Reuse of Industrial Heritage Sites, Study of Approaches for the case of Ahmedabad by Kuhoo Patel

Reuse of Industrial Heritage Sites, Study of Approaches for the case of Ahmedabad

Submitted By Kuhoo Patel 15bar17 Guide Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat May 2020

< @ 9 7 (8 ; < (

% 7 (8 9:;4

9(; 9;( <' );

'17 ) ( <9

(':;9( ;

% 8 <' );

( 9 ' A

5 5 5

;= >

? "6

Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University

APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the subject carried out and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite towards the degree of Bachelor of Architecture for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic program. Thesis Title

: Reuse of Industrial heritage site, study of Approaches for the case of Ahmedabad

Student Name : Kuhoo Patel Roll Number

: 15BAR17

Date : 20th July, 2020

Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat Guide, Professor and I/c Academic Co-ordinator Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

Prof. Vinay Shah Professor and Thesis Incharge, Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

Prof. Utpal Sharma Director, Institute of Architecture & Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

DECLARATION I, Kuhoo Patel, 15bar17, give an undertaking that this research thesis entitled “Reuse of Industrial Heritage Site, Study of Approaches for the Case of Ahmedabad” submitted by me, towards partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture at Institute of Architecture and Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, contains no material that has been submitted or awarded for any degree or diploma in any university/school/ institution to the best of my knowledge. It is a primary work carried out by me and I give assurance that no attempt of plagiarism has been made. It contains no material that is previously published or written,except where reference has been made. I understand that in the event of any similarity found subsequently with any published work or any dissertation work elsewhere; I would be responsible.

This research thesis includes findings based on literature review, study of existing scientific papers, other research works, expert interviews, documentation, surveys, discussions and my own interpretations. Date: 20th July, 2020

Name : Kuhoo Patel Roll number : 15bar17 Institute of Architecture and Planning, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

ACKNOWLEDGMENT My cordial obligation to express my regards towards, Guide and Mentor for sharing his knowledge in the subject and perspective gained over the years.

Prof. Jaydeep Bhagat

Institutions, Online Platforms, Centers to open doors to all my learning.

IAPNU Library, CEPT Library, Kindle, Google Scholars and AMC

Architects, Educationists, Professionals whose passion for the subject, shared interesting findings and facts.

Ar. Sonal Mittal, Ar. Riyaz Atayyabji and Ar. Yatin Pandya

Some fantastic artist, musicians, authors, sit-coms and influencers who have broaden my imagination.

The Beatles, Friends, Barked, Dear Alyne and Restless.arch

All the faculties and Institute to provide platform to carry out research in topic of interest.

Prof. Punita Mehta, Prof. Urvi Desai, Prof. Keyur Vadodaria, Prof. Vinay Shah

My partner who motivated me to work harder each day.

Darshan Patel

My constant Pals, for all the casual inputs, opinions, jokes and suggestions.

Tanveera Shaikh, Devanshi Shah and Chinar Shah

My family and home for constant comfort and cheering me up during the last half decade.

Mom, Dad, my brother and Nipa Aunty

Thank You all for their support for everything and in all possible ways.

Gratitude to Ar. Dennis Bradley, B+A Architecture for giving me internship experience and its learning , worth continuing for thesis.

INTRODUCTION

F0.1 Industrial Heritage Sites in Ahmedabad and its first impression

ABSTRACT The city of Ahmedabad has always been known for its traits of trade and commerce and esteemed business acumen. The city was always established independently and has seen prosperity on its way when more and more people started investing in textile industry. It was once known as ‘Manchester of the East’. However, it is astonishing to see that today the same part of the city which gave its name in the history is facing a major shift of its role in stimulating development, now through the west banks of the city. In order to bring back this lost integration of the historically rich eastern part of the city, abandoned and defunct ruins become the core for revival. With its direct thread to the glorious past of the city, these

iii

abandoned ruins serve a crucial role in redevelopment. The base of the study is dependent on the assumption that there is a relationship between heritage & identity, historic architecture and today’s transformation of the cities. This paper outlines the typology of urban spatial structure that is relevant for this city fabric. These typologies of urban structure were first studied from the principles derived by Council of European Studies, 2018. It is necessary to study the spatial quality and adaptable condition of the industrial ruins. In order to study this better, the thesis looks upon redundant mills of Ahmedabad as a case, to identify what factors/values of design to be taken under consideration for such projects, reuse of industries.

A mixed-research methodology; qualitative and quantitative was used to carry out case analysis. These values is used to direct towards what appropriate approaches can be applied in case of Ahmedabad. The outline of approach is based on Heike Overmann and Harald A Meig study of ‘Industrial Heritage sites in transformation, clash of discourse. Inferences from Ahmedabad case-studies concluded that, Industrial heritage site as Urban landmark & Cultural landscape, as Testimony of past and as Built infrastructure & Spatial resource, are the approaches best suitable for the textile mills. These approaches are based on what objective is applicable for the reuse of heritage sites. The research concludes that, the abandoned industrial sites in Ahmedabad are in capacity to be preserved and alternatively reused for approapriate reuse that can focuses on city, regional as well as local socio-economic and cultural needs. These sites have a scope to develop into various functional use like recreational area, working centres, commercial activities, housing development, museums and cultural centers. Here, the important learning is that a reuse project for a heritage site must look upon the bases of conservation of its historic value and than other various issues, so that they are relevant today. The idea of perceiving reuse for heritage industrial site into more than one objective makes it important to investigate the most important role a heritage site can play irrespective to the action of preservation, that is made constant. It helps us to really define; to what extend the site can be preserved and alternatively used to create its new identity. At the end of the research, the thesis is able to provide a framework and guidelines for finding appropriate reuse solutions for industrial heritage site.

RESEARCH QUESTION Over the centuries, the city needs to grow with time. There is a constant change, it is built, transformed and expanded to cater the different aspects of development for the people of that city. However, every city has its beginning which has a strong thread to its history. That beginning core of the city is attached to its people through its historic background. The larger question is how can we re-use this history rich sites? • •

What are the various considerations that should be taken into account with regards to the issues derived from dis-functional industrial heritage sites?

What should be the core objective of reuse for redundant industrial heritage site based on today’s transformation of the city of Ahmedabad?

AIM & OBJECTIVE The aim of thesis is to identify different way of using abandoned industrial sites in context of Ahmedabad, such that the heritage and heritage sites are relevant in the context of urban change. - To outline typologies of industrial urban spatial structures that are still relevant in the city fabric.

- To identify various factors that influences reuse for such historic sites, reuse of industries. - To determine appropriate approaches for these industrial heritage sites in Ahmedabad.

KEYWORDS Industrial Heritage: Material, objects, building and sites that are industrial typology of 19th century from post-industrial era that is or may be inherited from the past. Re-use:

It is a process of adaption of old structure, sites and objects for the new use so as to meet the needs and concerns of the present. Historic Architecture:

It comprises of space, materiality, atmosphere that manifest itself as character of a building, reflecting a particular time/period in history. Urban Development:

Development of an area, place and building that impacts urban context based on the concerns of economic premise and environmental value.

METHODOLOGY In order to understand the process and methodology applied, the outline of the thesis can be understood using the flowchart diagram (Figure 0.2).

The method of analysis of case studies involves the use of quantitative as well as qualitative methods. The qualitative analysis involves observational and documented analysis using photographic documentation of the sites, interviews with people of the surrounding communities and measure drawing of buildings.

The quantitative analysis includes, the typologies of urban spatial structure studied using the research done by (Council of European Studies(CES), 2018). The process of understanding the case using the values and approaches were considered on the basis of the framework developed by (Oevermann & Meig, 2015) in their book based on examples of industrial heritage sites from 10 different cities worldwide, including case of Parel & Eastern waterfront, Mumbai.

Theory

Industrial Heritage Site

Framework

Definition of the important topics

Background study, examples globally

Establishing Premise of the subject

Literature Study Urban Spatial Structure

Relationship between Site - Surrounding area

Values

Objectives Concept for the purpose of Reuse

Influencing factors to be emphasized

Approach Guiding principles of Consideration

Case study Through Investigation

F0.2 Methodology used to carry out research

Through Case study Analysis

vii

Case Selection Study of historic textile mills of Ahmedabad Site Visit

Data collection AMC, Area development Plans, Literature study, Google earth

3 selected mills as case study

Identified Mills - Location Use - Current Scenario

Documentation

Observation Measure Interviewing pictures and drawing neighborhood sketches structures

Investigation

Survey of all 3 Cases: Site and Surrounding Area

Based on 24 Criteria of Investigation

Parameters to consider for case study analysis

Directs towards Influencing Values

Individual Case Study

Detail Analysis of Case study on basis of: Value I, II, III & IV

Study of Values help Identify

Type of Urban Spatial Structure

Which of the Objective will be: Core & Sub

Gives appropriate Approach for the Case

F0.3 Applied method of case study analysis

Literature from references

viii

SCOPE AND LIMITATION The thesis talks about textile mills of Ahmedabad. It is one of the richest city in terms of history of textile industry in India, however it lacks with the data involving government decisions and planning regulations that are specific to the case of mills in Ahmedabad. Hence, the theoretical studies and case studies are not looked upon based on what planning and government regulations implied there. Ahmedabad had over 60 textile mills out of which, 53 mills are identified and closed down and 5 mills sold to state and central government. 14 mills owned by GSTC are under dispute and most of them losing case and demolished. Based on available data only three abandoned mill site are identified. Therefore, derived inference for finding the approach of reuse, is based on these abandoned mills taken as case of study. Presently, there has been limitation to find an accurate case study for the research in Ahmedabad for reuse of industrial heritage. So, the case studies identified for study may or may not be completely aligned as background study for reuse of Ahmedabad.

The approaches that will be derived from the research will be focused on application and issues addressed for the cases of industrial mills of Ahmedabad. This research will be useful for a similar context addressing similar concerns. However, the approach analysis is very case specific and directed to a particular city and its industrial heritage.

INTRODUCTION

i-xviii

Chapter I Theory I Industrial Heritage Site

1.1 Defination

1.2 Industrial Heritage site in India

1.3 Reuse of Industrial Historic site 1.4 Elements of Industrial site 1.5 Character & Identity

Chapter II Framework I Evolution of framework study 2.1 Historic Industrial Urban Spatial Composition

2.1.1 Typology of Built form and Use

2.1.2 Typology of Urban spatial structure

2.2 Historic Industrial site: Deliberation of Use 2.2.1 Values of consideration for reuse

2.2.2 Different understanding of Approaches 2.2.3 Interminable values of reuse 2.2.4 Conclusion

Chapter III Context I Ahmedabad, Gujarat as Case 3.1 Ahmedabad, as context

3.2 Mills, Historic Background 3.3 Current Scenario

3.3.1 Existing condition: Mill & Surrounding area

3.4 Case study Selection 3.5 Investigation

Chapter IV Case study I Comprehensive analysis & inferences 4.1 New Gujarat Synthetic Mill

4.2 Pikas Mill

4.3 New Commercial Mill

CONCLUSION

CONTEXT

Chapter I

THEORY

Industrial Heritage Site, Background Study

1.1 WHAT ARE HERITAGE SITES?

INDUSTRIAL

Industrial heritage sites consist of remains of industrial culture which are of historic, technological, social, architectural or scientific value.

These remains comprises of buildings, machinery, workshops, mills & factories, mines and sites for processing & manufacturing, refining, warehouses & stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted, used and transported, all its infrastructure as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as workers housing, religious structure for worship and educational centers.[1.1] The term ‘industrial heritage’ is a perspective language referring to all industrial relics which have no production function any more, in general. The remains of these industrial relics are more than the buildings that housed industrial activities; they include landscape & precincts, machinery & industrial archeology, remnants and other traces of processes and production.[1.2]

Economy

Urban Fabric

Industries in a city

Culture

Community F1.1 Industries and its role in Society

[1.1] The International Committee for the Conservation of

Industrial Heritage (TICCIH). (July 2003). The Nizhny Tagil Charter for Industrial Heritage. .: TICCIH presented to ICOMOS for approval by UNESCO. [1.2] Divya Gupta, Director Programmes, Architectural Heritage Division INTACH, New Delhi. ( 2004, Summer -). The state of Industrial Heritage Site in India. Retrieved from www.intach.org.

Industrial heritage can have an important role in regeneration of declining or decayed areas reinforcing urban character and identity, increasing amenities and actions that lead to economic development.

The continuity that reuse of these abandoned relics may provide, a psychological stability to the neighborhood communities facing sudden end of long standing source of income and employment.

The new developed use and the F1.2 Reclaimed rail line, HighLine Park proportion of changes that will be accommodated, needs to be in appropriate measure, to the heritage significance of the place. Broader approaches and strategies for consideration of reuse for urban redevelopment and transformation are important leading to reuse on larger scale.[1.1] Most significant example is in Ruhr, Germany, the economy of larger region has shifted from earlier steel and coal industry, now the site for industrial heritage trail. Industrial fabrics such as mills, factories, can provide reuse for interior spaces and other structures likes railway line, docklands provide unique sites for openspaces that can be incorporated into parks, public amenities like in the case of Highline in New York. The recycling of railway line in urban linear park uplifted the area of Chelsa. With the new development following this public realm several notable projects like The Vessel and High end residential apartment by Zaha Hadid was been built. This project provide a balance between refinement and rough-hewn industrial quality of the Highline.[1.1]

[1.1] Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai. n.d. Faculty of Design, CEPT University.

F1.3 Abandoned Shakti mill, lying unsafe and unused

1.2 INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA In India, there are variety of industrial heritage sites, mostly from the mid-19th century along with several technological advancements carried out by British Empire as a part of industrial revolution. Remains of historic textile factories processing cotton, wool and indigo; others refining salt, spices and tea; and manufacturing cast iron; advances in railways, communication and electricity as still found throughout the country. Most of these infrastructure are still in continuous use until today. This lead to development of industrial cities around the country such as Bombay, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur and Calcutta, embarking the city of Ahmedabad as ‘Manchester of the East’. In 1947, after independence, most of these industries came under the ownership of the new formed government. Soon after which textile industry experienced technological changes all over the world. The conventional handloom technology in India underwent major downturn due to modern powerloom.[1.1]

CURRENT SCENARIO Unfortunately, due to lack of awareness regarding the significance of cultural conservation as well as deficiency of any legislation, institution, policies for protecting and preserving industrial heritage, these lie unprotected and endangered with very fine hope for conservation.

F1.4 Redevelopment of Pheonix mill in Girangoan, Mumbai [1.1] Divya Gupta, Director Programmes, Architectural Heritage Division INTACH, New Delhi. ( 2004, Summer -). The state of Industrial Heritage Site in India. Retrieved from www.intach.org.

Today, instead of conserving or finding alternatives for preservation, industrial heritage sites are demolished and wiped out for new real estate development. Industries that are successfully running and producing in present have also changed drastically without any regards for old character and loosing precious heritage identity.[1.1]

Identified stages Today

Original Industrial Function

Expected Now

Losing its function

Abandonment

Demolition/ Destruction

Intermediate Utilisation/ Temporary Uses

In 1991, government of Maharashtra amended Development Control Regulation DCR 58 in order to regulate redevelopment of cotton textile mill lands in Girangaon, Mumbai so as to generate openspaces and public housing in the city, in a manner that allowed ‘change of user’ from industrial to ‘commercial/residential’, creating a coherent urban form.

In reality, redevelopment that occurred are haphazard and totally commercial bases without any portion of land becoming available for low income housing or public amenities. The commercial new use also barely reflected the industrial character and architecture. This is reflected in case of Phoenix mall developed as a high end shopping mall and entertainment center. Many privately owned mills are already brought down and developed into profitable real estate for stakeholders. Barely few defunct mills lie abandoned and have the scope for preservation. These mills either lie abandoned due to on-going court case and those left for revival and owned by NTC.

Long-term Utilisation

F1.5 Stages of Change of Industrial heritage: Reality at present and Expected now

1.3 REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES

Economic development Economy

Urban Fabric Architectural innovation

Reuse of Industries in a city

Culture Cultural community

Community Environmental enchancement

F1.6 Redefined role of Industries by Reuse of Heritage Site

Abandoned industrial heritage is considered as an asset for urban growth of the city. These heritage building are the spaces that reflect people from the past history that lived and worked in. They tell story of patterns and events of their life style, beliefs and ethics. “The best way to conserve a heritage building, structure or site is to use it...... Adaption links the past to the present and projects to the future.” [1.1]

[1.1] Heritage Office, NSW Department of Planning and Royal

Australian Institute of Architects NSW Chapter . (1 January 2008). New Uses of Heritage Places: Guidelines for the Adaptation of Historic Building and Sites. Hertage Council of New of South Wales. New South Wales: Heritage Office. ISBN 1-92112-1130

The process of conservation of building site or precinct from one use to another can be defined as Appropriate Reuse. It gives new life to the site rather than opting to keep it stagnant at a particular moment in times. This provides an intermediate options that lies between the extremes of complete demolishing or turning sites into a complete display of representation of history. Adding a new layer with clearing previous layer, adaptive reuse becomes part of history yet just as an another stage/intermediate layer and not always a final outcome.

