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THE

DOGS OF

Grreat Britain,

AND OTHER

America,

COUNTRIES.

Their Breeding, Training, and Management IN Comprising

all

tlie

Health and Disease,

essential parts of the

two Standard Works on the Dog,

By STOXEHENGE.

^^^^^ "^

together with chaptees by

AMERICAN WRITERS.

WITH OVER ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

V>.

NEW YORK:

ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 245

BROADWAY. 1879.

r879

>Vl

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879,

by the

ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, In the Oface of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

;;

CONTENTS. BOOK

THE NATURAL HISTOBT, ZOOLOGICATi CLASSIFICATION, AND VARIETIES OF THE DOG.

CHAPTER

PAGE. General Characteristics ; Habitats ; Varieties ; F. Cuvier's Origin Divisional Arrangement; Arrangement adopted by Stonehenge ;

CHAPTER

II.

and half -reclaimed Dogs, hunting in Packs The Dingo The Dhole; The Pariah; The Wild Dog of Africa The South- American Dog The North American Dog Other Wild Dogs CHAPTER ni. Domesticated Dogs Hunting Chiefly by the Eye and the Nose, and Killing their Game for Man's use The Rough Scotch Greyhound and Deerhound; The Smootli or English Greyhound; The Irish Greyhound, or Wolf-dog; The French Matin; The Hare-Indian Dog The Albanian Dog The Grecian Greyhound The Turkish Greyhound The Persian Greyhound The Russian

WOd

;

The Bloodhound The Italian Greyhound Greyhound Foxhound The Harrier The Beagle The Otterhound Terrier The Dachshund ;

;

The The 33

;

CHAPTER

IV.

Domesticated Dogs, finding game by scent, but not killing it, being chiefly used in aid of the gun; The Modern English Pointer; The Portuguese Pointer The French Pointer The Dalmatian and Danish Dogs The English and Irish Setters The Russian The Ordinary Field Spaniel, including the Springer Setter (Clumber, Sussex, and Norfolk breeds), and the Cocker (Welsh and Devonshire) The Water Spaniel (English and Irish) The Chesapeake Bay Dog CHAPTER V. Pastoral Dogs, and those used for the purposes of draught The English Sheep-Dog The Colley The German Sheep-Dog Pomeranian or Spitz Dog; The Newfoundland and Labrador Dogs 125 The Esquimaux Dog The Greenland Dog. ;

;

--.-.----88 ;

;

CHAPTER

VI.

Watch Dogs House Dogs, and Toy Dogs BuUdog English Mastiff; Mount St. Bernard; Thibet Dog; Poodle; Maltese Dog; The Lion Dog Shock Dog Toy Spaniels Toy Terriers Pug Dog; Italian Greyhound. ;

;

...----

CHAPTER Crossed Breeds.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Retriever

;

141

VII.

Bull-Terrier

163

CONTENTS.

BOOK

II.

THE BKEEDING, BEARING, BREAKING, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG, IN-DOORS AND OUT.

CHAPTER

Breeding.—Principles of Breedino: Axioms for the Breeder's Use Crossing and Crossed Breeds Importance of Health in both Sire and Dam Best Ages to Breed From In-and-in Breeding Best Time of Tear Duration of Heat Management of the Bitch in Preparations for Whelping The Bitch in Whelp Season Healthy Parturition Destruction or Choice of Whelps at Birth ;

;

CHAPTER

173

II.

Rearing.— Management in the Nest Choosing The Foster-Nurse Feeding before Weaning Choice of Place for Whelping Removal of Dew-Claws, etc.; Weaning; Lodging; Feeding; ExerHome Rearing vs. Walking Food General Management cise , , . . Cropping, Branding, and Rounding ;

;

CHAPTER

137

III.

—

Kennels and Kennel Management. Greyhound Kennels Foxhound Kennels Pointer Kennels Kennels for Single Dogs ;

;

House Dogs

306

CHAPTER

IVBreaking and Entering. The Entering of the Greyhound and Deerhound Of Foxhounds and Harriers Breaking the Pointer and The Spaniel The VerSetter ; The Retriever (Land and Water)

—

;

min Dog

218

CHAPTER

of the Dog in Shooting.— Grouse and Partridge (Quail) Shooting Snipe and Woodcock Shooting Wild Fowl Shooting Hare Hunting Deer Shoal-water Fowl Deep-water Fowl Hunting Game in the Far West -

The Use

;

BOOK

248

III.

THE DISEASES OP THE DOG AND THEIR TREATMENT.

CHAPTER

—

Anatomy and Physiology of the Dog. The Skeleton, including the Teeth The Muscular System The Brain and Nervous System The Digestive System The Heart and Lungs; The SMn

Peculiarities in the

;

CHAPTER

Means of AdminisAntispasmodics Aperients Astringents Blisters Caustics Charges Cordials DiuFever MediExpectorants Embrocations Emetics retics Ointments Stomachics Styptics cines Clysters Lotions Tonics Worm Medicines Administration of Remedies

The Remedies Suited tering them.

to the Dog, and the Best

— Alteratives

;

Anodynes

;

287

II.

;

293

;;

CONTENTS.

CHAPTEE

VII

III.

—

Fevere, and their Treatment. Simple Epliemeral Fever, or Cold Epidemic Fever, or Influenza Typhus Fever, or Distemper

;

...

309

Inflammations. Definition of Inflammation Symptoms and Treatment of Rabies, Tetanus, and Turnside Of Inflammation of the Eye, Ear (canker). Mouth, and Nose Of the Lungs ; Of the Stomach Of the Bowels Of the Liver Of the Kidneys and Bladder ; Of the Skin

323

;

Rheumatic Fever

;

Small-Pox

;

Sympathetic Fever

CHAPTER

IV.

—

;

CHAPTER

—

Diseases Accompanied hy Want of Power. Chorea Fits Worms General Dropsy or Anasarca ;

;

Shaking Falsy 347

;

CHAPTER VL

— ..........

Diseases Arising from Mismanagement or Neglect. Anaemia ; RickIndigestion ets CHAPTER VII. Diseases and Accidents Requiring Surgical Aid. Tumors Cancer; Encysted Tumors Abscesses Unnatural Parturition Accidents and Operations

361

New York Annual Bench

367

;

—

;

Shows,

359

;

........

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

(Countess.)-

Frontispiece

Fetching Game Outwitting the Dog

Group of Dogs Pointing a Grouse Flusliing Birds

The Wolf English Pointer, Drake

â&#x20AC;˘

7 10 11 13 14 IT Fullpage 21

Head of Wild Dog The Dingo Head of Retriever Deerhound Greyhound <'

Pair of Setters, Pair of

Deer

Fall page

. .

Bay

Hare-Indian

Dog

Greyhound, Persian Greyhounds, Italian, Pair of

53 54

Hound, Head of Bloodhound, Head of

55 57

Foxhound Beagles, American

" Rabbit English Terrier

Dandle Dinmont Terriers Irish Setter, Rover. .Full page. Skye Terrier

Fox

Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Head of Terrier Fox Terrier

26 27 81 32 35 36 39 48 49

64 66 69 72 73 77 79 81

82 83 85 91 Dalmatian Dog Gordon Setter, 'Lan^. Bull page.. 93 95 Setter at Work Shepherd Dogs Full page. 90 Spaniel, Clumber 113 " 114 Sussex " Cocker 115 *' Head of 117 " Irish Water 118 Dachshund Full page .\\% Spaniel and Woodcock 123 Chesapeake Bay Dog 124 Colley Dog, Scotch 128 130 Sheep Dog, Head of 131 Spitz Dog 134 Newfoundland Dog Full page.

Dachshunds

Esquimaux Dogs, Heads of.l3&-lS7 Esquimaux Dog Full page.. 1^^ Bull Dogs " Head of

143 145 146 148 150 151 153 153 154 156 157 159 160 161

;

Mastiff, English St.

Bernard, Rough " Smooth

" Poodle

Head

Dog

Bull Dog and Spaniel Maltese Dog Spaniel, King Charles

Blenheim

Pug Dogs, A Pair Dog and Crow Terriers,

Toy

Full page. .165 169 170 Dachshund and Pups 186 205 Group of Dogs Kennel, Plan of 207 " 208 Elevation of " 211 Bench for " 213 Ventilating Shaft 217 Hound, Head of Plan of Quartering Ground 238 Puzzle Peg 231 Pointer, Daisy Full page. .237 247 Head of Skye Terrier Snipe Full page 253 Woodcock Full page .2h^ American Hare Fill page 273 Deer at Salt Lick Full j^age. .277 280 Coursing Deer Fullpage. .281 Buffalo Hunters 289 Teeth of Dogs, 4 Figures 291 Head of Sick Dog 308 Dog in Trouble 323 Paper Carrier 346 Puppy 351 Maw Worm 353 Tape Worm 253 Tape Worm, Head of 854 Kidney Worm 358 Shepherd Dog and Flock 866 A Sudden Encounter 381 Bloodhound, Head of 3S4 Dog and Child Retrievers Bull Terrier Terrier and Cat

FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. 1.

Frontispiece, Cocntess, the celebrated English setter belonging

Stonehenge regards her as an absolutely For her complete pedigree, see pages 96-97. 2. Deake, (page 21), a distinguished pointer in his day. He belonged to Mr. E. J. Lloyd Price, of North Wales, and is fully described en page CO. 3. Flora and Nellt, (page 39), two well-known American setters exhibited at the New York Bench Show of 1877, the former by W. C. Waters, of New York, and the latter by Milo Seagears, an eminent shot and trainer of Bloomingburg, Sullivan Co., N. Y. Nelly, the under dog in the illustration, was the stanchest little setter we ever shot over; she was unfortunately drowned not long since in &, vat, to the to Mr. Purcell Llewellyn.

perfect dog.

great regret of many sportsmen. 4. RovEK (page 73), a majestic Irish setter, belonging to Mr. Macdona. He is by Beahtt out of the Rev. R. Callaghan's Gkouse, and is own

brother to Plusket. He is referred to page 110. This breed of dogs is becoming very popu5. Fox Terries (page 83). kr as companions. They are fully described, page 78. The English

Belcher, whose portrait

is given on a previous page (69), has belongs to Mr. T. B. Swinburne, of Great Britain, and is considered the most perfect specimen of the breed extant. 6. Lang (page 03), an elegant Gordon setter belonging to Mr. Coath, of Great Britain. He has taken numerous prizes at Birmingham and elsewhere, and is fully described, page 106. The Dalmatian dog Captain, of which an engraving is given on a previous page, (91), belongs to Mr. Fowdry, of Great Britain, and since 1875 has taken all the first prizes at London, Birmingham, and other important Dog Shows in England. 7. Shepherd Dogs (page 99), or Scotch Colleys. The group belong to Mr. Francis Morris, of Philadelphia, Pa. These dogs have a most tenacious memory, whereby they are enabled to recognize every sheep in the flock. The breed is described, page 126. 8. Dachshund (page 119). This is an engraving of a dog belonging to Mr. Raab, of Hoboken, N. J. Six years ago there were very few Dachshunds in the United States in addition to Mr. Raab's small pack. They are now becoming quite popular, as they already have been on the European Continent. The breed is described, page 85. 9. Esquimaux or Wolf Dog (page 139). This engraving represents the breed of North American dogs, which, having. many of the characteristics of the wolf, were frequently taken for the latter animal by Dr. Kane. They are described, page 135. 10. Wavy-Coated Retrievers, Ihrii and Melody (page 165). These two beautiful animals belong to Mr. G. Brewis, of Great Britain. The

Terrier

taken

many

prizes.

He now

FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

now much employed

in England, though as yet comparaused in the United States, their work being performed by our setters and pointers. They are described, page 164. This poiuter, belonging to Dr. A. K. 11. Pointer, Daisy (page 237). Strachan, of New York City, took the first prize of her class in the New York Bench Show of 1877. She is small, but finely formed, and beautiful both in color and action. Though commonly called English 12. American Snipe (page 259). Snipe, and formerly supposed to be identical, this is an American bird, the differences first having been ascertained and designated by Dr Alexander Wilson, the celebrated Ornithologist. The bird in the engraving was shot on the Hackensack Meadows, and owing to its size and beauty, preserved for illustration. Snipe shooting is described, page 255. The engraving represents the American 13. Woodcock, (page 259). Woodcock. Though smaller than the English bird, it is fully as handsomely marked and held in equal estimation by epicures of both counThe bird described flew from its feeding ground across a village tries. street in Bergen, New Jersey, and dashing through the window of a drug store broke its neck against the stove. Suggestions regarding the hunting 14. American Hare (page 273). of hares in the United States are given, page 275. 15. Shooting Deer at a Salt-Lick (page 277). The engraving represents a favorite and successful mode of hunting deer in the United States, and is described, page 280.

breed

tively little

16.

Buffalo Hunters' Camp (page

2S1).

This scene, representing

buffalo hunters, curing the hides of the animals, was sketched in SouthKansas by one of the contributors to this volume. The present

ranges of the buffalo

ai"e

described, page 383.

PREFACE.

PUBLISHERS'

For is

fifty years,

known

" Stonehenge," by wbicli name Mr.

in both Continents, has

made

the

H. "Walsh

dog a constant study.

More than twenty years ago the Messrs Longman, of London, selected him to revise Mr. Youatt's work. Since then his voluminous writings in the " Field," and elsewhere, have^ revealed such thorough knowledge of the subject as to constitute him the undisputed authority on

all

matters pertaining to the dog.

Mayhew, Richards, Youatt, and other

Daniel, Hill,

Blaine,

authors, take

rank far below him, while " Idstone," who, perhaps, stands next to

him, frankly alludes in his work to " Stonehenge " as

doubt the first of living authorities," " the scientific of writers," etc.

as well as in Europe.

The

without

most experienced and

so regarded to-day in America,

writings on w-hich " Stonehenge's

reputation and present popularity mainly rest are contained in the

two works

The Dog

Dogs of the

Health and Disease,"

British Islands," (1878).

The high

(1872),

and

cost of these

The

works

PUBLISHERS PREFACE.

XII

has placed them, with few exceptions', beyond the reach of would

be buyers in the United curiosity

and

States,

have incorporated

all

interest,

case,

works into one,

The new volume may be minor

Stonehenge's writings, omitting

described as

a very general

than one-fifth the amount charged

two imported works.

merely local

Such being the

the esssntial features of both

at a cost to the reader of less

for the

where there

desire to procure them.

and following the

correctly

details of

original text, except in the

reconstruction of sentences for the sake of perspicuity and simplicity.

Such additional matter as has been deemed desirable for

an American book

contributed,

among

others,

Judd, whose annual three months' hunting

by Mr. David W.

trips for

many years,

have discovered choice hunting grounds in the Middle and Western States and Territories; studies in animal life have

by Mr. Henry Stewart, whose long produced several successful volumes,

and by Mr. F. K. Ryer, whose

familiaritj'

with dog lore has so

quently been verified in controversial papers.

fre-

The engravings have

been executed by Mr. Charles Hinkle, whose

known

experience

with dogs enables him to successfully bring out the required points in his subject.

The

full

page illustrations are distributed without

regard to the text, but to add to the general

effect

of the volume.

INTKODUCTOEY. Every lover of the dog will hail with

lively satisfaction the

Works

reproduction of Stonehenge's Great

in the

United

States.

Mr. Walsh does not always express himself in the smoothest terms, but

what he writes

The reader

to the point.

explaining or advising what he

knows

feels that

from actual

to be true

experience, that he can safely purchase one animal or administer

medicine to another in accordance with his directions. position of his latest book, the "

Dogs of

a marked improvement over that of

"The Dog

Disease," though the directions for breeding, rearing, the treatment of the diseases, are fuller and

new volume

This

latter.

scriptions of dogs

from both works,

therefore selected

The

and for

satisfactory in the

Avhile the

management

reproduced almost bodily from Stonehenge's

much

Health and etc.,

very properly, therefore, combines de-

selected

pertaining to the breeding of dogs,

illustrations are

The comshows

the British Islands,"

matter

in disease, etc., is first

book.

The

the superior in the latest Avork, and are

from that

interest manifested in

for reproduction.

Dog Shows,

of which there are to be

three this month, one here, one in Philadelphia, and one in Boston,

bears evidence to the growing regard and care in the United States

for the canine species.

all

animals, the dog possesses the most

intelligence, and, with proper effort

human.

to a point next to

and

training,

can be educated

have plenty of books on the

dog, but none furnishing the desired information and instruction

which are presented

Time devoted to

in Stonehenge's

to the

animal creation

speak of the practical

humanity. a brute. tivated,

He who

results, it

humanity.

by no means

has an ameliorating

lost.

Not

effect upoii

kind to his brutes does not himself become

If the disposition to treat it

combined works..

them with consideration is culwalk and conversation, with

carried into his daily

He who XIII

practices profanity

and physical abuse upon

INTRODUCTORY.

XIV his animals, all the

graded, the

man who

However

readily berates his family.

loves his

dog

not wholly

de-

There

lost.

yet considerable humanity about him, which may, perhaps, be

sooner or later successfully appealed

ful conquest

The dog

to.

a valuable

Cuvier styles the domestic dog "the most use-

factor in society.

man

that

The

has gained in the animal world."

Shaggy Esquimaux which draws

heavy

its

sled over

weary roads

;

the faithful Colley, " without which," says the Ettrick Shepherd, " the

in Scotland would not Newfoundland which protects the sturdy Mastiff which guards well the home

whole of the open mountainous land

be worth a sixpence "

and rescues

from

all

life

;

intruders

;

the noble

the Pointer or Setter which, with

scent, contributes to the delicacy of the table,

swells rids

may be his

masters slender income

the house of

vermin

;

night bark betokens danger part for mankind.

can not so his

and

unerring

season"

the lively Terrier which

;

all

whose

shrill

enact an importiint

take into account the very

for us

by the various

much wonder, perhaps, that

dog follows him straight

its

in the "

the ever alert Skye,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;one

When we

valuable services performed

and

many we

species,

the untutored savage thinks

to the spirit laud, or that the ancient

Egyptians freshly shaved themselves as a mark of grief every time a dog died in the family, or that a tribe of Ethiopia once set

up a dog for their king, and accepted the wags of his heavenly divinations.

New

York, April Qth, 1879.

tail

Warwick.

BOOK

THE NATURAL HISTORY, ZOOLOGICAL SIFICATION,

AND VARIETIES OF THE

CLAS-

DOG.

Fig. 1.

—THE WOLF.

CHAPTER OBIGIN.

— GENERAl

CHARACTERISTICS.

— HABITAT. — VARIETIES. — P. —ARRANGEMENT ADOPTED BT

CUVIER'S DIVISIONAL ARRANGEMENT.

"8TONEHENGE."

From

the earliest times

we have

reason to believe that the dog

has been the faithful companion and assistant of

man

in all parts

of the world, and his fidelity and attachment are so remarkable as to

have become proverbial.

Before the introduction of agricul-

was by means of the hunting powers of this animal that man was enabled to support himself by pursuing the wild denizens of the forest for though now, with the aid of gunpowder, he can ture,

;

in great

measure dispense with the services of his

until the invention of that destructive agent,

assistant, yet,

he was, in default of

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

OEIGIN OF THE DOG.

bow and

the dog, reduced to the

The dog was

arrow, the snare, or the

pitfall.

also of incalculable service in guarding the flocks

and herds from the depredations of the Carnivoray and even himself was often glad

man

have recourse to his courage and

strength in resisting the lion, the tiger, or the wolf.

Much

has been written on the origin of the dog, and Pennant,

BufFon, and other naturalists have exhausted their powers of re-

search and invention in attempting to discover the parent stock

from which

much

in so

all are

The

descended.

obscurity as to baffle

subject, however, is

all their eflforts,

and

wrapped is

still

disputed point whether the shepherd's dog, as supposed by Buflfon

and Daniel, or the wolf,

as conjectured

now

Bell, is the progenitor

Anyhow, it is a most unprofitable speculation, and, being unsupported by proof of any kind, it can never be settled upon any reliable basis. We shall not, therefore, waste any space in entering upon this discussion, but leave of the various breeds

existing.

our readers to investigate the inquiry,

they think

fit,

in the pages

of Buflfon, Linnaeus, Pennant, and Cuvier, and our most recent investigator, Professor Bell.

may, however, be observed that the

old hypothesis of Pennant that the dog

Bell,

now

almost entirely exploded

what ingeniously for the

varieties

only a domesticated

though resuscitated by Mr.

jackal, crossed with the wolf or fox, ;

for while

which

are

accounts some-

met with, yet

contradicted by the stubborn fact that, in the present day, the cross

of the dog wnth either of these animals, if produced,

incapable

when paired with one of the same crossed may be desirable to give Mr. Bell's reasons

of continuing the species breed.

Nevertheless,

for thinking that the

follows *'

dog

descended from the wolf, which are as

In order to come to any rational conclusion on this head,

will be necessary to ascertain to

most nearly,

after

in a wild state,

having for

what type the animal approaches

many

successive generations existed

removed from the influence of domestication, and

of association with mankind.

Now we

different instances of the existence in

ness as to have lost even that

find that there are several

dogs of such a

common

state of wild-

character of domestication.

ORIGIN OF THE DOG. Of

variety of color, and marking.

two very remarkable

these,

ones are the Dhole of India, and the Dingo of Australia.

There is, amongst the Indians of North Ameripartially tamed in South America, which de-

besides, a half-reclaimed race ca,

and another,

also

And

serve attention.

found that these races in

different de-

and in a greater degree as they are more wild, exhibit the lank and gaunt form, the lengthened limbs, the long and slender grees,

muzzle, and the great comparative strength which characterize the

wolf

;

and that the

tail

of the Australian dog,

sidered as the most remote

from a

which may be con-

state of domestication,

assumes

the slightly bushy form of that animal. "

have here a remarkable appro^mation to a well-known

wild animal of the same genus, in races which, though doubtless

descended from domesticated ancestors, have griadually assumed

and anatomy of the wolf, and the wild condition

;

it is

its

worthy of especial remark that the

osteology in particular, does not differ

from that of the dog in general, more than the dogs do from each other. so are still

all,

or nearly

all,

The cranium

different kinds of

absolutely similar,

the other essential parts

;

and

and, to strengthen

further the probability of their identity, the dog and wolf will

readily breed together,

and

their

progeny

of the position of the eyes in the wolf

which

it differs

not to rest too

from the dog

much upon

;

is fertile.

The

obliquity

one of the characters in

and, although

the effects of habit

very desirable structure,

it is

not perhaps straining the point to attribute the forward direction of the eyes in the dog to the constant habit, for

many

generations, of looking forward to his master,

and obeying his

successive

voice."*

Such

the state of the argument in favor of the original de-

scent from the wolf, but, as far as

together of the wolf and dog,

it is

founded upon the breeding

applies also to the fox,

which

now ascertained occasionally to be impregnated by the dog but in neither case we believe does the progeny continue to be fertile if put to one of the same cross, and as this is now ascertained to be ;

the only reliable

test,

the existence of the

â&#x20AC;˘ Bell's British Quadrupeds, pp. 196-7.

first

cross stands for

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

20 nothing.

Indeed, experience shows us more and more clearly

every year, that no reliance can be placed upon the

upon

intercommunion, which, especially in

fertile

to be liable to various exceptions.

respectable authorities,

and for

depending

shown

has been supported by

Still it

this reason

test

birds, is

we have

given insertion

to the above extract.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. In every variety the dog sight, strong

more or

and considerable speed, so that he

son,

less

endowed with a keen

powers of ?mell, sagacity almost amounting is

his master,

teeth,

and courage enough to use them

and with muscular power

draw moderate

weights, as

see in

all

He is also furnished

purposes connected with the pursuit of game.

with strong

to rea-

admirably adapted for

in defence of

sufficient to enable

him

Kamtschatka and Newfound-

Hence, among the old writers, dogs were divided into Pug-

land.

naces, Sagaces,

and

Celeres; but this

arrangement

seded, various other systems having been adopted in

though none perhaps much more satisfactory.

now

super-

modern

times,

Belonging to the

Mammalia, order Ferce, family Felidm, and sub-family Canina, the species is known as Oanis familiaris,

division Vertebrata, class

the sub-family being distinguished by having

two tubercular

teeth

behind the can'mes on the upper jaw, with non-retractile claws, while the dog itself differs from the fox with which he is grouped, in

having a round pupil in the eye instead of a perpendicular

The attempt made by Linnaeus a

tail

curved to the

tion, as

on the

left, is

to distinguish the

many all

dog as having

evidently without any reliable founda-

though there are far more with the

right, yet

the pugs almost

The

slit,

seen in that animal.

tail

on that

side than

exceptions are to be met with, and

among

the bitches wear their tails curled to the

definition, therefore, of

left.

Cania familiaris caudd {sinistrorsum)

recurvatd, will not serve to separate the species

from the others of

the genus Canis, as proposed by the Swedish naturalist.

HABITAT

VARIETIES,

HABITAT. In almost every climate the dog

to be

met with, from Kamt-

schatka to Cape Horn, the chief exception being some of the islands in the Pacific

that he

Ocean

;

but

it is

only in the temperate zone

be found in perfection, the courage of the bulldog and

the speed of the greyhound soon degenerating in tropical coun-

In China and the Society Islands dogs are eaten, being con-

tries.

sidered great delicacies, and by the ancients the flesh of a

young

dog was highly prized, Hippocrates even describing that of an adult as wholesome and nourishing. In a state of nature the dog

fat

compelled to

hence he

he will

live

which he obtains by hunting, and

flesh

among

classed

the Carniwra ; but

upon vegetable substances

ridge, or bread

made from any

when domesticated

alone, such as oatmeal por-

of the cereals, but thrives best

upon

a mixed diet of vegetable and animal substances ; and, indeed, the

formation of his teeth nature he

intended for

such as to lead us to suppose that by it,

shall hereafter find in discussing

his anatomical structure.

VARIETIES OF THE DOG. The

varieties of the

dog

as they are apparently

recourse

to,

there

be described.

are extremely numerous, and, indeed,

produced by crossing, which

scarcely any limit to the

is still

had

numbers which may

It is a curious fact that large bitches

frequently

take a fancy to dogs so small as to be incapable of breeding with

them

;

and in any

case, if left to themselves, the

great against their selecting mates of the

The

result

chances are very

same breed

as themselves.

that innumerable nondescripts are yearly

bom, but number of breeds are described by writers on the dog, by " dog-fanciers," these " mongrels," as they are called is,

as a certain

or defined

from not belonging to them, are generally despised, and, however useful they ever,

may

be, the breed

not continued.

not literally true, exceptions being

tain sorts

made

This,

how-

in favor of cer-

which have been improved by admixture with

others,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; VARIETIES OF THE DOG.

such as the cross of the bulldog with the greyhound

with the Spanish pointer; the bulldog with the all of

;

the

foxhound

terrier, etc., etc.,

which are now recognized and admitted into the

list

of val-

uable breeds, and not only are not considered mongrels, but, on the contrary, are prized above the original strains from which they

are descended.

made by M.

attempt has been

F. Cuvier to

arrange these varieties under three primary divisions, which are

founded upon the shape of the head and the length of the jaws, these being supposed

by him

vary in accordance with the de-

gree of cunning and scenting powers, which the animal possessing

them

displays.

The following

main

is correct,

and

I shall

his classification,

adhere to

it,

with

which

in the

trifling alterations,

in the pages of this book.

Cuvier' s Divisional Arrangement. I.

Characterized

MATINS.

by head more or

sensibly approaching each

less

other;

elongated

;

parietal bones in-

condyles of the lower jaw

placed in a horizontal line with the upper molar teeth, exemplified

Sect.

Half-reclaimed dogs, hunting in packs

the Dhole, the Pariah,

Sect.

Domesticated dogs, hunting in packs, or singly, but using the eye in preference to the nose

Albanian dog, Deerhound, Sect.

such as the Dingo,

;

etc.

;

as, for instance,

the

etc.

Domesticated dogs, which hunt singly, and almost entirely

by the

eye.

Example II.

CMracteristics.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Head

the Greyhound.

SPANIELS.

moderately elongated

;

parietal bones

not approach each other above the temples, but diverge and swell out, so as to enlarge the forehead

Sect.

and cavity of the

brain.

Pastoral dogs, or such as are employed for domestic purposes.

Example: Shepherd's Dog.

VARIETIES OF THE DOG. Sect.

Sect.

25 Examples

dogs, which delight in swimming. Newfoundland Dog, Water-Spaniel, etc.

Water

have an inclination

Fowlers, or such as

by scenting only, and not

birds

to chase or point

killing.

Examples:

the Setter, the Pointer, the Field-Spaniel, etc.

Sect.

Hounds, which hunt in packs by scent, and

Examples

game. Sect.

the

kill their

Foxhound, the Harrier,

etc.

Example: the Re-

Crossed breeds, for sporting purposes. triever.

m. nousE DOGS. Characteristics.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Muzzle

more or

less

shortened,

frontal sinuses considerable, condyle of the

above the line of the upper cheek teeth.

group than

in the first

skull

high,

lower jaw extending

Cranium smaller

and second, ia consequence of

its

in this

peculiar

formation.

Ssot.

Watch

dogs,

solely erty'.

dog,

which have no propensity to hunt, but are

employed in the defence of man, or bis propExamples tje Mastiff, the Bulldog, the Pug :

etc.

deavor to remove.

is on the whole founded on some anomalies which we shall enFor instance, the greyhound is quite as ready

to hunt in packs as

any other hound, and

before remarked, this division

natural laws, bat there are

from using

his nose, or

organ as with the eye. " having

only prevented from

The same

doing so by the hand of his master.

restraint keeps

So also Cuvicr defines his

an inclination to chase and point

sixtli section as

birds^''

whereas they

have as great, and oftener a greater, desire for hares and Boaring therefore ia mind these the

trifling defects,

dog under the following heads

Cha-p.

Chap.

II.

him

ho could soon be nearly as good with that

Wild and half-reclaimed

rabbits.

shall consider

dogs, hunting in packs.

Domesticated dogs, hunting chiefly by the eye, and killing their

game

for the use of man.

VARIETIES OF THE DOG.

26 Chap.

III.

Domesticated clogs, hunting chiefly by the uose, and both finding and killing their game.

Chap. IV. Domesticated dogs, finding game by killing

;

scent, but not being chiefly used in aid of the gun.

Chap. V. Pastoral dogs, and those used for the purposes of draught.

Chap. VI. "Watch dogs, House dogs, and Toy dogs. Chap. VII. Crossed breeds. Retrievers,

etc.

Fig.

—THE

DINGO.

CHAPTEK

II.

—

AND HALF-RECLAIMED DOGS HUNTING IN PACKS. — THE DINGO. THE — THE PARIAH. THE WILD DOG OF AFRICA. — THE SOCTHAMEKICAN DOG. THE NORTH-AMERICAN DOG. — OTHER WILD DOGS.

"WtLD

—

DHOLE.

—

THE DINGO. It is

upon the

great similarity

wolf or fox, that the supposition

between these wild dogs and the is

founded of the general descent

of the domesticated dog from either the one or the other.

examining the portrait of the dingo,

resembles the fox so closely in the shape of dinary observer could readily mistake

while the head

that of the wolf.

more like 27

its

body, that an or-

for one of that species,

The muzzle is long and

pointed,

Hight about 24 inches, length 30 inches. fur than hair, and is composed of a mix-

the ears short and erect.

His coat

After

will at once be seen that

THE DHOLE.

28 ture of silky

hair, the

and woolly

while the latter

The

grey.

former being of a deep yellow, long and bushy, and resem-

tail is

curling bles that of the fox, excepting in carriage, the dingo

over the hip, while the fox his

unreclaimed state

this

trails

dog

along the ground.*

savage and unmanageable, but

easily tamed, though even then he set at liberty will

not to be trusted, and

Many

endeavor to escape.

While' in is

when

dingoes have been

crossed with the terrier, and have been exhibited as hybrids between the dog and fox, which latter animal they closely resemble,

with the single exception of the pendulous fore, a

care

ing

specimen

produced which

said to be this hybrid, every

to ascertain the real parentage without rely-

must be taken

upon the looks

Whenever, there-

tail.

alone.

THE DHOLE. native wild dog of India, called the Dhole, resembles the

The Dingo

The

in all but the

following

which, though hairy,

tail,

his " Oriental Field Sports,"

which

dholes are of the siz3 of a small greyhound. enlivened by unusually brilliant eyes. der and deep-chested,

brown or bay

The limbs for speed

dogs

at all

bushy.

and power.

India.

The

Their countenance

Their body, which

is slen-

thinly covered by a coat of hair of a red-

color.

The

are light, compact,

tail is

dark towards

its

extremity.

and strong, and equally calculated

They resemble many

of the

common

pariah

form, but the singularity of their color and marks at once

demonstrate an evident distinction. perfectly harmless

persons, but,

not

admitted to be a very accu-

by those who have been much

rate account

dish

Captain Williamson's description, extracted from

show any

unmolested.

These dogs are said to be

They do not

willingly approach

they chance to meet any in their course, they do

particular anxiety to escape.

They view

the

human

*Tlie engraving of the Dingo was taken from an animal in confinement, in state the tail is seldom curled upwards.

which

WILD AND HALF-RECLAIMED DOGS.

race rather as objects of curiosity than either of apprehension or

The

enmity.

cunsandy

natives

passes, in

seen, describe

them

who

which

reside near the Ranochitty

may

vicinity the dlioles

and Kat-

frequently be

as confining tlieir attacks entirely to wild ani-

mals, and assert that they will not prey on sheep, goats, etc. in the country extending

others,

Mechungunge, maintain depredations.

that cattle are frequently lost

inclined to believe that the dhole

ticularly ceremonious, but wQl,

meal

wanting, obtain

when opportunity

at the expense of

;

but

southward from Jelinah and

their

not par-

ofi"ers,

and a

the neighboring

village.

The peasants

likewise state that the dhole

tion to the animal he hunts, preferring the elk to

of deer,

and particularly seeking the royal

that the dhole tiger

;

eager in propor-

any other kind

tiger.

It is

probable

the principal check on the multiplication of the

and although incapable individually, or perhaps in small

numbers, to

destruction of so large

effect the

and ferocious an

animal, may, from their custom of hunting in packs, easily over-

come any smaller

beast found in the wilds of India."

most dogs which hunt

in packs, the dholes

ing only occasionally a slight whimper, which their

Unlike

run nearly mute,

may

utter-

serve to guide

companions equally well with the more sonorous tongues of

other hounds. as to enable

The speed and endurance

them

depend upon

run

down most of

flight for safety,

of these dogs are so great

the varieties of

while the

game which

tiger, the elk,

and the

boar diminish the numbers of these animals by making an obstinate defence with their teeth, claws, or horns, so that the breed of

dholes

not on the increase.

THE PAKIAH. This

the general

which swarm

name

in India for the half-reclaimed dogs

in every village,

owned by no one

in particular, but

ready to accompany any individual on a hunting excursion. vary in appearance in different

districts,

They

and can not be described

AFRICAN AND AMERICAN DOGS.

very particularly

may

but the type of the pariah

;

be said to re-

semble the dhole in general characteristics, and the breed

most

probably a cross with that dog and any accidental varieties of domesticated dogs which

They

spective localities. color,

may have

basn introduced into the

are almost always of a reddish

re-

brown

very thin and gaunt, with pricked ears, deep chest, and

tucked up

The

belly.

native Indians hunt the tiger and wild

boar, as well as every species of

game, with these dogs, which

have good noses and hunt well, and though they are not so highcouraged as our British hounds, yet they often display considerable avidity and determination in " going in " to their formidable op-

ponents.

THE The

EKIA,

OR WILD AFRICAN DOG.

native dogs of Africa are of

yellow, or red

;

and they hunt

all

colors, black,

in packs, giving

brown, and

tongue with con-

Though not exactly wild, they are not owned by any individuals among the inhabitants, who, being mostly Mahometans, have an abhorrence of the dog, which by the Koran is declared to be unclean. Hence they are complete outcasts, and siderable force.

obtain a scanty living either

abound,

or, in

devouring the towns.

The

by hunting wild animals where they game is scarce, by

those populous districts where oflFal

which

is left

in the streets

Ekia, also called the Deab,

with a large head, small pricked

ears,

and outskirts of the

of considerable size,

and round muzzle.

His

aspect in general resembles that of the wolf, excepting in color,

which, as above remarked, varies greatly, and in the almost always spotted or variegated. savage, probably

which

from the constant abuse which they meet with,

and they are always ready to attack a stranger on

any of the

tail,

These dogs are extremely

villages of the country.

and unworthy of the

They

his entrance into

are revolting animals,

species they ])eloag to.

AFKICAX AND AMERICAN DOGS.

THE NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN DOGS.

great variety of the dog tribe

met with throughout

to be

the continent of Ameiica, resembling ia type the dingo of Australia,

but appearing to be crossed with some of the different kinds

introduced by Europeans.

South- American dogs a short

tail

One is

which has pendulous

;

foreign breeds.

allied

to the

respects, but are generally smaller in

size,

and are

crossed with European breeds.

their

march

with

but, even allowing this to be

much intermixed with

North-American dogs are very closely

the ground, but the

ears,

supposed to be descended from

by Columbus

of course

it is

of the most remarkable of the

the Alco^

and hog-back, and

the native dog found the case,

The

dingo in also

all

much

In some districts they burrow in

of civilization

yearly diminishing

numbers throughout the continent of America.

OTHER Wn.D DOGS. Many other but they little

all

varieties of the wild

dog are described by

travellers,

resemble one or other of the above kinds, and are of

interest to the general reader.

Fig.

—DEEBHOTJKD,

CHAPTER

BRAN.

III.

DOMESTICATED DOGS HUNTING CHIEFLY BY THE EYE, AND KILLING TBEIR GAME FOR MAN'S USE. THE ROUGH SCOTCH GREYHOUND AND DEEKHOUND.— THE SMOOTH OR ENGLISH GREYHOUND. THE GAZEHOUND. THE IRISH GREYHOUND, OR WOLF-DOG. THE FRENCH MATIN THE HARE-INDIAN DOG THE ALBANIAN

—

— — DOG. — THE GRECIAN

—

GREYHOUND. THE TURKISH GREYHOUND. THE PERSIAN GREYHOUND THE RUSSIAN GREYHOUND. THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND.

—

THE ROUGH SCOTCH GREYHOUND AND DEERHOUND. This breed of existence, but

clogs

it is

is,

I believe,

one of the oldest and purest in

now rapidly becoming extinct,

in public estimation, for coursing purposes,

being supplanted

by the English grey-

;

GREYHOUXD AND DEERHOUND.

EOTJGH SCOTCH

hound, or by a cross between the two.

The rough greyhound is and make with the pure deerhound, and the two can only be distinguished by their style of running when at work identical in shape

or play his

the deerhound, though depending on his nose, keeping

;

much

head

higher than the greyhound, because he uses this

attitude in waiting to pull

down

his

By some

game.

supposed that the smooth variety of the greyhound

rough

people

as old as the

but.on carefully examining the description given by Arrian

;

no one can doubt that the dog of his day was rough in all respects like the present Scotch dog.

in coat,

and

In shape, the Scotch

greyhound resembles the ordinary smooth

more loin

variety, but he is rather and has not quite the same muscular development of

lathy,

and thigh, though, the bony frame being more

this is

perhaps more apparent than

fully developed,

real.

In spite of the external form being the same in the rough Scotch greyhound used for coursing hares, and the deerhound, there can be no doubt that the two breeds, from having been kept to their

own game

exclusively, are specially adapted to

ternal organization,

its pursuit by inand the one cannot be substituted for the

Generally speaking, the deerhound

other with advantage.

larger size than the greyhound,

not very

this size is

some being 28 inches high, though

uncommon

in the

greyhound, and dogs of

2Qi or 27 inches ar3 frequently seen. Mr. Scrope, the author of " Deer-stalking," gives the following description of Buskar, a celebrated deerhound belonging to Captain McNeill of Colonsay, hight, 28

inches;

weight, 85

whose

lbs.;

portrait

showed

all

round the

girth

color, red or

chest, 32 inches;

viz.

running

fawn, with black muzzle.

Bran,

given at the head of this chapter, and which

the points of the deerhound,

was by Mr. Stewart

Hodgson's Oscar, of the breed of Mr. McKenzie, of Ross-shire,

The measurement

Scotland.

inches

;

bight, 32 inches

ence of head, 17^ inches girth at chest, 33^ inches

17i inches

;

was

of this noble animal

lows: from nose to setting on of the

tail,

47 inches;

length of head, 12 inches

round the arm

;

as foltail,

circumfer-

at the elbow, 9^ inches

girth at loin, 24 inches

;

round the thigh,

round lower thigh hock, 7 inches knee, 7 inches. ;

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

these external qualifications were added great speed and strength, combined with endurance and courage, while the sagacity and docility of the dog made him doubly valuable. He was used for

coursing the deer, but his nose was good enough for hunting, even a

was the

cold scent, as

case with

now

the deerhound can

all

Whether or not

of his breed.

be procured in a state of purity, I

prepared to say, but that they are extremely

though there are numberless animals resembling them all

more or

etc.,

less crossed

not

above dispute,

rare, is

in form,

but

with the foxhound, bloodhound, bulldog, Mr. Scrope himself,

and consequently not absolutely pure.

with. all his advantages, could not succeed in obtaining any,

and

had recourse to the cross of the greyhound with the foxhound, which, he says, answered particularly well experience,

"you

as,

;

according to his

get the speed of the greyhound with just enough

of the nose of the

foxhound

answer your purpose

In point

of shape, they resemble the greyhound, but they are larger in the

bone and shorter in the carry the

tail

making a weather."

Some

leg.

of them,

when

over the back like the pure foxhound

cast

most

beautiful,

He advises that

fearing that, as in

the

and they stand

first

in slow action, ;

their dash in

all sorts

of rough

cross only should be employed,

some other instances, the ultimate results of breed-

ing back to either strain, or of going on with the two crosses, would " Maida," the celebrated deerhound belonging be unsatisfactory. to Sir

Walter

Scott,

was a

hound, but some distance

cross of the off"

greyhound with the blood-

the latter.

The bulldog

infusion has

making the deerhound thus bred, attack the front, by which he is almost sure to be impaled

the disadvantage of

deer too

much

on the horns, so is

from

that, in spite of the

high courage of the breed,

The rough Scotch greyhound,

as used for coursing, averages

about 36 inches in the dog, and 23 or 33 inches in the bitch as above remarked,

those

which

are

still

its

use

able, and, as ofl^

but

bred are either used in private, or are kept

which arc very consider-

they resemble the deerhound, they

for them.

;

almost abandoned in public, and

entirely for their ornamental properties,

passed

this cause quite useless in taking deer.

Thej"" are of all colors,

are* very

commonly

but the most

common

EOIJGH SCOTCH

GRETHOUXD AND DEEEHOTJND.

are fawn, red, brindled (either red blue), grey,

The

and black.

coat

and black mixed, or fawn and is

harsh, long, and rough, espec-

about the jaws, where the hair stands out like that of a

ially

Scotch

terrier.

In speed they are about equal to the smooth grey-

hound, but they do not appear to be quite so

we have had no in public

was

stout,

though of

late

opportunities of judging, as a rough greyhound

their use, excepting

when

who formerly now abandoned

Mr. A. Graham,

rare in the extreme.

celebrated for his breed of these dogs, has

largely crossed with the

smooth grey-

hound, for which purpose they seem well suited, when the former are too small or too delicate for the

these are

now

bred of a

that th3y will stand cold

dog, there

is little

work they have

much more hardy kind and wet almost

as well as the Scotch

necessity for resorting to the cross,

cordingly abandoned

by almost

all

Nevertheless,

some

strain of the

rough dog in them, but

But as

to do.

than formerly, so

and

it is

ac-

the breeders of the animal.

of the best dogs of the present day have a it is

gradually dying out as

compared with ten or twenty years ago. It is alleged, and I fancy with some truth, that the rough dog runs cunning sooner than the smooth, and hence the cross litters

have been remarkable for

The

objected to; and certainly

of greyhounds bred in this

way

within the

last

many

few years

this objectionable vice.

points, or desirable external characteristics of this breed,

with the exception of the rough coat, are so similar to those of the smooth greyhound, that the

two may be considered

together.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

DOMESTICATED HITNTING-DOGS.

Fig. 4.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; PAIR

OF SMOOTH GREYHOUNDS

RIOT AND DAVID.

THE SMOOTH GREYHOUND. This elegant animal appears to have existed in Britain from a very early period, being mentioned

very old "Wel>h proverb,

in a

and a law of King Canute having precluded the commonalty from keeping him. Numberless hypotheses have been brought forward relative to the origin of the

greyhound, BufFon tracing him to the

French nation, and some other writers fancying that they could with more probability consider him as the descendant of the bull-

dog or the mastiff. But as I believe tain with any degree of certainty the I

riety

that

it is

impossible to ascer-

origin of the species Canis, so

quite satisfied with the conclusion that

no long-standing va-

We must,

therefore, be content

can be traced to

-to take each as

present condition

back for find that

fifty

;

its

find

source.

it,

and

rest content

with investigating

its

perhaps in some cases extending our researches

or a hundred years, and even then

shall often

are lost in a sea of doubt.

UntU within

the last twenty -five years public coursing

was con*

THE SMOOTH GREYHOUND,

fined to a very limited circle of competitors, partly

owing

to the

careful retention of the best blood in the kennels of a chosen few,

but chiefly to the existing game laws, which

made

imperative

that every person coursing should not only have a certificate, but to say, the possession of landed prop-

also a qualification, that

erty to the value of one

hundred pounds per annum.

was forbidden to the middle classes, and 1831 that it was thrown open to them. From

sport

Hence

was not

the

until

that time to the

present the possession of the greyhound has been coveted and

obtained by great numbers of country gentlemen and farmers in rural districts,

and by professional men

and towns, so that the

cities

Irelanu

may be

total

as well as tradesmen in our

number

and

in Great Britain

estimated at about fifteen or twenty thousand.

these about five or six thousand are kept for public coursing, while the remainder

amuse

owners by coursing the hare

their

in private.

Various explanations have been offered of the etymology prefix grey, it

some contending

means Greek

But

great.

nected with

of.

color

;

as,

mean

a remarkable peculiarity in this breed con-

we need

not, I think,

go farther for the derivation.

other breed, I believe, has the blue or grey color prevalent

those which possess

the

implied, others that

{Grains), \rhile a third party understand

as there it,

that the color

at all

have

mixed with

for instance, the blue-mottled harrier,

;

and

white, or other

and the blotched

The greyhound, on the contrary, has the pure blue or iron grey color very commonly and although this shade is not admired by any lovers of the animal for its beauty, it will make its appearance occasionally. Hence it mliy

blue and

brown seen

some other

kinds.

;

fairly be considered a peculiarity of the breed,

may, therefore, with a

name

fair

show

this

grey color

to the greyhound.

In describing the greyhound sary, to consider

tioned, that

greyhound yet in the is

and

of probability, have given the

;

him

to say,

for

some obscure

it is

usual,

as used for the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

1st,

and indeed almost neces-

two purposes already men-

as the private,

though externally there

and 2ndly, as the

delicate organization of his brain

variation,

by which he

public,

no difierence whatever,

and nerves there

rendered more swift and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 38

DOMESTICATED HUNTING DOGS. more

clever in the one case, and

stout

and honest

in the other.

the horse the eye readily detects the thoroughbred, but this the case here

for there are often to be

met with most

formed greyhounds of private blood, which to distinguish

which

from the

sagacity.

In not

beautifully

would be impossible

by their appearance, but show defective speed and

best public breeds

would be sure

in actual trial

This being the case,

characteristics of both,

I shall tirst describe the general

and afterwards those

which they

differ

from one another.

The

points of the

greyhound

may

as far as speed goes, he

other breeds are referred it

will be interesting to

will be described at length, because

be taken as the type to which

all

but, before going into these particulars,

;

examine the often-quoted doggrel rhymes,

which are founded upon a longer effusion originally published by Wynkyn de Worde in 1496, and to institute a comparison between the greyhound of the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries.

former of these periods

was

In the

dog should have

said that this

" The head of a snake, The neck of the drake,

A back like a beam, A side like a bream, The

And

Now, although larged upon,

them which ;

it is

the several points herein mentioned scarcely possible to dissent

but, as all is

meant

to be

readers

The HEAD,

be taken

may

not exactly

know

the

it is

said,

form

intelligible language.

should be snake-like, but this

literally, as that of

my observation.

not to

the snake differs considerably from

the head of any specimen of the greyhound which has ever

under

be en-

from any one of

conveyed by the side of a bream for instance,

necessary to explain

1st.

of a rat, the foot of a cat."

tail

Every snake's head

is iiat

come

and broad, with

the nose or snout also quite compressed, while the head of the

greyhound, though

flat at

the top,

transverse section, and the nose is

comparatively circular in

irregularly triangular.

its

There

no doubt that the greyhound of former days, before the cross of

THE SMOOTH GKETHOUND.

was introduced, had a much smaller head than that seen and I also believe that some breeds at present be ascertained to be free from this cross, by their

the bulldog

which

now may

existing

;

small brain-cases

but,

;

still,

none have the perfectly

The tyro,

the reptile in question.

therefore,

belief is that a full

head of

will

be disappointed.

development of brain gives courage

sagacity, but leads to such a rapid

and

flat

who looks for a literal

rhyme

interpretation of the first line of the

My own

acquirement of knowl-

edge relative to the wiles practised by the hare, as to make the

dog possessing which he

soon useless for anything but killing his game,

often able to do with absolute certainty.

Hence

it is

important to bear this in mind, and to take care not to overdo this

characieristic.

behind the

all cases,

ears, the

the

more the development is increased and if this can be

higher will be the courage

;

obtained without a corresponding increase in the diameter in front of those organs, there will be no attendant disadvantage, as the

no doubt reside

intellectual faculties

brain.

The

full size is

in the anterior part of the

measurement opposite the ear

in dogs of

about 15 inches, and for bitches, 14 or 14^.

