF UGXGTCN FQVU 4 2QTEWRKPG N HQWT NKPGU YKVJKP DQVJ UKFGU EKTENG QH FQVU CTQWPF DGVYGGP FG EKTENG QH FQVU CPF VJG HQWT NKPGU <%148/ IT

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5

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5

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5RKPM .QPFQP

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LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# 5'&' DGVYGGP VJG NGVVGTU CPF KP VJG OKFFNG C ETQUU RQOO¾G QWVUKFG C EKTENG QH FQVU VJG TGOPCPVU QH NGVVGTKPI ! 4 5PCMG YKVJ FQV KP VJG OQWVJ CTQWPF C ETQUU RQOO¾G QWVUKFG VJG EKTENG QH FQVU Å‹URKM[ JCKTÅŒ IT

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5

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5

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5

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88


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NKRU KP C NKPG VQ VJG T 4 $KTF QP ETQUU DGHQTG JGCF QH VJG DKTF HQWT FQVU CV DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG NCVKP ETQUU C TKPI YKVJ FQV IT

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5

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# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG NCVKP ETQUU 4 6YQ DKTFU T VJG NCTIGT ECTTKGU C ETQUU KP KVU DGCM IT

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5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG NCVKP ETQUU 4 6YQ DKTFU T VJG NCTIGT ECTTKGU C ETQUU HQTOGF D[ HQWT FQVU EQPPGEVGF YKVJ VJKP NKPG IT

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5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG NCVKP ETQUU 4 6YQ DKTFU T VJG NCTIGT ECTTKGU C UOCNN ETQUU KP KVU DGCM IT

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89


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T DGHQTG NCVKP ETQUU 4 6YQ DKTFU N VJG NCTIGT ECTTKGU C ETQUU KP KVU DGCM IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ CNUQ NKUV PQ 7PKSWG URGEKOGP *GTG KV KU GXKFGPV VJCV VJG UOCNNGT DKTF TGUVU QP VJG NCTIGT QPG CPF VJCV VJG NCTIGT QPG TGCNN[ ECTTKGU VJG ETQUU KP KVU DKNN (QT C EQTTGURQPFKPI FTCYKPI UGG PQ 5 ITQWR CPKOCN OCUM 6JG YGKIJV KU UKIPKHKECPVN[ JKIJGT VJCV VJCV QH VJG QVJGT V[RGU

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5

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5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z PQ

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5

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91


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL

5

# 6YQ JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJ QVJGT DGVYGGP VJGO C NQPI ETQUU YKVJ HQTMGF DQVVQO 4 DKTF T NQQMKPI DCEM CDQXG VJG QRGPGF OQWVJ QH C UPCMG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z .QEMGVV + PQ

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5

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5

# 6YQ JGCFU HCEKPI GCEJ QVJGT DGVYGGP VJGO C NQPI ETQUU YKVJ HQTMGF DQVVQO 4 $KTF T YKVJ ETQUU KP KVU DGCM CDQXG VJG QRGPGF OQWVJ QH C UPCMG IT 'NUGP $TWUUGN #WEVKQP PQ + CUUWOG VJCV PQU 5 CPF 5 CTG VJG QPN[ MPQYP URGEKOGPU

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LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL 5WRRQUKPI VJCV VJG UWDITQWRU CPF UJQY C HGOCNG RQTVTCKV YJGTG UJQWNF YG UGGM VJG OKPV! 9G YQWNF FQ YGNN VQ NQQM KP VJG 6JGVHQTF CTGC JGTG VJG JQCTF YCU FKUEQXGTGF 9G OKIJV EQPUKFGT 'N[ YJGTG 5V 'VJGNFTGFC HQWPFGF C OQPCUVGT[ CPF C EQPXGPV KP 5JG YCU VJG FCWIJVGT QH -KPI #PPC QH 'CUV #PINKC CPF OCTTKGF VJG PGKIJDQWTKPI RTKPEG 6QPFDGTEV YJQ NGHV JGT VJG +UNG QH 'N[ CHVGT JKU FGOKUG 5JG VJGP YGFFGF -KPI 'EIHTKVJ QH 0QTVJWODTKC YJQ HKTUV EQPUGPVGF VQ JGT DGEQOKPI C PWP DWV NCVGT TGITGVVGF VJKU CPF VTKGF VQ VCMG JGT HTQO VJG EQPXGPV D[ HQTEG 'VJGNFTGFC VJGP HNGF VQ 'N[ YJGTG UJG GXCFGF ECRVWTG VJCPMU KP RCTV VQ VJG OKTCEWNQWU TKUKPI QH VJG VKFG 6JGTG UJG HQWPFGF VJG OQPCUVGT[ CPF YCU EQPUGETCVGF CU HKTUV CDDGUU D[ 5V 9KNHTKF #TEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM CPF JGT NKHGNQPI VTWUVGF HTKGPF CPF NGF C NKHG QH ITGCV FGXQVKQP # OKPV OC[ YGNN JCXG DGGP GUVCDNKUJGF VJGTG 5WD ITQWR OKIJV VJGP DG VJKU 5V 9KNHTKF CPF UWD ITQWR -KPI #PPC

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5

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5

# *GCF HCEKPI N CPF T GNGXGP FQVU 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ NQPI VCKN HTQO VJG JGCF TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP &KHHGTGPV FKG HTQO 5 CPF 5 VJG ICTOGPVU CNUQ FKHHGT

5

# *GCF HCEKPI N CPF T UGXGP FQVU 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ NQPI VCKN HTQO VJG JGCF TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ CPF 0% PQ 6JG CVVKTG KU XGT[ UKOKNCT VQ VJG NCUV PWODGT

93


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL 5WDITQWR 6JG RQTVTCKV KU FKHHGTGPV EQCTUGT VJG SWCFTWRGF KU HKTUV KFGPVKECN NCVGT FKUUKOKNCT

5

# *GCF HCEKPI N CPF T HQWT FQVU 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ NQPI VCKN HTQO VJG JGCF TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT

5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG ECVCNQIWGU FGUETKDKPI VJG %CTNKUNG URGEKOGP UGG HQT KPUVCPEG VJG CWEVKQP ECVCNQIWG QH VJG EQNN %CTN[QP $TKVVQP CNYC[U OGPVKQPGF C UGEQPF URGEKOGP GZKUVU 2TGUWOCDN[ VJKU KU VJG QPG 6JKU URGEKOGP VQ O[ OKPF HQTOU VJG NKPM DGVYGGP VJG QTKIKPCN V[RG CPF VJG HQNNQYKPI PWODGT

5

# *GCF HCEKPI N CPF T HKXG FQVU 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ C PQTOCN NQPI VCKN TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG URGEKOGP HQWPF KP 6JGVHQTF CPF FGRKEVGF KP 5VGKPʼnU CTVKENG KU QH VJKU V[RG +P O[ QRKPKQP VJG V[RG KP JCPF KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH 5VGKPʼnU

5WDITQWR 6JKU UWDITQWR JCU C XGT[ FKHHGTGPV QDXGTUG *GTG C OCNG DWUV VQ VJG TKIJV JQNFKPI C .CVKP ETQUU 6JG TGXGTUG HKVU KP YKVJ VJG NCUV UWD ITQWR YKVJ PQ 5 VQ DG RTGEKUG 5VGKP FCVGU VJKU UWD ITQWR DGVYGGP CPF

