Process Book: Dr. Type

The Process to:

Dr. Type A Surgically-Enhanced Guide to Typography

Kristen Youngman Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA

The Process

Week 1:

Select 3 “Fields of Study�

Create Mind Maps Concept Selection Mood Boards Choose a Typeface Sketches

Week 2:

Define Message & Concept Design a Grid Collect Content Present Design Directions

Week 3: Gather Content

Title Options Week 4:

Explore Cover Designs Table of Contents Collect More Content Start Defining Spreads

Week 5: Refine Design

Refine Copy/Content

Color Study Week 6:

The Assignment Design a book that demonstrates the fundamental principles of typography in a simple, powerful way.

Rework Cover Design In-Paper Finalize Copy/Content Refine Design

Week 7: Rework Copy/Content

Refine Design Week 8: Finalize Copy/Content

Refine Design Week 9: Last Sami Tweaks

Take to Bindery!

Week 1

Field of Study 1: CHEMISTRY

Chemistry Mind Map - Mind Map

16 Mind Map Results

chemistry words 1.

Periodic table

11.

boiling/freezing point

2.

lab equipment

12.

Centrifuge

13.

setup/clean up procedures

14.

If/then statements

(test tubes, beakers, etc.)

15.

charts of reactions

5.

Molecular Structure

16.

Minerals

6.

atoms

17.

bunson burners

7.

formulas

18.

elements

8.

hazardous material/ haz mat symbols

19.

acids and bases

9.

models/diagrams

20.

experiment/ write up

(lab coat, googles, gloves, etc.)

3.

4.

Week 1 : October 19, 2010 • Select 3 “Fields of Study” • Create Mind Maps • Concept Selection • Mood Boards • Choose a Typeface • Sketches

symbols for energy measuring instruments

(hot springs, valleys, mountains, grand canyons, etc.)

10.

solid, liquid, gas

2

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 1

Chemistry - Sketches

Concept> Scientific Measurement

Scientific Measurement Sketches

Visual Research

chemistry

4

Chemistry - Sketches

Typeface Specimen: Bell Centenial

scientific measurements - Bell Centential Bell Centential - Name and Number 60pt.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R ST UV W XY Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 !@#$%^&*()_+{} []\|;:”’æ…®´∂ß÷?.,<>

Bell Centential - Address 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Bell Centential - Name & Number 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Bell Centential - Sub Caption 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Bell Centential - Bold Listing 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890

Bell Centential - Address 24pt.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

5

17 6

17

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 1

Field of Study 2: ANATOMY

Concept> First aid procedures

Anatomy - Mind Map Mind Map

Visual Research

first aid

9

20 Mind Map Results

Typeface Specimen: Meta Plus

anatomy words 1.

medicine/prescriptions

12.

range of motion

2.

first aid kit

13.

stretching/exercises

3.

cellular structure

14.

muscles

4.

ways to stitch up the skin

15.

nutrients/vitamins

5.

vital organs & their purpose

16.

diagrams of the body

6.

bones

17.

natural remedies

7.

DNA

18.

process of reproduction

8.

diseases

19.

hospital rooms

9.

man vs. woman build

20.

medical forms

10.

genes

11.

cultural physical traits

first aid - Meta Plus Meta Plus Book - Roman 60pt.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { } []\|;:”’æ…®´∂ß÷?.,<> A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

10

7

8

Meta Plus Normal - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Meta Plus Bold - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Meta Plus Normal - Italic 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Meta Plus Black - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 Meta Plus Normal – Caps 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 1

First Aid Procedure Sketches

Field of Study 3: ARCHITECTURE

Architecture - Mind Map Mind Map

18 Mind Map Results

architecture words

Anatomy - Sketches

21 10

21

1.

buildings

12.

foundations

2.

blueprints

13.

tiles

3.

columns

14.

plumbing

4.

urban planning

15.

roofs

5.

construction

16.

archways

6.

tools

17.

windows

7.

drafting tools

18.

entrances

8.

electrical wiring

19.

commercial architecture

9.

heating/AC/ventilation

20.

residential architecture

10.

floor materials

11.

support systems

12

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 1

Architecture - Sketches

Concept> CONSTRUCTION

Construction Sketches

Visual Research

architecture

14

Typeface Specimen: Meta Plus

Architecture - Sketches

construction - PMN Caecillia PMN Caecillia - Roman 60pt.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M NOPQRSTUVWXYZ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + { } []\|;:”’æ…®´∂ß÷?.,<>

PMN Caecillia - Roman 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 PMN Caecillia - Light 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 PMN Caecillia - Italic 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 PMN Caecillia - Bold 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 PMN Caecillia – Light Small Caps & oldstyle 12pt. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890

PMN Caecillia - Roman 24pt.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

15

19 12

19

Week 2 : October 26, 2010 • Define Message & Concept • Design a Grid • Collect Content • Present Design Directions

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 2

Grid 1

DASHES

Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.

A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.

This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.

To type a hyphen —

en dash –

Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.

See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen.

That’s good.

4.

Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.

5.

Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e. hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need. ´

Option e

`

Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)

¨

Option u

˜

Option n

ˆ

Option i

On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc.

This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).

To type an em dash —

Underlining in general should be avoided—the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).

Shift Option Hyphen

If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.

larger type, or a

Try bold type, different font.

10

Option c

Ç

Option Shift c

Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.

This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text—just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.

This is an underlined phrase.

This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.

This phrase has an italic word.

Type Diagnosis

16

Since you were properly taught, of course, you know that the double hyphen is not supposed to have a space on either side of it—neither is the em dash, as you can see right here in this sentence. There are six other examples of the em dash in this chapter.

Type Diagnosis

6

Type r.

3.

Never underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.

Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.

Em dash –

hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).

ç

8

UNDERLINING

Our equivalent on the typewriter was the double hyphen, but now we have a real em dash. Using two hyphens (or worse, one) where there should be an em dash makes your work look very unprofessional.

1.

2.

This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the letter, there is no need to press twice:

DASHES

The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).

For example to type résumé:

Type Diagnosis

hyphen em dash —

Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.

The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.

Hyphen -

Type Diagnosis

You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting.

On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.

2

ACCENT MARKS

Never use two hyphens instead of a dash.

Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 2

Grid 2

Emergency Type Kit

Emergency Type Kit

Never use two hyphens instead of a dash.

Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.

DASHES

SEHSAD

DASHES

Dashes are used to stitch words, numbers and sentences together. It is important to know what kind of dash is needed in each situation so the thought you wish to communicate doesn’t fall apart.

Hyphen -

En dash –

Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.

A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.

An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.

There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.

In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)

Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”

To type a hyphen hyphen — Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.

hyphen -

October – December 6:30 – 8:45 a.m.

en dash –

SEHSAD

The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as: Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight) pre – Gulf War period high-stress – high-energy lifestyle

To type an en dash en dash – Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key

4 – 6 years of age

em dash — See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.

3

Emergency Type Kit

Emergency Type Kit

ACCENT MARKS

The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky.

If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work— you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.

This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen.

That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

For example to type résumé: 1.

SKRAM TNECCA

´

Option e

`

Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)

¨

Option u

˜

Option n

ˆ

Option i

This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the lette, there is no need to press twice: ç

Option c

Ç

Option Shift c

Type O for Option

Open Key Caps (Or Keyboard Viewer if your on a MacBook Pro). Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).

2.

Type r.

3.

Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.

4.

Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.

5.

Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.

UNDERLINING

GN IN ILR EDN U

Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book?

Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.

This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.

Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.

Never underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.

Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.

5

On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).

Underlining in general should be avoided—the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).

If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.

Try bold type,

larger type, or a different font.

Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.

This is an underlined phrase.

This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.

This phrase has an italic word.

hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

9

18

11

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 2

Grid 3

Type Diagnosis

Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.

You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.

ACCENT MARKS

DASHES

Type Diagnosis Never use two hyphens instead of a dash.

Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.

Hyphen -

A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.

Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.

The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.

This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

hyphen en dash – em dash —

For example to type résumé: See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.

1.

Open Key Caps (Or Keyboard Viewer if your on a MacBook Pro). Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).

2.

Type r.

3.

Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.

To type a hyphen — Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.

4.

5.

Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need. ´

Option e

`

Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)

¨

Option u

˜

Option n

ˆ

Option i

This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the lette, there is no need to press twice: ç

Option c

Ç

Option Shift c

Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.

Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e. hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

2

6

Type Diagnosis

To type an em dash —

An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

Shift Option Hyphen hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)

Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”

October – December 6:30 – 8:45 a.m.

4 – 6 years of age The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as: Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “FeChicago” flight) pre – Gulf War period high-stress – high-energy lifestyle

UNDERLINING

DASHES

Type Diagnosis En dash –

Em dash –

Underlining in general should be avoided—the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).

Our equivalent on the typewriter was the double hyphen, but now we have a real em dash. Using two hyphens (or worse, one) where there should be an em dash makes your work look very unprofessional.

If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.

Try bold type,

larger type, or a different font.

Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.

