Immaterial Topographies

Immaterial Topographies Halligans Bay & Lake Eyre South 路 Lake Eyre 路 Lake Eyre Basin 路 Australia

Over recent years my fascination with the interscalar physical relationships that exist in the world around us has consumed my thoughts, my work, and recently, my day to day life. The connection between myself, my immediate physical environment, the cosmos, and all of the parts which make these things tangible is beginning to send me to the brink of insanity. This study aims to hold me back from the precipice I fear would otherwise claim me and, in-so-doing, I hope it may offer respite to other curious minds out there who are engaged in the same intellectual foray. For without the collective efforts of those who find themselves asking questions in defiance of intuitive understanding, we may never truly understand our place in the universe. It is a fine line we must tread between comfortable mundanity and insatiable curiosity.

This is a step in that journey.

- Ludwig Eddingsworth

Dr. Ludwig Eddingsworth

Immaterial Topographies Halligans Bay & Lake Eyre South · Lake Eyre · Lake Eyre Basin · Australia

Kyle Bush Universal Press · RMIT University · Melbourne, Australia

Copyright Š 1998 by The L. Eddingsworth Foundation Published by Kyle Bush Universal Press RMIT University, Melbourne ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Printed in Australia, October, 2013 for Masters of Landscape Architecture, Research Seminar - Terra Incognita Seminar Leader: Rosalea Monacella Student: Kyle Bush (S3360254)

Dr. Ludwig Eddingsworth (1926 - 1997) Dr. Ludwig Eddingsworth was a spatial philosopher and Professor of Geology at the Fremantle School of Earth Sciences, Australia. His research earned him multiple accolades in the field of earth sciences and spatial theory including 3 Werner Prizes from 1947 - 86, an honorary doctorate of Palaeogeological Histories at Cambridge University in 1953, and his late position as Elected Chair of the ISAGD (Institute of Spatial, Atmospheric and Geological Discovery) of Munich, Germany (1986 - 1997).

His late work has informed contemporary understandings and trajectories in the field of scienctific research, and recent application in the industries of built environment design and art has fuelled a renewed mainstream interest in his discoveries of the late 20th century.

“We regard it as a certainty that the Earth, enclosed between poles, is bounded by a spherical surface�

- Nicolaus Copernicus

Contents

The Making of a Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

Formation of a Planetary Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Matter and Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

Movement Between the Solid and the Void . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Traditional Topographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

Historical Description of the Australian Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

The Implication of the Lense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Role of the Instrument in Geographical and Geological Understandings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Ear to Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

Seeking the Immaterial to Chart a New Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Mediumship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

On Site: Within the Immaterial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Locorum Nuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................................................

Discovered Terrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Test site, Lake Eyre (1996)

iNTRODUCTION

The following pages aim to reveal physical and chemical relationships that exist but are not necessarily visible to the human eye, or discernible in our current and common understanding of time and space.

Once we gain an understanding of larger environmental forces at work we are better equipped to locate ourselves as part of the synergetic cosmic balance. Only then will we be able to take our place in the cosmos and cease fumbling our way through our serendipitous arrival in this moment as a species.

For this to be possible we must begin to see things which do not immediately expose themselves to us.

This collection includes historical understandings of space and geology as interpreted by myself for the purpose of the inquiry, and acts as a field journal for research undertaken on site at Lake Eyre, South Australia. It will be honest as a document of incremental discoveries made through field research, and is intended to expose the scientific process undertaken. In this way it is hoped the reader gains an understanding of the current position of the scientific inquiry in the continuum of time, and begins to understand how much we are yet to know.

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The MAKING of A surface Formation of a Planetary Geology

Fig. 1 Planetary Accretion (Rollinson, 2001)

(a) the formation of planetesimals from the

dust of solar nebula

(b) the formation of planets through the

impacting and eccretion of planetesimals

A sense of familiarity with the Earth’s surface is an inevitable condition. It is constant, it is predictable and it is the backdrop on which each and every one of us lives out our lives. Contemporary theories of planetary geology, however, begin to challenge the validity of these beliefs and begin to cast doubt over our limited understanding of the physical universe.

outcome. We have also learned that there is at least as much ‘matter’ within this system which is entirely incomprehensible to human senses and minds. It has been named dark mattter, and without it the matter that we know, and exist as an assemblage of, cannot, itself, exist (Hawking, 2001). It is an immaterial constituent of all that we understand as being material.