5

# $WUV VQ VJG T JQNFKPI C ETQUU KP HTQPV VJTGG FQVU JGCF GP HCEG N CPF T GNGXGP FQVU 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ NQPI PQTOCN VCKN HTQO VJG JGCF TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT

(KPP -GPFCN 5GTKGU 3+J $/% 1H VJKU V[RG QPG URGEKOGP KU HQWPF KP VJG #UJOQNGCP /WUGWO 6 5 QPG KP ;QTM $0, CPF QPG KP VJG EQNN 5VGKP 0Q 5 KU RTQDCDN[ C FKG FWRNKECVG QH 5VGKPʼnU URGEKOGP 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI

5WDITQWR 6JG QDXGTUG UJQYU C DWUV YKVJ C UYQTF DWV VJG TGXGTUG KU CU KP VJG QTKIKPCN %CTNKUNG EQKP TGXGTUGF

5

# $WUV YKVJ JGNOGV VQ VJG N DGJKPF C UYQTF 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ C NQPI VCKN HTQO VJG JGCF TWPPKPI DGVYGGP VJG NGIU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 7PKSWG /GVECNH UGG NKPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R FGUETKDGU VJKU EQKP CU CNU VJQTQWIJN[ ICTDNGF 6Q O[ OKPF VJKU KU KPFGGF C OCP KP C JGNOGV #EEQTFKPI VQ /QTGJCTV VJG UYQTF KU VJG YGCRQP VJCV OCTMGF VJG MKPIʼn $CT R 6JG FGRKEVKQP QH VJG CTO JQYGXGT KU XGT[ RQQT 5WEJ RQQT CTOU YG CNUQ HKPF QP /GTQXKPIKCP EQKPU EH $GNHQTV CPF QP 5 VJG XGT[ GCTN[ UGTKGU 9 6JG JGNOGV YG HKPF CV VJG JGCF QH VJG FTCIQP QP PQ 5 )CPPQP RTQRQUGF VQ VJGO VJG QDXGTUG QP u 6JGP VJG ŋUYQTFŌ DGEQOG C ŋETQUUŌ DWV VJG HKIWTG KU OWEJ OQTG WPENGCT

94


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6 5 R (QT PQY YG JCXG WUGF VJG PGWVTCN CPKOCN OCUM +P VJG HGY URGEKOGPU MPQYP CNOQUV CNN TGXGTUGU FKHHGT /QUV JCXG DGGP CFQRVGF HTQO QVJGT UGTKGU

# 6JG OCUM UWTTQWPFGF D[ HKXG TKPIU 4 $KTF YCNMKPI VQ VJG T YKVJ C ETQUU KP KVU DGCM

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (QWPF %JGTKVQP *CPVU .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R 6JG DKTF KU VJG UCOG CU YG HKPF KP VJG UGTKGU , $/% EH PQ (QT EQOOGPVU QP C DKTF YKVJ C ETQUU KP KVU DGCM UGG VJGTG 6JKU %JTKUVKCP GNGOGPV OC[ VJWU RQKPV VQYCTFU VJG NKQP YJKEJ CHVGT CNN DGCTU %JTKUVKCP UKIPKHKECPEG 6JG DQF[ QH VJKU CPKOCN KU ENGCTN[ XKUKDNG 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI

5

# 6JG OCUM UWTTQWPFGF D[ HKXG TKPIU 4 $KTF YCNMKPI VQ VJG N YKVJ C ETQUU KP KVU DGCM

8GEEJK .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 7PKSWG URGEKOGP

# 6JG OCUM UWTTQWPFGF D[ HQWT TKPIU 4 +P VJG HQWT UGIOGPVU QH C EKTENG KP VJG OKFFNG QH VJG ETQUU C TKPI C ENQXGT NGCH VTGHQKN IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH FGUETKDGU VJG VTGHQKNU CU 6ʼnU YJKEJ KU KPEQTTGEV KP O[ QRKPKQP

5

# 6JG OCUM DGVYGGP VJG GCTU C TKPI VQ VJG T QH VJG JGCF C EWTNKEWG CDQXG C TKPI QH FQVU C UOCNNGT TKPI YKVJKP 4 5VCPFKPI OCNG HKIWTG NQQMKPI T YKVJ C ETQUKGT CPF C DKTF QP VJG T JCPF IT

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5

5

IT

# 6JG OCUM DGVYGGP VJG GCTU C TKPI VQ VJG T QH VJG JGCF C EWTNKEWG CDQXG C TKPI QH FQVU C UOCNNGT TKPI YKVJKP 4 5VCPFKPI OCNG HKIWTG NQQMKPI VQ VJG T YKVJ C ETQUKGT N CPF T IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PKSWG 'Z ( $CNFYKP EQNNGEVKQP 6JG TGXGTUG TGVWTPU KP UGTKGU . $/% C $/% UKOKNCT FKG JQYʼnU VJKU! + VJQWIJV VJKU EQKP YCU WPKSWG *KNN V[RG VJKU EQKP 7PECVCNQIWGF UEGCVVC 0WO %JTQP R GV UGSS 2N 8++ 5VGYCTV 6JG FGPCTKCN EQKPCIG $#4 V[RG VJKU EQKP $/%

95


LOCAL ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL #4%*'4 1P QDXGTUG C PWFG OCNG HKIWTG YKVJ C DQY CPF CTTQY VJCV GPFU KP C DCNN KPUVGCF QH CP CTTQY $GJKPF JKO C XKPG 1P TGXGTUG C DKTF CPF C XKPG 6JKU V[RG JCU DGGP FGUETKDGF VJQTQWIJN[ D[ /QTGJCTV #PINQ 5CZQP CTV CPF VJG CTEJGT UEGCVVC $#4

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5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP $/% .KPG FTCYKPI QH VJKU EQKP KP 6 5 R 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI

5

IT

5RKPM .QPFQP $GHQTG VJG EQKP YCU ENGCPGF KV YGKIJGF IT

5WDITQWR +FGPVKH[KPI OCTM DKTF YKVJ VWTPGF JGCF VQ VJG TKIJV QP TGXGTUG

5

IT

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

96


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5

# #TE TKIJV CPING VYQ RGNNGVU CPF TKPI DGNQY 4 5VGRRGF ETQUU CTQWPF TKPI RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU \KI\CINKPG QP VJG GFIG %QKP +PXGUV FGP *CCI #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /CWTKM JQCTF %H 1R FGP 8GNFG KP ,/2 R PQ 5GTKGU ' $/%

5

# #TE YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU QP KV TKIJV CPING VYQ RGNNGVU CPF TKPI DGNQY 4 5VGRRGF ETQUU CTQWPF TKPI RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU IT

%QKP +PXGUVOGPV .KUUG #WEVKQP PQ

5WDITQWR 6JG UVGRRGF ETQUU JCU DGGP TGRNCEGF YKVJ UJQTV NKPGU KP VJG UCOG HQTO DWV RCTCNNGN

5

# #TE YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU QP KV TKIJV CPING VYQ RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI DGNQY 4 5VGRRGF ETQUU UWP! CTQWPF RGNNGV KP TKPI IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 7PKEWO