Since you were properly taught, of course, you know that the double hyphen is not supposed to have a space on either side of it—neither is the em dash, as you can see right here in this sentence. There are six other examples of the em dash in this chapter.

Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key

20

Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.

On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).

The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).

To type an en dash —

4

Never underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.

8

This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.

This is an underlined phrase.

This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.

This phrase has an italic word.

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 2

Grid 4

DASHES

3

Never use two hyphens instead of a dash.

Use hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes appropriately.

ACCENT MARKS

9

Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.

For example to type résumé:

Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line, of course.

You might have been taught to use a double hyphen to indicate a dash, like so: --. This is a typewriter convention because typewriters didn’t have the real dash used in professional typesetting. On a Mac, no one needs to use the double hyphen—we have professional em dash, the long one, such as you see in this sentence. We also have an en dash, which is a little shorter than the em dash.

Hyphen -

The accent marks are a little sneakier than the special characters, discussed in the previous chapter—easy, but sneaky. If you’ve ever tried to use the tilde key to type the word piñata with the tilde over the n, you’ve noticed that it doesn’t work—you get pin˜ata. That looks kinda silly.

A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or line-breaks. Your punctuation style manual, such as The Chicago Manual of Style, goes into great detail about the proper use of hyphens.

This is the trick: The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

There doesn’t seem to be a lot of confusion about when to use a hyphen, especially since your computer automatically inserts them at the ends of lines when necessary.

hyphen -

To type a hyphen —

See the following pages for details about when to use hyphens and dashes and how to type them.

Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.

DASHES

5

Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).

2.

Type r.

3.

Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen. That’s good.

4.

Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.

5.

Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e. hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need. ´

Option e

`

Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)

¨

Option u

˜

Option n

ˆ

Option i

UNDERLINING

Type Diagnosis

em dash —

Type Diagnosis

en dash –

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; nothing will happen. That’s good! Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

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Never underline. Underlining is for typewriters; italic is for professional text.

En dash –

Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “FeChicago” flight)

In a page layout application, the en dash can be used with a thin space on either side of it if you want a little room, but don’t use a full space. (Check your manual for how to set a thin space.)

high-stress – high-energy lifestyle

6:30 – 8:45 a.m.

4 – 6 years of age

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To type an en dash — Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key

Underlining in general should be avoided—the underline tends to be too heavy, it’s usually too close to the type, and it bumps into the “descenders” of the letters (those parts that hang below the invisible line on which type sits, as in the letters g, j, p, q, and y).

If you want to emphasize a word or two, you have other options also.

Try bold type,

larger type, or a different font.

Simply setting text apart from the rest of the copy can call extra attention to a bit of it.

This doesn’t mean you should never use any sort of line with text —just don’t use the underline style that appears on the menu. If your typographic design calls for a line, use a drawn line (called a “rule” in typesetter’s jargon). Most word processors and all page layout, paint and draw programs have some feature where you can draw a line under a word or headline. When you draw a line, you can place it where you want and make it as thick or thin or long as you want. You can avoid making the line bump into the descenders. the drawn line also tends to look smoother than the underline because it is one long line, not a series of short lines hooked together.

This is an underlined phrase.

This phrase has two rules drawn beneath it.

This phrase has an italic word.

Type Diagnosis

October – December

On a typewritter, of course, there is no way to underline those items just mentioned—books, periodicals, etc. This underline was originally a signal to the typesetter to italicize the underlined word—and remove the underline).

pre – Gulf War period

Type Diagnosis

Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”

Have you ever seen a word underlined in a magazine or book? Most likely not (except for special effect). That’s because typesetters italicize words for emphasis or for proper convention, such as book titles, periodicals, operas, symphonies.

The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:

An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

Week 3

Gather Content

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

Type Anatomy Indentification

SECTION

Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.

e o t y

Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

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Type Anatomy Rising Heights

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SECTION

Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

Week 3 : November 02, 2010

X-height

â&#x20AC;˘ Gather Content â&#x20AC;˘ Title Options

The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 3

R R R

Type Anatomy Unbandaging Sans & Serifs

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

Keyboard Regimen Extracting Dashes

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

SECTION

DASHES

Serif

The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed.

Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

cc

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 - 10

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–1 –2 –3 – –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 – –9 – 10

—1 —2 —3 — —4 —5 —6 —7 —8 — —9 — 10

Sans Serif

cc

Bracketed Serif

En dash – An en dash is called an en dash because it’s approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Use it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

Here are a few examples of places to use the en dash. Notice that these are really not hyphenated words, and a plain hyphen is not the logically correct character to use. Notice that you automatically read the en dash as the word “to.”

October – December 6:30 – 8:45 a.m.

4 – 6 years of age

The en dash is also used when you have a compound adjective and one of the elements is made of two words or a hyphenated word, such as:

A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes.

The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.

Santa Fe – Chicago flight (if you used a hyphen here, you’d be taking the Santa “Fe-Chicago” flight)

To type an en dash —

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pre – Gulf War period

Option Hyphen hold down the Option key, then tap the hyphen key

Unbracketed Serif

San Serif

high-stress – high-energy lifestyle

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Keyboard Regimen Extracting Dashes

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

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Keyboard Regimen Extracting Dashes

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

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SECTION

DASHES

Em dash –

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-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 - 10

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–1 –2 –3 – –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 – –9 – 10

—1 —2 —3 — —4 —5 —6 —7 —8 — —9 — 10

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-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 - 10

A hyphen is strictly for hyphenating words or linebreaks. Everyone knows what a hyphen is—that tiny little dash that belongs in some words, like mother-in-law, or in phone numbers. It’s also used to break a word at the end of a line.

cc

Hyphen -

The em dash is twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M in whatever size and typeface you’re using at the moment. This dash is often used in place of a color or parentheses, or it might indicate an abrupt change in thought, or it’s used in a spot where a period is too strong and a comma is too weak (check your punctuation style manual for the exact use of the dash).

cc

–1 –2 –3 – –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 – –9 – 10

—1 —2 —3 — —4 —5 —6 —7 —8 — —9 — 10

To type a hyphen — Between the zero and the plus sign at the top-right of the keyboard.

To type an em dash — Shift Option Hyphen (hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key) refill: 1

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

Week 3

Keyboard Regimen Accent Mark Aversions

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

Keyboard Regimen Instant Special Character Relief

SECTION

Where an accent mark is appropriate, use it.

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

“

For example to type résumé: 1.

Open Key Caps. Notice on the layout that you get the accent mark ´ with the combination of the Option key and the letter e. Close Key Caps ( or you could just look up the key combination in the chart).

2.

Type r.

3.

Now hold down the Option key and press the letter e; nothing will happen.

That’s good.

4.

Now, without holding down the Option key, type the letter e; you will get é.

5.

Repeat the sequence when you get to the last e.

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

’

Here is a list of accent marks and where to find them. These are the most common accent marks you’ll need.

Option ~ (upper-left or next to the Spacebar)

¨

Option u

˜

Option n

ˆ

Option i

EN DASH

f AND i

fi

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°

f AND l

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

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Option c 20

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Ç 23

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Option Shift c 27

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INVERTED QUESTION MARK

OPTION SHIFT 8

¡

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

OPTION SHIFT 1

ç

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

FRACTION BAR

⁄

OPTION HYPHEN

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lC

80

-f l eS

es

C

1:1

1:1

ht

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08-452-145 08-452-130 08-452-115 08-452-105 08-452-090 08-452-080

08-453-145 08-453-130 08-453-115 08-453-105 08-453-090 08-453-080

08-462-145 08-462-130 08-462-115 08-462-105 08-462-090 08-462-080

08-463-145 08-463-130 08-463-115 08-463-105 08-463-090 08-463-080

cm:

Straight

Curved

Straight with Pin

Curved with Pin

nA

0

lg

-8

ww

ni Ph tiw de 08 vr 09 0 - 3 uC 50 0 - 3 64 51 1- 3 6 4 80 03 1- 3 6 4 - - 80 5 4 1- 3 6 4 - 80 1- 6 4 80 36 - 8 4- 0 80

1:1

00 1th gi

0

ar

-8

ailment:

tS

Skeletal Type Structure Chronic Kerning

SECTION

ni Ph tiw th 08 gi ar 0 9 0 -2 tS 5 0 0 -2 6 4 51 1-2 6 4 - 8 0 03 1-2 6 4 - 80 5 4 1-2 6 4 - 80 1- 6 4 8 0 26 - 8 4- 0 80

01 c

1:1

:m

de vr uC 08 09 0 - 3 5 0 - 3 54 0 51 1- 3 5 4 8 0 03 1- 3 5 4 - - 80 5 4 1- 3 5 4 - 80 1- 5 4 8 0 35 - 8 4- 0 80

EC RO F ec

Splinter Forceps FORCEPS

Splinter Forceps FORCEPS

ro Fr et

ni

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

SP

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

sp

lp S

5 ,0 9 5,1 1 1 5,4 31 1

Chronic Chronic

Kerning

th gi ar 08 tS 0 9 0 -2 5 0 0 -2 5 4 51 1-2 5 4 - 8 0 03 1-2 5 4 - 80 5 4 1-2 5 4 - 80 1- 5 4 8 0 25 - 8 4- 0 80

ht o sp om iT S

# To be more creative, substitute symbols or dingbats for the actual bullets. Try squares, triangles or check marks (just not all at once, as shown in the illustration!). Keep these simple and in proportion with the rest of your text.

