Project 1. Rammed Earth Reading Pavilion
Project 1. Brief
Seville
In this project a pavilion will be designed for the historical part of the city of Seville, a city in the Andalusian part of Spain. The tradition, culture and the problems of the city are to be studied in order to create a suitable pavilion. 0km
1km
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Seville is the major city of the Andalusian community. With the population of 1.5 million people (2011 census) it is the fourth largest city in Spain. It traces its story back to the Roman Empire and it was founded in 712 anno domini.
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Project 1. Site Analysis: Determining Pavilion Use
N Monuments and historical areas
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Possible activities of pavilion users: 1. Reading (university library&office workers) 2. Eating 3. Resting in a shade
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Moderate traffic levels Low traffic levels
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Project 1. Almond Shell Explorations
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ANTIGUA NT GUA ESTACIO ESTACION N
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Almond tree
Vegetation grows in the cracks
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Dry, cold, incects free part of the bulding
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Almond trees mapping Most of the trees around the proposal area almond trees. PLA A are A DON JUAN This made me have a closer look at the treeDEand its flowers AUS AUSTRIA AV and seeds. E
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Space arangement iterations Almond studiesDE UE DEL seeds PRADO In the beginning the almond seeds are SAN SE ASTIAN relatively soft and have no holes. By the end of the growing stage the shell gets harder and creates holes. When the seed is dropped to the grownd, the holes help to the seed crack and let the soil and water in, and the seed outside. I got interested in this concept.
DE
POR TUG
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III
VI
Project 1. The Stone and Earth Pavilion Proposal
Outer earth wall (plants)
Metal mesh binding the soil
Reading shell space
Plants growing through cracks in lava The idea has inspired me to look into earth dwellings around the world. Earth buildings could potentially accommodate both human and vegetation.
Outer earth wall (plants) Inner stone wall (people)
The site biophilic structures and the almond have inspired me to create a combined pavilion. The outer wall will consist of soil and provide sound insulation. The inner part should be build from rocks or alike material to provide comfort to the user. Both parts should interact each other through cracks, like in the almond shell.
Plants growing through cracks Light well Outer earth wall (plants) Reading space Outer earth wall (plants) Inner stone wall
Mud houses in Matmata
Project 1. Material Study: Rammed Earth What is rammed earth? Rammed earth is an ancient construction method, evolved independently in the Middle East, China and north Africa. Suitable soil mix is compacted between vertical formwork (wood, metal). Afterwards the formwork is removed, leaving a mass soil wall. Rammed earth composition Soil, suitable for construction of a rammed earth wall should have: * Sand 50-80% (excess of sand will make the structure brittle) *Clay 8-15% (binding the soil together, excess of clay will cause cracking) * Moist 10% * Silt
Rammed earth mini-city in Luanda, Angola, Africa.
Why rammed earth? * Design. Rammed earth material visually suits my design concept. It might have various shapes, depending on the formwork used. * Thermal mass. Earth has a great thermal mass potential. It will keep the pavilion cold in hot day time, and release the heat during the night time. * Cost and environment. It is cheap and biodegradable. Pavilions are temporary constructions, their demolition might cause additional costs for re-cycling the rubbish.
1. Running notches with a pick
4. Running of the lap surface of the wall section
2. Installation of the formwork
5. Removal and shifting of the formwork
3. Pouring and ramming of the earth
6. Finishing the surface
Wooden formwork for rammed earth wall construction
Building a rammed earth wall
Curved formwork
Curved rammed earth wall
Project 1. Material Study: Rammed Earth
Rammed earth wall texture without mixtures
Not enough clay in the mix: using straw as a binder The test represented below has shown that the straw was mixing nicely and did not cause any structural failures. It might be used instead of clay to bind the soil. It was historically used between the layers of the rammed earth as well. However, it might be less attractive to use it for a long-term buildings construction. Visually the result might be pleasant as well as less preferable for certain design solutions. There was no cracking noticed.
Result of adding oxides to the earth mix
Coloring rammed earth with metal oxides Nowadays, builders often add oxides, to the soil mix in order to obtain aesthetically pleasant structure. The natural iron oxides are integral to the wall and do not peel or fail. It is also non-toxic. Metal Oxides ...are compounds formed by an oxygen and metal. Iron oxides provide blue, red, yellow, black, orange and green color and it is one of the most commonly used.
Green, red and yellow oxides.