The jaw

best average

should be very lean, and diminishing suddenly from the head, not gradually falling off in one uniform

importance,

as,

They should be

be seized and held.

showing strength of constitution, course.

are

The

teeth are of great

white, strong, and regular,

as well as

being useful in the

a rule, the incisor teeth meet each other, bat

underhung

pig; that

line.

unless they are strong and good, the hare cannot

like the bulldog,

and others the

some dogs

reverse, like the

to say, one or other set of teeth overlaps those

above

may be. The former is not of much consemuch marked, when it diminishes the chance

or below, as the case

quence, unless very

of holding the hare " pig-jawed "

known one

;

but the latter

ing,

certainly prejudicial, selected,

The

full,

ears are generally

and a

though I have

or two good killers with this formation.

should be bright and tolerably the coat.

greyhound should never be

The eye

color varying with that of

recommended

and pricked ears are despised, as being

to be soft

terrier-like,

and

fall-

but some

good breeds possess them, nevertheless, prsbably deriving them

DOMESTICATED HDNTING-DOGS.

from the bulldog.

I cannot, therefore, lay

any great

upon

stress

this point in the formation of the head.

a long

The NECK also, though compared to that of a drake, is way from being as thin, but, nevertheless, it may be said The

should be as drake-like as possible.

object of this

that

to enable

the greyhound to stoop and bear the hare without being put out of

The proper average length

his stride.

of the neck

about equal

to that of the head.

The beam-like back

all-important, for without strength in this

department, though high speed tance,

it is

animal,

may

impossible to maintain

who

brought up

be obtained for a short

it,

dis-

and then we have a flashy

end of a quarter of a mile.

at the

meant by the comparison to the beam is not only that it shall be strong, but that the back shall have the peculiar square form of that object. There is a long muscle which runs from the hip forwards to be attached to the angles of the ribs, and this, if

What

well developed, gives great essential point,

power

and upon the

in turning, so that

size of

it is

a very

the squareness mainly de-

Without width of hip no back can be strong, since the

pends.

muscles have no possibility of attachment in sufficient breadth,

and the same may be said of the

In examining, therefore, a dog

ribs.

out of condition, the experienced eye often detects the probability of the future development of a

good back, even though there

appearance of muscle at the time

good

size

and breadth, there

;

also desirable to

show

the substance

their usual

which

mov-

desired.

have depth of back from above down" buckled

wards, by which the whole body

with quickness and power, as

required in the gallop.

muscles of the abdomen

every reason to expect, with health

and good feeding, that they will be covered by ing powers, and will then

because, the bones being of

may draw

powerfully, but the action

and unbuckled

The

the chest towards the hind legs

too slow, and for quick contraction

those of the under side of the back are essential.

By the

the side

two

be understood the chest, which

sides combined.

upon the width

The bream-like form

at the angles of the ribs,

composed of

of this part depends

where they curve towards

THE SMOOTH GREYHOUND. upon which, as

the backbone, and

Very round

back depends. as the squared

which

form which

will be given

I before observed, the size of the

ribs like a barrel are not so desirable

have alluded

to,

for several reasons

under the anatomical description of

this part.

Great depth of chest

apt to prevent the dog stooping on rough

ground, as he strikes

against high ridges or large stones, but a

moderately deep chest

a valuable point, giving plenty of " bel-

room " as it is popularly called. This, however, is provided for better by breadth than depth, and the former should be insisted on more than the latter, provided there is not that round tub-like form of the ribs which interferes with the action of the shoulderlows'

blades,

and often accompanies low-breeding.

A rat like

tail

insisted upon, not as of absolute use in

way, but as a sign of high breeding, without which the greyhound

stood that

it is

quantity of hair upon the

many tail,

much

must be under-

have a considerable

gooil breeds

though

this

never ought to be in a

A slight fan-like distribution of hair is not therefore to

be considered objectionable, and in puppies Cat-like

only in the size of the bones that the similarity

should be insisted on, for

bushy form.

But

comparatively valueless.

any

known

well

it is

feet

are

much

insisted on,

and

mark

of hardihood.

this point

has been so

attended to that some breeds have been produced remarkable

more round than those

for having their feet even

the cat.

Their toes seem to be the only parts touching the ground, the pad appearing as to be

if it

was not

in contact with

an exaggeration of a good point, as

very apt to draw their accidents

nails,

This form

it.

all

or break their toes, both of which

The most

of great importance to avoid.

point, therefore,

essential

such a form of foot as will prevent the toes

spreading, taking care that the knuckles are well up,

good foothold

I believe

dogs so provided are

secured.

But beyond

this

it is

by which a

necessary to pro-

vide for the wear and tear which the sole of the foot incurs, and

hence a thick pad well covered with hard skin If the

greyhound has

renders of doing

him it.

at all

this

to be insisted on.

he will stand his work, while

its

absence

times liable to become footsore, and incapable

DOMESTICATED HUNTlNG-DOaS.

The HIND QUARTER mentioned, but

it is

entirely overlooked in the

the chief element of progression.

upon

rhymes above-

of the greatest importance nevertheless, bein:? First of

we should

all,

good framework, which, presenting the

insist

levers acted on

the muscles, must be in proper form, and of sufficient length and strength.

Thus

usual in examining puppies for selection to

it is

extend them to their

full length,

over the greatest distance

and then the one which stretches

supposed to be the best in

and (other things being equal) very properly

so.

this point,

arrive at the conclusion that the hinder limbs should be

of long bones

but they must be united by well-formed joints, and

;

in order that the bent, is

though

dog

shall not stand too high they should be well

the fore part of the

no necessity for the presence of Strong bony

thing in reality.

dog

lower than the hind, there

stifle-joints

comes

to the

same

and hocks, with great

stifle to

the hip, united with a

form in the hind quarter,

short leg, constitute the perfection of is

form, as

this

length between them and from the

we made up

Thus, then,

if,

almost always the case, the muscles covering them are strong to put them in action. PORE QUARTER is composed of

enough Tiis

(between

the shoulder, the upper arm and the elbow), the fore-arm (below the elbow), the

knee, the leg, and the foot.

The shoulder should be

oblique, well

covered with muscles, and moving freely on the ribs, which it seldom does if the two blades are kept wide apart at their upper edges by the tub-like form of the chest, described under that head.

Hence we should examine, and anxiously look for, length of shoulder-blade, which cannot exist without obliquity freedom of ;

play, without

which the fore quarter

ought to be

which

;

not protruded in the gallop

and muscular development

this part is subject.

The arm

raise the point of the shoulder at

to bear the shocks to

also should be long, so as to

high enough to

an angle of 45^ with the horizon, and

make

the blade

lie

throw the elbow well

back to take the weight of the body. "With regard to the elbow that itself, the joint must be placed in the same plane as the body ;

to say, the point of the

or outwards.

elbow should not project either inwards

In the former case, the feet are turned out, and then

THE SMOOTH GKEYHOUND. there

want

of liberty in the play of the

whole shoulder,

be-

cause the elbow rubs against the ribs, and interferes with the

This

action.

called being " tied at the elbow,"

fully to be avoided in selecting the

most all

care-

other

The arm should be straight, long, and well clothed with The knee should be bony, and not bent too much back,

breeds.

muscle.

which

and

greyhound, as well as

an element of weakness, though seldom to such an extent The leg, or bones below the

as to be prejudicial to real utility.

good size, the stopper (or upper pad) well and firm in texture, and supported upon a foot of the

knee, should be of

united to

it,

formation recommended under that head. The COLORS commonly met with among high-bred greyhounds, are black, blue, red, fawn, brindled,

and white, variously mixed.

There are also sometimes seen cream, yellow, brown, dun, and grey dogs. When a plain color is speckled with small white marks, the dog is said to be ticked. The black, red, and fawn are the most highly prized by most coursers, especially when the last two

Some people

have black muzzles.

are partial to blue dogs, of

which several good specimens have been met with, as

may

also be

said of the brindled color, but, as before remarked, the general

opinion red,

in favor of black, red,

and fawn.

I believe that black,

and white, may be considered as the primary

colors,

the others arise out of their mixture in breeding.

dog and a white bitch whites, blues, or grsys red, white,

will ;

and that

Thus

a black

produce either blacks, whites, black and

while a red dog and white bitch will have

fawn, red and white, yellow, or cream puppies.

Black and red united together make the red with black muzzle or the

fawn give

black brindle, while the blue and die; or

rise to the blue brln-

sometimes we see the black or blue tanned

meet with commonly enough

in the setter, spaniel,

color, as

and

terrier.

Mr. Thacker was of opinion, with some of the early writers on the greyhound, that the brindle the bulldog first

but, as nothing is

was a mark of the descent from

known

of the time

when

the color

appeared, no reliance can be placed on the hypothesis.

The ance

;

texture of the

coat

placed, but, as far as

the last point

upon which any

experience goes, there

relilittle

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;;

DOMBSTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

46 to be gained soft

from

Nevertheless, I should always discard a very-

it.

woolly coat as being an evidence of a weak constitution, unable

on that account,

to bear exposure to weather, and,

The

purposes of the courser.

old breeds were,

unfit for the

many

of them,

very bald about the cheeks and thighs, and this used to be consid-

mark

ered a

of goo'd blood

but, since the intermixture of

;

rough greyhound, most of our best quite unlike the fine

My own

and thin

in favor of

coats,

which was formerly so highly

hair,

impression

the

have been free from

and many of them have had hard rough

this peculiarity,

prized.

sorts

and

a firm, glossy,

which stands wetting

somewhat

greasy-feeling, coarse coat,

and

sams time looks healthy and handsome to the eye. these several points varies a good deal

at the

The

relative value of

from those of dogs whose breeding can external signs

e.g.,

chiefly be arrived at

known for many may be guesssd

well

therefore, although the breeding

appearance of the individual,

evidence afforded by the Coursing Calendar., or

coming, fo avoid having anything strain.

" In

quote

generations at

from the

depend upon the

far better to

by and

the stern, color, and coat in the pointer

Here the pedigree

setter.

and

well,

that

not forth-

do with breeding from the

measuring a dog,

should take only the following points,

which should be nearly of the proportions here given

one of

average size " Principal

points

Hight

shoulder point to apex of rib to

back of buttock, 13

at the shoulder, 35 in.

last rib, 15 in. in.

to 15

round buttock to front of other " But to be more minute, it is dinate points as under ears,

14|

in.

to 15 in.

ence of chest, 28

in.

;

in. to

in.,

in.

;

length from front of thigh

thigh, 21 in. as well to

length of neck, 9

measure also the subor-

in. to

to 30 in. in condition

in.

in running condition

lower thigh, 11

;

length from

Circumference of head between eyes and

length of knee to the ground, 18

in.

;

length of apex of last

;

in.

;

circumfer-

length of arm, 9

circumference of the

in.

loin,

length of upper thigh,10|^

and leg from hock

in.

to ground, 5^ in. to 6 in.

" In taking these measurements, the fore legs should, as nearly

THK SMOOTH GREYHOUND. as possible, be perpendicular,

and the hind ones only moderately

extended backwards."

The specimens

selected for illustrations are Riot

which were perhaps the

which ever

best

greyhounds for

ran, not even excepting the

Waterloo Cup, as they were not

tried

the property of Mr. C. Randell, of

two

all

and David,

kinds of ground

treble winners of the

over the downs.

Riot was

Chadbury, and was not only

the winner of seventy-four courses in public, with the loss of only

was also the dam of several good greyhounds. David same double distinction, but was not quite so cele-

ten, but she

had

also the

brated in the coursing field as the bitch.

had, however, the

advantage at the stud, as might be expected from his sex, and a goodly list of winners are credited to him.

greyhound

In the CHOICE of a

we must

have already observed that

be guided by other considerations besides

shape, depending greatly

upon the

precise object

make and

which the

in-

tending possessor has in view, since, although the high-bred and

lowbred greyhounds are alike externally, yet there is in their insome difierence beyond the ken of our senses.

ternal structure

But, as

duces

it is

like,"

found by experience that in it is

sessed this internal formation, whatever satisfied that theu*

may

descendants will inherit

at the necessity for "

thing

this particular " like pro-

only necessary to be assured that the parents posbe, in order to

it.

TJius

arrive

good breed," or " pure blood," as the same meaning that the

called in different language, both merely

ancestors, for

some generations, have been remarkabla for the posqualities most desired, whatever they may be.

session of the

Hence, in selecting greyhounds to breed from, the pedigree for many generations is scrutinized with great care, and if there is a single flaw

it is

looked

with suspicion, because the bad

almost

any amount of good blood. The modes of breeding, managing, breaking, and using the greyhound, will be described later on in the volume.

sure to peep out through

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

THE IRISH GREYHOUND, OR WOLF-DOG. This fine animal

jiow, I believe, extinct, though there are

some gentlemen who maintain that they possess the breed its

pristine purity of blood.

They

are

much

still

in all

larger than the deer-

hound, some of them being 35 or even 38 inches high, but resembling that dog in shape, being generally of a fawn color, with a

rough coat and pendent

ears.

They were formerly used

for the

purpose of hunting the wolf.

THE MATIN. The French mitiu immense

not a very distinct dog, comprehending an

variety of animals,

which

England would be

lurchers, or sheep. dogs, according to the uses to put.

The head has

with a

flat

the tip,

forehead

the elongated ;

form of

this division of the dog,

the ears stand up, but are pendulous towards

and the color varies from red

to fawn.

inches high, has strong muscular action, and

F. Cuvier, to be the progenitor of the

deerhound

;

about 24

This dog

greyhound and

but Pennant, on the contrary, considers

scended from the Irish wolf-dog.

very courageous,

being employed in hunting the wild boar and wolf. said,

called

which they are

him

to be de-

THE HARE-INDIAN DOG.

Fig.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;THE

HABK-INBIAN DOG.

THE HARE-INDIAN DOG. The Hare-Iudian dog

inhabits the country watered

by the Mac-

kenzie River and the Great Bear Lake of America, where to

hunt the moose and reindeer by

powers of

scent,

its

which are by no means contemptible, but kept

The

the snow, so as to prevent

dog

used

abeyance by disuse.

the

it is

bound

feet are

sight, aided occasionally

remarkable for spreading on

them from sinking

lightly over a surface

into

it,

and to enable

which the moose sinks into

great strength.

The hight is about 25 inches, combined with The ears are broad at the base, and pointed to-

wards the

being perfectly

every

and

The

stride.

tips,

slightly curved, but not so

hair

mark3d with brown.

erect.

much

The

tail

so as in the

thick, bushy,

Esquimaux dog.

long and straight; the ground color being white, large, irregular patches of greyish black,

shaded with

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

THE ALBANIAN DOG. The Albanian dog

said to stand about 27 or 28 inches high,

with a long pointed muzzle, powerful body, strong and muscular limbs, and a long bushy

His hair

dog. of a

fawn

tail,

Newfoundland

carried like that of the

very fine and close, being of a silky texture, and

color, variously clouded

with brown.

used for

hunting the wild boar and wolf, as well as for the purpose of guarding the sheep-fold from the latter

dog vary

greatly,

and are not much

;

but the accounts of this

to be relied on.

THE GRECIAN GREYHOUND, This elegant animal

The

hair

with a thin brush of as the

somewhat smaller than the English dog.

longer and slightly wavy, the hair.

This

tail

also being clothed

supposed to be the same breed

greyhound of Xenophon, the Athenian.

THE RUSSIAN GREYHOUND. This variety of the greyhound hunts well by scent, and, being the same time fast and stout, he â&#x20AC;˘wolves

adapted is

;

but, being

somewhat

used for the destruction of the

and bears which inhabit the Russian

coursing the deer and the hare.

For

forests,

and

deficient in courage

also for

this latter sport

well

and strength^

hardly a match for the wolf and bear, excepting in packs.

The Russian greyhound

about 26 or 27 inches high, with

short pricked ears, turned over at the tips

weak

in the

back and

loins,

;

thick, but not long, excepting the hair of the

with a spiral twist of a peculiar form. or grey.

and long on the tail,

The

rather thin and leg.

The

which

color

coat

fanlike,

dark brown

not aware of any undoubted specimen of this breed

having been imported into England, nor of a correct portrait

TURKISH AXD PEESIAK GREYHOUNDS. having been painted

;

my readers must

depend upon description

alone.

THE TURKISH GREYHOUND.

A small and almost hairless dog, of â&#x20AC;˘with in

Turkey, but

it is

not

common

the greyhound kind, in that country,

never seen a specimen or even a good portrait of

and

met

have

it.

THE PERSIAN GREYHOUND Is

an elegant animal, beautifully formed

ia all points,

sembluig the Italian in delicacy of proportions.

and

re-

In Persia he

used for coursing the hare and antelope, as well as sometimes the wild ass. "When the antelope is the object of the chase, relays of

greyhounds are stationed where the game

likely to resort to,

and

slipped each in their turn as the antelope passes.

The Persian greyhound

about 24 inches high.

pendulous like those of the Grecian dog, and

The

ears are

hairj^ like those of the

English setter, but in other respects he resembles the En^-lish

smooth greyhound, with the exception of the tail, which may be compared to that of a silky-coated setter. Several portraits of this dog have appeared

at various times in the " Sporting Mao-azine "

and elsewhere, but I pearance.

told they

do not well represent his ap-

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

Fig. 6.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;^ITALIAN

GBKTHOUNDS, BISMABK AND CRUCIFIX.

THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND. This

dog

little

one of the most beautifully proportioned ani-

mals in creation, being a smooth English greyhound in miniature,

and resembling

in all respects but size.

Italy in great perfection, the â&#x20AC;˘with its habits

country,

it is

and

constitution.

It is

bred in Spain and

of the climate agreeing well

In England, as in

only used as a pet or toy dog, for though

considerable for

The

warmth

its size, it is

failed,

little

and in those instances where the sport

be called) has been carried out cross between the Italian in a strong, quick,

little

speed

incapable of holding even a rabbit.

attempt, therefore, to course rabbits with this

always

native

its its

at all, recourse

greyhound and the

(if

dog has

such

can

has been had to a

terrier,

dog, quite capable of doing

which all

results

that

is re-

quired.

The

chief

shape, color,

points characteristic of the Italian

and

size.

greyhound are

THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND

In shape, he should as nearly as possible resemble the English

greyhound, as described

The nose

elsewhere.

and the head

so long in proportion,

fuller

depth.

The

should be small in bone, and free from hair.

tail

eyes, also, are

somewhat

not usually

both in width and

It usually

full.

It is scarcely

so long as that of the English greyhound, bearing in diflference of size.

and

larger, being soft

mind the

bends with a gentle sweep upwards,

but should never turn round in a corkscrew form.

The

color most prized

a golden fawn.

The dove-colored

fawn comes next; then the cream color, and the blue fawn, or fawn with blue muzzle, the black-muzzled fawn, the blackmuzzled red, the plain black

;

red.

Whenever

the

dog

white whatever on the breast

The eight

and the

red, the yellow, the cream-colored,

ihc white, the blue, the white is

and fawn, and the white and

of a whole color, there should be

toes, legs, or tail

;

and even a

star

considered a defect, though not so great as on the

size

most prized

pounds

;

when

the specified weight

on the feet.

about six or

but dogs of this weight have seldom perfect sym-

metry, and one with good shape and color, of eight pounds,

be preferred to a smaller dog of less perfect symmetry. twelve pounds the dog

Beyond

scarcely to be considered a pure Italian,

though sometimes exceptions occur, and a puppy of pure blood, with a

sire

and dam of small

size,

may grow

such a weight as

sixteen pounds. I

have never yet seen an Italian greyhound more nearly ap-

proaching perfection than Mr. Pirn's Bismark, a considerable prize-winner at Bristol and in Ireland, although he has recently

been twice unnoticed, beyond a high commendation at Birming-

ham and ever,

the Alexandra Park Shows.

These defeats were, how-

mainly owing to the excellence of the bitches amongst

which he was classed sex only a

trifle

;

for at

Birmingham

there were four of that

behind the celebrated Molly in shape and color,

while at the Alexandra Park there were nearly as many.

mark

is,

nevertheless, a very neat dog, and, barring his

Bis-

round

head and his color, which has a shade of blue in the fawn, he very

little

behind the

first-class bitches of his day.

His pedigree

;

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

54 is

unknown,

so that

their cause; but I have less

not possible to trace these defects to

little

doubt

that, at

some time more or

remote, a terrier cross in his pedigree would creep out.

all events,

the best

have selected him for

dog exhibited of

illustration.

late years,

and

companion

Crucifix, his

as such I in the

engraving, was, like him, passed over at the above shows, obtain-

ing only a second prize at the shows recently held at Birmingham and Alexandra Palace. My own opinion, however, was strongly in her favor at both of these

thority of Messrs.

shows

;

and, in spite of the high au-

Hedley and Handley

(the respective judges), I

have accordingly selected her for portraiture. golden-fawn color general shape and

Her

beautiful

even superior to Molly's dove-color, and her

symmetry

are nearly equal

head Molly has the advantage, and

the

;

but no doubt in

two were shown

to-

would weigh down the scale considerably. Like Bismark, she has had more honor in her own country than at Birmingham and London, having been awarded gether, both in their prime, the latter

the

first

prize at

Manchester

in 1875

and 1877, and also at Glasgow

by Brnce's Prince out of his Beauty Prince by Old Princeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; Speed Beauty by Chief Tit.

in 1875 and 1876.

She

;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

THE BLOODHOUND.

Fig.

7.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;HEAD OF BLOODHOmro.

THE BLOODHOUND. The name given to this hound is founded upon his peculiar power of scenting the blood of a wounded animal, so that, if once put on his trail, he could hunt him through any number of his fellows, and would thus single out a wounded deer from a large

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

herd, and stick to

have recourse trace

human

him through any

From

to.

beings

;

this

and

foils or artifices

which he may-

property he has also been used to

as his nose

remarkably delicate

hunting, even without blood, he has always been selected for that

purpose, whether the objects of pursuit were slaves, as in Cuba, or sheep-stealers, as iÂŤ England.

present there are, as far as I

England for

this

the breed to be extinct

commonly

know, no

true bloodhounds in

purpose, or indeed for any other, as I believe ;

but several gentlemen possess hounds

called bloodhounds,

though only partially resembling

them for hunting fallow-deer, espeonly wounded with the rifle, and not killed

the veritable animal, and use

which are

cially those

This dog

outright.

as his temper

also kept for his fine noble appearance

and

;

generally less uncertain than the genuine old

bloodhound, and his taste for blood not so great, though

sometimes beyond

companion

all

control, he

man, but must always be regarded with some degree Bloodhounds, more or

of suspicion.

still

not unfitted to be the constant

plentiful in the Southern

States,

less purely bred, are still

where formerly considerable

packs were kept for hunting both deer and fugitive

slaves.

The following are the distinctive marks of this dog, which should make their appearance even when one only of the parents pecuis thorough-bred :â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Hight, from 34 to 25 or even 26 inches ;

liarly

long and narrow forehead

;

cars

from 8

to 9,

and even

inches long; lips loose and hanging; throat also loose, and in the skin

;

deep in the

brisket,

round

in the ribs, loins

10,

roomy

broad and

muscular, legs and feet straight and good, muscular thighs, and fine tapering

and gracefully waving stern

and reddish fawn (no of the stern)

;

color black-tan, or deep

white should be shown but on

juft the tip

the tongue loud, long, deep, and melodious, and the

irascible, but remarkably forgiving, and immensely susceptible of kindness. The illustration is a portrait of the fine head of a dog owned by Mr. Reynold Ray, an old and

temper courageous and

well-known breeder, and a prize-winner

at recent

shows.

THE FOXHOUND.

Fig.

8.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; FOXHOUND, BLtJECAP.

THE FOXHOUND. modern foxhound is one of the most wonderful animals in which is probably owing to the great pains that have been bestowed upon him for the last two or three centuries. Numerous instances have occurred where forty or fifty thousand dollars a year have been spent for a loqg time together upon a foxTlie

creation,

hunting establishment, and therefore,

when

this outlay

has been

united with the great judgment which has been displayed in the

most celebrated kennels of the present century,

can scarcely

occasion surprise that the combination has resulted in the most

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

complete success.

more than one

In breeding cattle and sheep, one

instance, during his single

was engaged

revolution in the animal he

number

fore, Tvlien a

spare neither time, money, nor trouble,

much been

improving

may

we ought

there-

to expect the

which Markham,

Beckford,

subject.

in the latter part of the last century, his

who wrote

being dated

first letter

father of the modern school, and, with hound described by him is still that selected

however, the

slight exceptions, the

best masters, though perhaps they carry out his imnciples

to a greater extent than he ever expected they

would

has been written,

it is

true, since his time,

any one has deviated from

and

be instanced as examples of truth-

on the

ful as well as clever writing

by our

;

written as on fox-hunting, and this not only of late

Somerville, and Beckford

is,

has, in

In no department of rural sports has

years, but for the last three centuries, during

1779,

man

eliected a complete

of gentlemen combine for one purpose, and

fulfillment of their wishes.

life,

but I

Much

go.

not aware that

his description without doing

where

therefore, as I like to give credit

credit

wrong,

due, I shall

extract his description entire, as contained in his third letter to his friend.

"You desire to know what kind of hound As you mention not for any particular chase stand you generally

;

hounds of the middle

and size.

shall

answer that

I believe all

would recommend.

or country, I underI

most approve of

animals of that description

are strongest, and best able to endure fatigue.

In the hight as

well as the color of hounds, most sportsmen have their prejudices;

but in their shape, at

sportsmen

who

beat a large one

cover quicker large

hound

through the

;

can stop him.

think they must

;

agree.

all

know

hound

will oftentimes

that he will climb hills better,

and go through

whilst others are not less ready to assert that a

will

dirt

least, I

boldly affirm that a small

make

his

way

any country,

will get better

than a small one, and that no fence, however high,

You have now their opinions and

adopt that which

suits

your country

certain size best adapted for business,

tween the two extremes, and

I advise

you

best.

There

which

I take to be that be-

I will venture to

is,

however, a

say that such hounds

THE FOXHOUND.

will not suffer themselves to be disgraced in ville I find is of the

;

Somer-

But here a mean

Observe, nor a large Gigantic

any country.

same opinion

hound

prefer, of size

he, in the thick-woven covert,

Painfully tugs, or in tbe thorny brake.

Torn and embarra&s'd, bleeds

The pigmy brood

but,

in every furi-ow

too small,

swims

;

Moil'd in tbe clogging clay, panting, they lag

Behind inglorious

or else shivering creep,

;

Benumb'd and faint, beneath the sheltering thorn. Foxhounds of middle size, active and strong, Will better answer

And crown

;

and

thy various ends.

you that

I perfectly agree with

nearly of a size

all

thy pleasing labors with success."

look well they should be

even think that they should

all

look of the

same family. '

Nee

Facies non omnibus una.

qualem decet esse sororum."

diversa tamen,

With regard

"If handsome without they are then perfect. their being sizeable,

way

what Somerville

that I shall send '

As some By his flx'd

you

says, is so

Euch

and exact,

standard, forms in equal ranks

His gay battalion Step after step

;

as one

man

they move,

their size the same, their arms.

Far gleaming, dart the same united blaze Reviewing generals his merit own regular

how

just

And

;

all his

cares

mighty Geoege approve So model thou thy pack, if honor touch

Are well repaid

Thy gen'rous "

your own

brave captain, curious

How

soul,

and the world's just applause.'

There are necessary points in the shape of a hound which if he be not of

ought always to be attended to by a sportsman, for

a perfect symmetry, he will neither run fast nor bear

has

much

to undergo,

much work

and should have strength proportioned

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

60 to

Let his

it.

large

;

le:^s

be straight as arrows, his feet round and not too

back

his shoulders

chest deep

;

thick and brushy;

hounds

;

wide than narrow

his breast rather

his back broad

his

;

he carry

head small it

as are out at the elbows,

his

;

much

well, so

and such

;

tail

Such

the better.

weak from

as are

his

;

neck thin his

the

knees to the foot, should never be taken into the pack. " I find that I

have mentioned a small head as one of the neces-

sary requisites of a relative to

hounds

no wise

are in

ment, and

hound

;

but you will understand that

beauty only, for as to goodness,

The

inferior.

opinion with our

I believe

it is

large-headed

color I think of

mo-

little

Footc, respecting his

frie;id

negro friend, that a good dog, like a good candidate, cannot be of a bad color. "

Men are

too apt to be prejudiced by the sort of hound which they

themselves have been most accustomed

to.

Thos3 who have been

used to the sharp-nosed foxhound, will, hardly allow a large-head-

ed hound to be a foxhound

;

yet they both equally are

;

speed and

beauty are the chief excsllencies of the one, while stoutness and tenderness of nose in hunting are characteristic of the other.

could

tell

you

some packs,

that I have seen veiy

consisting of

good sport with very unhand-

hounds of various

one another as much in shape and look as

from

sizes, dififering

in their color

;

nor could

there be traced the least sign of consanguinity

amongst them.

Considered separately the hounds were good

pack of hounds

they were not to be

;

as a

commended nor would you be ;

anything that looked so very incomplete.

You

satisfied

with

will find nothing

hounds should run well end be better attained than by confining

so essential to your sport as that your

together

;

nor can

this

yourself, as near as

you

can, to those of the

same

sort, size,

and

shape."

Thus then

as to points,

that Beckf ord

was

fully

will be evident

aware of

all

from the above extract

which are considered

to the foxhound, except the depth of the back ribs, in

modern hound

differs

from both of

essential

which the

his supposed progenitors (the

greyhound and old-fashioned hound), and which has been lished

carefully breeding

from

sires

and dams peculiar

estab-

for this

THE FOXHOUND. development.

upon

It is

hence

all

formation that stoutness, and the

this

work day

capability of bearing

mainly depend; and

after day,

good judges both of the hunter and the hound

strongly upon

it.

Nimrod (Apperley)

insist so

remarks that Beckford

also

has omitted to particularize " the length of thigh discernible in hounds, which,

first-rate

like the

well-let-down hock of the horse,

them much superiority of speed, and

gives

also a great security

mora

against laming themselves in leaping fences, which they are

apt to do

when

they become blown and consequently weak."

may

also be remarked, that

size,

he does not define what he means by the term, but as fox-

though Beckford

hounds vary from 26 inches doghounds, and 21

meant by him. small

and

size, if

would be about

suit best

but in woodlands, the

;

many

not too small and delicate, has

the

inches for bitches, and

which

runs,

Nimrod

mit the small dog or hitch.

little

advantages,

larger and heavier hound,

himself in driving through

I have given a

the hight

In open countries, with thin fences or walls,

will always beat the

to 22

upon a middle

to 20, 1 should say 23 to 25 inches for

to 23 for bitches,

hound may perhaps

a large

insists

fixed

23 to 24

for

will

the

who

tires

readily ad-

hight at " 21

doghounds

but

The known

above estimate.

latitude in the

speed of the foxhound may be estimated from the well match over the Beacon course, at Newmarket, which is 4 miles 1 furlong and 132 yards, and which was run by Mr. Barry's " Bluccap " (the winner) in eight minutes and a few seconds, Mr.

Meynell's hounds heicg not far behind sixty

;

and only twelve out of

horsemen who started with them being with them

Colonel Thornton's bitch, " Merkin,"

same course in seven minutes and half a second. counted for by the greyhound descent, it

does so I have

was

little

if it

This speed

really exists

;

ac-

and that

it is quite clear that the old hound which the greyhound alone would be

doubt, as

deficient in those points

able to give; but as this

upon

to the end.

even said to have run the

only conjecture I have not insisted

it.

The

small rounded ear of the foxhound

irons of the huntsman,

who removes

due

to the

rounding

a large portion of the pup's

;

-p/

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

ears in order to save

would

them from the

tears

and scratches which they

inevitably encounter in " drawing,"

The portion

left is sufficient to protect the

organ, but for which necessity closely, as is practised

allowed

remain on.

passage to the internal

would be

better to crop

with dogs intended for fighting

;

them

just as the

wrestler and the pugilist have their hair cropt as close to their

heads as possible.

The

prevailing colors of foxhounds in the present day are as fol-

lows, placing

them

white with tan

;

in the order of their frequency

The mixed or blended

(2.)

colors,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

(1.)

Black and

known

as "pies,"

lemon pie, hare pie, and handsome (3.) Tan (4.) Black each being more or less mixed

as red pie, blue pie, yellow pie, grey pie,

badger (5.)

three very

pie, the last

White;

with white. tled, the

(6.)

Red;

Blue

(7.)

Foxhounds

;

are often slightly ticked, but rarely mot-

"blue mottled hound," according to Mr. Apperley, being

a true harrier or beagle, and most probably descended from the

southern hound, which was often of this color.

must be remembered that the foxhound

at as part of a pack,

and hence

it is

alwaj's to be looked

of no use to breed an excep-

made hound if it will make him Hence it is necessary to keep to such a model as can be produced in number sufficient to form the pack, which is another argument in favor of a medium

tionally high or otherwise well

run in a

size

;

different style to his

and hence,

companions.

ia looking at a pack, together or separately, the

lover of the foxhound

always on the look-out for " suitiness," or

the resemblance to another in size and shape, alludes to in describing a good-looking pack of

ing "

all

which Beckford

hounds

as appear-

of one family."

In his work the foxhound

peculiar for dash, and for always

being inclined to cast forwards, instinctively appearing to be aware that the fox

makes

his point to

which he was found. from a knowledge, dency

diffi?rent

hamer

from that

casts back,

instinctive or acquired, that hare has a ten-

to return to the place

almost sure to do so

some covert

the other hand, the

from which she

started,

she has time enough given her.

and

will be

THE HARRIER.

THE HARRIER. The

true harrier

a dwarf southern hound, with a very slight

Hence he

infusion of the greyhound in him. tlie

foxhound, and has also more

The hight

ing about 18

;

more throaty than

with a broader head, more

and altogether a heavier and

fully developed flews,

frame.

ear,

less active

usually at present under 20 inches, averag-

but in the old times,

when

t'le

dwarf foxhound was

never used for the purpose, harriers were often 22 and sometimes 23 inches high, because even with that size they dwelt on the

But

scent so long that they were not too fast for sport.

tongue and in style of hunting that true harriers are chiefly

in re-

markable, the former being melodious in the extreme, and a pack in full cry being heard for miles

by excessive delicacy of working out the doubles

nose,

difi"erent style,

driven so fast that she vices,

and

while the latter

of the hare

hunter considered perfection.

duced a

;

which the old-fashioucd hare-

Mr. Yeatman has, however, intro-

and according is

distinguished

and by an amount of patience in

to his system the hare is

compelled to abandon her cunning de-

But

to trust to her speed alone.

following his ex-

as,

ample, most of the modern packs of harehounds arc dwarf fox-

hounds,

it is

unnecessary to dwell upon the old-fashioned animal,

and the modern harrier may therefore be described in shape, but of a size averaging

as a

foxhound

about 18 or 19 inches, and kept

with great care, so that in some instances packs are

to hare

to refuse to

own

the scent of the fox

;

known

but these are rare excep-

tions, as most huntsmen will be ready to hunt one whenever they have the opportunity, and many regularly finish their season by

shaking

down

a bag-fox, or by trying for one in some covert where

they have permission.

The

in all kinds of hunting,

and for

fashion of the day

this reason these

are selected, taking care to unite with

as fine

demand pace

dwarf foxhounds

and

as possible, but altogether regardless of the music,

delicate a nose

which used

be a sine qud non with masters of harriers.

One

chief beauty in hare-hunting

the proper packing of the

hounds, and as this can not be done without having

all

nearly of

04 the

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS. same

size,

shape, and breed, masters of harriers are very par-

whole of

ticular in keeping the

when

they cross their hounds

their kennel of

one strain

;

and

should be with great care, so as to

avoid the introduction of blood very

dififerent to that

which they

already possess.

liiiiiiiiSiiii^

ipiilip

Fig.

"T-

i.'jlll

1 ill

PfeJiJlrflj!ii|ii:i.r|i|i

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;AMERICAN

BEAGLES.

THE BEAGLE. The

true beagle, like the old harrier,

now

almost entirely

dis-

placed by dwarf specimens of the foxhound, or by crosses with it

in varying proportions.

good many gentlemen

Still

there are

also possess one or

some packs left, and a two couple which they

use for covert shooting, though even here this breed

giving

way

to the spaniel.

In external form the beagle resembles the southern hound, but is

much more compact and in proportion to its size,

There are three or four

elegant in shape, and far less throaty

though

still

possessing a considerable

varieties, however,

ruff.

which differ a good deal

THE BEAGLE. among

themselves in shape and make, and also to some degree in

style of hunting.

The medium-sized beagle may be taken as the type of the others somewhat resembles a small old-fashioned liarrier in shape, but with a larger body and shorter legs in proportion to it. The head is very wide and round, with a short square of the same name, and

nose, very full

on the are

and

bod}-, but

soft

drooping

ears,

good

feet,

with a slight brush on the

most musical, and their noses extremely

so than the harrier, but hunting in the

same tendency

to dwell

on the

and not much hair Their tongues

tail.

delicate,

same

In size they

scent.

being even

style,

with the

may

be de-

scribed as averaging about 12 or 14 inches.

The iough beagle hound and

apparently a cross between the above

the rough terrier, though

posed to be a distinct breed, and as

which he resembles obscurity,

in all but size.

much

arise

so as the

His origin

and can only be conjectured.

have supposed him to

One

full ear of the

smooth

is,

terrier,

hair.

has,

that

sup-

harrier,

however,

is,

little

lost in

why

he has

like the ter-

however, the

beagle, or nearly as great a

development of

clothed with the

whisker of the

that organ, but the nose

rough

chief reason

from the above cross

though not quite so much as that dog.

Welsh

measure the beagle tongue, and squeaks

lost in great rier,

by many people he

stiff

and the body generally has the same rough and wiry

maintained by some people that he has obtained this

from the deerhound through the southern hound, but his dwarf size renders it more probable that it is derived from the terrier, which breed, however, very probably hound, as indeed, I believe,

The

descended from the deer-

the case with nearly

size of this beagle varies greatly, the

all

our hounds.

average being perhaps

about 14 inches.

The dwarf

or rabbit beagle

a very small and delicate

hound, but with an excellent nose, and

Some sportsmen have

much

little

faster than he looks.

carried their predilection for small dogs to

such an extent, as to use a pack of these beagles which might be carried about in the shooting pockets of the

men

;

and

in this

way

have confined their duties to the hunting alone, so that they were

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

not tired in trailing along the road from the kennel to the huntingfield

and back

The average

again.

may

hight of these

be taken at

10 inches, but their bodies are disproportionately lengthened.

Patience and perseverance are

still

more necessary

in these

hounds

than in their larger brethren, and without them they soon lose their hare, as they

must be content

which a man can readily keep up on

hunt her

foot, horses

at a

pace with

being quite out

of place with such a diminutive pack.

A pack of

rabbit-beagles, the property of Mr. Crane, of South-

over House, England,

we have

Fig. 10.

believe to contain the best "patterns"

We have seen

ever known.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;RABBIT

them on a cold bad scenting

BEAGLES, GIANT AND RINGLET.

day work up a rabbit and run him ner,

in the most extraordinary manand although the nature of the ground compelled the pack to

run almost in Indian

and thus

to carry a very narrow line of was but for a moment. Mr. Crane's standard is 9 in., and every little hound is absolutely perfect. We saw but one hound at all differing from his companions, a little scent,

they threw

black-tanned one.

but

file,

up,

This one on the flags

when we saw him

work we

should have drafted,

(see portrait)

him for being was perhaps the very

best of the pack, a black-white-and-tanned

doghound, always at

in his

of a conspicuous color.

work, and never wrong. it.

The

ffeen,

Giant

bitch, Ringlet, has the

and

fit

companion

quite forgave

has a capital tongue, and plenty of

most beautiful points we have ever

for her mate, Giant.

Damper, Dutch-

;

THE OTTERHOUND. man, and Tyrant,

are also all of

Damper

the measurement of across the ears. 13

in.

;

them

beautiful models.

hight, 9 in.

extreme length, 2

;

ft.

round the 4 in.

;

We give

chest, 16

in.

eye to nose, 2^

in.

THE OTTERHOUND.

No hound which southern hound so

is now kept in Great Britain resembles much as this, the difference being only in

the

rough, wiry coat, which has been obtained by careful breeding, to enable

them

to resist the

ill

effects of the

rough weather which the

breed Lave to encounter, whether in the chase of the hare, for

which they were originally employed in Wales, or otter, to which they are new almost exclusively

for that of the restricted.

If,

therefore, the reader turns to the description of the southern

hound, and adds to

rough whisker, he

a rough, wiry coat, with a profusion of

will at once understand the

Welsh

the otterhound, alias the

whether

this

roughness

harrier.

but I

;

them the credit of bestowing Anyhow, it is a distinct breed

and, with the shape I have described, tics of

swimming has been obtained by any also a disputed point

swimming power

retained, there

which two breeds

their coats

upon the

in the present da}^;

unites all the characteris-

;

Whether

these

hounds have

biting animal, they

power

but as I do not believe in any peculiar

inherent in that breed, I

foxhound swims equally

the

cross with the water-spaniel,

attribute that of the otterhound to a cross with

as,

the old southern hound, in dwelling on the scent, in deli-

cacy of nose, and in want of dash.

inclined to think

cross of the terrier or of the deerhound,

divide between

hound

that as the full melodious note of the

otterhound.

disputed point

obtained by crossing, or whether

attributable to careful selection only

form and nature of

It is a

it,

not inclined to especially as the

well. to

compete with a very savage and hard-

must of necessity be

for their specific purposes, those

fearless

which are not

and hardy so,

;

and

have been

re-

DOMESTICATED HUNT1KG-D0G8.

68 jectedj

happens that the breed has become unusually savage,

and that they are constantly fighting are

common enough

gle night, in the

more than

in kennel.

bloody fight which has been commenced by

perhaps a single couple, but soon ending

dog

bites

Indeed, instances

half being destroyed in a sin

more savagely

;

in a general

scrimmage.

and, unlike the bulldog, the hold

not firmly retained, but the teeth are torn out with great force the instant the hold

from 22

The

taken.

usual hight of the otterhound

somewhat

to 23 inches in the dogs, the bitches being

lower.

The

points of the otterhound are like those of the bloodhound,

except as to the coat, which should be composed of hard and long hail",

somewhat rough

under-coat, ted

in its lying,

which serves

The

by long immersion.

and mixed with a

keep the body color

woolly

short,

warm even when

difi"ers

wet-

being

not

also, in

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;the former, however, bemg often

confined to black-and-tan or tan

met

with.

THE TERRIER. The

used for hunting,

terrier, as

a strong, useful

as the beagle or harrier.

From

his superior courage,

little

good

â&#x20AC;˘with great endurance and courage, and with nearly as

when

dog,

a nose

crossed

with the bulldog, as most vermin-terriers are, he has generally

been kept for killing vermin whose bite would deter the spaniel or the beagle, but would only render the terrier more determined in his pursuit of them. rat-catcher,

the

and

farmer who

Hence he

the constant attendant on the

is highly useful to the is

annoyed with

rats

gamekeeper, as well as to

and mice.

Formerly

was

the custom to add a couple of terriers to every pack of foxhounds,

so as to be ready to aid in bolting the fox drain, or goes to

ground

any

when he runs

easily accessible earth

;

into a

the stout-

ness of the terrier enabling him, by steadily following on the track> to reach the scene of operations before

obtain any other assistance.

This

aid,

would be possible to

however,

consequence

THE TEBRIEE.

of our liounds, is now dispensed with, and of the increased speed only kept for the purpose fox-terrier is out of date, or is

the old

ground vermin, such as the for which purpose a companion to man, of destroying

bility

make him

rat or the weasel, or as his fidelity

Terriers are

peculiarly fitted.

now

and

tracta-

usually di-

the old English Terrier; 2d, the vided into eight kinds :-lst,

Scotch; 3d, the Dandle

Fi^. 11.

Dinmont

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;ENGLISH

;

4th, the

Skye;

5th, the

Fox

TERRIER, BELCHER.

Terrier; 6th, the Bedlington; 7th, the Halifax Blue

Tan; and

8th,

Modern Toy Terriers of various kinds. The English Terrier is a smooth-haired dog, weighing from about to 10 lbs. His nose is very long and tapering neatly oflT, the jaw

the

being slightly overhung, with a high forehead, narrow

flat

skull,

strong muscular jaw, and small bright eye, well set in the head; ears

when

entire are short

and

slightly raised, but not absolutely

pricked, turning over soon after they leave the head.

"When

DOMESTICATED HUJSTIXG-DOGS.

cropped they stand up in a point, and

The neck

naturally would.

rise

much

strong, but of a

very symmetrical, with powerful short

loins,

higher than they

good length

;

body

and chest deep rather

Shoulders generally good, and very powerful, so as to

than wide.

enable the terrier to dig

away

an earth for hours together with-

out fatigue, but they must not be so wide as to prevent him from

"going

Fore legs straight and strong in muscle,

to ground."

but light in bone, and but powerful.

feet

round and

of these dogs should be black

color

;

many

are white, slightly

much white

seen, either

coming up

bull dog.

tan,

which

after the pack, or

Those which are

;

when

but these were

now

The color

the only true

black, red, or some-

true fox-terrier

was generally

might be readily

as possible, so that he

in almost complete darkness

legs straight

down carriage.

marked with

The

times, but very rarely, blue.

chosen with as

and

Hind

hare-like.

Tail fine, with a decided

in the fox's earth,

crossed with the

all

kept for general purposes are,

when of the black and tan color, and the more complete the contrast, that is, the richer the black and tan respectively, the more highly the dog is valued, especially if without any white. In all cases there should be a small patch of tan however, most prized

over each eye

the nose

;

and palate should always be black.

toes should be pencilled with black reaching leg.

In the

principal

first

more or

less

The

up the

volume of the stud book, which chronicles the

shows for fourteen

years,

he was simply and properly

described as the black and tan terrier, " English " of course being

understood; but since 1874 they have added to his

The reason

chester Terrier.''^

the records of their

own

title,

stud book do not disclose

" or

Man-

know,

many names

for this change I do not

eminent Manchester breeders or exhibitors besides Mr. Samuel Handley,

who

bred and exhibited some of the best that have been

shown, and who judges of them chester," see, the

it is

;

and,

still

generally recognized as one of the best

however great an honor

may be \o be " Man-

a greater honor to be English, and, so far as I can

change in name was useless and uncalled

tory to the breed.

for,

and deroga-

In addition to Mr. Handley, there were years

ago the following celebrated Lancashire breeders

Mr. James Bar-

;

THE TERRIER.

all now dead with at our shows have generally been people, and brought out by astute judges and

row, Mr. Joseph Kay, and Mr. William Pearson, but the crack dogs

bred by

unknown

now met

In the early days of shows Birmingham took

spirited exhibitors.

the lead in this breed, and Mr. G. Fitter, of that

good

town who had a

strain, held the first position for several years

ceptionally good

dog Dandy.

late years the

with his ex-

most successful

exhibitors have been Mr. George Wilson, Huddersfield

Mr. Martin, Manchester; and, more so than Lacy, of Hebden Bridge. This breed

either,

;

the late

Mr. Henry

not such a general favorite with the public as it has many excellent qualities to recommend

deserves to be, for to those

who

like a nice pet that does not

tionate, lively,

need nursing, an afiecand tractable companion, not given to quarrelling,

very active and graceful in his actions, and with pluck enough and a keen zest for hunting and destroying such vermin as rats that infest

houses and outbuildings

;

for with larger vermin, such as the

fox, badger, etc., (with exceptional cases), he has not the hardness to

cope with or to stand their

ness than

nor has he the strength even

bites,

own weight, as he is formed more for nimble-

of other terriers of his

work requiring power.

His most ardent admirers can-

not claim for him the courage and obduracy of attack and defence

As a house dog he

that characterize less pure terriers. celled,

The

always on the ScotcJi

his coat,

alert,

and quick

Terrier closely resembles the English

which

the wire-haired

wiry and rough, and hence he

terrier,

Beyond

unex-

dog

in all but

sometimes called

name perhaps better suited

to a

has long been naturalized in England, and whose origin enough.

to give alarm.

dog which is

obscure

this difference in externals, there is little to be

one from the other, the colors being the

said distinctive of the

same, but white being more highly prized in the southern variety,

and the black and tan when more or

less

mixed with

grey, so as to

give the dog a pepper and salt appearance, being characteristic of

the true Scotch terrier

and will

also in shape

and

;

but there are numberless varieties in

color.

This

size,

a very good vermin dog, and

hunt anything from a fox to a mouse

;

but while he

may

;

DOMESTICATED HUNTIXG-DOGS.

induced to bunt feather, he uever takes to

like fur,

and prefers

game at all times. The Bandie Dinmont breed of terriers, now so much celebrated, was originally bred by a farmer of the name of James Davidson vermin

at Hindalee, in

Roxburghshire, who,

it is

dogs from the head of Coquet Water.

generally believed, got his

There was

also a

Ned Dunn's at Whitelee, near the Carter Bar. Those who have investigated the subject are inclined

good

strain at

that the

Dandie Dinmont

Fig. 13.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; DANDIE

a cross

with the

The most

and

Welsh

harrier,

which

iden-

latter.

celebrated strains are those belonging to the

Buccleugh (presented by James Davidson) Frain, of the

to think

terrier

DINMONTS, DOCTOR AND TIT-MUMPS.

the Otterhound, or, as I believe, the tical

between the Scotch

;

Duke

Stoddart, of Selkirk

Trows; McDougall, of Cessford; F. Somners, of

Kelso; Sir G. Douglass, of Springwood Park; Dr. Brown, of Melrose

;

who

J. is

Aitken, of Edinburgh

;

and Hugh Purves, of Leaderfoot,

the principal hand in having kept up the breed.

were the Dandies

So much

vogue some years ago, that Mr. Bradshaw

Smith, of Dumfriesshire, bought up every good dog he could lay his

hands on, and as a consequence his breed

now

well known.

THE TERRIER. The Dandle

represented by two colors of hair, which

times rather hard, but not long

on the

called the " mustard," the other grey or bluish-grey

and

back, and tan or light*

brown on

the legs," and called the " pep-

The

per;" both have the silky hair on the forehead.

body

short, the large,

legs are

long, shoulder low, back slightly curved, head

jaws long and tapered

to the muzzle,

ears large

and

hanging close to the head

telligent

tail

straight

;

some-

one entirely a reddish brown,

;

the back (houndlike)

and carried

erect,

may

which

eyes

not sharp;

full, bright,

and

in-

with a slight curve over

the weight, 18 to 24

;

to the strain, but the original ally in a litter there

;

lbs.,

varying according

Dandle was a heavy dog.