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Prescriptions for Type

# Bullets should be centered on either the cap height or x-height, depending on the nature of your copy. If all of your items begin with a cap, center the bullet on the cap, or a bit lower so it balances with the negative spaces created by the lowercase. If your items all begin with lowercase characters, center the bullets on the x-height. Insert some space after the bullet to avoid crowding. # The preferred way to align bullets is with the left margin. You can also have the bullets overhang the margin, and keep all your text aligned with the left margin. Whichever style you choose, your listing will look best if items that run more than one line are indented so that the copy aligns with itself, and not with the bullet on the first line.

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de

a .w

34

ng 83 4

SECTION

Here are a few guidelines to making the most out of this simple yet strong element:

8 :m c

Chronic

# To save time and maintain consistency, copy and paste your perfectly styled and adjusted bullet for each usage. TIP: Remember to copy a bullet that is a dingbat or other decorative image before you make global font changes to your text, in order to simplify reinsertion.

One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

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.so

Keyboard Regimen Piercing Bullets

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

Self-Closing

refill:

iso

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gn

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08-440-100

Angled

OPTION 3

1:1

4-

3

08-439-100

0

ç

2

POUNDS

£

OPTION SHIFT 2

41

OPTION r

Tips Smooth

01 -0 4

1

®

Straight

€

OPTION 4

This accent mark is only found on the letter c, so it just comes along with the letter, there is no need to press twice: refill:

REGISTRATION MARK www.agnthos.se

OPTION 2 08-438-100

EURO

cm:

¢

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

DEGREE SYMBOL

OPTION 8

TRADEMARK

™

OPTION g

CENTS

EM DASH

LIGATURE OF

fl

OPTION SHIFT ]

©

OPTION ]

—

OPTION HYPHEN

•

OPTION ;

LIGATURE OF

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Option e

`

‘

BULLET

…

COPYRIGHT

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

OPTION SHIFT [

–

OPTION SHIFT ]

ELLIPSIS

hold down the Shift and Option keys, then tap the hyphen key

´

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION [

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Straight

Curved

Straight with Pin

Curved with Pin

08-452-080 08-452-090 08-452-105 08-452-115 08-452-130 08-452-145

08-453-080 08-453-090 08-453-105 08-453-115 08-453-130 08-453-145

08-462-080 08-462-090 08-462-105 08-462-115 08-462-130 08-462-145

08-463-080 08-463-090 08-463-105 08-463-115 08-463-130 08-463-145

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Smooth Tips 1:1

1:1

1:1

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Prescriptions for Type

Tracking

ailment:

Week 3

Skeletal Type Structure

Skeletal Type Structure Proper Alignment

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

SECTION In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab. The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment, text justification or type justification.

Tracking

There are four basic typographic alignments:

In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

* flush left—the text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right; * flush right—the text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as rightaligned or ragged left; * justified—text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification; * centered—text is aligned to neither the left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

Note that alignment does not change the direction in which text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script. [edit] Flush left An example of flush left, ragged right alignment.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’, meaning that the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text [1]

Will s o meo n e p l eas e cal l a s urg eo n Wh o can crack my ri b s an d rep ai r t h i s b ro k en h ear t T h at yo ur’re d es er t i n g f o r b et t er co mp an y ?

Quotations are often indented. [edit] Flush right In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, flush-right alignment is used to set off special text in English, such as attributions to authors of quotes printed in books and magazines, and is often used when formatting tables of data. [edit] Justified A common type of text alignment in print media is ‘justification’, where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by simply left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

Some modern typesetting programs offer four justification options: left justify, right justify, center justify and full justify. These variants specify whether the last line is flushed left, flushed right, centered or fully justified (spread over the whole column width). In programs that do not offer this extra functionality, justify is equal to left justify. [edit] Centered Centered text

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Prescriptions for Type

Leading

ailment:

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Skeletal Type Structure

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Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

Ragging

ailment:

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Skeletal Type Structure

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SECTION

8pt/18pt

Rags On the day I was born

In typography, “rag” refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. Usually it’s the right margin that’s ragged (as in the commonly seen flush left/rag right setting), but either or both margins can be ragged.

The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder

8pt/14pt

At the joy they had found

8pt/9.6pt

When setting type with a ragged margin, pay attention to the shape that the ragged line endings make. A good rag goes in and out from line to line in small increments. A poor rag creates distracting shapes of white space in the margin. Don’t rely on the line breaks generated by your software application; get in the habit of spotting and correcting poor rags by making manual line breaks or by editing your copy. Slight adjustments in point size or column width might work as well.

The head nurse spoke up

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round

Said “leave this one alone”

And they gazed in wide wonder

She could tell right away

At the joy they had found

That I was bad to the bone

The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone”

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Leading In typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Title Options TITLE OPTIONS 1. Remedies to Healthy Typography 2. Diagnose your Type 3. Type Addict 4. Type Checkup 5. Type Emergency Kit 6. Dr. Type 7. Open up and Say “Tyyyyyyyyyyyyyype” 8. For Healthy Type 9. Type Surgery 10. Stitch Good Type Up

36 page book design

1

Week 4 : November 09, 2010 • Explore Cover Designs • Table of Contents • Collect More Content • Start Defining Spreads

32

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 4

Covers

Dr. Type

Dr. Type Type Check Ups and Remedies for Healthy Typography

Remedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here

Kristen Youngman Publishing House

Dr. Type

Dr. Type Remedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here

Remedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here

34

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 4

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TYPE ANATOMY TYPE ANATOMY

Internal Typesetting Logic

Internal Typesetting Logic

Counters/Ascenders/Descenders

Counters/Ascenders/Descenders

X-height/Cap Height

X-height/Cap Height

How type is measured

How type is measured

Sans and Serifs

Hyphens and Dashes Accent Marks Special Characters SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE Uppercase vs Lowercase Kerning Tracking Leading Alignments Ragging

cc

KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN

-1 –2 —3 –4 —5 -6 –7 —8 –9 — 10

Sans and Serifs

Widows & Orphans

KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN Hyphens and Dashes Accent Marks Special Characters SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE Uppercase vs Lowercase Kerning Tracking Leading Alignments Ragging Widows & Orphans Hanging the Punctuation

Hanging the Punctuation CHECKUP - Quiz CHECKUP - Quiz

1

2

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS TYPE ANATOMY Internal Typesetting Logic Counters/Ascenders/Descenders

4

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TYPE ANATOMY

6

7

Internal Typesetting Logic Counters/Ascenders/Descenders X-height/Cap Height How type is measured Sans and Serifs

KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN Hyphens and Dashes Accent Marks

8

13

Kerning 14

Leading 15

Hyphens and Dashes Special Characters

Uppercase vs Lowercase Kerning Tracking Leading Alignments Ragging Widows & Orphans

Ragging Widows & Orphans

KEYBOARD CHARACTER REGIMEN

SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE 11

SKELETAL TYPE STRUCTURE

Alignments

Sans and Serifs

10

12

Tracking

How type is measured

Accent Marks 9

Special Characters

Uppercase vs Lowercase

X-height/Cap Height

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Hanging the Punctuation

Hanging the Punctuation 17

CHECKUP - Quiz

CHECKUP - Quiz

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 4

Dedication

Gathering More Content

Skeletal Type Structure Internal Logic

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

SECTION

Typesetting Vitals:

Where do you start when connecting healthy typography to any piece of communication?

1. Legibility

Like an IV drip rate, typographyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.

2. Logical Order 3. Evenness of Color

1. Read the text before designing it.

1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.

2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.

2. Choose a comfortable measure.

3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.

For all the Designers who bleed a bit more every day for Option

for

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Prescriptions for Type ailment:

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SECTION

In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.

The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

for

23

Type Anatomy Indentification

Ascender

for Option

22

f de pg

For all the Designers who bleed a bit more every day

Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

Week 4

Keyboard Regimen Instant Special Character Relief

Skeletal Type Structure Chronic Kerning

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

SECTION

An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.

One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

Kerning OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

“

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION [

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

’

LIGATURE OF

f AND i

fi

LIGATURE OF

fl

OPTION SHIFT ]

°

OPTION 8

f AND l

™

OPTION g

€

OPTION 4

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

REGISTRATION MARK

®

OPTION 2

EURO

¢

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

DEGREE SYMBOL

•

TRADEMARK

CENTS

—

OPTION HYPHEN

BULLET

OPTION ;

©

OPTION ]

EM DASH

–

ELLIPSIS

…

‘

OPTION SHIFT [

EN DASH

OPTION SHIFT ]

COPYRIGHT

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

OPTION r

OPTION 3

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

OPTION SHIFT 8

¡

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

OPTION SHIFT 1

ç

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

FRACTION BAR

⁄

OPTION HYPHEN

C

refill: 1

HeartBreak HeartBreak

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

POUNDS

£

OPTION SHIFT 2

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Keyboard Regimen Accent Mark Aversions

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Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

Tracking

ailment:

The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

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Skeletal Type Structure

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SECTION

Tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

OPTION u

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Now, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

i

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

~

OP

T IO N

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

ON

e

OPT

ION

Wi ll so m e o ne p le a se c a l l a su rg e o n W h o c a n c ra c k m y r i b s a nd re p a i r t h is b ro k e n h e a r t T h a t yo u r ’re d e se r t i ng f o r b e t t e r c o m p a ny ?

