Rammed Earth Hammam: Biophilic Relaxation by Kuralay Yesmukhanova

Project 3. Rammed Earth Hammam: Biophilic Relaxation

Project 3. Lost Baths of Seville

Alcazar arabic underground baths

Roman therms, Seville

When I have been to Alcazar, the most experiential place was the underground baths. Earlier, I have encountered remains of roman baths under the Parasol. Since I have been studying courtyards with pools, the baths have thrilled me and I started searching for more baths examples in Seville. Unfortunately, there are is no evidence of any remaining historical arabic baths (hammams) in Seville. There is only 1 active hammam in Seville with population of 1.5 million.

Aire de Sevilla

Aire de Sevilla Hammam is attracting both locals and tourists. It is the only one building which delivers the atmosphere of an arabic hammam in entire Seville. Arabic Baths, Hammam, Istanbul

Mapping hammams

Project 3. Chosing the Site: SPA and Gym Facilities Ratio to Population Density

Population density 1000-5000 people per km2 5000-10000 people per km2 10000-15000 people per km2 20000+ people per km2

Norte

area: 38 km2 (26.95%) POP (2006): 71 963 (9.83%)

Macarena

area: 3 km2 (2.13%) POP (2006): 82 744 (11.30%)

Este-Alcosa

Population needs in sport and SPA centres

Casco Antiquo

Excess of the recreational facilities

Triana

area: 9 km2 (6.38%) POP (2006): 53 211 (7.27%)

Satisfying number of recreational facilities

area: 6 km2 (4.26%) POP (2006): 66 600 (9.10%)

Nervion

area: 3 km2 (2.13%) POP (2006): 71 963 (7.38%)

Cerro-Amate

area: 7 km2 (4.96%) POP (2006): 88 667 (12.11%)

Lack of recreational facilities

Sur

area: 8 km2 (5.67%) POP (2006): 75 620 (10.33%)

Sport&SPA centres Los Remedios

area: 16 km2 (11.35%) POP (2006): 52 498 (7.17%)

Bellavista -La Palmera area: 16 km2 (11.35%) POP (2006): 35 788 (4.89%)

Potentional site location based on the populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need in sport and SPA centres

area: 31 km2 (21.99%) POP (2006): 94 761 (12.94%)

San Pablo

area: 4 km2 (2.84%) POP (2006):56 206 (7.68%)

Project 3. Neighbourhood Analysis

Building use

Building heights

Governmental buildings

Hotels

Short buildings (up to 3 floors)

Monuments, historical buldings

Shops

Medium buildings (from 4 to 5 floors)

Offices

Restaurants

Tall buildings (6 floors and higher)

Final project site

30m

60m

90m

120m

150m

170m

200m

Activities, circulation and traffic

Transport routes

Tourist walking routes

Central area

Main car traffic route

Horse carriages

Tram lines

Secondary roads

Horse carriage stops

Promenades

Tram line

Monuments, historical buildings, landmarks

Final project site

River cruise ships Activity nodes

Car parking Pedestrian crossing

Project 3. Site Analysis: Physical Context

Office building

Embassy

Medieval walls

Restaurant

N City registration

Historical coin yard

City administration

Residental building Bank

N N

Axonometric site drawing Scale 1:1000

Transport and pedestrian routes through the site

Pedestrian access

Bycicle routes

Tram line

Horse carriages

Parking

Structures under demolition

Site lights

Trees mapping

Project 3. Panoramic Site Study Photographs

A B C

C The site outline

Detailed perspective render

A B

C A

The site outline

Project 3. Solar Analysis January

October

April

July

9 am

1 pm

4 pm

Project 3. Solar Analysis: Building Orientation Strategy

Always in shadow

Prevailing shade

Sunnies part

Best building orientation chart according to the average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface Best orientation

Worst orientation Underheated period

October

Overheated period Annual average

Daylight hours: 10.6 Max temp: 32.3 Min temp: 10.6 Average: 19.4 *20-22 degrees C are the most comfortable temperature for human