For some time now have been able to measure and confirm certain astronomical activities, such as the accelarating expansion of the universe, which help us to piece together the story of just how the Earth came to be in the first place (Hawking, 2001). From here we are able to hypothesise, test and evaluate just how the surface that we call home operates. The scale of these mechanics is something which confounds even the most adept mind, and as we advance in the field of quantum physics it is not only the mega mechanics which do so.

This revelation begs the question - what else influences the universe we exist within which cannot be seen, or even perceived?

Modern Science tells us that the formation of our home, the planet Earth,was a process which has taken place countless times, and continues to take place in the universe today. Fig 1 illustrates the process of planet formation from beginnings as dust in a solar nebula. Note that this process can take billions of years and each disc is hundreds of light years from edge to edge.

With gravity as the physical parameter, mass and energy become a visible expression of the order of the universe. In this case, the vast timeframe obscures our interpretation of the those principles which govern the

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The attractive force of gravity pulls together dust particles to form planetesimals which grow to become protoplanets over time.

Fig. 2 Formation of planetesimals: protoplanets from cosmic dust (Renton)

Protoplanets collapse under the force of gravity (the gravitational force increases as the mass of the protoplanet increases) to begin the transition to a planet. Intense heat is generated as the collapse proceeds and the matter which makes up the protoplanet separates according to relative density.

The planet’s structure moves toward a concentric layering that is typical of Earth’s structure.

Fig. 3 Conversion of protoplanet to planet (Renton)

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The structure of the Earth is one of a solid rock crust encasing vast mineral strata in a liquid state. The matter of the interior of the planet acts as an immense store of energy.

Fig. 4 The structure of Earth (Renton)

At the surface of the planet Earth fissures in the crust allow movement to occur.

Tectonic plates slide against one another laterally, and are often forced to overlap.

These movements are the result of dynamic forces of great magnitude and, as such, are generators of great change in the structure of the surface.

These dynamic shifts can alter the surface condition for millenia, and are often the starting point for a series of changes that take place thereafter, such as the creation of volacanoes. Once formed, volcanoes become a conduit for subsurface energy and matter to be expelled outward. This process is an example of the cyclical movement of matter trans-surface which produces a type of surficial renewal and flux.

Fig. 5 Tectonic Movement - Zones of Subduction (Renton)

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Matter and thresholds Movement between solid and void

Just as molten lava moves from sub-surface to above surface through volcanoes, many other substances are engaged in a continuous, and seemingly infinite, circulation through the planetary system of Earth.

These processes are called biogeochemical cycles and in most the material being transported from one point to another must change state to achieve the transition.

progress in this matter. Contrary to the isolationist methodology of scientific inquiry these systems exhibit an inextricable and complex connectivity to one another and, as such, offer some hope that the secrets to a new path of discovery may lie in knowledge that we already have before us.

Gaseous - liquid - solid; Lithosphere - biosphere atmosphere - hydrosphere - pedoshpere; Sub - surface - above surface. These all describe phases of existence and relative locations in space and time. A single molecule of water may pass through each of these in a single day, or it may take millenia. Similarly, certain molecules may not have yet experienced the full range of petentials offered to it by the cosmic fabric within which it resides. This is not to say they never will, however, because it may only be moments before the required energies and matter coalesce in the required configuration to liberate it from it’s captivity at its current threshold.

Fig. 6 Biogeochemical Cycles (NAP)

It is pertinent, then, to consider that we, as intelligent beings, have only been capable of considering these kinds of abstract concepts for the past 200,000 years at most. In geological time, this is but a moment.

In cosmic time, a fraction of a moment. We cannot possibly hope to know even a fraction of the physical potentials that await us.

Without gaining a foundational understanding of the potentials that our modern scientific endeavour has unearthed, though, we cannot hope to make any

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Along with the hydrological and nitrogen cycles, the carbon cycle is crucial for the sustenance of life on Planet Earth. Carbon performs many functions including the trapping of heat in the atmosphere, sustaining plant life, weathering of rocks, and contributing to the formation of carbonates such as limestone and the shells of marine organisms. Through the carbon cycle, carbon forms various chemical compounds with other elements which allow it to take on different characterisitics, enabling it to perform a variety of functions.