OP

TI

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

OPTION n refill: 1

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Prescriptions for Type

Leading

ailment:

Week 4

Skeletal Type Structure

Skeletal Type Structure Proper Alignment

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

SECTION

Centered

8pt/18pt On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found

8pt/14pt

Flush right alignment

The head nurse spoke up

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round

Said “leave this one alone”

And they gazed in wide wonder

She could tell right away

At the joy they had found

That I was bad to the bone

The head nurse spoke up

8pt/9.6pt

There are four basic typographic alignments:

Said “leave this one alone”

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when formatting tables of data.

In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.

• flush left—text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right

She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. Common uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.

Flush left alignment In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’—the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.

• flush right—text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left • justified—text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification • centered—text is aligned to neither left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.

Leading

Justified

In typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign

A common type of text alignment in print media is ‘justification’, where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.

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Prescriptions for Type

Leading

ailment:

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Skeletal Type Structure

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Skeletal Type Structure Proper Alignment

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

ailment:

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SECTION

8pt/18pt

Centered On the day I was born

text is aligned to neither left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line

The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder

8pt/14pt

In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.

There are four basic typographic alignments. Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.

At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up

On the day I was born

8pt/9.6pt

The nurses all gathered ‘round

Said “leave this one alone”

And they gazed in wide wonder

She could tell right away

At the joy they had found

That I was bad to the bone

The head nurse spoke up

Flush Right

Said “leave this one alone”

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Flush Left

Text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left.

She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right.

Leading In typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign

42

2

Flush right alignment

In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’—the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.

In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when formatting tables of data.

Justified

Centered

Common in print media, ‘justification’ is where the spaces between words, and sometimes glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. It is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.

Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. Common uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.

Justified Text is aligned along the left margin, and letter- and word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins, also known as fully justified or full justification.

refill: 1

Flush left alignment

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 4

Skeletal Type Structure The case of Uppers and Lowers

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

ailment:

SECTION

Uppercase VS. Lowercase

Ems Picas Points

In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

UPPERCASE VS LOWERCASE refill: 1

Skeletal Type Structure Typography Checkup

Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

hanging the punctuation refill:

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Skeletal Type Structure Test Lab Diagnosis

Prescriptions for Type ailment:

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Prescriptions for Type

SECTION

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SECTION

ailment:

Diagnose the Type Symptoms In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Test Lab Diagnosis refill:

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Week 5

Refining Content

Dr. Type Internal Logic Exam

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

2

Typesetting Vitals:

Transfusing Type into Design

Like an IV drip rate, typography’s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.

1. Legibility

How do you transfuse healthy typography in any piece of communication?

2. Logical Order 3. Evenness of Color

1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.

1. Read the text before designing it.

2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.

2. Choose a comfortable measure—that means each line should give enough info but not be so long the user loses their place in the text.

3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.

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Dr. Type Indentifying Type Anatomy

prescribed by: ailment:

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SECTION

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

1

In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ).[1][2] Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.

Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

Week 5 : November 16, 2010

22

f de pg

• Refine Design • Refine Copy/Content • Color Study

Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

Counter The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

ge

Week 5

Dr. Type Indentifying Type Anatomy

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

1

Dr. Type Indentifying Type Anatomy

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

1

Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

How Type is measured Ems Picas Points

picture perfect Counter

A pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch. The pica contains 12 point units of measure.

The pica originated around 1785, when FrançoisAmbrose “L’éclat” Didot (1730–1804) refined the typographic measures system created by Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune (1712–1768). He replaced the traditional measures of cicéro, Petit-Roman, and Gros-Text with “ten-point”, “twelve-point”, et cetera.

To date, in printing these three pica measures are used:

Descender

The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

* The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicéro) generally is: 12 ˈ 0.376 = 4.512mm (0.177in.)

Indentifying Type Anatomy

* The American pica measure of 0.013837 ft.

(1/72.27 ft.). Thus, a pica is 0.166044in. (4.2175mm)

In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ). Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.

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Dr. Type Indentifying Type Anatomy

prescribed by: ailment:

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SECTION

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

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ailment:

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R R R

Dr. Type Indentifying Type Anatomy

prescribed by:

16

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

1

Serif

The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed.

Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

Unbandaging Sans and Serifs Serif typefaces evolved from handwritten fonts and they are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader’s eye.

Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

Sans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better.

Bracketed Serif

There’s no rule, but pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface usually adds a nice contrast, versus using just Sans or just Serif for text and display on one piece of communication.

Rising Heights When choosing and identifying typefaces, one should always look at the symptoms of Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility.

Sans Serif

A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.

San Serif

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 5

Dr. Type Daily Keyboard Regimen

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

2

Instant Special Character Relief An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.

Section 2

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

KEYBOARD REGIMEN

“

Hyphens and Dashes Accent Marks

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION [

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

Special Characters

’

–

ELLIPSIS

f AND i

fi

LIGATURE OF

fl

OPTION SHIFT ]

°

f AND l

REGISTRATION MARK

®

OPTION 2

EURO

¢

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

DEGREE SYMBOL

OPTION 8

TRADEMARK

™

OPTION g

CENTS

—

OPTION HYPHEN

•

OPTION ;

©

OPTION ]

EM DASH

BULLET

…

LIGATURE OF

‘

EN DASH

OPTION SHIFT ]

COPYRIGHT

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

OPTION SHIFT [

€

OPTION 4

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

OPTION r

POUNDS

£

OPTION SHIFT 2

OPTION 3

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

OPTION SHIFT 8

¡

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

OPTION SHIFT 1

ç

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

FRACTION BAR

⁄

OPTION HYPHEN

C

refill: 1

Dr. Type Daily Keyboard Regimen

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

2

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

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Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

16

SECTION

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Hyphen -

Chronic Kerning

Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

cc

Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

cc

To type an em dash

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Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

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Em dash —

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Shift Option Hyphen

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HeartBreak HeartBreak

En dash –

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Option Hyphen

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

To type an en dash

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One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

When people learn to type they learn where all the keys are, but not the punctuation nor how it should be used properly.

Here are some tips for how and the correct use of dashes.

Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard

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Administering Dashes

To type a hyphen

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 5

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

3

Dr. Type Type Check-Up

prescribed by: ailment:

SECTION

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

4

Monitor the Tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

Diagnose the Type Symptoms In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will s o meo n e p l eas e cal l a s urg eo n Wh o can crack my ri b s an d rep ai r t h i s b ro k en h ear t T h a t yo ur’re d es er t i n g f o r b et t er co mp an y ?

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

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Dr. Type

prescribed by: ailment:

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION

8pt/18pt On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found

8pt/14pt

The head nurse spoke up

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round

Said “leave this one alone”

And they gazed in wide wonder

She could tell right away

At the joy they had found

That I was bad to the bone

The head nurse spoke up

8pt/9.6pt

Said “leave this one alone”

On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Lean on the Leading

The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually.

In typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 5

Color Study 1 Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typog raphy may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

Tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Tracking:

0

Wi ll so m e o ne p le a se c a l l a su rg e o n W h o c a n c ra c k m y r i b s a nd re p a i r t h is b ro k e n h e a r t T h a t yo u r ’re d e se r t i ng f o r b e t t e r c o m p a ny ?

Tracking:

100

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

Tracking:

200

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prescribed by: ailment:

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

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Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

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T IO N

OP

~ ION

OPT

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i

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

HeartBreak HeartBreak

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

32

OPTION u

The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

How to type in an Accent

Kerning

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 5

Color Study 2 Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typog raphy may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

Tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Tracking:

0

Wi ll so m e o ne p le a se c a l l a su rg e o n W h o c a n c ra c k m y r i b s a nd re p a i r t h is b ro k e n h e a r t T h a t yo u r ’re d e se r t i ng f o r b e t t e r c o m p a ny ?

Tracking:

100

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

Tracking:

200

refill: 1

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 1

How to type in an Accent The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

OPTION u

i T IO N

OP ION

OPT

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~

HeartBreak HeartBreak

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

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To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

3

6

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

ailment:

Kerning

2

5

prescribed by:

One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

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ailment:

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ON

prescribed by:

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 5

Color Study 3

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 2

Monitor the Tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning.

Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart That your’re deserting for better company?