January Daylight hours: 9.9 Max temp: 19.2 °C Min temp: 3.4 °C Average: 10.6 °C

April

Daylight hours: 12.8 Max temp: 26.1 °C Min temp: 6.7 °C Average: 16.0 °C

July

Daylight hours: 14 Max temp: 38.0 °C Min temp: 14.9 °C Average: 26.7 °C

5 4

2 3

Light level (LUX) recorded in early November at 2 pm

1. 9200 2. 10000 3. 5000 4. 5600 5. 9000 6. 5200 7. 2900 8. 8000 Sunlight 107 527 Daylight 10 752 Overcast Day 1 075 Very Dark Day 107 Twilight 10

Project 3. Winds and Humidity Analysis: Ventilation Strategy

ns)

Solar orientation chart

Obstructions Obstructions

Winter

Spring

Prevealing wind direction: SWW Wind speed: 10-20 km/h (fresh breeze)

Prevealing wind direction: NEE and SW Wind speed: 10-25 km/h (strongbreeze)

Prevealing wind direction: NEE Wind speed: 10-20 km/h (fresh breeze)

Prevealing wind direction: SSW Wind speed: 10-15 km/h (gentle breeze)

Obstructions

n ien tati o Bes t for wind ow sun or

All year round prevailingwind speed direction

Autumn

f ion

ion tilat Ven ings n ope

ntat orie ding ion buil t Best -ventila s cros

Obstructions

io ion truct t c re obs sdi nd g the i w in ing ount l a ve t c Pre ithou (w

Summer

Relative humidity chart

Conclusion Warmest winds come from the least desirable for solar orientation side. Passive ventilation openings should be orientated towards north-east, same direction as the wind. The site is surrounded by tall (15m+) building, obstructing the winds. The passive ventilation strategies might me enefficient in such conditions, especially if the building will not be tall enough (10 m+)

Winds temperature chart

Project 3. Temperature and Sound Analysis: Design Strategy

Temperature (째C)

Traffic and pedestrians cause high levels of noise

Sound level (dB) 5

1. 50 2. 40 3. 45 4. 44 5. 75

Threshold of Hearing Quiet Rural Nighttime Quiet Urban Nighttime Quiet Urban Daytime Commercial Area Shouting

Temperature Analysis & Design Strategy 2

The temperature is quite high in Spring, Summer and Autumn, but it gets cold in Winter months (0째C or below). The design should consider using: 1. Insulation and buffer zones (reception, gym and etc.) 2. Use natural heating and cooling with sun and wind 3. Good summer and nocturnal ventilation 4. Small windows to north 5. Locate hammam in the middle of the building for better heating 6. Light coloured walls and roof Clouds coverage

Sound Analysis & Design Strategy

The most cloudy times are between 4pm and 8pm It is suitable to use solar panels for energy gains and water heating

Summer is the least cloudy and the most hot season

The site is relatively quiet. The northern part is affected by high levels of noise caused by traffic. However, I do not think there is a need for sound insulation in construction. Solution: 1. Locate SPA areas on the southern part of the site 2. Locate the Gym on the north

Gym space

Hamam space

10 30 45 55 65 80

Project 3. Site Materiality Study: Building Materials

Vegetation

Road pavement

Cement render

Plaster render

Iron grates

Bricks

Rammed Earth

H E

J, G

J F M

B G L

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

90m

Project 3. Site Analysis: Rammed Earth Medieval Fortification Wall

Plaster Rammed earth wall

Plaster

a Brick filling

The walls of Seville were a military perimeter surrounding the old town of Seville from the Roman period with continuous remodeling, resulting from the vicissitudes experienced throughout the history of the city during its Roman, Visigoth, Islamic periods, and finally Castilian. It survived until the nineteenth century then were partially demolished after the revolution of 1868.

Brick filling

Formork plank left untouched in Seville fortification wall

Front view on the

The arch/bridge The historical rammed earth fortification wall has a 4.5 meters wide arch, which was used as a bridge. It is interesting in terms of studying the historical methods of construction of the openings within the rammed earth walls. Blocks of stone and bricks were used to create the arch. The rammed earth could be used to create a dome, but for bigger vertical loads the structure should be reinforced with stone, wood or other materials.