Fig. 7 The Carbon Cycle (California Academy of Sciences)

The rock cycle sees a dynamic relationship between energy from planetary pressure and friction, and rock in it’s various states.

Through the cycle, rock may take on a liquid or solid state, and may break down to dust or sediment, crystallize, and accumulate and cement together to form a number of different types of rock - sedimentary, ingneous, and metamorphic. The renewal of mattter through the rock cycle is vital for the storage and transmission of other matter (such as water and carbon) and contributes vital nutrients to soils which are the foundation of life on our planet.

Fig. 8 The Rock Cycle (The Rock Cycle)

The hydrological cycle is perhaps the most visible of the biogeochemical cycles. Water travels from lithosphere to atmosphere and by harnessing energies from the sun and the forces of gravity takes on all three states of matter with relative regularity. In the state of solid and liquid, water contributes to the erosion of rocks, and as a gas it forms one of the most influential atmospheric climate controls - cloud. Water also aids in the transportation of other matter in solution.

Fig. 9 The Hydrological Cycle (EPA)

Nitrogen in it’s various chemical forms is vital for many biological processes which sustain life and contribute to soils and surface condition. The largest pool of nitrogen exists in the atmosphere but is mostly inaccessible for biological metabolism. Nitrogen is transported in water as a solution, passes through organisms in biological processes, and is released into the atmosphere as a gas.

Fig. 10 The Nitrogen Cycle (The Nitrogen Cycle)

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These processes, combined with movement of the tectonic plates, result in an everfluctuating planetary surface. Snapshots of the Australian surface from approximately 540 million ago until the present reveal the substantial changes in topography, geology and hydrology through time.

The continental orientation and relative geographical position of continental Australia has also been in a constant state of change, and will continue to be forever into the future. This is a fact of planetary physics.

Fig. 11 Palaeogeographic history of the Australian continent (Hodgson, 1988)

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traditional topographies Historical depiction of the australian surface

How, then, do we, as occupants of the surface of Earth, begin to describe ‘ground’? As a register of discovery maps offer an opportunity to record discreet fields of understanding that can be added to over time. The graphic format allows for rapid interpretation of macro data, and layering of detail to an almost unlimited complexity.

What qualifies as a feature worthy of inclusion in the vocabulary of graphic description, and what will inform the graphic syntax? Is tangibility a prerequisite? Has it ever been? These are all questions one must ponder to gain a critical perspective on just what constitutes the mappable qualities of the lived experience.

The act of describing territory, zones, edges and patches is inherently subjective, being limited to the knowledge and perspective of those who undertake the task. Abstraction of information, speculation on gaps in knowledge, and the imposition of bias is unavoidable.

How then can we trust what we read? How can we discern the truth of the situation which contextualised the creation of the map? Isn’t what is excluded just as relevant as what is included?

Fig. 12 Electromagnetic Earth Grid (Becker-Hagens, 2012)

The evolution of cartographic material relating to the the Australian continent reveals a process of discovery, both of the material world which it aims to describe, and of the technique of translating phenomena such as matter, energy, process and culture to a graphic language. A departure from ‘real’ or ‘tangible’ is but a starting point for any map - the question is, to what degree?

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Wyld, James, 1812-1887.

Map of Australia [cartographic material] : compiled from the nautical surveys, made by order of The Admiralty and other authentic documents 1833. MAP RM 774.

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More inform ation

Se arch > Ex am ination Map

45 years after the colonisation of Australia the known qualities of the continent are limited, revealing a prevalent method of exploration in the sailing vessel. The threshold between land and sea proves to be a limiting factor for the technological capabilities of the cartographer. A portion of land has been described in some detail, but is limited to paths of exploration from the coastal settlement.

Fig. 13 Map of Australia ( Wyld, 1833)

Se arch > Ex am ination Map

C ite page : http://nla.gov.au/nla.m ap-rm 774-e -cd

Detailed infill is beginning to emerge amidst settled territories of New South Wales and South Australia. Gross speculation in the Lake Eyre region reveals a charting of the unknown from limited discoveries.