F1.7 Ambelic industrial building refurbished into cultural center, Baroda, Gujarat

F1.8 Rotermann;s warehouse converted into institutional building

Designing for the industrial heritage site for reuse allows to accommodate the potential to ‘amplify’ some characters and elements of heritage and include necessary change for successful utilization.[1.1]

Small interior intervention and building precincts as well as large urban revitalization approaches are subject to reuse for industrial heritage. They integrate economic cultural as well as social aspects into historic area making them a beneficiary to all the stakeholders. Therefore, reuse of industrial heritage sites can be seen widely into three perspectives identified as historic preservation, architectural production and urban development. The scope of existing heritage and its identity to the place will direct the reuse towards specific approach and method of adaptation.

F1.9 Co-working space, Shower Brothers Factory, Madison Street

F1.10 Gas work Park, Seattle reused as cultural landscape [1.1] Heritage Council Victoria. (July 2003). Adaptive Reuse of

Industrial Heritage: Opportunities & Challenges. 1 Spring Street Melbourne 3000: Heritage Council Victoria 2013. Retrieved from www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/heritage/projects-and-programs.

1.4 ELEMENTS HERITAGE SITES

INDUSTRIAL

Reuse is not simply a process to retain the envelope of building in historic fabric. All elements such as building, sites and precincts must be studied and understood in a complex way for appropriate new use. These elements can be looked as both space-making and place-making elements to better simply the study of industrial fabric.

The elements that constitutes of the basic parts of a tangible builtform or an environments that possesses attributes of morphological construct and manifest particular spatial qualities and space are included as space-making elements.[1.1] Industrial heritage builtform with unique architectural composition that can be visualized as free openspace, achieved through cast iron structural system, regular shaped builtform with careful composition of openings for adequate natural light makes unique the character to this heritage. Elements that can constitute to such space and volume are as follows:

[1.1] Pandya, Y. (1 December 2013). Elements of Spacemaking. n.d: Grantha Corporation. ISN-10 1935677306, ISBN-13 9781935677307

•

Building elements such as roof and floor system, openings composition, column grid, staircase form and wall masonry

•

Surface texture, building material, facade elevation and composition as visually and tangible aspects

•

Building massing, transitional spaces- circulation, structural span and volume.

•

Architectural ornamentation, order, symmetry and balance.

However, there are other aspects that are to be considered in order to define the identity of industrial heritage sites. The place-making elements are essential attributes representing sense of belonging, social integration, relation between people and their local spatial setting.[1.1] Such placemaking elements include the following that are essential for the study of new use: •

Various spatial structure and configuration

•

Typology of industrial builtform and its use

•

Environment value of industrial landscape

•

Relationship between site and its context

The effective study and analysis of these space-making and place-making elements of industrial heritage sites implicate to various values/ factors of considerations for reuse of these sites.

[1.1] Hunziker, M., Buchecker, M., & Hartig, T. (January

2007). Space and Place: Two Aspects of the Human Landscape Relationship. In M. Hunziker, M. Buchecker, & T. Hartig, A Changing World: Challenges for Landscape Reseach (pp. 47-62). .: n.d. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4436-6_5

1.5 INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES: CHARACTER AND IDENTITY Industrial heritage architecture has an identifiable ‘essence’, which can be understood as an active process of human engagement with the built environment and surrounding.

Character

Identity

Human Peception

Perception of Space

Memory F1.11 Human perception of Industrial heritage as Character & Identity

Perception of Place

Experience

The relationship of human to these sites, building and precincts is not simply that of being able to orientate oneself in one’s surrounding, but has to do with a much complex and deeper process of identification with a particular environment in this case of industrial fabric. In turn, human identification with industrial fabric implies that it has ‘character’. It is the character of industrial fabric which distinguishes it from other environment and makes human, perceive the space to its unique presence. The loss of such character and identity is evident in destruction of abandoned industrial architecture and urban fabric which leads to the break in the link of the very idea of what it is for human for its social past/ history.[1.1]

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: AS CHARACTER

[1.1] Abel, C. (1982). Architecture as Identity I: The Essence of Architecture. In M. Herzfeld, & M. Lenhart, Semiotics 1980 (pp. 1-11). Boston, MA: Springer, Plenum Press. ISBN 978-1-46849139-5

Abandoned industrial heritage can be perceived with its own unique identity and its own distinctive character. The perception of these characters is conveyed by elements of the builtform that manifest space. Space-making elements such as

roof, material, openings, volume, mass for an industrial building has a distinctive visual aspects and physical features signifying spatial qualities that reflect sense of time and space of its historic past. The study of industrial heritage from textile past in India reveals certain unique features. The question of study being, what makes the characters of textile industrial heritage? •

Natural light from north-facing opening to maintain consistent light in the workspace. Fenestrations are regular shaped, repetitive in order with greater emphasis on symmetry.

•

Builtform have regular planned form and simpler composition.

•

The wall height ratio is drastic- volume of space v/s height of space is higher for accommodation of larger machinery.

•

Use of metal as structural material, use of cast iron columns and beams. Structural grid reflects open floor plan- lighter perception of material in space.

•

Girders and trusses for bringing natural light, increase structural space and therefore larger open floor plan for mass production.

•

Architectural builtform unique to industrial complex and use includes chimney, water tank, reservoir.

•

Gable facade-elevation represent part of exploration, ornamentation with overall composition emphasis verticality. F1.12 Elements of Industrial heritage that gives its character

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE: AS IDENTITY Identity of industrial heritage is a concept which forms through time and includes physical, natural, socio-cultural, as well as historic characteristics of industrial fabric.

F1.13 Mill workers and millowners social-ecionomic interdependency with textile industry

Understanding and preserving local identity of a place becomes an issue in the preservation of its character. Place-making is the way, a place forms identity of the people. This identity of industrial heritage site can be defined by environment’s place-making elements and relationship and activities taking place during its time of prosperity.[1.1] People attached to an environment to create a sense of place. Focusing on imageability and appearance of physical place element- Chimney and Saw-tooth profile become elements of place engagement on a large scale of the city. In this case, identity of industrial heritage site can be understood as symbolic importance of a place reflecting emotion, meaning/purpose of life and sense of belonging- defining people-place association. The sense of identity was observed by strong functional use such as livelihood dependency and occupational opportunities that were caused through textile industry.

[1.1] Ujan, N., & Zakariya, K. (August 2014). The Notion of Place,

Place Meaning and Identity in Urban Regeneration. ProcediaSocial and Behavioural Science 170(2015) 709-717 (p. 9). Seoul, S. Korea: Elvsevier Ltd, Environmental Settings in the Era of Urban Regeneration. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.073

F1.14 Chimney can represent industrial heritage identity in city’s skyline

Today, this identity can be restored by the same integration of functional use in present context for the people to re-purpose it back as ‘sense of belonging’ to the place’s - historic industrial fabric.

Chapter II

FRAMEWORK

Evolution of framework based on study

2.1 HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL URBAN SPATIAL COMPOSITION An historic industrial complex comprises of factories, warehouse, staff quarter’s, mill and mill compound consist of large area that is not only about identity, memory, historic events and culture, it belongs to cities, sites and their transformation. They have the ability to impact sites, surrounding areas, neighborhoods as well as cities. However, the architecture of each of these typologies and their functions varies, the question of how to transform them is a challenge.

There are several scholarly documents that discuss varied strategies for the reuse of industrial heritage sites. In order to arrive at an appropriate approach for its new use, it is important to study what constitutes to urban industrial structures? How have they formed the sites?[2.1] In the extended study carried out by the Council of European Studies (CES) for converting historic textile mills, they developed number of typologies of historic urban spatial structure to better understand and provide a strategy for new architecture and urban design.

The study examines what are the common typology of builtforms comprising of textile industrial complex and their functional use in the 19th century industrial era? What spatial structure is still relevant and therefore should be conserved? These typology covered wide spectrum of textile industrial heritage site and their transformation into present state of the cities across Europe, providing examples to better read industrial abandoned mills of the Ahmedabad.

This study is carried out into two categories of historic textile industrial complex: • • [2.1] Council of European Studies(CES). (2018, May 1). Industrial Heirtage, Historic Architecture, and Tody’s Transformations of Cities. Europe Now Journal, n/a. Retrieved from https://www. europenowjournal.org/2018/04/30/industrial-heritage-historicarchitecture-and-todays-transformations-of-cities/

Typology of its Builtform and their Use

Typology of its Urban Spatial Structure

2.1.1 TYPOLOGY OF BUILTFORM AND USE:

HISTORIC TEXTILE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX The textile industrial complex in Ahmedabad comprise of certain typical builtforms, Each of these builtforms have unique features and use but consist of similar character of those found in any typical industrial complex. These builtform might differ in scale but maintain distinctive spatial structure of that of post-industrial complex. Following are the types of buildings in textile mill compounds: •

Mills and factories

•

Chimney

• •

Warehouses

Ancillary structure

MILLS AND FACTORIES Most of textile industrial complex consist a rambling collection of buildings, usually dominated by long, narrow mill range. They have distinctive self supporting roof that span huge, flexible interior space without the need of partition. Generally having large building footprint.[2.1] The north light openings help provide constant flow of natural light in large working spaces throughout the day. The mill building covers most important activity of weaving through power and handloom.

These sheds have good height below the truss and girder system that would be exploited by mezzanine level often used for administrative works. These mills are built out of stone masonry at the base, while the most of the wall surface is built with brick masonry and repetitive regular fenestration. The delicacy of iron and wooden mullions and glass details relieves the potential oppressive bulk of the brick structure.

F2.1 Mill buildings constituting Arvind Mill compound in 1931

WAREHOUSES A vast range of warehouses were built to house specialist facilities such as storage, spinning yarn, packaging, dyeing, as well as administrative and management facilities. Some structures were are also

[2.1] Industrial Heritage Conservation Area (IHCA). (November

2008). The Industrial heritage Conservation area: Volume 1Summary and Character overview. England: Stoud District Council.

used for cooking and preparation and several temporarily uses during some occasions. This type of building is typically solid rectangular block of ground and 2-3 storey construction. The periphery walls of this structure are load bearing and brick was used as primary material.

F2.2 Warehouses at Jupiter mill and Ahmedabad Industrial mill

The interior spaces are divided into proportionate spaced bays by cast-iron columns. The floor followed jack-arch construction supported on cast iron columns. Their modular construction, good floor to ceiling height and capacity to withstand heaving loading allows variety of uses.[2.1] They range from most basic function boxes to little architectural masterpieces However, they compliment the main mill building by picking up their architectural motifs and details using similar palette of materials.[2.2]

Warehouses, office buildings, storehouses and workshops are often situated close to site entrance. They are often distinguished from main structure through change in scale and volume, type of roof system giving more domestic appearance. CHIMNEY Tall chimney and watch tower that are high above the mill building becomes a distinctive feature of a local industrial landscape. They are usually situated alongside or adjacent to the main-storey large horizontal mill structure used as a spinning block, complementing mass and saw tooth profile of mills through its verticality.[2.1]

F2.3 Chimney adajecent to main building at Rajnagar mill

[2.1] Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai. n.d. Faculty of Design, CEPT University.

[2.2] Industrial Heritage Conservation Area (IHCA). (November

2008). The Industrial heritage Conservation area: Volume 1Summary and Character overview. England: Stoud District Council.

Usually it has a small rectangular square room in plan, hollow from within and rising high upwards without any fenestrations until the very top where it projects out over the roof of the main building beside it. Sometimes it is manifested as silos and chimneys and some as clock towers, found rarely in the context of Ahmedabad

ANCILLARY STRUCTURES The ancillary structure are found around the main building. The water becomes integral resource for the process of manufacturing of textile fabric. These resources are stored in large quantity in the form of a reservoir, waterbody or a water tank.

These water tanks rest on low to medium height metal frame structure. The water is stored in in-situ concrete water tanks, high above the building to allow large flow of water down to be used inside the factory. This water is often used by the surrounding vicinity in times of need.

F2.4 Water tanks, well and dyeing pits at Pikas Mill

The complex spatial composition of textile industrial compound in India also constitutes of chawls, markets and social institution that are situated with and outside the premise of mill compound. The abandoned mill compound that forms base study for Ahmedabad mills reuse approach, does not consist of definite social structures such as a chawl within mill premise and are therefore irrelevant for influence.[2.1]

F2.5 Chawls in Girgaon, Mumbai

[2.1] Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai. n.d. Faculty of Design, CEPT University.

2.1.2 TYPOLOGY OF URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE:

HISTORIC

TEXTILE

INDUSTRIAL There are various kinds of urban spatial structure that are observed for historic sites of textile industries from early 19th century in Europe. These sites went under several expansion and rectification due to changing technology. By the time of industrial revolution, 19th century industrial complexes occupied major part of the city’s urban landscape. They show both continuity and rupture in time and space of urban industrial heritage sites as well as dependency of larger community that rely on them both socially and economically. Conservation and redevelopment of historic textile industry are on-going in many European cities. They provide base examples to identify various spatial structure of industrial area. Council of European studies developed typology to better understand these structure.[2.1] The urban spatial composition where classified on the basis of: • •

•

Level of integration of industrial complex to today’s city fabric.

Spatial composition of industrial buildings in present state- relation between the existing and vacant spaces form by dilapidated structures. Characteristics of representative elements, dominant builtform- appropriate for new use.

The strategies of new use found in all the typology of urban spatial industrial complex focused on approach for transformation that inclined towards:

* Conservation of historic industrial character- by integration of building form, elements or spatial composition. * Economic and social dimension of the community currently residing in the area. [2.1] Council of European Studies(CES). (2018, May 1). Industrial Heirtage, Historic Architecture, and Tody’s Transformations of Cities. Europe Now Journal, n/a. Retrieved from https://www. europenowjournal.org/2018/04/30/industrial-heritage-historicarchitecture-and-todays-transformations-of-cities/

TYPE 1 • • • •

The typology of textile industrial complex that are deeply embedded in the city fabric, unlike most those that were situated in the outskirts.

Such industrial fabric have spatial composition that incorporates concepts of urban axis and planning system of historic old city. Due to their closely knitted relation with the old city urban and architectural landscape, the industrial complex constitutes of several social spaces additional to those found in industrial site.

F2.6 Conceptual understanding for Type 1 urban composition

These sites include spaces of cultural significance combining various functions embedded in diverse industrial landscape such workers housing/ chawls, education institutions, owner’s residence, community gathering spaces etc.

Such urban spatial composition of historic industrial complex can provide opportunities for urban renewal. Projects with such spatial integrity involve sensitive conversion and cost effective approach without major change in urban fabric of the city.

Examples of Alte Santwe bwerei velvet weaving mill in Krefeld, Germany where the historic complex are transformed for residential use, mixed use commercial, community and cultural spaces.

F2.7 Reuse of Alte Santwe bwerei into neighbourhood activities in the core city fabric

TYPE 2 •

• •

Some industrial heritage site comprise of dominant structure unique to industrial architecture such as chimney, watch tower as well as large industrial builtforms, used as mill buildings often composed of simpler cubic form.

They might dominant the cityscape, either by elaborate vertical structure or enormous horizontal structure.

Since such historic structure do not unify in the overall urban environment of the city, they can be exploited as landmarks.

F2.8 Conceptual understanding for Type 2 urban composition

Since a new function is implemented in such enormous structures- difficulties arise while conservation of the spatial composition while crystallizing dominant building. Example of Lister’s mill functions as urban landmark and exploited the significance of the building into small architectural intervention of contemporary lifestyle pods at cities prime location. TYPE 3

F2.9 Dominant built structure of Lister’s mill reused as urban landmark with high-end residential pods on rooftop

• • •

This type of historic industrial sites constitutes of a city block comprising of its buildings within the street pattern of today’s urban planning. Industrial complex that forms a basic unit of city’s urban fabric creating inner courtyard within the block.

Earlier those courtyard openspace were used as storage spaces and places for loading and unloading within the textile processing premise.

Such type of spatial composition can be converted into various type of urban spaces for public realm. F2.10 Conceptual understanding for Type 3 urban composition

Industrial complex with such typology consist of certain representative elements such as chimney, reservoir that can be incorporated and preserved, amplifying the developed urban spaces.

Example of Murray mills in Manchester, UK is seen to have occupied a city block which is converted into urban spaces for the community. TYPE 4 •

Historic industrial complexes includes additive urban structure such as warehouses and ancillary buildings that is shaped by a spatial pattern of axis, grid and rows with the complexes

• •

It provides unique composition of vacant spaces and relic structures following orientation and arrangement based on grid. They are often confined into a closed premise with defined entrances.

Such complexes provide opportunity to develop ‘new downtown’, ‘city centers’ more like urban nodes that includes community spaces, entertainment and shopping complexes.

Due to large site areas of historic complexes- portion of existing builtform is conserved for urban spaces and portion is developed as new residential or the project with a different owner or developer.