Plaster

Cracking putlogs

caused

Old bricks to support the tunnel walls Rammed earth wall

Old bricks to support the tunnel walls

a Rammed earth layers

The arch detail

Rammed earth blocks

Back view of the arch (nowadays

Rammed earth texture

Project 3. Site Analysis: Unstable Soil

Intact rammed earth wall

Eroded rammed earth wall

Torre de la Plata medieval tower

Stable soil layer

Unstable soil layer

Before removing the unstable soil Medieval rammed earth wall

Concrete foundation and landfil support Brick wall Removing the landfil and the brick wall

New, unstable soil layer created within 500 years Stable earth

After removing the unstable soil

Stable earth After removing the landfil

Dangerous condition on the site During the site visit it was noticed that the car park is based on top of potentially unstable soil layer, created within centuries. Building on top of it would be both dangerous and expensive (deep foundation). Therefore, it was decided to clear the unstable soil, which is going to be re-cycled for building the rammed earth walls.

Effect on the building design

Project 3. Rammed Earth Wall Mapping

Location

1. Rammed earth medieval fortificationwall

Erosion and vegetation

Vegetation is growing closer to the foundation

Texture and content

Bigger stone grains

1 2. Alcazar’s interior walls

Vegetation is «climbing» the eroding Smaller amount of wall stones

3. Alcazar’s exterior walls

Vegetation growing on the wire strings

Rubbish (tiles, brick fragments)

Rammed earth buildings

Local soil sediment test

Erosion of the walls The walls on the site are around 700-900 years old. However they are in relatively good conditions due to the dry climate of Andalusia. Some parts of the wall suffer from the high level of humidity, rainfall and the water streaming down. Organic matter

Clay 30%

Parts of the structure with the higher erosion - Top of the wall; - Openings; - The boundaries between the rammed earth blocks.

Moss on the shaded areas

Vegetation growth on the areas exposed to the sun

Vegetation growth on the rammed earth wall in a shaded and humid area

Moss on the areas exposed to the sun

Vegetation ...grows in the rain stream paths on the wall and on the flat horizontal surfaces. Any areas with higher humidity and low solar exposure tend to have higher vegetation growth. Vegetation grows on the areas affected by the water erosion and dies in dry seasons, which provides unpleasant look to the structure.

Silt 20% Sand 50%

The soil from the site seems to be good enough for constructing strong and long-lasting rammed earth walls.

Meaning for my design process The idea of cracking and letting the vegetation through the cracks was explored in my first project for Seville. Designing with awareness of erosion, humidity and solar exposure provides the control over the vegetation growth and the structure failure. There is a possibility of designing a building intentionally designed to be affected by erosion in some parts.

Erosion and vegetation growth around openings

Vegetation growth along the water paths on the wall

a a Cracked pavilion sketch

Project 3. Hammam Central area, courtyard

The central stone Pockets with water fountains for washing

“Hammam”, “Turkish bath” is a method of cleansing and relaxation practiced in Islamic countries mostly. 1. It starts with relaxation in a warm room 2. Then the person proceeds to a hotter room and receives a soap massage 3. Washing off the soap 4. Returning back to the relaxation room This is the hammam space. There round stone in the middle is heated and used for lying down while receiving a soap massage. This is the entrance and an enclosed courtyard.

Activities:

- Full body wash

- Changing clothes

- Receiving a massage

- Drinking tea and socializing

Soap massage

Using a water fountain in the wall to wash off

Project 3. Rammed Earth Hammam Concept

Hypocaust Green wall

Pool

Drainage and foundation insulation Brick dome Brick arches Rammed earth Concrete beam

Using the observed on site dome structure as a precedent

Creating a structurally stable and aesthetically pleasant hammam space. The structure also reflect the local architecture.