97


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5 # 2QTEWRKPG 6+%8 KP HTQPV # *GCF T UGXGP RGNNGVU QP VJG PGEM 5 CPF ( KP HTQPV EH PQ 5 8 DGJKPF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (QWPF QP VJG 6JCOGU KP 9KVVGPJCO KP D[ /T , 4 2CTMGT 5GG /GVECNH KP 6YGPV[ HKXG PQVGU QP UEGCVVCU

PQVG KP $#4 R 5GTKGU ' $/%

5

# 2QTEWRKPG 6+%8 KP HTQPV 4 *GCF T UGXGP RGNNGVU QP VJG PGEM 5 CPF ( KP HTQPV 8 DGJKPF IT

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5

# 4KPI CPF HQWT TKIJV CPINGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU 8ʼnU NKPGU CPF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G WPMPQYCDNG VGZV Λ Λ Q 8 Λ ?). IT *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP 6JKU EQKP ECOG HTQO 'PINCPF 6JKU EQKP UJQYU IQQF YQTMOCPUJKR 6JKU RQUUKDN[ RQKPVU VQYCTFU 'PINKUJ OCPWHCEVWTG 5GTKGU & $/%

5

# 6JTGG TKIJV CPINGU NKPG RGNNGV CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUUGU QP VJG GFIG 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G HQWT RGNNGVU KP HKGNF 8 # CPF QVJGT NGVVGTU QP VJG GFIG IT *QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

98


LOCAL CONTINENTAL

5

# 6JTGG TKIJV CPINGU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJTGG RGNNGVU CPF NKPGU QP VJG GFIG VWHC YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G NGVVGTU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RCCT GP 8QQTUEJQVDCPM 5WTJWKUVGTXGGP %TWFG YQTMOCPUJKR

5

# 2GNNGV KP TKPI CPF HQWT RGNNGVU YKVJKP UVCPFCTF 4 %TQUU RQOO¾G QP VYQ UVGRU

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5

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5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NCVKP ETQUU KP HTQPV DGJKPF VJTGG FQVU 4 6YQ TKIJV CPINGU VYQ 6ʼnU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF TKPI KP RGNNGV YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJTGG RGNNGVU QP GCEJ UKFG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 4GXGTUG WPTGEQTFGF $QCV UJCRGF FTCRGT[ 5GTKGU ) $/%

99


LOCAL CONTINENTAL 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE HQT VJKU ITQWR CTG VJG NCTIG RQTVTCKV YKVJ VJG ETQUU KP HTQPV VJG UVCPFCTF YKVJ HQWT QT VJTGG ETQUUGU CPF VJTGG FQVU KP VJG HQWTVJ CPING

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T VJTGG RGNNGVU KP HTQPV CNUQ KP HTQPV C NQPI ETQUU 4 (QWT ETQUUGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT

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5

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5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU CPF HQWT RGNNGVU KP HTQPV 4 (QWT ETQUUGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ %TWFGT UV[NG VJCP WUWCN $QCV UJCRGF FTCRGT[

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 (QWT ETQUUGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT

5

100

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 6JTGG ETQUUGU VYQ RGNNGVU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO 0% PQ %H $0, RN ++ VJKU EQKP CPF $0, RN ++ VJKU EQKP 'Z 'NOQTG ,QPGU EQNNGEVKQP

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 6JTGG ETQUUGU VYQ RGNNGVU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP $QCV UJCRGF FTCRGT[

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ &TCRGT[ YKVJ VYQ RCKTU QH NKPGU EWTXGF FQYPYCTFU

5


LOCAL CONTINENTAL

5

# &KCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 6JTGG ETQUUGU VYQ RGNNGVU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT *GP\GP #OGTQPIGP %TWFG UV[NG DQCV UJCRGF FTCRGT[

5

# 8GT[ ETWFG FKCFGOGF DWUV T NQPI ETQUU KP HTQPV 4 6JTGG ETQUUGU VYQ RGNNGVU VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VTKCPING CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP U[NN 'Z *KNN EQNNGEVKQP 'Z )TCPVNG[ EQNNGEVKQP 8GT[ WPWUWCN KP EQRRGT

5WDITQWR 6JG DKTF QP ETQUU OCMGU C UJQTV EQOG DCEM %TWFG GZGEWVKQP

5

# .CTIG DWUV T 8 UJCRGF G[G NQPI DQCV NKMG FTCRGT[ ETQUU DGHQTG 4 $KTF QP ETQUU CV DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG ETQUU NCTIG TKPI DGHQTG DKTF HQWT RGNNGVU IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH 6 5 R MPQYU LWUV QPG URGEKOGP VQ YKV VJG QPG HTQO VJG JQCTF QH 5V 9[UVCPʼnU EJWTEJ KP 4GRVQP KP UGG $0, R RN HD 6KOG CRRTQZ 5GTKGU , $/%

+OKVCVKXGU

5

# $WUV N YKVJ NCTIGN[ ETWFGN[ FTCYP OQWVJ HQWT RGNNGVU DGJKPF DGNQY KPVGTNQEMKPI % CPF JCNH EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 4 (QWT ETQUUGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF ETQUU DGVYGGP VYQ RGNNGVU CV GCEJ UKFG IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

# $WUV T ! DGJKPF ETQUU 4 (QWT ETQUUGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF

/KNNU .QPFQP (QWPF KP VJG 6JCOGU $QVJ KOKVCVKQPU UJQY C XGT[ NQY YGKIJV

IT

101


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Ì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ň/QPUVGT 9QFCPUʼn TCVJGT VJCP ň9QFCP /QPUVGTUʼn 6JG EQPXGPVKQPCN CTTCPIGOGPV DCUGF QP V[RQNQI[ JCU PGXGTVJGNGUU DGGP TGVCKPGF KP VJG VGZV KNNWUVTCVKQPU CPF QP VJG RNCVGU 5WDITQWR %JCTCEVGTKUVKE (CEKPI JGCF YKVJ YKNF JCKT # FQV CV VJG VQR CPF C ETQUU VQ DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG JGCF 9KFG HNCTKPI DGCTF #TQWPF VJG GFIG C DQTFGT QH FQVU 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU C OQPUVGT CU FGUETKDGF CDQXG VQ VJG NGHV KVU JGCF VWTPGF DCEM 'ZVGPFKPI HTQO VJG JGCF KU CP CTE YJKEJ KU VGTOKPCVGF D[ C FQV 6TKRNG VCKN GZVGPFKPI KPVQ VJG OQWVJ 6JG IGPKVCNKC CTG KPXCTKCDN[ QP FKURNC[ CU QRRQUGF VQ VJG FTCIQP 5GXGTCN U[ODQNU WPFGT VJG JGCF $CTTGVV OCFG C UVWF[ QH VJKU V[RG UGG VJG VCDNG KP 6 5 QP R 6JKU UVWF[ ENCUUKHKGU VJG V[RGU CEEQTFKPI VQ VJG UJCRG QH VJG DGCTF CPF VJG JGCF QH VJG OQPUVGT

5

4 6YQ RGNNGVU WPFGT VJG JGCF QH VJG OQPUVGT

IT

)NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ + DGNKGXG VJKU VQ DG VJG RTQVQ[RG QH VJG GPVKTG UGTKGU UWD ITQWRU CPF KP RCTVKEWNCT 5GTKG : $/% $CTTGVV # F

5

# 6JG DGCTF PQV UQ YKFG URTGCF 4 2GNNGV YKVJ NKPG WPFGT VJG JGCF 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ $CTTGVV # D #

102

IT


DANISH-FRISIAN-ENGLISH

5

# 4QWPF HCEG UOCNN DGCTF VJG VYQ ETQUUGU OCFG QH HQWT RGNNGVU 4 #PQVJGT UJCRG QH OQPUVGT ETQUU WPFGT JGCF IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PT

5

# #PINGF UJCRGF QH DGCTF 4 2GNNGV T DGPGCVJ OQPUVGT NKPG YKVJ RGNNGV WPFGT VJG JGCF

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

IT

IT

# #PINGF DGCTF 4 0Q UKIP WPFGT VJG JGCF

$QWIJV EQNN &GMMGT 'Z 5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO #WEVKQP PQ C 5RGEKOGP RTQDCDN[ OCFG QH EQRRGT YKVJ XGT[ NKVVNG VQ PQ UKNXGT 6JG UK\G KU UOCNNGT VJCP WUWCN # NCVG URGEKOGP!

