Table of Content 1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Introduction
1.1
Objective
1.2
Project Introduction
1.3
Proposal Site
1.4
Rendered Perspectives
Daylight Analysis
2.1
Site Daylight Factor Analysis
2.2
Space A (Lobby) Daylight Analysis
2.3
Space B (AV Room) Daylight Analysis
Artificial Lighting Analysis 3.1
Space A (Lobby) Artificial Light Analysis 3.1.1 Space A PSALI
3.2
Space B (Theatre) Artificial Light Analysis 3.2.1 Space B PSALI
Reference
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objective This project aims to integrate students’ understandings of the principle of lighting into proposed community library the context of Klang. It encompasses advanced daylighting systems and the integration of artificial lighting, and PSALI method as strategies for better lighting condition and produce architectural poetic qualities. Students are to show their understanding of their final design and to solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues (natural lighting & site analysis).
1.2 Project Introduction My community library is an urban infill project which located in Jalan Besar of Klang. The design intention of this community library is gather all the communities together, hence front the front faç ade, vent block material is used not just seek for architectonic durability, but it also shows a sense of tropical setting in Klang at the same time visual permeability and penetration of lights through the interior spaces. Besides, the spaces are also arranged to capture the intangible values of on site, the natural elements, the sounds and colours, all these amplified to instil a sense of space and make people realise and appreciate. This is reflects to the structural layout of the building, to be dynamic and unexpected. Thus with all these complicated elements, a digital 3D model of the library is created and test with daylighting, light contour and PSALI system with Revit Daylight Stimulation and Light Up analytic extension to ensure maximum efficiency of natural light and also balance of artificial light comfort adhering to the Lux requirement of MS1525.
1.3 Proposal Site The site of the community library design proposal is located at Jalan Besar, Klang. The front faรง ade of the building receives western light in the morning and eastern light in the evening.
1.4 Rendered Perspectives
Front Faรง ade rendering during daytime (1600hrs)
Back Faรง ade rendering during daytime (1600hrs)
2.0 Daylight Analysis 2.1 Site Daylight Factor Analysis Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, Ei to available outdoor illuminance, Eo which is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance: DF= Ei (Indoor Illuminance) x 100% Eo (Outdoor Illuminance)
Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very Bright
>6
Large(including thermal and glare problem)
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Figure 2.1.1 Daylight factor and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)
However the daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonable be estimated. In this study case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux (refer to Table 2.1.2).
Luminance level (lux)
Example
120,000
Brightest sunlight
110,000
Bright sunlight
20,000
Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000-2000
Typical overcast day, midday
400
Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
<200
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40
Fully overcast, sunrise/ sunset
<1
Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/ sunset Figure 2.1.2 Daylight intensity at different condition
2.1.1 Sun Path Diagram for Community Library
Library Shadow Overlay Diagram Diagram above shows the movement of shadow of the library throughout the daytime. During morning the library is shaded from the taller building at east.
2.1.2 Shadow Casting on Site
Shadow simulation on site at 0900. 1th July 2017 The front faรง ade of the community library is mainly shaded and covered from western light from 7am to 12pm.
Shadow simulation on site at 1200. 1th July 2017 The front faรง ade is still shaded from exposure of sunlight but partially sunlight can be received at the front faรง ade area as the sun falls during 12pm at the same time roof are also expose to sunlight at this time.
Shadow simulation on site at 1700. 1th July 2017 The front faรง ade is fully exposed to sunlight and the back faรง ade is shaded during 5pm.