The dome (brick, concrete)

Rammed earth

Structural model 1:50

Project 3. Final Brief: Tourist Programme

Users

Torre del Oro (existing tourist location)

Local restaurant (unpopular due to hidden location)

New access to the local hidden restaurant (supporting local business)

Horse carriages

Re-opening the medieval wall and the tower (new tourist attraction)

Walking tourists

Existing tourist route New public route The building arrangement (creating tunnel)

Shorter and safer walking route to Torre del Oro (creating safer route to the tourist attraction)

Project 3. Final Brief: Locals Programme

Gym

No SPA or Gym facilities in the neighborhood People have to travel 20-30 minutes to the closest SPA or Gym facility. Since the area is surrounded by historical monuments, most public comercial buildings are shops and restaurants.

Hammam - massage

Changing room/courtyard Water pools

Aire de Sevilla Shower

Hammam

Lost historical heritage - only 1 active hammam The architecture of the historical center of Seville has been influenced by Muslim culture greatly (Alcazar, rammed earth fortifications and towers). However, there are no historical hammams left. The new one, Aire de Sevilla, was opened just recently and already has become a tourist attraction.

Temperature level Water used Plants Plants should be kept behind a glass

Project 3. Space Arrangement&Programme 72 m

65.3 m

Security Reception

Available area 2700 m2 67 m

54 m

Transition corridor (men)

Hammam (men)

Hammam entrance area (men)

Changing room (men)

Storage

Changing room (women)

Hammam entrance area (women)

Laundry

36 m

Pool

Gym

Changing room (men)

Changing room (women)

Security

Office

Storage

Hammam entrance area (family)

Laundry

Reception

Transition corridor (family)

Hammam entrance area (family) Hammam entrance area (men)

Hammam entrance area (women)

Transition corridor (men)

Hammam (men)

Hammam (family)

Transition corridor (family)

Massage

Hammam (women)

Gym Hammam (family)

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

10m

20m

30m

40m

50m

60m

Transition corridor (men)

Hammam (women)

Transition space Changing room Hammam

Men courtyard, changing room, hammam I Iteration -Initial space arrangement

II Iteration. -Adding rooftop gardens -Changing reception arrangement -Placing the massage rooms into the garden area

Women courtyard, changing room, hammam Family courtyard and hammam Massage and SPA procedures Gardens Gym Reception

Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s open-air courtyard

Office Storage and laundry

III Iteration. -Adding domes to the wet spaces to prevent water condensation -Adding courtyards

IV Iteration. -Creating more courtyards -Reducing the building area for better circulation - Adding one more storey for the gym

Project 3. Spatial Exploration

Reception

Gym Corridor

Iteration 1. Spatial and light exploration model

Courtyard

Gym

Hamam

Public walkway

Iteration 4. Spatial and materiality exploration model (1:200). Iteration 2. 1:200 scale model. Space arrangement exploration.

Iteration 3. Spatial and materiality exploration model (1:200).

Changing room Reception Hammam Hammam

Iteration 5. Space arrangement, circulation and materiality study model.

Project 3. Building Iteration V

3 4 1 2 5

6 7

7 Public walkway

9 8

In this iteration I am bringing back the idea of a lightweight structure (mesh). It is used for shading the public walkway, elevation of the reception and gym areas.

1. Reception 2. Office / storage / laundry 3. Gym 4. Public walkway 5. Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changing room 6. Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changing room 7. Hammam 8. Pool 9. Garden

Project 3. Building Iteration VI

N Gym & terrace Office

3 4 Public walkway Entrance to the building

2 10 5

7 9

9 8

4 10 1. Reception 2. Office / storage / laundry 3. Gym 4. Public walkway 5. Women’s changing room 6. Men’s changing room 7. Hammam 8. Pool 9. Garden 10. Cafe 11. Family courtyard

5 11 7

7 9

9 9 8

Project 3. Biophilic Hammam Concept

Dome precedent from Alcazar Dome is a traditional form of hammam roofs. It holds in the condensation of steam.

Concept: growing plants on the walls and columns

1:50 scale sections through the hammam

Stalagmites in Luray Caverns.