5WDITQWR # FKUVKPEVN[ FKHHGTGPV V[RG 6JG TGXGTUG UJQYU VJG OQPUVGT VQ VJG TKIJV YKVJ KVU JGCF VWTPGF DCEM KP YJKEJ CP G[G KU PQY ENGCTN[ XKUKDNG 6TKRNG VCKN GZVGPFKPI KPVQ VJG OQWVJ &KUVKPEV IGPKVCNKC

5 5

# 4QWPF DGCTF VJTGG RGNNGVU QXGT VJG JCKT 4 2GNNGV WPFGT VJG JGCF

IT

# 0Q UKIP QXGT VJG JCKT 4 2GNNGV WPFGT VJG JGCF

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO PQ

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH 8CT +++ KPUWNCT V[RG XCT % 6 5 R G X 6JG OQPUVGT UJQYU UQOG TGUGODNCPEG VQ VJG FTCIQP 5 YJKEJ KU FGUETKDGF CU GZEGNNGPV %GNVKE )GTOCPKE UV[NG

(TQO JGTG QPYCTFU VJG EQKPU UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF 'PINKUJ KP O[ QRKPKQP

5WDITQWR

# VQVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV V[RG 6JG QDXGTUG KU UVKNN EJCTCEVGTKUGF D[ VJG 9QFCP JGCF DWV VJG TGXGTUG PQY UJQYU VJG FTCIQP +V KU C V[RKECN TGPFGTKPI QH VJG FTCIQP UGG WPFGT FTCIQP JGCF VWTPGF VQ VJG NGHV NQPI UPQWV UWD ITQWRU CPF ENGCTN[ JCF C UJQTV UPQWV VJG NGIU KP VJG EJCTCEVGTKUVKECN UV[NG 6TKRNG VCKN 0Q IGPKVCNKC

5

# (KPG JCKT NQPI UJQWNFGTU DGCTF KP 9 UJCRG YKVJ RGNNGV 4 &TCIQP N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTFU VTKRNG VCKN IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

103


DANISH-FRISIAN-ENGLISH

5

# )TGCV JGCF NQPI OQWUVCEJG KV KU PQV KORQUUKDNG VJCV VJGTG KU C UOCNN JGCF T ! 4 &TCIQP N JGCF VWTPGF DCEMYCTF VTKRNG VCKN HKXG RGNNGVU T IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN $QWIJV 5GCD[ 'Z -GPV EQNNGEVKQP 2TGUWOCDN[ WPKSWG

5WDITQWR 6JKU UWD ITQWR UJQYU C JGCF QP VJG QDXGTUG VJCV HKVU KP YKVJ PQ 5 6JG TGXGTUG PQY UJQYU VYQ UVCPFKPI OGP

5

# 2GNNGV DGVYGGP VJG JCKT CDQXG NQPI OQWUVCEJG 9 UJCRGF DGCTF 4 6YQ OGP UVCPFKPI QP NKPG HCEKPI JQNFKPI UVCHH VYQ RGNNGVU DGVYGGP VJG JGCFU IT 5RKPM .QPFQP &GURKVG VJG FKHHGTGPEG KP CVVKTG VJG HKIWTGU CRRGCT VQ DG OGP

5

# *GCF YKVJ QXCN G[GU NQPI OQWUVCEJG CPF 9 UJCRGF DGCTF RGNNGVU DGPGCVJ VJG JGCF 4 6YQ UVCPFKPI OGP N HCEKPI T NQQMKPI VQ VJG N JQNFKPI NQPI ETQUU CPF VYQ UVCHHU IT )NGPFKPKPI .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z /CEM EQNNGEVKQP 5[NN #WEVKQP )NGPFKPKPI 0T PQ $QWIJV $CNFYKP 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP + 'Z 4QVJ EQNNGEVKQP 'Z $NKUU EQNNGEVKQP 'Z /QPVCIW EQNNGEVKQP 'Z .QPFGUDQTQWIJ EQNNGEVKQP 6JKU VQQ UJQYU YJCV NQQMU NKMG VYQ OGP DWV YJ[ KU VJG TKIJV HKIWTG HCEKPI VJG NGHV!

5WDITQWR /CKP EJCTCEVGTKUVKE VJG TGXGTUG KU HQTOGF D[ HQWT TKPIU KPVGTEQPPGEVGF D[ C ETQUU 6JG QDXGTUG JGCF KU IKTFGF D[ CP CTE

5

# *GCF HCEKPI UOCNN DGCTF ETQUU N 4 (QWT RGNNGV KP TKPIU EQPPGEVGF D[ NKPG YKVJ RGNNGVU KP VJG CPINGU YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ EH 0% RN PQ (QT TGXGTUG UGG $0, RN *COYKE R PQ /GVECNH 6 5 R MPQYU QPN[ VYQ MPQYP URGEKOGPU QH VJKU TGXGTUG XCTKGV[ *COYKE CPF C RTKXCVG EQNN

104


DANISH-FRISIAN-ENGLISH 5WDITQWR 6JG QDXGTUG KU C EQPVKPWCVKQP QH UWD ITQWR 6JG TGXGTUG KU PQY C UVCPFCTF QH XCT[KPI FGUKIP

5 # *GCF WPFGT CTE UJCRGF JCKT VYQ ETQUUGU DGPGCVJ VJG DGCTF NCVKP ETQUU VQ VJG N 4 (QWT TKIJV CPINGU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF RGNNGVU QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (TQO 5RKPM #WEVKQP PQ 'Z .QEMGVV EQNNGEVKQP 6JKU EQKP YCU WPRWDNKUJGF DGHQTG 2GTJCRU VJG QPN[ MPQYP URGEKOGP *KNN 0% R $/% D VJKU EQKP 6JG QDXGTUG QH VJKU EQKP DCTGN[ FKHHGTU HTQO VJG QDXGTUG QH PQ 5 UCXG HQT VJG .CVKP ETQUU QP VJG EQKP KP JCPF

5

# *GCF WPFGT CTE UJCRGF JCKT VYQ RGNNGVU DGPGCVJ VJG DGCTF 4 (QWT GPENQUKPI NKPGU HQWT RGNNGVU CPF RGNNGV KP TKPI YKVJKP UVCPFCTF VJTGG RGNNGVU KP VTKCPING QP GCEJ UKFG QP VJG GFIG IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 1DXGTUG VJG UCOG CU 5 DWV OQTG UV[NK\GF