F2.11 City block consisting abandoned Murray mill structure developed into urban space, selling point for residential apartments

It comprises of conservation + new urban development as seen in the case of New Manufaktura in Lodz, Poland. TYPE 5 • •

Textile industrial complex that retains order, axis, composition and strong characteristics of architectural style are identified in this typology. Such structure unique to its architectural style and built forms are preserved and conserved.

Such complex offers historic architectural composition that can be used as representative elements through built or symbolic intervention. Modernist architectural style is based on simple forms and clean lines taking references from historic characters for the new architectural intervention. Such examples are often seen to adapt new function of business park and corporate office complex.

F2.13 Large mill site in Lodz, divided into: residential, shopping complex and city park

F2.12 Conceptual understanding for Type 4 urban composition

F2.14 Stataire village, Bradford revitalized into a new city centre incorporating all heritage industrial structure for communal use

TYPE 6 • •

The typology examine historic industrial complex which constitutes buildings based on industrial work spaces but also integrate residential areas and social communal spaces within the complex. It characteristics the concept of an industrial town and often related to the social and economic dimension of the area.

An example of Satarie village , Bradford, UK, is proposed to re-develop the concept of ‘ideal city ‘ incorporating all textile industrial structures. Here, the new-development follows the urban spatial pattern existing in the heritage premise followed by several additive buildings and functions.

2.2 HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL SITES: DELIBERATION FOR REUSE

Today, the industrial heritage must be thought in context of urban change and how to balance between preservation, protection and development. These conflicts arise between production of contemporary architecture and monument preservation in order to meet the growing need in economical urban development by reusing the built heritage of the former industrial site. In order to better understand the most appropriate approach for urban change- it is important to evaluate the textile industrial complex. This can be identified by three objectives:[2.1] •

• •

Heritage conservation where the core objective is of protecting and preserving historic structure, sites and objects. Values such as aesthetics and character are emphasized. Core objective in discourse of urban development is to provide livability and prosperity of the area. Accessibility and socio-economic values are some of the important values to consider.

Converting historic spaces into new form and expression is the core objective of architecture production. Design integrity and environmental values are to be taken into account.

Each of these objectives individually drives the transformation of textile industrial heritage towards a specific core objective of urban change. However, the constellation and assimilation of all the three objectives, is the most efficient way of transformation for industrial heritage sites. The varied difference in its core objective was solved using method of bridging values.[2.1]

[2.1] Oevermann, H., & Meig, H. M. (2015). Industrial Heritage

Sites in Transformation. New York and London: Routledge- Taylor & Francis Group.

2.2.1 VALUES OF CONSIDERATION FOR REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX The consideration of a particular aspect as approach for industrial heritage site could be understood using varied values that lead to what use is appropriate for the site. These values are abstracted for a core understanding of the issues to address through industrial heritage- urban development with the focus on heritage, surrounding and city.[2.1]

F2.15 Values and its relevant Objectives

Objectives

Arcitectural Production

These values incorporates analysis of heritage, materiality, object, building, site and surrounding into primary area of study for the case of mills and mill lands. However these values are inter-linked with their relevant objectives in the context of industrial heritage sites.[2.2] The values are further classified for detailed analysis in each value.

Values/Factors Aesthetics Character Design Integrity

Heritage Preservation

Urban Development

[2.1] Conejos, S., Langston, C., & Smith, J. (September 2011).

Improving the implementation of adaptive reuse strategies for historic buildings. Institute of Sustainable Development and Architecture. Naples, Italy: Bond University. [2.2] Oevermann, H., & Meig, H. M. (2015). Industrial Heritage Sites in Transformation. New York and London: Routledge- Taylor & Francis Group.

Environmental value Socio-Economic value Accessibility

Parameters that provides contextual location and surrounding information of the site. • • •

Contextual Location: Situated area information and its relevant historic significance. Connectivity: Ease of access and its infrastructure, mode of transport and availability.

ACCESSIBILITY

Plot size and Site access: Site area, builtform capacity, builtup and carpet area, possible access to the site.

Parameters that determines the social background and economic value of the neighboring context. •

•

Cultural Community relationship today & past: Interdependency of community and industrial complex in the glorious past and today’s after its redundancy. Local market proximity: Distance to the nearest local market, religious and local communal amenities.

• •

VALUE

Ownership: Community participation, current value of the location, stakeholder relationship and support.

Business & Job opportunities: Contextual landuse pattern and institution such as education, corporate as well as industrial.

Parameters that study the relationship of the builtform and surrounding landscape. •

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Materiality: Structural material and composite description of the elevation and builtform surface.

Landscape: Type of landscape prevailing, flora and green cover on the premise.

Builtform and Use: Various builtform of this functionality use.

ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE

•

Atria: Relationship between builtform and openspace, semi-open spaces and courtyard.

Building attributes and integration of structural and physical form, various geometry associated with design are studied using this parameters. •

•

DESIGN

•

INTEGRITY • • •

Structural grid: Structural design of the building consisting of main structural element and its composition. Spatial inflow: Mobility, open plan, fluid and continuity of the builtform.

Maintainability: Building capacity to be reused, space capacity to change, multi-functionality, modularity and expansions. Orientation: Micro-climate siting, prevailing wind analysis and sunlight.

Massing: Built-mass composition, verticality and horizontality of the builtform.

Symmetry & Balance: Sectional integrity, balance of mass, opening and roof arrangement

Parameters that observes the spatial qualities of the historic building perceived by human. • •

CHARACTER

•

Plane: Defines visual and physical limits of the space.

Light: Defines space and form with the relation of shadow. Surface: Tactile element establishing relationship between human contact and the building using material, ergonomics. Object: Enhance quality by occupying a space.

• •

Opening: Focal point of the building, creates view, provides orientation and relation with the spaces. Movement: Circulation and position of perception of the builtform.

Parameters that determines historic value of the heritage site representing image/identity and social & cultural values of the sites. • •

Ornamentation: Decorative elements that represent architectural beauty and appearances.

Dominant element: Historic image and historic character that depicts the identity.

These values provide comprehensive study of the cases of abandoned textile mill sites of Ahmedabad. Through analysis, it is possible to orient values of industrial heritage towards specific objective for reuse. These objectives navigates the reuse of these industrial heritage site-cases towards a specific approach. The case study analysis using these values direct us to a specific approach for consideration appropriate for the context of Ahmedabad.

AESTHETICS

2.2.2 DIFFERENT UNDERSTANDING OF APPROACHES TO INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITE Transformation of industrial heritage sites are approached through varied consideration with the focus on particular aspect of industrial heritage sites as explained: INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES AS TESTIMONY TO THE PAST

• •

Industrial heritage sites, buildings and precincts and machinery provide testimony to the past.

•

This represents factors that depict:

Authenticity and integrity of these sites are documents of the past.

Original function- Technical innovation, production and trade Social structure- Social conflicts or achievements, working conditions Cultural structure- Labor organization, way of lives •

This approach is directed towards traditional understanding of reuse that is based on heritage conservation.

As Testimony to the Past

Core-Objective Heritage Preservation Sub-Objective

Architectural Production

T2.1 Relative objective for Approach: Testimony to the Past

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES AS LANDMARK OR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE •

URBAN

This approach focuses on reuse through conservation of industrial architecture as:

- Distinctive spatial landmark

- Specific industrial landscape structure • •

•

The study of industrial landscape through its time represent specific spatial structure and spatial structure relationships that becomes important for this approach of reuse.

Here, the industrial heritage sites are seen as potential urban sites for developing urban sites for developing cultural landscape, rather than historic city centers, simply preserving its past memory. This approach has been developed to integrate the concept of industrial cultural-landscape.

As Urban Landmark or Cultural Landscape

Core-Objective Heritage Preservation Sub-Objective

T2.2 Relative objective for Approach: Urban landmark or Cultural landscape

Urban Development

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES AS BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE AND SPATIAL RESOURCE

• • • •

This approach focuses on conserving built infrastructure of industrial heritage that forecases certain identity or character, although obviously changed to fulfill new requirements.

The reuse of industrial heritage by this method strengthens the principles of sustainability from the outlook of innovation oriented urban development. This type of approach understands the factors related to identity such as those of place-making elements implemented for urban innovation attracting creative and cultural industries.

Here, it is more important to direct changed industrial heritage towards long-term use and there is less concern for heritage preservation, conservation and protection of the building.

As Built Infrastructure and Spatial Resource

Core-Objective Urban Development Sub-Objective

T2.3 Relative objective for Approach: Built infrastructure and Spatial resource

Heritage Preservation

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE SITES AS ARCHITECTURAL AND ATMOSPHERIC SPACE

• • • •

• •

In understanding this approach, the focus is on architecture of the industrial heritage that manifest itself in space, materiality and atmosphere. The field of architectural production shows, there is a wide scope of interpretation and transformation for the historic building fabric. Aesthetics and character value becomes important factors for architectural production as well as urban development.

The reuse of industrial heritage site that often uses impressive character representative space-making element of industrial architecture along with iconic new architecture will add unique feature to the place. Various strategies of reuse can employ attention for vivid communication and corporate markets.

This approach discusses conservation of industrial heritage by incorporation of new architecture and whether such approach required the need of destroying the fabric of historic building.

As Architectural and Atmospheric Space

Core-Objective Architectural Production Sub-Objective

T2.4 Relative objective for Approach: Architectural and Atmospheric space

Heritage Preservation

2.2.3

INTERMINABLE

VALUES

FOR

APPROPRIATE REUSE After the study of approaches based on the core and sub objectives for transformation of industrial heritage site, it was concluded that while values of heritage conservation remained important as sub-discourse for both objectives: architectural production and urban development in each type of approach. The study of Zollverein heritage site in Germany by synchronic discourse analysis, similar inferences were concluded. For the transformation of industrial heritage site, authenticity and integrity remained of consistent importance. Values such as aesthetics and character acted as bridging values.[2.1] Bridging Values

Aesthetic Character

Other Values

Objective Core

Sub

Approach

Design Integrity Environmental Value

Heritage Preservation

Architectural Production

As Testimony to the Past

Accessibility Socio-Economic Value

Heritage Preservation

Urban Development

Built infrastructure and Spatial resource

T2.5 Assimilation of values by using Bridging values to maintain Authenticity & Integrity during Reuse

[2.1] Oevermann, H., & Meig, H. M. (2015). Industrial Heritage

Sites in Transformation. New York and London: Routledge- Taylor & Francis Group.

Architectural Production

Urban Development

Heritage Preservation

As Urban landmark or Cultural landscape

Heritage Preservation

Architectural and Atmospheric space

Incorporation of bridging values ensure preservation of historic past for all kinds of discourse including urban development and architectural production. Implementation of other values such as design integrity, socio-economic value etc, will be responsible for inclination of the transformation to particular objective without compromising the authenticity and integrity of the heritage site.[2.1]

2.3 CONCLUSION The study of industrial heritage and its sites provide base study to develop premise for the research. The typological understanding of urban spatial structure of textile industrial heritage and deliberation of reuse using values derived from core objective and consideration for approaches, provides theoretical frame work for the purpose of reuse of industrial heritage site from the literature study in this field of discourse. The literature study for typologies of historic urban spatial structure of textile industrial sites was developed by Council of European Studies, based on European examples of textile industrial heritage and could be used as defined typology of textile heritage for how they can we seen in the Indian context of Ahmedabad mills. However, the consideration for approaches and values for the reuse was studied from the discourse analysis carried out using various examples of textile industrial heritage all over the world including that of Mumbai, India, Manchester, UK, Zollverein, Germany. The frame work forms the bases of case-analysis to observe its implementation on the research context of the city, Ahmedabad- their defunct textile industrial sites. With this study, we can come to a case-specific inference that can be further elaborated as an appropriate approaches for Ahmedabad textile industrial heritage- mills.

The applied framework of study for the reuse of industrial heritage sites in Ahmedabad, is demonstrated in the table as follows:

- Ornamentation - Dominant Element

- Plane - Light - Surface - Object - Openings - Movement

- Structural grid - Spatial inflow - Maintainability - Orientation - Massing - Symmetry & balance

- Materiality - Prevailing landscape - Builtform & use - Atria

- Relationship between Community & City - Local market proximity - Current value & Ownership - Business & Job opportunities

- Contextual location - Connectivity - Plot size & Site access

PARAMETERS OF ANALYSIS

6. Concept of an industrial town and related to the social and economic dimension of the area.

5. Complex that retains order, axis, composition and strong characteristics of architectural style

4. Additional structures that is shaped by spatial patterns such as axis, grid; large mill site various stakeholders and development

3. Forms a basic unit of city’s urban fabric creating inner courtyard within the block.

2. Consist of compelling large structures, strong imageability

1. Embbed deep in the city, follows concepts of urban axis and old city planning system

URBAN SPATIAL COMPOSITION

Design Integrity

Environmental values

Socio-Economic value

Accessibility

Socio-Economic value

Accessibility

Design Integrity

Environmental values

INFLUENCING VALUES/ FACTORS

Bridging Values: Aesthetics & Character

Sub objective: Heritage Preservation

Core objective: Architectural Production

Sub objective: Heritage Preservation

Core objective: Urban Development

Sub objective: Urban Development

Core objective: Heritage Preservation

4. As Architectural and Atmospheric space

3. As Built Infrastructure and Spatial Resource

2. As Urban Landmark or Cultural Landscape

1. As Testimony to the Past

Core objective: Heritage Preservation Sub objective: Architectural Production

APPROACH

OBJECTIVE

T2.6 Theory framework established for case-study analysis and inferences for reuse of industrial heritage site

- Imageability factor, dominant element - Social-cultural attributes, functional use

Place-making elements that depicts Identity

- Type of Opening - Built form mass & volume - Structural grid - Metal roof elements - Facade elevation, symmetry & balance

Space-making element that depicts Character

CHARACTER & IDENTITY

WW 35

Chapter III

CONTEXT

Ahmedabad, Gujarat as Case research

3.1 AHMEDABAD, AS CONTEXT Importance of textile mills as ‘Heritage’ Ahmedabad’s rise in textile industry is a great example of how a town reinvented itself and built a future. The 19th century old trading and craft manufacturing town had developed into textile city. Based on European method, 29 textile mills were built based on Lancashire model of mill architecture[3.1]. The development of textile mills had fundamental impact on economy, population, architecture and growth of Ahmedabad. There were mill compound that employed over 17,000 workers and more as they began to prosper.

During this time, Ahmedabad became to be known as ‘Manchester of India’, when an average millworker led a cherished life, when Mahajan’s created and fairly distributed wealth and when the core societal value were tranquility, faith and trust in the community.[3.2] The rise of textile industries had made merchants and millowners to become pioneers of institution builders. Various institutions such as ATIRA and Mills Owner’s Association began shaping city’s urban scape with modern contemporary architecture by mid-20th century. Ahmedabad- World Heritage City, mills as potential asset for conservation

Such strong historic significance makes textile mills sites, a place that holds memory and sense of ‘heritage’. The city of Ahmedabad was designated as India’s first World Heritage City by UNESCO. With that consideration of globally recognized significance, the redundant mills of Ahmedabad becomes a valuable resource to represent an important stage in the historic timeline of the heritage city, said by INTACH spokesperson in an conference for industrial heritage.[3.3]

Changed relationship with city’s fabric

[3.1] Anthill Design, Heritage Department-AMC, Casa De La Team. (2008). Annals of Reinvention: Discovery Ahmedabad,. (H. Desai, Ed.) Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. [3.2] Shah, J. (2013, April 20). Why go to Rajnagar mills this sunday. Retrieved from DNA India: https://www.dnaindia. com/ahmedabad/report-why-go-to-rajnagar-mills-this-sunday-1824801. [3.3] Bhuvan, A. (2011, 11 06). A new INTACH course helps you keep up with India’s Industrial heritage. Retrieved from Architectural Digest: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/ intach-industrial-heritage-course/#s-cust0.

Earlier, the textile mills were situated in the outskirts of the confined urban fabric of walled city of Ahmedabad. The morphology of the mills sites did not require relative interaction with surrounding/ nearby mill compound and its community.

Earlier

Today

Presently, with the expansion of the city fabric far beyond the wall city boundaries have brought the historic industrial mill compound into the densely embedded part, in the city. The need is to establish a sense of interaction and relationship with the surrounding context for new use.