Grand Canyon

Window openings in rammed earth wall precedent

Rammed earth residence by Furman and Keil Architects

Brick dome

Natural light openings

Concrete beam

Rammed earth Tiles

Concrete lintel

Window opening

Rammed earth

Water splash protection

Concrete foundation 0

1:20 scale sections through the hammam

Project 3. Building Iteration VII: Roof Gardens and Terraces

Therme Vals in Switzerland by Peter Zumthor

Roof garden and terraces inspired my Zumthorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Therme Vals

Hammam Hammam

Public walkway

Dome precedent from Alcazar

Project 3. Building Iteration VII: Interior

Alcazar dome structure

Central stone for massage

Water pools

Window opening

Central stone for massage

Project 3. Gym&Hammam Floor Topography

Sandstone

Building floor topography inspired by natural forms

Pools

Tree bark

Hammam stones

Building floor topography

Pamukkale natural water terraces, Turkey

The atmosphere of the previous hammam iterations were lacking the natural shapes and biophilic sensation I have been studying in project 2. Therefore I have decided to look into the natural forms created by water (water erosion) and apply the language to the building base.

Hammam stones

Pools

Project 3. Back to Roots: Returning to Bamboo

New bamboo roof fragment

Project 1. Pavilion bamboo iteration

Bamboo roof precedent - Panyaden School

Form and culture precedent - Parasol in Seville

At this point I started looking for material and a construction method which would allow the toof to follow the form of the floor. Bamboo is a cheap, flexible and beautiful material I wanted to use since project 1, pavilion for Seville.

Brick domes for humid hammam spaces

Project 3. Building Iteration VIII: Symbiosis of the Bamboo Roof and the Topography

Bamboo roof

Central stone for massage

Water pools

Project 3. Biophilic Hammam Concept

Family route Men Women

Building iteration VII

Family route Men Women

Building iteration VIII

Family route removed to allow more space Men Women

Building iteration IX

Project 3. Structural and Atmospheric Sketches

Project 3. Light, Lightwells and Atmospheric Exploration

Light well and structural column at the same time

Precedent for the light well structure. Marek Keppl and Toma Korec bamboo pavillion

Insulation and rain protection coat

Glass with high g-valuem low-E, and low U-value

Windows are facing the SSW direction in order to prevent overheating and maximize the solar gain in winter Those windows are placed in the most shaded part of the site. Therefore they are faced to gain more light and heat

Bamboo (200 mm diameter)window frame

Bamboo cladding

Primary structure

Roof light (windows, lightwells) N

Worst orientation Best orientation

Roof window detail render

Bamboo frame precedent: Residental housing in Carmen de Apicala, South America

Designing the structure taking the sun into account

30 degree angle window with shuttering would be suitable for the local climate.

Roof windows

Waterproof insulation

Roof windows

Bamboo cladding (interior)

Primary bamboo structure

Bamboo (200 mm diameter)window frame Rammed earth walls

Insulation and rain protection coat Glass with high g-valuem low-E, and low U-value Bamboo cladding Primary structure

Rammed earth (plastered)

Concrete foundation

Structural precedent: Kindergarten and Community Centre, Naiju, Japan

Rammed Earth Hammam: Biophilic Relaxation

-2.5m

WC & Showers

Garden

Aerobics room 1

Men’s relaxation and pools space -1.82m -1.69m -1.56m -1.43m

Gym

-1.30m

Men’s Changing Room

Parking

Aerobics room 2

Men’s hammam

-1.17m -1.04m

Cafe

-0.91m

Kitchen

-0.78m

Office

-0.65m -0.52m -0.39m

Women’s relaxation and pools space -0.26 m

Women’s Changing Room

-0.13 m

Reception

Sports and SPA shop 0.0 m

Women’s hammam

WC & Showers

Ground Floor Plan 1:200 m

16 N

Hammam roof

Terrace WC

Hammam roof Aerobics room 3

First Floor Plan 1:200 m

16 N

Storage

Laundry Storage & equipment

First Floor Plan 1:200 m

16 N

1:100 scale site and final models