5WDITQWR +P C UGPUG VJKU UWD ITQWR KP VGTOU QH KVU QDXGTUG HKVU KP YKVJ PQ 5 YKVJ C JGCF VJCV HKNNU VJG GPVKTG HNCP 6JG JGCFU FQ PQV FKURNC[ VJG JCKT QH VJG NCUV UWD ITQWR DWV UQOGVKOGU C HGY U[ODQNU ECP DG UGGP PGZV VQ VJG JGCF 6JG TGXGTUG KPXCTKCDN[ KU CP CPKOCN YKVJ NQPI NGIU CPF C NQPI UPQWV

5

# *GCF HCEKPI YKVJ NQPI JCKT CPF NQPI DGCTF :5 81 4 #PKOCN DTQYUKPI YKVJ JQTPU OC[DG FTKPMKPI CPKOCN EQPUKFGTKPI VJG \KI\CINKPG WPFGT VJG JGCF UWIIGUVKQP )CPPQP #0:8( IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

# *GCF HCEKPI YKVJ NQPI JCKT CPF NQPI DGCTF VYQ ETGUEGPVU CNQPI VJG JGCF 4 #PKOCN DTQYUKPI YKVJ JQTPU \KI\CINKPG CDQXG PQ U[ODQNU DGNQY IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 6JG \KI\CI NKPG KU C OQVKH GPEQWPVGTGF KP DQVJ 'PINCPF CPF KP (TKUKC

5

# *GCF HCEKPI YKVJ NQPI JCKT NQPI OQWUVCEJG CPF 9 UJCRGF DGCTF VYQ ETGUEGPVU CNQPI VJG JGCF 4 #PKOCN DTQYUKPI YKVJ JQTPU \KI\CINKPG CPF ETQUU CDQXG IT

(KPP -GPFCN

5

# 0CTTQY JGCF HCEKPI YKVJ UOCNN OQWVJ ETQUU T CPF NGVVGTU ! N 4 #PKOCN T

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

IT

105


DANISH-FRISIAN-ENGLISH 5WDITQWR # XGT[ URGEKCN UWD ITQWR VJCV DGECOG MPQYP CHVGT C JQCTF YCU HQWPF KP -KPIU .[PP /GVECNH WUGU VJG VGTO TGEGPV KP VJG RCTV QH 6 5 HTQO 6JG HCEKPI JGCF HKNNKPI VJG HNCP YKVJ C NQPI YCXKPI OQWUVCEJG CPF C 9 UJCRGF DGCTF CTG EJCTCEVGTKUVKECN QH VJKU EQKP +V KU HTCOGF D[ C DQTFGT QH NCTIG FQVU +V PGXGT DGCTU VGZV 6JG TGXGTUG KU CP CPKOCN VQ VJG TKIJV YKVJ C UJQTV UPQWV VJG CPKOCNU QH UWD ITQWR CNN JCF NQPI UPQWVU JQTPU CPF NQPI NGIU YKVJ ENCYU 6JG CPKOCNU UJQY FKUVKPEV FKHHGTGPEGU 6JGTG KU C TGOCTMCDNG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP VJKU JGCF CPF VJG QVJGTU 6JKU NKMG OQTG VJG JGCF YG HKPF QP C %WPQDGNKPG EQKP HTQO 6TKPQXCPVGU %CVWXGNNCPK 5GG XCP #TUFGNN 6JKU EQKPU YCU UVTWEM KP VJG CTGC UQWVJ QH VJG HKPFRNCEGU QH VJG UEGCVVCV[RG

5

# $TQCF JGCF HCEKPI 4 #PKOCN T VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT JGCF VCKN FQYPYCTFU VJG NGIU CTG OKZGF IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ (QWPF -KPIU .[PP .KPG FTCYKPI KP 6 5 R VJKU EQKP 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C CPF HKI D

5

# $TQCF JGCF HCEKPI 4 #PKOCN T VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT JGCF VCKN TKUKPI CPF GPFKPI KP RGNNGV VJG NGIU OKZGF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

5

# $TQCF JGCF HCEKPI 4 #PKOCN T RGNNGV WPFGT JGCF VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT DQF[ VCKN TKUKPI CPF GPFKPI KP RGNNGV NGIU RCTCNNGNGF IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

106


NORTHUMBRIA

0146*7/$4+# 7PFGT #PINQ 5CZQP YG CNTGCF[ OGPVKQPGF MKPI #NFHTKVJ C OCP YJQ CFXCPEGF VJG URKTKVWCN NKHG CU YGNN CU VJG EWNVWTCN *G YCU VJG QPG WPFGT YJQO VJG 0QTVJWODTKCP 4GPCKUUCPEG VQQM RNCEG CPF VJCV OC[ DG YJ[ JG VTKGF VQ TCKUG GPVJWUKCUO HQT C EQKP DGCTKPI JKU PCOG CPF UJQYKPI C SWCFTWRGF QP TGXGTUG 6JKU CVVGORV YCU WPUWEEGUHWN #NFHTKVJ YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ UKZ MKPIU QH YJQO NKVVNG KU MPQYP 0QV WPVKN CTQWPF WPFGT 'CFDGTVJ EQKPU DGCTKPI VJG MKPIʼnU PCOG YGTG EKTEWNCVGF CICKP YKVJ C SWCFTWRGF QP TGXGTUG 6JG QVJGT MKPIFQOU YGTG VJGP UVKNN KP VJG UEGCV RGTKQF 0QV LWUV VJKU GOKUUKQP KU CP GZEGRVKQP VQ VJG TWNG 0QTVJWODTKC PGXGT EJCPIGF VQ VJG RGPP[ CU VJG QVJGT MKPIFQOU FKF %QKPCIG KP 0QTVJWODTKC OC[ DG UWOOGF WR KP VJG HQNNQYKPI RGTKQFU C VJG RGTKQF HTQO VQ VJG EQKPU YGTG UKNXGT CPF PQV LWUV C EQPVKPWCVKQP QH #NFHTKVJʼnU EQKPU DWV CNUQ QH VJG UEGCVVCU CPF YGTG VJGTGHQTG CNUQ ECNNGF UEGCVVCU D VQ HQTOGF CP KPVGTXCN HTQO YJKEJ PQ EQKPU CTG MPQYP E KP EQKPCIG YCU VCMGP WR CICKP VKNN DWV YKVJ FGDCUGF UKNXGT F HKPCNN[ HTQO VKNN VJG GPF KP EQRRGT EQKPU YGTG OCPWHCEVWTGF DGCTKPI VJG PCOG QH UV[EC 6JG UWEEGUUKQP QH VJG XCTKQWU MKPIU QH 0QTVJWODTKC KU GZVTGOGN[ EQPHWUKPI /CP[ TGKIPGF HQT C XGT[ UJQTV VKOG CPF HKPCNN[ VJG MKPIFQO 0QTVJWODTKC GPFGF YJGP DQVJ 1UDGTVJ VJG NCUV MKPI CPF #GNNG VJG WUWTRGT QH JKU MKPIFQO YGTG UNCKP D[ VJG 8KMKPIU KP

#.&(4+6*

5

5EGCVVC # 2GNNGV KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU #.F(4+F75 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ VCKN GPFKPI KP VTKFGPV /GVECNH R IT