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows. Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Tracking:

0

Wil l so m e o ne p l e a se c a ll a su rg e o n W h o c a n c ra c k m y r ib s a nd re p a ir t h i s b ro k e n h e a r t T h a t yo u r ’re d e se r t ing f o r b e t t e r c o m p a ny ?

Tracking:

100

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u r ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

Tracking:

200

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Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

prescribed by: ailment:

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WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 2

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Dr. Type Daily Keyboard Regimen

prescribed by: ailment:

WARNING: Failure to use good typography may result in dizziness, nausea or even death.

SECTION 3

How to type in an Accent

One way to help analyze if the negative space is proportionate to the positive space for letters and the space between is to turn the word upside down

The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard. First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

OPTION u

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

Chronic Kerning The process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result. In a well kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have similar area. The related term kern denotes a part of a type letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.

i

3

TIO N

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OP

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TI

ON

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OPT

ION

~

HeartBreak HeartBreak

Kerning can be tight or loose, depending on the visual effect desired.

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Week 6

Cover

Dr. Type

Remedies and Regimens for Healthy Typography Kristen Youngman Publishing House Here

In-Paper

Week 6 : November 23, 2010 • Rework Cover • Design In-Paper • Finalize Copy/Content • Refine Design

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 6

prescribed by: ailment:

Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

SECTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Typesetting Vitals: 1. Legibility

ANATOMY of TYPE Internal Typesetting Logic

2. Logical Order

Counters/Ascenders/Descenders

3. Evenness of Color

Like an IV drip rate, typography’s rhythm and proportion are vital to the overall life of the text.

X-height/Cap Height

1. Define the word space to suit the size and natural letterfit of the font.

How type is measured Sans and Serifs

2. Choose a comfortable measure—that means each line should give enough info but not be so long the user loses their place in the text.

KEYBOARD REGIMEN Administering Hyphens and Dashes

Transfusing Type into Design

Accent Mark Aversion Instant Special Character Relief

How do you transfuse healthy typography in any piece of communication?

RESUSCITATE THE SPACE Uppercase vs Lowercase

1. Read the text before designing it.

Kerning Tracking

2. Discover the outer logic of the typography in the inner logic of the text.

Leading Alignments

3. Make the visible relationship between the text and the other elements (photographs, captions, tables, diagrams, notes) a reflection of their real relationship.

Ragging Widows & Orphans Hanging the Punctuation

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Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

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SECTION

phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

SECTION 1

ANATOMY of TYPE

Counter

Descender

The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

• Internal Typesetting Logic • Counters/Ascenders/Descenders

Indentifying Type Anatomy

• X-height/Cap Height

In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/ the hole of ). Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter.

• How type is measured • Sans and Serifs

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

prescribed by: ailment:

Week 6

Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

SECTION

prescribed by: ailment:

Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

SECTION

Sans Serif A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes.

The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.

Cap Height The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

Rising Heights

Unbandaging Sans and Serifs

When choosing and identifying typefaces, one should always look at the symptoms of Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility.

Serif typefaces evolved from handwritten fonts and they are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader’s eye.

Sans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better.

There’s no rule, but pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface usually adds a nice contrast, versus using just Sans or just Serif for text and display on one piece of communication.

San Serif

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Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

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SECTION

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How Type is measured Ems Picas Points

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Bracketed Serif

A pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch.

The pica contains 12 point units of measure.

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Cascading Style Sheets defined by the World Wide Web use “pc’ for the abbreviation for pica.

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pt: points -- the points used by Adobe CS are equal to 1/72nd of an inch.

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pc: picas -- 1 pica is equal to 12 points.

Serif The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces. Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed. Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke.

Unbracketed serifs (also known as slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

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Unbracketed Serif

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Dr. Type Anatomy of Type

SECTION

prescribed by: ailment:

EDGE

SECTION

Hyphen -

Uppercase VS. Lowercase

Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.

Using all Uppercase or Capitals orginated as a way to make words stand out on the typewriter. Since we have other options like making the text larger, bolder, etc using all caps isn’t needed to make something noticeable.

edge

When making the choice stylistically you should know that many studies have shown that all caps are harder to read. We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.” When a word is all caps we have to read it letter by letter which takes longer.

Administering Hyphens and Dashes When people learn to type they learn where all the keys are, but not the punctuation nor how it should be used properly.

Here are some tips for how and the correct use of dashes.

To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.

To type a hyphen

What’s up doc?

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Dr. Type Keyboard Regimen

Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard

prescribed by: ailment:

Week 6

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prescribed by: ailment:

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Dr. Type Keyboard Regimen

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Instant Special Character Relief An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.

To type an en dash Option Hyphen

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

“

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION [

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

’

‘

EN DASH

–

OPTION SHIFT ]

ELLIPSIS

LIGATURE OF

fi

LIGATURE OF

fl

OPTION SHIFT ]

°

OPTION 8

REGISTRATION MARK

®

OPTION 2

EURO

¢

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

DEGREE SYMBOL

f AND l

TRADEMARK

™

OPTION g

CENTS

—

OPTION HYPHEN

•

OPTION ;

f AND i

©

OPTION ]

EM DASH

BULLET

…

COPYRIGHT

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

OPTION SHIFT [

€

OPTION 4

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

OPTION SHIFT 8

¡

OPTION 1

OPTION SHIFT 1

ç

OPTION

To type an em dash Shift Option Hyphen

OPTION r

En dash –

POUNDS

£

OPTION SHIFT 2

Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

OPTION 3

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

Em dash — Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

FRACTION BAR

⁄

OPTION HYPHEN

C

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 6

prescribed by: ailment:

Accent Aversions

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

SECTION

OPTION u

The accent marks are all hidden on the Option keyboard.

First find out which letter is hiding the accent mark; typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used.

Monitor the Tracking

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart

To type an accent over a letter in your document, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

That you’re deserting for better company?

Tracking:

0

OP

TIO N

i

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

Letter-spacing adjustments are frequently used in news design. The speed with which pages must be built on deadline does not usually leave time to rewrite paragraphs that end in split words or that create orphans or widows.

Letter-spacing is increased or decreased by modest (usually unnoticeable) amounts to fix these unattractive situations.

Will s ome one ple a s e c a ll a s u rg e on W h o c a n c ra c k my rib s a nd re pa ir t h is b rok e n h e a r t Th a t you’re d e s e r t ing f or b e t t e r c ompa ny ?

~

Tracking:

O PT

ION

100

ON

TI

OP

e

Will someone please call a surgeon Who can crack my ribs and repair this broken heart T h a t y o u ’r e d e s e r t i n g f o r b e t t e r c o m p a n y ?

Tracking:

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Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

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8pt/18pt On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found

8pt/14pt

Chronic Kerning

Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away

At the joy they had found

That I was bad to the bone

The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone”

8pt/9.6pt

HL

WASH

Characters with verticals next to each other need the most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.

HO

A vertical next to a curve needs less space.

OC

A curve next to a curve needs very little space.

OT

A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.

AT

The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.

She could tell right away On the day I was born The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder At the joy they had found The head nurse spoke up Said “leave this one alone” She could tell right away That I was bad to the bone

Some guidelines for kerning:

That I was bad to the bone

The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually.

Lean on the Leading In typography, leading (rhymes with heading) refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type. The term is still used in modern page layout software such as QuarkXPress and Adobe InDesign.

Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.

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The head nurse spoke up

The nurses all gathered ‘round And they gazed in wide wonder

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually pleasing result is kerning. In a wellkerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all visually have the same area.

Use your eye to see what’s right instead of the computer.

1

On the day I was born

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

prescribed by: ailment:

Week 6

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

SECTION

prescribed by: ailment:

Dr. Type Space Resuscitation

SECTION

Flush Left Text is aligned along the left margin or gutter, also known as left-aligned or ragged right.

Flush Right Text is aligned along the right margin or gutter, also known as right-aligned or ragged left.

Softer Rag

Centered

Rags

text is aligned to neither left nor right margin; there is an even gap on each side of each line

In typography, “rag” refers to the irregular or uneven vertical margin of a block of type. Usually it’s the right margin that’s ragged (as in the commonly seen flush left/rag right setting), but either or both margins can be ragged.

Proper Alignment

When setting type with a ragged margin, pay attention to the shape that the ragged line endings make. A good rag goes in and out from line to line in small increments. A poor rag creates distracting shapes of white space in the margin. Don’t rely on the line breaks generated by your software application; get in the habit of spotting and correcting poor rags by making manual line breaks or by editing your copy. Slight adjustments in point size or column width might work as well.

In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column (measure), table cell or tab.

There are four basic typographic alignments. Note that alignment does not change the direction the text is read; however text direction may determine the most commonly used alignment for that script.

Harder Rag

Justified Text is aligned along the left margin, and letterand word-spacing is adjusted so that the text falls flush with both margins

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SECTION

Hanging the punctuation In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text.

Flush left alignment

Flush right alignment

Justified

Centered

In English and most European languages where words are read left-to-right, text is often aligned ‘flush left’—the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged. This is the default style of text alignment on the World Wide Web for left-to-right text.

In languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’. Additionally, it is used to set off special text in English such as attributions to authors of quotes in printed books and magazines, and common when formatting tables of data.

Common in print media, ‘justification’ is where the spaces between words, and sometimes glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to align both the left and right ends of each line of text. It is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines.

Text can be ‘centered’, or symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column. Common uses are for the title of a work, poems, songs and to present data in tables. It is considered less readable for a body of text made up of multiple lines because the ragged starting edges make it difficult for the reader to track from one line to the next.

Letter-spacing can be confused with kerning. Letter-spacing refers to the overall spacing of a word or block of text affecting its overall density and texture. Kerning is a term applied specifically to the adjustment of spacing of two particular characters to correct visually uneven spacing.

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Week 7

Kristen Youngman

Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.

The doctor will see you now.

Show stitched up Type here

Week 7 : December 02, 2010 â&#x20AC;˘ Rework Copy/Content â&#x20AC;˘ Refine Design

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 7

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 1

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Ascender The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

THE GUTS TYPE ANATOMY Internal Typesetting Logic Counters/Ascenders/Descenders X-height/Cap Height How type is measured Sans and Serifs

KEYBOARD REGIMEN Administering Hyphens and Dashes Accent Mark Aversion Instant Special Character Relief

Counter

RESUSCITATING SPACE

The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

Uppercase vs Lowercase

Descender The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

Kerning Tracking Leading Alignments

Indentifying Type

Ragging Widows & Orphans

Knowing how to identify the parts of letters is essential because it is these parts that change and identify each typeface. Counters may be large or small, while ascenders and descenders can be tall or short.

Hanging the Punctuation

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Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 1

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phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

Cap Height X-height The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

SECTION 1

Type Anatomy

Rising Heights

• Identifying Type

When choosing and identifying typefaces,diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height will give an idea of how tall a typeface reaches. A more generous x-height helps with legibility, but may take up more room per line.

• Rising Heights • How type is measured • Sheering Sans • Shaving Serifs

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The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 7

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 1

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WIDELOAD

CATWALK 1

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Serif Bracketed Serif

How Type is measured

Shaving Serifs

Type is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.

Serif typefaces can be very elegant or more formal. They are known for setting copy better because the serifs act as a horizontal guide for the reader. Pairing a Sans with a Serif typeface adds a nice contrast, versus using just one.

The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces.

Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed.

Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

Unbracketed Serif

18

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 1

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When a word is all caps we have to read it letter by letter which takes longer.

We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.”

Sheering Sans Sans Serif typefaces are more geometrically based and are commonly used for display text because they can be set tighter which makes the negative space look better. They tend to be sleeker and more modern-looking than serifs.

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Uppercase VS. Lowercase

Sans Serif

Using all caps can look great but it is slightly harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flat-chested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.

A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes.

The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.

20

To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.

What’s up doc?

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 7

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN 1

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phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

WARNING: typography may result Failure to use good or even death. in dizziness, nausea

To type an en dash

En dash –

Option Hyphen

Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

To type an em dash

Em dash —

Shift Option Hyphen

Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

SECTION 2

Keyboard Regimen • Dash Injections • Instant Character Poppers • Accent Addiction

26

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN 1

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Hyphen Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

“

OPTION [

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

’

OPTION SHIFT ]

ELLIPSIS

…

LIGATURE OF

fi

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CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION SHIFT [

EN DASH

–

f AND i

OPTION SHIFT 5

• LIGATURE OF

OPTION HYPHEN

OPTION 8

f AND l

OPTION SHIFT 6

An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.

Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard

Instant Character Poppers

Like a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.

To type a hyphen

OPTION ]

— °

COPYRIGHT

©

TRADEMARK

OPTION g

CENTS

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

DEGREE SYMBOL

Dash Injections

28

‘ EM DASH

BULLET

OPTION ;

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

¢

™

REGISTRATION MARK

OPTION 2

EURO

OPTION 4

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

€

OPTION SHIFT 2

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

OPTION SHIFT 8

¡

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

OPTION SHIFT 1

ç

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

C

OPTION r

POUNDS

FRACTION BAR

⁄

® £

OPTION 3

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Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 7

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

Space Resuscitation

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To type an accent over a letter, first hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use.

Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

OPTION u

TIO

OP

N

Some guidelines for kerning:

e

HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the

OP

TIO

N

i

most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.

HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.

OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.

OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or

~

above the bar or steam of a character.

ION

AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a

OPT

lot of white space around them.

Accent Addiction

Kern out the Fat

The accent marks are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured and well-spoken. Don’t be bum, everyone is doing it. Hit Option E - the first one is free.

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters that are open makes the shape the of word fit better and appear tighter.

OPTION n

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phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

SECTION 3

Space Resuscitation • Kern out the Fat • Loose Leading • Proper Alignment • Hanging the Punctuation

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Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.

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Week 8

“

Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.

The doctor will see you now.

Week 8 : December 09, 2010 • Finalize Copy/Content • Refine Design

”

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 8

Dr. Type A surgically-enhanced guide to typography.

THE GUTS TYPE ANATOMY Identifying Type Rising Heights How type is measured Shaving Serifs Sheering Sans

KEYBOARD REGIMEN Dash Injections Accent Addiction Instant Character Poppers

RESUSCITATING SPACE Uppercase vs Lowercase Kern Out the Fat Stitching Up Leading

Kristen Youngman Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA

phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

For my parents who always taught me to love beyond the surface level and feel what’s inherently right in your heart.

SECTION 1

Type Anatomy • Identifying Type • Rising Heights • How Type is Measured Copyright © 2010 by Kristen Youngman All rights reserved.

Content and research gathered from the following sources: The Mac is not a Typewriter, Robin Williams The Elements of Typographic Style, Robert Bringhurst The Complete Manual of Typography, Frank Romano

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• Shaving Serifs • Sheering Sans

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 11 12 13 14

Ascender 15

WIDELOAD

CATWALK

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The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

17

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Counter 21

The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

How Type is measured

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The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

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Descender

Ems Picas Points

24

Indentifying Type 25 26

Like features on a face, each part of a letter contributes to its overall appearance. Small counters may be considered undesirable as beedy eyes because it may be difficult to read on smaller type. But when line space is tight, smaller counters help.

A pica (pronounced /ˈpaˈkˈ/) is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to 1/72nd of its respective foot, and therefore to 1/6th of an inch. The pica contains 12 point units of measure.

Cascading Style Sheets defined by the World Wide Web use “pc’ for the abbreviation for pica.

How Type is Measured

27

Type is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.

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Ascenders and descenders are as distinguishing as someone’s nose. Small, short lengths are like tight noses —popular because they allow other features to be noticed and don’t stick out. Yet others consider big noses and tall letters a sign of success.

29 30

Typefaces range from Very Light to Regular to Black: Very Light being the sleek model who under the wrong light appears anorexic and practically disappears; Black being the large loud person that can’t be ignored because they’ve blocked the door.

31 32 33 34

8

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

10

10

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

Bracketed Serif

24

24

26

Serifs are the marks at the end of strokes. When figuring out which typeface is best cut out for the job at hand consider the function of the text. Many studies have shown serif type is more readable in extended text than sans serif.

26

27

27

28

A suggestion for this readability conclusion is that serifs act as a horizontal guide that leads the reader’s eye along the line of text. Serif can also handle more words per line (about ten to twelve) so it is the preferred choice for setting main body copy.

28

Unbracketed Serif

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

14

34

34

86

25

25

10

23

23

X-height is the distance from the baseline to the mean line and is used as a gauge because it has both a flat top and bottom.

A more generous x-height helps with legibility so type with larger x-heights are preferred for text set for the computer screen.

22

22

Shaving Serifs

Rising Heights When choosing and identifying typefaces, diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height shows how tall a typeface reaches from the baseline (the invisible line letters sit on). It also acts as a ceiling for top-aligned characters such as footnotes.

21

21

The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces.

Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed.

Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

20

20

X-height

The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

19

Serif

19

Cap Height

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 8

1 2 3 4 5 1

6 2

7 3

8 4

9 5

10 6

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN 11

7 8

12

Hyphen 9

13

10

14

Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.

11

15

12

16

13

17

19

23

20

24

21

25

22

26 27

23

If you have the bad habit of using a double hyphen to indicate a dash these injections will cure you of having to do so. That habit must be eradicated. It is a typewriter convention where there were no em and en dashes available. There’s no excuse on a mac.

24

28

25

29

26

30

27

31

28

32

29

33

20 30

34

16

18

22

Like a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.

To type a hyphen

21

Sans Serif A typeface is one that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes.

The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without”.

17

20

When using sans serif in text, slice the line to a shorter length with no more than seven to eight words per line. Avoid manipulating the type style in ways that would make it less readable (few uses of bold, italic, outlined or shadowed).

16

19

Dash Injections

Sans serif typefaces have no marks at the end of each stroke and are commonly used for display or headline text because they have been shown to be more legible. Legibility has to do with character recognition instead of reading large blocks of text.