The dramatically temporal and ephemeral nature of the lake, combined with the limited resources of those seeking to ‘know’ it results in an uncertain deduction which remains on a number of maps for years to come.

Fig. 14 Eastern Portion of Australia (Arrowsmith, 1842)

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Colton, G. Woolworth (George Woolworth), 1827-1901.

Australia [cartographic material].

1857. MAP T 314. Part 1.

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Arbitrary demarcation of political territories is telling of the imperial ideology of Terra Nullius. The detail in the south-east of the continent is increasing, however is again mostly limited to topographical and geographical notes tracking the paths of explorers. There is no attempt to reconcile political territories with known landscapes except in the case of the boundary between New South Wales and Victoria which follows the Murray River.

Fig. 15 Australia (Colton, 1857)

The representation of quantitative values relating to infrastructural capabilities suggests a departure from the representation of the static. Cumulative value and productive potential have taken their place in the graphic vocabulary and begin to obscure the interpretation of the landscape. An acknowledgement of temporal change and immaterial qualities has altered the described space.

Fig. 16 Railway, Postal and Telegraph Map of South Australia (The Picturesque Atlas Publishing Co., 1888)

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Description of sub-surface geology is an act of informed deduction and is therefore limited by the perceptive capabilities of the cartographer. Here technology, the extent of exploration, contemporary scientific understanding, and speculation all play a role in the depiction of information. The change in cartography over the 44 year period (1887 - 1931) belies a limitation in the knowledge of the cartographers rather than significant geological change. The appearance of sectional drawings in 1931 shows a notable advance in the field of geological understanding.

Fig. 17 Continental Australia - Geologically Coloured (Everett, 1887)

Fig. 18 Geological Map of the Commonwealth of Australia (David, 1931)

More contemporary depictions of the Australian surface exhibit great detail, albeit in very limited sets of qualities.

While the border between land and sea remains as a constant component of the charted information, all other information is exclusive to either version of the charted Australia.

Fig. 19 Surface Rocks (Atlas of Australian Resources - Geology and Minerals, 1988)

Fig. 20 Australia (Grosvenor, 2000)

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Fig. 21 Hydrogeology of Australia ( Jacobson, 1987)

Dynamic flux, relative quantitative value and systemic connectivity all appear in this depiction of the hydrogeological system. Categorical classification of zones, functions and values begin to determine graphic communication of the surface condition and sub-surface. This marks a change in cartographic process from a depiction of static states of being, to a retrieval of information to be processed and understood, then reapplied to the familiar image of the continent. The result is a distortion of the topographical understanding of the surface depending on the quality or relationship being described.

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The implication of the lense The role of the instrument in geographical and geological understandings

Technology has played a profound role in the building of a self-awareness in the human species. From the formulation of aural and written language, to the revolution in connectivity that is the internet, the technology we create shapes us and the world we live in.

In the context of describing our environment instruments of measurement, interpretation and representation have all shaped the way we understand what we are reading, and how we communicate that to others. Through this transmission, knowledge is given its own agency as a generative tool of further understanding.

Fig. 22 Peter Apian’s Geographia (Beutler, 2004)

conjure up begins to uncover relationships and qualities which we can never hope to truly perceive directly and sensorily. We begin the march into intellectual and spatial territories of understanding, wholly rooted in the physical environment, which describe a reality that we can only understand in the abstract. These are immaterial and imperceptible without being non-existent. The threshold we are now breaching is one which will reposition our awareness irrevocably.

The concept of thresholds may again be used to describe the dialogue between that which exists, that which measures, and that which interprets and represents; a dialogue which perpetuates a rhythmic forward march in knowledge accumulation. As knowledge reaches the limits of the tools which facilitated it’s acquisition, progress slows due to the diminishing field of the unknown or unknowable.

That is, until a new capacity in measurement and interpretation is invented and a whole new field of uncertainty sprawls out before us. Similarly, if exisiting information is reconfigured toward a new reading, its range of application and its subsequent implication for the reader can produce a comparable breakthrough in understanding.