5EGCVVC # 2GNNGV KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU #.F(4+F75 4 3WCFTWRGF YKVJ VCKN GPFKPI KP VTKFGPV /GVECNH R IT

(KPP -GPFCN

5

5RKPM .QPFQP

'#&$'46* #V VJKU VKOG 'CFDGTVJʼnU DTQVJGT 'EIDGTVJ YCU CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM CPF JG RNC[GF CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJG IQXGTPOGPV 7PFGT 'CFDGTVJʼnU TWNG C FKUVWTDCPEG QEEWTTGF YJGP #NFHTKVJʼnU UQP OCFG CP CVVGORV VQ YKP VJG VJTQPG (KPCNN[ 'CFDGTVJ CDFKECVGF VQ NKXG CU C ENGTM KP JKU DTQVJGTʼnU OKPUVGT

5

5EGCVVC # 5OCNN ETQUU '#&$'4J68^ 4 3WCFTWRGF T YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ

5

5EGCVVC # 5OCNN ETQUU '#&$'4J685 4 3WCFTWRGF T YKVJ NQPI VQPIWG (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

$QQVJ # IT

$QQVJ # IT

107


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5EGCVVC # 5OCNN ETQUU '#&$'4'*685 4 3WCFTWRGF T YKVJQWV VQPIWG

$QQVJ # IT

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG '16$'4'J686 4 3WCFTWRGF N

$QQVJ $ IT

(KPP -GPFCNN %H CNUQ NKUV PQ

5

5EGCVVC # #TQWPF ETQUU GPENQUGF KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '16$'4'*685 4 3WCFTWRGF N YKVJ VJTGG RGNNGVU WPFGT HQTGNGI HQWT WPFGT DQF[ CPF QPG WPFGT VCKN $QQVJ $ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU QP RGNNGV '16$'4'J686 4 3WCFTWRGF T RGNNGVU KP HKGNF

$QQVJ $ IT

$QQVJ % IT

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '16$'4'*685 4 3WCFTWRGF N VTKSWGVTC DGNQY CPF ETQUU WPFGT VCKN $QQVJ & IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

108

5EGCVVC # 6JTGG CTOGF ETQUU '16$'4'*68+ 4 3WCFTWRGF N ETQUU QP VCKN 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ (QWPF CV 0GYDCNF QP $QWIJV 'Z & $ (GCVJGT EQNNGEVKQP .GGFU $V $NQYGTU 'Z 0% RN VJKU EQKP $QQVJ $#4 % VJKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF RN 1P ECTF (QWPF 5CPEVQP 0GYDCNF

5

(KPP -GPFCNN $QQVJ MPQYU QPN[ QPG URGEKOGP $ $/% GZ 6[UUGP 6JKU EQKP KNNWUVTCVGF KP )CPPQP HKI C CPF C

5


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU (86'4'$61' TGVTQITCFG 4 3WCFTWRGF T ETQUU QP VCKN VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ ' IT

5EGCVVC # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '&6$'4*685 5 YKVJ VYQ RGNNGVU 4 3WCFTWRGF T VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ ( XCT IT

(KPP -GPFCNN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ %H $QQVJ $#4 R ENCUU ( +U VJGTG C HCEG YKVJKP VJG EKTENG QH RGNNGVU G[GU CPF NQPI OQWUVCEJG !

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '16$'4*685 4 3WCFTWRGF T ETQUU YKVJKP VCKN VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ ( IT 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ (QWPF CV *C[VQP KP OC[ 'Z & $ (GCVJGT EQNNGEVKQP .GGFU $V + $ $QQVJ $#4 MPQYU QPN[ VJKU URGEKOGP KNNWUVTCVGF KP $#4

5

5EGCVVC # 5VTCPIG QTPCOGPV KP EGPVTG QH RGNNGVGF EKTENG '16$'4'*685 4 3WCFTWRGF T YKVJ VQPIWG VTKSWGVTC DGNQY CPF ETQUU YKVJKP VCKN $QQVJ ( XCT IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 'ZVTGOGN[ TCTG CPF KPVGTGUVKPI XCTKGV[ YJKEJ CRRGCTU VQ DG WPTGEQTFGF 6JG UVTCPIG QTPCOGPV CNOQUV NQQMU NKMG C JQTPGF JGCF QH C EQY DWNN QT NKMG C HCEG HTQO EGTVCKP CPINGU DWV OC[DG KV U O[ KOCIKPCVKQP UGG CNUQ 5

5

5EGCVVC # #TQWPF EKTENG QH RGNNGVU GPENQUKPI C ETQUU YKVJ C RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '16$'4*685 4 3WCFTWRGF T VCKN HQTOGF QH FQVU VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ ( IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 6JG VCKN OCFG QH RGNNGVU GPFKPI KP C JGCF

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '16$'4'*68+ 4 3WCFTWRGF T HQWT EKTENG QH RGNNGVU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG YKVJKP VJG HKGNF $QQVJ ) IT 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ (QWPF CV 0GYDCNF

109


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '16$'4J685 4 3WCFTWRGF T VJTGG EKTENG QH RGNNGVU YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG CPF ETQUU YKVJKP VJG HKGNF $QQVJ ) IT (KPP -GPFCNN (TQO NKUV PQ $QQVJ MPQYU QPN[ QPG URGEKOGP ) 5%$+ /CEM GZ .QEMGVV D GZ %CTN[QP $TKVVQP PQ

'#&$'4*6 '%)$'4*6 'EIDGTVJ YCU C RWRKN QH $GFG CPF YCU CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM 5JQTVN[ CHVGT JKU CRRQKPVOGPV KP ;QTM YCU ITCPVGF VJG UVCVWU QH CTEJDKUJQRTKE

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '16$'4'J686 4 $KUJQR UVCPFKPI YKVJ ETQUKGT '%)$'4J6++ $QQVJ 6[RG + IT

5EGCVVC # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '16$'4'*685 4 $KUJQR UVCPFKPI JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUUGU '%)$'4*6 $QQVJ 6[RG 8 IT

(KPP -GPFCNN 6QIGVJGT YKVJ 'EIDGTJV CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM $QQVJ $#4 MPQYU QH URGEKOGP

5

(KPP -GPFCN 6QIGVJGT YKVJ 'EIDGTJV CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '16$'4'J68( 4 $KUJQR UVCPFKPI NQQMKPI N JQNFKPI VYQ ETQUU '%)$'4J6 # $QQVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 6QIGVJGT YKVJ 'EIDGTJV CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM 0QV KP $QQVJ $#4 7PKEWO YKVJ VJG DKUJQR VQ VJG NGHV (TQO 0% PQ (QWPF )TGVQP QP VJG 9QNFU ;QTMUJKTG KP

#.%*4'& #NEJTGF C OGODGT QH VJG TQ[CN HCOKN[ GZRGNNGF MKPI #GVJGNYCNF /QNN C PQDNG *G HWTVJGTGF OCKPN[ VJCV 5V 9KNNGJCF RTGCEJ VQ VJG (TKUKCPU +P #NEJTGF YCU FTKXGP QWV KP HCXQWT QH #GVJGNTGF VJG UQP QH #GVJGNYCNF /QNN

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU #.%*4'& TGVTQITCFG 4 3WCFTWRGF T NQPI VCKN ETQUU DGNQY 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