The mills of Ahmedabad were fragmented pieces of urban landscape which has now evolved into unified, deeply integrated urban spaces that needs to behave in co-relation to the larger context.[3.1] These abandoned mills form larger part of urban spaces- that has the potential to be established a new spatial meaning. The need of the hour is to investigate strategies to dynamically re-invent these structures and make them more appropriate for needs of today’s cities transformation.[3.2]

F3.1 Establishing new relationship between city fabric and mills spatial composition / Images regarding this sub-heading

[3.1] Mittal, S. (2016, 11 22). Tactics of Bricolage: Reclaiming

micronarratives in urban ruins for abandoned mills . Retrieved from Archiprix International: https://www.archiprix. org/2019/?wsg=79 [3.2] Bhuvan, A. (2011, 11 06). A new INTACH course helps you keep up with India’s Industrial heritage. Retrieved from Architectural Digest: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/ intach-industrial-heritage-course/#s-cust0

3.2 MILLS, A HISTORIC BACKGROUND From the earliest antiquity the province of Gujarat, with its open coastline and ports was the gateway of India to the western world. It had number of thriving ports and business centers. The Baniyas and Jains who constituted the main business communities were known for their business acumen and trust worthiness.[3.1] So when Ahmedabad became politically an important city, it simultaneously became part of the prevailing business culture and subsequently became a flourishing commercial center. The rise of textile industry

F3.2 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal was pioneer of textile industry in Ahmedabad, 1823

The establishment of the British rule in Ahmedabad provided security to trade and commerce. Elsewhere in India, the industrial invasion had brought ruin to several important cities. But Ahmedabad survived the invasion, because it was not dependent on any royal court. Its dependence was on the corporate spirit of the city’s economic life. Secondly, the coarse cloth which was woven by Ahmedabad weavers was in great demand by the villagers because of its cheapness and durability and the English cloth could not ruin this industry as it did elsewhere.

Thirdly, the Ahmedabad traders, besides continuing their trade in silk, Kinkhabad and other goods also started trading in opium, which provided huge profit to the dealers.

Fourthly, the road connecting Ahmedabad to other central India were made secure which helped the business to flourish but the roads leading to port were poor and for the British use only. Moreover the conservative culture of the city was lukewarm in accepting English dress and style.[3.2]

[3.1] Tripathi, D., & Mehta, M. J. (1978). . In ., Nagarseth of

Ahmedabad: The history if urban institution in Gujarat city (p. n/a.). Ahmedabad, Gujarat: IIM Ahmedabad, MS University Baroda. [3.2] Shah, K. N. (1990). Chapter 1- Pre-industrial Ahmedabad. In K. N. Shah, Ahmedabad Pre-industrial urban center 1859-1930 (pp. xv,640p). n/a.: Deparment of History, SNDT Womens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/154010

The emergence of textile industry in Ahmedabad was therefore not a result of British influence but rather in absence of it. It was the indigenous economic system which was responsible for its development.

The rise of textile industry required entrepreneurs, capital, labour forces, raw material and market and above all value-system to support the new structure. Since the financiers and traders of Ahmedabad were not ready to venture into unknown area. The first textile mill was established in 1861 by Rao Bahadur Ranchhodlal Chhotalal, a Nagar Brahmin by caste, former government servant of British. The seized help from Dada Bhai Navaroji in Mumbai to start the first mill.[3.1]

Once this mill started production and made profitability many more elites started business in the line. The fall of textile industry World War I, epidemics, economic crisis and workers agitation had brought about ups and downs during the hundred and odd years span of the industry. In the beginning there were two out breaks of plague in 1896 and 1917. Workers were not available and wages used to rise steeply. After the epidemics were over, the mill owners used to reduce the wages.[3.1] The ‘plague bonus’ which was given to workers in 1917 was withdrawn in 1918 and this led to Gandhi to involve himself in the workers’ struggle which resulted in the victory of the workers.

The Swadeshi movement which emphasized the use of indigenous products instead of foreign ones was started in 1905. The movement encouraged local mills as more and more people started using Indian products.[3.2] Again in 1921, Gandhi started Swadeshi movement as a part of non-violent movement. The mill owner readily supported the movement for obvious reasons. During the First World War, prices went up and competition from outside was restricted. The years between 1914 and 1922 were boom for Ahmedabad mills. But effects of world-wide crisis were soon felt and the mill owners proposed 20% wage-out.

F3.3 Mill workers outside Ayodaya spinning mill compound during strike

F3.4 Gandhi addressing mill workers at the strike in Ahmedabad [3.1] (n.d.). Chapter 1- Emergence of cotton textile industry in india. Retrieved from Shodhganga, reservoir of Indian thesis: http:// www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in [3.2] Kureshi, S. (2019, 8 18). Controlling labour in the Ahmedabad textile industry: 1917-1920. Retrieved from BODHI COMMONS: http://www.bodhicommons.org/article/controlling-labour-in-the-ahmedabad-textile-industry-1917-1920/

F3.5 Ahmedabad’s Textile Mill Owner’s Association House (ATMA) designed by Le Corbusier

F3.6 ATIRA founded by Kasturbhai Lalbhai & Vikram Sarabhai

[3.1] Kureshi, S. (2019, 8 18). Controlling labour in the Ahmedabad textile industry: 1917-1920. Retrieved from BODHI COMMONS: http://www.bodhicommons.org/article/controlling-labour-in-the-ahmedabad-textile-industry-1917-1920/

During the Second World War also, textile mills earned huge profit. After Independence, the control over production and distribution of clothes and its prices were removed. This also brought profit to the mills. However, after sometime, the rising process, reduced the purchasing power of the consumers and stock were piled up in the mills. Many mills in the danger of being closed and few of them were closed as well.[3.1] This was partly due to the change in consumers’ preference for noncotton textiles. The outdated machinery and lack of modern management practices are also responsible for the sad plight. Some mills have accepted the necessary changes and the establishment of ATIRA (Ahmedabad Textile Research Association) is set up in that direction. Due to increase commercialization and technological advancement and at the same time increase good prices lead to major losses. Many mills closed out. Government began to stabilize the situation by giving these barren mill lands to the entrepreneurs on lease. Over the years, these mill lands lie in abandonment start due to the dispute between the government and the mill owners.[3.1]

3.3 CURRENT SCENARIO

Until 1980, about 60 textile factories flourished in the city of Ahmedabad. Such mills are clustered outside the walled city, in the eastern part of the district.[3.1] In the mid-19th century, those mills were established. Those mills create jobs for thousands of people. These mills were closed because of various worker problems, technology, and competition. These mills are all closed until today, apart from 5 of this closed mill having sold their land for development. State and centralized government have made considerable efforts to revitalize these mills. They have Gujarat State Textile Corporation (GSTC) and National Textile Corporation (NTC) formed. All of these companies partly achieved their goal. But after much work from each of these entities 53 mills are now in the city’s closed state.[3.2]

Finance is the issue in the redevelopment of many of these mills. Financial organizations and workers are expected to pay by mills. Revenues from the machinery and land could be raised by selling. Many of these closed mills go through the same process. However, some of those mills were established on leased property. Now the land’s original owners are not interested in selling the piece of land. There are still cases pending in court. Secondary data relating closed mills is obtained from different authorities. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) has collected data regarding the land. The information regarding the current scenario of the mills in Ahmedabad was obtained after studying, the comprehensive data collection that was carried out in the report published by School of Planning, CEPT university in the project, ‘Reuse of Old Textile Mills in Eastern Part of Ahmedabad.’ In the eastern part of the Ahmedabad, closed mills occupy 3.39 sq. km. Mill lands, comprises 1.7 % of the 190.84 sq. km- total area covered by AMC area. These closed mill lands are owned by different authorities.[3.2]

[3.1] Mehta, B. (1992). Urban rejuventattion through property

redevelopment:reusing lands of textile mills under liquidation in Ahmedabad city. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P10654 [3.2] Mukhopadhya, S. (1995). Impact of closure of textile mills on the urban spaces of Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P09667

Amongst 53 closed mills of Ahmedabad[3.1], NTC owns: 5 mills

GSTC owns: 14 mills

Privately owned: 34 mills

Some of the closed mills were already constructed by developers of real estate. These mills have been transformed into complexes of commercial activity and recreation.

NTC awaits state government sanction to change land-use from industrial to other uses as commercial and residential. Currently all NTC owned mills have been dismantled. The machines are sold out. Land is open to development. Once NTC gets land use sanction change, they’ll sell the land.[3.1] Land usage would rely on developers. NTC has no proposals or guidelines for developers.

GSTC is in the same development phase, now. Machinery was bought out and properties were demolished as well. Land will be sold after tenders from private investors to contract. Land of 5 mills was acquired, and 3 of them were built as commercial and multiplex complexes. Land with 14 mills is in contention. Those mills were established on leased land. The original owner of this land claims on the property, after the destruction of these mills.[3.2]

The Government of Gujarat (GOG) has purchased two mills of land for the Apparel Park and jewellery park. These mills are Jubilee mill in the area of Madhupura and Ambica mill in the area of Kankaria. These parks are to be established by GOG in collaboration with private companies.[3.3]

[3.1] Mukhopadhya, S. (1995). Impact of closure of textile mills on the urban spaces of Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P09667 [3.2] Mehta, B. (1992). Urban rejuventattion through property redevelopment:reusing lands of textile mills under liquidation in Ahmedabad city. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P10654 [3.3] Kumar, A., & Shivanand Swamy, H. (2014). Brownfiled transformation factors, constraints and impacts: a case of closed textile mill lands of Ahmedabad. School of Planning, CEPT University. Ahmedabad: No. 012943

STUDIO 8. Reterritorializing urban ruins of abandoned mill in Ahmedabad

STUDIO 8. Reterritorializing urban ruins of abandoned New mill Open space mill in Ahmedabad

MILLS

ACCESS

MILLS

Free access

Open space

ACCESS

New mill

This map represents, the information regardingInformal resistance Comment Spring semester 2017/2018 CEPT University Mill in use Unrelated building Mill in use Unrelated building Mithal | Kuber Patel the current scenario ofProf.NewSonal historic textile mills ofFormal resistance Old mill new use develpoment Old mill new use New develpoment mill 01. these mills canAbandoned Ahmedabad. Presently, be seen as:No access Abandoned mill 01. openspaces, presence of irrelevant buildings, new development, new established mills, mills that are F3.7 Ahmedabad city map representing still been used, old retained mill with a new use and historic textile mills and there current abandoned mill.[3.1] Table 3.1 depicts the detail list of scenario all mills.

Spring semester 2017/2018 CEPT University Prof. Sonal Mithal | Kuber Patel

500m

1000m

500m

Free access

Informal resistan

Formal resistanc

1000m

[3.1] Maheshwari, A., Patel, D., Luzuriaga, I., Patel, K., Ryffel, L.,

Desai, M., . . . Sheth, A. (2018). Terrain-Vague Bricolage: reterritorizing urban ruins of abandoned mills in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: CEPT University. No. 020813

No access

3.3.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS OF MILLS AND SURROUNDING AREA According to the location of the mills, they are divided into several groups. Each group of mills are studied in order to understand the existing condition of these mills and surrounding area. This study was part of the data collection and analysis from the section of Reuse of old textile mills in eastern part of Ahmedabad. It was based on landuse development plan from AMC and raw data from site visits as secondary source.[3.1] This data was studied using detailed study of each group of mills that are clustered into following groups: Mills in between river and road from Delhi Darwaza to Shahibaug There are 5 mills in this area. These are Ahmedabad advance mill, Maheshware mill, Rustan Jahangir, Jahangir textiles and Jupiter textile mill. These mills are located in predominantly in residential area. North side of these mills are developed as industrial estate. Southern part of these mills is famous retail and grain market of the city.[3.2] Eastern part of these compounds has famous Saminarayan temple. Road side part of Ahmedabad advance mill was developed as commercial center. Mills around Girdharnagar Flyover

[3.1] Mukhopadhya, S. (1995). Impact of closure of textile mills on the urban spaces of Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P09667

[3.2] Mehta, B. (1992). Urban rejuventattion through property

redevelopment:reusing lands of textile mills under liquidation in Ahmedabad city. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P10654 [3.3] Kumar, A., & Shivanand Swamy, H. (2014). Brownfiled transformation factors, constraints and impacts: a case of closed textile mill lands of Ahmedabad. School of Planning, CEPT University. Ahmedabad: No. 012943

There are 6 mills in this area. They are Jubilee mill, Rajnagar mill, Commercial Ahmedabad mill, Manjushree textile, Aryoday Ginning mill, Rajnagar spinning, New Manek chowk, New Gujarat synthetic No.2, and Manek chowk & Ahmedabad mill. The cluster of the mills gets divided in two parts by railway line. North and eastern part of this cluster is residential area.[3.3] Development of Rapid Transit System between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar will increase the accessibility of this cluster. In this cluster Jubilee mill was purchased by government of Gujarat to develop it as jewellery park.

Mills located on Naroda road*

This cluster of mills consists of New Continental mill, Vijay mill, Arun mill, Bansidhar mill and Pikas mill. This area is predominantly industrial area. All mills are located on 30m except Arun mill and Pikas mill. North and southern part of this cluster residential development while eastern and western part of this cluster has fully developed engineering and metallurgical industries.[3.1] Famous Arvind textile mill is also in this area. Fruit market is developed in this area due to connectivity of this area. This road connects Sabarkantha district and part of Gandhinagar district. This route is also route for same area. Mills around Saraspur village

This cluster has 6 mills namely Nutan mill, Swadeshi mill, Saraspur mill, New Gujarat Synthetic No.1 Aryoday and Spinning mill, Abhay mill. Nutan mill has already developed as multiplex on that land. These mills are clubbed between railway land on north and west side and Saraspur village and mixed development on east and south side. Lower income group families occupy houses in this area. Swadeshi mill was demolished and is vacant. Mills located around Rakhiyal village

In this group there are 11 mills. All are at very scattered location. These mills are Vikram mill, Ajit mill, Monogram, Mastern mill, Rajpur mill, Vivekanand mill, Patel mill, Ramkrishna mill, Abhay mill, Himadri textile and New Rajpur mill.[3.2] This is located in residential area of Bapungar, Saraspur Gomtipur and Rakhiyal. Eastern part of this cluster has residential and industrial development. This was very sensitive area during the riots of 2002. Mills in between Gomtipur and Khokhra Mehemdabad

This group has 7 mills which includes Bhalkiya mill, Ambica mill, Silver Cotton, Sarangpur Cotton No.2, Mahedra silk and Bihari mill. All this mills are on periphery of the industrial area. Eastern side of this cluster has residential and industrial area of Amraiwadi. On the western side of this cluster railway line and Kankariya railway yard is located. Kankaria lake and zoo is on the other side of railway track.

[3.1] Mehta, B. (1992). Urban rejuventattion through property

Mills in walled city This group is located in walled city, has only one mill. This mill is located in between Victoria garden and Galekwar haveli. This plot almost touches the river Sabarmati. City center is on the north side of this plot. This plot has access on 24 m wide road. Mills located in Sarangpur*

This cluster has 6 mills namely Ahmedabad cotton no.1, Sarangpur Cotton no.1, Kesare hind, Ahmedabad new textile and New Gujarat synthetic no.3, this area is amongst the most developed commercial area.[3.1] This cluster has very high accessibility, as it is located in between Kalupur railway station and Geeta mandir state transport station. It is also very closed to walled city. Railway line is on the eastern part of the cluster. Residential area of Kankaria is on southern part of this cluster. Walled city is located on north and east side this cluster. Ahmedabad cotton no.1 is developed as commercial complex. Mills in Behrampura area

This has only one mill, Calico mill. It is the biggest mill and located on very prime location on the end of Sardar bridge and edge of river Sabarmati. Fool Bazaar grain market is located on the north part of this plot. River is on the west side of the plot. Slums have developed on the outer periphery of this mill on southern part of the mill. Eastern part of this plot is timber market of the city.

[3.1] Mukhopadhya, S. (1995). Impact of closure of textile mills on the urban spaces of Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P09667

Until 1980, about 53 textile factories flourished in the city of Ahmedabad. Today, these mills are in a very different conditions. In order to understand their existing situation, they can be understood in following common scenarios respectively,[3.1]

Open space that represent vacant spaces, brownfields without any buildings old or/and new. After losing case, large part of abandoned mills were demolished and have turned into vacant sites that are awaiting for new development for example, Arun mill. Unrelated buildings such as slums, small structures used for informal activities etc. Due to abandonment, many of these are occupied by temporary settlement and local food & vegetable markets on these site. New development meaning demolished old building and new real-estate development into mixed-use, commercial and residential purposes. Eg. Nutan mill

New mill consist of those mills which are now used for similar use of industrial activities, which can be owned by the original mill owner or sold out to a new manufacturer, production corporation. Historic built forms are found rarely in good condition. Mill in use represents all those mills are still in use for the same owner for the same function. It also includes new technological shift and new added construction. It is not composed of historic architecture such as Arvind mill

Old mill-new use includes mills that has historic industrial structures on site but used for different purposes like temporary gallery, exhibition space or police station etc, such as Rajnagar mill & Raikand mill Abandoned mill consist of mills that have historic industrial buildings present on the site and are currently lie abandoned and unused. Eg. New Gujarat Synthetic mill.

The textile mills cover large lands, today. These parcel of land are seen having more than one landuse and occupancy. To better understand their present use, each mill land is expressed in a bar format depicting percentage of land in particular condition. Bar represents total area of mill lands.