Occasion-

be some with the short, folding ear of

a bull-terrier, and also with some greater length of the legs

;

these

are not approved of by fanciers, but nevertheless are pure, showing a tendency to cast back.

Sir

Scott, I believe, preferred the

small car.

The following letter from Mr. E. Bradshaw Smith London Field " is of interest

of the " " Sir

may

to the Editor

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;If

much on your valuable space I show how I first became possessed of this

not trespassing too

here be allowed to

historic breed. "

During

my residence

Roxburghshire

taken by several specimens I saw of this 1841, I

bought the

date I have

first

Dandle

was

greatly

animal.

more Dandle Dinmonts

hands than through those of any half

I feel

myself competent, therefore, to give a

decided opinion on the article penned by it

little

ever possessed, and since that

hesitation in stating that

have passed through dozen of fanciers.

my fancy

game

Stonehenge,' although

be at variance with his remarks. " In the first place,

that the

it seems to me an entire mistake on his part Dandle Dinmont of the present day is longer in the body

than formerly.

observation tends rather in the opposite di-

rection.

" Secondly, a strong characteristic of the breed has ever been

tenacity of purpose,

could be taught at

and

have only known two of

command

my dogs which

to leave the trail of either fox or rab-

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

certamly it would be a hopeless task to prevent a Dandie Dinmont from engaging with a fox were an opportunity to offer. I

bit

;

when

consider the animal as naturally good-tempered, but roused, he

ready to seize hqjd of anything within reach.

onc<

When

kept these dogs, I was ignorant of their extremely excitable

I first

nature, and

had many

killed

from time

to time in fights, either in

the kennels or at the entrance of rabbit holes; in short, their blood

up they become

fairly

this account, for years past

when once

utterly unmanageable.

(though I keep a number) I do not

allow more than one dog and one bitch in a kennel, but sometimes a

dog and two bitches

many

years ago,

by Mr. Kerss his

own

a beautiful

(Bowhill),

dogs, to

from a

He was

old Pepper.

The

very harmonious.

was

first I

fellow 14

little

lb.

had worried, weight, bred

sister of Stoddart's old

Dandie and

killed in the night time

by another

great annoyance.

cumstance to Mr. Kerss, he informed

When I mentioned the cirme that during the time the

animal belonged to him, he had worried some of his, amongst number a Newfoundland pup six months old. Yet it is by no means always the most excitable and pugnacious animal that little

the

stands the severe fasten

upon one

test, viz., to

have known very

face alone

them while the other

many

For

do.

two badgers

at once,

and

in tarn attacks hmi, as I

part, I prefer the

dog who

encounters his antagonist coolly and without any fuss.

"In

conclusion, I annex a

that of Mr.

Somner

Messrs. Purves, Frain, day), J. Stoddart

many

list

of the kennels I purchased, viz.,

(including his crack

dog Shem), those of his famous Old May-

M'Dougald (including

(who sold

his celebrated

Old Dandie), and

other Dandies from Mr. Milne, of Faldonside, bred from his

famous Old Jenny, from Mr.

from the Haining, near are purely

and

Jas.

Selkirk.

Kerss (Bowhill), and likewise

From

these ancestors

dogs

lineally descended.

" Apologizing for having occupied so

much of your columns, Bradshaw Smith.

" E.

"Zurich, Switzerland, November, 1877."

The

illustration

a portrait of Mr. Locke's Doctor,

which has

been established as one of the favorites of the various experts em-

THE TEKRIEK. ployed to judge

this breed, and, as I think, deservedly, until the

Brighton show, where naturally enough the immediate de-

last

scendants of Shamrock had the best of

under the

fiat

of his

owner.

The

SJcye Terrier is

and for

remarkable for his long weasel-shaped body,

his short, fin-like legs,

added

which

lie

has a long rather

than a wide head, and also a neck of unusual dimensions, so that

when measured from tip to The nose

times his bight.

Fig.

tail is

the entire length

;

many fox

;

that

scarcely visible without a

The

ears, if falling, are large

and

slightly

but turning over; in the prick-eared variety, which

in the north preferred, the ears stand

tail is,

long, but small in bone,

like those of the

and standing straight backwards,

not curved over the back, but having only a very gentle

sweep, to prevent touching the ground. yet this

three

eyes keen and expressive, but small as com-

pared with the spaniel. raissd,

more than

13.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;SKVE TEKBIER.

hair which falls over his eyes, that careful inspection

pointed, but so concealed in the long

Fore

legs slightly bandy,

not to be sought for, but to be avoided as

much

as pos-

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

78 sible,

though always more or

and

tirely absent,

The

colors

most

with brown

present

less present.

in request are steel-grey,

tips to ears

The dew-claws are ena mark of impurity. with black tips fawn

may be considered

and

;

black, fawn, or blue, especially

tail;

a dark, slaty blue; the slightest trace of white

The

hair

carefully avoided.

down

long and straight, hard, and not silky, parted

the

back, and nearly reaching the ground on each side, without the slightest curl or

resemblance to wool.

of the head

lighter in cohn- than

it is

This dog

silky.

on the top

the legs and

on the body, and

and

softer

used as a sporting or vermin dog,

is little

being chiefly reserved for the companionship of man, but he

sometimes employed as a vermin-killer, and of the terriers,

from 10

when employed

game

But the variations

14.

particular, as indeed in almost all the points of the

are if

numerous beyond

Thus

description.

not three kinds of the pure Skye

long soft hair

;

be readily

Skye

first

one rather small

in this terrier, all,

in size,

two

with

another considerably larger, and with hard, wiry

hair; while again, ters,

;

there are,

as the rest

His weight

for that purpose.

about

to 18 lbs., averaging

between these two, a third may, by

made

Then

out.

there

Skye and Dandle, which partakes the characteristics of each

;

also a cross

hair-split-

between the

in nearly equal proportions of

and, lastly, most of the Skye terriers

about London are crossed with the spaniel, giving them that silky coat and jet black color which are admired by the ladies, but

impurity of blood.

This cross

pearance of the hair on the face, up to the brow.

very good vermin dog, and will hunt anything. the prick-eared variety given

mark

detected by the worn-out ap-

that of a

The Skye is a The portrait of

dog belonging

to Mr.

Martin, of Glasgow.

The Fox

Terrier

was originally kept

as an addition to every

pack

handy as to be up within a very few ground. Now hounds are so fast that he

of foxhounds, being always so

minutes of running to

would be

left

fore placed

many miles behind

upon any chance

But in proportion

in a run,

terrier at

and dependence is

hand when one

there-

wanted.

he has ceased to be used in the hunting-field,

he has attained popularity as the most fashionable companion for

THE TEEEIER.

young men, and of late years the classes of fox-terriers at our dog shows have been the most numerous and generally interesting. The points are as follows Head flat, and narrow between the :

eyes, but

wider between the

close to the cheek, level,

ears,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;these are set rather back but

and are small and thin

and teeth strong

;

eyes small and keen

ders straight, not too wide

;

jaw

strong,

nose black

erful,

;

ceeding 16

;

back pow-

TERRIER, BITTERS.

;

legs

color white, with black, or black

about the head

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;^FOX

and thighs well bent and strong

Strong

shoul-

chest full and round, but not deep

neck light and coming beautifully out of the shoulder

Fig. 14.

;

lie

mouth

and

feet straight

tan, or tan

coat fine, but hard and not silky

;

and

markings

weight not ex-

lbs.

the present time the most noted

show fox

terriers are

Mr.

Burbidge's Bitters, Nimrod, Royal, Nettle, and Dorcas, Mr. Abbott's

Moslem, Mr. Hyde's

BufFett,

Mr. Murchison's Forceps, Olive,

Natty, and "Whisky, Mr. Gibson's Boxer and Joe, Mr. Fletcher's

;

DOMESTICATED IIUNTING-DOGS.

and Mr. Whittle's Yorick. The most successful breeders Luke Turaer and Mr. Gibson, the former

Rattler,

of these have been Mr.

having bred Nettle, Olive, and Joe, besides the first bitch puppy at the Lillie Bridge show, while the latter has bred Dorcas, Buffett, Natty, and Boxer. I

have selected for the engraving, as the best specimen, the dog he being, I believe, the nearest of any of the dogs to the

Bitters,

requirements of a fox the

name

nine

his first prize (under

and has altogether won

in 1872,

prizes.

Bcdlington Terrier has long been prized in the north of Eng-

land, but until lately It is a

;

has not been

very quarrelsome dog, and

The body leggy

won

Bitters

terrier.

Epworth

and nine second

first

The

of Jock) at

known

out of that district.

said to be of high courage.

not very long, the general appearance being somewhat

head high and narrow, and crowned with a

hair like the Dandle filbert-shaped, long,

and slender

;

and hanging close

legs rather long, but well

liver or sandy, or

tuft of silky

eyes small, round, and rather sunk

cheek

to the

formed and

;

ears

;

neck long

straight

;

color

dark blue,â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in the two former cases with a cherry

nose, in the latter with a black one.

The

YorJcshire

Blue Tan, silky coated Terrier,

altogether, having been almost

of Halifax until within the last few years. coat this

unknown beyond

a modern breed the neighborhood

Excepting

dog resembles the old English rough

in color

terrier, as

and

well as the

Scotch, but the silky texture of his coat and his rich blue tan color are the result of careful selection

Maltese.

The

fine, thin,

and moderately

in texture,

arly long

and probably of crossing with the

ears are generally cropped, but small.

The

and well parted down the back.

and

falling,

The beard

peculi-

in length,

and of

entirely blue

on the

being often several inches

a rich golden tan color.

The

color

entire should be

coat should be long, silky

must be

back and down to the elbows and thighs, without any mixture of tan or fawn. The legs and muzzle should be a rich golden tan the ears being the same, but of a darker shade. skull

becomes lighter and almost fawn.

10 lbs. to 18 lbs.

the top of the

The weight

varies

from

THE TERRIER. Visitors to our

dog shows who look out for the beautiful

as the useful, cannot fail to be attracted

he reclines on his cushion of little

silk

Fig. 15.

airs of the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;YORKSHIRE

as well

this little exquisite, aa

or velvet, in the center of his

dandy that he

yet,

;

with

approved cut and

Although so very modem, this

breed

present to have none, and

he was manufactured

;

common

;

diflBcult

to trace satisfactorily

indeed, pedigree he

it is

;

may

be said at

hard to say out of what materials

but the warp and woof of him appear to

known

as the

the former of no certain purity,

mitted mongrel softness

but

long-coated black and tan, and the lighter-

colored specimens of what terrier,

all.

the pedigree of

have been the

color,

Dundreary type, and coat of absolute perfec-

without one hair awry, one cannot help feeling that he

a dandy after

all

TERRIER, LADY GIFFARD'S KATIE.

his self-assertion of dignity, his beard of faultless whiskers of

Skye

palace of crystal and mahogany, or struts round his mansion,

with the consequential

tion,

and from which

and length of coat due

Glasgow or Paisley

and the

I think the

latter

an ad-

Yorkshire gets the

Maltese blood.

In shape this

;

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

82 dog

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;rather nearer to the latter

As they

to.

shape

line of

up,

are always is

invisible

when uncut

;

shown

looked for the

tail is

in full dress, little

encourage

its

preferred

and color

the coat

;

tail,

soft, silvery blue, of

and

beautifully tion

When

style

tied

generally cut

when

drops

must be abundant; over means are used

the body color should be clear,

;

course varying in shade

shown

which the coat

with

;

not attained without

much

this is preferred

ears,

and rich tan

arranged for exhibition

in the sketch of Katie

;

but that stage of perfec-

time, trouble, and patience

the pups are born, they are black in color, as are pepper

Dandle Dinmonts and others nipped

out-

the hair

artificial

a golden tan head, with darker tan about the

The

objected

growth; length and straightness, freedom from

and waviness, being sought for

legs.

more than

a trival point, and sinks into insig-

the whole body, head, legs, and to

when

shortened, and the ear

must be small, and

nificance before coat

a long back

;

the eye, except

;

slightly at the tip, but this

curl

between the Skye and

in the proportion of hight to length

English terrier

oflf

;

an early age the

tip of the tail is

to the desired length, the ears, if cut at all, not until

the age of six to eight

months

and before

changing color, getting gradually being scratched and broken,

little

lighter.

this the coat will be

no meat

prevent the hair given.

y 'f' "i}

'\Ilu

;

THE

Fig. 16.

DACHSHCTJfD.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;PAIR

OF DACHSHUNDS.

THE DACHSHUND, OR GERMAN BADGER DOG. The Dachshund

perhaps one of the most ancient forms of the

The

domesticated dog.

fact

that he has for centuries repre-

sented an isolated class between the

hound and the

terrier,

with-

out being more nearly connected with the one than the other. His obstinate, independent character,

and

his incapacity to be trained

or broken to anything beyond his inborn, game-like disposition, are quite unrivalled

among

his frame, he differs

from the hound, not only by his crooked

legs

and small

size,

all

It is

fore

but by the most refined modification of

parts of his body, according to his chief task

ground.

Regarding

other races of the dog.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;to

all

work under-

not possible to imagine a more favorable frame for

an " earth dog " than the

real

dachshund type.

Some

of our high-

bred dachshunds are near perfection, according to German points they do not want are seldom

The

much improvement, but

met with even

in northern

desire for " hound-like type " in

have originated

propagation, for they

Germany. dachshunds would never

the natural vocation of this breed (underground

work) had not been overlooked.

The consequence

of this errone-

ous idea will be that well-bred dachshunds will be regarded as a " terrier cross,"

and that

will be next to impossible for

many dog

fanciers to get a clear idea of the real type of the dachshund.

DOMESTICATED HUNTING-DOGS.

Having concentrated class

nor its

dog

the badger

all varieties of

terrier-like,

variations

some

weight from 8

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; we shall

attention

still

shall

lbs. to

color black-tan

lbs.,

soon distinguish the

The first

common

breed and

a stout, strong-boned,

muscularly built dog, with large head and strong teeth

much

arched, sometimes even straight;

fore legs strong

and regularly formed

pear to be too large in the dog short,

;

the back

;

long and heavy;

the head and

the hair

;

tail

often ap-

rather coarse, thick-set,

and wiry, lengthened at the underside of the

tail,

without

forming a brush or feather, and covering a good deal of the

These dogs are good workmen, and are than high-bred ones

even 20

From

lbs.

tion is

weight, and soon get fat

common

this

which may

smaller in

size, finer in

lbs. to

;

lbs.

and

;

bone,

cross.

lbs.

and

not worked frequently.

the hair

;

by careful

selec-

The well and high-bred dog

more elegantly

weight

the under part of the

these nervous

belly.

by weather

breed originates the well and high-bred dog,

only of medium length not soft

any time be produced again from

and in-breeding without any

exceeds 16

less afiected

but they are very apt to exceed 18

;

and

meet here many varying forms. With

the well or high-bred dachshund.

not

one single

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the crook-legged, short-haired dog, with head neither hound

built,

and seldom

the thin, slight, tapering tail

very short, glossy like

body

silk,

but

very thin-haired, rendering

and high-spirited dogs rather sensitive to wet ground

rain.

In hunting above ground the dachshund follows more the track than the general scent {witterung) of the game therefore he follows ;

rather slowly, but surely, and with the nose pretty close to the

ground.

His noise

surprising depth for a

barking

very loud, far sounding, and of

dog of so small a frame

;

but, in giving

tongue while hunting, he pours forth from time to time short,

which

shrill notes,

sight of the

scream, as

game

are quickened as the scent gets hotter, and, at

the notes are often resolved into an indescribable

the dog were being punished in a most cruel manner.

Though not in couples

;

a pack hound, the dachshund will soon learn to run and two or three of these couples, when acquainted

with one another, or forming a

little

family, will hunt pretty well

idlL

;

THE DACHSHUND. together.

They do not frighten their game so much as the larger when frequently used, they will learn to stay when the line of the shooters, not by obedience to their mas-

hounds, and, arrived at ter,

tut because they are intelligent enough as to see that

useless to

it is

quite

run longer after the game.

For tracking wounded deer or a roebuck a dachshund may be is to be had but they must be accus-

used when no bloodhound

tomed

to collar

and

;

line for this purpose,

and then they are rather

troublesome to lead in rough ground or coverts.

They

better by running free or slipped, but

bell, for

must carry a

retrieve

when they find their game dead the wound where the ball has gone

are apt to keep silence

ginning to lick at

they

and, be-

;

into the

body, they will slowly advance to tearing and to eating their prey.

Dachshunds are very headstrong and

command

;

chastisement,

it is

against their will.

keep under

next to impossible to force them to do anything

Many good

ards for their whole

taken as they are

When

difficult to

and, as they are at the same time very sensitive to

life

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;with

badger dogs have been made cow-

by one severe whipping. all

They must be

their faults, as well as their virtues.

treated always kindly, the

dachshund

very faithful to his

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a very

master, and not only a useful, but a most amusing dog

humorist among the canine family.

he has always an but, at the

same

air of

In spite of his small frame,

consequence and independence about him

time, he

interfere with things with

very inquisitive, and always ready to

which he has no concern.

have an antipathy to large dogs, and,

He seems

they object to be domi-

neered over, the dachshund will certainly quarrel with them.

When

his blood

wounds, and

up, he will care neither for blows nor for

often bitten dreadfully in such encounters.

There-

fore dachshunds should not be kept in kennels with larger dogs.

When good

kept in houses and accustomed to children, they will make pets, for they are clean, intelligent,

and watchful, without

being noisy, tUough often snappish with strangers.

CHAPTER

IV.

^DOMESTICATED DOGS, FINDING GAME BY SCENT, BUT NOT KILLING IT, BEING CHIEFLY USED IN AID OF THE GUN.

— —

—

THE THE PORTUGUESE POINTER. THE MODERN ENGLISH POINTER. THE THE DALMATIAN AND DANISH DOGS. FRENCH POINTER. ENGLISH AND IRISH SETTERS.—THE RUSSLAN SETTER.— THE ORDINARY FIELD SPANIEL, INCLUDING THE SPRINGER (CLUMBER, SUSSEX, AND NORFOLK BREEDS), AND THE COCKER (WELSH AND DEVONSHIRE).— THE WATER SPANIEL (ENGLISH AND IRISH).— THE CHESAPEAKE BAT

—

DOG.

THE MODERN ENGLISH POINTER. This

now one

of the most beautiful of all our sporting dogs,

dividing with the setter the admiration of

all

those

who

enjoy the

pleasures attending on the use of the gun.

The

points desirable in the pointer are, a moderately large head,

wide rather than long, with a high forehead, and an of

medium

size.

Muzzle broad, with

not receding as in the hound.

dewlap or wide

hips,

down, but not

its

The neck

is called.

The body

and rather arched

in a hatchet

itself

upper outline, without any tendency

to a " ruff," as the loose skin covered

round the neck loin,

Flews manifestly present, but not set on the neck, with a peculiar

at the junction only seen in the pointer.

should be long, convex in to a

intelligent eye

outline square in front,

The head should be well

pendent.

form

its

with long hair

of good length, with a strong

ribs,

the chest being well let

shape as in the greyhound, and the depth

of the back ribs being proportionately greater than in that dog.

The

tail,

or " stern" as

it is

but suddenly diminishing

technically called,

becomes very

nearly of the same size to within

fine,

two inches

strong at the root,

and then continues of the tip,

when

goes off to a point looking as sharp as the sting of a wasp, and giving the whole very

much

the appearance of that part of the insect,

but magnified as a matter of course.

This peculiar shape of the

THE MODERN ENGLISH POINTER, Stern characterizes the breed,

and

The

hound or some other dog.

its

absence shows a cross with the

shoulders are points of great im-

portance in the pointer, as unless they are well-formed he cannot last

throughout the day, and, moreover, he can neither stop him-

self

nor turn quickly

in his

work

long, slanting, but muscular blade

as he ought to do.

long upper arm, which again requires for let

down below and

pointers

setters

particularly well

existence an elbow well

This low posi-

not generally sufficiently insisted on, but in it

in the portrait,

and round strong

are also essential to the

and

all-important,

shown

in the leg, well clothed with muscle full-sized ankle,

its

the chest, and a short fore arm.

elbow

tion of the

Hence, a

of vast importance, united to a

wear and

page

will be seen to be

21.

Plenty of bone

and tendon, a strong

foot,

pDvided with

linee,

a thick sole,

tear of the fore quarter, while

the hind requires muscular haunches and thighs, strong well-bent stifles,

large

and strong hocks, and the hind

feet of the

The

acter as those described for the fore feet.

principally white, in order that the

among

same char-

color should be

dog may readDy be seen

heather, or in clover or turnip3, as the case

colored or black pointers look very handsome, but

may it

either

Liver-

be.

found

will be

that great inconvenience attaches to them, as they will often be

when

lost sight of

White, with black,

most prized

;

pointing in either of the above kinds of beat. liver,

yellow, or lemon-colored heads, are the

and of these

prejudice

in favor of

the last

from having had and seen so many good dogs of that color. A spot or two on the body, and any number of ticks, are not considered objectionable, particularly the latter, which are generally ad-

Some

mired.

breeds are distinguished by having numerous white

when

there are large patches

on the

body, the marks on the head being usually free from them.

Black

ticks in the color, especially

and white pointers have sometimes also the tanned spots over the but eye, and the edges of the black on the cheeks tinged with tan ;

this is

supposed to indicate a cross of

many

pointer

cases with truth

;

tlie

foxhound, and no doubt

yet I fancy that

a j^ellow and white

put to a black and white one, the tan will show

occasionally without

any admixture with the hound.

The

itself

coat of

;

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUN.

the high-bred pointer

short and soft to the touch

;

but for hard

work, especially on the moors, a dog with rather a wiry well clothed with hair

and

the legs

feet,

but these will show rather more hair on the stern than to be characteristic of high breeding

;

coat,

thought

yet let the stern be ever so

same small bone and pointed

hairy, there ought to be the

and

should be preferred

tip as in

the engraving

Among

pointers there are no national divisions corresponding

with those of the eties,

strongly

There

setters.

marked by

are,

however, two distinct

color, viz., the

vari-

lemon and white, and

the liver and white, besides the black and white, the whole liver,

and the whole black

strains

but these last are not

;

present day, and the appearance of one on the

almost as rare as a black swan.

dogs arc often too heavy for

Among

much

to Mr. R. J.

and sold by him

in the

show bench

the liver and whites, the

speed or endurance

able exception being the celebrated Sir R. Garth,

common

Drake

page

(see

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a remark-

21),

bred by

at a high figure in his seventh season

Lloyd Price, of Wales,

which advanced age he went

as fast,

and showed

class.

This dog was in his day the fastest and most wonderful

good a nose,

animal that ever quartered a

field,

most puppies even of high

and

his race

birds at Shrewsbury in the field trials of 1868,

was

when

to a brace of

the ground

so dry as to cause a cloud of dust to rise on his dropping to

was a sight which will probably never be seen again; phenomenon among pointers. His extraordmary

their scent,

He was

truly a

pace compelled his dropping in this way, for otherwise he could

not have stopped himself in time, but when he had

lost

pace in

his seventh season, he began frequently to stand up, as represented.

In appearance, he

what throaty neck

;

not taking, having a plain head with a some-

but his frame

is all

through good, and there

no lumber about him.

THE PORTUGUESE POINTER Resembles the Spanish in general form, but

bushy

stern,

and looks

like a cross

furnished with a

with the old-fashioned spaniel.

DALMATIAN AND DANISH DOGS.

Fig.

17.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; DALMATIAN DOG, CAPTArN.

THE DALMATIAN AND DANISH DOGS. The Dalmadon dog

a handsome, well-formed dog, standing

about 24 or 25 inches high, and resemblhig the pointer in his shape, but usually having his ears cropped, as graving.

shown

in the en-

beautifully spotted with black ou a white ground,

his chief merit consisting in the nearly

uniform

size of the spots

(which should be from about an inch in diameter), and in their distinctness

from the white in which they are imbedded and being ;

remarkably fond of horses, and of road-work with them, he has been long employed in England to accompany our carriages as an

ornamental appendage but ;

Hence he

this fashion

commonly known

native country he

as the "

has of late years subsided.

Coach Dog

used as a pointer in the

perform bis duties well enough.

field,

;

" but in his

and

said to

— DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUN.

The small Banish

dog

smaller than the Dalmatian

;

but, being

spotted in the same way, and characterized by the same fondness " for horses, they are generally confounded under the term

Coach

Dog."

SETTERS. THE ENGLISH SETTER.

—THE

BLACK AKD TAN OR GORDON SETTER.

—THE

IRISH SETTER.

The

setter

is,

without doubt, either descended from the spaniel,

or both are offshoots from the that

same parent

Originally

stock.

before the improvements in the gun introduced the practice

—

of " shooting flying," it is believed that he was merely a spaniel taught to " stop " or " set" as soon as he came upon the scent of

the partridge,

when a

Hence he was made is

now

unnecessary

net

was drawn over the covey by two men.

drop close to the ground, an altitude which

though

;

notably to very fast dogs,

quicldy enough to avoid flushing.

ground allowed the net

was standing up

to be

additional reason for

drawn over him

dog

its

attitude

better than if he

was

like the spaniel,

into vogue, breakers

it was more which has not the natural

made

But when "shooting

crossing with that lapse of

flying''

the attempt to assimilate the

tude of the setting spaniel, or "setter" as he was that of the pointer;

preferred, an

adoption being probably that

cataleptic attitude of the pointer.

came

not otherwise stop themselves

Manifestly, a dog prone on the

and hence the former

;

easily taught to a

taught by some breakers, and

who could

now

atti-

called, to

and in process of time, and possibly also by dog they succeeded, though, even after the

more than a century, the cataleptic condition is not so by the setter as by the pointer. In the present day,

fully displayed

is preferred, though some well and notably George Thomas, Mr. Statter's keeper,

as a rule, the standing position

known

breakers,

have preferred the

" drop,"

which certainly enables a

fast

stop himself more quickly than he could do by standing up.

dog to It is,

SETTERS.

however, attended with the disadvantage that in heather or clover a " dropped " dog cannot be seen nearly so far as if he was standing, and on one occasion, at the Bala Trials of 1873, the celebrated

Ranger was

lost for

many

minutes,

a slight hollow, surrounded

standing position

and Drake,

havmg

by heather.

dropped " on game in

a rule, therefore, the

the better one, but in such fast dogs as Ranger

" dropping "

may

dona's Ranger and Mr. R. "by her superior attitude

be excused.

however, after a long and evenly balanced

the above meeting,

trial

J. LI. Price's Belle,

between Mr. Mac-

the latter only

won

on the point, and Ranger again suffered

the penalty for dropping at Ipswich in 1873.

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOE THE GUX.

THE ENGLISH SETTER. Since the

on do^s setters

publication of the articles on the various breed,

first

in llie Field, during the years 1865-6, the strain of English

known by

name

the

of " Laverack," from the geutlems-n

who

bred them, has carried

and

in the public field trials

this

high character it

who was and

all

before

it,

bead

both on the show

which have been annually

held.

For

greatly indebted to the celebrated Countess,

certainly an extraordinary animal, both in appearance

work; for

until she

came out

the only Laverack which

had

shone to advantage was Sir R. Garth's Daisy, a good average bitch.

Though

small. Countess

was possessed of extraordinary pace, not still more celebrated pointer

perhaps quite equal to that of the

Drake, but approaching so closely to be disputed by

many

trait (see frontispiece), it will

short legs,

is full

that his superiority

of her admirers.

would

referring to her por-

be seen that her frame, though on

of elegance, and her beautiful head and neck

are absolutely perfect.

The most remarkable

feature in the Laverack breed of setters

the extraordinary extent to which in-breeding has been carried, as

shown

in the pedigree of Countess, given

book on the

By examining

setter.

that every animal in

it,

who

pure for thirty

in his

will be seen

descended from Ponto and Old Moll,

which were obtained by Mr. Laverack Harrison,

by Mr. Laverack

this carefully,

in 1825

lived near Carlisle, and

from the Rev. A.

who had

kept the breed

Four names only besides these two are found in the right hand column, and these four are all descended from Ponto and old Moll, as will be seen at a glance by referring to the names in italic in the middle of the table. Thus it

five years.

appears that they alone formed Mr. Laverack's breed, though

he often stated that he had but finding

tried the introduction of alien blood,

not to answer, he had abandoned the produce, and

resorted again to the original stock.

that the pedigree

ment.

If correct,

incorrect, but he it

certainly

breeding-in-and-in I ever

met with.

This has led to the belief

was very positive

in his state-

the most remarkable case of

THE ENGLISH SETTER.

Rock.

Dash

Belle

Moll II

Dash

Belle

J 1

Dash

Belle

(Pilot

L Jet I

Dash BeUe (Dash

Moll II

(

Pilot

Regent

(Pilot f Regent.

Moll II

Blair's Cora..

Pilot

[Jet

I. I.

Belle

Dash

Belle

(Dash

J }

(Moll

(Dash 1

Belle

< I,

J 1

sting.

Belle L JPilot. 1

(Rock fRock.

Moll n.

}

(Dash

Peg

(

f Fred

Dash [

Moll

11.

Belle I

.Coran.

)

Dash

Ponto

Old Moll

Ponto

Moll II. Ponto. Old MoU. Ponto. Old Moll.

...

.Coral. Belle I.

1 Old Moll... Pilot

fRock.

(MollII

Rock

Dash

(

Peg

MollII "Fred

(Dash

Belle

(Dash

Belle

Ponto.

Old Moll.

Dash

Belle

(Dash

j 1

(Ponto r

Dash I. Old Moll.

Moll n.

(Ponto Belle I.

1 Old Moll.... Pilot

[Regent.

Moll

fRock

-i

(Pilot \

Moll iBelle

n. Pilot

Belle

Dash

Belle

Dash

Belle

Dash

Belle

(Dash

Belle

Dash

Belle

Dash

Belle

Dash

Belle

Moll

.Blair's Cora.. I

Pilot

j 1

i I

Moll

j 1

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOK THE GUN.

A great many different strains of duced from

English setters might be ad-

parts of the country, but notably

all

from the north of

England, with claims superior to those of Mr. Laverack's

Among

to the time of the institution of field trials.

the

Graham and Corbet

breeds, those of

strain,

these

were

the Earl of Tankerville,

Lord Waterpark, Mr. Bishop, Mr. Bayley, Mr. Lort, Mr. Jones (of Oscott), Major Cowan, Mr. Withington,Mr. Paul Hackett, and Mr. Calver, the last

None

two being a good deal crossed with Gordon blood.

of these strains were, however, so generally

known beyond

the immediate circle of their owners' friends as to have gained a

universal reputation

;

and

was not

until the public appeai'ance of

Mr. Garth's Daisy, and afterwards that of Mr. Purcell Llewellyn's Countess and Nelly, that the Laverack strain attained high reputation.

a brace of very bad ones at Stafford in 1867; and siderable prejudice against first

them

was with con-

that the above celebrated bitches

Lort, Mr. Withington,

men who had that Mr. it

It is

sports-

Mr. Lort's opinion

Withington possessed better dogs than even Countess; that private trials are generally

than those before the public.

come now

to consider the value of

strain, as they are

by Dan

Mr. Llewellyn's*'

somewhat grandiloquently termed by

moters," or as I shall term either

and other well-known

shot over them for years.

must not be forgotten

flattering

present

exhibited their powers, in spite of the high character given of

them by Mr.

but

its

Before Daisy came out, Mr. Garth had produced

field trial

their " pro-

them, the " Dan-Laveracks," being

all

out of Laverack bitches, or by a Laverack dog out

of a sister to Dan.

a proof of the superiority of this cross to

the pure Laveracks, "Setter" states, that during the last

two

years ten of this breed " (Laveracks), " and ten of the Duke-Rbcebe

and Laverack

cross,

have been sent

America

;

the former includ-

ing Petrel, winner of the champion prize at Birmmgham, Pride of the Border, Fairy, and Victress; the latter including Rock, Leicester, Rob Roy, Dart, and Dora, the same men bemg owners of both sorts. At the American Shows both sorts have appeared, and the RhcEbe blood has always beaten the Laverack.

no Laverack has been entered

;

but,

first,

field trials

second, and third prizes

THE ENGUSH SETTER. were gained

at their last field trials, in the

I confess that, in

champion

stakes, by-

all

descended from Mr. Llewellyn's ken-

opinion, this does not indicate any

dogs of the Rhcebe blood, nel."

101

superiority in the one over the other, as far as regards field trials,

were not tested together

since they

riority of the terest to

and

in reference to the supeit is

little in-

present inquiry^ but I unhesitatingly state, that, as far

my judgment

;

Dan-Laveracks on the show bench,

and opportunities for forming

go, " Setter" is

quits correct.

Dan

some dog, and

his stock might therefore be expected to resemble

himself was a very fine upstanding and hand-

him, while the Laverack dogs are nearly

and the

bitches,

though very

heavy and lumbering,

all

and

elegant, too small

delicate for

perfection.

Th3 points of the English setter may be described as follows 1. The skull has a character peculiar to itself, somewhat between that of the pointer

and larger than the occipital

spaniel, not so

It is

latter's.

heavy as the former's,

without the prominence of the

bone so remarkable in the pointer,

tween the 2.

and cocker

ears,

and there

a decided

also

brow over

narrower be-

the eyes.

The nose should be long and wide, without any

der the eyes.

There should be

in the average

dog

fullness un-

setter at least

four inches from the inner corner of the eye to the end of the nose.

Between the point and the root of the nose there should be a depression

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; at

events, there should

all

eyebrows should

lise

sharply from

it.

be no fullness

The

nostrils

slight

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;and the

must be wide

apart and large in the openings, and the end should be moist and cool,

though many a dog with exceptionally good scenting powers

has had a remarkably dry nose, amounting in some cases to roughness like that of shagreen.

all setters

the end of the nose should

be black, or dark liver-colored, but in the very best bred whites or

lemon and whites pink doned.

often

The jaws should be

met with, and may

nose," or "pig jaw," as the receding lower one

greatly against 3.

Ears, lips,

its

them be

par-

exactly equal in length, a " snipe is called,

being

possessor.

and

eyes.

With regard

to ears, they should be

shorter than the pointer's and romided, but not so

much

so aa

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUN.

102

The " leather" should be thin and soft, carcheeks, so as not to show the inside, without

those of the spaniel. ried closely to the

the slightest tendency to prick the ear, which should be clothed

with silky hair

more than two inches

little

also are not so full

The

in length.

and pendulous as those of the

lips

pointer, but at

their angles there should be a slight fullness, not reaching quite to

The

the extent of hanging.

medium

size,

eyes must be full of animation, and

the best color being a rich brown, and they should

be set with their angles straight across. the full rounded muscularity of the pointer,

The neck has not

being considerably thinner, but

still

slightly arched,

and

set into

the head without that prominence of the occipital bone which so remarkable in that dog.

skin

" throaty,"

chest should display great liberty in all di-

rections, with sloping deep shoulder blades, and elbows well

down.

The

Laverack

wide

on the contrary formation,

remarks

page 23 of his book.

to this formation that his

field trial, as

let

chest should be deep rather than wide, though Mr.

insists

in his

owing

though the

loose.

The shoulders and

must not be

above remarked

word

italicising the

Possibly

may

dogs have not succeeded

any

for the bitches of his breed, nota-

;

bly Countess and Daisy, which I have seen, were as narrow as any setter breeder could desire.

Mr. Laverack

quite satisfied that on this point

altogether wrong.

ever, that the "ribs should be well

and great depth of the back Back, quarters, and

I fully

agree with him,

how-

sprung behind the shoulder,"

ribs should

be especially demanded.

arched loin

is desirable, but not to the extent of being " roached " or " wheel-backed," a defect G.

stifles.

which generally tends to a slow up-and-down gallop. Stifles well and set wide apart, to allow the hind legs to be brought forward with liberty in the gallop. bent,

ally

Legs, elbows, and hocks.

go together, should be

toe" or in-turned leg the elbow

The elbows and

set straight

less objectionable

confined by

its

;

and

toes,

which gener-

not, the " pigeon-

than the out-turn, in which

close attachment to the ribs.

The arm

should be muscular and the bone fully developed, with strong and

THE EXGLISH SETTER. broad knees, short pasterns, of which the should be as great as possible

insist

of the foxhound; but to stop himself

from the straight

perfectly upright pastern,

setter has

when

scent,

suddenly

very slight bend

at full stretch

he catches

in " knucliling over;"

The hind

to be preferred.

and

hence a

legs should be

with plenty of bone, clean strong hocks, and hairy

The

that

must not be forgotten that the

oa the ligaments, soon ending

cular,

line.

lilic

with an upright and rigid pastern causes a considerable

this

strain

upon a

of bone

size in point

very important point), and their

slope not exceeding a very slight deviation

Many good judges

103

mus-

feet.

should be carefully examined, as upon their capabil-

feet

wear and

ity of standing

tear

depends the

utility of the dog.

great difforence of opinion exists as to the comparative merits of

Foxhound masters

the cat and hare foot for standing work.

in-

variably select that of the cat, and, as they have better opportuni-

than any other class of instituting the necessary comparison,

ties

their selection

may

be accepted as

cially required to stand

But, as setters are spe-

final.

wet and heather,

it is

imperatively neces-

sary that there should be a good growth of hair between the toes,

and on erally

account a hare foot, well clothed with hair, as

this

is,

must b3 preferred

on the upper

case, except

The

though bred

flag

to a cat foot naked, as

surface.

exhibit a curl or other malformation, usually consid-

resembles

It is often

only in respect of

of curl in ths blade of this Turkish

make

the

pared to a simile

model of the

comb but

fails,

;

its

weapon being

setter's flag.

combs

compared

Again,

feather

has been com-

have a gentle sweep is to

less short hair

;

and

the scythe with

must be composed of

and beyond the root the

better, especially fine,

The

far too great to

are usually straight, here again the

as the setter's flag should

curve reversed.

silky hairs,

to a scimitar,

narrowness, the amount

the nearest resemblance to anj' familiar form its

al-

sometimes happens that one or two puppies in a well-

litter

gen-

often the

appearance very characteristic of the breed,

ered to be indicative of a stain.

but

on the

straight flag the

towards the point, of which the bone should be

and the feather tapering with

it.

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOB THE GUN.

104

Symmetry and

10.

In character the setter should dis-

quality.

play a great amount of " quality," a term which

planation, though fully appreciated It

all

as understood

means a combination of symmetry,

of ex-

is difficult

experienced sportsmen.

by the

artist,

with the peculiar attributes of the breed under examination, as

in-

by the sportsman. Thus, a setter possessed of such a frame and outline as to charm an artist would be considered by the terpreted

sportsman defective in coat, or

" quality " if

he possessed a curly or harsh

he had a heavy head with pendent bloodhound-like jowl

The

and throaty neck.

general outline

very elegant, and more

taking to the eye of the artist than that of the pointer.

The

11.

texture and feather of coat are

sine

The

qua non.

much

regarded

among

without curl being considered a

setter breeders, a soft silky hair

feather should be considerable, and should

fringe the hind as well as the fore legs.

The

13.

color of coat

not

much

insisted

a great variety being admitted.

ters,

classed as follows, in the order given

with large splashes, and more or as " blue Belton

orange Belton white;

liver

;

(11)

(3)

now

Black and white ticked, marked with black, known

orange and white freckled,

(3)

plain orange, or

;

(7) liver

and white

;

lemon and white

(8)

set-

generally

(1)

;

known (4) liver

black and white, with slight tan markings;

(5)

and white

;

less

on among English

These are

pure white

;

(9)

(6)

black

and

black ;

(10)

red or yellow.

THE BLACK-TAN OR GORDON SETTER. The black-tan setter, until the institution of shows, was commonly called " Gordon," from the fact that the Dukes of Gordon had long possessed a

strain of setters of that color,

tained a high reputation.

the

first

which had obdog show held at Newcastle

in June, 1859, Mr. Jobling's (of

was shown with success

Morpeth) black and tan Dandy an open class and in November of the ;

same year Mr. Burdett's Brougham followed

suit at

Birmingham.

THE RLACK-TAN OR GORDON' SETTER. In 1861 Mr. Bnrclett's Ned (son of Brougham)

Birmingham,

in an open class at

made

won

which a

105

the

prize

first

was Birmingham, London, and other

for dogs of that color at

after

special class

large shows, the breeders of English dogs fancying that the beautiful color of the "

Gordons

was

much

too

But, in spite of the above successes,

in their favor.

cannot be denied that the

general opinion of good sportsmen in the south has not been in

favor of the breed since the institution of field

which

trials, in

has been brought into competition with the English and Irish

set-

Both Rex and Young Kent had shown marvellous powers of

ter.

was taken

scent, but exception

to their tiring action,

and

must

be admitted that six hours' work was enough at one time for either of them,

and probably too much for Young Kent. Both dogs also

were headstrong, and required severe treatment under command, and though neither showed the

on the

tion to unsteadiness

and

was

difficult to

point, yet both

make them work

keep them

were jealous behind,

to hand.

berless specimens of the breed (black- tan)

slightest disposi-

Among

which

the

num-

have seen

work, not one has shown the solicitude to catch the eye of the shooter which

know where

man

so essential to the perfect correspondence of

and dog which ensures

sport.

his master

is,

The and

pointer or setter ought al^yays

put into high covert, such as

beans, should raise his head at short intervals above tain his whereabouts.

Now,

as far as

them

to ascer-

experience goes, black-

tan setters, and notably the Kents, never do this, and cannot be

taken off a scent without very great severity, until they have fied

themselves of

The

satis-

its fallacy.

points of the black-tan setter are very nearly the

same

those of the English dog, the only deviations being as follows 1.

The

setter, 2.

trifle 9.

The

usually a

nose, also,

little it

heavier than that of the English

resembles

it.

like the English setters

;

but

it is

usually a

wider.

The

setter, 11.

skull

but in other respects

flag is usually a trifle shorter

which

The

coat

than that of the English

otherwise resembles in shape. is

generally harder and coarser than that of the

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOE THE GUN.

106

setter, occasionally

English or Irish

The

12.

color

with a strong disposition to

champions Reuben and Regent.

curl, as in the celebrated

much

The black should be

insisted on.

rich,

without mixture with the tan, and the latter should be a deep ma-

hogany red without any tendency to fawn. It is admitted that the but, as in all original Gordons were often black, tan, and white ;

our shows the classes are limited to black-tan

;

the long arguments

which have been adduced on that score are now obsolete. A little white on the chest, and a white toe or two, are not objected to; but a decided frill is considered by most judges to be a blemish.

The red

tan should be

shown on

lips,

cheeks, throat, spot over the

eyes, fore legs nearly to the elbows, hind legs

the under side of the

flag,

Lang

I have selected Mr. Coath's

the engraving, page 93,

the

ment

but not running into

its

stifles,

and on

long hair.

to illustrate this breed,

and

a wonderful likeness of this elegant dog.

show bench he has been very successful since the retireReuben from old age, having won first and cham-

of his sire

pion prizes at Glasgow, Edinburgh, Crystal Palace (twice), Bir-

mingham

(thrice),

field trials of

and Alexandra Palace.

the Shrewsbury

1872 and 1873, he was entered, and showed great

pace and a fine style of going

;

but in the former year his pace was

too great for the absence of scent and covert

which prevailed

and he was put out by Mr. Armstrong's Don, in one of those unsatisfactory trials to which owners of dogs have so often been reduced there. In the next year he showed well at first with there,

Mr. Barclay Field's Rake, but was put out from chasing fur. At the same meeting he was bracketed with Mr. Macdona's Ranger in the braces, but not being quite steady behind, they were beaten

Mr. Barclay Field's Bruce and Rose.

good

size,

legs and

a fine slashing dog, of

possessing plenty of bone without lumber, and excellent

feel.

His pedigree â&#x20AC;&#x17E;

an excellent one, being as follows

Milo (Malcolm's

DMu]y

(Jobling's)

Ruin (Lord Rosslyn'sjg;Xss

Lang

(Mr. Coath's)

rSuwarrow

.Mona

J I

,^.

(

(Birch's).. J I

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;

tBounce

J (

(Pedigree unknown. p,-om Dnke of Bnccleusrh's

Kennels)

Kent (Pearce's) old Moll, by ling's

Dandy.

.Job-

THE It will

IRISH SETTER.

107

be seen that he goes back to Jobling's Dandy, on the side

of both sire and dam.

The black and tan

setter crosses well

Rex, winner of the

Irish,

prize at Bi'ighton in the black

first

This dog

class in 1876.

with the

and Mr.

an excellent specimen of the cross in his Young

Salter possesses

and tau

by Rex (son of Kent and Regent), out

of Sal, a well-bred bitch descended from Major Hutchinson's Bob,

and

good looking dog,

Mr. Purcell

as well as a fine mover.

Llewellyn has also crossed the Laveracks with

it,

the result, in

1872, being a very beautiful orange Beltou bitch, Flame, out of Carrie,

who was by Pilkington's Dash, out

inson's

Bob (winner

in 1875)

and

;

and

2nd

of the

champion

also a 1st prize

Birmingham

winner

in the

of a daughter of Hutch-

prize at the Crystal Palace,

at the Crystal

same

Palace in 1873,

jear.

THE IRISH SETTER. This breed has long been Britain as a

was

set

good one,

apart for

known

Birmhigham

sportsmen throughout Great

especially in point of stamina,

and a

class

in 1860, a year before the black

and tans were similarly favored. There

no reascm

to suppose that

place in this breed in

its

any improvement had taken

native country until very recently,

when

the institution of local shows seems to have stimulated Irish breed-

but in the exhibits which have been made shows the chain of progress has been unbroken Dash and Palmerstou. In the field trials, the Rev.

ers to fresh exertions

;

in the English

from Carlo J. C.

Macdona has

Shrewsbury ellyn,

by producing his Plunket at which he was sold to Mr. Purcell Llew-

raised its character

in 1870, after

and took prizes

Vaynol, Southampton, and Shrewsbury.

This dog was very small and bitch-like in appearance, and rather light in color, but his pace

was very great, though not perhaps

quite

equal to that of the Laverack Countess, while his style of going

and his

attitude

on the point were far superior

to hers.

He was

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUN.

108

bred by the Hon. D. Plunket, and combines the blood of that gen-

La Touche and Hutchinson strains. Mr. him in the hight of his successes, and average dogs from him out of Kate (of the Knight of

tleman's kennel with the

Purcell Llewell^^n purchased

bred several Kerry's litter,

strain),

including Kimo, Kite, and Kitty; while another

out of Buckell's Min, contained Marvel, May, and Knowing,

than the former, both on the bench and in the

less successful

tield.

With the solitary exception of Plunket and his daxighter Music, who was at Vaynol in 1872, however, no Irish setter has shown anything like high form in the field

who

Samson,

trials,

Mr. Purcell Llewellyn's

above the average, being crossed with the Laver-

ack Prince through his dam, Carrie, through both are entered in

Book

the Stud

as Irish setters.

After a great deal of discussion, a separate class has been

Dublin and elsewhere for "reds" and

white and reds,"

made it

be-

ing

shown

two

distinct strains of tbe Irish setter,

these colors respectively.

The white and reds stands no it was considered hard to debar as by some good judges they are

that there are

chance in the open

them from

classes,

all prizes,

and yet

especially

thought to possess better noses than the reds.

judgment the rich a

little

too

much

red, or blood-red color as of,

and

described,

made

should strongly object to the passing

over of excellence in shape because the color instance of

According to

it is

which happened

at the

In points the Irish setter only

too pale

;

a marked

Brighton show of 1876.

differs

from the English

in the fol-

lowing:

The

skull is

somewhat longer and narrower, the eyebrows

being well raised, and the occipital prominence as marked as in the pointer.

The nose

is a trifle longer, with good width, and square at the wide and open, with the nose itself of a deep mahogany or very dark fleshy-color, not pink nor black. 2.

end

nostrils

Eyes, ears, and

hogany

lips.

color, well set,

berry eye

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;The eyes should be a rich brown or ma-

and

to be avoided.

full of intelligence

;

a pale or goose-

Ears long enough to reach within

half an inch or an inch of the end of the nose, and, though

THE IRISH SETTEB.

109

tapering than in the English dog, never coming to a point

they

;

should be set low and close, but well back, and not approaching to

Whiskers red

the hound's in setting and leather.

;

lips deep, but

not pendulous. 5 and

In frame the Irish dog

higher on the leg than either

the English or black and tan, but his elbows are well nevertheless

;

his shoulders are long

and

but never wide;

his

back

and sloping

Loin good,

and

on rather low, but

flag set

and

slightly arched,

well coupled to his hips, but not very wide sloping,

down

let

brisket deep,

somewhat shorter than

ribs are

those of his English brethern.

;

quarters slightly

and

straight, fine in bone,

Breeders are, however, going for straight

beautifully carried.

backs like that of Palmerston, with flags set on as high as in the

English 7.

setter.

Legs very

straight,

with good hocks, well-bent

and

stifles,

muscular but not heavy haunches. 8. 9.

The feet are hare-like, and moderately hairy between the toes. The flag is clothed with a long, straight comb of hair, never

bushy or

and

on the point. somewhat coarser than that of the English setter, being midway between that and the black and tan, wavy but not curly, and by no means long. Both hind and fore legs 11.

curly,

The

this is beautifully displayed

coat should be

are well feathered, but not profusely,

and the ears are furnished

with feather to the same extent, with a slight wave, but no 13.

The

color should be a rich blood red, without

black on the ears or along the back

;

many

white on the neck, breast, or

able,

and there

to constitute

good

shown.

no doubt that the preponderance of white, so

what

called " white

and

by no means objection-

red,"

met with

some

strains.

In his quite

toes, is

curl.

trace of

of the best strains,

however, a pale color or an occasional tinge of black little

any

work

the Irish setter

to the average of fast

are limited to a small kennel he

His style of going for the

body scent

is ;

fast

and enduring;

his nose is

dogs in delicacy, and to those is

an invaluable aid

who

to the gun.

very beautiful, with head well up and feeling

he has a free action of the shoulders, hind legs

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUN.