110


NORTHUMBRIA #.%*4'& '%)$'4*6

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU #.%*4'& TGVTQITCFG 4 %TQUU '%)$'4*6 #4

0QTVJ IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

#'6*'.4'& + #GVJGNTGF JCF TGKIPGF HQT LWUV HKXG [GCTU YJGP #GNHYCNF VJG UQP QH 1UYWNH FTQXG JKO QWV #HVGT VJG OWTFGTU QH #GNHYCNF CPF JKU UWEEGUUQT 1UTGF JG TGVWTPGF

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '&+.4'& 4 3WCFTWRGF T ETQUU WPFGT VCKN VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP

5EGCVVC # %TQUU RQOO¾G '&+.4'& 4 3WCFTWRGF T ETQUU WPFGT VCKN VTKSWGVTC DGNQY $QQVJ 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN

(TQO 0% PQ %H #UJOQNGCP PQ /GVECNH RN /GVECNH R MPQYU QH VJTGG URGEKOGP *QTPUGC #UJOQNGCP 0GYDCNF KP EQOOGTEG

5

#'.(9#.& +

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU RQOO¾G #'.(8#.&85 4 3WCFTWRGF N (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ $QQVJ MPQYU VJTGG URGEKOGP -QRGPJCIGP 1ZHQTF GP $QQVJ $NQYGTU

5

$QQVJ # 0QTVJ IT

5EGCVVC %WVJJCGTV # %TQUU ( ('8#(.&85 ( CU TWPG 4 %TQUU %8&J'#46 $QQVJ 0QTVJ IT

(KPP -GPFCN 0QV KP CTV QH $QQVJ KP $#4 +P CTV QH $QQVJ KP $#4 EC EC %H R NCUV RCTCITCRJ 6JGTG CTG URGEKOGP QPG KU NQUV +NNWUVTCVKQP R V O ECV QP R $QQVJ PQ URGEKOGP KP $/ QT KP CP[ OWUGWO FGUETKDGF KP 5%$+ (TQO ECV KP UOCNN OWUGWOU KP RTKXCVG RQUUGUUKQP KP )TCPVN[ EQNN CPF NQUV ;QTMUJKTG /WUGWO

111


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU '#.(8#.&85 4 3WCFTWRGF T ETQUU DGNQY

$QQVJ % 0QTVJ IT

(KPP -GPFCN $QQVJ $#4 MPQYU QPN[ QPG URGEKOGP QH V[RG % GZ .QEMGVV

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU #5('8#.& TGVTQITCFG 4 3WCFTWRGF T TKPI KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU CDQXG ETQUU DGNQY $QQVJ ' 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 'Z 9 6CNDQV 4GCF[ 'Z ) % &TCDDNG 'Z 5RKPM .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 0% PQ 'Z &WRTGG 'Z 0% PQ +P , $QQVJ $#4 VJKU KU KNNWUVTCVGF CU PQ 9GKIJV KU NQY FWG VQ VJG FCOCIGF DQTFGT

#'6*'.4'& + #HVGT JKU TGVWTP #GVJGNTGF TGXGPIGF JKOUGNH QP VJG UQPU QH #GNHYCNF CPF JCF VJGO MKNNGF +P QTFGT VQ UGEWTG JKU TGCNO JG YGF #GNHHNGF FCWIJVGT QH 1HHC QH /GTEKC KP 1P /CTEJ VJ JG YCU MKNNGF 7PFGT #GVJGNTGF VJG OQPG[GTUʼn PCOGU CRRGCTGF QP VJG EQKPU

5

5EGCVVC %GQNDCNF # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU #'&+.4'& 4 )TGCV RGNNGV KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU %'1$#.& 0QTVJ 2 IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5EGCVVC 5JTKPG V[RG # %TQUU .4'&'& 4 %TQUU QP VTKCPING %8& %.5 0QTVJ IT

5EGCVVC %WVJJGCTF # %TQUU #'&+.4'& 4 4 %TQUU %8&*'#4& (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ /GVECNH R MPQYU QH URGEKOGP $QQVJ $#4 R

112

5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP PQ 'Z 0% PQ VJKU EQKP %QWNF VJKU DG 0WO %JT RN ! 'Z & $ (GCVJGT EQNNGEVKQP .GGFU (QWPF CV 0GYDCNF 1EVQDGT

5

0QTVJ IT


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5EGCVVC 6KFYWNH # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '&.4'&4' 4 %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 6+&88.( 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCNN (TQO PQ

#'6*'.4'& + '#0$#.& + #GVJGNTGF NKMG 'CFDGTVJ UVTWEM EQKP KP EQQRGTCVKQP YKVJ VJG CTEJDKUJQR QH ;QTM

5

5EGCVVC # %TQUU #'&+.4'& 4 2GNNGV KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '#0$#.& $QQVJ 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ %H #UJOQNGCP PQ /GVECNH 2N

'#04'& #HVGT C NQPI RGTKQF QH FKUVWTDCPEGU 'CPTGF TGKIPGF HQT OQTG VJCP [GCTU 0GXGTVJGNGUU NKVVNG KU MPQYP QH JKU MKPIUJKR 6JG OQUV UKIPKHKECPV GXGPV KU JKU UWDOKUUKQP VQ 'EIDGTVJ QH 9GUUGZ KP 7PFGT JKO VJG UV[ECU CRRGCTGF

5

5V[EC 'CFYKPG # %TQUU '8:&+ 4': 4 %TQUU '*&8'+

0QTVJ IT

5

5V[EC 'CFYKPG # %TQUU '#04'& 4': 4 %TQUU '#&8+*+

0QTVJ IT

0QTVJ IT

/CTUJCNN (KGNFU %JKECIQ

5RKPM .QPFQP %CTF $CNFYKP

5

5V[EC # %TQUU '#04'& 4': 4 %TQUU *8#'64'& (KPP -GPFCN (TQO PQ 'Z /CNEQNO 5JKGNFU EQNNGEVKQP 6JG FKUVWTDGF PCOG QH VJG MKPI YG ECPPQV HKPF

113


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5V[EC /QPPG # %TQUU '#04'& 4': TGVTQITCFG 4 %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG /100' 0QTVJ IT

5V[EC /QPPG # %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG '#04'& 4': 4 %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG / 100' 0QTVJ IT

5EJWNOCP #OUVGTFCO

5

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO PQ 'Z /CNEQNO 5JKGNFU EQNNGEVKQP

5

5V[EC 9KNJGCJ # %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG '#04'& 4': 4 %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG 8+.*'#* 0QTVJ IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

#'6*'.4'& ++ 'CPTGF YCU UWEEGGFGF D[ JKU UQP #GVJGNTGF ++ YJQ RTQDCDN[ TWNGF WPVKN QT 4QIGT QH 9GPFQXGT TGEQTFU VJCV #GVJGNTGF YCU GZRGNNGF KP CPF TGRNCEGF D[ C MKPI ECNNGF 4CGFYWNH YJQ HGNN KP VJG UCOG [GCT KP DCVVNG CICKPUV VJG 8KMKPIU VJWU CNNQYKPI #GVJGNTGF VQ TGVWTP

5

5V[EC .GQHVJGIP # 4QWPF / WPFGT RGNNGV '&'.4'& 4': 4 %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG .'1(&')0 0QTVJ 2 D IT 5QVJGD[ .QPFQP #WEVKQP . PQ 'Z 5VCEM EQNNGEVKQP $QWIJV 5GCD[ 5%$+ 0QTVJGTP /WUGWOU