One thing is certain - as technology advances at an exponential rate, the capabilities in the tools we

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The system of geodetic triangulation has been the foundation of three dimensional description of land since Pythagorean application in the 6th Century (Fuller, 1983). The Australian Geodetic Survey of the 1970’s saw the installation of a grid of triangulation stations which continue to be used to this day.

Fig. 23 Australia’s Primary Geodetic Network of Triangulation, Trilateration and Traversing (Commonwealth of Australia, 2013)

Fig. 24 Location of geodetic networks in the South Island of New Zealand (Oxford University, 1998)

Satellites have revolutionised the measurement and interpretation of space through the Global Positioning System (GPS). It relies on the simultaneous triangulation of data from a position on or near the Earth’s surface with four or more satellites in orbit beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.

Fig. 25 Orbit of the Landsat Satellite(Christian Albrechts Universitat, 2001)

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While the spatial information we now have to describe the surface of the Earth is consistent and ubiquitous, the use of that information in the form of different cartographic projections dramatically changes how it is understood. The Dymaxion World Map uses a geodesic division of the surface to limit the distortion of surface elements that is common with other cartographic projections. Different methods of unfolding the triangular faces of the surface reveal relationships that are otherwise generally unnoticed, for example the perception of all of the continents as one continuous land mass.

Fig. 26 Buckminster Fuller’s Dymaxion World Map (Keyes, 2009)

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A crustal density of 2670 kg/m 3 was used for the isostatic correction, with an assumed density contrast between the crust and mantle of 400 kg/m3. An initial average depth to Moho at sea level of 37 km was used in the calculation. This was derived from refraction and wide-angle reflection seismic experiments and receiver function analyses around Australia (Goncharov et al., 2007).

The isostatic residual anomalies were gridded using a nearest neighbour gridding technique provided by the Intrepid Geophysics software package. The data were gridded to a cell size of 800 metres using Lambert Conic Conformal Projection Coordinates with standard parallels of 18° and 36° south and a central meridian of 134° east.

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Simpson, R.W., Jachens, R.C. and Blakely, R.J., 1983. AIRYROOT: A FORTRAN program for calculating the gravitational attraction of an Airy isostatic root out to 166.7 km: US Geological Survey Open File Report 83-883.

Tracey, R., Bacchin, M. and Wynne, P., 2007. AAGD07: A new absolute gravity datum for Australian gravity and new standards for the Australian National Gravity Database: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2007, 1-3, ASEG 2007 19th Geophysical Conference.

Tracey, R. and Nakamura, A., 2010. Complete Bouguer Anomalies for the Australian National Gravity Database: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2010, 1-3, ASEG 2010 21st Geophysical Conference.

Whiteway, T.G., 2009. Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid: Geoscience Australia Record 2009/21, 46pp.

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Š Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2011.

With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, all material on this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/

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Copies of this map may be downloaded from the Geoscience Australia internet site at: http://www.ga.gov.au/resources/maps/mapsofaustralia.jsp or by contacting: Sales Centre, Geoscience Australia Cnr Hindmarsh Dr and Jerrabomberra Ave, Symonston, ACT GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601 Phone: (02) 6249 9966 Facsimile: (02) 6249 9960 Email: sales@ga.gov.au

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Compiled by the Continental Geophysics Project, Geoscience Australia Image enhancement by P.R. Milligan Index maps by P. Wynne and P.R. Milligan Cartography by Chris Evenden, Geospatial Applications and Visualisation Project, Geoscience Australia Colour Separation by Garrett Design Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria Printed by New Milligans Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria It is recommended that this map be referred to as: Nakamura, A., Bacchin, M., Milligan, P.R. and Tracey, R., 2011. Isostatic Residual Gravity Anomaly Map of Onshore Australia (1st Edition), scale 1:5 000 000, Geoscience Australia, Canberra.

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Goncharov, A., Deighton, I., Tischer, M. and Collins, C., 2007. Crustal thickness in Australia: where, how and what for?: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2007, 1-4, ASEG 2007 19th Geophysical Conference.

Nakamura, A., Bacchin, M. and Tracey, R., 2010. Isostatic residual gravity grid of onshore Australia: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 2010, 1-4, ASEG 2010 21st Geophysical Conference.