110

brought well under him, and a merry lashing of the flag on the slightest indication of scent

vocates contend that he

broken, but, as far as

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; often, indeed, without

as steady as

any other

His ad-

it.

setter

when once

experience goes, I scarcely think this

position can be maintained.

Neither Plunket, nor any that I have

seen of Mr. Purcell Llewellyn's breeding, nor indeed any of those

which

have had out

fear that, like

almost

have been always

in private,

all

be admitted that he requires work to keep him in a fit

and

must

state of control

amount

of work, at least a double

must be

kept.

Having been charged, by Mr. Adcock, in with selecting inferior specimens for

yield to

but to do the same

;

team of the

must

Irish setter

the best strains

necessary that I should explain

and I

In this respect, and indeed in

for immediate use with the gun.

delicacy of nose, both the English

the black and tan of

reliable,

other setters of such high courage,

mentioned

last

the case of the bulldog,

illustration,

perhaps

reasons for choosing a dog

without any public reputation to represent the Irish setter in preference to Mr. Hilliard's Palmerston,

who

has taken

prizes since the last appearance of Dr. Stone's

Palace in 1875.

As remarked

Hon. D. Plunket has been

Dash

all

the chief

at the Crystal

above, no strain but that of the

tried in the field

;

and, as that has done

great credit to the breed in the shape of Mr. Macdona's (afterwards

Mr. Llewellyn's) Plunket,* his daughter Music, and

and Kite,

I prefer a portrait of

any dog not

one of

similarly tested.

Music were too small

his sons

Marvel

this tried strain to that of

Both Plunket and

to serve as a type, while Kite

his daughter

and Marvel

have faults which render them equally unfit for that purpose. Fortunately, however, I have been able to meet with a grand

specimen of the breed

m Rover, an

own

brother to Plunket, which

Mr. Macdona has recently obtained from Ireland, and which has never yet been sliown. sented on page 73 speaks for his performances * Plunket

now

it is

The

faithful portrait of this

itself as to his

external shape

;

but for

necessary to look to his brother Plunket,

was purchased by Mr. Llewellyn from Mr. Macdona

in the possession of

dog pre-

J. Farrar, of

Toledo, Ohio.

for $750,

and

THE FIELD SPANIEL.

Ill

except that I have ascertained on good evidence that in private he

has been tried to be

In color he

first class.

red with scarcely any white

;

of a beautiful rich

while he possesses a frame of great

symmetry, and substance, with good legs and

size,

feet.

THE FIELD SPANIEL. The field Spaniel is distinguished from the toy dog by his propensity to

hunt game, and by his

him

cient to enable his is

way through chiefly

and strength, which are

work which

Although not used for water, where the

pre-eminent, his coat must be of such a thick

nature as to bear long continued wet, inasmuch as he

soaked with

it,

ture hanging to

either

from the snow on the

them

in drops, caused either

briars, or

generally

from mois-

by rain or dew.

Har-

dog may possess there are few instances of anything under 12 or 14 pounds being

dihood, therefore, it,

suffi-

making where he

required in

the briars and thorns of a thick covert,

employed.

water spaniel

size

to stand the

able to stand the

is essential,

and though a

little

wet and labor of a day's covert shooting.

The

nose of the spaniel must be exquisite, or he will be unfit to per-

form

his duties,

which require him

woodcock, or hare,

to follow out the pheasant,

to the well-concealed retreat in or

bush, which either of them

may have

under a thick

A good

and somewhat musical tongue was, by the old school of sportsmen, considchosen.

ered a desideratum, in order not only to give notice that the dog

on game, but also the particular kind which he

which many good spaniels enable variation in their notes. that

covert. is

as is

" questing,"

their masters to distinguish

and

by a

Formerly this was thought so important,

a spaniel happened to be mute, he

round his neck,

was hunted with a

sometimes done with the

setter

bell

when used

In the present day, a very fashionable breed (the Clumber)

invariably

battue, there

mute is

;

but as these dogs are chiefly used in aid of the

not the same necessity for them to give notice of

their approach, as in the case of spaniels used either in wild-phea-

sant shooting, or for cocks, hares, or rabbits.

It will therefore ap-

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE GUX.

112

pear, that, for every kind of covert shooting but the battue,

re-

quire a strong useful spaniel, capable of bearing exposure to the

weather, and neither too large for the runs, nor too small to bear

Added

work.

we want an

to these qualities,

musical but not noisy tongue, which will distinguish

must to

its

the

is all

exquisite nose,

if it

These dogs

note the various kinds of game.

also be readily kept

and a

more valuable

under command, and must not be inclined

hunt far away from the shooter, or so

prevent his

fast as to

fol-

For various purposes a vast number of breeds have been established, more or less resembling each other, and a good many of them being now extinct, in consequence of the diminishlowing them.

ed demand for their services since the introduction of battues and their attendant preserves,

covert shootiug

by which,

rendered

have a marked down carriage of ly

scarce.

their tails,

when on game, but should never

backs.

as a matter of course, wild

much more

the spaniels

which they work rapidabove the level of their

raise

All these various breeds may, however, be ari'anged under

two leading

divisions

;

one known as the " Springer," and includ-

ing the Sussex, Clumber, and Norfolk Spaniels, besides several others confined to their respective localities

;

and the other called

" the Cocker," from his being chiefly used for woodcocks, though also

good for general purposes.

The King Charles and Blenheim

originally belonged to the. second division, but they are

now

kept

and bred for toy purposes only.

The Springer has tractable,

a most tender

and therefore

already remarked, some are

throw

and discriminating nose,

easily kept in

mute

command.

(as the

their tongues, as, for instance, the

very

As has been

Clumber), while others

Sussex and the Norfolk.

All the springers are heavy and slow as compared with the cockers,

and most of them soon

tire,

about a good average day's work.

three or four hours'

work being

Hence, they are scarcely adapt-

ed for beating large and wild woodlands, and for

this reason

they

are seldom used for cock-shooting, excepting in small coverts

frequented by this bird, and highly valued by the sportsman.

The Clumber

Spaniel,

which for a long time was confined to the

Newcastle family, but has lately become very fashionable,

a re-

113

THE FIELD SPANIEL.

markably long, low, and somewhat heavy dog. In weight he ia Hight 18 to 20 inches. The head is heavy, to 40 lbs. wide, and full, the muzzle broad and square, generally of a flesh

from 30 color.

Nostrils open, and chops full

long, and clothed with

and strong, the back

round and

wavy

hair,

ribs being

and somewhat pendent. Ears

not too thick.

barrel-like, the ribs at the

Fig. 18.

Body very long

very deep, and the chest being very

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;CLUMBER

separated from each other, as to

same time being so widely

SPANIEL, BRUCE.

make

the interval between

and the hips small in proportion to the great length. but not at

all

woolly, the hair being

generally cropped.

waved

only, not curled.

down, fore arms

with plenty of bone, good knees, and strong useful round not very well up in the knuckles.

and the

It is

Shoulders rather heavy and wide apart, arms

short but strong, elbows not very well let

ered,

them

Tail bushy,

feet hairy.

The

The hind

strong,

feet,

but

legs should be well feath-

legs are rather straight,

and

should, like the fore legs, be short, so that the dog altogether has rather a weasely appearance, but the

body being considerably

DOilESTICATKD DOGS FOE THE GUN.

114

The

Stouter in proportion than that animal's.

coat

very thick,

but should be silky and wavy, not curled, except in the ings,

which

or, as is

and well marked.

are long

most highly prized, lemon and white.

This dog

The portrait given of Mr. R. J. LI. may be regarded as a good type of the breed. invariably mute.

The Sussex Spaniel

differs

from the Clumber

In hight and weight there

Fig.

nor

not

almost

and

much

bell-like,

19.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; SUSSEX SPANIEL, GEOKQE.

Clumber; but

as that dog, though full,

Bruce

difference,

the general character of the head very distinguishable

that of the

and

Price's

shape and color,

as well as in his "questing," his note being full

though sharp.

feather--

Color, yellow and white,

still

in length

from

not nearly so remarkable

long and low, the body being very round

indicating great power.

The

coat also

pretty nearly

the same in quality, being soft and silky, though thick and free

from

distinct curls;

The head

and

this

dog

also beautifully feathered

not quite so heavy about the muzzle, but very square

above the eyes, and with an expression of exceeding gravity and

THE FIELD SPANIEL. The

intelligence.

]15

ears are full in length, lobe-shaped, but not very

thickly covered with hair.

Muzzle broad, with the under jaw

re-

ceding more than in the Clumber, and the point of the nose of a liver-color. The whole body is also of a decided liver-color, but

with rather a golden shade, not so puce as that of the Welsh or Devonshire cockers, or the Irish water spaniel. Legs and feet very strong,

and well

clothed with dogs.

wavy

feathered.

The

hair.

Tail generally cropped,

All of this breed throw their tongues, and

Fig. 30.

and well

bitches are usually smaller than the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;COCKEB SPANIEL,

when kept

BRUSH.

cocks or pheasants, they readily indicate their scent by a sharper note than usual. â&#x20AC;˘was bred

The are so

by the

The late

portrait given as a specimen of the breed

A. E. Fuller, of Rose Hill, Sussex, England.

Cocker can scarcely be minutely described, inasmuch as there

many

however, be about 14

varieties in different parts of Great Britain. said, in general terms, to

lbs.

be a

He maj^

light, active spaniel, of

weight on the average, sometimes reaching 20

"with very elegant shapes,

and a

lively

and

spirited carriage.

lbs.,

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE

116

hunting he keeps hia

works

down,

tail

GUIS'.

like the rest of his kind,

and

constantly in a most rapid and merry way, from which

may be known from the springer, who also works his, but solemnly and deliberately, and apparently without the same pleasurable sensations which are displayed by the cocker. The alone he

head

round and the forehead raised muzzle more pointed than and the ear less heavy, but of good length, and well

;

the springer,

clothed with soft

wavy

which should not be matted

hair,

in a

The eye is of medium size, slightly inclined to water, weep like the toy dog's; body of medium length, and

heavy mass. but not to

the shape generally resembling that of a small setter.

been the custom to crop the tail nearly half the constant wearing of his

way through

it is

dog works

nearly as long in propor-

more bushy, and not

tion as that of the setter, but

has long

so as to prevent

against the bushes, as the

If left on,

thera.

off,

so closely re-

These dogs are well feathered, and the work for and legs requires them to be strong and well formed.

sembling a fan. their feet

The

coat should be thick and wavy, but not absolutely curled,

which too

last

much The

ing.

shows the cross

obstinacy with color varies

witli the

from a plain

white and black, white and

lemon

;

and

liver,

different breeds are

these in particular, but I

water spaniel, and that gives

conduce to success in covert shoot-

liver or black to black

and

tan,

white and red, or white and

noted as possessing some one of

not aware that any one

remarkable

as belonging to a superior race.

The

title "

cocker" includes every kind of

Sussex and Clumber, and

it is

field spaniel

except the

therefore necessary to allude to the

Norfolk Spaniel as well as to the Welsh and Devon Cocker. Norfolk spaniel

is still

to be

The

found scattered throughout the coun-

and is generally of a liver and white color, sometimes black and while, and rarely lemon and white; usually a good deal Higher on the leg than the ticked with color in the white. try,

Clumber or the Sussex, he

generally

active than either,

sometimes almost rivalling the setter in lightness of frame ears are long, lobular ful

and heavily feathered, and he

dog when thoroughly broken, but he

;

his

a very use-

apt to be too wild in

THE FIELD SPANIEL. his behavior

and too wide

hard mouthed.

When

cellent aid to the

gun

that

in his range until

than most sportsmen can

drill

it is

afford,

and

he haa had a longer

in retrieving

thoroughly broken, however, he but he

often

an ex-

so intermixed with other breeds,

impossible to select any particular specimen as the true

With regard

type.

;

119

now

times, they are

and of the regulation

to the

Welsh and Devon cocker of former met with in a state of purity

scarcely to be

size (30 lbs. to 25 lbs.)

;

most of them have

been crossed with the springer, or by improved management have been raised in weight to 30 their use in

modern

field

some coverts

lbs. at ;

and

the least,

which

militates against

in a vast majority of teams, the

must be regarded as more like the springer The Welsh and Devon cockers are both liver-

spaniel

thÂŁ>n the cocker.

colored, not of the Sussex golden hue, but of a dead true liver

Their ears are not too large for work, and on the show color. bench would by many judges be considered too small but they are always lobular, without the slightest tendency to a vine shape. ;

Throughout the country there are numberless breeds of cockers of varying from white, black, or liver to red and white,

all colors,

lemon and white, bird

nearly

all black.

liver

all red,

The

and white, and black and white.

but she comes of strains usually

illustration is a portrait of

Mr.

Lady-

all liver

Gillett's

Brush

an excellent representative dog.

The

Blenlieim

and King Charles' Spaniels will be described under which purpose alone are they really suited,

the head of toy dogs, to

though sometimes used

in covert shooting.

DOMESTICATED DOGS FOR THE

120

Fig.

GUJf.

31.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;IKISH WATER SPANIEL, KAKE.

THE WATER SPANIEL. commonly made a ground of

Wate?- Spaniels are

point

the fact the

often is

said to

have web-feet, and

distinction

that all dogs have their toes united

same way, the only

distinction

this

from other dogs, but

by membranes

between the water and land

dogs being that the former have larger feet, and that the membrane

between the toes being more

more contented than

not so easy to get at her there

it is

in a

anything

goes wrong with either mother or whelps, and on that account is

A board,

not a desirable place.

size of the bitch,

ing all

large or small, according to the

with a raised edge to prevent the puppies

roll-

and supported by bricks a few inches from the ground, is that is required for the most valuable animal and if a piece of oflT,

;

carpet, as before mentioned,

placed upon

and

all,

ofispring.

for without

unable to

fill

tacked upon

the hight of comfort

The use

catch their claws in

all

on a door or other

used for the bitch, she

as she will be

it,

;

floor, to

few inches from the ground,

piece of board raised a

flat

smooth boarded

of the carpet

as they are

this,

and some straw

to allow the puppies to

working at the mother's

they slip over the board, and they are

themselves well

the straw away,

and are

;

mother

afibrded to both

teats

restless,

and

while at the same time they scratch

left

bare and cold.

HEALTHY PARTURITION. During whelping, the only management required food and quiet, which

last

is in regird to should as far as possible be enjoined, as

at this time all bitches are

stroy their strangers.

young While

quired, unless

it is

watchful and suspicious, and will de-

they are at

all

interfered with, especially

the process of labor

going on no food

delayed in an unnatural manner,

when

cessary steps will be found described in the Third Book. IS

completed, some lukewarm gruel,

made with

half milk

is re-

the ne-

After

and half

water, should be given, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours.

Nothing cold

ia to

be allowed for the

first

two or three

HEALTHY PAETUEITIOX, days, unless

in the bight of

summer, when these precautions

are unnecessary, as the ordinary temperature 60째

and 70째 of Fahrenheit.

do nearly as

generally between

not easily had, broth will

well, thickening

with oatmeal, which should be

This food

continued until the secretion of

well boiled in

milk

185

ETC.

it.

fully established,

when a more generous

diet is gradually

to be allowed, consisting of sloppy food, together with an allow-

ance of meat somewhat greater than that to which she has been accustomed. This last is the best rule, for it will be found that no other useful one can be given

;

those bitches which have been pre-

viously accustomed to a flesh diet sinking

have

dram

at this tune,

when

the

the system considerably

used to

away

it.

over-reduced by starvation nor will rarely give it

any trouble

may happen

they do not

of the puppies for milk

and those which have not been

;

being rendered feverish and dyspeptic

inordinate allowance of

conditions,

demands

bitch in

made

good

they have an

health,

and neither

too fat by excessive feeding,

at this time;

but, in either of these

that the secretion fails to be established.

(For the proper remedies see Parturition, in

Book

III.)

From

the

day the bitch should be encouraged to leave her puppies twice or thrice daily to empty herself, which some, in their excessive fondness for their new charge, are apt to neglect. When the milk first

thoroughly established, they should be regularly exercised for an hour a day, which increases the secretion of milk, and indeed

will often bring

on.

After the second week, bitches will always

be delighted to leave their puppies for an hour or two at a time,

and

will exercise themselves if allowed to escape

best food for a suckling bitch

from them.

The

strong broth, with a fair pro-

portion of bread and flesh, or bread and milk, according to their habits.

DESTRUCTION OR CHOICE OF WHELPS AT BIRTH. Sometimes

it is

desirable to destroy all the whelps as soon as

possible after birth, but this ought very seldom to be done, as

186 all

BREEDING.

cases

it is

better to

keep one or two sucking for a sbort time,

prevent milk fever, and from motives of humanity ever,

it is

decided to destroy

all at

once, take

also.

them away

If,

as fast as

they are born, leaving only one with the mother to engage her tention,

and when

become used she

it,

all

are

bom, remove the

by which plan

last before

a dose or two of

mUd

Low

stances.

than

diet

and

aperient medicine, with moderate exercise,

will be required to guard against fever, but at best

business,

at-

she has

less cruelty is practised

permitted to attach herself to her offspring.

how-

and can only be

justified

a bad

under extraordinary circum-

CHAPTER

II.

REARING. MANAGEMENT IN THE NEST.—CHOOSING.— THE FOSTER NtJESE.—FEEDING BEFORE WEANING.—CHOICE OF PLACE FOR WHELPING.—REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS, ETC.—WEANING. —LODGING. —FEEDING. —EXERCISE.— HOME REARING V. WALKING.—FOOD.—GENERAL MANAGEMENT.— CROPPING, BRANDING, AND ROUNDING.

THE MANAGEMENT OF WHELPS IN THE NEST. Until weaned, the care

management of dogs does not require much beyond the feeding of the mother, and the necessity for re-

moving a part when For the to support.

numbers are too great for her strength

the first

fortnight, at least, puppies are entirely

dependent upon the milk of their

dam

they are brought up by hand, which

and attended

or a foster-nurse, unless

a most troublesome

also with considerable risk.

office,

Sometimes, however,

the bitch produces twelve, fourteen, or even sixteen whelps, and

these being far

weak ones

beyond her powers

die off, or the

small and puny.

to suckle properly, either the

whole are impoverished, and rendered

It is better,

therefore, especially

when

size

and

strength are objects to the breeder, to destroy a part of the htter,

when size is

the

ber

more than five or six in the greyhound, or seven or hound or other dog of that size. In toy dogs a small

there are

eight in the

sometimes a desideratum, and with them,

dam may

equal to the dram, which

be kept on her.

will be able to suckle her

pies than she has good

weak ones

For the whole

teats, that

is,

the strength of

almost any num-

three or four days, the bitch

first

litter

seldom

;

but

teats

there are

more pup-

with milk in them, the

are starved, unless the strong ones are kept

order to allow them access, so as to

To manage

this,

187

fill

away

themselves in their turn.

a covered basket, lined with

wool

the weather

;;

REARING.

188 is

at all cold, should be provided;

and

in this one-third or one-

half of the puppies should be kept, close to the mother, to prevent

from being uneasy, with the lid fastened down or she will them out in her mouth. Every two or three hours a fresh should be exchanged for those in the basket, first letting them themselves, when they will go to sleep and remain contented

either

take lot fill

for the time fixed above, thus allowing each lot in itself regularly.

its

turn to

the end of ten days, by introducing a

fill

little

sweetened cow's milk on the end of the finger into their mouths,

and dipping

their noses in a saucer containing

After this there will be

little

but they will not, however carefully they as

only a small number were

hound breeders

it,

they learn to lap.

difficulty in rearing

may

left

even a dozen

be fed, be as large

her.

Therefore grey-

limit their litters to five, six, or at

most seven

destroying the remainder, or rearing them with a foster-nurse.

CHOICE OF WHELPS. In choosing the whelps in the nest which are to be kept, most people select on

born

Some

take the heaviest,

others the longest of the litter

;

tirely

each having some peculiar

diff'erent principles,

crotchet to guide himself.

some the

an important element, color ought

deserves,

to be allowed all the

certain toy dogs, the value

pointers and setters, a

weight

often affected

a hundred per cent, by a slight variation in the markings.

among

last

while others again are en-

In toy dogs, and those whose appearance

guided by color.

and among

;

So also

dog with a good deal of white should

be preferred, on the score of greater utility in the

field, to

another

puppy which might otherwise be superior in all reHounds and greyliounds are however chosen for shape and

self-colored spects.

make, and though

this is not the

there are certain indications

these the shoulders are lifting

up a puppy by the

same

which

more tail,

at birth as in after life,

are not to be despised.

visible

still

Among

than any others, and

he puts his forelegs back beyond his

THE FOSTER NURSE. may

ears, it

be surmised that there

189

be no fault in his shape in

-will

reference to his fore quarter, supposing that his legs are well

formed and bis

feet of the proper shape,

which

The width

hardly be ascertained at this time.

shape of the chest, with the formation of the conjectured, and the length of the neck

loin,

in like

point can

last

of the hips, and

may

also be

measure shadow-

ed forth, though not with the same certainty as the shoulders and

A verj' fat puppy will

ribs.

so that

it is

selection tional,

;

but

when for

litter,

look pudgy to an inexperienced eye,

necessary to take this into consideration in making the

both actual and constitu-

fat is a sign of strength,

remarkably permanent in one or two among a

can only be obtained either by depriving the others of

milk by main

theii share of

force, or

through such constitutional

The navel

vigor as to thrive better on the same share of aliment.

should be examined to ascertain alone first

there

any rupture, and

a reason for deferring the choice until nearly the

week, up to which time there Indeed,

defect.

all until after

possible,

this

end of the

no means of judging

as to this

always better to rear nearly

weaning, either on the

dam

nurse, as at that time the future shape

herself or

on a

foster-

very manifest, and the

consequences of weaning are shown, either in a wasting away of the whole body, or in a recovery from

its effects

in a short time.

Sometimes, however, there are not conveniences for

either,

then recourse must be had to an early choice on the principles

and in-

dicated above.

THE FOSTER-NURSE. The

foster nurse

which she

need not be of the same breed as the puppies

to suckle

;

a smooth-skinned bitch

purpose to one with a rough coat, which in other

ways conduces

who

alone are likely to

superior for the

apt to harbor

to the increase of dirt.

breeds the bull-terrier (which the class

For

fleas, all

and

large

most commonly kept among sell

the services of a nurse)

answers as well as any other, and her milk

generally plentiful

REAEING.

190 and good.

For small breeds any

ing care that the skin

little

house dog will

suflBce, tak-

healthy, and that the constitution

not

Greyhound puppies without any disadvan-

impaired by confinement or gross feeding.

commonly

are very

reared by biill-bitches

tage, clearly proving the propriety of the plan.

may

generally

be reckoned, in fixing the number which a bitch can suckle with advantage, that, of greyhound or pointer puppies, for every seven

pounds

in her

own weight the

bitch can nui se one

;

so that an aver-

age bull-terrier will rear three, her weight being about twenty- one

When

pounds, and smaller dogs in proportion. is

be made, the plan

basket, put in

some

whelps have been put

all

the substitution

proceed as follows

of the litter in

lying, then take

away

in the basket, together with the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Get

warm

which the bitch and her all

her

own

progeny, and

whelps to be fostered, mix-

ing them so that the skins of the fresh ones shall be in contact with

own pups, and also with the litter. Let them remain in way for three hours, during which time the bitch should be taken out for an hour's walk, when her teats will have become pain' the bitch's this

fully distended with milk.

Then put

all

the pups in her nest, and,

carefully watching her, let her go back to them.

quietly,

and

enough; but

she licks if

all alike,

she

may

In ninety-nine

them

cases out of a hundred, she will at once allow left

she passes the fresh ones over, pushing

one

side,

her,

and keeping the muzzle on excepting while she

watched

she should be muzzled for twelve hours, leaving

until she

but one of her

observed to lick

own

of one hour or

puppies

may

all alike.

done.

the next day,

After two days the last

milk out of her

teats,

Some

and rub

with

fed, or

that

may

all

people squeeze a this

little

she

also be

taken away, and then she acts to her foster-puppies in every the same as to her own.

them

all

be withdrawn, with an interval

two between each two, taking care

does not see what

suck

all

with them safely

way

of the bitch's

over the puppies, but I have

never seen any advantage in the plan, and, as I have never had

any

difficulty in getting

puppies adopted, I do not recommend any

other than that I have described. is

In most cases the foster-bitch

strange to those about her, having been brought from her

own

;

FEEDING REFORE AVEANING, ETC. home, and in that case a muzzle

often required for the safety of

the servants watching her as well as for the whelps

seems quiet and good-tempered,

191

may

;

but

she

be dispensed with.

FEEDING BEFORE WEANING. The food

of whelps before weaning should be confined at

to cow's milk, or, It

better to boil

as for the

take

may

human

it,

very

rich,

and sweeten

palate.

reduced with a

with a

As much

little

first

water.

fine sugar,

of this as the whelps will

be given them three times a day, or every four hours,

they are a large boil

this is

In the fourth week get a sheep's head,

litter.

a quart of water until the meat comes completely to

away every particle of bone, and break up the meat into fragments no larger than a small horse-bean mix all with the broth, thicken this to the consistence of cream with fine wheat flour, boil for a quarter of an hour, then cool and give alternately with the milk. At this time the milk may also be pieces, then carefully take

thickened with flour

;

and as the puppies grow, and the milk of

the bitch decreases in quantity, the

amount of milk and thickened

broth nlust be increased each day, as well as more frequently

Some

given.

the puppies

;

art,

founded on experience,

but,

the pups have finished

not be overdone. be

left in

to feed.

two days up

required not to satiate

greedily the last time or two, they will

In no case should the pan containing the food

the intervals with the puppies,

out, as they only

by carefully increasing the quantity whenever

become disgusted with

it,

they have not cleared

and the next time refuse

sheep's head will serve a litter of large-sized puppies to weaning,

more or less, according to numbers and

age.

CHOICE OF PLACE FOR WHELPING. The

whelping-place, up to the third week,

may

be confined to

a square yard or two, floored with board as already described.

192

EEARIXG.

when

After the third week,

the puppies begin to run about, access

should be given them to a larger run, and an inclined plane should be arranged for them to get up and

boarded

whelp

stall,

weather

If the

stage.

a saddle-room

down from

their

cold, the best place for a bitch

warmed by

a stove, or an

empty

with a two-foot board placed across the bottom, opposite the

stall-post, so as to

prevent the puppies getting

In either case there to the

an amount of

growth of the puppies, and allows them

ciently strong to bear

weather

among

artificial heat,

the horses.

which conduces

to be reared suffi-

any cold afterwards with impunity.

not cold, an ordinary horse-box

the best place

If the

which

can be chosen, fixing the boarded stage at a distance from the door, and either sanding or slightly littering the brick floor, ac-

cording to the weather

m a very hot summer.

but the latter

;

to be preferred, excepting

In these boxes puppies take a vast amount

of exercise, which they require for health, and to give that appe-

without which

tite

food for growth

suflScient

REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS, Before weaning, any cropping which the dew-claw or

not taken.

ETC.

intended, whether of

should be practised, but the ears should be

tail,

alone until the third or fourth month, as they are not

left

ciently developed before.

If,

suffi-

however, the operator does not

understand his business thoroughly,

it is

better to leave the latter

organs alone, until a later period, as otherwise the proper quantity

may

not be cropped or rounded, as the case

the most skillful

hand

other well before the fer

fifth

tail

which

;

grown, as they often interferes

and dew-claws may always be

pain, while with the

the

month

until they are nearly full

able quantity of blood,

the

wound

dam

;

it.

Indeed, even

to de-

lose a consider-

with their growth. best done,

or the

But

and withleast

besides which, her tongue serves to heal

better than that of the

learned to use

may be.

manage either the one and in hounds it is usual

will hardly ever

young puppy, who has hardly

Regular dog-fanciers bite

off"

the

tail,

but a pair

WEANING. of scissors answers equally well

dew-claw.

;

and the same may be

however, the nail only

If,

193

to be

said of the

removed, which

always ought to be done, the teeth serve the purpose of a pair of

and by

nippers,

claw

their aid

may

be drawn out, leaving the

attached, but rendered less liable to injury, from having

itself

lost the part likely to

catch hold of any projecting body.

WEANING.

When weaning fifth

is to

or sixth week,

than io

let

be commenced, which better to

the bitch go on suckling

this time their

teats,

their bellies.

fill

and becomes

and by many

them

altogether,

long intervals.

claws and teeth have become so sharp and so long,

that they punish the bitch terribly,

them

usually about the

remove the puppies

stale,

and therefore she does not

The puppies have

supposed to encourage worms.

always learned to

lap,

let

Her milk generally accumulates in her in which state it is not fit for the whelps,

and

will eat meat, or take broth or thick-

ened milk, as previously described

;

besides which,

when they

have no chance of sucking presented to them, they take other food better, whereas, if

they only

fill

for food of

they are allowed to suck away at empty

teats,

themselves with wind, and then loss their appetites

any kind. But, having determined

wean them,

there

which must be attended to, or events for some time. That is to

are several important particulars

the result will be a failure, at say, the puppies will fall

the

same

rate as before.

all

away

in flesh,

In almost

" milk-fat " disappears after weaning, but

some

flesh

their bones,

and

to the following directions,

this

and

will cease to

all cases,

what

still it is

grow

desirable to keep

can only be done by attending

which apply

to dogs of all kinds, but

are seldom rigidly carried out, except with the greyhound, size

and strength are so important as

cure them in a high degree. setters, a

check

in the

growth

called the

whose

to call for every care to pro-

In hounds, as well as pointers and is

of just as

much consequence

as they are not tested together as to their speed

;

but

and stoutness

EEAEING.

194 greyhounds

closely as

are, the slight defects

produced in puppy-

are not detected, and, as a consequence, the

hood

and cost

beyond

little

voted to the longtails.

food

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

they ought to be carried out almost as

it,

1st,

These chief and cardinal elements of suc-

warm,

and dry lodging

clean,

3rdly, regularitj' in feeding

;

attention

kennels of the foxhound and pointer as in those de-

strictly in the

cess are,

same

Nevertheless, as most of these points require only care,

not paid.

;

2udly, suitable

and, 4thly, a provision for suf-

;

ficient exercise.

NECESSITY FOE

WARM AND DRY

LODGING.

All puppies require a dry lodging, and in the winter season

warm

should also be a

Greyhound whelps, up

one.

to their third

or fourth month, are sometimes reared in an artificial temperature, either

by means of a stove, or by using the heat of a

the temperature age,

chosen being 60^ of Fahrenheit.

can never be necessary to adopt

artificial

stablp,

Beyond

this

heat in rearing

puppies, because for public coursing they are required to be whelp-

ed after the last day of the year, and four months from that time takes us

ally

May, when the weather

quire a stove

;

older their growth

danger of

its

established,

being checked.

always keep their kennels at 60Â° hereafter find, the plan

ered here. cess.

Dogs

seldom cold enough

summer months they

to the vicissitudes of the

hardened

come

then during the

But

far

is ;

to re-

are gradu-

weather, and as they be-

and they are no longer

true that

some few breeders

but on the whole, as

shall

not a good one, and need not be consid-

beyond the warmth, dryness

essential to suc-

any amount of cold

unaccompanied

will bear almost

by damp, provided they have plenty of straw to lie in but a damp kennel, even if warm, is sure to lead to rickets or rheumatism, if the pjippies escape inflammation of some one or more of the inter;

Take care, therefore, to give a dry bedstead of boards, same material towards the wall (the cold of which inwardly and gives cold), and raised somewhat from the

nal organs.

lined With the strikes 1

FEEDING. floor,

195

which -nill otherwise keep it damp. Puppies soon learn to lie and avoid the cold stones or bricks, except in the heats of

this,

summer, when these do no harm.

The stone

or brick floor should

be so made as to avoid absorption of the urine,

etc., which can only by employing glazed tiles or bricks that are not porous, or by covering the whole with a layer of hydraulic cement, or with

efl'ected

asphalt,

which answers nearly no

that there are

made

them

;

interstices

and

as well.

Care should be taken

between the boards,

in every

the kennel

way, while ventilation

cold draughts must be prevented.

must

Cleanliness

also be at-

tended to rigidly by sweeping out the floor daily, and washing

down the

at short intervals,

In the summer time, straw

least.

fleas,

and by changing the

and,

the boarded floor

litter

without harboring vermin of any kind ing that the puppies are apt to wet

;

harbors

suflBcient, a

layer of pine sawdust will be the best material, as

it is

soft

which

thick

enough,

the only objection to

often, after

once a week at

not desirable, as

not considered

provided,

be-

becomes

ofi'ensive.

FEEDING.

The

feeding of puppies

all

important, and, unless they have

plenty of food sufiiciently nourishing to allow of a proper growth, it is

impossible that they should become

with the best materials for the purpose. ing to the end of the third month, at as to their

when

what they might be

From

a decision

subsequent management, very

fed

must be arrived

little

quired from the plans described on page 191

the time of wean-

;

deviation

that

is,

is re-

the pup-

pies should be fed every four hours upon the thickened broth made from sheep's head, and thickened milk alternately. After that time, however, their food must be given them rather stronger and of a somewhat diSferent nature, as we shall flnd in its proper place.

This food will be required for any kind of dog, but a single puppy may very well be reared upon thickened milk, with the scraps of the house

m addition, including bones,

and any odds and ends which are

left

which

on the

will greedily pick,

plates.

196

REARING.

Regularity of feeding in puppies, as in adult animals,

utmost importance

;

and

found that

will always be

of the

two pup-

and one fed

pies are equally well reared in other respects, lar hours, while the other is

at regu-

only supplied ut the caprice of

vants, the former will excel the latter in size

and

in the symmetrical development of the body.

ser-

health, as well as

It is also

very neces-

sary to avoid leaving any part of one meal in the pans or feeding-

troughs until the next, as nothing disgusts the dog more than seeing

food

left in this

take

away

way.

The moment

the surplus; and, indeed,

the puppies it

better

fill

them by stopping them before they have quite done. quires considerable tact and experience, and there servants

who

are able

and willing

themselves

to anticipate

still

All this re-

few

are very

to carry out these directions

fully.

EXERCISE. Exercise

may

necessary at

be confined for some

all ages,

but the fully developed dog

time without permanent injury,

little

the formation of his feet and the texture of his bones and muscles

being then finally

grow according

settled.

to the

the other hand, the

demand made upon

puppy

his mechanism,

will

and

the muscles are left idle they do not enlarge; while the feet re-

main

thin

and weak, with the tendons and ligaments relaxed, so

that they spread out like a

human

hand.

Growing puppies should

be provided with an area sufiiciently large for them to play according to their

month into,

;

size,

after which,

they have a sheltered sleeping-place to run

they will generally avoid heavy rain.

Young

sufficiently in a loose

box or similar enclosure

specified above, they

must

either

;

puppies play

but, after the time

have their entire

liberty, or

allowed the run of a larger space, the alternative being bad defective development,

in,

and under cover up to the end of the third

and weak joints.

feet,

HOME REARING VERSUS WALKING.

197

HOME REAKING VERSUS WALKING. When

one or two puppies only are to be reared, they

may

up at home, excepting in towns or other confined where due liberty and a proper amount of sun and air

readily brought situations,

can not be obtained. But where a larger number are as in the case of hounds, greyhounds, pointers,

there

a diflBculty attending

upon numbers,

to be reared,

and

as a

setters, etc.,

dozen or two of

puppies about the house are not conducive to the neatness and beauty of the garden

besides which, the collection together in

;

masses of young dogs

this evil, therefore,

customary to send puppies out

it is

prejudicial to their health.

avoid

at three or

four months of age to be kept by cottagers, butchers, small farm-

a weekly sum for each, which Young greyhounds may be reared

ers, etc., at

them.

which should be not

less

lodging-house at one end

;

called "

walking

in a large enclosure,

than thiity or forty feet long, with a but hounds do not take exercise enough

in a confined space, and should invariably be sent out. therefore, in reference to the rearing of

It is only,

greyhounds that the two

plans can be compared, or perhaps also with pointers and setters,

they are taken out to exercise after they are four or five months

old.

The two plans have been extensively and in

home

my own

rearing

tried

with the

longtails,

opinion the preference should be given to the

properly carried out, because

has

all

the advan-

tages of the "

walk" without those disadvantages attending upon it, in the shape of bad habits acquired in chasing poultry, rabbits, and often hares, during which the puppy learns to run cunning. One of the first symptoms of this vice is the waiting to cut off a corner, which is soon learned if there is the necessity for it, and even in mutual play the puppy will often develop it. Hence I have seen a " walked " greyhound, Avith his very first hare, show as

much

in his

waiting as any old worn-out runner, evidently acquired

farm yard education, or possibly from having been tempted

after a hare or

two by the sheep-dog belonging

to the farm.

More-

over, the Lome-reared puppy, being confined in a limited space

198

EEARINO.

during the greater part of his time, let out,

and takes

on the other plan

come

in this ;

way more

inclined to gallop

when

first

exercise than thoss brought

So that, after considering both methods, I have

home

to the conclusion that the

whole, though there

no doubt

rearing

preferable on the

good dogs may be reared

that

either way.

The

best plan

long

to fence off a

slip of grass

;

or, if

a small

walled enclosure can be procured, fence olF about a yard or two all

round, by which last plan an excellent gallop

secured, with-

out the possibility of cutting corners, and with a very slight loss of ground.

rooms

admirable plan

in a square block,

and then

to build four large sleeping

all

round

this let there

be a run

two yards wide, which may be separated into four divisions, or thrown into one at will. If the latter, the puppies will exercise themselves well round and round the building, which

they are very fond of; and, even

two or more

lots are

a practice

wanted

occupy the compartments, the whole can be thrown open to each lot in turn.

When

this plan is adopted, the

so that the expense

which the natural kept on

much

run should be paved,

greater than in the other mode, in

soil is allowable,

long enough to stain

because the puppies are not

it.

THE FOOD OF PUPPIES AT HOME OR

" AT WALK," AND PROPER PREPARATION.

Whether

home

or out, puppies require the same kind of food,

and the more regularly

this is

given as to quantity and quality, as

well as the times of feeding them, the

and the

faster they will

grow.

far the best article of food for it is

good one, but

ITS

it is

more healthy they

will be,

Many people consider milk to be by growing puppies, and undoubtedly

not superior to a mixed diet of meal and

animal food in proper proportions, and occasionally varied by the addition of green vegetables.

Indeed, after three months, or at

most four, puppies may be fed

grown dogs

as to the quality

THE FOOD OF PUPPIES, of their food, requirin:^

quently the younger they

however

three times a day, at equal intervals,

although there

be given them more fre-

arc.

199

ETC.

to six

and

months they require

after that age twice

for

;

a difference of opinion as to the propriety of

feeding the adult once or twice a day, there

none about the

puppy demanding a supply morning and evening. In all cases, they should be encouraged to empty themselves (by allowing a run, if they are confined to kennel) just before feeding, and for an hour or two afterwards they are best

may

bo thickened by boiling in

together, or biscuits is

may be

at rest.

milk

given,

oatmeal or wheat-flour, or both

scalded and added to

;

but no flesh

needed in addition, bones only being required to amuse the dog

by gnawing them.

and

to clean his teeth

may

be reared very well, but the plan

With

these

milk has any thing like the ordinary value attached to has

be purchased, the cost

any dog

an expensive one,

it,

generally quite prohibitory of

the

and its

if it

use.

Besides milk, various other articles are employed in feeding dogs.

these, Indian

meal

by far the best

in proportion to

its

(being quite equal to anything but the very best wheat-flour, is is,

much

perhaps slightly more nourishing), and, being so

on that account, to be preferred.

It requires to

cheaper,

be mixed with

oatmeal, in about equal proportions, or less of the latter

bowels are at

though the grain

owing

obtained,

when price,

thick

this is

relaxed.

all

itself

the

Oatmeal cheaper

amount

got rid of the meal

according to the season. stufl",

commonly

the

considerably dearer,

but the quantity of meal

;

of is

price

which

chaff,

so small,

that

necessarily sold at a higher

But a much

called " puddings,"

larger

bulk of

produced by oatmeal

than can be obtained from any other meal in proportion to weight, the absorption of water being greater, and also varying in different qualities of oatmeal itself;

expensive as

with barley or

so that, after

the greatest bulk of puddings, and

account

;

besides which,

altogether

all,

this

meal

not so

when comparing an equal weight of it Indian meal. The real coarse Scotch oatmeal yields looks to be,

to be preferred

on that

appears to agree best with dogs, and

a very superior article

;

but in any case

ought

KEAEING.

200 nearly a year old. or oatmeal

be afforded,

and

when

that

meal

made

this state

into biscuits or

dump-

used to thicken the broth.

corn meal

therefore be considered

the best red wheat should be coarsely ground

and

not bolted,

lings, OB

may

the best meal, unless the price of wheat-flour can

employed,

must be mixed with the water or

broth while cold, and then boiled for at least an hour, stirring occasionally to prevent burning.

may

with the corn meal, the former water to a paste,

and then

intended to mix oatmeal

it is

mixed with cold

first

stirred in after boiling the latter for

three quarters of an hour; then boil another quarter, reckoning

from the time that the contents of the copper came

to the boiling

point a second time.

Wheat-flour should be boiled from fifteen to twenty minutes,

and may be mixed with the oatmeal

in the

same way

as the corn

meal.

Oatmeal pudding, and porridge, or stirabout, are made the

first

name

being given to

when

as follows

so thick as to bear the

weight of the body after it is cold, and, the last two to a somewhat thinner composition. In any case the meal is stirred up with cold water to a thick paste, and,

when

it, still

stirring

return the whole to the boiler, and stir until into coolers,

and

quite solid.

The

of oatmeal vary a boil,

let it

set,"

some

quite smooth,

should be ladled out and added to

when it can

of the broth

steadily.

Then

thickens, ladle out

be cut with a spade and

directions as to the length of time for the boiling

good

deal,

some preferring

at least half

an hour's

while others are content with ten or fifteen minutes, but for

most purposes from a quarter to half an hour is the proper time, remembering that this is to be reckoned from the moment that the water boils.

The anunal food used should be fectious diseases,

and the

carefully selected to avoid in-

flesh of those creatures

loaded with drugs should also be avoided.

has been caused by accident,

good

as anything,

and

death

many

the worse, but though in

cases of rapid disease the flesh

is little

foxhound kennels there

choice, yet for

is little

which have been

Horseflesh,

greyhounds those

THE FOOD OF PUPPIES,

201

ETC.

much drugged for lingering diseases, and much emaciated, are likely to do more harm

horses whicli have been those also which are

Slipped calves and lambs, as well as beef and mutton,

than good.

the result of death from natural causes, malie an excellent change,

but are seldom better is

Whatever

than bad

horseflesh.

Stil],

as variety-

success in rearing, they should not be rejected.

essential

kind of food

this

composed

should be boiled,

of, it

may

with the exception of paunches, which

be given raw, but

even they are better boiled, and I think an occasional meal of wellkept horseflesh

The

rather a good change.

should be boiled for hours, until the meat take

out and

let it

hang

until cold

;

flesh

with the bones

thoroughly done

cut or strip

;

then

from the bones

and m'x with the puddings or stirabout according to the quantity required.

The broth should always be

tant elements of nutrition dissolved in

boiled flesh. stirabout with selected.

It is it,

used, as there are impor-

it,

which are absent

in the

make the puddings or biscuit, when this is the food

therefore necessary to

or to soak in

the

The bones should be given

for the dogs to gnaw, to-

gether with any others from the house which can be obtained, but taking care to remove

swallow whole.

all

fragments small enough for them to

Bones should be given on grass or clean

The comparative value of

flags.

the various articles of diet enumerated,

according to the authority of Liebig,

as follows

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 202

;

EEAItlNG.

both to wheat-flour and oatmal in fat-making materials, but greatly inferior in muscle-making power, fat is not required,

and hence,

experiment here go hand in hand, as they always do

mer

based upon true premises.

ural food of the 10,

and

young

seems

this

when

In cow's milk, which

Mammalia,

of the

to be about

what

it is

where

Science and practical

of inferior value.

in dogs

the for-

the nat-

the proportion

30 to

required in mixing the ani-

food. Now by adding equal weights of wheatmeal and lean horseflesh, we obtain exactly the same proportions

mal and vegetable within the merest

trifle

thus

;

Wheat-flour

Horseflesh

being equal to 10 of muscle-making to 30^ of fat-making matter

and

this is practically the

proportion of animal food to meal which

best suits the dog's stomach and general system.

not to suppose that a dog

to be fed

The

reader

on equal parts of cooked

meat and pudding, but of raw meat and dry meal, which when loss of juice in the flesh and the ab-

both are boiled would, by the

sorption of water in the meal,

become converted

into about

two

this

by weight of pudding to one of cooked meat. Even proportion of flesh is a large one for growing dogs which have

not

much

quantities

exercise, but those

their liberty in

much

which are "at walk" or which have

any situation will bear

setters,

and

spaniels,

which depend on

supposed to be rendered

less delicate

experience in this matter, however, health

maintained in a perfect

the loss of nose, and that such I

it.

Most people prefer a

smaller proportion of meat, especially for hounds, pointers,

all

feeding.

organ being

From

satisfied that,

state, there is

may be

confident from actual practice.

not be forgotten that

their nose, this

by high

long

while the

no occasion

to fear

avoided with the above diet

the

same time

must

dogs so fed require a great supply of

green vegetables, which should be given once or twice a week during the summer, without which they become heated, and throw out an eruption as a proof of

it,

the nose also being hot and dry.

GENERAL TREATMENT. Green cabbage, turnip as potatoes,

the meal

may all

203

tops, turnips, nettle-tops, or carrots, as -well

be given with advantage boiled and mixed veith

and broth, in which way they are much

relished.

Scraps, bought at the provision stores, and consisting of the refuse

of the fat melted to

make

tallow, are a very

common

article for

flavoring the meal of sporting dogs of all kinds.

Beyond this they have little value, but they certainly afford some degree of nourishment, and are not altogether to be despised. They arc boiled in water first until soft, and then mixed with the meal to form the stirabout or pudding. With oatmeal they form a good food enough for pointers and setters, as they are not so heating r.s flesh.

The

quantity by weight which

of the weight of

required by the growing

daily of such food as the above,

from a twelfth

body, varying with the rapidity of growth,

its

and a good deal with the breed

Thus a

also.

12 lb.

from five-eighths of a pound to a pound, and a 36

pounds

to three pounds.

When

they arrive at

than the smaller of these weights

may

puppy

to one-twentieth

dog will take

R).

dog from two

full

growth, more

very seldom wanted, and

be taken as the average weight of food of this kind for

all

dogs in tolerably active exercise.

GENEKAL TREATMENT. During the whole time of growth, the only general management is, first, a habit of obedience, the dog being taught his

required

kennel name, to follow at heel, and to lead.

more than

this

;

as,

for instance,

tlie

be mentioned under the head of breaking. liness in all respects, the

washing the

floor,

and

Some

Secondly, secure clean-

kennel being kept scrupulously clean by

at least once a year

lime-washing the walls,

while the skins are freed from any vermin which

by the means described straw bed

in the

Third Book.

seldom required, but in the winter

for the sake of

breeds require

pointer and setter, which will

may

In the it

be found

summer

must be given

warmth, and changed once or twice a week.

204

EEARIXG.

Physic

not needed as a regular practice,

on the above

plan,

and the exercise

feeding

sufficient

but

;

conducted

the pup-

pies are dull, a dose of castor oil occasionally will do good.

CHOICE OF PUPPIES AFTER WEANING THEM. Puppies of

kinds vary in form so

all

much between

time and the period of full growth, that there

making a choice which on

shall

the weaning

great diflaculty in

be proved by subsequent events to be

All young animals

reliable grounds.

grow by

fits

and

starts,

the proportions varying with the stage of development in which

any part

at the

time of examination.

puppy may look too have grown so much a

Thus

month month he may

at the fourth

long, but during the next

the legs that he no longer looks so.

may be all legs and "wings in the middle of his growth, but he may finally grow down to a strong, low, and muscular dog. Sa also with the fore and hind quarters, they may grow alternately, and one month the fore quarter may be low, and Again, another

the next the hind.

None but an experienced eye

therefore can

pretend to foresee, after the period of weaning, what will be the final

shape

;

but either soon after that time, or a day or two after

birth, a pretty

good guess may be given, subject

tion of health,

and

to the continua-

to proper rearing in all respects.

Bad

feet

can

soon be detected, but the limbs grow into a good shape after most extraordinary deviations from the line of beauty, particularly in the greyhound,

which

often apparently deformed in bis joints

when half gro wn. The most unwieldy-looking animals often " fine " down into the best shapes, and should not be carelessly rejected without the

fiat

being pronounced by a breeder of experience.

CROPPING, BRANDING, If terriers are

month

AND ROUNDING.

to be cropped, the beginning or

the best time for this

;

and, before

end of the fourth

sendmg out

to walk,

CKOPPING, BRANDING,

205

are branded with the initials of the master or of the hunt,

hounds

a hot iron shaped like the letter

and rounding require practice pair of scissors being used,

two

AND ROUNDING.

itself

being used.

Both cropping

perform them well, a large sharp

and care being necessary

hold the

layers of skin in the ear in their natural position, to prevent

the one rolling on the other, and thus leaving one larger than the

Foxhounds have

other.

much work

in coverl that rounding

imperatively called for to prevent the ears from being torn, and it

always has been adopted as a universal practice, different hunts-

men

varying in the quantity removed.

Some

people after cutting

one ear lay the piece removed on the other, and so mark exactly the

amount which

expedient, and,

without

this

to be

the eye

removed from is

;

but this

a clumsy

not good enough to direct the hand

measurement, the operation will seldom be effected to

the satisfaction of the

hound puppies

owner of the dog.

after they

come

from

usual to round fox-

It is

their

walks

;

but

would

be far better to perform the operation before their return, as

only makes them more sulky and unhappy than they otherwise

would

men

be,

and

a poor introduction to their

new

masters.

The

could easily go around to the different Avalks during the sum-

mer, and

would insure a supervision which

often required.

CHAPTER

III.

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT. GREYHOUND KEMNELS.

—FOXHOUND

Between the kennels intended

—POINTER KENNELS.— KEN—HOUSE DOGS.

KENNELS.