5

5V[EC $TQFGT # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '&+.4'& 4': 4 %TQUU $41&'4 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN

(TQO NKUV PQ

5

5V[EC 'CTFYWNH # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '&+.4'& 4': 4 2GNNGV KP EKTENG '#4&88.( 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

114


NORTHUMBRIA

5

5V[EC (QTFTGF # %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG '&++ 4'& 4': 4 %KTENG YKVJ RGNNGV KP EGPVTG (14&4'& 0QTVJ IT

5RKPM .QPFQP

5

5V[EC .GQHVJGIP # 2GNNGV KP EKTENG QH UKZ RGNNGVU '&+.4'& 4': 4 %TQUU '1(&'50 0QTVJ IT

*QNNGOCP 'PUEJGFG

5

5V[EC .GQHVJGIP # %TQUU YKVJ QPG NKPG KP GCEJ CPING #'&'.4'& 4': 4 2GNNGV YKVJKP VYQ EKTENGU .'1(&'50 0QTVJ IT /Ã’P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN %H $QNVQP 2GTEG[ JQCTF

5

5V[EC .GQHVJGIP # 5YCUVKEC #'&'.4'& 4': 4 %KTENG YKVJ GKIJV RGNNGVU KPUKFG CPF QPG RGNNGV KP EGPVTG .'1(&'50 0QTVJ IT /Ã’P\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP $CUGN %H $QNVQP 2GTEG[ JQCTF

5

5V[EC .GQHWHWP # 9JGGN YKVJ UKZ URQMGU '&'.4'& 4': 4 %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING .'1(8(70 0QTVJ IT

5

5V[EC /QPPG # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING '&+.4'& 4': 4 2GNNGV YKVJKP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU /100' N CPF T QH ' UKZ RGNNGVU 0QTVJ IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

5

5V[EC # 2GNNGV YKVJKP EKTENG QH UKZ RGNNGVU '&+.4'& 4': 4 %TQUU 2+*64& 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ *5 'Z 5JWVVNGYQQF EQNNGEVKQP

115


NORTHUMBRIA 4#'&97.( ÅŽ 9G MPQY VJKU MKPI HTQO EQKPU GZENWUKXGN[

5

5

5V[EC #NIJGTG # %TQUU 4'&8.( 4': 4 %TQUU #8++' Å‘

0QTVJ IT

5V[EC *WPNCH # %TQUU 4'&8.( 4' 4 2GNNGV YKVJKP EKTENG QH GKIJV RGNNGVU *80.#( 0QTVJ IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO PQ %H 2KTKG

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

*17#& ! ÅŽ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

5

5V[EC *XCGVTF # %TQUU *1#8& 4' 4 %TQUU *8 4&

5

5V[EC /QPPG # %TQUU 8#'60# TGVTQITCFG 4 2GNNGV KP EKTENG /100' TGVTQITCFG

IT

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ 1DXGTUG KU C FKG FWRNKECVG QH 4CUJNGKIJ $#4 RN PQ CPF FKG FWRNKECVG QH QD CPF TGXGTUG

(KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ %H $#4 R

IT

15$'4*6 #GVJGNTGF YCU MKNNGF KP QT CPF UWEEGGFGF D[ 1UDGTVJ YJQUG CPEGUVT[ KU PQV MPQYP

5

5V[EC 'CPYWNH # %TQUU YKVJ QPG RGNNGV KP GCEJ CPING 1584*6 4': 4 %TQUU '#088+% 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ

116


YORK

5

5V[EC 9KPKDGTJV # %TQUU KP EKTENG 15$'4*6 4' 4 2GNNGV KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 09$'4*6 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN (TQO NKUV PQ +P O[ QRKPKQP DGVYGGP 4 CPF * KU CPQVJGT NGVVGT XKUKDNG .

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

YJKNG #TEJDKUJQR 'CPDCNF + OKPVGF VQIGVJGT YKVJ -KPI #GVJGNTGF + (TQO 'CPDCNF ++ VJG CTEJDKUJQRU OKPVGF VJGOUGNXGU 6JG UJCRG HKVU KP YKVJ VJCV QH 0QTVJWODTKC

'#0$#.& ++

5

5V[EC 'CFYWNH # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '#0$#.& #4 4 %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '#&88.( 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP 0QTVJ MPQYU QH VJTGG OQPG[GTU %8098.( '#&98.( '6*'.9#4&

5

5V[EC 'FKNYCTF # %TQUU KP EKTENG '#0$#.&#4 4 %TQUU KP EKTENG '&+.8#4& 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN

117


YORK

5

5V[EC 'QFYWNH # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '#0$#.& # $ 4 %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU '1&88.( 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP (TQO 0% PQ 6JG OQPG[GT '1&88.( KU RQUUKDN[ VJG UCOG CU '#&88.( 1P VJG TGXGTUG VJGTG CTG VYQ RGNNGVU KPUKFG VJG EKTENG QH RGNNGVU UGETGV U[ODQNU!

9+)/70&

5

5V[EC *WPNCH # %TQUU 8+)/80&'4 4 2GNNGV YKVJKP EKTENG QH GKIJV RGNNGVU *80.#( 0QTVJ IT 5RKPM .QPFQP

97.(*'4'

5

5V[EC 9WNHTGF # %TQUU KP EKTENG QH RGNNGVU 8;.(*'4' #4'2 4 %TQUU 88.(4'& 0QTVJ IT (KPP -GPFCN 0QTVJ MPQYU QH QPN[ QPG OQPG[GT 97.(4'& %H NKUV PQ

118



IMPRESSUM NUMISMATISCHE BEARBEITUNG

Arne Kirsch, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach

ÜBERSETZUNGEN

Robert Weir

FOTOS LAYOUT DRUCK

Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart Danner pc – gesteuerte systeme, Waiblingen media-print, Paderborn Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, bedarf der Genehmigung des Verlages.

UNSERE ADRESSE OUR ADDRESS

Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG Numismatischer Verlag Gutenbergstr. 23 · 49076 Osnabrück Telefon/ Phone: +49(0)5 41-96 20 20 Fax: +49(0)5 41-96 20 222 Gebührenfreie Rufnummer: 08 00-58 36 537 E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Internet: www.kuenker.de

UNSERE GESCHÄFTSZEITEN OPENING HOURS

Montag-Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend

9.00 - 17.00 Uhr 9.00 - 15.30 Uhr nach Vereinbarung

Außerhalb unserer Geschäftszeit steht unseren Kunden ein automatischer Anrufbeantworter zur Verfügung. Monday-Thursday Friday Saturday

9 am to 5pm 9 am to 3:30 pm by prior appointment

Answering machine available after opening hours. ANNAHME VON EINLIEFERUNGEN STAFF MEMBERS ACCEPTING CONSIGNMENTS

Dr. Andreas Kaiser (Antike, Neuzeit) Arne Kirsch, Prokurist (Neuzeit) Oliver Köpp, Prokurist (Neuzeit) Dr. Sebastian Steinbach (Mittelalter) Jens-Ulrich Thormann MA (Antike) Telefon / Phone: +49(0)5 41 96 20 20 Mitglied im Verband der Deutschen Münzenhändler e. V. Associaton Internationale des Numismates Professionnels (AINP)


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