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The depth to mantle model and subsequent isostatic corrections were calculated using a modified version of the USGS program AIRYROOT (Simpson et al., 1983) provided by Intrepid Geophysics1. Geoscience Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2009 Bathymetry and Topography Grid (Whiteway, 2009) was used to calculate the depth to MohoroviÄ?iÄ&#x2021; discontinuity (Moho) following the Airy-Heiskanen crustalroot model (see inset figure). The isostatic corrections were then applied to the complete Bouguer anomalies (Tracey and Nakamura, 2010) to produce the Isostatic Residual Gravity Anomaly Grid of Australia (Nakamura et al., 2010). The gravity anomalies are based on the Australian Absolute Gravity Datum 2007 and 1994 Geodetic Datum of Australia (Tracey et al., 2007).

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MAGNETIC ANOMALY MAP OF AUSTRALIA

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Fig. 27 Magnetic Anomoly Map of Australia(Geoscience Australia, 2010)

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Fig. 28 Isostatic Residual Gravity Anomoly Map of Onshore Australia (Nakamura, 2011)

Satellite imaging sensitive to alternative wavelengths of light generates depictions of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface that challenge intuitive or common perceptions of what constitutes it. Targeted readings can reveal unknown or invisible systems and relationships which reframe the common view of space, surface ,and material-immaterial qualities and quantities such as magnetism, residual gravity, and geothermal heat potential.

Fig. 29 Basin Depth, Granite Occurrence, OZCHEM Sample Heat Production (Geoscience Australia, 1994)

21

ear to the ground seeking the immaterial to chart a new topography

In order to communicate that which is immaterial or unknown, language which refers to known qualities is absolutely necessary.

There must be an element of communicative familiarity for an affective cognitive interpretation of data to be achieved. Data is most effective when it can be made into a legible landscape of information.

Fig. 30 Mathematical Model for Urban Air Pollution (Tufte, 2003)

The communication of information, regardless of its context or application, is a communication of relationships and difference. The graphic communication of any information, then, is relevant for itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technique of distillation and arrangement, and for the language it develops.

These dialects, as abstract forms of reading, become a transferrable set of parameters which can simultaneously report knowledge gained, and suggest a lense through which one can approach a reading of the unknown.

is but a component in the machinery of knowledge-forming and must be paralleled by speculative projection and critical reflection.

With the contextual understanding of the information being sought out, the information currently held, and the potential relationships which may generate clarity in a visual translation, the cartographer can approach the task of discovery with method and purpose.

Existing data sets may contribute to the field of knowledge re-presented upon new discoveries, and so an understanding of relationships known and the way in which they may be translated to a graphic language begins the process of knowing. Once begun, the discoveries made fill in gaps and emerge in the heirarchy of information. The act of discovering, however,

22

The layering of repeated measurements with a consistent referential element such as time or location helps to organise and compare data. The effect generated is similar to the contour method of describing landscape topography.

Fig. 31 Fundamentals of electroencephalography (Tufte, 1991)

Fig. 32 Pulsar signal processing(Tufte, 1991)

Values applied to points of measurement in a standard orthographic representation - in plan or section - helps to spatially locate information, and make comparisons between relative quantities. Conclusions can be drawn about the reasons behinds such values once they are presented in an easily comparable graphic arrangement.

Fig. 33 Atlas of Israel (Tufte, 1991)

23

Locating information spatially in a two dimensional graphic can reveal three dimensional qualities where stippling begins to densify in certain areas. Point clouds offer a simple method of logging singular events, which can easily become evocative samples of information sets which span time, revealing qualities such as accumulation and consistency.

Fig. 34 Collision frequency of artificial satellites (Tufte, 2003)

Alignment of a variety of data sets and representation types along a common axis allows for a reading in a single quality, or a comparison across multiple. A great depth of information can be arranged through tabulations such as these.

Fig. 35 The last six months of making a book (McCandless, 2009)

Attention paid to intensity in tone and different treatments of a consistent geometry - in this case a circle - can begin to describe subtle fluctuations in values and relationships between certain parametric qualities such as relative age or location of origin. A sense of pressure and release emerges, and if controlled can evoke an emotional reading of the data set.