NELS FOR SINGLE DOGS.

for the various kinds of dogs,

and

management therein, some considerable difference though the same principles are adopted throughout. Thus,

the methods of exists,

packs of foxhounds are often kept to the number of 80 or even ICO couples,

and these must be managed rather

differently

from the three

or four brace of greyhounds or pointers, which usually constitute the extent of each of these kinds in one man's possession, or at

events in the building.

Besides

this,

all

foxhounds are much more

exposed to the weather than greyhounds, which are usually clothed out of doors, and otherwise protected by dog-carts,

former therefore must be hardened

to the duties they

The

etc.

have to per.

form, while the latter

may be

and with

very highly developed, but at the same time

their speed

brought out in more vigorous health,

in so delicate a condition as to bo liable to take cold

remain in the rain for any length of time.

Hence

allowed to

will be neces-

sary to describe the kennels for greyhounds, hounds, pointers,

etc.,

separately.

GREYHOUND KENNELS. Every kennel intended for greyhounds should be thoroughly protected

from the weather, and should have the yard covered

well as the lodging-house. rear puppies this

The

m is also best

The plan

in as

for the kennel intended to

adapted for their future keeping, and

will be desirable to describe

fully here.

central square, comprised between the four angles a b c d,

divided into four lodging-houses, having a ventilating shaft in the

208

GRETHOUXD

KEIfNELS.

2or

middle, with which they

all communicate. These are filled with benches separated by low partitions as shown in the diagram,

and

raised about a foot

from the ground.

Each opens

with a door of communication so arranged as to be

into a yard,

left partly

open

without allowing the slightest draught to blow upon the beds.

These yards,

ab, be, cd, da, are all

roofed

in,

and bounded on the

outer side by pickets guarded by coarse wire net, to prevent the teeth of the inmates partitions,

which

gnawing them.

slide

They are separated by narrow

to allow of the

dogs having the whole

=1 I

r Fig.

39.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;PLAN OF KENNEL.

may be left down, and the upper part open, so as to encourage the puppies to fence, by the necessity for jumping over them, in pursuing one another. The floors should be of glazed tiles, bricks, or cement, the last being the most clean and free run; or they

from absorption, which ought always to be entirely prevented. Each sleeping-place and yard should have a trapped drain, so as to carry

off"

any wet

directly

it falls,

and the former should be built from the ground, with

exteriorly of brick cemented at least a foot

board partitions between. is

window should be

in each,

which

capable of being opened, and the ventilation should be secured

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT.

208 in

some

satisfactory manner.

This

always ensures a

current as well as an up-current, so that there

down-

or no neces-

having the door open except for cleanliness, but in very

sity for

windy weather closed, or the

is little

the ventilation

on the

side of the

down-draught will be enough

wind should be

to chUl the greyhounds.

these kennels are to be paved with a non-porous material, the

soil is

much

not of

consequence, but the situation should be dry

and healthy, and the shade of

a large

tree

to be obtained if

possible.

The kennel management of

Flo:. 40.

the

greyhound consists in

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; ELEVATION

little

OE KENNEL.

than the adoption of cleanliness, which should be of the most

Water

scrupulous kind, together with regular feeding. people constantly

left for

them

to get

at,

opinion

;

and

they take too

about

for

decidedly in favor of the constant supply, as

it is

sure that,

much

when

at all times.

they are kept from

while they are out.

regularly supplied to them, they take very less

impossible to prevent these animals from getting to ercise

by some

with the food.

dogs in training, and they then only give

own

but others object to

tlie

little,

when it

at ex-

indoors,

contrary,

and are quite care-

;

FOXHOUND AND HAEEIER KENNELS,

ETC.

FOXHOUND AND HARRIER KENNELS,

ETC.

Unlike the greyhound kennel in are

now considering must

many

respects, that

209

which we

be adopted for from thirty to a hundred

couples of hounds, and the accommodation should therefore be extensive, while a less degree of protection from the weather

more is

desirable, because these

hounds must be constantly exposed

long-continued wind and wet, and should therefore be hardened to them.

The kennel should be placed upon some high and dry

situation

the building should face the south, and there should be no large trees near

it.

is more prejudicial to hounds than damp lodgingrooms, a sure cause of rheumatism and mange, to which dogs are

Nothing

peculiarly liable.

have seen them affected by rheumatism in

various ways, and totally incapacitated from working.

Sometimes

they are attacked in the loins, but more often in the shoulders,

both proceeding either from a or

damp

straw, often

damp

situation,

damp lodging-room,

combined with the abuse of merciiry

in the

In building kennels, therefore, the earth should

shape of physic.

b3 removed from the lodging-room floor to the depth of a foot at least,

and in

place broken stones, sifted gravel, or cinders,

its

should be substituted, with a layer of fine coal-ashes, upon which the brick floor

cement or hot coal-ash mortar,

laid, in

taking care to use bricks which are not porous, or to cover

with a layer of cement, which

and close to the

walls,

last is

an admii-able plan.

an air-drain about three

feet

them

Outside

deep should

be constructed with a draining pipe of two inch-bore at the bottom, and

should

filled

with broken stones to within six inches of the

This drain

surface.

fall into the

main

be carried quite round the building, and drain.

fer shingles to tiles as afifording

ness in

summer but ;

For

a roof to the building, I pre-

more warmth

as slate or tiles are

eye, a thin layer of paper placed

in winter

and

more agreeable

cool-

to the

tiles

will answer the

Over the center of the lodging-rooms should be

a sleeping-apart-

under the

purpose.

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT.

210 ment

for the feeder,

which being

other roof, will break the

raised above the level of the

monotony

its

appearance.

the

rear of the kennel there should be the boiling-house, feeding-court,

straw-house, and separate lodgings for bitches.

In front of the

kennels, and extending round to the back door of the feeding-

house, there should be a good large green yard enclosed by a wall or I prefer the former,

pickets.

although more expensive, because

hounds, being able to see through the passing objects

yard

;

latter, will

and young hounds, for whose

become

noisy,

strange dog

makes

particularly intended, are inclined to

barking and running round the fence

when any

be excited by

service the green

his appearance.

In the boiling-house two cast-iron boilers will be required, one for the meal, the other for flesh.

way

to the kennels,

Pure water must be conducted

some

both for cleanliness and for the preparation

of food, and this should be placed at the service of the kennel-

man

at all parts, so that there

trouble in carrying portion to the

it.

number

may

be no excuse on the score of

There must also be coolers fixed

of hounds, each couple requiring

a foot to a foot superficial, according as

puddings daily or every other day. water-troughs are the best to

;

it is

intended to

in pro-

from half

make

the

Stone or iion feeding and

the latter should be fixed high enough

keep them clean.

To each lodging-room

there should be

two doors

;

one

at the

back with a small sliding panel, and high up, through which the

huntsman may observe the hounds without

their seeing

him and ;

another in the front with a large opening cut at the bottom, high

enough and wide enough for a hound to pass through easily, and which should always be left open at night to allow free egress to the court.

In addition, there must also be another between each

summer for the The benches should be made to turn up according to

of the rooms, so as to throw two into one in the

purpose of

makmg them more

of pine or oak spars, and the following

airy.

they are

plan several advantages result.

scribed by a recent authority as follows

This plan

de-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

FOXHOUND AND HAREIEE KENNELS,

211

ETC.

KENNEL BENCHES. "

My benches

inches,

are

made

of inch pine, cut into widths of three

and nailed half an inch apart to two transverse

which hinges are

fixed to connect the

pieces, to

bench with a board six

inches wide, fastened firmly to the wall about a foot from the

ground.

In front

to keep the straw

a piece of board about three inches in width,

from drawing

off

with the hounds.

prevent

from creeping under, I nail two long laths the length the bench across in front of the legs, which are hung with

the hounds of

rig. 41.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BENCH

FOR A KENNEL. a a folds to & 6 ; e, hook to fasten bench back.

binges in front of the bench, so that

back they

fall

down and hang

between the hinges and the wall, being

upon

strained

when

the

when

the bench

By having

flat.

bench

c c folds

io d

hooked

the six-inch board

prevents the former from

hooked back with straw

it."

In some establishments there

a separate kennel for the

hounds, with a grass yard attached, for their certainly very advantageous; but with a

buildings above

recommended

own

little

will be sufficient,

use,

young

and

management

the

and with a saving

212

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT,

of considerable expense. "will

not require

all,

The hounds during

as they should be

a day into a paddock or

field,

the hunting season

walked out several times

and should not be allowed

to lie

about anywhere but on their benches. In the rear of the kennels there should be a covered passage into

which the doors of the middle kennel can open, and leading to the feeding-house, which stands under the same roof as the boiling-house, only separated from

Fig.

by a

partition.

This passage

43.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; VENTILATING SHAFT.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;o, 6, c, d, the four divisions of shaft e, /, board for distributing down current.

should be so constructed as to make a foot-bath for the hounds as they pass through after hunting, the bricks being gradually sloped

from each end

to the center,

where

should b3 a foot deep, with

a plugged drain in the lowest part, to

let

the hot liquor or water

FOXHOTJXD AND HARRIER KENNELS, ETC.

off into a drain.

213

each side of tbis passage there should be a

paved court with a small lodging-house at each end; one for lame hounds and the other for those which are sick.

The

rooms composing the lodgings

ventilation of the

hounds must be carefully attended

shown

shaft

fig.

to,

and

especially well

adapted.

bles in external appearance that usually placed

structed stables, etc.

square

tion, that the

lar tubes,

but there

;

resem-

important internal

is this

one of which

altera-

wind from

sure to be presented to the

it is

air to escape, to

ing through the first-named tube. it

above well-con-

divided perpendicularly into four triangu-

whatever quarter of the compass one allows the foul

of the

for this purpose the

blowing, while the opposite

make room

When

this

for that descend-

once constructed,

only remains to lead a metal tube from each of these four com-

partments to every one of the lodging-rooms, which will thus be as effectually ventilated as

each had an apparatus to

itself.

carry this out well, the lodging-rooms should be in a block,

and then there

will be a corner of each

meeting in a

common

cen-

above which the ventilator should be placed with the arrange-

ter,

ment

of tubes above described.

The kennel management important

than

affair

hounds

much more

generally supposed, as

difficult

upon

its

and

proper

performance, in great measure, depends the obedience of the pack

Sometimes

it is entirely committed to the care of the huntsman who knows his business will take as much pains with his hounds in kennel as out, and though he will

in the

field.

feeder, but every

not, of course, prepare the food, yet

tend else

it,

and will always

can possibly

draw "

know how

he will take care to superin-

his

hounds himself,

to feed them.

for

no one

During the season,

this

duty must of necessity devolve on the feeder or kennel-man on the hunting days, but the

himself whenever he can.

huntsman should always carry

Hounds can not be

huntsman, and though " cupboard love in

man, yet

it is

at the

may

out

not to be encouraged

bottom of most of that which

by the dog, however much

when once

" is

too fond of their

exhibited

appear to take a higher range

has been properly developed.

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT.

214 The

regular daily kennel discipline

as follows

With

the four

lodging-rooms described there should always be two dry and clean in the early morning,

having been washed the day before.

Into

these the general pack should be turned, as soon as the doors are

opened,

or, if

the morning

The

paddock.

in the

they have

much

slept,

not wet, directly after a short airing

feeder then sweeps out the

and afterwards mops

by ten or eleven The men then get their

as possible, so that

hounds

to re-enter.

room

which

clean, drying the floor as

o'clock

it is fit

breakfast,

for the

and directly

afterwards the hounds are taken out to exercise, or the hunting

hounds

to their regular day's work.

the formsr, they are

brought back to kennel at eleven o'clock, their regular lodging-room, or in

room during

in a separate

feeding

hunting

room while

the floor

practised nevertheless.

and returned are

still

kept

the day and night, always taking care

that they arc not turned into a that strict cleanliness

fed,

some kennels they

damp, and

The hour

generally fixed for eleven o'clock, but for the day before

should be an hour or two

tance they have to travel.

varying with the

later,

dis-

"Water should be constantly provided,

taking care that the troughs are raised above the hight at which

dogs can pass their urine into

constantl}"- doing. '

it,

which they

will otherwise be

before remarked, iron troughs are the best.

After feeding, the hounds should remain quiet for the rest of the day.

Only

stir

them in removing them from their day-room to two are allowed, which, I think, is an excellent

their night-room, if practice.

The food

hounds

which more or

when

flesh

meals

oatmeal

composed of meal flavored with

less flesh is

cannot be obtained.

relative value of the various

may

here remark that old

the recognized food of hounds, though corn meal

an excellent

substitute.

skim

all

proper quantity

and then pour

all

out with a pitchfork, and put

the fat oS" the broth, ;

After boiling the flesh until the meat

readily leaves the bones, take to cool,

The

described at page 201, but I is

broth, to

added, or with scraps as a substitute

and

fill

up with water

to the

next mix the meal carefully with cold water,

this into the

hot broth, keeping

constantly stirred

FOXHOUND AND HAREIER KENNELS, until

prevent

its

burning.

name with

to be boiled very gently until

it is

for half an hour, continuing the stirring to

fire

Lastly,

where

into the coolers,

the

which

thickens; aft?r

has been on the

215

ETC.

draw the

remains until

fire,

and

has

the solidity of " puddings."

ladle out the stuff

when

set,

acquires

There should always

be two qualities made, one better than the other for the more delicate hounds, which must be apportioned by the huntsman properly

among them.

This

may

be reduced with cold broth, when

wanted, to any degree of thinness torn up,

mixed with

and the meat, being cut or

;

it.

In feeding the hounds, the huntsman, having the troughs supplied with the different qualities of food, orders the door to be

thrown cpen which communicates with the lodging-room

;

then,

having the hounds under proper control, they all wait until each is called by name, the huntsman pronouncing each name in a decided tone,

and generally summoning two or three couple

When

after the other.

these have

they are dismissed and others called in their turn ers being kept to the last,

has been eaten.

their proper turn,

and

when

at a time,

had what he considers

one

sufficient,

the gross feed-

;

the best and most nourishing part

thus accustoming hounds in kennel to wait to

come when

called, a control

obtained

out of doors which could never be accomplished in any other way.

Once

a week,

on a non-hunting day

or four days in the summer, nips, should be boiled

required, except

A regular

If this

from accidental

the latter with the

They

attended

to,

serve to cool the

very

little

physic

causes.

dressing and physicing

the former to keep the skin free

and every three

food, or potatoes or tur-

with the puddings.

hounds very considerably. is

in the winter,

some green

practised in

some kennels,

from vermin and eruptions, and

same view, but

also to cool the blood.

This

by no means necessary, if great care is taken with regard to cleanliness, feeding, and exercise and in the royal kennels neither one ;

nor the other

and not

practised, excepting

as a preventive measure.

when

When

disease actually appears, it is

considered desirable

to adopt either or both,direclions for their use will be found given in the next Book,

KENNELS AND KENNEL MANAGEMENT.

216

POINTERS AND SETTERS.

may

These dogs do not require a covered yard, and

be treated

in all respects like hounds, the only difference being in regard to

More than three or four brace should not be kept together if it can be avoided, as they are apt to quarrel when not thoroughly exercised or worked, and then a whole lot will fall upon one and tear him almost to pieces. The rules of cleanliness, numbers.

feeding, etc., are the

as for hounds.

same

SINGLE DOGS KENNELLED OUT OF DOORS.

Where

a single dog

kept chained to what

called a kennel,

care should be taken to pave the ground on which he

he can be moved every month, or

still

of time his urine stains the ground so It

lies,

more frequently, as

much

unless

in course

as to produce disease.

should always be borne in mind that the dog requires more ex-

ercise

than he can take when chained, and he should therefore

be set at liberty for an hour or two daily, or at

all

events every

other day.

HOUSE DOGS. The is

great bane of dogs at liberty to run through

that they are constantly receiving

as well as

from

adopted,

The

are passed.

from

the house

their

kitchen,

The dog's stomach is pecudemand upon it, and, if the

their parlor, friends.

increasing

liarly unfitted for this

practice

bits

sure to end in disease before

many

years

rule should be strictly enforced, to avoid feeding

more than once or twice

daily, at regular hours,

and then the

quantity and quality should be proportioned to the size of the dog

and

to the

amount of

exercise

tieth to one-twelfth of the

of food,

and

all

beyond

which he

takes.

weight of the dog

this is

About one-twenamount

the proper

improper in most

cases,

though of

HOUSE DOGS. course there are some exceptions.

Dogs

217 are very cleanly animals,

and often refuse to dirty a carpet or even a clean

floor.

They should To

therefore be turned out at proper times to relieve themselves.

neglect to do this

have

known dogs

cruel, as well as injurious to the health.

retain their excretions for days together, rather

than expose themselves to the anger which they think they should incur,

and

I believe

before they

some highcouraged animals would almost

would make a mess.

to the house, are apt to smell disagreeably if

and they should therefore be

flesh,

ridge,

chiefly fed

upon oatmeal por-

with very little flavoring of broth or meat mixed with

die

when confined they have much

Long-haired dogs,

it.

;

CHAPTER

IV.

BREAKING AND ENTERING

—

THE ENTERING OF THE GREYHOUND AND DEEKHOUND. OF FOXHOUNDS AND HARRIERS. BREAKING THE POINTER AND SETTER. THE RETRIEVER (LAND AND WATER). THE SPANIEL. THE VERMIN DOG.

—

With the exception

—

of the greyhound, sporting dogs require

considerable education for the sport in

some

are to be en-

Unlike the hound and the dogs intended for the gun, grey-

gaged.

hounds have only

which they

restraint is at

their instinctive desires to be developed,

any time placed upon

these, except that

ing upon mechanical means which they cannot get rid

has uncontrolled sway.

Hence

their entering

and as

depend-

of,

nature

a very easy process

some precautions to be taken which it is necThe deerhound, as well as the greyhound, is

nevertheless, there are

essary to describe.

held in

slips,

a single one being used for him, and a double

pair of slips as

is called, for the

slip,

two greyhounds which form the

—

complement for coursing the bare a greater number being considered unfair, and therefore unsportsmanlike. These slips are so made that by pulling a string the neck-strap is loosed, and the two dogs are

let

go exactly

same moment. They are always used private the greyhounds are sometimes

at the

in public coursing, but in

suffered to run loose, waiting for the

moment when

the hare

put

up by the beaters or by the spaniels, which are occasionally employed. Hounds also are coupled under certain circumstances, but they are never slipped at the moment when game is on foot, and they must therefore be

made

steady from " riot."

THE ENTERING OF THE GREYHOUND AND DEERHOUND. Whether

for public or private coursing, the greyhound should

not be suffered to course a hare until he

218

nearly at maturity

;

but

GREYHOUND as the bitches

entered earlier

come

219

DEERHOUXD.

growth before the dogs, they may be

to their

than the

A>fD

About the tenth month

latter.

the best

twelfth or fourteenth for dogs. time for forward bitches, and the allowed to see a hare or two at be to is If therefore a greyhound in the year, in order to have early bred be this acre, he or she must ready for the next season. be to as so spring, a brace late in the on to the autumn, and them keeping prefer invariably Some people whatever for beginnmg so for private coursing there is no reason dogs in puppy stakes early but public coursers begin to run their ;

month of Octobsr, prior to which there is so summ^r is passed, that they prefer beginning in

little

in the

the

dogs are old enough, and

their

time after

the spring

they are not they will not be

to bring out in October. Before being entered the dogs must be taught to lead quietly, if not preas they cannot be brought on to the ground loose

fit

;

viously accustomed to dreadfully,

they knock about and tear themselves

it,

and moreover

therefore as the old, they should

ground

will not

go quietly

in slips.

As soon

they arc six or eight months

is soft, after

have a neck-strap put on, and should be led about

for a short time daily, until they follow quietly.

Some puppies are

very violent, and fight against the strap for a long time, but by a little tact

tance.

they soon give

The

in,

coursing-field

and follow

their leader

without

resis-

the best school for this purpose, as

the puppies have something to engage their attention, and until

they will bear their straps without pulling against them, their education in this respect

not complete.

A dog

do himself so much harm as often to cause the

pulling in slips will loss of a course,

and

therefore every precaution should be taken to avoid this fault.

The leader should never pull against the puppy steadily, but the moment he finds him beginning to hang forward, give him a severe check with the very

common

strap,

and repeat

defect, but

as often as necessary.

agement though when once established the habit ;

break. to

Two or

three days' leading

make any puppies handy to

may

It is

never ought to occur with proper man-

lead

on the if

very difficult to

coursing-field will serve

properly managed, and they

then be put in slips with perfect safety.

BREAKING AND ENTERING.

220 The

condition of the

neglected.

puppy

at the time of entering, is too often

known that a may be seriously

should be

out previous exercise

puppy with-

fat over-fed

injured even by a short

course, which, moreover, can never be assured under stances, as the hare will

that

which

expected.

A sapling, as first

bear

young greyhound

the

season after he

one, as the it,

work

not calculated to

be reduced in flesh by light feeding, and allow-

at liberty for

ed to gallop

fit

two or

With

three houi-s a day.

to encounter

assistant or a

a subject

young one

may have

the latter, he

distressed.

Few

down with

shall be put

which admits of some discussion.

a sapling former, the young dog has small chance of getting to is

these

any hare in a short course,

that should ever be permitted.

is all

Whether an old

and

end of the

called to the

too severe, and his frame

may

but he

whelped, should never be trained like an old

precautions, he will be

which

any circum-

sometimes run in a diflerent direction to

little

at all,

assistance as to be greatly

down an

people like to put

If the

work

honest old dog with

a sapling, and a cunning one soon teaches the tricks which he him-

Sometimes young dogs have great

self displays.

ing,

a good killer ever put

run

may

down an

in a stake,

old dog with a sapling.

known

with the puppy, in order to arrive is

his

at a

with a view to a

entering of the greyhound.

know

;

such cases

be desirable, but with no other object could I

an old dog of

the latter; but this

difficulty in kill-

and want the encouragement afforded by blood

When

Before they are going to

speed should be put in slips

knowledge of the powers of and not as part of the

trial,

a sapling has run enough hares

work, and has killed a hare, or been present at the

death of one, he

may be put by

as properly entered

ber required will average about five or six

;

and the num-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;more or less according

to the capability of the particular animal, which will generally de-

pend upon his breed. The deerhound is entered as the greyhound.

It is

companion, but beyond his natural sagacity.

at his

game on

always better to

this precaution

the same principles

slip

him with an

everything must be

older

left to

his nose is to be brought into play,

and

FOXHOUNDS AND HAKEIEES. as he

may possibly cross

be made steady from

221

the scent of hares or other game, he

"riot," and,

all

up, in couples, to the death of a deer once or twice

make him understand

so as to

stinctive fondness for

out

but the precaution

this,

trouble and risk.

and

blooded "

the nature of the scent.

His inhowever, generally serve him with-

will,

must

possible, should be taken

a good one, and

may

save some

do much in aid of his older companion in hunting the animal he is slipped at, but when " " at bay he is soon encouraged by example to go in and afford his help, and this is the tune when a second deerhound is chiefly wanted. will not

THE ENTERING OF FOXHOUNDS AND HARRIERS. The

thing to be done with

hound puppies, when they come new masters and to their names, which ought to have been given them " at walk." For some little time the puppy often refuses to be reconciled to its confirst

into kennel,

them used

to get

new home, and

finement in his

to their

sulks

by himself

iu a corner, refus-

ing to eat and to follow his feeder or huntsman.

soon goes

but until

off;

will be

when any

even with

no use

This, however,

in attempting to

first

in couples,

and allowing them

run

home, they

and then by de-

For some

free.

prudent to take only six or seven couples at a time,

this

the puppies are quite at

be taken out by the feeder, at

grees removing these

time

does there

When

anything with the dog.

may

riot "

makes

appearance there

enough

number, and more would be quite unmanageable.

Indeed the huntsman will do well to take out only a couple or two at a time into the

customed to his

As soon

paddock with him,

voice,

as they are tractable

among sheep and

until they are thoroughly ac-

and have found out that he must be obeyed.

deer,

on the road, they may be walked

where they should

at first all be in couples,

and then only one or two should be loosed

at a time

;

but before

long, the whole pack should be accustomed to resist the temptation, until

which time they are

unfit to bs entered.

necessary that foxhounds should in the same

It is also

way

highly

be broken from

BREAKING AND ENTERING.

222

hare and rabbit; but too

much must

not be attempted A\ith them

and dash would be diswhip or scold were always being used without the counter-cheer in favor of some kind of game. All hounds require daily exercise, without which they cannot be until they are entered to fox, as their spirit

couraged,

the

preserved in health, nor can their high spirits be controlled, for,

not exercised, they will always be requiring the whip.

.they are

If,

however, the huntsman takes them out daily in the morning on the road, which hardens their feet, and in the evening in the paddock,

they are so orderly that anything

men they may

may

For

be done with them.

this purpose the

should be mounted in the morning, but in

the evening

be on foot.

is the name given to the process by which young hounds are entered, begins in August as soon as the wheat is cut, and the time will therefore vary with the season and the country. In some places it may be carried on at any time, but

Cub-hunting, which

this

month

early enough.

It is better to

take out the old hounds

once or twice, until they have recovered their summer idleness, as a good example

everything to a young hound.

entry are to be brought out, as possible,

When the young

very desirable to find as quickly

it is

and some cautious huntsmen go so far

keep them

as to

coupled until the old hounds have found their fox; but

have been made steady from "riot" there this.

great

riot," there is

or anything else at ;

after

they

no occasion for

however, they have never been rated for "

If,

harm in their hunting hare they know what they ought to do

first,

until

which they must be

game. But cub-hunting is not solely intended and " enter" the hound. It has also for its object to dis-

rigidly kept to their to break in

perse the foxes from the large woodlands

holds in

hunting

all is

countries.

which form

their chief

Independently of the above object cub-

practised in August, September,

and October,

first,

order to give the young hounds blood, which they can obtain easily

from a

litter of

fat cubs

;

secondly, to break

" riot," while they are encouraged to thirdly, to ing,

etc.

;

hunt

their

endeavor to break them of sundry or,

them from

own game

faults,

such as

;

and, skirt-

apparently incurable, to draft them at once.

POINTERS AND SETTERS.

223

These objects are generally attained by the end of October, when the regular season begins.

Harriers and beagles are entered to hare on tbe same jDrinciple, the scent of the fox and deer, as well as that of the rabbit, being

Otterhounds also have

"riot "to them, and strictly prohibited.

exactly the same kind of entry, although the element they in

work

of a different character.

THE BREAKING OF THE POINTER AND SETTER. The following observations on the breaking of these dogs are embody the general practice of good breakers As the method is the same for each kind, whenever the word pointer is believed to

used,

it is

to be

understood as applying equally to the necessary for

It is scarcely

would of

suffice to

which

it is

remark

that

capable,

when the various improvements of succeeddown from one to the other and there;

any method here de-

fore I neither pretend to be the inventor of

nor do

I claim

any peculiarity as

teaching the young dog that will practised

single life

bring the art of breaking dogs to aU the perfection

ing generations are handed

tailed,

setter.

by most good breakers

be met with in

;

own.

All the plans of

be found described by

are

so that there will be nothing to

remarks but what

Nevertheless, they are not generally

well

known

;

known

them.

and there are many

good shots who are now entu'ely dependent upon dog-dealers for the supply of their kennels, and

break their

own

dogs,

who

yet

would

infinitely prefer to

knew how large sum which

they only

Others, again, cannot afford the

to set about

plished brace of pointers or setters are worth in the market these gentlemen

would

far rather obtain

it.

a highly accom;

and

two or three good pup-

pies

and break them with their own hands, with expenditure of

little

more than

time, than put

up with

mals which are offered for

sale

of every shooting season.

To make

the wretchedly broken ani-

by the dozen

at the

commencement

the utmost of any dog requires

;

BREAKING AXD ENTERING.

22-t

great experience and tact, and therefore

however ardent he may this

amount

structions,

hope

of perfection

which

to turn

be,

ordinary sportsman,

tlie

can scarcely expect his dogs to attain but by attending to the following in-

;

will be given in plain language,

may

fairly

out a brace of dogs far above the average of those be-

One advantage he

longing to his neighbors.

will assuredly

have

begins the actual war against the birds in September

when he

namely, that his dogs will cheerfully work for him, and will be obedient to his orders

;

but at the same time he must not expect

that they will behave as well then as they did

when he considered

their education complete in the previous April or

who

a young pointer into the

field at all, until

some time by a man who makes

who

May.

one

values " the bag " above the performance of his dogs will take

he has been shot over for

his business to break dogs,

not himself over-excited by the sport.

what a

difference is seen in the behavior of the

begins to see steadiness

spring

;

game

out with

which he had acquired by two months'

all

the

drilling in the

but more frequently he will have forgotten

unless he

all

about

it,

well hunted in the week previous to the opening of

the campaign. fellow-pointer,

But no soonor has he found his birds or backed his this good behavior has been followed by the

and

report of the gun, heard fall of a

young dog when he

He may go

falling to the gun.

and

It is astonishing

bird or

now

two within

almost for the

first

time,

a short distance, than he

and by the

becomes wild

with excitement, and, trying to rival the gun in destructiveness,he runs in to his birds, or plays some other trick almost equally

worthy of punishment.

For

this there is

and plenty of hard work, as we tion

here, in order that

without knowing attending upon

all

no remedy but patience

shall presently find.

readers

may

I only

men-

not undertake the task

the disagreeable as well as agreeable things

it.

Assuming, therefore, that a gentleman has determined to break a brace of pointers for his own use, without assistance from a keeper, let us now consider how he should set about it. In the

first

place, let

him procure

which he can have confidence.

his puppies of a breed in

will

do well to secure a brace

POINTERS AXD SETTERS. and a

guard against accidents or defects in growth.

half, to

these be well reared

They should be

and

birds are paired

to the

end of January,

will lie well,

should be given daily, but

whatever that time

little flesh,

his health, so as to give the

full liberty at a

may

A few is

be.

bones

certainly in-

Without attention

dog every chance of finding

useless to attempt to break him.

be reared at

as the nose

kind of food.

this

Let

or, in fact, until the

fed as has been previously directed.

juriously affected

it is

225

his

game,

The puppies should

either

good walk, or they should have an

They should also be walked out daily, taking care to make them know their names at a very early age, and teaching them instant obedience to every order, without breaking their spirit. Here great patience and tact are required but, when the owner walks them out himself two or three times a week and makes them fond of him, a little severity has no injurious effect. airy yard.

;

In crossing

puppies should never be allowed

fields the

fence," even

moment they attempt tance,

let

so.

These points are of great impor-

to them, half the diflQculty of breaking is

;

a matter of course.

from the

when

break

for, if the puppy is early taught obedience, you have him know what he is required to do, and he does it as

gotten over

pies

and by attending

only to

to "

the gates are open, and should be called back the

So also the master should accustom

earliest

his pup-

age to place a restraint upon their appetites

ordered to do so

and

;

he will provide himself with pieces

them within reach of the dog, while he pretaking them by the voice only, he will greatly further the

of biscuit and will place

vents his

Many

object he has in view.

to place a dainty morsel on

hungry, and use the word

breakers carry this practice so far as the ground before the

"Toho"

to restrain

dog when him; but this,

though perhaps afterward useful when inclined to run in upon game, is by no means an unmixed good, as the desire for game in a well-bred dog is much greater than the appetite for food, unless the stomach has long been deprived of

it.

Besides these lessons prior to breaking, the dog to the

come

to heel,

word of command

;

and too keep to lie

will be well to teach

there, also to

down when

run forward at

ordered, and to remain

BEEAKING AND ENTEEIXG.

226 down.

All these several orders should be accompanied by the

appropriate words afterwards used in the

field, viz.

WORDS OP COMMAND USED TO THE POINTER AND SETTER. 1.

—

To avoid breaking fence " Ware fence." To come back from chasing cats, poultry, hares,

etc.

—" "Ware

chase." 3. 4. 5. 6.

To come to heel, and remain there — " To heel," or " Heel." To gallop forward — " Hold up." To lie down " Down," or " Down charge." To abstain from taking food placed near, equally applied to

—

running in to birds

When by

— " Toho."

these orders are cheerfully

the puppy,

until then.

Many breakers by

are a short distance

and

is all

off,

very well, and

ing " shy of the gun reared,

;

into the field, but not

firing a pistol occasionally while they

in a

may

instantly complied with

him

during this period accustom their dogs

to the report of the gun,

This

and

will be time to take

way

prevent

so as not to alarm them. all

danger of a dog becom-

but with a well-bred puppy, properly

and not confined so much as

to naake

respects, such a fault will seldom occur.

sometimes show caution, as

from some cause or

costs little trouble or expense,

pistol is discharged, and, if

drilled to this so effectually that

may be By the aid of

of high courage, he

when the

it.

pistol

discharged,

;

gun he drops

Timid dogs may however be made shy

in this way,

resort to

command

charge " and in process of time he associates one with

the other, so that whenever he hears a

puppy

docs

not to be objected

suddenly brought up and made to drop with the

Down

above pre-

other, the

he never forgets

a " check cord," wherever the dog be,

in other

advantageous to accustom the dog to drop when the

It is also

to.

itself,

him shy

Nevertheless, as

evidently of high courage, ;

as,

instead of

Next comes

it is

making the dog,

the teaching to " range,"

difficult part of breaking.

their lives are not

Many

instant.

a dangerous expedient to it

may mar him

which

sportsmen

aware of the extent

and unless the

forever.

about the most

who have shot all this may be, and

which

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; POINTERS AXD SETTERS. indeed ought to be, carried

;

227

and are quite content

dogs

their

game anyhow. But the who understands his capabilities, knows that

"potter" about wliere they real lover of the dog,

like,

and

find

for perfect ranging the whole field ought to be beaten systematic-

and

all}',

in such a

way as to reach

parts in succession

all

being always as near to the gun as

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the dog

consistent with the nature of

the ground, the walking powers of the man, and the degree of

wildness of the game.

management

of the

All these varying points of detail in the

dog while beating

be considered more in detail taking

for granted

desideratum, is

that the

well bred dered,

;

puppy should hunt

present,

have assumed

the real

how this mode of

freely,

that

ranging

what we Want

which soon comes

and that he should always be on the look-out for to direct him.

This also

is,

secondly, that he should range only where he

hand or whistle

ter's

what

however,

will,

must be understood

ground

so that

will proceed to inquire

best taught.

first,

that

his

hereafter;

his

or-

mas-

greatly dependent

on breed, some dogs being naturally wilful, while others from their birth are dependent upon their master, and readily do what they arc desired. Thirdly, great pains must be taken to keep the puppy

from depending upon any other dog and following him

in his line,

and also from "pottering," or dwelling on "the foot-scent," which, again,

how

a great deal

owing

to defective blood.

are these points to be attained

Now, then,

a reference to the an-

nexed diagram, the principle upon -which two dogs should beat their

ground

laid

down;

with a raw puppy,

it is

left,

with the puppy, the former

him

the

But,

off to the right

as they afterwards

must do

But, taking an old dog into a

they perform their duty properly.

words "Hold up"

that of the other dog.

useless to expect

while his fellow proceeds to the

field

dotted line representing

the

beat of one, and the plain line

in either line laid

started off with the ordinary

down, which, being properly

broken, he proceeds to follow out, accompanied by the puppy,

who old

does not at

dog

all

" finds,"

understand what he

about.

Prcsentlj' the

and very probably the young one goes on and

puts up the birds, to the intense disgust of his elder companion,

BUEAKIXG AND ENTERING.

228 but to bis scent,

own

stage of breaking, the

Fig.

this, as

he knows no

in to half a it

his

43.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;PLAN OF QTJABTERING GROHNI).

for the work, not to

jealous

shown by his appreciation of the game until out of sight. At the present puppy should by no means be checked for

great delight, as

and by chasing

better,

dozen pairs of

may make

and the great object

make him

dislike

birds, it will

the old dog.

;

to give

so that, even

him

zest

he runs

do him no harm, however

soon, however, as the

young

one seems decidedly mclined to go to work by himself, take up

POINTERS AND SETTERS. the old dog, and hunt the tired

young one until he is thoroughly At first, -when he comes

or until he begins to point.

upon a up and he

scent,

"will

tires,

them

as before

but gradually, as

;

he gains steadiness, and, after a time, he assumes the firm

in perfection for the first

though

two or three

derstood, that the present lesson

first

be clearly un-

them

view to teach the

quite subordinate to

may

Hundreds of puppies are

attempting, to begin with teaching

seldom shown

Let

solely with a

this quality, although, in well-bred dogs,

time.

this is

days.

range; steadiness in the point, being at

same

draw rapidly

stop in a hesitating way, then

flush his birds, chasing

attitude of the true pointer or setter,

the

229

often be taught at

irretrievably spoiled

to stand,

when, by undue

hardship and severitj^ their relish for hunting or beating the groimd is

destroyed

;

and they

are never

well, although then noses are

game, and they stand for a week

puppy

the one object until the

made

this part of the

allowed to do

will beat his

so.

ground

single-handed, and then crossing

Keep shown

the diagram, at

first

other dog.

seldom answers to use two together untU

ness at " the point " will beat their

it is

steadi-

constantly flushing

committing some other faux pas.

For these reasons young ones at first singly, that is, as soon work; and thenâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; after they range freely and work to

better to

as they will

with an-

ground properly, together, when they find that

they are worked with a young one which his birds or

to in

few old dogs which

attained, as there are

work

good enough when they come upon

work

the

hand and whistle, turning to the right or left, forwards or backwards, at the slightest wave of the hand, and when they also begin to pointâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;it is time enough to " hunt them double." the

In order to complete the education of the pointer in ranging or beating his ground, ter "

it,

it is

called,

not only necessary that he should " quar-

but that he should do

tage of the wind, and also without losing time false scent, and,

above

all,

with every advan-

by dwelling on a

avoiding such careless work as to put

up game without standing to a point at all. I have before explained the principle upon which a field is to be " quartered," and described the way in which the dog is to be set to do his work, by

;

BBEAKING AND ENTERING.

230 the

hand and

hy the

voice, aided

game by

pointers find their

the body, constituting what

whistle.

the scent being

a general rule,

blown

called a " body-scent,"

them from

and not from

by the foot on the ground, which is called a "footHence it is desirable in all cases to give the dog the wind, that is to say, to beat up towards the " wind's eye " and, therefore, the breaker will put his dogs to work in that direction, and then, though they do not always beat directly towards the wind, yet they have it blowing from the game towards them in each of their that left scent."

;

(See diagram on page 238.)

crossings.

But suppose,

times happens, that the sportsman can not well do birds are likely to be

ing on to here,

on the edge

when

wind blow-

right of shooting

he gave his dog the wind in the usual way, he would

drive all the birds off his

edge of

at the

of a manor, with the

from that over which he has no

as some-

this, as

it,

own

and makes

beat

;

and, to avoid

his pointers

(if

this,

he begins

they are well enough

broken) leave him, and go up the other side to the far end of the not too long), and then beat towards him in the usual way.

field (if

It is true that the necessity for this

occur

want

kind of beating does not often

but sometimes a considerable number of shots are lost for

;

of teaching

it,

and the perfect dog should understand

thor-

puppy has learned to range in the ordinary way, and will work to the hand well, as before described, give him a lesson in this kind of beating and, if any difficulty occurs, send a boy to lead him until he is far enough away, and then oughly.

When,

therefore, the

;

let the

biped loose his charge,

so as to

make him aware

that

first

you

catching the dog's eye yourself, are the person he

to range to.

In a few lessons, he soon begins to find out the object of this departure from the usual plan, and by a little perseverance he will, of his

own

accord,

make

who ders,

when he

a circuit,

he has not got the wind, work so as to Nevertheless, a good dog,

for himself.

has a master as good as himself, should always wait for orand there is always some excuse for very clever ones becom-

ing headstrong again repeat at

finds

and get

first,

when they

what

the correct

are constantly misdirected.

Let

have observed on the importance of teaching,

mode

of quartering the ground,

and of

perse-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

POINTERS AND SETTERS.

231

vering (without regard to standing or pointing) in the lessons on this subject alone, until the

the same time,

to the " point

which we

now

are

it is

puppy is tolerably perfect in them. some little attention may be paid

true that

but this of far less consequence at the early stage

comes naturally

considering. ;

Indeed, in most well-bred dogs,

but none beat to the hand without an educa-

tion in that particular department.

But faults *'

at this stage

which

will frequently be necessary to correct various

are apt to

show themselves

young

dogs, such as

(1)

hunting too low," leading to "pottering or dwelling on the foot-

Figr. 44.

"puzzle

peg,

huntmg too wide from the breaker and (3) " blinking," or leaving the game as soon as found, which last is a fault dependWith regard to the first of them, ing on undue previous severity. ihere is, unfortunately, no certain remedy for it and the puppy scent

(2)

;

which shows

any great extent

after a

week or

ing will seldom be good for much, in spite of training

which an experienced breaker can apply.

cure most zle-peg,"

ten days' break-

all

the skill and

The method of

commonly adopted is that called hunting with a " puzis shown in the annexed cut. It consists of a

which

BREAKING AND ENTERING.

232

piece of strong wood, such as

by a

leather collar,

and

or oak, attached to the neck

asli

jaw by a

to the

string tied just behind the

tusks or canine teeth, so as to constitute a firm projection la

continuation of the lower jaw inches beyond

and, as

;

extends from six to nine

the dog cannot put his nose nearer to the ground

it,

than that amount of projection will allow should be well accustomed to

hunted

tably "

The young dog

of.

kennel and in the

;

on him for an hour or two daily while he

before

field,

when it is put on for the first time it inevimuch as to stop all disposition to range but

for

;

cows " him so

by putting

is at

liberty

and not expected to hunt, he soon becomes tolerably reconciled

when ordered or allowed. "With it on, a foot-scent can seldom be made out, unless pretty strong but, at all events, the dog does not stoop to make it out in that spanielNevertheless, when it is like style which occasions its adoption. it,

and will

set

ofi"

his range

;

left off,

the old tendency to stoop most frequently reappears,

and the sportsman finds that

less,

away.

Still I

have known

no other suggestion in the water."

together, that

If is

all his

care has been thrown

to cure this fault,

and

if it fails I

have

to offer but sixpenny worth of cord or " a hole

used

at all, it

must be kept on for many days

to say, while at work,

be occasionally reapplied

and when

left off it

should

the dog shows the slightest tendency

down, or dwell on the scent where birds have been have " gone away." I may here remark that " false point-

to put his nose rising or

ing "is altogether

coupled with

;

from

difiFereat

but this

low hunting, though often come to after describing the

this

shall

and mode of teaching, that part of the pointer's educa-

nature

of,

tion.

There

a wonderful faculty in

some breeds of discovering

body-scent at long distances, while they have no perception of the foot-scent,

and

this is the quality

which ought

prized in the pointer or setter, unless he

also

to be

most highly

wanted

to retrieve,

m which latter case, such a nose will be found to be defective. of this also

shall

come

ture part of this volume. peg,"

But

to a closer understanding in a fu-

In addition to the use of the " puzzle-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;which should only be resorted to in extreme cases, and even

then, as I before remarked,

of doubtful utility,â&#x20AC;&#x201D;the voice

POINTERS

SETTEUS.

A2!fD

should be used to cheer the dog

when he "

long, or carries his nose too low.

233

dwells on the scent too

Hold up

may

be cried in a

cheering way, and the dog encouraged with the hand

ward

culcation of the perception of hight,

derstand that you mean,

Few

practically inoperative.

and then

them

telling

much more

that he

dog-breaking

out, yet which, I confess, I think

would

of us

by giving them

to lift their knees,

word "Up,"

use the

this is a refinement in

which possibly may be carried

find

for-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in fact, to make the dog un-

when you

But

should raise his head.

hight,

waved

Colonel Hutchinson recommends the previous in.

as well.

lilie

our hacks

to teach

to understand the nature of

"We should certainly

them.

lift

simple to select hacks with good action, or to

breed them even, rather than to convert our colt-breakers into

cus-men.

all

If there is

means adopt

no other method of attaining the

it; but,

should certainly select

when

to prove the teachableness of the

which I

his education

a far easier one

in preference.

may

dog

and trouble necessary for

the time

But we must now proceed

munerated.

consists in ranging too far

lar a

whip

the

c>f

long cord, which the

Twenty,

thirty, or at

suffice for this

make many dogs

then suffered to

most

chiefly

This

give in entirely

fault,

may

hand and

trail

tire

which

readily be

voice, with

on the ground, or

down

Indeed, an application of

very wild.

the strongest and

for a short time will

but some high-couraged ones,

;

This " check-cord," as

some dogs,

capable of exe-

are properly re-

yards of a small box-cord will

forty,

setters especially, will persevere

exhausted.

or by attaching to the dog's col-

;

puipose, and will soon

most unruly dog. and

bad cases

hand of the breaker, when the dog

held in

the extent to

second

to the

from the breaker.

cured, either by compelling attention to the the aid

hand, I

may serve

be carried by patience and preseverance,

have no doubt that Colonel Hutchinson's plan

cution,

knowing

and,

;

Nevertheless,

cir-

object,

with

it is

until they are fairly

called, is also necessary in

to perfect their education in other respects, and, indeed,

wanted

at a later period of breaking,

not being often

re-

quired at this stage.

Havmg

described the

mode

of teaching pointers and setters to

234

BEEAKI>'G A>rD ENTERING.

now to

beat their ground, I have

ing them

(1)

the same

act), (3) to

consider the best

to point, set, or stand

back,

sidered desirable, and

down charge,

(3) to

(5)

how

modes of

teach-

(which are different names for

remedy

(4) to retrieve, if

con-

certain faults, such as

blinking, etc.

Pointing, setting, or standing can be readily taught.

It will, of

course, bo discovered in practice that, in teaching the range,

dogs begin to point, and nineteen out of twenty,

most

well-bred, be-

come steady enough without the gun, before they are perfect in For these, then, it is the proper mode of beating their ground. unnecessary to describe any other means of teaching their trade but there are some few exceptions, in which, even after a fort;

night's work, the

dog

is still

deficient in this essential, and,

though

ground in ever so perfect a manner and finds his birds well enough, yet he invariably runs them up, sometimes with great zest and impudent disregard of his breaker, and at others with evihe beats

his

dent fear of the consequences.

Here, then, something more must

by taking the young dog out with a steady companion and hunting them together then, keeping the be done, and

effected

;

old dog within forty yards,

and take care â&#x20AC;˘which he

walk up

let

him,

possible, be the one to find,

him before

the

young one comes up,

sure to do as soon as he catches his eye on the point.

Now use your voice in a severe but low tone to stop him and, as he has been accustomed to halt with the word " Toho " he will at ;

once do

so,

generally standing in a cautious attitude, at a distance

varying with his fear of his breaker and the amount of courage If the birds lie close, let him draw up and The excitement will then be so great, that, if the dog under sufficient command to be held in check by the " Toho "

which he

possesses.

get the scent. is

he will be sure to assume the rigid condition, characteristic of his

Now

breed.

go quietly up to him, pat him, and encourage him,

but in such a tone as to prevent his running "

Toho

where he

good dog is,

toho " I

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;and

so long as he can scent his birds,

champing and frothing

at the

in,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

using the

still

keeping him for a few minutes

which he shows by

mouth. After the lapse of

walk quietly forward, keeping your eye on him, and

still

this time,

restrain-

POINTERS AND SETTERS. ins

the " Toho," put

^"tti ""'ith

make him drop with

the

up the

which he has already been taught. high courage, do not attempt

step

other

(which

step,

But,

very wild and of

it is

better to proceed

this at first, as

this

way, by perseverance and hard work

keystone of the breaker's arch), any dog, whether

of the special breeds used for the purpose or not,

point

when he

become

possible,

charge " the meaning of

to teach each lesson thoroughly before an-

and

commenced.

last is the

and then,

birds,

Down

words

235

finds

game

;

may

be made to

but none but the pointer and setter

rigid or cataleptic, a peculiarity

which

confined to them.

In very high-couraged dogs, a check-cord, thirty or forty yards in length,

sometimes sufiered to

trail

on the ground, or

the breaker, so as to assist the voice in stopping the is

wanted

make

his stand

;

but the cases where this

are so rare as scarcely to require

any allusion

industrious to give

work enough

is sufliciently

part of the education

enough

Backing.

wanted

the breaker

it, if

This

to his charge.

generally accomplished in a couple of

lessons, without trouble, and, indeed, the

steadily

held by

dog when he

at the first or

young dog often points

second scenting of game.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; When a dog has acquired the merely instinctive prop-

erty already described, he is said to be " steady before,"

and may

be used alone or single-handed without any further education

when he

to be

hunted with other dogs he requires

"steady behind," that

to say,

other dog as the latter stands. erty, like the former, is

he must be taught

to be

it,

but

" back" an-

In very high-bred dogs, this prop-

developed very early

;

but the more hardy

and courageous the breed, the longer they generally are ing

;

made

in acquir-

and therefore the young breaker should not be discouraged

he finds that his puppies give him some trouble after they have

Backing

as described for standing, that

learned to stand perfectly steady. the same

way

with an old steady dog, taking care that he

usually taught in to say,

by hunting

one whose find

be depended on, and then stopping the young one with th9 voice

and hand, or with the aid of a check-cord art consists here in

moment when

managing

to get

the old one stands,

necessary.

The

between the two dogs

and thus

great

at the

to be able to face the

BBEAKING AND ENTERING.

236 pu'ppy as

rushes up to share the scent "with his rival, which he

lie

at first considers his

companion

Jealousy

to be.

a natural feeling

dogs from their desire to obtain approbation

all

eradicated in

pointer and setter, or they never

tlie

and which ever finds

together,

which

first

finds, alone,

;

to the

one which you have

" Toho " in a low him not on any account creep forward a step,

let

Then walk forward

him, and, with your eye

him with

ing stopped

the other tries to run up and

him with

but keep him exactly where he well.

but it must be become steady

avoid this failing, leave the dog

and walk up

stopped, pat and encourage

but pleased tone

first,

take the point from him.