2.2 Space A (Lobby) Daylight Analysis
Ground Floor Plan/ Scale 1:200
Section A-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;/ SCALE 1:200
2.2.1 Space A (Lobby) Daylight Analysis
Shadow simulation on site at 0900. 1th July 2017
Shadow simulation on site at 1200. 1th July 2017
Shadow simulation on site at 1700. 1th July 2017
Floor area (m2) Area of faรง ade exposed to light (m2)
Area of skylight (m2) Exposed faรง ade to light & skylight area to Floor area ratio (Daylight factor) Daylight factor, DF
97.931 m2 Perimeter = 3.782 + 4.327 + 6.250 m =14.5 Height = 4.6 m Area = 66.7 m2 0 66.7/97.931 =0.681 (6.81%) =10 x 0.681 =6.81 DF= Ei (Indoor Illuminance) x 100% Eo (Outdoor Illuminance)
6.81 = (Ei/ 20000 ) x 100% Ei = 6.81 x 200 = 1362 lux
Space A â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Daylight Analysis The lobby area of the library has a daylight factor of 6.81% and natural illumination of 1362 lux. The lux value is higher near the entrance and indoor courtyard as it is open area and facing the west. The lobby are receives high amount of daylight from 3pm to 5pm after, 6.81% is categorized as good and it is fall under bright zone based on the requirement of MS1512. The lobby area is for gathering, event purposes which needs decent amount of light. With support from artificial light at the late evenings, this area will have a gentle light ambience for community gathering and chilling.
2.3 Space B (Theatre) Daylight Analysis
Second Floor Plan/ Scale 1:200
Section B-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;/ SCALE 1:200
2.3.1 Space A (Lobby) Daylight Analysis
Shadow simulation on site at 0900. 1th July 2017
Shadow simulation on site at 1200. 1th July 2017
Shadow simulation on site at 1700. 1th July 2017
Floor area (m2) Area of faรง ade exposed to light (m2) Area of skylight (m2) Exposed faรง ade to light & skylight area to Floor area ratio (Daylight factor) Daylight factor, DF
63.041 m2 Perimeter = 6.43 m Height = 3.5 m Area = 22.5 m2 0 22.5/63.041 =0.357 (3.57%) =10 x 0.357 =3.57 DF= Ei (Indoor Illuminance) x 100% Eo (Outdoor Illuminance)
3.57= (Ei/ 20000 ) x 100% Ei = 3.57 x 200 = 714 lux
Space B â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Daylight Analysis The theatre of the library has a daylight factor of 3.57% and natural illumination of 714 lux. This is because this theatre in the library is design to be enclose mainly due to it is functional and private space. Hence there are only an opening facing the internal courtyard. The theatre are receives highest amount of daylight during noon to evening time, 3.57% is categorized as good based on the requirement of MS1512. Due to the reason that the edge of the space are lack of dark hence artificial light is served to enhance the visual effect when necessary.
3.0 Artificial Lighting Analysis Lumen Method Lumen method is applied to calculate the light level in a room. A series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is shown as below: E= n x N x F x UF X LLF A Where, E
= Average illuminance to cover the space
n
= Number of lamps of each luminaire
N
= Number of luminance
F
= Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous
UF
= Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF
= Light loss factor
A
= Area of the horizontal working plane
Besides, Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space. N=.
ExA . F x UF x MF
Where, N
= Number of lamps required
E
= Illuminance level required (Lux)
A
= Area at working plane height (m2)
F
= Average luminious flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt
Room Index Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to hald wall area between the working and luminaire planes, The calculation is shown as below: RI =.
LxW . Hm x (L+W)
Where, L
= Length of room
W
= Width of room
Hm
= Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire
Light Loss Factor LLF = LLD x LDD x ATF x HE x VE x BF x CD
Where, LLD
= Lamp lumen depreciation
LDD
= Luminaire dirt depreciation
ATF
= Ambient temperature effects
HE
= Heat extraction
VE
= Voltage effects
BF
=Driver and lamps factors
CD
=Component depreciation
3.1 Space A (Lobby) Artificial Lighting Analysis
Type of fixture
Tubular Florescent Light
Image of fixture
Size
85 cm
Type of luminous
Warm yellow
Power (W)
2600watt
Colour temperature (K)
36W
Colour rendering index
80
Average life rate (hours)
25000
Dimension of room (m2) Total floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Type of light fixture Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) Height of luminaires (m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting height (Hm) Standard Illumination required according to MS1525 and JKR Reflectance factor
Room Index, RI (K)
Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Number of fittings required, N
Spacing to height ratio, SHR
Fitting layout
L= 13.1 W= 8.2 97.931 m2 4.5 Tubular Fluorescent Light 2600 4.4 0.8 4.4-0.8=3.6 100 ( Waiting area ) Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall ( White painted concrete blocks ) = 0.5 Floor ( Cement Floor ) = 0.2 RI =.