[3.1] Maheshwari, A., Patel, D., Luzuriaga, I., Patel, K., Ryffel, L.,

Desai, M., . . . Sheth, A. (2018). Terrain-Vague Bricolage: reterritorizing urban ruins of abandoned mills in Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad: CEPT University. No. 020813

New development Open space New development Open space Unrelated buillding

34 Kamala Spining mill

Old mill in New use Open space Unrelated building New development Open space Unrelated building New development Unrelated building

13 Bharat Khand cotton mill

15 Saraspur mill

Mill in use New development Abandoned mill Unrelated building

24 Ashok mill

25 Vijay mill

29 Vikram mill

28 Nutan mill

27 Bansidar mill

26 Pikas mill

New development New development Open space Open space Unrelated building

Openspace

23 Arun mill

22 New Continental mill

21 Arvind mill

New development Mill in use New mill New development Open space Abandoned mill New development

20 New Swadeshi of Ahmedabad mill

19 New Gujarat Synthetic mill

18 Ramkumar mill

New mill Open space Unrelated building Abandoned mill

Open space

Unrelated building

New development

41 Sarangpur cotton mill

53 Calico mill

52 Raikhand mill

51 Vagi Koliwad mill

50 Ahmedabad industrial mill

49 Sarangpur cotton mill No.1

Open space

New mill Open space New development

New development Open space Old mill in New use Old mill in New use Unrelated building

48 Ahmedabad New cotton mill

47 Ankur mill

46 Bhalkiya mill

New development Open space New development Old mill in New use Unrelated building

New development mill in use Unrelated building

45 Maneklal Habilal mill

44 Mihir textile mill

43 Ambica mill

New development

40 Silver cotton No.2 mill

42 Bharat Suryoday mill

Open space Unrelated building

Mill in use

New development

39 Mahendra Silk mill

38 Soma textile

37 Anil synthetic mill

36 Shree Arbuda mill

35 Monogram mill

33 Marden mills

Open space Open space Unrelated building

32 Patel mill Limited

Open space Unrelated building Open space Unrelated building

Open space

New development

31 Shri Vivekanand mill

New development

30 Raipur mill

New development

New development New development Open space Open space Unrelated building

27 Bansidar mill

29 Vikram mill

12 Aryoday mill

17 Himabhai mill Ltd

25 Vijay mill

New development

16 Hatisingh mill

New development Abandoned mill Unrelated building

24 Ashok mill

28 Nutan mill

11 New Manekchowk mill

14 Asarwa mill No.2

Mill in use

23 Arun mill

26 Pikas mill

Openspace

22 New Continental mill

New development

New development Unrelated building Old mill in New use

Existing Condition

10 Rajnagar mill

Division of mill land based on current scenario

New mill Old mill in New use Unrelated building

9 Manekchowk & Ahmedabad mill

8 Commercial Ahmedabad mill

7 Girdhardas Hrivalla mill

6 Ahmedabad Jubilee mill

5 Jahangir Vakil mill

4 Tata Ahmedabad advanced mill

3 Maheswari mill

2 Jupiter mill Limited

1 Rustam Jahangir mill

Name of textile mill

Open space Abandoned mill New development

T3.1 Present use of historic textile mills of Ahmedabad

3.4 CASE STUDY SELECTION Based on the Table3.1 depicting, existing condition of each historic textile mills of Ahmedabad, it is found out that most of all the mills have been demolished and have undergone new real estate development.

For the scope of this thesis, we consider those mills that are abandoned. These mills are still under dispute and lie under utilized over the years. Unlike other mills that have already been developed, they have scope for conservation and appropriate transformation. Since only few historic mill sites with its ruined architecture is found, they become crucial site for preservation. CRITERIA OF SITE SELECTION The selection of case studies were based on the following factors: • •

• •

The case studies must be accessible easily with all means of transport for site visit and collection of data. Most of the sites are unsafe and place of illegal activities and must be visited cautiously.

The case studies must have presence of some historic buildings which will become potential asset for approach of reuse. These buildings could be of any historic industrial typology of use such as mills, warehouse etc. In order to have comprehensive and more reliable conclusion in particular for Ahmedabad, the case studies provide varied contextual conditions and relation to the surrounding context.

The case studies should represent varied industrial character due to different urban spatial composition, providing opportunity to study most of historic industrial composition found in context of Ahmedabad.

For research, three abandoned mills are considered for case study. They are New Gujarat Synthetic mill (NS mill), Pikas mill and New Commercial mill (NC mill).

SELECTED MILLS FOR CASE STUDY

F3.8 Basic comparison of 3 case study mill’s present condition Size of Mill land

10,000sqm

150,000sqm

Scale of Architectural built form 1 storey

8 storey

5% sqm

95% sqm

Area of vacant space on site Ruin: structurally damaged 5% damage

Size of Mill land

10,000sqm

95% damaged

150,000sqm

Scale of Architectural built form 1 storey

8 storey

5% sqm

95% sqm

Area of vacant space on site Ruin: structurally damage 5% damage

Size of Mill land

10,000sqm

95% damaged

150,000sqm

Scale of Architectural built form 1 storey

8 storey

5% sqm

95% sqm

Area of vacant space on site Ruin: structurally damaged 5% damage

95% damaged

In general, three case studies are situated in the east part of the Ahmedabad in the outskirts of walled city. The case studies are briefly understood in terms of their location, area of mill lands, scale of architectural built form, ruined conditions and vacant space etc. New Gujarat Synthetic Mill NS mill located in Saraspur area, right adjacent to the Kalupur railway line. It is situated in the area that will under go major thoroughfare for east part of the city. It was the largest manufacturing unit during it time. The mill has various typology of built form with unique architectural style.

Pikas Mill This mill lies in closed vicinity to major textile mills of its time such as Arvind mill, Nutan mill etc. Pikas mill was an old leather mill that produced pickers. It is presently in residential locality. This mill is smallest mill land amongst the cases but with strong industrial spatial character. The industrial heritage covers area of only about 6800sqm. Majority of the 15,000sqm area of mill site is occupied by community settlement.

New Commercial Mill NC mill is one of largest mill land of the city established near Asarwa village. Today, an important heritage site and major industrial and government institutions are found in its surroundings. It consist of few warehouses and housing settlement of the workers who worked in this mill.

3.5 INVESTIGATION The 3 identified case study are examined. There site and surroundings are surveyed, based on 24 criteria of understanding the textile mill current scenario. Investigation of the selected mills will provide a first hand- overall understanding of the mill. Each of these mills will be understood based on criteria. The result from investigation will direct us towards what objective is relevant for the textile mill, respectively. This survey will help us identify which parameter are influencing the most, in reuse of these mills. The further analysis of mills on basis of emphasized values will help decide what objective are of prime importance that is, core and sub objective. This overall analysis of case study based on criteria of investigation, values and objectives will define the typology of urban spatial composition of the textile mill and the appropriate approach that can be implied to the case study. INVESTIGATION CRITERIA These criteria are derived from parameters of analysis required for consideration during analysis of historic textile mills of Ahmedabad. The investigation criteria are based on the following understanding : • • •

Resource such as built form, elements, materiality and atria etc, required for carrying out particular type of reuse function for identified objective. Understanding relationship between site and surrounding for addressing issues and needs, supporting the new use based on particular objective.

Scope of transformation for determining method of application for most relevant objective.

Consideration of Objective for Case Consideration study on the of Objective basis of Criteria for Case of investigation study on the basis of

20. Possible collaborative ownership 20. Possible collaborative ownership between different stake holder between different stake holder 21. Local market/ business opportunities21. Local market/ business opportunitieseducational, health and other institutions educational, health and other institutions 22. Presence of nearby historic landmarks, 22. Presence public of nearby historic landmarks, public parks, tourist attraction etc parks, tourist attraction etc 23. Ease of access to site- proper23. infrastructure Ease of access to site- proper infrastructure T3.2 Criteria of investigation road for road consideration of particular objective to the city- mode 24. Connectivity 24.ofConnectivity public to the city- mode of public for case study transport like BRTS, bus station, transport railway like BRTS, bus station, railway

ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION URBAN DEVELOPMENT

3. Maintainability of built assest 3. forMaintainability restoration- of built assest for restorationmateriality materiality 4. Presence of ruins with industrial 4. Presence autheticityof ruins with industrial autheticitytangible heritage tangible heritage 5. Possible spatial quality unique5.toPossible site- intangle spatial quality unique to site- intangle character character 6. Possible sectional integrity, symmetry, 6. Possible balance sectional integrity, symmetry, balance in roof arrangement, opening etc in roof arrangement, opening etc 7. Flexibility of space, capacity to7.changeFlexibility of space, capacity to changemodularity modularity 8. Multi-functionality to various 8. new Multi-functionality useto various new usemultiple built forms on site multiple built forms on site 9. Spatial flow mobility- ease of movement9. Spatial flow mobility- ease of movementbuilding level building level 10.Presence of transitional paths10.Presence for circulationof transitional paths- for circulationsite level site level 11. Identified atria, courtyards, openspaces 11. Identified atria, courtyards, openspaces between builtforms between builtforms 12. Built forms follows a specific12. gridBuilt forms follows a specific grid compositions of urban spatial structure compositions of urban spatial structure 13. Presence of particular type of 13. natural Presence green of particular type of natural green landscape on site landscape on site 14. Presence of social fabric- community, 14. Presence earlier of social fabric- community, earlier housing mill workers housing mill workers 15. Identified socio-cultural activities 15. Identified & use of socio-cultural activities & use of heritage site heritage site 16. Visual coherence & organisation 16. Visual of built coherence & organisation of built environment with heritage site environment with heritage site 17. Dominant mass and volume of 17.historic Dominant form mass and volume of historic form than the immediate context than the immediate context 18. Indentified imageability, socio-cultural 18. Indentified values imageability, socio-cultural values and attributes and attributes 19. Ability to hold appropriate measure 19. Ability of to hold appropriate measure of human carrying capacity: builtform/ human sitecarrying area capacity: builtform/ site area

HERITAGE PRESERVATION

These criteria provide a direction for survey ConsidersaC Investigation Criteria for conducting and first hand observation of Investigation each case- Criteria for conducting Selected Mills for Case-study Selected Case-study tion for Mills for Conclusion of C comprehensive case analysis comprehensive case analysis study. Reuse Each of these criteria are grouped together Mill Pikas Mill NC Mill NS Mill Pikas Mill NC Mill NS Objective on the bases of the ‘objective of reuse’ that can be observed through each criteria. 1. Presence of historic objects, machineries, 1. Presence of historic objects, machineries, These investigation criteria will help us architectural structures such as chimeny architectural structures such as chimeny understand what parameter must be 2. Ornamented architectural elements 2. Ornamented like architectural elements like analyzed in detail to identify influencing cornices, arches etc cornices, arches etc factor.

Chapter IV

CASE STUDIES

Comprehensive analysis & inferences

New Commercial Mill

Pikas Mill

New Gujarat Synthetic Mill

CASE I

NS MILL

4.1 NS MILL : NEW SYNTHETIC MILL NO.3

GUJARAT

Kalupur Bridge

New Gujarat Synthetic Mill No.3 is situated in the closest proximity to the wall city of Ahmedabad. This mill provides the maximum representation of the textile industrial architecture. Its heritage depicts the grandness of being one of the biggest of its time. This mill forms the most suitable example for being abandoned despite of its location in the city’s core urban fabric. Na ro d

F4.1.1 Chimney on mill site

Proposed AMTS Bus stop

Metro Line

Proposed Metro Station

OLD CITY ill

i An Site

h rc

a St

SARASPUR

Kalupur Railway station

F4.1.2 Site location and connectivity F4.1.3 Natural light and shadow in space of abandoned building on site.

Proposed Road Intersection Saraspur Bridge

Based on the investigation criteria, the case study must be analyzed on the basis of parameters that:

- Provides contextual location and surrounding information of the site such as connectivity, plot size, site access. - Parameters that determines social background and economic factors of neighboring context, relationship with community and city, local market proximity, ownership, business and job opportunity.

- Parameters that help study heritage representing identity like dominant element, ornamentation, spatial quality of heritage.

4.1.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR REUSE

Julta Minara Historic landmak Railway Walkway Overbridge

Analysis based on Parameters, to identify factors/values to be emphasized Contextual Location: Situated on the opposite side of the Kalupur railway station, platform no.12 building.

Lies in rapid transit zone of the city, between Kalupur and Saraspur, surrounded by several industries and dense community settlement. To the west of the mill besides kalupur railway station, panoramic view of the city’s historic landmark- Jhulta Minara, Sidi Bashir mosque can be viewed in the skyline.

Kalupur Railway Station

Proposed Underground Metro Station

NS MILL Site Proposed Road Intersection

F4.1.4 Contextual location of the site

Saraspur police station is situated south to the heritage site in the very close proximity. Mode of Transportation: Mill lies at one of the most crucial intersection, experiencing large number of urban thoroughfare of the city.

Their exist pedestrian bridge over the rails that enters directly into the mill site.

BRTS stop adjacent to the pedestrian bridge and local trains and bus from railway station provides transport facilities towards the east of city.

F4.1.5 View of the industrial heritage.

Along the eastern rails of India- compute to Mumbai, Rajasthan, Delhi and UP etc.

Plot size and Site Access: The plot lies parallel to the railway line in north-south direction, having road access from Anil mill starch road.

It becomes a prime road towards the eastern side of the railway line in Saraspur region.

The industrial heritage site occupies a large area of 15,000 sqm approx, with few large 4-6 storey historic structures and smaller 2-4 storey ancillary structures and warehouse.

F4.1.6 Site area and its current scenario Movement on the site Temporary settlement

Relationship with city and community: Lies in one of the most prominent transit location of the historic city of Ahmedabad.

F4.1.7 Religiously important locations around the site

Due to its close proximity to the old city as well as industrial zone- there is a large mix of communities. A predominant islamic community settlement is seen. Due to its close proximity to the railway station and presence of industries, a large group of temporary workers and refugees migrating from north-India also reside around the site Several masjid, dargah and roza as community parks, halls- cultural and religious spaces can be found in the neighborhood of the NS mill site.

Local market proximity: The edge of the site towards the main road has several informal activities like vegetable wanders and local small business shops making it a busy market area. F4.1.8 Children playing cricket inside the mill

F4.1.9 Everyday household activities by temporary migrants that live on site. - People gathering beside the ruins, informal activities on site.

The presence of large temporary refugees that resides on and around the site as well as direct road and pedestrian connectivity to the railway station makes the edge of the site to be very active edge.

The land use pattern here depicts presence of several religiously prominent masjid, roza and that invites large local group of people regularly allowing daily need market as well as large commercialization, is profitable around this locality

Presently, metro barricades MEGA are found around the site due to on-going construction work for proposed metro corridor.

Site edge Chimney

With daily mass motion of people through metro and railways, the market shift from industrial to commercial in the site neighborhood can be predicted.

The proposed intersection on the site edge, will provide huge frontage for several commercial as well as local business market opportunities.

F4.1.10 Section view of the site: depicts scale of built form, nature of site edge and the transit area

NS mill site

Saw-tooth profile Warehouse

It becomes a prime location for working class community from this part of the city to the corporate offices on the west side of the rivers.

Railway Rail Railway Metro line station platform proposed

Business and job opportunities: Due to its location in the prime of the urban transit zone, it has the opportunity to invite large number of daily wage workers that can work in industries around the site.

Kalupur Railway Station

Lack of government policy and guidelines towards conservation and on-going dispute of ownership, the site and the existing relic are made to be demolished.

Open ground Migrant settlement

- Due to its prime location, at the intersection of proposed metro-line, underground station and existing kalupur station, AMC proposed major crossroad intersection at anil starch mill road and at the metro station.

Mill Saw-tooth profile

- A proposed metro corridor thoroughfare with an underground metro station right between the heritage site and kalupur railway station.

Main Building

Current value & Ownership: According to the study of Area Development Plan of Shaherkotda ward and Ahmedabad Development Plan, it is found that, the site is situated across the transit zone enclosed by three crossroads.

Single Pitched Warehouse

Dominant Element: This mill has the capacity to depict compelling historic image using architectural element like Chimney.

F4.1.11 Heritage section depicting various light source, circulation through varied scale and volume of space

Ornamentation: It is observed that the ruins have various decorative architectural elements like entablature, cornice, brackets, columns and arches.

Various forms and shapes of openings are found each at different lintel and sill level to get a particular quality of natural light into the space such as top circular window, long rectangular opening with wooden mullions etc. Plane: Observed jack arch floors for several storey. And vertical facades of elevations.

Light: Natural quality of light and shadow appearance on the ruined walls Surface: Brick masonry and plaster of the ruined walls gives a very unique texture. F4.1.12 Movement across the built form.

F4.1.13 Floor plane: construction technique, jack arch and Surface texture on ruined walls

F4.1.14 Vertical plane - Facade representing repetitive, symmetrical natural and varied opening shapes. - Ornamentation includes cornice, corbeling, entablature

Object: Stairs, Raised platforms and slender columns act as objects defining the use of space.

Opening: Regular repetitive openings across the wall. North side will large arched windows, east and west with circular high lintel fixed window. Movement: North-south directional circulation. The space of transition has a very different spatial quality with high narrow space with single pitched roof.