1)
2)
Ready soil mix in the frame
Compressed soil mix
Soil and the blue oxide mix
Blue oxide Yellow oxide Blue oxide Green oxide Red oxide
Project 1. Stone and Earth Reading Pavilion Iterations
Stone pavilion shell
Metal mesh (plants)
Earth pavilion shell
Shading mesh made out of concrete
Project 1. Interior and exterior study
Stone pavilion shell
Reading space
Studying the exterior walls materiality and shapes
Outer earth wall (plants) Inner stone wall (people)
Mesh filled with soil
III I
II
Private space studies
Studying the exterior walls materiality and shapes
Axonometric view render
Pavilion interior render
Project 1. Pure Rammed Earth Reading Pavilion Iteration
Metal mesh enforcing the rammed earth walls
Bamboo stairs leading to the upper private reading spaces
Soil walls with plants growing on them
Metal mesh enforcing the rammed earth walls
Top view drawing
Perspective view
Constructing the pavilion Curved wood formwork could be used to shape the earth in different ways.
Curved formwork
Curved rammed earth wall
Project 1. Rammed Earth Reading Pavilion on Site
Wooden mesh for shading
Core building with private spaces
Exterior soil layer with plants
Top view plan 1:200
Reading cells plan
The personal spaces are highlighted with red. I started applying the ideas generated through the previous iterations to the site, taking into the account the sun, noise and access. At this stage I was setting up the foundation for the next proposals by exploring the basic ideas.
The private cells plan
Light well “cracks� Exterior soil layer with plants Wooden mesh for shading
Render of the interation on the site
Lights study render 0m
5m
10m
15m
25m
Cracks in the roof for the light Wooden mesh for shading
Rammed earth building with private spaces
Exterior soil layer with plants Proposal on the site
Interior light structure 0m
1m
2m
3m
5m
Project 1. Private Reading Cells
Axonometric view Termite mounds as a source of inspiration
The next stage was to go back to the original point and design the spaces for reading alone and in groups. I have selected the most common people seating patterns and shaped the capsules according to their body positions.
Reading space
In this proposal the separated human cells got integrated to a solid foundation, while still surrounded by a mesh. This iteration has helped me to to return back to the initial concept and highlighted the qualities which it was lacking.
Bamboo platforms
Bamboo walls for privacy
Light studies of the private spaces
Plan 1:200 0m
2m
Provate spaces concept sketches Elevations
4m
6m
10m
Project 1. Concept Exploration: Solid&Mesh Pavilion
In this proposal I continued using bamboo in combination with the rammed earth reading spaces. It is a conversation between the monolithic and heavy forms with lightweight and flexible. It have resulted in creation of an elegant forms, however, the ideas of ÂŤcracksÂť and plants growing through the solid form have been lost. Therefore, I have decided to leave for the future projects the idea of the mesh&monolithic.
Rammed earth cells
The sectional view render: light and atmosphere study
Bamboo stairs, colums and shading mesh Bamboo Pavilion by Esan Rahmani
Bamboo Pavilion, Taiwan
Solar, wind and circulation analysis
Banboo columns collecting water
Bamboo seating
N
Earth reading cell Bamboo shading mesh Bamboo stairs
Bamboo colum
0m
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
9m
1:100
This pavilion proposal have lost the ideas of “cracking� and cells being embedded to a monolithic wall. However, it has helped me to determine the circulation, cell orientations according to the sun and the winds.
Project 1. Back to the Roots: Earth Proposal
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
Light and shadow studies through the summer day
Earth house in Switzerland by Peter Vetsch Elevation
In this iteration a precedent which integrates the landscape and the nature with the building was studied. It has helped to evaluate the qualities I have been looking for in the pavilion.
0m 1
Earth wall accomodating plants Earth reading cell
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
9m
Final Proposal
Project 1. Final Proposal
N
5 3 2 2 2
3
1. 1 person enclosed reading/seating space 2. 2 people enclosed reading/seating space 3. 3-5 people enclosed reading/seating space 4. Exterior seating space 5. Tree or plants
3
2
4
1
1
Access routes WC
Plants WC
Ventilation Entrance to the pavilion
0m
2m
4m
6m
8m
10m
12m
14m
16m
18m
Plan 1:200
The final proposal does not have the bamboo structure. However, in my opinion, the decision to remove the lightweight mesh has benefit the pavilion: it feels and looks more integrate; thicker earth walls going to provide better thermal mass and provide comfortable conditions for users; earth walls are also going to accommodate plants growing inside of handmade ÂŤcracksÂť. As the time goes the plants are going to overgrow the surface of the pavilion, blending it to the environment.
