Faculty of Environment Department of Archaeology Archaeometry laboratory
Cultural landscape committeeIran ICOMOS
Kharman Project- ANR UMR-7209CNRS/MNHN
Rural landscapes À l'est de l'EdenWorld : état de la recherche sur la néolithisation November 2014-Milan de l'Iran et du sud de l'Asie centrale Rural landscapes of Iran
Homa Irani Behbahani, Haeedeh Laleh, Marjan Mashkour, Margareta Tengberg, Zahra Lorzadeh
contents
1
• Environmental characteristics
2
• Historical background and archaeological evidences
3
• Rural landscape in Iran: diversity and sustainability
4
• Rural landscape: evaluation and management
Iran in the Middle East
Middle Paleolithic 200000B.P.
Early Paleolithic
1000000B.P . .
Mesolithic 18000 B.P.
Late Paleolithic 40000B.P.
Neolithic 8000B.C.
Chalcolithic 5500 B.C.
Bronze age 3300 B.C.
Iron age 1500550 B.C.
Achaemenid Empire 550-330 B.C.
Sasanian Empire 224-651 A.D.
Seleucid Period 330-130 B.C.
Parthian Empire 130 B.C.224 A.D.
Islamic Era 651- A.D.present
Environmental characteristics
Natural
Cultural
• Physical •Climatic •Biological •Natural resources
Diversity in different aspects
•Languages and dialects •Ethnics Diversity in •Rituals and customs different aspects •Symbols and signs •Material culture
Physical and geographical maps of Iran
Climatic and ecological conditions in Iran
Rain- and snowfall
Temperatures
Climatic confort
High Faunal Diversity
Human adaptations to specific environmental conditions Nomadisme and transhumance
Irrigation
Wells of an underground channel (kareez), SE Iran
Cleaning of a kareez, Baluchistan
Ethnic and linguistic composition in Iran
Possibility of local domestciation of cereals and Bovids
Einkorn
Emmer Barley
Boar Sheep Goat Aurochs
Chronology of the Neolithic spread- 12000 – 6000 BP
Caucasus Early 6th mill. BC
S Central Asia 6000 BC
NE Iran
? Qazvin plain
7000 BC
7000 BC
Central Zagros
?
Khuzistan 7600 BC
Southern Zagros 7500 BC
Central Baluchistan 6th/5th mill. BC?
SE Iran 5500 BC
SW Pakistan 5th mill. BC
Earliest known BC dates of the Neolithic spread eastwards
Jeitun 6000 BC
ZAGROS
SOUTHWEST CENTRAL ASIA
Sang-i Caxmaq* 7000 BC
Sheikh-e Abad 10 000 BC Ganj Dareh 8000 BC Chia Sabz** 8600 BC Yafteh* 30 000-20 000 BC Chogha Golan Qaleh Rostam* 7000 BC 10 000 BC Kelek Asad Morad* 8500 BC Mushki* 6400 BC Rahmat Abad* 7500 BC
Sites with bioarchaeological remains studied by M. Mashkour and/or M. Tengberg *14C dates paid (in part) by UMR 7209, **14C dates provided by A. Zazzo
3300 BC.
700 BC.
Earth
Grain
Susa-Iran, 3000-2800 BC., Tablet proto-Elamite An account of horses and equides
Orchard Plough
The evolution of the Sumerian cuneiform from pictogram to syllabic alphabet 3300 to 700 BC.
Susa-Iran, 3300 BC., tablet picturing Agricultural parcel, irrigation canals and fosse
Susa-Iran, 3300 BC., Seal impression with knitting scene
Susa-Iran, 3300 BC., seal impression garnering crops in attics or cellars
Miniatures representing different phases of agriculture, 12th and 13th AC.
1199 A.D.
865- 927 A.D.
1058 A.D.
1688 A.D.
1368 A.D.
Written sources related to botanic, zoology and agricultural knowledge
Nishapur-Khorasan
Shirvan-Khorasan
Desert, farmland and pastoral areas in Iran
Underground waters (Qanat)
Khorasan
Different rural landscapes in Nishapur(Khorasan)