The analysis of the mill based on these parameters directing towards the most influencing values for consideration for reuse are: •

Accessibility

•

Aesthetic

• •

Socio-economic value Character

4.1.2 URBAN SPATIAL COMPOSITION The heritage mill site is surrounded by dense fabric of residential buildings. Railway line and old city limit on the east side and proposed new road intersection for major thoroughfare towards metro station. This leaves only mill site block. Following observation were made about urban spatial composition:

F4.1.15 Urban spatial organization of the mill site

The site comprises of mill buildings composed of simpler cubic forms with dominant structures with elaborate vertical structures that do not unify in the overall urban environment. Type 2 of the urban spatial structure typology is observed here.

Street Pattern: Surrounding the area of mill site has a curvilinear loop and cal-de-Sacs pattern of local roads, emerging of the arterial roads that run radially.

City configuration: The scale of the heritage buildings on the site is much larger and dominant in comparison to the surrounding old city fabric. This influencing character of monument can be exploited for imageability of the city scape. Proposed Metro station

Urban Edge

Connection to Metoro and rail’s walkway

Empasised Monument

F4.1.16 Analysis of urban composition

Spatial organization: The most prominent buildings on site are oriented in north-south direction in a linear axis. There is vacant space in between the building structures formed organically due to destroyed ruins. The nature of the space is such that the existing built form are coupled together.

Green wall

The scope of the site is beyond its neighborhood. Its new use can impact urban change and compliment the proposed new metro development, resulting to city’s transformation.

Focal point: The site entrance from existing road gives a focal view for the heritage monument and should be emphasized.

Emphasised Urban wall

Such typology of industrial heritage sites can be implemented as urban landmarks. All major transportation centers lie at walkable distance making it a prime location for new use and has the ability to impact city level.

Urban wall: The residential building fabric in the North act as a porous urban wall. Railway line right adjacent to mill site becomes compelling portion of urban wall and a strong edge. Dense group of trees on the south-west side of the site forms a green barrier.

Focal Point

Proposed Road intersection

dg eE tiv

4.1.3 OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH The analysis of case study emphasized on values like aesthetic, character, accessibility and socio-economic value, suggesting heritage conservation and urban development for the industrial heritage site. Core -objective of new use is heritage preservation, reason being that this case consist of one of the most crucial industrial architecture in Ahmedabad. It reflects ornamentation and industrial characteristics and are in the conditions to be maintained and restored. Prime location, due to its strong connectivity, compelling heritage structures and imageability possibilities makes urban development, subobjective. Heritage conservation is a core-objective because the importance of the site for city level urban development cannot be observed without its long standing heritage. It is one of the only few mills with chimney that can symbolize industrial history in the city skyline. Industrial heritage site as Urban Landmark or Cultural Landscape is the approach for this case.

This is because, here the focus is on the ability of the industrial site to impact the city’s urban change. The proposed area development with upcoming mode of transportation and its closed location to cultural rich old city makes it an important location for a long term use, urban landmark with cultural led development. Provide opportunity to preserve heritage monument as an urban landmark: material authenticity.

The proposed underground Metro station, road intersection will change the urban fabric of the area, however the specific urban spatial landscape of the site can become a platform for cultural activities preserving: cultural authenticity.

Possible increase in scope for local market and job opportunities, in the time of social and economic shift due to proposed new development and mass motion it will hold.

OBJECTIVE REASONING

IDENTIFIED APPROACH

OPPORTUNITIES TO REUSE

4.1.4 SUMMARY

Sr Observation No. Parameters

Reasoning/ Rationale

Inferences Who will it impact?

Urban Spatial Composition

Type 2 Dominant simpler historic structure

Influencing factors/values

- Aesthetic - Character - Accessibility - Socio-economic value

Objective

Core-objective: Heritage Preservation

Approach for Reuse

Sub-objective: Urban Development

Industrial Heritage Site as Urban Landmark and Culture Landscape

T4.1 Analysis of NS mill site and derived inferences

- Linear spatial organization - Curvilinear closed loop & cul-de-sac street pattern - Dominant element such as Chimney - Enormous scale vertically as well as horizontally - Does not unify with surrounding city fabric

- Architectural characteristics are observed - Presence of Kalupur railway station, proposed metro line, under ground platform, road intersection right adjacent to the site. - City historic site: Jhulta Minarets, old city limit near the site. - Temporary migrants and daily wage workers occupying the vacant space. - Preservation of material and cultural authenticity - Using strong connectivity, historic urban spatial structure for potential new development

- Ability to conserve as well as propose new development, impacting larger context: cultural impact - Exploit its old city reachability as well as entire city connectivity: Urban center

- Scope: City level & economic value of surrounding region - Ability to impact city’s urban change. - City level, historic landmark east part of city. - Uplift economic background, regional level What must be emphasized?

- Architectural element and its character should be emphasized - Importance of its location should be emphasized, provide strong socio-cultural impact. - Site’s capacity to hold mass motion due to urban thoroughfare: Metro, road, train rail must be focused Why this specific viewpoint? - Represent it as city’s industrial Identity, imageability - Urban cultural center How will it impact? - Focus on reuse through conservation of heritage - Potential urban site for cultural landscape and activities - Integrate crucial transit zone in reuse.

Alternatively, if urban development is the core-objective for reuse of industrial heritage site, we might see neglect of the possibility to use the heritage as an asset. Contextually strong location like this site, without any restrictions and preservation guidelines, will demolish the site and construct large commercial complexes that can profit from the major thoroughfare. This is, at the cost of losing a physical historic structures, sense of place and possible historic industrial identity of the city.

CASE II

PIKAS MILL

4.2 PIKAS MILL : PIKER’S FACTORY This mill is known as Picker’s factory in surrounding area of Bapunagar. Pikas mill was an old leather mill, production facility for leather pickers. A picker is a tool, which is used as a part of weaving machine. It was used for propelling the weave carrying element, shuttle, along the right trajectory within the weaving machines. There is a need for regular distribution of picker’s, this justifies mill’s location, strongly connected to all prominent mills like Arvind mill, NC mill, Nutan mill, Ashok mill etc. Asarwa village

Rd ar ch st ill m

Community settlement

Site

oad ill r

a Nut

F4.2.1 Site location, its connectivity, public spaces and landmarks around mill site F4.2.2 Entrance, road site entrance to Pikas mill

Bapunagar

Arvind mill

Residential surrounding area

Context: Dada hari ni Vav, Ashapuri ni Vav are historic sites, in closed location to the site. The mill can be approached directly from Nutan mill road, that connects directly to Naroda Rd leading to crucial intersection- Dr Ambedkar flyover and Kalupur bridge. Religiously important islamic campus MazaE- Qutbi is situated right at the start of Nutan mill. To the north of the mill lies, industrial zone with several running factories and manufacturing units. The mills is mostly situated in a largely residential area with retail and small commercial activities on arterial road. Several school, hospitals, religious places and parks are scattered across the residential neighborhood in 1km radial distance from this mill.

These are amongst few mills with an confined boundary and defined entrance. There are settlements of community around the plot of the mill. These houses were a part of dwelling that resided factory workers when the mill was running. The mill site is currently used by the community for gambling, lingering around, playing cricket. Since its mostly residential land use, there is a need for community public space that is safe and used by all groups of people. Near the site, there is a school run by NGO in a garage-like construction.

Based on the investigation criteria, the case study must be analyzed on the basis of parameters that:

- Parameters that determines builtform & use, materiality, landscape, atria.

- Determines building attributes and integration of structural grid, physical form, geometry associated with heritage architecture. - Parameters that describes the spatial quality observed on the mill.

4.2.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR REUSE

F4.2.3 Representing voids on the plane and surfaces on mill

Analysis based on Parameters, to identify factors/values to be emphasized Plane: Building consist of varied spaces that have relationship developed due to punctures in the plane, expanding the limits of the spaces at various level.

Light: The quality of light in a space is observed after several levels of perforation through voids, damaged roofs, tree foliage that is worth conserving. Surface: It consist of surfaces with exposed brick masonry and plaster turquoise blue walls in few back walls giving vibrant character to the building edge.

Object: Leather pits, well, water tower, rusted machinery forms focal point of observation in several spaces.

F4.2.4 Objects that defined industrial spaces like water tanks, wells, pits. (Figure 1,2,3 & 4)

Movement: Due to dilapidation of walls creating several voids, layers of complex movement through spaces of varied scale and volume, quality of light, semi-open space and frame with structure roof members.

Dominant Element: Industrial builtforms, water tank and machineries represent strong industrial heritage. Ornamentation: Architectural elements are not observed here, however the ruined character of industrial builtform is compelling.

F4.2.5 Quality of light in abandoned Pikas mill heritage

F4.2.7 Structural grid and modularity the mill structure

F4.2.6 Details of physical form in the plan, mill site

Builtform & use: It consist of several built form roof arrangement integrated with each other. There are two forms observed: Saw-tooth profile, mill building is used for weaving and varied single pitched roof with functions for dyeing etc. Landscape: Several types of flora such as creepers, trees, roots has formed a unique amalgamation, making them part of the historic structure.

Materiality: Use of cement precast column, water storage tanks at pits is unique to this mill. Basic building material involved in industrial architecture like cast iron for trusses, brick masonry were found.

F4.2.8 Landscape, flora on structure that has formed unique character (Figure 1,2,3 & 4)

Atria: There are various types of courtyards, shedded, semi-open spaces that are part of original building and some formed during it time of dilapidation which can be confederated into new intervention. Structural grid: A modular grid in a rectangular form were established and found in an orthographic orientation.

Ancillary structures in south-west side of the plot were oriented in a same grid but parallel to the plot edge.

F4.2.9 Roof structure, trusses and frame for mill complex Pitched Roof Trusses grid, Semi-covered roof Concrete covered roof

Spatial inflow: Building has the ability to provide mobility from various voids and openings throughout all spaces Continuity through various spaces can be observed through covered roof spaces and semi-ruined roof frames.

F4.2.10 Symmetry-balance and repetitiveness (Figure 1,2&3)

Maintainability: Modularity of the structural grid allows flexibility of functional spaces. Most of the roof structural frames are still intach and can be conserved. Orientation: Most of building forms were are oriented in North-south direction. There is possibility of prevailing southwest wind flowing into a large semi-ruined roof structure allowing cross-ventilation.

The large built form on the north-west side has opaque wall on the south side and opening oriented on the entrance side, the north side.

F4.2.11 Courtyards formed due to dilapidation of roof and tree cover

Massing: The built forms is observed to have lighter mass on the top and heavy mass on the base. This is due to the dilapidation of the heritage and giving it this character. Symmetry & balance: The builtform are symmetrical. Most of the roof is pitched and has symmetrical facade. The symmetry of openings is lost due to several voids that have ruptured the walls and facade of the original heritage.

The analysis of the mill based on these parameters directing towards the most influencing values for consideration for reuse are: •

Environmental value

•

Aesthetic

•

F4.2.12 Voids and openings in the ruins (Figure 1,2,3&4)

•

Design integrity Character

70 Road Edge

Community

4.2.2 URBAN SPATIAL COMPOSITION

ph Ur asis ba ed n Ed Por ge ou s

Focal Point

Residential Neighbourhood

F4.2.13 Analysis of Mill site based on its urban composition F4.2.14 Urban spatial organization of the site

The site comprises of mill structures that form a cluster of builtform with inner courtyard formed within the mill site. Type 3 of the urban spatial structure typology is observed here. Such typology of industrial heritage sites can be reused as urban spaces for public realm. Major residential surrounding lies at walkable distance making it a center for local activities, with the ability to impact the community around it. The scope of the site is within neighborhood level. Several public schools, local shops, NGO center, church, and use of site for playing cricket and other activities are already found at the mill site.

Semi-covered & open courtyard

This mill lies in the residential locality. The north side are the major industrial area. Following observation were made about urban spatial composition of the mill site:

Urban wall: The workers, settlement fabric in the south-west act as a porous urban wall. Newly developed residential society surrounds the site from all the sides acting as compelling urban wall. The north side, entrance to the site from secondary road acts as an active edge. Dense row of trees on the road side as well as on the south side within site forms a green barrier. Focal point: The site entrance from existing road provides a pathway to an openspace shaded by dense green foliage, provides a perspective view to the cluster of heritage structures.

Spatial organization: The mill building forms are oriented in a clustered manner with a courtyard formed to the side of entrance as well as to the southeast corner of the mill.

Street Pattern: The street layout at the site location is found to be branched from the radial arterial road. The local street is seen as T-junction branching in a orthographic pattern. F4.2.15 Street pattern and layout in mill contextual location

City configuration: There is visual coherence and balanced scale of building footprint of the mill heritage with the surrounding area.

4.2.3 OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH The analysis of case study emphasis on values like aesthetic, character, design integrity and environmental value suggesting heritage conservation and architectural production for the industrial heritage site. Core -objective for reuse is heritage preservation. The mill sites represents buildings, precincts, machineries that can reflect authenticity and integrity of the industrial site. Sub-objective for reuse is architectural production, reason being that the architecture of this industrial heritage has the ability to manifest itself in space, materiality and atmosphere with impressive new intervention.

Heritage conservation is a core-objective because the scope of architectural intervention for reuse cannot express unique industrial features without conserving character of heritage building fabric. In this case, conservation of industrial heritage can be done by incorporating new architectural intervention

OBJECTIVE REASONING

Industrial heritage site as Testimony to the Past is the approach for this case.

This is because, this heritage mill has documents of past, representing, - historic social structure associated with textile mill - machineries, precincts depicting original function.

It is due to these factors that this mill has the scope to preserve the elements that attributes values of interdependency of the textile mill and the surrounding community, and activities related to ways of living, working condition, production & trade and worker organizations. The two aspect of focus for this mill is its strong documents of history and its current community involvement. The identified approach of reuse can direct towards Community-based Heritage approach. The reuse must provide urban space for public use integrating heritage in the form of preserved architectural builtform.

IDENTIFIED APPROACH

OPPORTUNITIES TO REUSE

4.2.4 SUMMARY

Sr Observation No. Parameters

Reasoning/ Rationale

Inferences

- Clustered spatial organization enclosing courtyards - Orthogonal building orientation parallel to the plot edge - T-junction branching from radial arterial road - Visual coherence with the surrounding - Community settlement adjacent to the mill site

Who will it impact?

- Preserving the material authenticity: physical structures and precincts - Preserving conceptual authenticity: new architectural intervention supporting similar correlation btw mill & community

Why this specific viewpoint?

Urban Spatial Composition

Type 3 - Mill complex forms basic block unit - Clustered builtforms - Forms inner courtyard

Influencing factors/values

- Aesthetic - Character - Design integrity - Environmental value

Objective

Core-objective: Heritage Preservation

Approach for Reuse

Sub-objective: Architectural Production

Industrial Heritage Site as Testimony of Past

T4.2 Analysis of Pikas mill site and derived inferences

- Impressive spatial character - Industrial precincts like machineries, water tanks, pits are found on site - Complex roof arrangement and circulation - Follows modular rectangular grid for structure - Various types of courtyards, shedded, semi-open spaces - Creepers, trees, roots has formed a unique amalgamation with ruins

- Strong documents of history and its current community involvement - Community-based Heritage approach: preserving mill heritage and new architectural innovation for community activities

- Scope: Community level - Currently observed illegal activities currently observed - Residential locals: Place for cultural activities, festivals and community gatherings - Community settlement: NGO activities for upbringing the daily wage workers and their children What must be emphasized?

- Its industrial character and spatial qualities should be emphasized - Its location in dense residential neighborhood should be focused - Its industrial precincts must be preserved - Presence of community settlement must be taken into consideration - Helps amplify daily use and activities for community - Make a safer neighborhood - Includes space for all social groups of people How will it impact?

- Community participation - Preserving heritage values - Integrate diverse functions - Include public spaces and green areas - Develop active edge attract locals - Stimulate local economy and value

Alternatively, if architectural production is the core objective: the industrial heritage site may be demolished losing its heritage values as well the scope of re-establishing community and mill relation. New development into commercial complex or residential society will lead to loss of essential public space with historic value and evacuation of ancestral community settlement.

CASE III

NC MILL

F4.3.1 Largest heritage structure on the mill site F4.3.2 Site location, contextual position and major connection to the city

4.3 NC MILL : NEW COMMERCIAL MILL

New Commercial Mill was one of the largest mills of its time. It covers a large mill area and very few and scattered ruins on the site. NC mill is situated very close to Asarwa village. This is one of those mill sites that have presence of three community settlements around it. Currently, there resides families of ancestral mill workers that worked here. The industrial heritage on the site do not have unique element like chimney, water tanks but represent spatial quality and character of industrial built form. This mill site has undergone various transformation over the last 20 years. The abandoned structures have undergone gradually dilapidation. On the other hand, the amount of green cover: trees and grassland has increased and covered large area of the site. This large parcel of mill site needs an approach for reuse that is unique to the site unlike other heritage mill sites. Based on the investigation criteria, the case study must be analyzed on the basis of parameters that:

- Parameters that depict crucial contextual landmarks, relationship with the community and city level impact of the site. F4.3.3 Ruin with no roof structure, ancillary builtforms F4.3.4 Mill precincts on site, ancillary structure intact for reuse

- Parameters that help understand socio-economic impact, site surrounding, future development and current value and connectivity. - Parameters that can be focus for preservation such as character, scale and volume, materiality of heritage built forms.