2 person space (x3) and an exterior wall fragment
2-3 person space
2-3 person space
1 person space and an exterior wall fragment
plant wall fragment
1 person spaces
WC
Plants growing on the wall
Lightwell
“Stepped” walls revealing the cells gradually
Ventilation holes
1950mm
Spatial study render
“Stepped” walls revealing the cells gradually and blending to the landscape People can seat on the “steps”
Light study sectional render
Front window
Lightwell Front window
Plants growing on the wall
Restaurant Facade Seating on the pavilion
The pavilion blends into the environment. Its’ colour matches the restaurant, Alcazar’s historical earth walls and the colour of the ground. The plants growing on the pavilion are going to gradually cover its’ surface.
Historic Earth Wall Alcazar Gardens
Project 2. Eroding Courtyard
Project 2. Brief Development: Seville City Analysis
Norte
area: 38 km2 (26.95%) POP (2006): 71 963 (9.83%)
Macarena
area: 3 km2 (2.13%) POP (2006): 82 744 (11.30%)
Este-Alcosa
Casco Antiquo
area: 4 km2 (2.84%) POP (2006):56 206 (7.68%)
Triana
area: 9 km2 (6.38%) POP (2006): 53 211 (7.27%)
area: 31 km2 (21.99%) POP (2006): 94 761 (12.94%)
San Pablo
area: 6 km2 (4.26%) POP (2006): 66 600 (9.10%)
Nervion
area: 3 km2 (2.13%) POP (2006): 71 963 (7.38%)
Cerro-Amate
area: 7 km2 (4.96%) POP (2006): 88 667 (12.11%)
Sur
area: 8 km2 (5.67%) POP (2006): 75 620 (10.33%)
Los Remedios
area: 16 km2 (11.35%)
City Center
POP (2006): 52 498 (7.17%)
The second project asks us to perform analysis of the historical, cultural and gorgraphical composition of the city. The research should feed the personal architectural agenda/style that will influence the final project.
0m
1km
2km
3km
4km
5km
Bellavista -La Palmera area: 16 km2 (11.35%) POP (2006): 35 788 (4.89%)
10km
Rivers Parks
Railways Roads
Courtyards
Population density 1000-5000 people per km2 5000-10000 people per km2 10000-15000 people per km2 20000+ people per km2
Project 2. Historical City Analysis
Demolished roman walls Courtyards
Brick fortification walls Rammed earth walls
River Guadalquivir
Historical monuments Water (rivers, pools)
Parks
Alcazar, Royal Palace
Historical Center
N
0m 100m 1:10000
200m
300m
1km
Project 2. Historical City: Studying Courtyards and Water Systems
The Alcazar of Seville is a royal palace, which was a great Moorish influence. The palace has numerous courtyards and gardens, creating very enclosed and tactile spaces. Walls surrounding Alcazar and some inner buildings have been built using rammed earth technology.
Water reservoir
I started studying the courtyards in order to understand and outline the relationship between the space for the nature, and the space for people, since both of them meet each other in courtyards. I was also interested in watering systems, as well as repeating patterns, arches and rich texture of the courtyards.
One of Alcazar’s courtyards with just a fountain in the middle.
Courtyard with plants and water, embedded to the floor.
Project 2. Courtyard Ventilation
Top view render
Air circulation/ventillation
Air circulation/ventillation
Project 2. Courtyard Study: Topography
Vegetation
Top view
Columns & arches
Another example of the courtyard. The architecture looks very natural and organic due to the shape of the floor.
Axonometric view
Spiraling floor imitating natural landscape
Project 2. Courtyard Study: Rammed Earth Walls and Dome
Rammed earth wall rendered with plaster
Rammed earth wall rendered with plaster
Top view
Rammed earth roof
This courtyard’s walls were made of rammed earth. It was rendered with white plaster to hide the rough earth texture and protect the wall from erosion.
Axonometric view
The royal Alcazar also has a water reservoir underground.
Structure of the domes supporting the weight of the palace. The structure also provides great aesthetics, attracting tourists. Rammed earth cannot be used on its own for constructing a flat roof. It has to have the shape of a dome in order to be structurally stable. Another method is to build the roof on top of wooden supports.