70 Qajar Village (18th A.D.)
300 Pre-Qajar Village
303
273
Historical village (pre-Qajar and Qajar)
contemporary village
village pâturage terre aride jardin cultivÊ terre cultivÊe
Number of historical villages in Nishapur (Khorasan) based on the textual evidences
Distribution of the historical mills in Nishapur Based on the archaeological surveys
Remains of mills in Nishapur (Khorasan)
Isfahan
Different rural landscapes in Isfahan
pigeon-houses, Isfahan
Kashan
Rural landscapes in desert : Kashan and qanat in it’s agricultural system
Fars
Traditional Rain-watered Fig System with more than 10 centuries historical background Estahbanat-Fars
Rice plantation in Fars
Khuzestan
Remains of sugarcane processing , 12th -13th AC., Susa
Sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan
Different rural landscapes in Gilan (Caspian coast)
Gilan Gian
FOREST SETTLEMENT TEA GARDEN
TERRACED PADDY
Siahkal/Gilan
TEA GARDEN
ESTALKH(SAL)
TERRACED PADDY
RURAL ROAD
SETTLEMENT
HYRCANIAN FOREST
Local people use vernacular technics
Harvest Festival
Women play an important role in farming
Work song : traditional songs women sing while working
1935-37
2014
1977
Sustainable land use Ancient city of Susa- Khuzestan
1935-37
1977
Sustainable land use Sasanian city of Gur, Firouzabad-Fars
2014
1935-37
1977
Sustainable land use
2014
Sasanian city of Takht-e Soleyman- West Azerbaijan
1935-37
1977
Sustainable land use Sasanian city of Bishapur, Kazerun-Fars
2014
Investigation and cognition of Natural and cultural parameters involved in shaping landscapes
Formation and transformation of landscapes through time and space
Landscape characteristics
Landscape operation
Rural landscape evaluation criteria Determining the factors in assessment of landscapes based on the natural and cultural characteristics
Evaluating both natural and cultural potentials in landscapes
An ever-lasting rural landscape Actualizing the evaluated potentials in landscapes
Conservation and management of rural landscapes
- Perpetual and lucrative interaction between man and nature - Sustainable life and land use
Selected Bibliography •Abu Abdullah Hakem Nishāburi, Tārikh-e Nishapur, ed. M. R. Shafiei Kadkani, Tehran: Āgah, 1375 Š./1996 •Eʿtemād-al-Salṭana, Matla’ al-šams, 3 vols., Tehran: Sherkat-e Ofset Iran, 1358 Š./1980 •Mirza Ḥosayn ‚Abd al-Karim Darrudi, Ketābče Neyšabur, ed. R. Ja’fariyān, Mashhad: Astan Qods Rażavi, 1382 Š./2003 •Vesel, Ž., “Les traités d’agriculture en Iran,” Studia Iranica, 15/1, 1986, pp. 99-108. •Subtelny, M.E, “A Medieval Persian Agricultural Manual in Context: The Irshād al-zirāʿa in Late Timurid and Early Safavid Khorasan,” Studia Iranica, 22/2, 1993, pp. 167-217. •Subtelny, M.E., “Mīrak-i Sayyid Ghiyāsò and the Timurid Tradition of Landscape Architecture: Further Notes to a Medieval Persian Agricultural Manual,” Studia Iranica, 24/1, 1995, pp. 19-60. •Subtelny, M.E., Le Monde est un Jardin: aspects de L'histoire culturelle de L‘Iran médieval, Association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes, Paris, 2002 •Laleh, Haeedeh etal., Le paysage culturel et urbain de la ville ancienne de Nishapur depuis l'époque sassanide jusqu’à l’époque Qajare, 1390 Š/ 2012, Rapport non publié, Centre de recherche de Nishapur, ICHTO •Gerster, Georg, Paradise Lost, Persia From Above, Phaidon, 2009 •Afšār, I., “Fehrest-nāma-ye ahamm-e motūn-e kešāvarzī dar zabān-e fārsī”, Āyanda 8/10, 1361 Š./1982, pp. 686-94. •Afšār, I., “Rasāʾel-ī az moʾallef-e Eršād al-zerāʿa,” FIZ 13, 1344 Š./1965, pp. 7-6 •Gray ,Basil, La Peinture persane, Skira, 1962 •Naissance de l'ecriture: cuneiformes et hieroglyphes : [catalogue d’exposition], Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 7 mai-9 aout 1982
•Huyghe, Edith , Les routes du tapis, Paris, Gallimard , 2004 •Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi, Mofid al-Khavas, library of Astan Qods Rażavi, No. 5135 •Ibn Bukhtishu, Manafi' al-Hayawan, Bibliothèque nationale de France, No. 2782 •Schmidt, Erich F., Flights Over the Ancient Cities of Persia, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1940