4.3.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR REUSE Analysis based on Parameters, to identify factors/values to be emphasized Contextual Location: Situated near Asarwa area, right on Naroda road. The mill site has community settlements residing right on the site. Historic site such as Dada Harir Vav, Hazrat Harir Masjid are in close proximity.

F4.3.5 Land-use pattern around the heritage site

Several educational institutions like Divisional Railway Manager Office, GCS Medical college and hospital, lie on Naroda road.

Historic mill that is still running such as Arvind textile mill with a new expansion development adjacent to the mill site.

Mode of Transportation: BRTS junction on Naroda road, lies at walkable distance to the mill site. This provide direct reachability to Gita mandir and GSTRC bus terminal.

Well-connected to the city as Naroda road connects the site location to the old city and with Gandhi bridge that routes to Ashram road, proposed CBD for Ahmedabad. It is located very close to Asarwa Railway junction providing close proximity to the inter-state transportation.

F4.3.6 Major circulation & road network around the site

F4.3.7 Site Location, landmarks and important access routes F4.3.8 Site entrance and view through the road (Figure 1&2)

Plot size & Site access: The site can be accessed through Naroda road as well as from secondary road.

The site edge has compound wall and gated entrance. The total site area is 104,000sqm (25 acres).The ruins covers an area of 2,815sqm and a large area of vacant spaces.

F4.3.9 Site plan depicting existing ruins, community settlements, new commercial complex and green cover & vacant spaces on site

Apart from the ruins, the site has a small settlement of community and a new developed mixed use commercial complex at the north of the site at the corner of road intersection (Arvind Mega trade)

Relationship with city and community: The site lies in major industrial area with several community settlement residing around the heritage sites. Everyday activity is mapped in Table 4.3. This mill site is unsafe and has several illegal activities. Group of men are lingering around the site. No communal activity is carried out currently on the site. There are several islamic institution around the site. The residential area in surrounding area can be provided with public space and amenities with the scope of regional level.

F4.3.10 Exploded isometric view of heritage mill structure

Local market proximity: The edge on the Naroda road has several local market established. Residential, major industrial, Medical hospital, educational institutions and few commercial landuse typology are scattered all around the site.

GCS medical college, hospital, Asarwa government school, Khadigram Udhyodgram, Shanti niwas Shopping center and Arvind mega trade complex, India colony ward office.

Current value & Ownership: According to Area development Plan, the site cover an large strip of BRTS corridor. T4.3 Activity mapping of the people residing in settlement

This provides the site with major FSI 4 over 200m distance from the road edge.

The large size of mill site allows participation of several stakeholders for new use of the mill site.

The heritage built structures can be exploited for historic representation, BRTS edge with possible mixed use development.

Business and job opportunities: Due to its compelling road edge, the heritage site has a possibilities for scope for real estate development. Several business opportunities can be expected from new development.

Industrial zone will provide large employment opportunity for the neighboring level. New historic attraction, cultural activities can attract people from across the city and can increase thoroughfare for profitable local market. Appropriate reuse for heritage site can, F4.3.11 Community settlement on the site edge and activities (Figure 1,2,3 & 4)

- Uplift livelihood - Better housing

- Provide communal activities

Dominant Element: This mill site does not have any physical historic structure with a dominant industrial elements like chimney. Ornamentation: It reflects simple geometry in building shape and roof system. Their openings are symmetrical and repetitive at a regular distance with no ornamentation.

The structure have simple industrial architectural style however the built forms are dominant with open floor plan. Plane: The built form has structural grid divided into 5 modules of 7.2x10m making it a vast open floor plan.

Light & Opening: The space various quality of light. Punchers in roof provide sharp light, diffused from north light openings, sharp & harsh light from south side windows. The quality of light if affected by elements such as trees-diffused, mezzanine and broken glass window. The opening follow symmetry reptitation throughout the surface.

and

Surface: Brick masonry and plaster of the ruined walls gives a very unique texture.

F4.3.12 Open floor plan space and north light opening throughtout warehouse

View to the green nature at eye level

Infinite perception depicts continuity

2x distance away to perceive, order in openings 1x distance of landscape is perceived in regularity through openings Observed landscape from different sill level of openings

F4.3.13 Analysis of openings, repetitive symmetrical windows

Object: There is mezzanine floors in the space that might be used for administrative and observation cabins. Movement: Due to open floor plan, the circulation within there spaces is very objective on reuse. On the site there are observed pedestrian movement paths from one ruin to another.

The analysis of the mill based on these parameters directing towards the most influencing values for reuse: •

Accessibility

•

Aesthetic

• •

Socio-economic value Character

F4.3.14 Quality of light percieved inside mill heritage built forms (Figure 1,2&3)

4.2.2 URBAN SPATIAL COMPOSITION

This mill complex includes additive urban structure such as warehouses and ancillary buildings that is shaped by a spatial pattern of axis, grid and rows within the complex. It provides unique composition of vacant spaces and relic structures following orientation and arrangement based on grid. They are often confined into a closed premise with defined entrances. Type 4 of the urban spatial structure typology is observed here. Due to large site area of historic complexes- portion of existing builtform is conserved as urban spaces and portion is developed as new residential or new project with a different owner or developer.

F4.3.16 Urban spatial organization of the site

The mill site is situated in major industrial area and residential area occupied by the people working related to industries. Following observation were made about urban spatial composition of the mill site: Urban wall: The mill site is surrounded by large compound wall and entrance from two roads surrounding it. The edge to the Naroda road is porous and active due to commercial activities. The edge towards the internal road is passive edge with few thoroughfare.

Focal point: The entrance to the site provides a definitive path to the heritage structure and acts as focal point for the view.

Spatial organization: The mill structures follow modular structural grid. Overall composition of ancillary structures are scattered but have a axial orientation coupling them to each other.

Street Pattern: The surrounding of the mill follows a linear- tree branching street pattern. City configuration: Due to the large size of mill land, the reuse of the mill site has the ability to impact regional level urban change. F4.3.17 Street pattern and layout in mill contextual location

Because of the presence of community settlement, a part of mill site must be used for the scope of social upbringing to retain contextual authenticity of the heritage site.

4.3.3 OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH The analysis of case study emphasized on values like accessibility, socio-economic value, aesthetic and character, suggesting heritage conservation and urban development for reuse of industrial heritage site.

Core -objective of new use is urban development, due to its contextual location where there is scope for major urban transit development of FSI 4, situated on the BRTS corridor. Due to presence of community settlements and historic structures, it has scope for revitalizing tangible heritage site for conserving contextual authenticity. This makes heritage preservation, subobjective.

OBJECTIVE REASONING

Urban development is a core-objective because, unlike other sites, there are very few heritage structures and large parcel of mill lie vacant and has an opportunity for economic and social upliftment. Core-objective of reuse as urban development can be integrated with the surrounding fabric using industrial heritage through its social & historic value. Industrial heritage site as Built infrastructure and Spatial resource is the approach for this case.

IDENTIFIED APPROACH

This is because, here the focus is on appropriate reuse of historic value that forecases identity and character as well as, to direct industrial heritage site for a long-term use directed towards regional economic revitalization based on proposed BRTS corridor and contextual institutions. This approach leads to history integrated urban transformation for this mill site. Due to large site area, it can comprise both,

OPPORTUNITIES TO REUSE

An opportunities to preserve parcel of site with built heritage and the social community: material and contextual authenticity, Reuse as historic urban space for public realm.

Other parcel of land can be reused as the new development by different owner or developer with the opportunity for economic and social upliftment that has a scope to regional level.

4.3.4 SUMMARY Sr Observation No. Parameters

Reasoning/ Rationale

Inferences Who will it impact?

Urban Spatial Composition

Type 4 Additive structures shaped by spatial pattern

Influencing factors/values

- Aesthetic - Character - Accessibility - Socio-economic value

Objective

Core-objective: Urban Development

Approach for Reuse

Sub-objective: Heritage Preservation

Industrial Heritage Site as Built infrastructure and Spatial Resource

T4.4 Analysis of NC mill site and derived inferences

- Consist of warehouses, one large mill structure, no dominant element - Large mill site confined in closed premise - Axial pattern and grid - Consist of community settlement around site

- Consist of elements that represent industrial character - Consist of tangible heritage can be structurally preserved - Presence of Community settlement around site - Proposed new developed on basis of BRTS corridor with FSI 4 limit - Govt, educational, historic, industrial institutions in the vicinity of the site - Main reason is due to its large area of 105,000sqm parallel to BRTS corridor on Naroda road - Presence of social fabric and architecture of the industrial heritage - Built infrastructure will integrate current needs of the region - Spatial Resource as potential asset for direct public use - Ability to act as urban catalyst, several functions

- Scope: Regional level - Community settlement: social upliftment - Integrate local citizens: cultural involvement - Impact urban fabric of the region: Asarwa- Naroda area What must be emphasized?

- It architectural character of the heritage must be emphasized - Reuse must incorporate community settlement and locals use - Current value of BRTS corridor for new development must be focused - Rational division between: public use by conservation, economic revitalization and housing development is emphasized Why this specific viewpoint?

- Can impact at larger level Conservation + Urban development - Ability to involve various stakeholders, govt, developers and community How will it impact?

- Historic preservation as urban space for community activities, local market, parks - Working centers: increase economic activities - Housing development for social upliftment

For the case of NS mill, it is a crucial decision of zoning of site for various use. The portion of site with the community settlement and heritage precincts can be conserved with opportunity for urban public space. The portion of site with maximum frontage can be developed for Mixed use, commercial, corporate activities. The portion of site with an access from internal road can be developed for housing development. It is also crucial that this site must be divided for various new development in equal share division.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION This research looks upon the subject of reuse for abandoned and redundant industrial heritage site that have potential to reflect upon its historic significance as well as revitalize industrial sites as per the current needs. Research Contribution: This research provides a new perspective over dealing with the reuse of industrial heritage site that is, amalgamation of 2 objectives. It provides appropriate reuse by focusing on several important issues, instead of focus on just one core objective. This combination of two objective provide the assurance of conservation of any historic value tangible/ intangible present on the site, along with new development that deals with the issues of the present. “Conservation + Development”

The research provides a method for first-hand study of industrial heritage site with the help of overall framework for reuse explained in this chapter. Future Recommendations: Following the study with the understanding based on architectural intervention, conservation and urban development practices, this research can further establish crucial consideration involving planning practices.

The study can further outline comprehensive data regarding entities involved in specific reuse approach, their role and contribution to the reuse project such as government authorities, investors, architects, developers, conservationist and locals etc. The study can further detailed out principle regulation policies and by-laws for practical implementations and considerations during reuse projects of such industrial heritage sites.

The research can be outlined and summarized as the per the following framework:

Steps of concluding research

Interpreting research solutions

Investigation of Industrial heritage site based on criteria (Table 5.1)

Research Question What are the various considerations that should be taken into account with regards to the issues derived from disfunctional industrial heritage sites? What should be the core objective of reuse for redundant industrial heritage site based on today’s transformation of the city of Ahmedabad?

Framework consideration of (Table 5.2)

for Reuse

Research Objective To outline typologies of industrial urban spatial structures that are still relevant in the city fabric. To identify various factors that influences reuse for such historic sites, reuse of industries. To determine appropriate approaches for these industrial heritage sites in Ahmedabad.

Reuse method and guidelines for approach (Table 5.3)

Research Aim

Summary: Possible urban change for identified urban condition

Research Findings

The aim of thesis is to identify different way of using abandoned industrial sites in context of Ahmedabad, such that the heritage and heritage sites are relevant in the context of urban change.

86 Consideration of Objectivefor for Case study the basis of Criteria of investigation Consideration of Objective Cases ononthe basis on the bases of Criteria of Investigation Selected Mills for Case-study

20. Possible collaborative ownership between different stake holder 21. Local market/ business opportunitieseducational, health and other institutions 22. Presence of nearby historic landmarks, public parks, tourist attraction etc 23. Ease of access to site- proper infrastructure road 24. Connectivity to the city- mode of public transport like BRTS, bus station, railway

T5.1 Criteria of investigation for consideration of particular objective for case study

NC Mill

Objective - The NS mill has a strong characteristics traits that can be preserved. The site has dominant elements like chimney. The openings are ornamented and use of advance materials like glass and wooden frame. The built heritage has varied scale and volume giving an overall industrial representation. - Pikas mill has all its building form deeply integrated with each other. This integration creates a unique roof arrangement and circulation with interesting spatial qualities. With the ruined built form the spaces are expressed with unique quality of natural light in each area. - NC mill has the most basic industrial architecture. It reflect simple geometry in building shape and roof system. However, nothing represents strong authenticity and imageability. The way buildings have mature and formed ruin is unalike any other abandoned mill.

HERITAGE PRESERVATION

1. Presence of historic objects, machineries, architectural structures such as chimeny 2. Ornamented architectural elements like cornices, arches etc 3. Maintainability of built assest for restorationmateriality 4. Presence of ruins with industrial autheticitytangible heritage 5. Possible spatial quality unique to site- intangle character 6. Possible sectional integrity, symmetry, balance in roof arrangement, opening etc 7. Flexibility of space, capacity to changemodularity 8. Multi-functionality to various new usemultiple built forms on site 9. Spatial flow mobility- ease of movementbuilding level 10.Presence of transitional paths- for circulationsite level 11. Identified atria, courtyards, openspaces between builtforms 12. Built forms follows a specific grid compositions of urban spatial structure 13. Presence of particular type of natural green landscape on site 14. Presence of social fabric- community, earlier housing mill workers 15. Identified socio-cultural activities & use of heritage site 16. Visual coherence & organisation of built environment with heritage site 17. Dominant mass and volume of historic form than the immediate context 18. Indentified imageability, socio-cultural values and attributes 19. Ability to hold appropriate measure of human carrying capacity: builtform/ site area

Pikas Mill

Conclusion of Case study based on each objective

- NS mill already consist of a very compelling architecture of its own, in order to balance the mass the new intervention will need be small. Both NS mill & NC mill, has no definite entrance to the site and possible atria or courtyard that can be exploited for new design. There is barely any flexibility in providing a scope of integration between old and new built form due to it large and strongly defined regular space. Although NC mill has a very peculiar type of green cover distinctively found on abandoned sites. - Pikas mill has very less vacant space for large new architectural built form but has the scope to implement several small segregated intervention from all sides of the ruins. It is possible due to its very organic nature of various structural composition. There are various types of courtyards, shedded, semi-open spaces that are part of original building and some formed during it time of dilapidation which can be confederated into new intervention. Several types of flora such as creepers, trees, roots has formed a unique amalgamation, making them part of the historic structure.

ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCTION

NS Mill

Considersation for Reuse

- NS mill has no housing settlement around the site for workers that worked in the mills. However, they have temporary settlement that are occupied by migrants. However, NC mill has a historic housing community on the site. - These site has powerful industrial element. They do not have visual coherence with the surrounding area. NS mill can be exploited as strong image representing industrial heritage. - NC mill with it’s location in important industrial centers, essential institutions and heritage landmark and NS mill, at the center of major urban thoroughfare of the east part of the city, makes both these sites a potential landmark for attracting large number of people. - NC mill is right on the BRTS line with very high FSI for new development. With the added advantage of very large parcel of land, NC mill has a possible collaborative ownership between stake holder for new use. - Pikas mill is a very small site with very less human carrying capacity with least urban development possibility. It has no major connectivity to the overall city. - This site has very less vacant space to be development for new intervention. There is a relationship between the social community and the mill but its use and impact is restricted to local contribution and neighborhood context.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Investigation Criteria for conducting comprehensive case analysis

Investigation of the case study has brought out interesting results. All the three mills has scope for heritage preservation. NS mill reflects major preservation possibility. Pikas mill can be exploited for architectural production. New use development at NS mill and NC mill has the opportunity to impact at urban level. Long term development planning can be implemented on NC mill.