15

Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard

14

18

Sheering Sans

31 32 33 34 1 2 3 4 5 6

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN

7 8

WARNING: good typography may result to use death.

Failure nausea or even in dizziness,

9

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES

10

Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

En dash –

Option Hyphen

19

Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

18

To type an en dash

20

Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

23 24

• Dash Injections

Shift Option Hyphen

22

To type an em dash

Keyboard Regimen

21

Em dash — SECTION 2

• Instant Character Poppers

25

• Accent Addiction

26 27 28 29

22 30 31 32 33 34

88

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 8

1 2 3 4 5 6

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN

7 8 9 10 11

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

OPTION [

OPTION ]

OPTION HYPHEN

—

©

™

OPTION g

CENTS

EM DASH

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

¢

REGISTRATION MARK

®

OPTION 2

EURO

€

OPTION 4

OPTION r

POUNDS

£

OPTION SHIFT 2

Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.

OPTION 3

15

–

‘

TRADEMARK

14

OPTION SHIFT ]

OPTION SHIFT [

COPYRIGHT

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE:

CONSULT A DESIGNE

R if you experience or pain from bad discomfor typography. To alleviate, discontinu t reading until correction e s can be made.

13

’

” EN DASH

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

Failure nausea or even in dizziness,

12

“

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

WARNING: good typography may result to use death.

16

…

LIGATURE OF

OPTION ;

f AND i

DEGREE SYMBOL

•

OPTION 8

°

LIGATURE OF

f AND l

FRACTION BAR

OPTION SHIFT 6

⁄

OPTION SHIFT 1

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

¡

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

ç

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

C

19

OPTION SHIFT 5

OPTION SHIFT 8

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT

18

fi

BULLET

17

ELLIPSIS

20 21

SECTION 3

Space Resuscitation • Uppercase vs Lowercase • Kern Out the Fat

24

Macs help the professional typesetter by making it easy to access a visual representation of the keyboard (Keyboard viewer) to show the characters loaded with each typeface and through the Characters Palette. Find them in Preferences > International.

23

Keyboard Viewer and Character Doses

An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief.

22

Instant Character Poppers

• Stitching Up Leading

25 26 27 28 29

24 30 31 32 33 34 1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6 7 8

To type an accent over a letter

11

OPTION u

10

We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, aka. their edge or “coastline.”

9

First hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

12 13

OP N

TIO

i N

OP

15

TIO

14

e

When a word is written in all caps we have to read it letter by letter instead of by groups which takes longer.

16

OPT

Uppercase VS. Lowercase Using all caps can look great but many studies have shown that they are harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flatchested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.

To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.

20

What’s up doc?

19

Other things to consider when choosing all caps for the sake of the design: They take up more space compared to achieving the same emphasis by bolding or increasing the size of lowercase.

Some typefaces look terrible set in all caps like cursive italics.

The trick is to first find out which key supplies the accent mark.

Typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used. Don’t be a bum, everyone is doing it. Hit Option E and then E again for a taste, the first one is free.

18

The accent marks seem elusive at first because they are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured, wellspoken and most importantly spelled correctly.

ION

~

17

Accent Addiction

21 22 23

OPTION n

24 25 26

30

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

90

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 8

1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Some guidelines for kerning: 14

HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the

15

most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.

16

HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.

OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.

17

OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.

Kern Out the Fat

COLOPHON:

AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a lot of white space around them.

19

Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.

21 22 23 24 25 26

32

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6

6pt/5pt

7

(negative leading can lead to ascenders and descenders crashing into each other)

8

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere Imagination, life is your creation

9 10

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

11 12

6pt/7.2 (20% is auto-leading) 13 14

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere Imagination, life is your creation

The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually, but be careful your text doesn’t come apart.

8pt/18pt

17

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic

19

You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere

18

Imagination, life is your creation 20

No one wants visual scaring when looking at a block of text so consider this: Proper leading is barely noticeable, holding the text together nicely. Leading that is too loose can feel like each line of type will break away. Too tight leading just looks messy.

16

The space between baselines of type is what holds a paragraph together like stitches sealing a wound. Called leading (rhymes with heading), it’s based on hand-set type days when thin strips of lead were inserted to create space between each line of text.

15

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

Stitching Up Leading

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world

21

Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie

22 23

You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

24 25 26

34

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

92

This book is set in Meta Plus and designed in Adobe InDesign. All illustrations are originals by Kristen Youngman, executed in Adobe Illustrator. Published on Julia Press.

Bound by Herring & Robinson Bookbinders.

20

Some spaces appear larger as the computer distributes the same space between round or angled letters. These are target areas for undergoing the kerning procedure. The secret to kerning is that it must be performed to be visually pleasing to the eye.

18

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually consisent, pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters makes the shape the of word appear balanced and fit together better overall.

Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA 94105

Week 9

Dr. Type “

Type has no beauty on the inside so the outside better be damn perfect.

”

The doctor will see you now.

Week 9 : December 16, 2010 • Last Sami Tweaks • Take to Bindery!

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 9

Dr. Type A Surgically-Enhanced Guide to Typography

THE GUTS Type Anatomy Identifying Type Rising Heights How Type is Measured Shaving Serifs Sheering Sans

Keyboard Regimen Dash Injections Accent Addiction Instant Character Poppers

Resuscitating Space Uppercase vs. Lowercase Kern Out the Fat Stitching Up Leading

Kristen Youngman Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA

phy may result WARNING: good typogra death.

Failure to use nausea or even in dizziness,

For My Parents who always taught me to love beyond the surface and feel what’s right in your heart

SECTION 1

Type Anatomy • Identifying Type • Rising Heights • How Type is Measured • Shaving Serifs Copyright © 2010 by Kristen Youngman All rights reserved.

Content and research gathered from the following sources: The Mac is Not a Typewriter, Robin Williams The Elements of Typographic Style, Robert Bringhurst The Complete Manual of Typography, Frank Romano

96

• Sheering Sans

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 11 12 13 14 15

Ascender 16

The part of a lowercase character (b, d, f, h, k, l, t) that extends above the x-height.

17

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

18

CATWALK

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

19

WIDELOAD

20

The part of a character (g, j, p, q, y, and J) that descends below the baseline.

22

Descender

The partially or fully enclosed space within a character.

21

Counter

23 24

Indentifying Type 25 26

Like features on a face, each part of a letter contributes to its overall appearance. Small counters may be considered undesirable as beedy eyes because it may be difficult to read on smaller type. But when line space is tight, smaller counters help.

How Type is Measured

27

Type is measured in points but what you really need to learn is how different weights and sizes give different emphasis to what you are trying to say. A fat typeface will appear solid but heavy while a light typeface seems slender and nimble.

28

Ascenders and descenders are as distinguishing as someone’s nose. Small, short lengths are like tight noses—popular because they allow other features to be noticed and don’t stick out.

Yet others consider big noses and tall letters a sign of success.

29 30

Typefaces range from Very Light to Regular to Black: Very Light being the sleek model who under the wrong light appears anorexic and practically disappears; Black being the large loud person that can’t be ignored because they’ve blocked the door.

31 32 33 34

8

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

10

10

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY 11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

23 24

24

25

25

26

Serifs are the marks at the end of strokes. When figuring out which typeface is best cut out for the job at hand consider the function of the text. Many studies have shown serif type is more readable in extended text than sans serif.

26

27

27

28

A suggestion for this readability conclusion is that serifs act as a horizontal guide that leads the reader’s eye along the line of text. Serif can also handle more words per line (about ten to twelve) so it is the preferred choice for setting main body copy.

28

Unbracketed Serif

29

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

33

33

14

34

34

98

22

23

10

21

22

X-height is the distance from the baseline to the mean line and is used as a gauge because it has both a flat top and bottom.

A more generous x-height helps with legibility so type with larger x-heights are preferred for text set for the computer screen.

20

21

Shaving Serifs

Rising Heights When choosing and identifying typefaces, diagnose the Cap Height and X-height. Cap height shows how tall a typeface reaches from the baseline (the invisible line letters sit on). It also acts as a ceiling for top-aligned characters such as footnotes.

The projections extending off the main strokes of the characters of serif typefaces.

Serifs come in two styles: bracketed and unbracketed.

Brackets are the supportive curves which connect the serif to the stroke. Unbracketed serifs (aka. slab serifs) are attached sharply, and usually at 90 degree angles.

19

Serif Bracketed Serif

20

The height of capital letters from the baseline to the top of caps, most accurately measured on a character with a flat bottom (E, H, I, etc.).

19

The height of lowercase letters, specifically the lowercase x, not including ascenders and descenders.

18

18

Cap Height X-height

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 9

1 2 3 4 5 1

6 2

7 3

8 4

9 5

10 6

Dr. Type: TYPE ANATOMY

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN 11

7 8

12

Hyphen 9

13

10

14

Strictly for hyphenating words or to break a word at the end of a line. It’s commonly administered in words like mother-in-law and phone numbers.