;

for

word

the

some minutes, if the

to the old dog, but take

still

inasmuch as he has

wiLh more

himself

ought

on the puppy, put up the birds, havhand if he moves a limb. Sup-

difficulty restrained

materially

from running

in to judge for

who

be very steady and perfect in

thus

be seen that very the education,

little

which

and perseverance It

confidence in him, and next time

lost

hence the necessity for a good nose in the old dog,

;

lie

voice and

posing the old dog has pointed falsely, the young one injured,

birds

no notice of

all respects.

It will

art is required in carrying out this part of

really

demands only hard walking,

complete

patience,

most satisfactory manner.

in the

should be pursued day after day, until the young dog not only

finds

game

and stands quite

for himself

steadily,

but also backs his

fellows at any distance, and without drawing towards step after he sees

them

When

at point.

them a single

this desirable

tion is effected to such an extent that the

puppy

will

consummaback even a

strange dog, and has already learned to beat his ground property, as explained in as

my previous

remarks, he

he can be without the gun, and

night before the shooting season,

again for two

have

some

lost

to restore

joined

it,

of his steadiness.

as he

making the

little

Many

by, until a fortto be taken out

will generally

he will only require work

Still

knows what he ought

necessary with a

steady and well broken

or three days, as in the interval

that he has forgotten.

towards

may be thrown when he ought

;

and with patience,

punishment, he soon re-acquires masters

now

fancy that

all is

all

done

pointer: " but, on the contrary, they find that

POINTERS AND SETTERS. after birds are killed the

comes

-wild

sorts of

blamed -without cause such conduct left

puppy -which was previously steady

and ungovernable, and

bad behavior. ;

239

Hence

spoils the day's shooting

but -when

that

all

breakers so often are

found by experience that

be-

the rule, and not the exception,

young dogs are by a keeper for a few days, or

their o-wners to be shot over

even longer, before they are taken into the for this wildness

may

be assigned

;

Another reason

field.

namely, the dogs are often

the commencement of the season by almost perfect two or three guns together whereas, if their breaker had the management, they would be under much more control, and especially if he went out quietly by himself. Here again is

hunted

strangers,

;

another reason for gentlemen breaking their

by giving

events, finishing their education selves a

Down

own

dogs, or, at all

their dogs

and them-

few lessons together. charge, as already described, ought to be taught from a

very early period, the dog being made to drop at the word or

ele-

vation of the hand of his master, without the slightest hesitation.

dwell upon this part of his educa-

It is not, therefore, necessary to tion, further

than to remark that after each point,

rectly after birds rise

made

to drop

voice, using the order "

by the

raising the hand,

Down

charge " or by !

the eye of the dog can be caught.

made habitual, there is little order until the gun is added but then practice

or, indeed, di-

under any circumstances, the dog should be

;

When

will be

found that great

patience and forbearance are required to prevent the dog

running to his birds as they drop to

;

for, if this is allowed,

make him unsteady in every case,

first

made

thing he thinks

dropping, and

the dog drop to the of,

this is

when

the

from

sure

as soon as his eye catches sight

of game, whether after the point or not. tage of having

this

trouble in carrying out the

gun

encouraged

It is

gun

now

is fired, is

all

that the advan-

manifested, for the the necessity for

goes on well.

Too

often

the shooter himself produces unsteadiness, at the

moment when he ought

and by running that

by disregarding his dog attend to him most particularly,

in himself to take care of his " bag," considering

more important than the

steadiness of his dog.

It is true

BREAKING AND EXTEKING.

240 that a runner

sometimes

the discharged barrel

who

keeps his dog

lost

by the delay of a few seconds while

reloaded

down

but in the long run, the shooter

;

until he has loaded, will

bag the most

game.

The

which

faults

chiefly require coiTection at this stage arc

blinking, shying the gun, pottering at the hedges, hunting too

The

wide, and chasing fur.

vice of blinking has been caused

over-severity in punishment for chasing poultry,

great deal of time to remove. killed,

etc.,

Indeed, until the dog sees

he seldom loses the fear which has produced

and takes a

game

It is there-

it.

fore frequently useless to continue the breaking, in the spring,

although such a dog sometimes becomes very useful by careful

management

in the shooting season.

Generally speaking,

occasioned by undue severity, either applied for chasing cats or

game when

poultry, or for chasing

first

hunted.

The former kind puppy is very chasing of game

of castigation, should be cautiously applied, as the

apt to associate the punishment given for the

with that due to the destruction of poultry or cats

been compelled

to leave the latter

;

and as he has

the use of the whip, and has

been afterwards kept "

and

at heel," so he thinks he must do so now, he comes there, and consequently " blinks his birds."

in fear

This defect

only to be remedied by instilling confidence, and by

avoiding punishment before

work

it is

got over.

all,

but

;

It is

it is

often one which gives great trouble

not so bad as the obstinately refusing to

only next to

deficient in courage,

it.

Both occur

couraging treatment to remove them.

dogs which are

and both require the most

delicate

and commit any fault they like, without fear for a time wards, that zest for

thing

is,

when they begin

to be quite bold,

;

riot,"

then after-

and are

full of

game, begin very cautiously to steady them, and some-

may

yet be done.

ing must be given relied

and en-

Let such dogs run "

on as a

a wonderful

In very bad cases, all attempts at break" pairing time," and the gun must be

last resource, the killing of

efifect

in giving courage to a

pressed by undue correction. altogether, for in

game having sometimes dog which has been

Punishment

de-

not to be condemned

some breeds and individuals without the whip.

POINTEBS AXD SETTERS. nothing could be done

but

;

241

should be very cautiously applied,

and the temper of each dog should be well studied before

Kindness will

adopted.

in every case

wonders, especially

eflfect

where united with firmness, and with a persevering determination to

compel obedience somehow

much

without the whip, so

must not bo spared, and,

;

but,

that "

the better if

used at

how " can

still, if

;

all,

eflfected

cannot, the rod

sliould be used efn-

caciously.

Shyness of the gun will generally also pass

off in

time

but, as

;

seldom occurs, except in very timid and nervous dogs, they do not often become very useful even when they have lost it. The best plan

to lead a

on the

first

mouth

and

shy dog quietly behind the shooters, and not to

him an opportunity of running

give

;

When game

discharge.

and thus,

lead

him up and

in course of time, he connects cause

loses that fear of the report,

result that gives

which he generally docs

off,

falls,

him

which he

finds

let hinx

with

effect,

followed by a

the pleasure of scenting fresh blood.

Pottering at the hedges in partridge-shooting,

the result of

using dogs to find rabbits, or of allowing them to look for them,

which they always are ready chase or even to retrieve hares. potterer of this kind

to do, especially

There

utterly worthless

Hunting too wide for

permitted to

no remedy for

it,

and a

and irreclaimable.

close partridge-shooting

may

be easily

remedied by constantly keeping in the dog by the whistle and

hand

;

little

trouble

and,

he has been properly taught to range at command,

required in making

beat, necessary in countries

him change from

where game

and limited range of sixty yards, which

the

wide

scarce, to the confined

best

where

it is

thick

the ground

Chasing

fur,

and

also

unmanageable vices tience

;

running in to dead birds, are often most

but either can be generally cured by pa-

and severe treatment, aided,

or in very bad cases are used,

it is

by the

necessary,

by the check-cord,

spike-collar in addition.

When

cord either trailing loosely on the ground or held in an hand.

these

only necessary to work the dog with them on, the

Then, the moment the dog runs

assistant,'**

check him severely,

BREAKING AND ENTEEING.

242

and, if he is not very bold, the plain collar will suffice, as it may be made by a sharp jerk to throw him back, to his great annoyPointer Daisy, page 237, took first prize in her class, New ance.

York Bench Show

of 1877.

BREAKING TO RETRIEVE. Retrieving, in

opinion, should be invariably committed to a

dog, specially kept for that purpose versal practice, subject.

When

but, as this is not the uni-

;

will be necessary to say a few words on this

pointers or setters are broken to retrieve, in addi-

tion to those qualities peculiar to them, they should always be so much under command as to wait " down charge," until they are

when they at once go up to game drop, and, taking up the Some breeds have no nose for a

ordered on by the words " seek dead,"

saw

the place where they scent, foot

until they find

foot-scent, and,

scent as they

their

it.

ordered to " seek dead," will beat for the body-

would

for a single bird

the lost bird, they " peg "

and,

;

much

This does not injure the dog nearly as runner by the foot-scent of

little

far. it

;

Few

wounded

pointers and setters will carry

much

to spend

working out a

but a retrieving pointer of this kind,

use for any but a badly

worth while

when they come upon

with a steady point in the same way.

bird,

which has not run

game

far,

nor indeed

time in teaching them to do so ; and better to follow them,

and help

when

they are set to retrieve,

them

in their search, so as to avoid all necessity for developing

it is

the "fetch and carry" quality, which in the genuine retriever so valuable.

But

pheasants that such a retriever spoil a pointer or setter, is

wounded hares

chiefly for

required; and as the former

and are sure

allowed to hunt them,

or running

make him unsteady

desirable to keep clear of the posi-

tion altogether, while pheasants are so rarely killed to these dogs

that their retrieval

The tion,

by them need not be considered. much more careful educa-

regular land retriever requires

inasmuch as he

wanted

to abstair

from hunting, and from

BREAKING TO RETRIEVE. own

his

especial duties, except

breed generally used

243

when ordered

The to commence. Newfoundland with the

the cross of the

setter or water-spaniel, but, as I

have explained in another place, In educating these dogs, they

other breeds are equally useful.

should be taken at a very early age, as

almost impossi-

The

ble to insure perfect obedience at a later period. to " fetch

and carry," which

early developed in these dogs,

making a puppy

disposition

the essence of retrieving,

and without

perfect, in his vocation.

very

is little

chance

Young dogs

of this

there

breed will be seen carrying sticks about, and watching for their

may

master to throw them, that they

fetch

them

This

to him.

fondness for the amusement should be encouraged to a certain extent,

almost daily, but not so far as to

tire

and disgust the dog,

and care should always be taken that he does not

which he has

object

On no

in charge.

tear or bite the

account should

dragged from his mouth, but he should be ordered to drop the ground at the feet of his master, or to release

it,

directly

it is

The consequence of pulling anything out of the young retriever's mouth is that he becomes " hard bitten," as it is called and, when he retrieves a wounded bird, he makes his teeth meet, and mangles it so much, that it is utterly useless. A dog which is not naturally inclined to retrieve, may be made so by encouraging him to pull at a handkerchief or a stick but such anilaid

hold

of.

;

mals very seldom turn out well in

this line,

and

it is

far better to

As soon as the puppy has learned master when ordered, he may be taught

put them to some other task. to bring everything to his

to seek for trifling articles in long grass or other covert, such as

bushes, etc. bits

When

he succeeds in

which are hardly old enough

at a little distance, after trailing tate the natural progress of the

this,

to run,

get some young raband hide one at a time

through the grass so as to imi-

animal

when wounded. After commencement of

putting the young retriever on the scent at the the " run," let

make him

him puzzle

bring

out, until

he finds the rabbit, and then

to his master without injuring

in the least.

Encouragement should be given for success, and during the search, the dog should have the notice of his master, by the words:

BEEAKING AND ENTERING.

244 " Seek

seek

seek dead

!" etc.

make

practice will soon

perseverance in this kind of

the dog very bright, in tracing out the

may be

concealed rabbits, and in process of time he the task of retrieving a

But

shooting.

comes in

intrusted with

partridge or pheasant in actual

always a long time before the retriever be-

important to him.

perfect, practice being all

Many him

it is

wounded

shooters use a slip for the retriever, the keeper leading

it,

until he

wanted, which

be made to drop "

down

and

a good plan

when a keeper

In any case, however, these dogs should

always in attendance.

charge,'" as the

at woi-k,

excited,

and often flush other game before

gun may be used while

they are not broken to drop, they become

they are

reloaded.

it is

Tlic breaking of the water-spaniel or retriever

also a compli-

cated task, and, as he has to hunt in the water and on the banks,

These dogs are used

his duties are twofold.

as on the edge of the water, but

when

the river, the pupil will generally do what punt.

to be

done

in the

the education is

to get the

puppy

to ' fetch

which he may be introduced when the water is warm, and he does not ill eff"ects,

The young

and carry " well

after

;

July and August,

feel the

unpleasantness

attendant on a cold winter's day with a wet coat.

birds are also slow

and awkward,

diving, so that every encouragement

breaking the water-spaniel from

swimming and

sport, to

The

naturally inclined, for houi's together.

afi"orded to the dog,

he may readily be induced to continue the is in

finished in

wanted from the

in the land retriever, so in this variety, the first thing

to " flappers " in

and

punt as well is

rats,

and

which he

chief difficulty at first

which

infest the

banks

of most streams, and which are apt 1o engage the attention of

most dogs.

The dog should be taught

and, whenever a flapper

to beat to the

hand,

shot and falls in the water, then he

must be encouraged, to bring it to land without delay. No art must be neglected to induce him to do this, and, every other plan failing, the breaker must himself enter the water for, if the dog is once allowed to leave a duck behind him, he is much ;

harder to break afterward. is

necessary at

all

Indeed, perseverance in the breaker

times, to insure the

same quality

in the pupil.

THE COVERT SPANIEL. The

a bird level, is

hand is, because showing him where

object in teaching the spaniel the range to

without this there will often be

difficulty in

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

the eye of the dog being so little above its lies in the water ana the bird very often so much immersed, that when there

the slightest raffle, he can scarcely see

245

in all other cases, the water-retriever

a yard from his nose.

must be

strictly "

down

charge," and he must be thoroughly steady and quiet at heel, or

he will be sure to disturb the water-fowl when the shooter

ambush waiting for them. The dog should, therefore, be taught

until

slightest

whine

to be as quiet as a

and the

is fatal,

mouse

ordered to move.

THE ENTERING AND BREAKING OF THE COVERT SPANIEL. The breaking

all

spaniels should be

commenced

possible, as they are naturally impetuous,

able restraint to keep are at work.

such as to etc., if

them near enough

to the shooter, while they

After teaching them the ordinary rules of obedience,

"come

which may

to heel," to " hold up," to

all

drop

which they are intended

better taken out,

first

there are not too

down

charge,"

be done with the pistol and check-cord, aided

necessary by the spiked-collar, the next thing

to the game,

as early as

and require consider-

into small coverts or

many

to enter

them

These dogs are

to hunt.

hedgerows (provided

more The dog should

rabbits in the latter), as they are

under command here than in large woodlands.

not be allowed to hunt by himself nor for himself, but should be

taught that he must keep within shot.

must

learn not to press their

which

one of the most

game

For

this

purpose spaniels

until the shooter

difficult things to

within range,

teach them.

When

they are to be kept exclusively for " feather," they must be stopped

and rated as soon as it is discovered that they are speaking to " fur." This requires a long time, and therefore few spaniels are worth much until they have had one or two seasons'

which circumstance

practice,

from

should not occasion surprise that a thor-

oughly broken Clumber spaniel fetches from $150

to $350.

When

;;

BREAKIXG AND ENTERING.

246

they are too riotous and hunt too freely, these methods of sobering

them

are adopted

fore legs into

it,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

put on a

1st,

2ndly, buckle a small strap, or

tie

and

collar,

which compels the dog

a piece of tape, iightly round

the hind leg above the hock, by which that limb less,

and the dog has to go upon three

collar loaded

with

cramps the muscles

also

especially

rendered use-

and, 3dly, put on a

;

If either of the legs

shot.

must be occasionally changed,

one of the

slip

run on three legs

fastened up,

the strap

after a certain time, and,

long, renders the dog lame for days afterwards.

persisted in too

In hunting fence-

rows, the young dog should at the shooter, so that his

adopted, as

first be kept on the same movements may be watched but, ;

side as

soon

as he can be trusted, he should be sent through to the other side,

and made that the

dog

to drive his

game towards

dog does not get out of

to a large covert,

shot-collar, or

the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;always

gun

first

taking care

introducing a young

he must be put down with a couple of old

dogs which are very steady

have a

shot.

;

and, at the same time, he should

one of his legs tied up.

Without

this precau-

he will be sure to range too wide, and, if he gets on the scent of a hare, he will probably follow her all over the covert, to the entire destruction of the day's sport. With the above precautions, tion,

prevented from doing

this,

and by imitating

soon learns to keep within the proper distance. iels in covert, stillness is desirable, as

distance of the shooter,

game

his fellows, he

In working span-

will never

come within

they hear a noise proceeding from him

hence the constant encouragement to the dogs, which some

by no means necessary. If the spaniel is properly broken, he can hear his master as he passes through the sportsmen indulge

in, is

underwood, and will take care to drive the game towards him, while, if he is slack and idle, the voice does him little good, and prevents the only chance of getting a shot,which might otherwise occur.

THE ENTERING AND BREAKING OF VERMIN DOGS. Terriers are entered to

very

little

vermin with great

facility,

and require

breaking, unless they are intended to be used with fer-

247

VERMII^ DOGS.

Then they must be broken to let these animals alone, as they make their appearance occasionally in passing from one

rets.

are apt to

hole to another. rier

It is

only necessary to

let

the ferret

and the

ter-

be together in a yard or stable for a few times, cautioning the

latter

not to touch the former, and the young dog soon learns

to distinguish his friends

hardy enough

from

his foes.

terriers are

a great coward, so that he

quite useless for the pur-

pose.

In such a case, he must be encouraged by letting him

young

rats at

first,

and as he gains confidence, he

increase in courage.

If,

rare'y require anything

however, the

more than

not

to in rat-

without any cross of the

ling, etc., and, indeed, the true terrier

bull-dog

Some

brave the bites which they are liable

terrier is well bred,

practice.

kill

will perhaps also

will

CHAPTER

THE USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

—SNIPE AND WOODCOCK —WrLD-FOWL SHOOTING. — SHOAL-WATER FOWL. —DEEPFOWL. —HARE HUNTING. —DEER HUNTING.

GROUSE AND PARTRIDGE (QUAIL) SHOOTING. SHOOTING.

WATER

The dogs used

in aid of the

gun

are:

the pointer, the setter, in

grouse and quail shooting; the spaniel, the beagle, and terrier in covert or timber shooting

cock shooting ing

;

either of the above in snipe

and wood-

the water spaniel or retriever in wild fowl shoot-

and the hound or dachshund

in deer shooting.

GROUSE AND PARTRIDGE (QUAIL) SHOOTING. North America the

number and

exceeded by no other country in the world in

varieties of its

game

birds,

and among these the

grouse of different species and the true partridge— the so-called quail

—furnish more recreation to the sportsmen and more food for

domestic uses, than any other of our birds. so-called in

common

parlance,

the grouse family, of which

Curiously the partridge,

not the true one, but belongs to

we have

{Tetrao umbellus), the prairie hen,

ten species, the ruffed grouse,

{Tetrao cupido),

the

spruce

grouse {Tetrao Canadensis) of the East and West, and the dusky

grouse {Tetrao obsctirus) of the Pacific Coast, being the most com-

monly known of have

at least

known

species

whose

cry, at the

a slowly

these birds.

seven species, is

ai-e

The true commonly

partridge, of called quail.

the Virginia partridge,

The

best

{Ortyx Virginianus),

brooding season, so nearly like " bob-white," with

drawn lengthening of

the

first

syllable

accented rising inflection of the latter one

every rural dweller.

248

which we

—

and a quick sharply so well

known

AND PARTRIDGE SHOOTING.

GEOXTSE jHie

Ruffed Grouse

Mississippi, is

scattered all over the country east of the

where woods now

have previously

exist, or

and

found in cultivated fields, patches of woods,

Under the

forests.

breeding season,

it is

of moderate

influence

any description, indeed

it is

persistently hunted, that

and

thickets,

to bring

known

the nearest tree,

brown plumage from

its flight, it

when

kill;

dog

it flies

off

its

drops.

all

the

which

a load of

oflf

by no must

rises before

it.

abundant from Texas

country northward to Canada, but

prairie

has been driven out of the Middle States where abundant, in the openings

have been

easily

speckled

with a loud, sharp whirr, which greatly confuses

Ihe Pinnated Grouse, or Prairie hen,

ter

its

chase

and will frequently carry

a novice until he becomes accustomed through

by a

easily shot over a setter or a

shot to a considerable distance before the

dog

distinguish

so unsuccessful as to discourage the sportsman.

be hit hard, to

hand

takes refuge

sole attention to the

who can

and in open woods with a good dog,

pointer,

means

and

would

started

the similarly colored bark against

In the open,

crouches.

need

shoot on the wing,

requires a practised

to bag, except

and giving

shot by a sharp-eyed hunter,

so constantly

snapoing cur, often trained to " tree" these birds,

upon

the

not an exceedingly shy and wary

It is a diflacult bird to

woods and

and a quick eye

deep

recompense for

too well

known and

wing, and direct and swift in

soon be exterminated. especially in

were

It is

it.

so well

existed.

in the

protection

suflBciently plentiful to afford

the time occupied in pursuing

bird, strong of

249

among

sufiicient to

the timber.

was formerly

Thirty years' slaugh-

exterminate this game bird from the

Atlantic Coast to the Mississippi River, except in a few localities

where now

it is

gradually disappearing

;

when

farm yards and appear

was formerly

abundant villages.

This confiding habit has perhaps led to

struction.

The

attitude of this bird

the rufied grouse, but

its

walk

its

bold and erect.

lie

general de-

not so graceful as that of

When

runs with swiftness until taking wing, or squats until

In August and September they

in the streets of

as to feed in the

startled is

flushed.

well to a dog, and can be shot

;

USE or THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

"250

with

Later they gather in flocks, and become wild, rising out

ease.

gun shot and

flying

away

for a long distance

but

;

followed

and again started they scatter, and, lying close, may be flushed singly and bagged. In the fall they frequent the corn fields and pick up the scattered corn, but are difficult to shoot in such places,

noise

made

from the

which

in passing through the rustling leaves

startles

them before the hunter can get within shot. Sport under such circumstances is weary and unprofitable work. The Dusky Grouse, is the finest of the whole family, exceeding all

others in

size,

and being equal

male has been found In color

weight. dish

brown and black and

breast

;

any

in delicacy of flesh.

lbs.,

while 3

weigh 3i

lbs. is a

The

common

generally greyish brown, mottled with redthe throat

belly are lead color

;

the

white, crossed with black tail

the

;

feathers are black with the

terminal cross band of grey usual in the grouse family.

The young birds when half grown in August are

much sought

The mature

their flssh.

are easily killed,

for on account of the tenderness

and

and delicacy of

birds have the same habit

which the

re-

lated species of the east possess of taking refuge in the nearest tree,

They lie when found away from

and remaining crouched against the trunk on a limb. very close to dogs, and are easily killed the thick pine forest in

which they usually harbor.

The Virginia Partridge or Quail,

known by

its

right

name

Pennsylvania and further South, although the residents there make

for this accuracy

a quail, States.

by wrongly

wrongly known in

No more

familiar

sound

calling the grouse a pheasant.

New is

England and

tlie

Northern

heard in the spring, when the

mating or brooding, than the cheery " bob- white " which at morning, noon, and night, is sung by the male and answered by the bird

female.

The nest

by some tall brood roost their

heads outwards.

direct line, is

is made on the ground, of grass, and is sheltered The young birds run as soon as hatched, and the together at night upon the ground, in a circle with

tuft.

they take

If disturbed

and thus spread

flight,

each

The note of alarm that made by young chickens

in separate courses.

a low twittering sound, not unlike

the note of recall, after a scattering,

loud and frequent, with a

QEOUSE AND PARTRIDGE SHOOTING.

"251

the hunting

tone of tenderness and anxiety expressed in

it.

season in September and October, the gi'ain fields furnish a harbor

and beveys of four or five, up to

for feeding places,

The

sport to the sportsman.

pointer or setter

thirty, afford

used to find the

game and its du-ect, steady flight, makes it an easy mark for a fair The partridge abound from Canada to Texas and Florida, shot. and are numerous

in the great

Western

Their flesh

States.

tender and delicious, and a supper of broiled " quail"

reward

white,

a sufficient

sportman with appetite sharpened by healthful ex-

to the

ercise over the stubble fields.

Quail shooting

the

most frequent and convenient sport both for

the country dweller, and those

of business to inhabit

away

sionally steal

main

who

cities,

tlie

condemned by

When

to the field.

object, all other kinds of

are

the pursuits

from which they can only occain pursuit of quail, as the

game are taken as they come. Grouse

and hares may be picked up occasionally, and the expectation of finding these add to the zest of the sport. The sportsman is therefore required to be constantly on the lookout, and ready to take

what

may happen

should have

day out of

to be.

It is

The dew should be

after quail.

left their

not wise to be too early afield off the ground,

roosting places, else they

reach, or they will not

lie

to the dog.

depending upon the weather somewhat, ing the ground, the

first

thing,

and the birds

may lay up for the From eight to nine,

early enough.

to drive the

In beat-

whole range up

the wind, so as to give the dogs a chance to scent and to get the best shots, as quail prefer to fly with the

When

it.

birds are flushed

proached so as to

The and

best

let

the dogs face the wind.

ground for

cornfields,

quail, early in the

and meadows adjacent

rank places where boundaries of

wind rather than against

and marked down, they should be ap-

briers,

morning, to dry

grain stubbles

boggy swamps, and

low bushes, and cranberries grow.

fields, especially

The

where coarse weeds and brush

growing, and on the bushy borders of woods, are likely places to After these have been beaten, the middles of the

find bevys. fields

may

tried.

When

the dog stands

still,

with stem out-

stretched and rigid, his frame quivering with excitement, the

;

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

252 game

When

close before him.

and looks back, the game

fully,

he wavers, wags his

gone, or

he crouches low, and evinces a desire has a running bevy before him.

In the

some

is at

which you propose

and

birds rise,

to beat

will be neces-

first case, it

command

them

will drive

When

planning the day's sport.

the birds

the old cock, and should be killed

sible.

When

the old pair has been shot, the rest

ground

by and by.

This, of course, has been previously laid out in the

leads,

crawl on the ground, he

sary to take such a direction in coming up as will

good shot when the

tale wist-

distance.

all

mind

a single one

rise, if

means,

pos-

bagged, the rest of the bevy will alight sooner.

may

already in bag, for, deprived of their leaders, the

be counted aa

young

birds are

bewildered. If all the

bevy

right,

and the

do not shoot into the body of

rise at once,

select the outer bird

on your

own

hand, the right

your companion has the

left if

you

right.

it,

but

are at the

When

the

outer bird has been dropped, the next should be covered and shot as quickly as possible.

given before the gun

As they

the shot. if

they are going

least

twelve or fifteen yards should be

otherwise the birds will be torn by

is fired,

light,

they should be marked

down

hill,

down

carefully

and before the wind, they will go

beyond where they were

some

distance,

wood

or a field of standing corn, they will rarely go through to

last seen.

If they enter a

the other side, but on alighting will run a few yards, and then If the birds are seen to drop, they

squat.

may

be marked with

certainty, otherwise the nature of the ground, the wind, flight,

must be considered before one can be

abouts.

their

After quail have dropped and squatted, they sometimes

give no scent, and the best dog habit of withholding scent, stinclive;

upon

and

certain of their where-

may

point them.

fail to

in-

be a physiological peculiarity, consequent

their state of alarm,

and involuntary

;

this is obviously,

however, a matter which cannot easily be investigated. fact should be

This

supposed to be voluntary and

known and

noted, because

birds to their hiding places immediately,

But the

useless to follow

and the time would be

WOODCOCK SHOOTING.

SKIPE AND 'thrown away in doing ternoon, the best

way

so.

255

secure sport, therefore, in the af-

to continue beating the stubbles, feeding

grounds, and edges of woods and dry swamps, and to secure what birds are found, until the scattered birds shall begin to call to follow

tliose

which have been flushed

then

;

morning and

in the

marked down, into the precise spots or as near as may be, and beat up for them with patience, turning and returning until every bird has been accounted for.

The

quail

a difficult bird to shoot in a covert

;

it flies

rapidly,

as fast in a thick cover as in the open, carries shot a long distance, and falls suddenly in the midst of

for the sportsman

its flight.

and not to lag behind on any account whatever, his labor

When not

and an empty bag for rufied grouse

difficult to

the wings set first,

and

;

the precaution

him

he be

otherwise, is

he have only

lest

have been flushed while hunting if

one

necessary

his pains.

bag them

three feet ahead of

It is

keep close up to his dogs when in covert,

sailing

when he

rises

quail,

it is

taken to shoot fully

down on

the

wind with

within range, he hangs at

cool and shoots quickly,

not so hard a

matter to drop him.

SNIPE

The

first

English

AJSfD

game shooting

swamps.

after the winter

snipe

or Wilson's

the ground, snipe

WOODCOCK SHOOTING.

may

As soon

over,

the

out of

meadow

Here they may be found resting for a time before

When

they are wild and shift constantly from place to place fly in

be hunted in low wet places and

going further north to their breeding places.

they

that of the

frost

knots of 10 or 20 birds, and

parting out of sight.

No other sport

of the weather than this

;

nor

rise

first ;

arrived,

sometimes

high, soaring and de-

depends more upon the

state

any other more uncertain, on

count of the errratic and capricious nature of these birds.

ac-

The

most promising conditions for sport are the clearing of a violent

USE OF THE DOG IX SHOOTING.

256

N. E. storm into

warm

soft,

early spring floods,

Rough weather

breeze.

weather, the partial drying up of the

and the blowing of a warm, south-westerly

uplands, fallow

may

must do the

may

squally weather, birds

Then, even in rough

best he can.

muddy

be found about springs and

by brakes and

pools, surrounded

borings and drop-

find plenty of

Sometimes one cannot choose, and having

pings, but not a bird. to shoot,

times, snipe will lie in

grassy meadows, and even in woodlands;

fields,

while in the marshes one

come

and shooting then

disturbs the conditions,

will be a matter of great uncertainty.

high

briers, or tall alders, or

Thus the sportsman who is aims, must know the character of his

bunches of marsh grass or reeds. after snipe, to succeed in his

game and

and outs of

the ins

A dark day, unless the

curious disposition.

its

a drizzly day, or a windy,

wind

not favorable to sport,

from the south or west and not too high.

mild, soft, hazy, sunshiny day, with a gentle south breeze, the day for snipe.

may

be hot, and

breeze gentle, the birds will their flight

lie

;

all

the air it,

A just

damp, and the

and on such a day

lazy and they will drop often within a few yards of

Then

the dog that has flushed them. kill

the closer for

that has to be

done

to let

there are

them

get

easier birds to

away a

fair dis-

tance, so as to allow for the shot to spread, then cover the bird

well before the trigger

touched,

all

the time taking things

coolly and deliberately.

Snipe nearly always closely as possible

game

different

practice to beat

the

windward

;

rise

the

most

mode

of beating for this

other.

down-wind, and the ground

It is generally the

to be entered

instead of from the leeward as for

likely spots,

windward side of make a circuit around

the

for this reason

and go away up-wind, as

from that used for any

If this is not possible, the all

against

consequently the

it is

it.

all

from

other game.

ground must be beaten diagonally, and

approached by a circuit so as to come on If the

dog

must down-wind of him, and

points, the sportsman

so as to get the bird,

very necessary to have a steady dog.

For young sportsmen, a pointer is recommended, but for old and practised sportsmen, a setter is preferred. When the birds

;

257

"WOODCOCK SHOOTIJfG, are plentiful, a dog

man

well as to a

not necessary, as they

with a clog

;

but

lie to

man

alone, as

the ground to be beaten

wide, and the birds few, the help of a dog

A dog must

needed.

be stanch as well as steady, and sliould be immovable on his point

he must not crawl in or approach the bird, but must remain stiflF, even though the shooter may have to make a circuit and come

round facing him. He must be traiaed to obey the hand. He must follow at heel when called in, without attempting to beat This

until ordered.

will

close to a

lie

would

a great point in snipe-shooting, for a bird

man

always be found because the spot where

having been marked down, Avhen

after

wide of a dog

flush

;

never runs more than a few feet from

By going down-wind on

alighted.

the game,

the sportsman forces the bird to go away to the right or as

tries to fly

up-wind and thus

to deliver the shot

and before instant,

nearer

and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;this

when

afi'ord

It is

necessary to aim the

gun a

hand,

first rising,

then almost motionless for an

15 yards from the gun

the time to shoot.

left

The moment

a side shot.

the snipe poises itself after

gets under way.

if it rises

and when marked down, a snipe can

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;and

the snipe

foot ahead of

him

flies

seldom

rises

quickly,

it is

at 20 yards,

and at

40 yards three feet space should be allowed.

In the

fall

the birds,

of the year their

is less

uncertainty in the habits of

and they are neither so wild nor unsteady

as in the

spring.

WOODCOCK SHOOTING. Custom or law has authorized

the beginning of cock shooting

the 1st day of July in most of our States, but

it is

too early, both

on account of the heat of the weather and the condition of the birds.

this period

many broods

woodcock

hatched, so that the killing of the hen bird, the

young brood.

This

may

perhaps account for the fact that

these birds are rapidly dimmishing in numbers,

have been extermmated-

are but recently

the destruction of

and in many places

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

258

Woodcock if

return year after year to the

same wood

to breed,

and

owners of grounds could or would prevent shooting birds too

would be

early in the season, their care

for their

own

benefit, as

well as for that of the public.

Early morning and for

summer

same ground

The only

be preferred

late afternoon are the times to

shooting, though, as this bird feeds and lies all

day long,

may

difficulty in shooting

the covert in

which they

woodcock

In the

lie.

upon the

be pursued at any time. in the thickness of

summer

the old birds rise

heavily and often drop close to the gun in the effort to cover their

young broods

;

young ones

the

and can be found

rise stupidly,

In shooting in a thick covert,

again within a score or two yards.

one of the guns should be placed in an open spot where the bird can be seen, as it rises, because the one whose point is made can scarcely get a sight of the bird, at times unless he

Under birds

his

these circumstances

and not

dog

suffer the

go out of

dog

very quick.

best for the shooter to flush his

;

no case should he permit

sight.

The choice of ground, depends upon the season and various other In some places the birds lie in open meadows

circumstances.

among rushes, bogs, and water-plants,where there is no brush. They are rarely found in woods.

In other places they will be found in

brakes of alders where there

muddy

bottom, or in grassy

meadows where slow runnmg brooks and swales patches of willow and

exist,

with

weeds about them. In the valleys of the mountain ranges they haunt the sides of low meadows at the foot tall

hills, and spots where streams emerge into the lowlands upon beds of black oozy vegetable matter, covered with water plants.

A favorite feeding ground vial soil,

mingled, and where there

maple swamps on overflowed. is

open woods, upon

rich,

black allu-

covered with short bunchy grass with soft spots inter-

flat

no undergrowth

;

also in thick, red

lands adjacent to river banks which are

In dry, hot weather, the cool, shady, moist ground

most attractive to them.

When woodcock are may often

not to be found in one favorable place, they

be found in others which might be supposed to be unat-

WOODCOCK SHOOTING. tractive, so that

not only must the sportsman be patient and perse-

must

vering, but he

261

earned experience.

and make use of

also be observing,

his well

Later in the season cock are to be found not

only in such places as have been indicated, but upon damp, springy

where chestnuts are mixed with

hill sides,

laurels

and low

ever-

Indeed as the season lengthens out to November, such

greens. hill sides

supply these birds, with the most of their favorite food,

which they

under fallen leaves.

find hidden

apt to be found where their food

They

are always

most abundant.

After this

month the annual migration occurs, and the birds silently steal away singly, and in the night, to their winter quarters. The difference in the size of the male and female woodcock is decidedly marked so much is this the case that warm contro;

versies

subject

have occurred between experienced sportsmen upon ;

some maintaining that

was

the bird in this country.

of the female had misled

many

there are

finally settled that the greater size

in the spring

Middle States from the

latter part of

ing in the months of

this

distinct species of

Woodcock

observant sportsmen.

make annual migrations

March, according as the season

two

and aiftumn, arriving February or

may be open

first

in the

week

or severe, and depart-

November and December.

In the autumn

migration, the birds that have recently arrived, are called " Flight birds,

and are distinguished by the feathers on the breast being

brighter in color than of those that have been lying in the feeding

ground for some time; the duller in hue.

latter's breast

Many young cock are

Sometimes the weather

dry and mild

and the woodcock hatching her brood er,

when

the

destroyed.

in the early part of spring,

are drowned, or,

color being decidedly

during the early freshets.

overtaken by rainy weath-

unhatched, the eggs are

Consequently, the sportsmen always

dry spring, as of game.

young

lost

it is

desii'e

a c(mtinued

especially favorable to the increase of

The woodcock

all

species

often feeds in the night, and persons

but slightly acquainted with their habits are astonished at discovering in the morning, the

ground

amount

in a favorite feeding place.

of borings, covering the soft

In very dry weather woodcock

gather in the low wet swamps, while after a rain of a day or two's

USE OF THE DOG

363;

IJf

SHOOTING.

duration, they scatter through the woods, and

much

may

be found on

same ground as in the fall. They are a most devoted and fearless bird. While on the nest a person may stand quietly within a very short distance of one, and if hill sides,

and, in fact, on

no unusual motion or noise fear

upon the

the

made, the hen-bird will gaze without

intruder.

WILD-FOWL SHOOTING. The shooting

of water-fowl

and exposure

labor, fatigue

a sport attended with too

render

experienced and eager sportsmen,

who have

perhaps become sated

with the commoner recreations of grouse, snipe, Familiarity with this sport

cock shooting. through

many

hardships,

not

risks,

much

very attractive to any but

quail, or

wood-

only arrived at

and exposures

in all sorts of

weather.

Consequently, there are few persons besides those

hunt for a

living,

who have

who

acquired the necessary knowledge of

the habits and natural history of the birds, and the proper methods of circumventing the instinctive wariness of water-fowl, and tak-

ing advantage of their peculiar ways, to shoot them successfully.

Yet when a

taste for the sport

experience of

has been once acquired, or the

has been agreeable, there

first

no other that becomes

fascinating.

"Water- fowl

may

be divided into two classes, those which are

found in shoal water, and those which inhabit the deep waters of The mallard and the difthe sounds and inlets of the sea-coast. ferent teals are examples of the former,

the type of the latter.

The

and the canvas-back

water when feeding, although they will dive and swim long tances under water,

when wounded

or alarmed.

birds includes the mallard, the blue and green

summer

wood

shoal water birds rarely go under

This

winged

dis-

class of teal,

the

duck, the pintail, the grey duck, shoveler, wid-

geon, and the black or dusky duck, together with the wild goose.

The deep water

varieties include the canvas-back, the

tufted duck, and the buffle head.

broad

bill,

WILD-FOWL SHOOTING. The methods

263

of hunting wild fowl in general use require the

and knowledge of the habits of

exercise of considerable ingenuity

the different species, their feeding places, and favorite food.

Their

extreme wariness and the necessity of finding the game without the help of dogs, retrieving being the only help afibrded

by them,

and excitement of the sport. The ground, or rather the water, where the fowl abound, is generally inland rivers and ponds, bordered by reedy marshes and the tidal flats of add much

estuaries.

to the labor

There

scarcely a river or

marsh

in the country East

or West, or North or South, where ducks of some variety or other

some season of the year, and sometimes in fabuThe opening of the spring and the fall are the sporting seasons. The birds are taken either by means of decoys, or by awaiting their passage over a place of ambush in which the are not found at

lous numbers.

hunter

A boat

concealed.

generally used, else the labor of

wading through the marshes and picking roundabout paths avoid deep sloughs

intolerable.

Sometimes two persons hunt

company, yet

at a distance

from

each other, one driving the birds towards the other, and the latter

way many heavy bags

driving

them back

cured.

Blinds or sci'eens are provided, behind which the hunter

again.

In this

keeps himself concealed until the within range of his gun.

moment when

These blinds are made

Full information for their construction

game

are

in various ways.

given in the volume

Long, entitled " American Wild-fowl Shooting."

Decoys are employed alight,

the

are pro-

to allure the passing flocks or stragglers to

being placed in such positions as are habitually chosen by

the fowl. These decoys are mostly selected for the deep-water varities,

which can not be so well approached as those which haunt

the ponds, rivers, and marshes, from the banks of which, screened

from observation behind approaching game.

made

of pine,

his blind, the hunter can easily reach the

Decoys of various kinds are

are to be preferred, as they are light in the

decoy

used.

Those

and thoroughly coated with priming of raw to

have

form and

color,

will sit steadily in the

water

as natural as possible in

and so built up and weighted that

oil,

and durable. The main thing

USB OP THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

264

A finishing

without rolling or losing an upright position.

made

varnish will spoU the best

and glistening weight needed

the sun.

decoy, on account of

dead surface

its

Tho

the best.

decoy should be made of a

to steady the

coat of glaring

strip of

sheet lead, placed in a groove at the bottom, and formed like the

Where smooth water only is to be met with, These may be carved out

keel of a boat.

bottomed decoys can be used.

flat-

of a

piece of soft pine plank, but for rough water use, two pieces are

needed

one for the top and another for the bottom, which are

;

hollowed

then put together and painted.

out,

Decoys are pro-

vided with a line suited to the depth of the water, and a weight of

not

less

than four ounces, made of a quarter length of a pound bar

of lead of the kind used for bullets.

The

line is

wound around

body of the duck, towards the tail, from which easily as the weight is thrown out, when the decoys the

long string

usually tied to one of the decoys by which

unwinds

are

set.

may be

shaken so as to ripple the water, and cause the whole flock of them to move. A " duck call " being used at the same time when

The

birds are passing will almost surely attract their notice.

de-

coys are best placed, so that the sun shines on the side towards

which the ducks

arc expected.

A Water Retriever, or is

dog that

will take to water readily

furnished with a coat of a nature that resists water,

duck shooting.

Whatever kind

selected,

whether a well-bred

curly-coated retreiver, a water spaniel, or a Chesapeake

he must be well trained for the water right kind

however cold

have,

his

Bay

dog,

work, and not averse to taking to

may

known

and

used in

be.

as the

The only

native dog of the

Chesapeake Bay dog. Though

a descendent of the curly-o.oated Irish retriever without doubt, his work by breeding and training for no better hunting ground in America for

he has been educated to

some

years.

There

wild fowl, than the Chesapeake

Bay and

its

sounds along the North Carolina Coast, and here his first

home and to know

may

be, at a

The dog used

vocation. his

name

word or

;

inlets

and

this useful

for this sport

the

dog has trained

then to instantly drop, wherever he

a signal of the hand,

and

to lie quietly until

WILD-FOWL SHOOTIXG. ordered or signalled to

rise.

265

should be taught to remain quiet

after the discharge of the gun, until ordered to

most important part of this,

his education,

and

work.

This

the

not well trained in

he ma> easily spoil good sport and lose game by rushing out

and spoiling the

a second shot.

effect of

Dead

birds need not

be gathered until the shooting slackens or good opportunity otherwise, the dog

occurs;

birds alighting

to secure the cripples as

dog

do of

will

may alarm

It is best,

however,

soon as possible, and this a well trained

own motion and

his

game and prevent

the

his frequent appearance.

without waiting for orders;

while he will leave dead ducks until ordered to retrieve them.

dog when taught

to fetch

should never be permitted to drop the

game at his master's feet, lest by doing this, when at work, some wounded birds ma}^ flutter away and be lost or give much trouble He should be made to deliver only to the to recapture them. "Water-Fowl retrievers naturally grip their birds tightly

hand.

and should be taught to hold them tenderly yet safely. The season some dogs for training is the summer when the water is warm ;

having experi-

will refuse to enter water that is very cold after

enced the discomforts of

When

in training.

should be taught to search for the object he

and

this,

being trained, he

ordered to retrieve,

the trainer should secretly throw the object

and then bid the dog search and find it, or motion him with a wave of the arm in the direction he should go. Short to a distance

and easy lessons a

dog for a

will be

found the most

fault, the castigation

overbear in his mind the

and

memory

Punishment ought

given.

instantly.

fault,

punishing

of the offence for

which

was

to be administered gently but firmly

Never delay punishment

connected with the

When

useful.

should never be so severe as to

until

necessarily dis-

it is

and do not be chary of

praise for

good

conduct.

ducking expedition can hardly be worth much, without the

necessity for

also be provided

the spring

The interval. make camp, but

camping out for a longer or shorter

sportsman should therefore not only

know how

with the means for making and furnishing

when bark

it.

of nearly all kinds peels very easily, a

com-

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

266 fortable

camp

Two

forked poles set up for the

tbese,

form the opening and a sup-

soon made.

front, a cross bar resting

port for the roof

;

two

upon

roof,

and fastened with some withes, laid

upon

the top

same way

;

form the

the front

from the forks

to the

and a few poles resting on

these,

saplings reaching

ground giving slope for the

is left

Slabs of bark

finish the frame.

roof,

and the ends are closed up in the In place of bark, pine or hem-

open.

Otherwise a

lock brush, or coarse grass, will furnish substitutes. pair of

gum

blankets, or

when one has

A tent

Cooking apparatus and comfortable

complete, can be provided. furniture

plenty of means, a

and folding boats or canoes are supplied by the dealers

in sporting commodities.

genuine sportsman will always be

independent of these appliances, an ax and a box of matches serving to supply

all his

cooking materials.

wants in the way of furnishing camp and

to supplies for

camping,

it is

sary to mention these, further than to caution the

man never else

to forget to provide salt, pepper,

hardly neces-

young

and sugar

;

sports-

everything

These are most frequently forgotten,

will follow.

who

great disappointment of those of the party

to the

never trouble

themselves about the arrangements.

The camp should never be safe in case of a

set in a

hollow

;

a round knoll being

sudden heavy rain which might overflow a hol-

low and make matters very uncomfortable. camp should be chosen where there are no tall

shelter

for the

Low

trees.

brush

camp from heavy winds without such danger as would exist among heavy trees in case of sudden gusts. The camp â&#x20AC;˘will

protect the

should always face southward.

The

color of the dress

an important consideration.

should always be of a neutral

The

light

brown waterproof hunting

purpose, offer very

little

are

suits

made

for this special

leaves,

more suspicious

and trunks of

trees

and brush.

of dark colors than of light, and next

to the yellowish-brown clothing, a light grey will be able.

This

matching the surroundings.

contrast with the color of the ground or

with faded weeds, grass,

Ducks

tint,

found

desir-

A waterproof coat and rubber boots covering the thighs are

indispensable.

;;

SHOAL-WATER FOWL. As

to tlie

267

supply of ammunition that " goes without saying,"

and as no one would make a secondary matter of

this, it

may

safely left for each one to please his fancy in this respect.

pocket compass

thick marshes

wise

accidents

many signs which may occur that it

A " pocket

occasions.

any good

spirit

guard against

on hand.

may

chills,

Little

coffee "hould be

water

direction of the

A man used to the woods

diflScult to find.

there are

indispensable to avoid trouble, for in

upon cloudy days the guide is

him

camp is other-

not easily lost

in his course, but so

many

prudent to have a compass on

all

pistol" charged with the best quality of

be needed in case of sickness.

a safe-

there should likewise be a supply of quinine

hunting should be done before breakfast, and the

made hot and

The drinking

strong.

to be carefully avoided.

of impure

Lastly, woollen flannel under-

clothing will be found a great protection in warding off ague.

SHOAL-WATER FOWL. The ties

may

;

but a short description of the principal varie-

be of interest.

T/^e i/a tore?.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; This

the end of the inches,

which frequent shoal water have been

species of fowl

already mentioned

tail

when

and the weight

as follows

orange-red

;

The

bill,

handsome grown

full is

24 inches in length to

the extent of the wings

The male is marked iris, dark brown feet,

about 3 pounds.

greenish-yellow

;

fore part of the chest, chestnut

fore part of back, yellowish-brown

brownish-black ;

bird,

head and neck, deep green, with a ring of white about

the middle of the neck

ing

;

and grey

;

brown

the rest of the back,

the rump, black, with purplish

and green shad-

the wings are greyish brown, with a " beauty spot " of purple

and green, edged with black and white on ten or more of the secondaries,- breasts, sides, and belly, pale grey, shaded with dark waves.

USE OP THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

268

The female has the male;

the bill black and orange

dusky brown

;

iris

and

the head striped or narrowly streaked

feet as in

with brown

olive, spotted

;

the -wings

;

the under parts dull

and beauty spots nearly as in the male;

lbs.

the

;

the upper parts generally pale brown, spotted with

length, 22 inches

;

weight, about 2^

Mallards breed mostly in the far north and begin to come'

south in August, staying for a month or more in the Northwestern States

and Canada, where vast numbers are sometimes taken.

one occasion 1,365 ducks were killed in 17 days' shooting by one

man, with a

The

single barrel, muzzle-loading gun.

and

rivers

lakes of the Northwestern States furnish unlimited sport in the

spring

when the birds are on the way to their breeding places, and when they are returning south. During the winter the

in the fall

open overflowed timber lands of the Southern and Southwestern States are fairly alive with these birds.

A great number

are sh'^t at this season in the large corn fields of the

of the Western States, where they stay to feed

of them more southern

upon the

scattered

While shooting ducks in the corn fields, the sportsman will pick up occasionally a few quail or prairie chickens, and should be accompanied by a good dog.

corn.

The Blue- Winged

Teal.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;This

a small, but richly flavored bird,

considered to be inferior to none except the canvas-back and the red-head.

They

are the

are ;found in vast

first

numbers

move southward

in the fall,

country, where they find acceptable food, such as wild

They congregate about

and pond weeds. where pond

lilies

and wild rice abound, and

small,

rice, oats,

muddy

streams,

also in shallow sloughs.

Gravelly streams or ponds are rarely frequented by them. bird weighs less than one pound, and

The head

of the

male

and

in suitable grounds in the western

This

about 16 inches in length.

black on the upper part, with a half-moon

shaped patch of white in front of each eye

;

the neck

purplish

blue; the back brownish black, with green gloss; the lower parts pale reddish orange black.

The wings

female's head

pale

;

the breast purplish red, and spotted with

are buff",

marked with

rich lustrous blue.

striped with dark lines.

are dark brown, the lower parts are

The upper

dusky brown and grey.

The parts

WILD-FOWL SHOOTING. The Green Winged Teal

smaller than the previous variety, and

other diflterences in color has the wings and back of the

among

This bh-d remains later in

neck marked with deep bright green.

the season than the blue teal, but while

with the

latter,

The Pintail Duck

the neck

remains

associates

a bird of about 3 pounds weight, and

bill to

smaller and lighter than the male.

brown on

feeding and flying promiscuously with them.

measures full-grown 29 inches from is

269

end of

The female

tail.