Fig. 36 Vintage years of wine 1990-2007 (McCandless, 2009)

24

Fig. 37 Sketch notes - pre-departure (Eddingsworth, 1996)

Fig. 38 Sketch notes - pre-departure (Eddingsworth, 1996)

Methodical structuring of the inquiry on site is crucial to ensure the data gathered is controlled and relevant. Multiple measurements of a single parameter help to account for outliers in the data, and a deconstruction of particular relationships on site help to create an framework through which one might read invisible qualities.

The goal is to generate a logical field which yields measurable difference. Once gained, this referential difference offers the potential to reveal and draw conclusions from patterns in relationships and values.

25

Variety in data gathered, and consistency in the method of measuring data enriches and validifies comparisons made post-site visit.

The instruments chosen are critical and must be used in such a way as to avoid a obscurement of the readings. The capacity or sensitivity of instruments, if insufficient, can precipitate situations where readings yield no difference and no potential for discovery i.e. if every measurement is above maximum or below minimum register.

Fig. 39 Instruments of measurement (Eddingsworth, 1996)

Fig. 40 South Australian prospective mineral resources (left) and recorded rainfall at Maree, South Australia (right) (Eddingsworth, 1996)

A mapping of exisiting data for the site begins to set out potential arrangements of data and relationships. On-site, an understanding of how certain graphic methods operate can help to suggest where data being recorded may be of significance, and if, perhaps, it is worth interrogating particular qualities in more detail in an unplanned adjustment of the measurement process.

26

mediumship On site, within the immaterial

Regardless of the time spent on preparation and research, a prediction of the conditions of experience at Lake Eyre, Australia is frivolous.

The spatial uncertainty that engulfs the senses cannot be planned for.

The typical delineation of space that one experiences in most environmental contexts is stretched over vast distances. Edges become fields, horizons shimmer into obscurity, and expressions of change in the landscape are dramatised to a distortion of scalar reference.

At the scale of human experience the immediate impression is one of absolute uneventfulness.

How does one find difference in a landscape of sameness?

27

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With a variety of data types to be measured, a spatial positioning of points of measure is the key decision to make. Selection of a spatial reference i.e. cardinal alignment or topographical alignment, locks the data to a field of existing understanding. Expectations form the basis for the research, and findings inevitably generate a field of difference that can then be reflected upon.

Other parameters tested included relative distance between points, vertical position above or below surface, and geometric frameworks of the network of measurements in three dimensions.

An 80m primary line of measure, consisting of 5 equidistant points of measure, was established. 2 auxilliary points of measure on the horizontal plane (surface) were marked for each primary point of measure.

At each point of meaure along the primary line, soil was removed to a depth of 500mm.

5 points of measure were established in the vertical plane - 3 below surface and 2 above.

At each of the 35 points of measure moisture, pH and temperature readings were taken where applicable.

Soil Samples were taken at each of the 3 depths at each primary point of measure.

28

29

locorum nuda discovered terrain

Though preliminary assessments of the nature of Lake Eyre would be likely to suggest a lack of notable features, the evidence collected is to the contrary. Strikingly, the contradiction between visual scales of change and measured ones positions the immaterial set of relationships as perhaps more complex here than in landscapes which appear more diverse.

While change is not registered as a stark visual contrast on the material surface, the data, along with discoveries made through excavation, reveal a complexity of change beyond anything imaginable. Relationships transcend common couplings with time and space and begin to render what is seen as irrelevant. Revelations do, however, begin to sharpen the senses to visible changes that exist, however discreet.

If the common perception of space were tinted with an understanding of the immaterial potentials amidst the visually perceptible, our view of our surroundings, our place within them, and our position in the continuum of time could take a drastic shift.

A map aims to chart relationships, energies, qualities, and dynamics with a spatial reference.

The following maps aim to create a new spatial reference; one that acknowledges that the heirarchy of perception needs rearranging and that the immediately visible environment is not the only terrain that must be traversed.