11

15

12

16

13

17

19

23

20

24

21

25

22

26 27

23

If you have the bad habit of using a double hyphen to indicate a dash these injections will cure you of having to do so. That habit must be eradicated. It is a typewriter convention from when there were no em and en dashes available. There’s no excuse on a mac.

24

28

25

29

26

30

27

31

28

32

29

33

20 30

34

16

18

22

Like a face without Botox, misplaced dashes are unsightly and will give the wrong impression. Here are some tips for how to type and correctly use dashes. Injecting the right line makes your text mean the right thing and is easy on the eye.

To Type a Hyphen

21

Sans Serif A typeface that does not have the small features called “serifs” at the end of strokes.

The term comes from the Latin word “sine”, via the French word sans, meaning “without.”

17

20

When using sans serif in text, slice the line to a shorter length with no more than seven to eight words per line. Avoid manipulating the type style in ways that would make it less readable (few uses of bold, italic, outlined or shadowed).

16

19

Dash Injections

Sans serif typefaces have no marks at the end of each stroke and are commonly used for display or headline text because they have been shown to be more legible. Legibility has to do with character recognition instead of reading large blocks of text.

15

Between the 0 and + at the top-right of the keyboard

14

18

Sheering Sans

31 32 33 34 1 2 3 4 5 6

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN

7 8

WARNING: good typography may result to use death.

Failure nausea or even in dizziness,

9

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES

10

Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

En Dash –

Option Hyphen

19

Approximately the width of a capital letter N in that particular font and size. It is used between words that indicate a duration, such as time or months or years. Administer it where you might otherwise use the word “to.”

18

To Type an En Dash

20

Twice as long as the en dash—it’s about the size of a capital letter M. Often used in place of parentheses, to indicate an abrupt change in thought, or administered when a period is too strong and a comma too weak.

23 24

• Dash Injections

Shift Option Hyphen

22

To Type an Em Dash

Keyboard Regimen

21

Em Dash —

SECTION 2

• Instant Character Poppers

25

• Accent Addiction

26 27 28 29

22 30 31 32 33 34

100

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 9

1 2 3 4 5 6

Dr. Type: KEYBOARD REGIMEN

7 8 9 10 11

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

OPTION [

“

OPTION [

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION SHIFT [

CLOSING DOUBLE QUOTE

”

OPTION SHIFT [

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

‘

OPTION ]

OPENING SINGLE QUOTE

‘

OPTION ]

COPYRIGHT

©

COPYRIGHT

OPTION g

©

TRADEMARK

OPTION g

TRADEMARK

™

OPTION 2

™

OPTION 2

REGISTRATION MARK

REGISTRATION MARK

®

®

OPTION r

Failure nausea or even in dizziness,

HIGHLY ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE:

Once exposed to the proper use of characters discontinued use proves difficult.

CONSULT A DESIGNE

R if you experience or pain from bad discomfor typography. To alleviate, discontinu t reading until correction e s can be made.

12

“

OPENING DOUBLE QUOTE

WARNING: good typography may result to use death.

OPTION r 13

’

OPTION SHIFT ]

EN DASH

–

EN DASH

OPTION HYPHEN

–

EM DASH

OPTION HYPHEN

—

CENTS

EM DASH

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

—

OPTION SHIFT HYPHEN

¢

CENTS

OPTION 4

¢

EURO

OPTION 4

EURO

€

OPTION SHIFT 2

€

POUNDS

OPTION SHIFT 2

£

POUNDS

OPTION 3

£

OPTION 3 15

’

OPTION SHIFT ]

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

14

CLOSING SINGLE QUOTE

16

ELLIPSIS

…

…

OPTION ;

LIGATURE OF

OPTION SHIFT 5

LIGATURE OF

fi

BULLET

OPTION ;

•

OPTION 8

•

f AND i

LIGATURE OF

f AND l

LIGATURE OF

OPTION SHIFT 5

OPTION SHIFT 6

DEGREE SYMBOL

DEGREE SYMBOL

OPTION 8

°

°

f AND l

FRACTION BAR

FRACTION BAR

OPTION SHIFT 6

⁄

⁄

OPTION SHIFT 8

OPTION SHIFT 1

OPTION SHIFT 8

OPTION SHIFT 1

INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINT INVERTED EXCLAMATION POINTINVERTED QUESTION MARK

¡ ç

OPTION 1

¡

OPTION

ç

C

OPTION 1

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

OPTION

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

C

INVERTED QUESTION MARK

¿

OPTION SHIFT ?

Ç

OPTION SHIFT C

18

fi

f AND i

BULLET

17

ELLIPSIS

19 20 21

SECTION 3

Resuscitating Space • Uppercase vs Lowercase • Kern Out the Fat • Stitching Up Leading

24

Macs help the professional typesetter by making it easy to access a visual representation of the keyboard (Keyboard Viewer) to show the characters loaded with each typeface and through the Characters Palette. Find them in Preferences > International.

23

Keyboard Viewer and Character Doses

An essential part of healthy typography is using the appropriate punctuation marks and characters where necessary. That can be difficult to do if you do not know how to type them. Here they are in pill form for instant relief. Repeat as often as needed.

22

Instant Character Poppers

25 26 27 28 29

24 30 31 32 33 34 1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6 7 8

To Type an Accent

10

We recognize words not only by their letter groups but also by their shape, (aka. their edge or “coastline”).

9

First hold down the Option key and hit the accent character; it looks like nothing happened but the accent mark is now loaded, ready for use. Next, type the character you want under that accent mark; they will then appear together.

11

OPTION u

12 13

i N

OP

15

e

TIO

14

N TIO

OP

When a word is written in all caps we have to read it letter by letter instead of by groups which takes longer.

16 17

Using all caps can look great but many studies have shown that they are harder to read because your eye reads groups of letters faster than each letter alone. Like trying to figure out if a flatchested person is male or female, a busty woman is obvious.

OPT

ION

~

Uppercase vs. Lowercase

The accent marks seem elusive at first because they are hidden on the Option keyboard. But once you start using them you’ll never go back. They make your text sexier, more cultured, wellspoken and most importantly spelled correctly.

To see how powerful the edges can be see if you can read the following phrase made strictly of shapes.

20

What’s up doc?

19

Other things to consider when choosing all caps for the sake of the design: They take up more space compared to achieving the same emphasis by bolding or increasing the size of lowercase.

Some typefaces look terrible set in all caps, like cursive italics.

The trick is to first find out which key supplies the accent mark.

Typically it’s the character with which the accent mark is most likely to be used. Don’t be a bum, everyone is doing it.

Hit Option E and then E again for a taste, the first one is free.

18

Accent Addiction

21 22 23

OPTION n

24 25 26

30

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

102

Typography Project 02: 36-Page Book Design

Week 9

1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Some Guidelines for Kerning: 14

HL Characters with verticals next to each other need the

15

most amount of space, this can be a useful guideline for how the rest of the letter spacing should be.

HO A vertical next to a curve needs less space.

16

OC A curve next to a curve needs very little space.

17

OT A curve can actually overlap into white space under or above the bar or steam of a character.

Colophon:

AT The closet kerning is done where both letters have a

Kern Out the Fat

lot of white space around them.

18

The process of adjusting the spacing between characters to achieve a visually consisent, pleasing result is kerning. Like Lipo, removing extra space between letters makes the shape the of word appear balanced and fit together better overall.

19

Some spaces appear larger as the computer distributes the same space between round or angled letters. These are target areas for undergoing the kerning procedure. The secret to kerning is that it must be performed to be visually pleasing to the eye.

20

Turn the word upside down to help analyze if the negative space between letters is proportionate.

21 22 23 24 25 26

32

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 2

Dr. Type: RESUSCITATING SPACE

3 4 5 6

6pt/5pt

7

(negative leading can lead to ascenders and descenders crashing into each other)

8

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere Imagination, life is your creation

9 10

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

11 12

6pt/7.2 (20% is auto-leading) 13 14

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere Imagination, life is your creation

I’m a Barbie girl in the Barbie world Life in plastic, it’s fantastic

19

You can brush my hair, undress me everywhere

18

Imagination, life is your creation 20

No one wants visual scaring when looking at a block of text so consider this: Proper leading is barely noticeable, holding the text together nicely. Leading that is too loose can feel like each line of type will break away. Too tight leading just looks messy.

The greater the leading the lighter the body of text appears visually, but be careful your text doesn’t come apart.

8pt/18pt

17

The space between baselines of type is what holds a paragraph together like stitches sealing a wound. Called leading (rhymes with heading), it’s from hand-set type days when thin strips of lead were inserted to create space between each line of text.

16

Stitching Up Leading

15

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

I’m a blonde single girl in the fantasy world

21

Dress me up, take your time, I’m your dollie

22 23

You’re my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamour and pain Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

24 25 26

34

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

104

This book is set in Meta Plus and designed in Adobe InDesign. All illustrations are originals by Kristen Youngman, executed in Adobe Illustrator. Published on Julia Press.

Bound by Herring & Robinson Bookbinders.

Academy of Art University San Francisco, CA 94105