Compacted earth Wooden structure Part of rammed earth revealed through the plaster render
Modern rammed earth dome at HĂśnggerberg
Bunker fill roof illustration by by Lyle A. Wolfskill
Project 2. Designing a Space with the Controlled Erosion
I have decided to use the rammed earth technique since it provides better materiality, related to the site, is sustainable.
Eroding wall The picture on the left describes the atmosphere I am trying to achieve for my building.
Water eroding the rammed earth wall surface
Mesh supporting plants growth
Soil
Concrete
Rammed earth
Embedding concrete I started exploring different options for constructing structurally stable rammed earth walls. Concrete could be used to prevent erosion and protect the rammed earth wall top.
Concrete founation (rammed earth is sensitive to humidity and cannot be used as a foundation)
Using purely rammed earth During the meeting with the structural engineer it was agreed that rammed earth walls are strong enough and do not need embedded concrete core.
Project 2. The First Design Concept
Water Courtyard From this point I am going to design the courtyard section of the building in order to obtain the materiality I would like to achieve.
Lightwell Water courtyard
Lightwell
Lightwell Green wall
Rammed earth wall
Concrete foundation (rammed earth cannot be used as a foundation) Concrete roof (rammed earth cannot be used as a roof without supports) Roof garden
Eroding wall
Rammed earth wall
Concrete enforcement
Roof garden
Green wall
Project 2. Studying Spatial Qualities of a Space Affected by Erosion
Erosion stages of a stone
Studying the materiality of an eroding space in the day time
Erosion is the action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earth’s crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited. The idea of erosion and the plants taking over the building has been touched in my first project (rammed earth reading pavilion) as well. Everything in nature is affected by erosion. I have started exploring ways of using the erosion as a part of my water courtyard space, since it will create the biophilic feeling. Erosion stages of a reinforced rammed earth
Vegetation growth on the eroding rammed earth wall section
Studying the materiality of an eroding space in the night time
Project 2. Biophilic Feel Shading and supporting the plants growth mesh
Eroded rammed earth wall
Plants
Here I am comparing the wall affected by erosion to a intact wall. Erosion creates ÂŤbiophilicÂť feeling and creates an association with nature.
Developing the scheme above. Combining nature and human spaces by controlling the erosion and the plant growth.
Project 2. Rammed Earth Courtyard Iterations Soil Concrete support for the rammed earth
Concrete core Concrete foundation (rammed earth cannot be used as a foundation)
Soil
Mesh supporting plants
Rammed earth wall
Plants
Rammed earth wall Mesh supporting plants
Mesh supporting plants
Concrete
Concrete
The first iteration of the courtyard had a concrete structure supporting the exterior of the rammed earth walls. The meeting with engineer has showed that there is no need in concrete for the structural stability. Moreover, concrete hides the beauty of the rammed earth wall and its rich texture.
Mesh supporting plants
Net protecting the soil
Water trace
Rammed earth wall
Concrete support for the rammed earth
Protecting wall from the rain splash Concrete foundation (rammed earth cannot be used as a foundation)
Ground level Water
Inspiring from the Alcazar courtyard topography
Project 2. Rammed Earth Wall Construction
Soil
Sand
Clay
1. Mix the soil, sand (50%), clay (15%) and yellow or red oxide in right proportions.
2. Put the mix into the pre-made formwork
Mixing with yellow and red iron oxides
3. Ram the earth, untill it is fully compressed.
Compressing the earth The tools
Formwork
Mesh supporting plants
Plants
Rammed earth wall
Project 2. Iterations of the Courtyard Walls
I. Simple piramidal shape, which was used in my first project for the Reading Pavilion
II. Adding the plantsupporting mesh
III. Changing the shape and angles
IV. Returning the mesh and controlling the walls’ shape
V. Getting inspired by natural canyons
VI. Re-shaping the form for the structural stability of the walls
Project 2. Eroded Rammed Earth Courtyard Iterations
Zebra Slot Canyon, Utah, USA
Antelope Slot Canyon Sun Spot
Miner's Castle Cave - Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Munising, Michigan by Michigan Nut Canyons and caves are result erosion caused by water polishing rock and earth surfaces for thousands of years. Their texture and shapes sometimes look like human-made, yet, connected to the nature. My next water courtyard iterations have been inspired by this natural phenomenon.
Project 2. Final Physical Model
1:50 scale