Accessibility

Aesthetics

Socio-Economic value

Character

Aesthetics

Environmental value

Accessibility

Influencing factors/values

T5.2 Consideration of Reuse for Case studied using Framework for reuse

New Commercial Mill

Pikas Mill

New Gujarat Synthetic Mill

Case Studied

Character

Design Integrity

Socio-Economic value

Additive structures shaped by spatial pattern

Forms basic block unit, Clustered builtforms, Forms inner courtyard

Dominant simpler historic structure

Urban Spatial Composition

Framework for consideration of Reuse for Industrial Heritage Sites

Heritage Preservation

Sub-objective:

Urban Development

Core-objective:

Architectural Production

Sub-objective:

Heritage Preservation

Core-objective:

Urban Development

Sub-objective:

Heritage Preservation

Core-objective:

Objectives

Industrial Heritage Site as Built infrastructure and Spatial Resource

Industrial Heritage Site as Testimony of Past

Industrial Heritage Site as Urban Landmark and Culture Landscape

Approach

Urban Planning & Land use - Economic activities Corporate parks Research centers Business centers Mixed use complex

- Residential area Housing

- Recreational areas Parks and garden Community center

- Recreational areas Parks and Garden

- Local activities Community center NGO activity center

- Economic activities Commercial centers Local market center

- Cultural amenities Convention centers Museums Exhibition centers Galleries

Functional Use

T5.3 Reuse for Case studied and guidelines for approach

- Housing Development

-Regional Economic Development Programs

- HeritageRecreational Amenities

Industrial Heritage Site as Built infrastructure and Spatial Resource

Restoration & Reuse

- Physical Spatial Planning - Environment Preservation

Urban Catalyst

NC Mill

- Authentic Ambience - Community Activities

- Industrial Culture and Working Memory Retrieval Programs

Community-based Heritage Urban space

- Cultural Programs

- Urban Landmark

Transit-oriented Urban Public space

Main Method & Application

Adaptive reuse & Redevelopment

Industrial Heritage Site as Testimony of Past

Pikas Mill

- Distinguishable Identity - Cultural prospect features

Industrial Heritage Site as Urban Landmark and Culture Landscape

NS Mill

Case-Approach

- Heritage conservation authorities

- Stakeholders

- Local community & Residents

- Govt. Authorities: AMC, AUDA

- Heritage conservation authorities

- NGOs

- Local community & Residents

- Local government

- Heritage Conservation organizations

- Government Authorities: AMC, MEGA

Entities Involved

Individual building preservation - Strict prohibition on changes to building facade, whole structure - New addition in and around the heritage structure is allowed - Maintaining the repetitive nature and scale of the openings - Maintain neutral tones for materials used on exteriors in the heritage zone of the site

•

Building restoration - No ruined elements should be demolished - Present roof structure should be maintained - Cracked and dilapidated voids and openings on walls, roof should not be re-covered - Maintaining the pits, tanks and well for new intervention

•

Compilation of important guidelines and aspects necessary for reuse of each case studied. Here, we conclude suggestions for reuse and necessary conservation elements based on detailed analysis. Zoning heritage site to emphasize entire heritage environments - Restriction on relocation of community settlement on site - Whole or partial preservation of local market on site edge • Preserving heritage environment - Partial maintenance of the environmental landscape on the site to be preserved

•

Preserving heritage environment - Maintain the creepers, roots and trees that has grown over the ruined surface - No trees on site must be removed for new intervention • Establish non-profit organization for heritage and cultural preservation

•

Restriction for new construction around heritage structure - Average height - Building set back -Maintain neutral tones for materials used on exteriors -Maintain opening level and balance with old structure • Relocation of temporary houses from the site

•

Guidelines for Reuse Individual building preservation - Strict prohibitions on changes to building facade, whole structure - Maintaining the repetitive nature and scale of the openings - Restriction of divisions of volume of space for new use • Whole or partial preservation of local market on site edge

•

Reuse Method for Case Studied and guidelines for each Approach

This research provides an opportunity for former industrial heritage and its elements, not only to be preserved or reused but to be integrated in the city’s future. In order to do that, study of urban spatial composition of these complexes and there their surrounding area is the key factor. Using the case of abandoned textile mills of Ahmedabad, the research is able to derive; A relationship between, “possible urban change and identified urban condition.”

This relationship is studied for each case using a set of parameters, answering important question such as, Who will it impact? What should be emphasized? How will it impact? Why this specific viewpoint? And What will be the outcome? Inference from these question leads us to important guidelines for consideration of reuse. The guidelines make sure that the action of reuse will lead to desired approach. Here, the important learning is that a reuse project for any heritage site must look upon the bases of conservation of its historic value and than other various issues, so that they are relevant today.

The idea of perceiving reuse for heritage industrial site into more than one objective makes it important to investigate the most important role a heritage site can play irrespective to the action of conservation, that is made constant. It helps us to really define; to what extend the site can be preserved and alternatively used to create its new identity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

xii

ABBREVIATIONS CES DCR NTC

Council of European Studies

Development Control Regulation

National Textile Corporation Limited

UNCESO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization INTACH ATIRA ATMA GSTC AMC GOG BRTS MEGA NGO GSRTC CBD FSI AUDA

Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association Ahmedabad’s Textile Association House

Mill

Gujarat State Textile Corporation

Owner’s

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Government of Gujarat

Bus Rapid Transit System

Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Company Ltd Non-Governmental Organization

Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation Central Business District Floor Space Index

Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BIBLIOGRAPHY The International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH). (July 2003). “The Nizhny Tagil Charter for Industrial Heritage,” TICCIH presented to ICOMOS for approval by UNESCO.

Divya Gupta, Director Programmes, Architectural Heritage Division INTACH, New Delhi. ( 2004, Summer -). “The state of Industrial Heritage Site in India.” Retrieved from www.intach. org.

Patel, S. (2015, November 16). “Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai.” Thesis, Faculty of Design, CEPT University. Heritage Office, NSW Department of Planning and Royal Australian Institute of Architects NSW Chapter (1 January 2008). “New Uses of Heritage Places: Guidelines for the Adaptation of Historic Building and Sites.” Hertage Council of New of South Wales. New South Wales: Heritage Office. ISBN 1-92112-1130

Heritage Council Victoria. (July 2003). “Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Heritage: Opportunities & Challenges.” 1 Spring Street Melbourne 3000: Heritage Council Victoria 2013. Retrieved from www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/heritage/projects-and-programs. Pandya, Y. (1 December 2013). “Elements of Spacemaking.” n.d: Grantha Corporation. ISN-10 1935677306, ISBN-13 9781935677307 Hunziker, M., Buchecker, M., & Hartig, T. (January 2007). “Space and Place: Two Aspects of the Human Landscape Relationship.” In M. Hunziker, M. Buchecker, & T. Hartig, A Changing World: Challenges for Landscape Research” (pp. 47-62). .: n.d. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4436-6_5

Abel, C. (1982). “Architecture as Identity I: The Essence of Architecture.” In M. Herzfeld, & M. Lenhart, Semiotics 1980 (pp. 1-11). Boston, MA: Springer, Plenum Press. ISBN 978-1-46849139-5 Ujan, N., & Zakariya, K. (August 2014). “The Notion of Place, Place Meaning and Identity in Urban Regeneration. Procedia- Social and Behavioural Science” 170(2015) 709-717 (p. 9). Seoul, S. Korea: Elvsevier Ltd, Environmental Settings in the Era of Urban Regeneration. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.073

Council of European Studies(CES). (2018, May 1). “Industrial Heirtage, Historic Architecture, and Tody’s Transformations of Cities.” Europe Now Journal, n/a. Retrieved from https:// www.europenowjournal.org/2018/04/30/industrial-heritagehistoric-architecture-and-todays-transformations-of-cities/

xiii

xiv Industrial Heritage Conservation Area (IHCA). (November 2008). “The Industrial heritage Conservation area: Volume 1Summary and Character overview.” England: Stoud District Council. Oevermann, H., & Meig, H. M. (2015). “Industrial Heritage Sites in Transformation.” New York and London: Routledge- Taylor & Francis Group.

Conejos, S., Langston, C., & Smith, J. (September 2011). “Improving the implementation of adaptive reuse strategies for historic buildings.” Institute of Sustainable Development and Architecture.” Naples, Italy: Bond University. Anthill Design, Heritage Department-AMC, Casa De La Team. (2008). “Annals of Reinvention: Discovery Ahmedabad.” (H. Desai, Ed.) Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Shah, J. (2013, April 20). “Why go to Rajnagar mills this sunday.” Retrieved from DNA India: https://www.dnaindia. com/ahmedabad/report-why-go-to-rajnagar-mills-thissunday-1824801.

Bhuvan, A. (2011, 11 06). “A new INTACH course helps you keep up with India’s Industrial heritage.” Retrieved from Architectural Digest: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/intachindustrial-heritage-course/#s-cust0.

Mittal, S. (2016, 11 22). “Tactics of Bricolage: Reclaiming micronarratives in urban ruins for abandoned mills.” Retrieved from Archiprix International: https://www.archiprix. org/2019/?wsg=79 Tripathi, D., & Mehta, M. J. (1978). . In, “Nagarseth of Ahmedabad: The history if urban institution in Gujarat city” (p. n/a.). Ahmedabad, Gujarat: IIM Ahmedabad, MS University Baroda.

Shah, K. N. (1990). “Chapter 1- Pre-industrial Ahmedabad. In K. N. Shah, Ahmedabad Pre-industrial urban center 1859-1930” (pp. xv,640p). n/a.: Deparment of History, SNDT Womens University. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/154010

(n.d.). “Chapter 1- Emergence of cotton textile industry in india.” Retrieved from Shodhganga, reservoir of Indian thesis: http:// www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Kureshi, S. (2019, 8 18). “Controlling labour in the Ahmedabad textile industry: 1917-1920.” Retrieved from BODHI COMMONS: http://www.bodhicommons.org/article/controlling-labour-inthe-ahmedabad-textile-industry-1917-1920/ Mehta, B. (1992). “Urban rejuventattion through property redevelopment:reusing lands of textile mills under liquidation in Ahmedabad city.” Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P10654

xv Mukhopadhya, S. (1995). “Impact of closure of textile mills on the urban spaces of Ahmedabad.” Ahmedabad: School of Planning, CEPT university. No. P09667

Kumar, A., & Shivanand Swamy, H. (2014). “Brownfiled transformation factors, constraints and impacts: a case of closed textile mill lands of Ahmedabad.” School of Planning, CEPT University. Ahmedabad: n/a. No. 012943 Maheshwari, A., Patel, D., Luzuriaga, I., Patel, K., Ryffel, L., Desai, M., . . . Sheth, A. (2018). “Terrain-Vague Bricolage: reterritorizing urban ruins of abandoned mills in Ahmedabad.” Ahmedabad: CEPT University. No. 020813

Creative city challenge. (n.d.). “Industrial heritage in fostering urban creative zones.” Europe: European Union, Interreg IVB. Retrieved from www.creative-city-challenge.net, https:// www2.nau.edu/nabej-p/ojs/index.php/igutourism/article/ view/358 Plevoets, B., & Cleempoel, K. V. (2011). “Adaptive reuse as a strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage: a literature review.” Structural Repairs and Maintaince of Heritage Architecture XII, Vol 118(1743-3509), 155-164. doi:10.2495/ STR110131 Karadağ, A., & İncedere, L. (2019, 02 19). “A Rising values in Conservation of Urban Texture: Industrial Heritage.” Retrieved from Tourism, Leisure and Gobal change: https://www2.nau. edu/nabej-p/ojs/index.php/igutourism/article/view/358

Ifko, S., & Stokin, M. (2017). “Protection and Reuse of Industrial Heritage: Dilemmas, Problems, Examples.” Ministry of Culture of Republic Slovenia and TICCIH Slovenia. Slovenia: Monographic Publications of ICOMOS Slovenia.

Agueda, B. (2014). “Urban Restructuring in Former Industrial Cities: Urban Planning Strategies.” Territory in movement Journal of geography and planning, 03-14. Retrieved from https://journals.openedition.org/tem/2527 Cizler, J. (July 2014). “Activation of industrial heritage buildings as a potential for urban development.” University of Belgrade, Department for Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture. Pancevo, Serbia: n.a. Fisher-Gewirtzman, D. (2016). “Adaptive Reuse Architecture Documentation and Analysis.” J Archit Eng Tech, 5(3), 172. doi:10.4172/2168-9717.1000172 Van der Toorn Vrijthoff, W. (n.a). “History integrated urban transformation.” In n.a, The Sustainable City IV: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability (Vol. 93, pp. 61-70). Delft, Netherlands: 2006 WIT Press. doi:10.2495/SC060061; ISSN 1743-3541

xvi

LIST OF FIGURES The daigrams and illustrations not mentioned here are by the author. Chapter One

F1.1: Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai, Faculty of Design, CEPT University. F1.2: http://www.solaripedia.com/13/396/6733/highline_ nyc_before.html F1.3: https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/ shakti-mills-compound-has-been-a-hub-of-crime-againstwomen-209941-2013-09-05 F1.4: https://www.alamy.com/india-mumbai-bombay-lowerparel-phoenix-complex-former-textile-mill-image8925069. html F1.5: Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai, Faculty of Design, CEPT University. F1.7: https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrialheritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates F1.8: https://www.archdaily.com/330863/rotermanns-oldand-new-flour-storage-hga F1.9: http://www.magbloom.com/2019/04/the-mill-anincubator-for-entrepreneurial-start-ups/ F1.10: https://tclf.org/landscapes/gas-works-park F1.11: Patel, S. (2015, November 16). Rethinking Factory: a Study of Design Opportunities & Constraints in Adaptive Reuse of mills in Mumbai, Faculty of Design, CEPT University. F1.13: https://www.galli.in/2013/05/other-peoples-clothessoumyadip-ghosh.html F1.14: https://www.asian-voice.com/var/ezdemo_ site/storage/images/asian-voice/volumes/2017/16september-2017/ahmedabad’s-textile-industry-and-itsbooming-past/ Chapter Two

F2.1: https://www.arvind.com/arvind-story F2.2: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018 F2.3: https://ahduni.edu.in/chm/ahmedabad-manchestercotton-exchange-2/ F2.4: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018 F2.5: https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/ conditions/296455/beneath-the-tent-of-a-horizonless-sky/ F2.7: https://samtweberviertel.de/#feature-97 -Google earth F2.9: https://www.shedkm.co.uk/work/lister-mills/

xvii -https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/in-your-area/ yorkshire/saving-monumental-bradford-mill/ -https://www.derelictplaces.co.uk/main/industrialsites/11147-listers-mill-manningham-bradford. F2.11: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/listentry/1200821 -https://www.e-architect.co.uk/manchester/murray-mills -Google earth F2.13: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Val-dEuropeand-Manufaktura-urban-composition -http://www.en.rotwl.pl/manufaktura_won_the_golden_pot_ certificate,11,0,0.html F2.14: https://www.ilivehere.co.uk/keighley-2.html -https://bradfordlocalstudies.wordpress.com/category/ treasure-of-the-week/ Chapter Three

F3.2: https://www.livehistoryindia.com/snapshorthistories/2019/05/22/ranchhodlal-chhotalal-pioneer-ofmodern-ahmedabad F3.3: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/ s to r y / 1 9 8 4 0 7 3 1 - tex t i l e - i n d u s t r y- i n - s t a te - o f - c r i s i s angry-workers-in-ahmedabad-pelt-stones-at-tlaoffice-803194-1984-07-31 F3.4: http://bodhicommons.org/article/controlling-labour-inthe-ahmedabad-textile-industry-1917-1920 F3.5: https://www.archdaily.com/464142/ad-classics-millowners-association-building-le-corbusier F3.6: https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/buildingmatters-5908621/ F3.7: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018 Chapter Four

F4.1.1 , F4.1.3 , F4.1.5 , F4.1.8 , F1.9, F4.1.10 to F4.1.14 and F4.1.16: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018_ Modified using these base drawings & photos F4.1.2 , F4.1.4 , F4.1.6 , F4.1.7: Google Earth_ Modified using these base photos F4.2.2 to F4.2.12: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018_ Modified using these base photos F4.2.13 and F4.2.15: Google Earth_ Modified using these base drawings & photos

F4.3.1 , F4.3.3 , F4.3.4 , F4.3.11 , F4.3.12 & F4.3.14: Students involved in Terrain-Vague Bricolage, CEPT University, 2018_ Modified using these base drawings & photos F4.3.2 and F4.3.7: Google Earth_ Modified using these base photos

xviii

LIST OF TABLES All the tables in the thesis are made by authors. Chapter Two

T2.1 I Page28: Relative objective for Approach: Testimony to the Past T2.2 I Page29: Relative objective for Approach: Urban landmark or Cultural landscape T2.3 I Page30: Relative objective for Approach: Built infrastructure and Spatial resource T2.4 I Page31: Relative objective for Approach: Architectural and Atmospheric space T2.5 I Page32: Assimilation of values by using Bridging values to maintain Authenticity & Integrity during Reuse T2.6 I Page34: Theory framework established for case-study analysis and inferences for reuse of industrial heritage site Chapter Three

T3.1 I Page48: Present use of historic textile mills of Ahmedabad T3.2 I Page52: Criteria of investigation for consideration of particular objective for case study Chapter Four

T4.1 I Page62: Analysis of NS mill site and derived inferences

T4.2 I Page70: Analysis of Pikas mill site and derived inferences T4.3 I Page75: Activity mapping of the people residing in settlement T4.4 I Page79: Analysis of NC mill site and derived inferences Conclusion

T5.1 I Page84: Criteria of investigation for consideration of particular objective for case study T5.2 I Page85: Consideration of Reuse for Case studied using Framework for reuse T5.3 I Page86: Reuse for Case studied and guidelines for approach