LxW . Hm x (L+W)
RI = 107.42/{3.6 x (13.1 + 8.2)} =1.4 0.57 0.8 (standard) N=. ExA . F x UF x MF N = (100 x 97.9)/ (2600 x 0.57 x 0.8) =8.257 =8 SHR=1/Hm x √A/N =1/3.6 x √97.9/8.257 =0.956 SHR = S/Hm 0.956 = S/3.6 S = 3.44m Fitting required along 13.1m wall, 13.1/3.44 (m) = 3.8 =~4rows Spacing required for 13.1m wall, Smax = 3.2, spacing set to be 3m, first spacing to be ½ (3)=1.5m Spacing required for 8.2m wall: Spacing R = 8.2/4= 2.05m First spacing ½ (2.05m) = 1m
3.1.1 Space A PSALI Method Lighting Fitting and Spacing Diagram
Lighting Contour Diagram
Space A PSALI Section Diagram
Morning
Night There are 8 light fittings in space A to achieve a minimum of 100 lux standard requirement by MS 1525 and JKR for waiting area. The lights are divided into 2 switches, A and B to balance the intensity of light of the interior. During the daytime only light B is switched on to illuminate the dark interior that daylight cannot reach. However during night time when there are no external light source from exterior, all lights are turned on to achieve sufficient lighting for ambiance and also activities like chatting and gathering with communities which does not require high intensity of light.
3.2 Space B (Theatre) Artificial Lighting Analysis
Type of fixture
Circular LED Downlight
Image of fixture
Size
30 cm
Type of luminous
Warm white
Power (W)
3000watt
Colour temperature (K)
30W
Colour rendering index
80
Average life rate (hours)
31000
Dimension of room (m2) Total floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Type of light fixture Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) Height of luminaires (m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting height (Hm) Standard Illumination required according to MS1525 and JKR Reflectance factor
Room Index, RI (K)
Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Number of fittings required, N
Spacing to height ratio, SHR
Fitting layout
L= 7.0 W= 8.1 63.041 m2 4 Circular LED Downlight 3000 4 0.8 4-0.8=3.2 300 Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall ( White painted concrete blocks ) = 0.5 Floor ( Cement Floor ) = 0.2 RI =.
LxW . Hm x (L+W)
RI = 56.7/{3.2 x (7.0+8.1)} =1.17 0.53 0.8 (standard) N=. ExA . F x UF x MF N = (300 x 63.041)/ (3000 x 0.53 x 0.8) =14.87 =15 SHR=1/Hm x √A/N =1/3.2 x √63/15 =0.64 SHR = S/Hm 0.64 = S/3.2 S = 2.048m Fitting required along 7.0m wall, 7.0/2.048 (m) = 3.42 =~3-4 rows Spacing required for 7.0m wall, Smax =2m, spacing set to be 3m, first spacing to be ½ (2)=1m Spacing required for 8.1m wall: Spacing R = 8.2/3.2= 2.56m First spacing ½ (2.56m) = 1.28m
Lighting Fitting and Spacing Diagram
Lighting Contour Diagram
Space A PSALI Section Diagram
Morning
Night There are 15 light fittings in space B to achieve a minimum of 300 lux standard requirement by MS 1525 and JKR for theatre. The lights are divided into 3 switches, A, B and C to balance the intensity of light of the interior. During the daytime only light A and B are switched on to illuminate the dark interior that daylight cannot reach. However during night time when there are no external light source from exterior, all lights are turned on to achieve sufficient lighting for ambiance and also activities like giving speech or events can be carry on smoothly.
4.0 Reference 1 .Britannica, T. E. (2013, November 13). Architectural acoustics. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/architectural-acoustics
2. Daylight & Architecture Magazine. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.velux.com/daylightand-architecture
3. Daylighting . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting
4. Light Matters: 7 Ways Daylight Can Make Design More Sustainable. (2014, January 27). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/471249/light-matters-7-ways-daylight-canmake-design-more-sustainable
5. MS 1525 2014. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/297929846/MS-15252014
6. University of Salford. (n.d.). Salford Innovation Research Centre (SIRC). Retrieved from https://www.salford.ac.uk/research/sirc/research-groups/acoustics/architecture-andbuilding-acoustics