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N

Site A

Site B

16m

Atmosphere

Pedosphere

site section

site section

Surface

site plan

site plan

pH value three dimensional matrix

pH value three dimensional matrix

average temperature (°C) point of measure moisture at time of measurement (%/weight)

Site A

Key

Site B

Position

estimated total moisture content (%/weight)

average temperature (°C) point of measure moisture at time of measurement (%/weight) estimated total moisture content (%/weight) alkaline

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 pH spectrum 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 acid

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Conditions Measured:

alkaline

Halligan’s Bay latitude: - 28.636625 longitude: 136.882298

pH (acidity/alkalinity) Temperature (°C) Soil Moisture Content

pH spectrum

Lake Eyre South latitude: -29.485369 longitude: 137.215063

Site A (Halligan’s Bay) : 1411-1546hrs 28.09.2013 Site B (Lake Eyre South) : 1403-1454hrs 29.09.2013

Time of Measurement

Surface Condition acid

sITE cONDITION - lAKE eYRE

hALLIGAN’S bAY and Lake Eyre South

31

N

Key

average sub surface temperature pre flood average sub surface temperature in flood average sub surface temperature post flood point of measure relative sub surface moisture post flood

Sub Surface Moisture lake in flood

Sub Surface Moisture lake 2 years post flood

Mean Annual Temperature Variation

relative sub surface moisture flood

MOISTURE

Lake Eyre

AND

TEMPERATURE VARIATION

32

Great Artesian Basin (sub surface)

A

A

Lake Eyre Basin

1 year

2 million years

Section A-A

N

Key

point of measure relative sub surface moisture average relative sub surface moisture summer relative sub surface moisture winter

Mean Sub Surface Moisture Annual

Mean Sub Surface Moisture Summer

Mean Sub Surface Moisture Winter

relative groundwater moisture moisture adjacency

Lake Eyre Basin

sub-surface MOISTURE VARIATION

33

B

Relative Moisture Content

B

(gas or liquid)

Movement of Moisture Through Strata (geological or atmospheric)

Moisture Fields (trans-medium)

Moisture Field Dynamics (energy and pressure vectors)

average temperature average max/min temperature

relative cloud density relative humidity relative sub surface moisture - highly productive porous aquifer

Section B-B

relative sub surface moisture - moderately productive porous aquifer relative sub surface moisture - highly productive fractured aquifer

Key

average temperature

high rate of annual evaporation

average max/min temperature

low rate of annual evaporation

relative cloud density

high

relative humidity

relative average annual rainfall

relative sub surface moisture - highly productive porous aquifer low

relative sub surface moisture - moderately productive porous aquifer relative sub surface moisture - highly productive fractured aquifer high rate of annual evaporation

point of measurement

Continental Australia

Sub-Surface

and

atmospheric hydrology

low rate of annual evaporation high

relative average annual rainfall

low

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epilogue

With new understandings of unknown landscapes of stasis and flux, of scalar ambiguity, of polyvalent uncertainties, one cannot help but feel a little overwhelmed. While new and immaterial topographies have been charted here, the break into a new understanding of the previously unknowable is much like the unlatching of the flood gates of a dam full to capacity. I fear that though some meagre discoveries have been made, it has been of little benefit to anyone but myself. I fear that the benefit to myself may even be shortlived, the fire of my curiosity being stoked further now after having had a glimpse into the oddysey of immateriality.

for me, a step toward greater resolution in spatial thinking, it has merely scratched the surface of what is yet to be discovered, what must be discovered.

I appeal to all who have felt the jab of intrigue at reading these pages. We must work as one to become well versed in the unknowable. The immaterial must become our new material.

The time has come for an elevation of the senses to work in unison with technological developments we so feverishly pursue. We must chart, in great detail, the omnipresent immaterial topographies that engulf us. If we do not, I fear the worst.

The research has undoubtedly brought into question the material qualities which, by default, define our experience, memory and awareness of our environment. The challenge remains, though. How are we to look upon the known universe, the world, our locale and ourselves through a different set of lenses? Lenses which hold potential to reshape our contribution to all that is in existence. The complexity of the question and the context is stifling, as is the territory into which we must progress.

Through this study I have gained a personal insight into the crudity of our current perceptive toolkit - the things which we rely upon to pass judgement and engage with our surroundings. How can such elementary understanding be the foundation for positive contribution? It canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t! Though this study marks,

35

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