In color this duck

greenish

the head, throat, and upper part of the neck; part of

The

barred with brownish black and a yellowish white.

on the wings are coppery red with green reflections. On each side of the neck is a white band, and the upper parts in general are spots

whitish.

The Sprigtail tribe,

the

and abounds

England

States.

most handsomely formed of the whole duck

in all parts of the country except in the

Its

New

food consists of the small acorns of the piu

oak, the seeds of smartweed, cockle-burr, wild oats, and com, and

This species

beech-nuts.

found in immense numbers at the

opening of spring, occupying the overflowed

and feeding upon the waste grain.

They soon become

fat

offer the best of sport, flying closely

easily killed

;

are apt to crouch

common

and and

and irregularly, and are thus

Decoys are not

closely,

and so escape observation.

the most beautifully feathered of to all parts of the

all

the wild

Union except

the sea-

Their nesting places are in stumps and hollow

they derive their name. ally

fine condition,

good dog, as they can run rapidly and

and hide very

The Wood Duck

and prames,

When wounded, and on land, they are diflS-

cult to retrieve without a

coast.

and in

several often dropping at one shot.

used for hunting them.

fowl, and are

fields

drifting masses of grass seeds, corn,

They never

dive for food,

found about old musk-rat houses,

edges of patches of reeds.

logs,

trees,

whence

and are gener-

and banks, on the

In the middle of the day they

may

nearly always be found in these spots sunning themselves and

trimming

their feathers.

They

are in season in

August and Sep-

tember. Tli,e

American Widgeon

abundant in the waters of some of the

USE OP THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

270

Southern States, more particularly Missouri and Tennessee, and on the Chesapeake Bay, where they feed on the roots of wild celery,

which they rarely find by diving for them, but most frequently procure by robbing the canvas-backs of the fruits of their sub-

aqueous

labors.

They

are distinguished

They

their length of wing.

fly clustered together,

Spoonbills,

from others of

are easily brought

and several

may

be killed

their tribe

down,

as they

at a shot.

seldom furnish sport themselves alone, but associat-

ing with mallards are often taken with them.

decoyed and are killed by a

blow

slight

They

are easily

not unusual for a

it is

;

They

flock of 6 or 8 to fall before the discharge of both barrels.

are easily approached

from the

shore,

and

their habit of springing

directly in the air several feet before flying off

gives an opportunity for using the second barrel with

The Dusky or Black Buck, weighs 3 pounds. is

blackish brown.

frequently found in

It is

very numerous, and

effect.

The general color the West with the

mallard, having the same food and general habits. is

on a course,

In the East

eagerly pursued by sportsmen.

wary and must be approached with

It is

very

caution.

DEEP-WATEK FOWL. The Canvas-Back Duck. all

wild fowl.

Its

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;This

food in those

species

which

frequenting open water entail

and

risk to the

sportsman

;

the finest flavored of

where

it is

taken in per-

wild celery, which give to

fection, consists of the roots of the flesh the peculiar flavor for

localities

it is

much

so attractive.

its

Its habits of

labor and sometimes exposure

and the uninitiated gunner

in his attempts, time after time, to secure the

gamy and

foiled

highly

prized bird, disappointment however only whetting desire and add-

ing to his eagerness.

them

To approach

approach the hunter

these

wary fowl, or

to induce

the secret of the sportsman's

art,

and by the help of various stratagems the game is generally brought to bag by the experienced. The system pursued on the

DEEP-WATEK FOWL.

271

Chesapeake Bay and the North Carolina Sounds, and "toling,"

the most successful.

much

an ordinary poodle, or one very

brown

in color,

and

down on

known

small dog,

similar to that, white or

called the toler breed,

run up and

It is trained to

follows:

It is as

kept for the purpose.

the shore in the sight of the

ducks, directed by the motion of his owner's hand.

The

curiosity

and they approach the shore to discover the nature of the object which has attracted their attention. They of the ducks

excited,

raise their heads,

When

shore.

look intently, and then start in a body for the

within 40 yards or

and forth for a moment before they return.

when

the ducks are approaching,

sent their sides

then often

fall

and

at the

The dog lies low when they pre-

time

the opportunity to rake the flock.

To prevent

before one gun.

swim back

they stop and

less,

the dogs

Many ducks from

disturb-

ing the ducks while they are toling, they are not allowed to go in

known

for the game, but the retrievers

dogs are used for

"When the ducks become bedded, in

as the Chesapeake

Bay

this purpose.

that

is,

one place in open water, for feeding or

gather in large bodies resting, boats

with brush and weeds, and propelled silently

covered

bj' paddles, are

used

by hunters to approach within shooting distance. The sportsman rests upon his knees, in the boat, bending forward to conceal himThe arrangement of decoys, self, when ducks are approaching. and taking up the dead ducks, are matters of experience about

which no suggestions are needed. mallards do, coys,

and

when

circle

Canvas-backs do not drop as

alighting on the water, but

round again,

to alight,

sweep over the de-

their suspicions are not

The novice may lose his game by haste in firing as they when by reserving his fire until they come the second time, his chances are greatly improved. The moment of

aroused. first

approach,

bunching or crossing of the flock for the hunter to rise slowly

alarm.

prepares to alight

the time

and deliberately so as to create no

A second shot may often be made by taking things coolly,

as the ducks, seeing the decoys quiet, are reassured,

leave at the

first shot.

the ducks are restless

The

and are

easily

and often do not

made on rainy days when decoyed. Wounded ducks

big bags are

;

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

273

must be shot again at once before the shooter is discovered, otherwise a long and weary cliase may be needed before tliey are secured, as tliey are expert divers and can swin under water for very Retrievers cannot be used for piclving up crippled

long distances.

way

canvas-baclis, as catching one in this

Canvas

baclis are

Mississippi, in great

make

their

from the mouths and bayous of The Bed-headed Buck

way up from Galveston Bay and

tlie river.

distinguished by the color of

which, with more than half the neck, with bright red above.

Its

weight

same kind of food,

about

are

chiefly roots of

found in large

pounds.

2J^

and

always

cluster well together

and decoy

upon the

and other aquatic

fly together,

along with canvas-backs, and some kinds of

They

head,

Its habits

subsists

grasses

flocks,

its

of a brown-red, glossed

are similar to those of the canvas-back,

They

out of the question.

numbers, when the winter has been severe iu

the East, as they then

plants.

found in the spring along the back waters of the

but feed

shoal-water fowl.

Sometimes they are

easily.

taken plentifully, foolishly returning to the decoys after a shot,

and

rising so close together that several are

dropped

charge, as they rise against the wind, or huddle

This duck

one

dis-

up before

rising.

second only to the canvas-back, as a delicate

article

of food. TJie

the

Scaup-Buck or Blue-Bill, furnishes more sport than many of

more valuable ducks.

They

settle

down

to decoys so readily,

return so quickly, and pack so closely together, the hunter can

hardly

fail

of being satisfied either with his sport or his bag.

approach shore so

may

carelessly, that

They

with decoys well placed, they

be shot from a blind, built in the bushes,

care

taken to

avoid sudden or needless movements. Bing-necked and Ruffle-headed BucTcs, are small, and although furnishing some good sport, are not often hunted.

They

in nearly every part of the country, in both fresh

and

The former

a vegetable feeder and

the latter subsists on fiesh is

ill

fish, snails,

flavored although

it is

its

fat.

found

flesh is well flavored

and other animal always

are

salt water.

It is

foods,

and the

neglected by the

pot-hunter as too insignificant for his professional attention.

HAKE HUNTING.

275

HAKE HUNTING.

We have no rabbits in America, although the animals called rabbits

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;but

really hares

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;are

may be of

to note here that the principal specific differences

and

between hares

forms upon the ground under the shelter of bushes or

of grass, weeds, or brakes, while the latter breed once a

making

are burrowing animals,

and

interest

former breed twice a year only, and make

rabbits, are that the

their

good

to afford

sufficiently plentiful

sport with dogs, in the fall and early winter.

company on

their hiding-places

tufts

month and

underground

the sides of dry banks, the places being called

" warrens."

The

larger hare,

which changes

its

dant in the Eastern States, Nortliern

wooded

color in the winter,

New

The

portions of the North-western States.

excellent sport in the

wooded

writer has

had

in the early fall,

a few sharp frosts have caused the woods previously dressed

in their gorgeous habits of crimson

and admit the

dog

abun-

regions of the northern peninsula of

Michigan and the adjoining part of Wisconsin,

when

York, Canada, and the

light of

in such a case,

day without

and gold,

interference.

drop their foliage

The most

useful

a setter trained for this especial work,

taught to beat the ground properly, point his game, to range low

and

to retrieve well.

The Small Hare, which does not change color in the winter, fords good sport in the

fall,

south, in open woods, stubble fields, and

meadows.

For hare

shooting alone, a pair of small beagles are to be preferred.

pace of these

little

follow up their twistings,

hounds

game

The

comparatively slow, but they will

tirelessly

through

all their

and will always bring them back

Here, covered by a stump, a still,

af-

in the cultivated country further

tree,

doublings and

to the starting point.

or a bush, the sportsman stands

waiting for the return of the game, and listening, meanwhile,

to the small music of these melodious

few minutes

the circuit is making.

little

The cry

animals during the of the hounds will

inform the hunter of the direction in which to look for the game,

and unless he remains perfectly motionless, without doing more

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

376

than breathing quietly, and even scarcely winking, he will find the oflf

wary and suspicious animal to dart away suddenly, or

to steal

unobserved within a few paces under cover of the smallest

possible

shelter.

Sometimes a spoken word, an

ejaculation, or

a whistle will arrest the fugitive, and give time for an effective shot, almost at point-blank range.

With

number

of guns in a

well furnished covert, and a few couple of beagles, lively sport

The ground best adapted for this sport, and where game is to be found, is in ranges of scrub oaks, pine and low bushy thickets, such as occur in many places on

can be had. plenty of barrens,

Long

Island, Southern

" old fields " of

New Jersey, Eastern

Pennsylvania, and the

Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.

DEER HUNTING. The

finest

of all

American hunting

consists,

perhaps with-

out exception, in taking deer, either on the run followed by

hounds, by stalking or

still

hunting, or by hunting the

game

with packs of well trained hounds regularly maintained and

lowed by

fleet

fol-

high bred hunters, mounted by the keenest sports-

The first method is that which is mostly followed in the It is in this way that a welcome adWest and Northern States. dition to the larder of the enterprising settler or backwoodsman is

men.

procured, while his instinctive love of hunting

considered slow by those

of sport

hunt par

excellence in the

open

is gratified.

fields or free

But

by no means

the

woods of the South,

which horse and hound are pitted against each other with the game.

This kind

who have once enjoyed

in conflict

be despised, and the

who is not able to join the mounted hunt with a regular pack, may well feel satisfied when he bears to his camp the wellearned game, secured after many miles of exciting tramp or patient hunter

eager waiting.

The American deer

found more or

there are large tracts of woodland, part of

New York and

less

abundantly wherever

from the central and northern

Maine, to Texas.

The mountains of Central

DEER HUNTING.

New

^79

forests of Pennsylvania and of Western mountain region of the Carolinas and Alabama,

York, the great

Virginia, with the

and the hummocks of Florida in the East, and the extensive

wooded regions of Canada

Michigan,

Minnesota,

"Wisconsin,

There the frequent deer paths

of this kind.

intersect the

and fresh scent can always be found upon which to

The dogs used

are generally cross-bred

hounds or deerhounds of is

now being

Speed is not so much a requisite as stanch-

in this sport.

ness and excellent scent the

woods

start the dogs.

impure blood, although the pure, but rarer dachshund,

employed

and

the West, furnish the great field for deer hunting

;

the tireless, unerring following

up of

with plenty of tongue to signify the whereabouts of the

trail,

game, being the chief requisites for desire great activity are

amusement;

this

may

ways

stationed at run

when

Some

this sport.

fond of objecting

hunters

to this as dull

who

plodding

a party of "tender feet" are

spend hour after hour and while away the day in the vain hope of seeing game, or even hearing the music of the hounds.

But when a lone hunter, or a well-mated good dogs, and shift

party, join in the sport, with a couple of

baying of the dogs gives notice of the course

their places, as the

the

game

taking,

and when the hunter, now following the course

over logs and rocks, through brush and swamps, cutting off the

game

sweeps around, and with true woodcraft, meets

at a

and with un-

turn, without giving sight or scent of his presence,

erring aim speeds his deadly bullet through the head or heart of

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;then the most

his prey

thorough sportsman

may

find sufficient

pleasure and excitement in which to forget the sometimes too

vigorous and enduring exercise. sport will bring the

a cover of brush

may

Deerhounds well trained for

game around

to their starting point,

this

where a

be provided to screen the hunter from ob-

servation until the deer

brought within easy distance for a safe

shot.

Deer Stalking.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Perhaps

hunt his game. In

the true

woodsman

this sport there are required

will choose to :

still

a wonderful acute-

ness to distinguish "sign" to follow the trail; excessive stealth,

yet swiftness of tread, to cover the ground quickly

;

a rare keen-

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

280

ness of vision and of hearing, to detect and discover the

game an ;

accurate sight, and rapid yet steady shooting from the shoulder, and, lastly, the capability of dressing the

camp

Deer Licks.

what

game and packing

are

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;A safe and sure method of hunting deer

known

as deer licks.

The

well

known

fallen log is chosen near

in a

trees

blind

the

game from

A stump or

place, such as a windfall,

where fallen

good blind, to screen the hunter.

chosen on the windward side of the

in the early

make

where deer paths cross or are abundant,

somewhat open

and roots furnish

is to

appetite of the

deer for salt furnishes an opportunity for this sport.

and

or out of the woods.

scenting the hunter.

lick, so as to

The

prevent

The deer frequent the licks At these times the

morning and about sun-down.

is at his stand prepared for work, and he is generally rewarded by a successful shot for his patient waiting. The engraving on page 277 represents the usual manner of hunting by means

hunter

of a "lick."

!Âť'

rs^

I'llll

Ptl

GAME

GAME While

BuflFalo

THE FAR WEST.

283

THE EAR WEST.

have almost -wholly disappeared from the regions

traversed by the great public thoroughfares,

game have perceptibly diminished

some

and other kinds of

quarters, there

no im-

mediate danger of their becoming extinct, as has been argued by

some to

There will be good hunting for twenty-five years

writers.

come

many

localities in the yet

You

Dakota.

can leave

New

York, and in about a week's time

reach the hunting centers where one or

gun can be fully

unoccupied regions of West-

Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Montana, and

ern Colorado, Arizona,

gratified.

who

Within

has a passion for the rod

six years' time, buffalo were

seen in droves from the cars of the passing railway trains in Kansas,

Now

Nebraska, and Colorado.

they have disappeared from

Middle and Southern Kansas, and the present range of what

known

as the " southern herd " of buffalo, lies in the region of

country south of the Arkansas River and extends to the Texas line.

Here

large

numbers of

buffalo have been killed during the

Between the scant herbage of the

past three or four years.

plains,

and the merciless destruction of Remington, Winchester, and Sharpe's

rifles,

the animals promise to soon disappear

from

this

The range is reached by going out on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 road as far as Lakin, and then striking due

region.

south.

There arc a few buffalo

the country west of cult to find.

They

it.

A party of

to discover this drove.

left in

are,

North Park, Colorado, and

however, very wary and

diffl-

us rode over 130 miles in a fruitless effort

There are likewise a few buffalo in North-

ern Nebraska in the Niobrara region.

The

great northern herd,

however, has pushed far northward beyond the Yellow Stone country, in their endeavors to get as far as possible out of the of advancing civilization.

way

Buffalo are easily domesticated, and one

frequently sees them feeding with the cattle on the ranges.

Some

them for profit. A few years ago, passengers on the Kansas Pacific Road constantly saw Antelope from the windows. Now, however, they are rarely seen ex-

attempts have been

made

to raise

cept in the western portion of Kansas and along the Colorado boun-

USE OF THE DOG IN SHOOTING.

284 They

dary.

are likewise diminishing in Colorado

and Nebraska.

In Wyoming, however, and Northern Colorado, there are more antelope this year than there have been for several seasons, and the hunting has been excellent.

know no

better locality for hunting

We found countless numbers of

antelope than North Park.

them

here during Nov. 1878, and so tame, that they would occasionally run

through our camp before sunrise. After the genuine sportsman has

two of

shot one or

these beautiful creatures, he desists

further destruction unless

ever, calling themselves sportsmen,

and left return

for the

home

trail of these

necessarily feeling in

who shoot down

mere brutal gratification of being able

of their achievements,

and other

their horns

trophies.

and

Day

add

after

day

from

parties,

their

how-

antelope right to tell

on their

number of have marked the

to the

spurious si^ortsmen by the carcasses of animals, un-

and inhumanly slaughtered.

Wyoming and

frontiersman

There are

be for food.

There

naturally

much

Colorado against these butchers, and the

summary vengeance.

often so incensed as to threaten

Deer and elk are to be found during the summer months in the snowy ranges of Colorado, and likewise on the southern borders of North Park.

In October and November they begin to come

out of the snow-covered mountains,

among

the foot-hills, and on

the plains, where they are found in considerable numbers.

One

day in October, 1878, while we were riding on the Ut:\h Northern Road, the engineer was compelled to slack up the train for fear of running over a band of deer which were crossing the track in their descent from the mountain regions to the plains.

During the winter months, the best country for hunting elk, deer, is in Northern Wyoming, due north from Rawhns, in the Sweet Water and Wind River regions. Here appears to be a

or antelope,

kind of winter rendezvous for wild game, and if a hunting party secures the right kind of a guide, they can have their fill of enjoy-

ment

in this country.

you can

afford the time

one of the most adventurous of western trips marck, go up the Yellow Stone River,

visit

and expenditure,

to proceed to Bis-

the Parks, and then,

pushing down through Wyoming, reach the Union Pacific at Rawlins,

Laramie, or some adjacent point.

BOOK

III.

THE DISEASES OF THE DOG AND THEIR TREATMENT.

285

CHAPTER PECULIARITIES IN THE

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

OF THE DOG.

—

THE SKELETON, INCLUDING THE TEETH. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. THE HEART

—

AND LUNGS.— THE

—

SKIN.

THE SKELETON, INCLUDING THE TEETH. In the skeleton of the dog and in that of the horse, as well as of other animals remarkable for their speed, there acteristic of the chest

which deserves

chested horse or dog

may have

round

barrel, because

chest

air.

and

rapidly,

medium

to be noticed.

inspire

and expire a larger volume of is

therefore to be desired,

found to be advantageous, in allowing a better

These facts ought

upon the surface on each

be taken into consideration in selecting

the best kind of frame for the purposes of speed

Large

size of

foxhounds

bone contributes

especially,

and endurance.

to the strength of the limbs,

which have continual blows and

their scrambling over or

limbs and joints.

narrow-

able to alter the cubic contents of his

and thus

action of the shoulder-blades rolling side.

wind than another with a

better

transverse diameter

practically

all

a peculiar char-

through fences of

all

kinds, require big

When, however, extreme speed

the greyhound, there

may be an

and

strains in

desired, as in

excess of bone, which then acts as

an incumbrance, and impedes the

activity.

Still,

even in this dog,

the bones and joints must be strong enough to resist the shocks of the course, without

ture or dislocation.

and from

which we constantly find them If,

however, a dog

his earliest years

liable to frac-

brought up at

liberty,

encouraged in his play, the bones,

though small, are strong, and the joints are united by firm ligaments

which

will

seldom give way.

287

ANATOMY or THE

288

The dog has no coUar-bone,

DOG. only

at-

effected chiefly

so that his foi'e quarter

tached to the body by muscular a broad sling of muscle, which

This

tissue.

attached above to the edge of the

shoulder-blade, and below to the ribs near their lower ends. also

moved backwards by muscles

It is

attached to the spine, and for-

wards by others connected

in front to the

neck and head, so that

at the will of the animal

plays freely in

all directions.

The

teeth are 42 in

number, arranged as follows 3

Canines ,3^

xncisors 3^3

Molars

j^;^

TEETH OF THE DOG AT VARIOUS AGES. The

incisors are

somewhat remarkable

in shape, having three

lobules at their edges resembling a Jkiir-de-Us (Figs. 43-44). to these

come

vary in form considerably.

sharp and cutting teeth, which Cuvier

false,

calls false

molars

;

then a

;

and

lastly

In the under jaw, the

first

four molars on each side are

tooth with two cutting lobes molars.

and then the molars, which In the upper jaw, in front, are three

the canine teeth or tusks,

or cutters

;

two

flat teeth,

or true

then an intermediate one, with the posterior part

lastly two tubercular teeth, or true molars. As the inciworn away and the dog becomes old, the lobules on the edges wear away and are flattened (see Figs. 45 and 46). The teeth are developed in two sets the first, called milk-teeth, showing themselves through the gums about a fortnight or three weeks after birth, and lasting until the fifth or sixth month, when they are displaced by the permanent set, the growth of which is accompanied by a degree of feverishness, which is often mistaken for distemper. The dog's teeth should be beautifully white, if he is flat

;

and

sors are

;

healthy and well reared, and until the third year there should be

no deposit of

tartar

upon them, but

after that time they are

coated with this substance at the roots, more or the feeding and state of health.

less,

always

according to

289

TEETH OF THE DOG. The

fore feet are generally provided with five toes, and the hind

with four,

all

The inner

toe

furnished with strong nails that are not retractile. on the fore feet is more or less rudimental, and is

called the dew-claw

;

while there

hind foot a claw in the

same

also

situation

sometimes present in the

still

more rudimental, Fig. 44.

Flff. 43,

Yig. 45.

much bone.

as there

This also

inas-

Fiar. 46.

often no

bony connexion with the metatarsal

called the dew-claw,

when

present.

THE MUSCULAE SYSTEM. The muscles

of the

dog have nothing remarkable about them,

except that they are renewed and wasted faster than in most

ANATOMY OF THE

290

DOG.

This has passed into a proverb, and should be

animals.

known as

influencing the time which dogs take to recruit their strength.

THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system

highly developed in those breeds v;hich

have been carefully attended nervous

to,

that

is,

where individuals of high

have been selected to breed from.

sensibility

This

therefore remarkable in the bulldog, selected for generations for

courage

;

in the pointer,

where

prominent cause of choice teristic is

speed

system, and chorea, etc.,

etc.

seldom

all

;

steadiness in pointing has been the

and

in the greyhound,

whose charac-

requiring a high development of the nervous

particularly liable to nervous diseases, such as

all

the other hand, the cur, the

suffer

from any

common

fits,

sheep-dog,

disease whatever.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The stomach bones, but

of this animal

turbance rejects eflFect,

extremely powerful in dissolving

also very liable to sickness,

it is

its

contents.

and on the

slightest dis-

This appears to be almost a natural

and not a diseased or disordered condition, as there is scarcely

a dog which does not wilfully produce vomiting occasionally by

swallowing grass.

Few

medicines which are at

all

irritating will

remain down, and a vast number which are supposed to be given are not retained

The bowels

great measure is

on the stomach, while others are only

are extremely liable to

owing

to the

want

become

of proper exercise,

all

partially so.

which

and

this also

may, however, be

particulars, except

the tendency to

very apt to produce torpidity of the

observed that in almost

costive,

liver.

vomit, the digestive organs of the dog resemble those of man.

;

291

HEART, LUNGS, AND SKIN.

THE HEART AND LUNGS. There is nothing whatever remarkable in the heart and lungs but the blood-vessels, like those of most of the lower animals, are so elastic in their coats that they quickly contract

and a

when

divided,

fatal bleeding rarely results.

THE The

skin of the dog

but this

SKIN.

said to be quite free

from perspiration,

a mistake, as I have often seen the short hairs of a

smooth-coated dog glistening with fine beads of liquid, poured out on a hot day,

however,

and

its

when

the grand

strong exercise was taken.

extensive surface,

when hanging

air passing

considerable

amount

tongue,

out of the mouth,

ficient for the purpose, as the fluid is carried

from the

The

means of carrying off heat by evaporation,

over

in expiration.

of insensible perspiration

ofl"

is suf-

more rapidly

persuaded that a constantly going

on from the surface of the skin, and that nothing ought to be done

which

likely to

check

it.

generally received opinion, takes place in this animal.

This, however,

which

contrary to the

that nothing of the kind

—

CHAPTEE

II.

THE REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG, AND THE BEST MEANS OF ADMINISTERING THEM.

— ANODYNES. — ANTISPASMODICS. — APERIENTS. — ASTRIN— BLISTERS. — CAUSTICS. — CHARGES. — CORDIALS. — DIURETICS. —EMBROCATIONS. —EMETICS. —^EXPECTORANTS. —FEVER MEDICINES. CLTSTERS. —LOTIONS. —OINTMENTS.— STOMACHICS. —STYPTICS. — TONICS. —^WORM MEDICINES. — ADMINISTRATION OF REMEDIES.

ALTERATIVES. GENTS.

ALTERATIVES. These are medicines which are given with a view of changing an unhealthy into a healthy action.

mode

which the change

them by the

results.

We know

produced, and

The most powerful

hemlock, hellebore, and cod-liver

oil,

nothing of the

can only judge of

are mercury, iodine,

which are given

in the fol-

lowing formulas 1.—^thiop's mineral, li to 5 grains. Powdered rhubarb, 1 to 4 grains. " ginger, s to li grain.

Mix and make

'nto a

pill,

to be given every evening.

3,—Hemlock extract, or fresh-bruised Plummqr's pill, li to 5 grains.

leaves, 2 to 4 grains.

Mix, and give every night, or every other night. 3.

— Iodide of potassium, 2 to 4 grains. Liquid ext,ract of sarsaparilla, 1 drachm.

Mix, and give in a 4.

into a bolus, 5.

To be

water, once or twice a day.

—Stinking hellebore, 5 to 10 grains. Powdered

Mix

little

—Cod-liver

jalap, 2 to 4 grains.

and give every other night. oil,

from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful.

given twice a day.

292

ANODYNES AND ANTISPASMODICS.

293

ANODYNES. Anodynes which

are required in the

dog

chiefly to stop diarrhoea,

a very common disease with him. Sometimes also they are

used for the purpose of relieving spasm. Opium is so little objectionable in the dog that it is almost the only anodyne used but ;

the dose

must be

far larger than for

human

beings,

and

less

than

a teaspoonful of laudanum for an average dog will be found to be

wholly

For

ineffectual.

slight

purging

chalk, 2 to 3 drachms. Aromatic confection, 1 drachm. Laudanum, 3 to 8 drachms. Powder of gum arable, 2 drachms. Water, 7 ounces.

6.—Prepared

Mix, and give two tablespoonfuls every time the bowels are relaxed, or,

7.— Castor oil, from a dessert to a tablespoonful. Laudanum, 1 to 2 drachms. Mix, and give as a drench, repeating it in a day or two if necessary.

For long standing and severe purgation 8.

—Creosote, 2 drachms. Laudanum, 6 to 8 drachms. Prepared chalk, 2 drachms. Powdered gum arabic, 2 drachms. Tincture of ginger, 2 drachms. Peppermint water, 6 ounces.

Mix, and give two tablespoonfuls every time the bowels are relaxed, but not more often than every four hours.

ANTISPASMODICS. Antispasmodics are useful in allaying cramp or spasm, but, as in the case of Alteratives,

we do

not

know how

they

act.

The

chief

ones are opium, ether, spirits of turpentine, and camphor, prescribed according to the following formulas 9.

—Laudanum. Sulphuric ether, of each J to 1 drachm. mixture, 1 ounce.

Camphor

Mix, an^give in any ordinary spasm, as

colic, etc.

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

294

antispasmodic injection 10.

—Laudanum Sulphuric ether, Spirits of turpentine, of

each 1 to 2 drachms.

Gruel, 3 to 8 ounces.

Mix, and inject with a

common

clyster syringe.

APERIENTS. Aperients,

names

opening medicines, or purges, by wbich several medicines is known, are constantly required by

this class of

the dog, though

it is

a great mistake to give

them when they

not absolutely demanded by the necessity of the case.

are

All act by

quickening the ordinary muscular action of the bowels, but some also stimulate the lining

watery

fluid,

and others

membrane

pour out large quantities of

either directly or indirectly

compel the

Hence they are often

liver to increase its secretion of bile.

classed

in corresponding divisions, as laxatives, drastic purgatives, etc.

The

chief of these drugs used in the dog-kennel are aloes, colo-

cynth, rhubarb, jalap, ipecacuanha, senna, calomel, and blue all

of which act

tor

oil,

more or

and croton

oil

Syrup of buckthorn

less

on the

that

;

while

Epsom

who seldom keeps

given, but has

pill,

salts, cas-

open the bowels without any such

commonly

indeed, the syrup of red poppies

the druggist,

liver

little effect

effect. ;

generally substituted for

and, it

the genuine article, from the belief

it is ineffectual.

A mild bolus 11.

—Barbadoes aloes, 10 to 15 grains. Powdered jalap,

5 to 8 grains.

Ginger, 2 or 3 grains. Soap, 10 grains.

Mix

into

one bolus for a large dog, or divide into two or three for small and give as required.

ones,

Strong bolus 12.

— Calomel, 3

to 5 grains.

Jalap, 10 to 20 grains.

Mix with

syrup, and give as a bolus.

295

ASTEINGENTS.

A good common aperient, when the liver is sluggish 13. — Podophyllin, I grain. Compound

extract of colocynth, 12 to 18 grains. 3 to 5 grains.

Powdered rhubarb,

Oil of cloves, 2 drops.

Mix, and give as a bolus to a large strong dog, or divide into two or three for smaller dogs.

Very strong purgative when 14.

— Croton

oil,

there

an obstruction

1 to 2 drops.

Purified opium, 1 to 2 grains.

Mix

Linseed meal, 10 grains. the meal with boiling water into a thick paste, then add the spices,

oil

and

and give as a bolus.

Ordinary castor 15.

oil

mixture

— Castor oU, 3 ounces. Syrup of buckthorn, 2 ounces. Syrup of poppies, 1 ounce.

Mix, and give a tablespoonf ul to a medium-sized dog.

Very strong purgative mixture 16.—Jalap, 10

Epsom

grains.

2 drachms. Subcarbonate of soda, 10 grains. Infusion of senna, 1 ounce. Tincture of senna, 2 drachms. salts,

Tincture of ginger, 15 drops.

Mix, and give as a drench. For a small dog, give one half, one third, or one quarter, according to size.

A purgative clyster 17.— Castor

oil, s

ounce.

Spirits of turpentine, 2 to 3

Common

drachms.

ounce. Gruel, 6 to 8 ounces.

Mix

all

salt, s

together,

and

inject carefully per

anum.

ASTRINGENTS. Astringents produce contraction in

all living tissues

with which

they are placed in apposition, either directly or by means of absorption in the circulation.

these,

opium,

gallic acid,

alum,

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

296

bark, catechu, sulphate of zinc, nitrate of silver,

zinc are the

and chloride of

most commonly used.

astringent bolus for diabetes or internal

hemorrhage

— Gallic acid, 3 to 6 j^'ains.

18.

Alum, 4 to 7

grains.

Purified opium, 1 to 3 grains.

Mix with

two or three times

syrup, and give

a day to a large dog.

or, 19.

—Nitrate of

silver, i grain.

Crumb of bread, enough To be given twice Astringent wash for the eyes

make

a small

pill.

a day.

20.

— Sulphate of zinc, 5 to 8 grains. Water, 2 ounces,

— Mix.

or, 21.

—Extract of goulard, 1 drachm. Water, 1 ounce. —Mix. or,

22.

—Nitrate of silver, 2 to 6 grains. Distilled water, 1 ounce.

Wash

for the organ 23.

— Mix.

— Chloride of

zinc, ? 2 to grains.

Water, 1 ounce.

—Mix.

Astringent application for piles 24.

— Gallic acid, 10 grains. Extract of goulard, 15 drops. Powdered opium, 15 grains. Lard, 1 ounce.

Mix, and apply night and morning.

BLISTERS. Blisters are rarely

muzzle on he will ally.

used for the dog, because unless he has a proper lick

are absolutely necessary.

may

them

off,

injuring himself very materi-

Sometimes, however, as in inflammation of the lungs, they Iodine blisters to reduce local swellings

often be applied with a bandage over them, but even then,

297

CAUSTICS. unless there

a muzzle on, the dog soon gets the bandage

The

uses his tongue. acid, mustard,

ammonia, tincture of

cury

two having some peculiar

;

the last

off,

and

chief are cantharides, turpentine, sulphuric iodine,

and biniodide of mer-

effect in

sorption of any diseased substance lying beneath.

producing abIn

all

cases the

hair ought to be cut off as closely as possible.

A mild blister 25.

—Powdered cantharides, 5 or 6 drachms. Venice turpentine, 1 ounce. Lard, 4 ounces. — Mix, and rub in.

Strong blister 26.— Strong mercurial ointment, 4 ounces. Oil of origanum, i ounce. Finely powdered euphorbium, 3 drachms. Powdered cantharides, i ounce.— Mix.

Very quick

blister

27.

—Flour of mustard, 4 ounces. Spirit of turpentine, 1 ounce.

Strong liquor of ammonia, i ounce.

Mix the mustard with water and rub

into a paste, then

add the other ingredients

in.

For bony growths or other tumors 28.—Tincture of Iodine. Painted on every day, by means of a

common

painter's brush,

or, 29.

—Biniodide of mercury, 1 to li drachms. Lard, 1 ounce.

Mix, and rub in a piece the size of a nutmeg every day, keeping the part wet with tincture of arnica, i ounce, mixed with half a pint of water.

CAUSTICS. This

name

given to substances which either actually or po-

tentially destroy the living tissue.

heated in the

fire,

The

actual cautery

an iron

the potential of some chemical substance, such

as corrosive sublimate, lunar caustic, caustic potash, a mineral acid, or the like.

The

actual cautery, or firing,

not often used

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

298

some cases it is of great service. Both kinds two purposes one to relieve the effects of strains and

for the dog, but in are used for

other injuries of the limbs, by which the ligaments are inflamed,

and the other

remove diseased growth, such as warts, fun-

gus, etc. 30.

—

31.

— Lunar

when adopted for the dog, should be carried out -with a very small thin-edged iron, as the dog's skin is thin, and very liable to slough. No one should attempt this without experience or previously watching others. ^Firing,

caustic, or nitrate of silver, is constantly required, being very manageable in the hands of any person accustomed to

wounds,

etc.

32.— Sulphate of copper, or bluestone, is much milder than the lunar caustic, and may be freely rubbed into the surface of fungus or proud flesh. It is very useful in ulcerations about the toes.

33.— Fused potass

not

fit

for any one but the experienced surgeon.

34.

—Corrosive sublimate

35.

—Yellow orpiment

86.

— Burned alum and white sugar, in powder, act as mild caustics.

in powder may be applied, carefully and in very small quantities, to warts, and then washed off. It is apt to extend its elfects to the surrounding tissues. is not so strong as corrosive sublimate, and be used in the same way.

may

CHARGES. Charges are plasters which act chiefly by mechanical pressure, being spread on while hot, and then covered with tow.

much

not

beneficial, as they

The

They

are

used among dogs, but in strains they are sometimes

best for the 37.

allow the limb to be exercised without injury.

dog

composed

as follows

— Canada balsam, 2 ounces. Powdered arnica

leaves, i ounce.

Melt the balsam, and mix up with the powder, with the addition of a Then smear over the part, and cover little turpentine, if necessary. with tow, which is to be well matted in with the hand ; or use thin leather.

CORDIALS, DIRUETICS,

AND EMBROCATIONS.

299

CORDIALS.

Warm

stimulating stomachics are so called.

They may be given

either as a ball or a drench.

Cordial ball 38.

—Powdered caraway seeds, 10 to 15 grains. Ginger, 3 to 5 grains. Oil of cloves, 2 drops.

Linseed meal, enough to make a

ball, first

mixing it with

boiling water.

Cordial drench

39.—Tincture of cardamoms,

i to 1

drachm.

Sal volatile, 15 to 30 drops.

Tincture of cascarilla, i to 1 drachm. mixture. 1 oz. Mix.

—

Camphor

DIURETICS. Medicines which act on the secretion of urine are called diuretics.

They

are either

employed when the kidneys are

restore the proper quantity, or to increase

standard,

when

it is

sluggish, to

beyond the natural

desired to lower the system.

Diuretic bolus 40.

— Nitre, 5 to 8 grains. Digitalis, i grain.

Ginger, 2 or 3 grains.

Mix with

linseed meal

and water, and give

all

or part, according to

the size of the dog.

Diuretic and alterative bolus 41.

— Iodide of potassium, 2

to 4 gi-ains.

Nitre, 3 to 6 grains. Digitalis, J grain.

Extract of camomile, 5 grains.

Mix, and give

all

or part.

EMBROCATIONS. These external applications, otherwise called liniments, are extremely useful in the dog, for strains, or sometimes to relieve

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG,

300

muscular inflammation, or chronic rheumatism of the jointa Mustard, ammonia, laudanum, and turpentine, are the chief agents

employed.

Mustard embrocation 43.

—Best mustard, 3 to 5 ounces. Liquor of ammonia, 1 ounce. Spirit of turpentine, 1 ounce.

Mix

into a thin paste,

Embrocation for 43.

strains or

and rub into the part

affected.

rheumatism

—Spirit of turpentine.

Liquor of ammonia, Laudanum, of each i ounce. Mix, and shake well before using, then

rub- in.

EMETICS. Emetics are very commonly used in the diseases of the dog, and

sometimes act very beneficially; but they have a tendency to •weaken the stomach, and should therefore be used with caution. If not frequently resorted to iting is

no harm

likely to accrue, as

vom-

almost a natural process in the dog.

Common 44.

salt

emetic

—Dissolve a tea&poonful of

salt

and half a teaspoonful of musand give it as a drench.

tard in half a pint of tepid water,

Strong emetic

45.

—Tartar emetic, 1 to 3 grains.

Dissolve in a tablespoonful of warm water, and give as a drench following it up in a quarter of an hour, by pouring down as much thin gruel as the dog can be made to swallow. ;

EXPECTORANTS, OR COUGH MEDICINES. The

action of these remedies

promote the flow of mucus,

so as to relieve the congestion of the air passages.

: :

301

FEVER MEDICINES.

Common cough bolus 46.

—Ipecacuanha in powder, s to Is grain. Powdered rhubarb,

1 to 3 grains.

Purified opium, i to li grain.

Compound

squill pill, 1 to 2 grains.

Mix, and give night and morning.

Expectorant draught, useful in recent cough 47.

—Ipecacuanha wine, 5 to 10 drops. Common Sweet

mucilage, 2 drachms. 20 to 30 drops.

spirit of nitre,

Paregoric, 1 drachm.

Camphor mixture,

i ounce.

Mix, and give two or three times a day.

Expectorant draught for chronic cough

4S.— Compound tincture of benzoin,

8 to 12 drops.

Syrup of poppies, 1 drachm. Diluted sulphuric acid, 3 to 8 drops. Mucilage, 3 drachms. Paregoric, 1 drachm. Camphor mixture, i ounce.

Mix, and give twice a day.

FEVER MEDICINES. Fever medicines reduce fever by increasing the secretions of urine and perspiration, and

some

by reducing the action

of the heart to

extent.

Common fever powder 49.

—Nitre in powder, 3 to 5 grains. Tartar emetic, i grain.

Mix, and put dry on the dog's tongue every night and morning.

active

powder

50.

— Calomel,

i to

Is grain.

Nitre, 3 to 5 grains. Digitalis, i to 1 grain.

Mix, and give once or twice a day, a pill with confection.

in the

same way

;

made

into

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

302

Fever mixture 51.

— Nitre, 1 drachm. Sweet spirit of nitre, 3 draehms. Mindererus' spirit, 1 ounce. Camphor mixture, 6i ounces.

Mix, and give two tablespoonfuls every six hours.

CLYSTERS. Clysters are extremely useful in the dog, stipation

bound.

from want of

exercise,

and

liable to con-

mechanically

A pint of warm water, in which

dissolved, will generally

which

in that case is

some yellow soap has been

have the desired

eflFect.

Turpentine clyster in colic 53.— Spirit of turpentiue, Castor

oil,

I ounce.

1 ounce.

Laudanum, 3

to 3 drachms.

Gruel, 1 pint.

Mix, and throw up, using only half or one third for a small dog.

LOTIONS. Lotions, called Washes, are intended either to reduce the tem-

perature in inflammation of the surface to which they are applied, or to brace the vessels of the part.

Cooling lotion for bruises 53.

—Extract of lead, 1 drachm. Tincture of arnica, Water, i pint.

i to 1

drachm.

Mix, and apply by means of a bandage or sponge.

For severe 54.

stiffness

from over-exercise

— Tincture of arnica, i drachm. Strong

spirit of wine,

whiskey, or brandy, 7i drachms.

Mix, and rub well into the back and limbs, before the

Lotion for the eyes 55.— Sulphate of

zinc, SO to 35

grams.

Water, i pint. Mix, and wash the eyes night and morning.

fire.

;

OINTMENTS, STIMULANTS, AND STOMACHICS.

303

Strong drops for the eyes 56.—Nitrate of

silver,

3 to 8 grains.

Distilled water, 1 ounce.

Mix, and drop in with a

quill.

OINTMENTS.

By means

of lard, wax,

as to be applied to

etc.,

wounds,

A good ointment for old 57.

various substances are mixed up so

chiefly to

sores

keep out the

air.

—Yellow basilicon, Ointment of nitric-oxide of mercary, equal

parts.

Digestive ointment

58.— Red

precipitate, 3 ounces. Venice turpentine, 3 ounces. Beeswax, ounce. Lard, 4 ounces. Mix.

—

Mange ointment: 58a.

—Green iodide of

mercury, 1 drachm. Lard, 8 drachms.

Mix, and rub in carefully every 2nd or 3rd day.

STIMULANTS—see CORDL^LS.

STOMACHICS.

The name

describes the use of the remedies,

to give tone to the

which are intended

stomach.

Stomachic bolus 59.— Extract of gentian, 6 to 8 grains. Powdered rhubarb, 2 to 3 grains. Mix, and give twice a day.

REMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

304

Stomachic draught 60.

—Tincture of Compound

cardamoms,

i to 1

drachm.

infusion of geutian, 1 ounce.

Carbonate of soda, 3 grains.

Powdered

ginger, 2 grains.

Mix, and give twice a day.

STYPTICS. Styptics are remedies to stop bleeding.

In the dog the vessels

seldom give way externally, but internally the disease

very

fre-

quent, either in the form of a bloody flux, or bloody urine, or

bleeding from the lungs, for which the following 61

— Superacetate of

may

be tried

lead, 2 to 3 grains.

Tincture of matico, 30 to 50 drops. Vinegar, 10 drops. Water, 1 ounce.

Mix, and give two or three times a day.

TONICS. Tonics permanently increase the tone or vigor of the system, being particularly useful in the recovery from low fever.

Tonic

pill

62— Sulphate

of quinine, 1 to 3 grains.

Extract of hemlock, 2 grains. Ginger, 2 grains.

Mix, and give twice a day.

Tonic mixture

—Compound tincture of bark, 2 ounces.

Decoction of yellow bark, 14 ounces. Mix, and give three tablespoons! uls twice or thrice daily to a large dog.

WORM

MEDICINES.

By this term we are to understand such substances as will expel worms from the intestines of the dog, their action being either poi-

WORM sonous to the worm

itself,

305

MEDICINES.

them to evacu-

or so irritating as to cause

All ought either to be ia themselves purgative, or to be fol-

ate.

lowed by a medicine of that

class, in

order to insure the removal

of the eggs, as well as the

worms

themselves.

detailed

found in the chapter of Worms.

directions will be

Aperient-worm bolus.

— Calomel, 2 to 5 grains.

Jalap, 10 to 20 grains.

Mix into

a bolus, with molasses.

For general worms. by castor

Mix with

Not

aperient,

and therefore

to be followed

oil

—Kecently powdered areca nut, 1 to 2 drachms.

dog directly, as there is no taste in it been soaked some time, when the broth becomes bitter. If the dog refuses it he must be drenched. Four hours after, give a dose of castor oil. N. B. The exact dose is 2 grains for each pound the dog until

broth, and give to the

lias

—

weighs.

For round- worms, or maw-worms 66

—Indian pink,

h ounce. Boiling water, 8 ounces.

it stand for an hour, then strain, and give half to a large dog, a quarter to a middle-sized dog, or an eighth to a very small one. This, however, is a severe remedy, and is not unattended with danger. It

Let

should be followed by castor

oil in six

hours.

Mild remedy, unattended with any danger 67.—Powdered glass, as much as will lie on a twenty-five cent heaped up.

piece,

To be mixed with

butter,

and given

as a bolus, following

up with

cas-

tor oil after six hours.

For tape-worm

68—Kousso, Ho 5 ounce. Lemon juice, 1 tablespoouful. Boiling water, i pint.

Pour the water on the kousso, and when nearly cold add the lemon juice. Stir all up together, and give as a drench. It should be followed up m six or eight hours by a dose of od.

Another remedy for tape-worm

69— Sp'.rit Tie this

up Grmly

of turpentine, 1 to 4 drachms.

in a piece of bladder, vhen give as

a bolus, taking care

BKMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

306

not to burst the bladder. This also requires a dose of mix the turpentine with suet into a bolus.

oil to follow.

Another

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Fresh root of

Powdered

male fern, 1 to 4 drachms.

jalap, 15 grains.

Liquorice powder and water, enough to

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;The

of male fern ten to thirty drops.

N. B.

oil

make

a bolus.

better than the dry root, the dose being

ADMINISTRATION OF REMEDIES. Some

considerable tact and knowledge of the animal are re-

quired, in order to give medicines to the

In the

first

place, his

stomach

under the control of the they

like.

Hence

but also to insure it is

its

dog to the best advantage.

peculiarly irritable, and so

will, that

much

most dogs can vomit whenever

not only necessary to give the medicine,

being kept down.

generally only necessary to keep

For this purpose, however,

up the dog's head,

as he will

not readily vomit without bringing his nose to the ground, and so it

the regular practice in large kennels, in giving a dose of

and fasten them up

physic, to put the couples on,

to a hook, at

such a hight that the dog cannot lower his head, maintaining this position for

such

with

less

two or

three hours.

preferred, but a lot of

A single dog may be watched,

hounds in physic must be treated

ceremony.

THE DOG'S SYSTEM RESEMBLES THAT OF MAN. The effects of remedies on the dog are nearly the same as on man, so that any one who understands how to manage himself

may

readily extend his sphere of usefulness to the dog.

the

other hand, horses require a very different treatment, which ac-

counts for the ignorance of the diseases of the dog so often

played by otherwise clever veterinary surgeons,

who have

dis-

confined

;

MODE OF GIVING A BOLUS OR

Some remedies affect

more valuable animal.

their attention to the

the dog different]j% however; thus laudanum,

human

dangerous drug in

the dog.

which

medicine, rarely does

man will

canine species, and treble the dose for a the other hand, calomel

307

PILL.

a veiy

harm

to the

be required for

quite the reverse, being

mem-

extremely liable to produce great irritation on the lining brane of the dog's stomach and bowels.

MODE OF GIVING A BOLUS OR If the

dog

small, take hira

on the

without harshness, and

lap,

if inclin'^d

to use his claws, tie a coarse towel

ting

down

it fall

in front,

which

will muffle

with the finger and thumb of the

inserting

the cheeks.

them between the

Then

and push

forefinger of the right hand.

the nose, keeping the

Two persons

down. dog,

;

hand press open the mouth far enough back to take in

against the teeth, while

biting the fingers.

far back as possible,

teeth,

round his neck, letthem effectually then

This compels the mouth to open from the pain given

by the pressure from

left

PILL.

down

well

Let go with the

mouth

drop the

pill

the throat with the left

and the

shut,

dog

also prevents the

raising the nose,

hand,

still

hold

sure to

pill is

are required in administering a pill to a large

at all inclined to resist.

back him into a corner,

First,

then stride over him, and putting a thick cloth into his mouth, bring

together over the nose, where

it is

held by the

left

the right can then generally lay hold of the lower jaw.

dog first,

pill

and then as they are drawn

Very often a and the dog will

down.

sirable to avoid this, as itself.

Even

to require the

apart,

assistant can

piece of meat

may

the

readily bolt

;

may

push the

be used to wrap the

but sometimes

it Is

de-

be necessary to give the medicine

large dogs, however, are seldom so troublesome as

above precautions in giving

though they,

pills,

general thing, obstinately refuse liquid medicine tasted

hand

very obstinate, another cloth must also be placed over the

pill in,

But

once or twice.

when

as a

they have

KEMEDIES SUITED TO THE DOG.

308

MODE OF DRENCHING THE If a small quantity only

may

held, the liquid

ing a

little

to be given, the dog's

head being

be poured through the closed teeth by mak-

pouch of the cheek.

cess, as the

DOG.

animal often refuses

This, however,

a tedious pro-

swallow the medicine for a

long time, and then struggles until half

wasted.

spoon an-

swers for small quantities; for large quantities a soda-water bottles is

the best instrument.

plans

recommended

down

his throat,

Having

the

dog held on either of the

in the last paragraph,

and shut the mouth.

pour a

This

little

of the fluid

necessary,

inasmuch

as the act of swallowing can not be performed with the

Repeat

open.

this, until

watch the dog, or

tie

cine will be retained

all

the medicine

up his head until on the stomach.

it is

swallowed.

mouth Then

certain that the medi-

CLYSTERS OR INJECTIONS.

When warm

the bowels are very

gruel will,

service.

position

thrown up

much

confined, a pint or

The dog should be placed on on a

table

by an

two of

into the rectum, often be of great

assistant,

pipe carefully into the rectum, and

his side,

and held

in this

while the operator passes the

pumps up

the fluid.

CHAPTER

III.

FEVERS AND THEIR TREATMENT. SIMPLE EPHEMERAL FEVEB, OR COLD.—EPIDEMIC FEVER, OB INFLU-

—TYPHUS FEVER, OR DISTEMPER. —RHEUMATIC FEVER. — SMALL— SYMPATHETIC FEVER.

ENZA. POX.

The dog

a tendency to

known

peculiarly liable to febrile attacks, i)ut

dog

human

which have always

low form, very similar in

as typhus in

case, that every

his

This

diseases.

nature to that

its

so generally

the.

said to have the distemper at some time of

name being given to this low form of fever. An atmay commence with a common cold, or any inflammatory

life,

tack

that

affection of the lungs, bowels,

form,

and on assuming the low

etc.;

followed by a genuine case of typhus fever or distemper. does not follow that the one must necessarily end

Nevertheless,

in the other

the dog

;

may have

simple fever,

as " a cold,"

known

or various other complaints, without being subjected to the true

The

distemper.

fever, or influenza; 3d,

Rheumatic

dog are:

fevers occurring in the

ephemeral fever, commonly called

Typhus

fever, attacking the

1st,

Simple

;

cold " 3d, Simple epidemic

fever,

known

Distemper

;

4th,

muscular and fibrous systems;

and, 5th, Small-pox.

SIMPLE EPHEMERAL FEVER. Simple Ephemeral Fever,

known

common

cold," is

ushered in by chilliness, with increased heat of surface, a quick pulse,

and

as usual

;

slightly hurried breathing.

the eyes look dull

scanty and high-colored.

309

;

The

appetite

the bowels are costive

;

There are often cough and

not as good the urine

slight run-

FEVERS AND THEIE TREATMENT.

810

ning at the nose and eyes, and sometimes other internal organs are attacked

or the disease goes on until a different form of fever

;

established,

known

when one

are collected together, or nel,

where there

Cause.

This often occurs when

as typhus.

two are kept

many dogs

in a close ken,

neither proper ventilation nor cleanliness.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Exposure to wet or cold.

Treatment. -Complete rest

;

a gentle dose of opening medicine:

(13) or (13) if the liver is torpid, (15) if acting.

and

acted, give slops,

remedies

(45)

or the bolus

there

If there is

(51).

is still

much

After this has

one of the

fever,

much cough, give the draught (47)

(46).

INFLUENZA. The symptoms ephemeral

of influenza at

fever, but as they

first

closely resemble those of

depend upon some peculiar condition

per-

After the

first

of the ah* which prevails at the time, and as they are sistent, the

name

influenza

few days, the running is

given to the disease.

at the eyes

almost always present.

and nose

increases,

and a cough

These symptoms often contmue for two

or three weeks, and are followed with great prostration of strength

and often a chronic cough, which requires careful treatment. The cause is to be looked for in some peculiar state of the

air,

concerning the nature of which nothing is known at present. Treatment.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;In the early stage, the remedies should be the same as for ordinary or simple "cold."

cough-bolus the strength is

(46) or is

draught

much

Towards the second week, a

(47) will generally

be required.

When

reduced after the second week, and the cough

nearly gone, give a tonic pill (63) or mixture

(63).

Great care

should be taken not to bring on a relapse by improper food, or by too early an allowance of exercise. portance, but

undo

all

must be taken

at a

Fresh

air is of the

utmost im-

slow pace, as a gallop will often

that has been effected in the

way

of a cure.

;

TYPHUS FEVER, OR DISTEMPER.

311

TYPHUS FEVER, OR DISTEMPER. It is

now generally admitted

that this disease

fever in mau, and should be treated in

The

much

similar to typhus

the same manner.

some poison admitted from withby which the various secretions checked, or so altered as no longer to purify the

essence of the disease

out, or developed within the blood,

are either totally

The

system.

exact nature of this poison

resides in the blood.

system, there

is to

common

rapidly,

others

and

The

strength.

it is

new

with

this is

other functions, the muscles waste

performed with any

sometimes conveyed by infection.

developed in the body

;

tation in vegetable substances, there

come on

are various

in ;

just as in the case of fermen-

may

be a ferment added to a

saccharine solution, by which the process

The symptoms

upon the muscular

material from the blood.

all

their contractions are not

diseass

left to itself, it will

doubt that

in all cases of poison absorbed in the

be expected, inasmuch as their action requires

a constant formation of retarded in

beyond our present

is little

a most rapidly depressing effect

powers, which

away

knowledge, but from analogy there

state of

hastened, although

due course.

they

may be

divided into two classes,

one of which comprises those always attending upon distemper the other

may or may not

invariable

symptoms

are,

be present in any individual attack.

The

a low insidious fever, with prostration of

strength to a remarkable degree, in proportion to the duration and

strength of the attack, and rapid emaciation, so that a thick muscular dog often becomes quite thin

part of the fever, there

and lanky

shivering, attended

in three days.

by quick

pulse, hur-

and impaired secretions. Beyond no signs which can be called positively invariable,

ried respiration, loss of appetite, these, there are

though the running at the eyes and nose, and the short husky cough, especially after exercise, are very nearly always present.

The

accidental

which may temper

may be

is,

symptoms depend upon

exist

that,

;

the particular complication

for one of the most remarkable features in dis-

coupled with the above invariable symptoms, there

congestion, or inflammation of the head, chest, bowels, or

FEVEES A?fD TIIEIK TREATMEXT.

312

may

In one case the disease

skia.

to the head, in another to the chest,

yet

results

appear to be entirely confined

and

from the same cause

same general plan

in a third to the

in each case,

bowels

;

and requires the

of treatment, modified according to the seat of

the complication.

When

distemper

some other

disease

the result of neglect,

which

The ordinary course

may have existed

generally succeeds

for an indefinite period.

when

of an attack of distemper,

the result of contagion,

as follows

together with loss of appetite are

cough generally follows

in a

first

epidemic, or

general dullness or lassitude,

A peculiar husky

observed.

day or two, with sounds

were trying to discharge a piece of straw

from

ways comes on

With

at exercise after a gallop.

as if the

his throat.

dog

It al-

this there is also a

tendency to sneeze, but not so marked as the " husk" or " tissuck" which may occur in common "cold" or influenza, and is then usually

and also more variable in

severe,

its

severity; soon

going on to inflammation, or else entirely ceasing in a few days.

In distemper, the strength and flesh rapidly in

common "cold,"

alteration in either

the cough this is

;

There

true disease.

is,

the faeces, and the urine the eyes

always more or

and waste, while

one of the chief characteristics of the

also, is

fail

may continue for days without much

generally a black pitchy condition of

scanty and high-colored. less

The white

red cast, and the vessels being evidently gorged with blood. the brain

attacked, the eyes are

bowels or lungs

injected than

When

when

the

The corners of the nose runs more or less,

the seat of complication.

eyes have a small drop of mucus, and the

which symptoms,

reddened, the color being of a bluish

as the disease goes on, are

both eyes being glued by brownish matter. ered with a blackish

brown

fur.

much

The

aggravated,

teeth are also cov-

These are the regular symptoms

of a severe attack of distemper, which gradually increases in severity to the third, fourth, or fifth

haustion, or

from

week, when the dog dies from ex-

disease of the brain, lungs, or bowels,

peculiar signs in each case.

scribed as passing through four stages or periods

the poison

1st,

marked by

may

be de-

that in

which

In this course the disease

spreading through the system, called the period of in-

TYPHUS FEVEK, OR DISTEMPER. cubation

;

313

3nd, that iu "which nature rouses her powers to expel

called the period of reaction

;

ing which the powers of nature are exhausted, orciearly eflforts

which have been made

cence.

it,

3rd, the period of prostration, dur-

;

and

so,

by the

4th, the period of convales-

the average, eacli of these will occupy a

week or

ten

days, varying with the mildness or severity of the attack.

When

the head

may

attacked, there

may

from the nose and eyes; but more usually there of congestion in these organs, the eyes being

not be a running

some evidence weak and glued up is

with the mucus, and the nose running more or less.

observer, the only reliable one.

out a

fit,

Sometimes there

how-

common

stupor with-

gradually increasing until the dog becomes insensible, and

At other

dies.

fit is,

clearest evidence of brain affection, and, to a

ever, the

times, a raving delirium

for hydrophobia, but distinguished

comes on,

from

premonitory symptoms, peculiar to distemper.

This

dog recovers, he

fatal complication of all, and, if the

tim to palsy or chorea for the rest of his If the lungs are attacked, there

easily

mistaken

by the presence of the

most

the

often a vic-

life.

very rapid breathing, with

cough, and generally a considerable running from the eyes and nose, accompanied with expectoration of thick frothy mucus.

inflammation of the lungs

established, the danger

when the head is the seat of the malady. The bowels may be known to be seized when

there

as great as

a violent

purging of black offensive matter, often tinged with blood, and

sometimes mixed with patches or shreds of a white leathery substance,

some

which

The discharge

coagulable lymph.

cases, excessive,

and quickly

If the skin is attacked,

which

of blood

is,

carries off the dog. is

a favorable sign, there

breaking out of pustules on the inside of the thighs and belly,

which

fill

with matter, often tinged with dark blood, and some-

times with blood itself of a dark purple color.

not an easy matter for an inexperienced observer to

It is

tinguish distemper

from similar

readily detects the difference. to be

affections,

The

confounded with distemper

dis-

but the practised eye

chief diseases are, the true

which

are likely

canine madness,

FEVERS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

314

common

cold or influenza, inflammation of the lungs, and diar-

The

rhoea.

of these runs a rapid course, and

first

ushered in by

peculiar changes in the temper, which will be described under the

head of hydrophobia. Cold and influenza cause no great prostration

The former comes on

of strength.

while the latter

of the lungs must be studied to be fever attending

upon

The treatment to the safe

after exposure to the weather,

Inflammation

sure to be prevalent at the time.

known

;

simple diarrhoea has no

it.

of distemper

twofold

;

conduct through the lowering

care

first,

off of the fatal results

and second to the warding

being directed

eficcts of the

complaint,

which are

iikeiy

by the local complications in the brain, lungs, or must be remembered that the disease is an effort of

to be occasioned

bowels.

nature to rid

itself of

a poison

and, consequently, the powers of

;

the system must be aided throughout, or they will be incompetent to their task.

One

means of carrying

great

be looked for in the bowels and kidneys.

off this poison, is to

These organs must be

restored as far as possible to their natural condition, care being exercised that they are not injured

known, for

by the remedies used.

instance, that apsrients,

and

It is

especially calomel,

well

have

the property of restoring the suspended action of the liver.

But upon the strength of the general system, and therefore must be used with great caution. The best they also have an injurious

formulae

is,

(13)

or three days. to

effect

or (15) given only once or twice, at intervals of two

After the secretions are restored, the next thmg

look out for the complications in the brain, lungs, and bowels,

which are

to be expected

appropriate remedies.

;

and,

present, to counteract

them by

seton placed on the back of the neck,

covering the tape with blister ointment, will be likely to relieve the head, together with cold applications of vinegar and water by

means

At the same time the fever mixture (51) may For any trifling complication in the lungs the fever powder (49) will generally suflSce but, if severe, of a sponge.

be regularly administered.

;

blood must be taken from the neck vein

;

though

this, if possible,

should be avoided, and the cough bolus or draught administered.

(46) or (47)

Diarrhoea must be at once checked by one of the

TYrHUS FEVJEK, OE DISTEMPER. mixtures

(8)

very severe, by the

or, if

;

thickened with arrow-root or

changing

erally be required

severance in

cover.

rice, as the sole article

commenced, the

stage of exhaustion has

and

;

the

beef-

of diet,

When the

wine and arrow-root.

occasionally for port

pill (19).

time, rice-water should be given as the only drink

same tea,

(6)

315

tonic mixture (63) will gen-

may be done by a perDogs which appear to be dying will often reshould be given up as long as there is any life ;

and

it is

astonishing what

use.

its

case

remaining.

The

diet should be carefully attended to, little or

required on the

solid food

first

from the

first

no food being

weak broth

four or six days, beyond

or gruel,

being permitted. This restriction must

be maintained until the dog

quite recovered.

When

the state of

exhaustion or prostration comes on, good strong beef-tea should be

given every three or four hours, and, it,

force should be used

;

the

dog will not swallow

a spoonful at a time being given in the

manner described elsewhere

Port wine

for drenching.

service at such times, being thickened with arrow-root,

alternately with beef-tea. is

For a dog

;

often of

of average size, the plan

to give a teacupful of beef-tea, then, after

quantity of arrow-root and wine

and given

two hours, the same

then, again, after

two hours, a

dose of the tonic mixture, and so on through the twenty-four hours.

Perseverance in this troublesome plan will generally be

rewarded with success, but, of course,

which

will

beef-tea

reward

may

properly.

be provided, and

it is

less

only a valuable dog

important animals, the

if it is

not voluntarily swallowed,

want

of the compulsion, so that

the poor patient often dies for

humanity

as well as self-interest counsel the adoption of

what

often appears a harsh proceeding.

No as

exercise,

invariablj''

even of the most gentle kind, should be allowed, tends to bring on a return of the disease.

young dog has been master,

who

him good.

sacrificed to the

has thought that

And

would,

and should be delayed

breath of fresh air" would do

taken in an easy carriage, at rest;

but the muscular exertion necessary to procure ous,

Many

mistaken kindness of his

it is

highly injuri-

until the strength is restored.

This

;

316

AND

FEVEIIS

one reason

why dogs

TIIEIE TREATMENT.

in the country bear distemper so

than in towns ; for, as

much

better

known- that they are in the fresh air take them to it, and so they are left alone

no attempt is made to and are not induced to exert their strength prematurely. Even when the dog appears nearly well, it is better to lead him out to excercise for the

first

day or two.

Otherwise he

almost sure to

over-exert himself.

Ventilation should not be neglected

;

moderate warmth

essen-

a cure, and a delicate dog like the greyhound should have a cloth on him in cold weather. The greatest cleanliness

tial to

should be observed, and as far as possible without making the kennel damp with water. Clean straw must be liberally provided, and all oflFeusive matters removed as often as they are voided.

Summary of treatment.â&#x20AC;&#x201D; In the early stage of disease, get the bowels into good order by mild doses of aperient medicine (11), Attend to any complications which may come on, (13), or (15). :

using a seton for the head and appropriate remedies for the chest, or mixture for the bowels tion,

when

the violent

(6) if

there

symptoms

diarrhoea.

and during the whole period attend to the ness,

and

rest,

For

the exhaus-

are abated, give the tonic (63) diet, ventilation, cleanli-

as previously described.

Vaccination has been recommended as a remedy for distemper,

and has been largely

tried

among

nels, as well as

both in foxhound and greyhound ken-

Some people

pointers and setters.

a sure preventive, and there

think

evidence that for years after

has

been adopted in certain kennels, distemper, which was previously rife

among them, has been held

in check.

the other hand, a

more numerous party have found no change produced in the mortality among their dogs, and they have come as a natural consequence to the opposite conclusion. Reasoning from analogy, there is no ground for supposing that small-pox or cow-pox should prevent the access of a disease totally dissimilar to these comstill

plaints

;

inasmuch as experience

be made to

test, I can" see

the best guide, the appeal must

in order to settle the question.

Judging from

no reason whatever for the

which

vaccination, because there are at least as

faith

many

this

placed in

recorded failures

RHEXJMATIC FEVEE. as successes

and as we know that

;

317

any remedy there

after

will

always be a certain number of assumed cures held out by sanguine individuals, so case.

and

we must

Distemper

well

many

allow for a great

known

to hit or miss particular kennels, as the case

together,

and as vaccination

of chano-e, so

After trying it

myself and seeing

wholly inoperative

;

may

its

attacks,

be, for years

used at any of these various periods

gains credit or discredit which

the experience of others,

selves, I here

in this particular

most irrregular in

to be

tried,

my own

but, as others

append directions

and

belief

is,

may like

does not deserve.

after also

comparing

that vaccination

to test

for the operation

for them-

;

vaccinate the dog, select the thin skin on the inside of the

then with a lancet charged with fresh vaccine lymph, make three or four oblique punctures iu the skin, to such a depth as ear,

draw blood, charging the lancet afresh each time. If the lymph cannot be procured fresh, the punctures must be made as above described, and then the points charged with dry lymph barely to

must be introduced, one

in each puncture,

and well rubbed into

the cut surface so as to insure the removal of the points. if

In four or

five

days an imperfect vesicle

lymph from the

formed, which,

not rubbed, goes on to maturity and scabs at the end of ten

days or thereabout.

There are various other methods suggested,

such as introducing a piece of thread dipped in the virus,

but the above

The treatment fits,

the proper plan,

any

etc.,

likely to be eflPectual.

of the various sequels of distemper, including

palsy, etc., will be given

under those heads respectively.

RHEUMATIC FEVER. One of the most common diseases in the dog, is rheumatism in some form, generally showing itself with vjery little fever, but sometimes being accompanied with a high degree of fever. frequency of this disease

dog

to cold

owing

The

to the constant exposure of the

and wet, and very often

to his kennel being

damp,

FEVERS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

318 which

the fertile source of kennel lameness, or chest-founder,

more than rheumatism

the latter being nothing

roasting

fire,

of the m\iscles of

Again, those which spend half their time before a

the shoulders.

and the other half

in the

wet and

cold, are very liable

to contract this kind of fever, but not in so intractable a

damp

the denizen of the is

classed

among

inflammations, and

of these divisions

sequence, so that the fever

which

known

it is

But

which

easily recog-

I shall therefore include here, rheumatic

a general affection, and also the partial attacks

as kennel lameness or chest-founder,

the loins,

this is of little con-

known and

properly

form

writers this affection

a debatable point to

should be assigned.

nized by the symptoms. fever,

By some

kennel.

commonly

Rheumatic fever

and rheumatism of

called palsy of the back.

known by

the following signs:

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; There

considerable evidence of fever, but not of a very high character, the pulse being full but not very quick, with shivering and dullness, except

when touched

or threatened

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the slightest

causing a shriek, evidently from the fear of pain.

comer, and

erally retires into a

very reluctant

approach

The dog gencome out. On

being forcibly brought out, he snarls at the hand even of his best friend,

and stands with his back up, evidently prepared

him

himself from the pat of the hand, which to

defend

anguish.

The

bowels are confined, and the urine highly colored and scanty. The treatment consists in bleeding from the neck, to a moderate extent,

the dog

very gross and full of condition, followed with

a smart dose of opening physic

give the following

pills

(12)

After this has acted

(13).

Calomel. Purified opium, of each 1 grain.

Powdered root of colchicum, 2 Syrup, enough to make a pill. This

the dose for an average-sized dog.

to 3 grains.

A hot bath is often of

service, care being taken to dry the skin before the

fire.

follow up with a liberal friction by the aid of the liniment

Kennel lameness, or chest-founder, manifests or soreness of the shoulders, so that the dog

itself in

Then (43).

a stiffness

unable to gallop

;;

KHEUMATIC FEVEK. down

freely

and

hill,

often reluctant to

319

jump

mon

in the

bench

off his

the ground, the shock giving pain to the muscles.

It is

kennels of foxhounds, for these dogs, being exposed

wet and cold for hours together, and then brought home

damp

very com-

to a

lodging-room, contract the disease with great frequency.

Pampered house

pets are also very liable to chest-founder, over-

feeding being quite as likely to produce rheumatism as exposure to cold,

and when both are united

follow. it

When

has existed for some months

but instances are peared.

this condition is

becomes chronic there

known

almost sure to

or no fever.

After

generally regarded as incurable,

it is

ths stiffness has entirely disap-

which

is little

Chest-founder also arises from a sprain of the muscles

which suspend the chest between the shoulders.

The remedies

for kennel lameness are nearly the

same as for remove the cause if it has

general rheumatism, care being taken to

damp

existed in the shape of a

should be

light,

and composed

The food

cold lodging-room.

chiefly of vegetable materials

The

strong animal food tends to increase the rheumatic affection. liniment (43)

very likely to be of service, especially

the hot bath, as previously described.

has been asserted, by

persons of experience, that a red herring given two or a

week

will cure

this

disease.

used after

tliree

times

have no personal experience

of the merits of this remedy, but, according to Col.

Whyte,

has

recently been discovered that in the herring there

human rheumatism.

It is

given with

Most dogs

readily eat

two drachms

of nitre

It is

worth a

trial in

the herring and camphor, and the nitre

Cod

a drench.

dogs.

and one of camphor. is

liver oil is also said to

Iodine with sarsaparilla

(3) is

added in a

a specific for

little

water as

be of great service

a preparation which I have

more service than any internal medicines. draggmg of the hind limbs is common enough

(5).

known

to be of

though often called palsy, nature.

It closely

really

is,

most

in the

cases, of a

resembles chest-founder in

all its

dog

rheumatic

symptoms,

excepting that the muscles affected are situated in the loins and hips.

The

lameness.

causes and treatment are the same as those for kennel

FEVERS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

320

SMALL-POX. I reproduce Mr. Youatt's description of small-pox in dogs

In 1809, there was observed, at the Rpyal Veterinary School at Lyons, an eruptive malady

name

of small-pox.

by contagion. peai'ed ics

when no

was not

There was a

of inoculation, but

At another

which they gave the

the dogs, to

difficult

of cure

and

;

dog

quickly disap-

other remedies than mild aperients and diaphoret-

were employed.

dogs.

among

appeared to be propagated from dog

sheep was inoculated from one of these

slight eruption of pustules

nowhere

else

;

around the place

nor was there the

least fever.

time, also, at the school at Lyons, a sheep died of the

A part of the skin was fastened, during four and twenty hours, on a healthy sheep, and the other part of it on a dog, both of them being in apparent good health. NoeflFectwas

regular sheep-pox.

produced on the dog, but the sheep died of confluent sheep-pox.

The

essential

symptoms of small-pox

the following order side of the fore

dogs succeed each other in

the skin of the belly, the groin, and the in-

arm becomes

of a redder color than in

its

natural

state,

and

They

are sometimes isolated, sometimes clustered together.

sprinkled with small red spots irregularly rounded.

near approach of

this eruption is

The

announced by an increase of

fever.

and the integument

the second day, the spots are larger,

is slightly

tumefied at the center of each.

more prominent.

the fourth day, the

Towards

the third day, the

more prominent summit of the tumor is yet

spots are generally enlarged, and the skin at the center.

is still

day the redness of

the ends of that

the center begins to assume a

somewhat grey

color.

succeed-

ing days, the pustules take on their peculiar characteristic appearance,

and cannot be confounded with any other eruption.

summit,

On the

a white circular point, corresponding wuth a certain

quantity of nearly transparent fluid which

by a thin and transparent

fluid

less transparent, until

pellicle.

This

contains,

and covered

becomes

less

and

acquires the color and consistence of pus.

SMALL-POX. The

pustule, during

flattened

when

serous state,

of a rounded form.

It is

the fluid acquires a purulent character, and even

slightly depressed

The

its

321

towards the close of the period of suppuration.

and the desquamation occupy an exceedingly variable length of time and so, indeed, do all the difierent periods of desiccation

;

the disease.

What

which

serous eruption,

the least inconstant, is

about four days,

produced and guarded from of the pustules of

them

begun

considered,

has been distmctly

If the general character

will be observed, that while

some

are in a state of serous secretion, others will only have

to appear.

mences

all friction.

the duration of the

if it

The

eruption terminates

in the first pustules

and,

;

when

some red

comshow them-

desiccation

spots

selves at that period of the malady, they disappear without

followed by the development of pustules. abortive pustules.

by brown

They

bemg

are a species of

After the desiccation, the skin remains covered

spots, which,

by degrees, few

trace of the disease, except a

There remains no

die away.

superficial cicatrices

on which

the hair does not grow.

The

causes which produce the greatest variation in the periods

of the eruption are, the age of the dog, situation

and of the season.

ent stages with

The

much more

and the temperature of the

eruption runs through

rapidity in dogs

its differ-

from one

to five

months old than in those of more advanced age. I have never seen it in dogs more than eighteen months old. An elevated temperature singularly favors the eruption, and also renders it confluent and of a serous character.

A cold

to the eruption, or even prevents

atmosphere

altogether.

unfavorable

Death

almost

constantly the result of the exposure of dogs, having small-pox, to

any considerable degree of

most favorable or change of

cold.

moderate temperature

to the recovery of the animal.

air,

A frequent renewal

the temperature remaining nearly the same,

highly favorable to the patient, consequently close boxes or kennels should be altogether avoided.

have often observed that the

perspiration or breath of dogs laboring under variola, emits a very

unpleasant odor.

mencement of

This smell

particularly observed at the com.

the desiccation of the pustules,

and when the anr

FEVERS AND TIIEIR TREATMENT.

322

mals are lying upon dry straw.

The

friction of the

bed against

the pustules destroys their pellicles, and permits the purulent

matter to escape ter is

;

and

most pernicious.

pleasant smell

influence

fever

this

which

purulent

mat-

increased, as also the un-

from the mouth, and generally the

state there is a disposition

the

The

fisces.

this

rapidly developed in the lungs,

assume the character of pneumonia.

This

a most serious one, and always terminates

last

complication

fatally.

SYMPATHETIC FEVER, This term

applied to the fever which comes on either before

or after some severe local

aflfection,

and

is,

were, eclipsed by

Thus in all severe inflammations there is an accompanying fever, which generally shows itself before the exact nature of the attack is made manifest, and though it runs high, yet it has no it.

tendency in

itself to

produce fatal

results, subsiding, as a

of course, with the inflammation

which attends

but here

also, if there is

curs in severe injuries there

no fever

;

an external cause.

;

so that the

same rule applies

it.

matter

The same

oc-

no inflammation, as

where there

CHAPTER

IV.

INFLAMMATIONS. DEFINITION OF INFLAMMATION.

—SYMPTOMS AND

TEEATMENT OF RABrES,

— INFLAMMATION OF THE ETE, EAR, MOUTH, NOSE. — LUNGS.— STOMACH. — BOWELS. — LIVER. —KIDNEYS, BLAD-

TETANUS, AND TUKNSIDE.

AND

DER, AND

S3S1N.

DEFINITION OF INFLAMMATION. Inflammation consists in a retardation of the flow of blood tlirougli the small vessels

required to overcome terized

external

and

may

be acute

inter-

the last not being discerned, though ex-

first three,

and without very

visible, it is charac;

isting.

slow,

an increased action of the large ones

by increased heat, swelling, pain, and redness when

by the

nally,

;

When

it.

when coming on active

symptoms.

rapidly, or chronic

when

In the acute form there

always an increased rapidity of the pulse, with a greater reac-

tion of the heart's pulsations,

known

the dog, the healthy pulsations are

This

may the

may be

the heart

to 100 to the minute.

be taken as the standard of health.

felt

hand

as hardness of the pulse.

from 90

The

arterial pulse

on the inside of the arm above the knee

;

by placing

against the lower part of the chest, the contractions of

may

be readily

felt.

difiFerent

breeds there

is,

how-

ever, considerable variation in the pulsations of the heart.

HYDROPHOBIA, RABIES, OR MADNESS. This disease has been classed

symptoms temper rose,

are chiefly as follows

among the inflammations. The The first is a marked change of

the naturally cheerful dog becoming waspish and moand the bold fondling pet retreating from his master's hand ;

323

INFLAMMATIONS.

324 as

if it

was

that of a stranger.

becomes bold

the other hand, the shy dog

in almost every instance there

;

a total change of

manner for several days before the absolute outbreak which is indicated by a kind of delirious vratching objects, the

dog snapping

way, tearing

of the attack,

of imaginary

anything comes in his

at the wall, or if

to pieces with savage fury.

"With this there

constant watchfulness, and sometimes a peculiarly hollow howl.

At other times no sound whatever described as "

dumb

madness."

difficult to ascertain to

given, the case being then

Fever

always present, but

what extent on account of the danger of Urgent

approaching the patient.

thirst

accompanies the fever.

Mr. Grantley Berkeley strongly maintains that no dog really

at-

tacked with rabies will touch water, and that the presence of thirst

a clear sign of the absence of this disease.

This theory

so entirely in opposition to the careful accounts given by all those

who have

witnessed the disease,

communicated

either to

man

when

had unquestionably been

or to some of the lower animals, that

no credence need be given it. Mr, Youatt witnessed more cases of rabies than perhaps any equally good observer, and he strongly insists

upon the presence

may

of thirst, as

be gathered from the

concluding portion of the following extract "

Some very important

conclusions

pearance and character of the urine.

when he

more than usually

search theurining places; he lick the spot

may

be drawn from the ap-

The

dog, at particular times

salacious,

may, and does

may even

at those periods be seen to

which another animal has

just wetted.

eagerness accompanies this strange employment,

which

rarely disgraced

diligently

If a peculiar

in the parlor,

this evacuation, every corner

perse-

veringly examined, and licked with unwearied and unceasing indus-

the dog cannot be too carefully watched

try,

ger about

him

;

ced to be decidedly rabid. this.

the

Much has been

mouth

;

there

great dan-

he may, without any other symptom, be pronoun-

of the rabid dog.

disease, all the glands

never

knew a

single mistake about

said of the profuse discharge of saliva It is

an undoubted fact

from

that, in this

concerned in the secretion of saliva become

increased in bulk and vascularity.

The

sublingual glands wear

325

HYDROPHOBIA, BABIES, OR MADNESS.

an evident character of inflammation but it never equals tlie increased discharge that accompanies epilepsy or nausea. The ;

frothy spume, at the corners of the mouth,

be compared with that which affections.

symptom of The

It is

not for a

longer than twelve hours.

stories that are told of the

The dog

by a

fit

may

be seen in this

Fits are often mistaken for rabies,

the rabid dog.

short duration, and seldom lasts

dog, covered with froth, arc altogether fabulous. ering from, or attacked

moment

evident enough in both of these

mad

recov-

but not

state,

and hence the

delusion.

increased secretion of saliva soon passes away. It lessens It in quantity and becomes thick, viscid, adhesive, and glutinous. "

The

and probably more annoyingly

clings to the corners of the mouth,

so to the

membrane

distressed

of the fauces.

it.

forces

utters the falsely supposed it

the disease

an early symptom

When

sadly

bark of a dog, in his attempts to eject

human

fully established, or at a late period of

dog furiously attempts It is

The human being

out with the greatest violence, or

This symptom occurs in the

from his mouth.

when

it.

being

The

brush away the secretion with his paws.

in the dog,

and

can scarcely be mistaken

paws at the corners of his mouth, let no one suppose that a bone is sticking between the poor fellow's teeth nor should any useless and dangerous effort be made to relieve him. If all this uneasiness arose from a bone in the mouth, the mouth would continue permanently open, instead in him.

fighting with his

;

of closing

when

If after a

while he loses his balance and tumbles over, there can

the animal for a

be no longer any mistake.

It is

moment

the saliva becoming

glutinous, irritating the fauces

this

The

dog. that

naturally

tinues to lap.

still

discontinues his

and threatening

and rapidly succeeds an

has

full

He knows

whose jaw and tongue

not

when

to cease,

his

thirst.

jaws con-

and the poor fellow

are paralyzed, plunges his muzzle into the

water-dish to his very eyes, in order that he

water into the back part of his mouth

and parched fauces.

more and

suffocation.

insatiable

power over the muscles of

efforts.

Hence, Instead of

may

get one drop of

moisten and to cool his dry this disease being

always

;

INFLAMMATIONS.

326

by the dread of water

characteriz3cl

tion

in the dog,

marked by a

Twenty years ago, this asserwould have been peremptorily denied. Even at the present

thu'st often perfectly

unquenchable.

day we occasionally meet with those who ought to know better, will not believe that the dog which fairly, or perhaps

and who

eagerly, drinks, can be rabid."

My own

experience fully confirms the above account, having

seen, as I have, seven cases of genuine rabies, in all of

which

thirst

was present in a greater or less degree in five of the cases the disease was communicated to other dogs. If the rabid dog is not ;

molested he will seldom attack any living object obstruction in his path

;

but the slightest

sufficient to rouse his fury,

he then bites

savagely, and in the most unreasoning manner, wholly regardless

The

of the consequences.

gait,

when

at liberty, is a

long

trot in a

straight line.

The average time

of the occurrence of rabies after the bite

is,

the dog, from three weeks to six months, or possibly even longer

a suspected case therefore requires careful watching for at least that time bitten

after three

;

may

toms have

in the

the disease

months, the animal supposed to have been

be considered tolerably safe,

no unfavorable symp-

meantime shown themselves.

about four or

five days,

case to be fatal in forty-eight hours.

The duration

known

but I have myself

No remedy having

yet been

discovered for rabies, nothing remains but to kill the dog

sufiFer-

ing therefrom.

TETANUS. Resembhng

rabies in

some degree, tetanus

diflFers

from

in the

absence of any afiection of the brain, the senses remaining perfect to the

last.

It is

not

duced by a severe "lock-jaw."

common

injury,

with the dog.

and shows

It consists in

alternating with relaxation.

itself in

It is generally pro-

the form

known

spasmodic rigidity of certain muscles,

The stifi'ness continues

for some length

of time, not appearing and disappearing as quickly as in cramp.

TURNSIDE. spasm

If the tetanic

body

muscles of the jaw, the state

affects the

When

called " lock-jaw."

327

muscles of the back, the drawn into a bow, the head being brought in close prox-

imity to tne

seizes

all

Sometimes the contraction

tail.

and at others of the muscles of

of one side only

the belly, producing a

bow

in the

opposite direction to that alluded to above.

These various conditions exactly resemble the contractions produced by the poison of

When, therefore, they occur, as

strychnine.

rare, it is fau- to suspect that it

should be

known

son was in use

The

;

but, as

will

hopeless,

the

may

the case

it.

tried, fol-

always relieve the spasm for the

likely to accrue

from

humane

course

Except in the

its use.

case of highly valued dogs, I should never advise ;

this poi-

returns soon after the withdrawal of the remedy,

no permanent good ing tried

extremely

independently of

Purgatives and bleeding

lowed by chloroform, which time

may arise

successful treatment of tetanus

clearly established.

Nevertheless,

were witnessed long before

that they

and, therefore, they

;

the disease

poison has been used.

any remedies be-

to at once put the poor animal out

of misery, the spasms being evidently of the most painful nature.

TURNSIDE. Turnside it is

more frequently seen

by no means common.

in the

It consists in

dog than

tetanus,

some obscure

still

affection

of the brain, resembling the " gid " of sheep, and probably results

from the same

cause.

The dog has no

fits,

but keeps continually

turning round and round, until death ensues from exhaustion.

Tetanus

more commonly met with

constitutions are delicate

;

have

one after the other by the malady. is

any

avail

;

cases.

The

mended, and

is,

opinion,

a whole

No remedy

bleeding, blistering,

have restored some few

in high-bred puppies,

known

whose

litter carried off,

my knowledge

and purgatives are

said to

seton, also, has been recomlikely than

any other remedy

INFLAMMATIONS.

328 to

produce a cure, care being taken to maintain and support the

strength of the animal against the lowering effects of this remedy.

INFLAMMATIONS OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia, or simple inflammation of the eyes,

mon

in dogs, especially

the condition of this organ

On more

hopeless.

very com-

during the latter stages of distemper,

when

often seemingly'-, though not really,

than one occasion I have saved puppies from

a watery grave, whose eyes were said to be beyond cure. Applyino" no remedy locally, but simply attending to the general health of the dog, I have secured the recovery of the affected eye to

The "the white "of

ness of

transparent part, which

over

in"-

There

it.

sun.

the eye, together with a film over the

may

not show red vessels spread-

great intolerance of light, with a constant

If the eye be

watering. resists,

its

indications are, an unnatural bluish red-

normal condition.

opened by

force, the

dog most strenuously

giving evidence of pain from exposure to the rays of the

This

state resembles the "

strumous ophthalmia " of children,

same way, by the internal use of

and may be

ti-eated in the

the

being especially serviceable.

pills (62)

mia, the " white " of the eye

more swollen, while light is not so great.

be of service

tonics,

In the ordinary ophthal-

of a brighter red, and the lids are

the discharge

thicker,

and the intolerance of

The treatment here which

most

likely to

of the ordinary lowering kind, exactly the reverse

of that indicated above.

Pui'gatives,

low

diet,

and sometimes

bleeding, will be required, together with local washes, such as (55)

(56).

If the eyes still

remain covered with a

film, a seton

may

be mserted in the back of the neck with advantage, and kept open for

two or

Cataract

three months.

may

known by

a whiteness,

or less

marked

the pupil, and evidently beneath the surface of the eye, the disease consisting in an opacity of the lens, pupil.

may

which

situated behind the

occur from a blow, or from inflammation, or result

from hereditary tendency.

treatment

of avail.

;

CANKER, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR. In amaurosis the eye looks

however

the nerve ness.

may be known by

clear,

and there

destroyed, and there

329

no inflammation

partial or total blind-

the great size of the pupil.

CANKER, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE EAR.

Many

dogs, especially of sporting breeds, contract an inflamma-

tion of the

membrane

or skin lining of the ear,

and exposure to the weather. and the dog shakes his head continually. generally,

tendency

from high feeding

This causes

irritation,

This, together with the

spread externally, causes an ulceration of the tips of

the ears of those dogs, such as the hound, pointer, setter, spaniel,

which have these organs long and pendulous.

etc.,

Hence, the

superficial observer is apt to confine his observations to this exter-

nal ulceration, and I have even in the

known

the tips of the ears cut off

hope of getting rid of the mischief.

This heroic treatment,

however, only aggravated the malady, because, while the incessant shaking caused the

wound

to extent, the internal inflammation

was not

in the slightest degree relieved.

liable to

" canker," as sliown

there

is little

The

pointer

at the tips of the ears,

hair to break the acuteness of the "

given in the shake of the head.

specially

inasmuch as

smack " which

Long-haired dogs, on the other

hand, are quite as liable to the real disease, as shown by an examination of the internal surface, owing however to the protection

by the hair, the pendulous ear is less ulcerated or inWhenever, therefore, a dog is seen to continually shake

afforded

flamed. his head,

and

ineffectually

endeavor to rub or scratch his

ear,

not

being able to succeed, because he cannot reach the interior, an ex-

amination should at once be made of the passage leading into the head.

If the lining be red

and inflamed, there

clear evidence of

the disease, even though the external ear be altogether free it.

from

the other hand, the mere existence of an ulceration on the

tips of the ears is

may have

no absolute proof of

" canker,"

inasmuch as

been caused by the briars and thorns which a spaniel or

INFLAMMATIONS.

330 hound encounters

in bunting for his

a careful inspection, and,

may

game.

be generally concluded that there

The treatment should nal passage

;

the cap

Still it shcoild

lead to

continues for any length of time, is

an internal cause for

it it.

in every case be chiefly directed to the inter-

which

sometimes ordered to be applied to

the head, with a view of keeping the ears quiet, has a tendency to increase the internal inflammation, and should not therefore be

ployed. gatives

The

first

thing to be done,

(11), (12), (15),

(16),

with low

em-

lower the system by pur-

diet,

including no animal

As soon as this has produced a decided efiect, the nitrate of silver wash (33), the ointment (58a), melted, or the sulphate of zinc (30), should be dropped into the ear-passage, changmg one for the other every second or third day. At the same time the sores on food.

the edges of the ears will dry

them

up.

cure, if carried

may

seldom

cases, this treatment will suffice for

on for three weeks or a month.

attacks, however, a seton this

be daily touched with bluestone, which

In slight

must be put

fails to afford relief.

into the

back of the neck

;

If the inflammation in the exter-

nal ear has been so great as to produce abscesses, they slit

In long-standing

must be

open with the knife to the very lowest point, as wherever mat-

ter is confined in a

pouch there can be no tendency

ever any remedial fluid

may

result

The

to heal.

dog should be muzzled and the head held firmly on a

table,

applied internally to the ear.

when-

Deafness

from canker, or from rheumatic or other inflammation

As no treatment is likely to be beneficial, uo necessity for enlarging on the subject the only remedy

of the internal ear. there

;

at all to be relied on, in recent cases, is the seton in the

back of the

neck.

INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH AND TEETH. Dogs teeth

fed on strongly stimulating food, are very apt to lose their

by decay, and

also to suffer

from a spongy state of the gumsÂť

attended with a collection of tartar about the roots of the teeth.

Decayed teeth are

better extracted, but the tartar,

when

pro-

OZ^I^^A,

LARYNGITIS AND BRONCHOOELE.

duces inflammation,

may

the dog's head

be removed by instruments.

fully scraping the teeth there it if

331

is little

held steadily.

no If

difliculty in

care-

removing

the animal be highly

prized, he should be taken to a veterinary sui-geon for the opera-

Afterwards brush the teeth occasionally with a lotion com-

tion.

posed of 1 part of a solution of chlorinated soda, 1 part of ture of myrrh, their

milk

from

eating.

When

and 6 parts of water.

teeth, frequent soreness in

the

tinc-

puppies are shedding

mouth prevents them

In such cases the old teeth are better removed with

a pair of forceps.

Blain

a watery swelling beneath the tongue,

showing

itself

several large vesicles containing straw-colored lymph, sometimes

The treatment

stained with blood.

which, the lotion, given above,

consists in lancing them, after

may be

eflfectually

applied to the

sores.

OZ^NA. Ozsena

an inflamed condition of the lining membrane of the an offensive discharge from the nostrils. This is

nose, producing

very

common

There

pug dog, and

in the

to be

is little

also

more or

less in

done in the way of treatment

chloride of zinc (3 grains to the ounce of water),

;

toy spaniels. a solution of

may

be thrown

into the noslrils with a syringe.

LARYNGITIS AND BRONCHOCELE. Laryngitis there

inflammation of the top of the wind-pipe, where

a very narrow passage for the

air,

and consequently where

a slight extra contraction caused by swelling

When

acute,

necessarily fatal.

very dangerous, and characterized by quick

laborious breathing, accompanied with a snoring kind of noise.

There

also a hoarse

The pulse is The treatment must

and evidently painful cough.

quick and sharp, attended with some fever.

;

INFLAMMATIONS.

332 be active, or

will be of

a calomel purge

(12),

avail.

Large bleedings, followed by

and the fever powder

(50),

will be necessary

but no time should be lost in calling in skilful aid, is

;

the dog's life

valued.

Chronic laryngitis attacks the same part, comes on insidiously,

and manifests

itself chiefly in

best treated

It is

and the

alterative pill

Bronchocele

a hoarse cough and stridulous bark. in the throat, together with

by a seton

low

diet

(1).

known by an enlargement, often

to the size of the

body placed on each side of the wind-pipe. If this does not press upon the air-passage, there is no inconvenience but in course of time it generally does this, and the dog becomes

fist,

of the thyroid

wheezy and short-winded.

may

It is chiefly

seen in house pets, and

be relieved by the internal use of iodine

(3),

given for weeks

in succession.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. The organs of respiration consist of an external serous and an mucous membrane, united together by cellular tissue. Each of these is the seat of a peculiar inflammation (pleurisy, pneumonia, and bronchitis), attended by diSbrent symptoms and internal

requiring a variation in treatment.

There

likewise, as in all

other inflammations, an acute and a chronic kind, so that here

have

six dififerent

inflammatory disorders of the organs of the

chest, besides heart disease

and phthisis or consumption.

All the

acute forms are attended with severe sympathetic fever, and quick pulse

;

deal. The symptoms but generamount of this attendant

but the character of the latter varies a good

chronic forms have also some slight febrile ally in proportion to the acuteness is the

or sympathetic fever.

;

these three forms are liable to be easily

mistaken for each other, I place the symptoms of each in juxtaposition in the following

Table

IXFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS.

333

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF SYMPTOMS. Acute Pleurisy. Early

with

Siiivering,

spasms of the

sj'mp-

slifeht

tuma.

muscles of the chest; inspiration short and uneijual in its depth,

expiration full, air expired not hotter than usual; cough slight and dry pulse quick, small, and ;

wiry.

Acute Pneumonia.

Strong shivering, but no spasms; inspiration

to.erably

expiration

full,

short, expired air perceptibly hotter than natural; nostrils red inside; cough violent and sonorous, with expectoration of rusty

colored mucus; pulse

and Stethoscopic sounds.

Pprcuseion.

very

readily

distinguishable

sound.

practised ear discovers a friction sound or rubbing.

Produces at first no result different! from a slate of health. After a time, when serum is thrown out, increased

there is dullness.

quick,

full,

soft.

crackling sound, audible in the early stage, followed by crepitating wheez-

Acute Bronchitis. Shivering,soon

fol-

lowed by continual hard cough inspiration and expiration ;

equally full ; air expired warm, but not so hot as in pneu-

monia cough soon becomes moist, the ;

mucus expectorated being frothy, scanty at

but after-

firs',

wards profuse; pulse full and bard.

The sound in this varies from that of soap bubbles to a hissing or

form

wheezing sound.

ing.

Dullness after the early stage

change.

pro-

duced by the thickening of the tissue, approaching to the substance of liver, hence called " hepatization."

Termination.

The

symptoms

If the symptoms not disappear, there is a solidification of the lung, by

The inflammation

either gradually disappear, or lymph is thrown out, or there is an effusion of serum or matter, with a frequently fatal re-

which

it is rendered impervious to air, and in bad cases suf-

lieves the inflammation; or it may go on to the extent of caus-

sult.

focation takes place, or matter is formed,

ing suflbcation by the swelling of the

producing abscess.

liningmembrane filling up the area of

subsides fenerally y a discharge of

mucus,

which

re-

the tubes. Treat-

ment.

Bleeding

in the early stages, in degree according to the severity of the atRelieve the tack. bowels by (12) or (13).

No blistering, which Is actually prejudicial. Try the fever

powder and if

or (50), not active enough, give calomel and opium, of each 1 grain, in a pill, 3 times a day. Low diet of slops only. (49)

Bleeding

the

early stages, amount according

No bleeding

is re-

in to

quired. In the early stage give an emetic

the severity of the attack. Give an ape-

up with a mild apeApply

mustard

chest,

(12)

tion (42).

embrocaGive the

cough bolus

(4G) or the draught (47 1. If the inflammation is very high, give calomel and opium, of each 1 grain, digitalis, i grain, tartar emetic, i grain, in a Eill, 3 times daily, low diet of slops.

(44).

or (13). Blisters to the chest of service, or the rient,

rient,

(11)

cation

this (15).

the

embro-

(42)

the

and give the

cough bolus (46) or the draught (47).

Low

diet in the early stages afterwards, a solid food, not meat, may be given. ;

little

334

INFLAMMATIONS. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF CHRONIC SYMPTOMS. Chronic Pleurisy. Inspiration slower than expiration; cough dry ; pulse quicker than natural, small and wiry.

Early

symptoms.

Chronic Pneumonia.

Respiration quick but free; cough con-

troublesome but

stant

tion.

If not ending in a cure, there is great

sion of serum into the chest, and generally also into the and limbs, belly causing suffocation by pressure.

difficulty of often ing,

The same as for acute pleurisy, but milder in degree, and the diet is not required to be so strictly confined to

Treat-

breath-

ending

The

in suffocation.

animal does not lie down, but sits up on his hind legs, supporting himself

scarcely affected.

Ends in a cure, or in a permanently chronic state of inflammation. Or, if fatal, there is suffocation from effusion, but this Is very rare in chronic bronchitis.

his fore legs.

Bleeding will selbe required.

dom

Give the calomel, opium, and tartar emetic, without the

Dispense with the emetic, and at once try the cough bolus (46).

In very

mild

cases, give ipecacuJ grain, rhubaib 2 grains, opium J grain, in a pill, 3

digitalis, in the anha doses

slops.

and severe, but without pain; pulse

full.

Either in a cure, or else there is an effu-

on ment.

re-

strained; expectoration trifling; pulse

quick and

Termina-

Chronic Bronchitis.

and painful; cough

Respiration quicli

ordered

for

acute pneumonia. After a few days, have recourse to the bolus (46). Diet nourishing, but strictly confined to farinaceous articles.

The embrocation

times a day. Apply the mustard embrocation (43). Milk diet, with nourishing slops.

of great service.

These various forms constantly run into one another, so that rarely find pleurisy without

monia without

bronchitis.

Still,

one generally predominates over

the other, and, as far as treatment

dominating

may

some degree of pneumonia, or pneuis

concerned, the malady pre-

be considered as distinct.

So, also, there

every

shade between the very acute form, the acute, the subacute, the chronic, and the permanently chronic.

however, the two divisions are

For

practical purposes,

sufficient.

SPASMODIC ASTHMA.

What

often called asthma in the dog

chronic form of bronchitis, very

nothing more than a

common among

petted toy dogs

PHTHISIS,

OR CONSUMPTION.

or house dogs, which do not have

much

exercise.

335

The symptoms

and treatment are detailed uuder the head of Chronic Bronchitis. There

however, a form of true asthma, accompanied with

is,

spasms, amonff the same kind of dogs, the symptoms of which are

much more

They comprise a sudden

urgent.

ing, so severe that the is

difficulty in breath-

dog manifestly gasps for breath

still

;

there

no evidence of inflammation. This malady may be known by the

suddenness of the attack, inflammation being comparatively slow in

its

(45),

If the

(47).

ether

The treatment

approach.

an emetic

consists in the administration of

followed by the cough bolus

spasms are very severe, a

must be given,

viz.

full

(46),

or the draught

dose of laudanum and

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;1 drachm of laudanum, and 30 drops of

the ether, in water, every three hours, untU relief

The mustard embrocation

may be rubbed on

Though very

(42),

PHTHISIS,

OR CONSUMPTION.

often fatal

among

eases, neither Blain, Youatt, it.

I have, however,

Furthermore, I

every year from

it.

stage of softening,

highly-bred animals, phthisis

and

by writers on dog

doubt

know

its

existence as an ordinary

that hundreds of canines die

have seen the tubercules I

human

dis-

Mayhew making the slightest seen so many cases of tubercular

in almost every

have known scores of cases

blood-vessel has given way, producing the condition

the

(43),

nor

diseases in the dog, that I cannot affection.

afforded.

the chest with great advantage.

or consumption has not been noticed

allusion to

or the turpentine liniment

which a

known

being as spitting of blood.

The symptoms

of consumption are, a slow insidious cough, with-

out fever in the early stage, followed by emaciation, and ending, after

some months,

in diarrhoea, or exhaustion

from the amount of

expectoration, or in the bursting of a blood-vessel.

This

last is

generally, the termination in those dogs that are kept for use, the

work

which they are subjected leading

the heart, which

to excessive action of

likely to burst the vessel.

In the

latter stages

336 tiiere

INFLAMMATIONS. is

a good deal of constitutional fever, but the dog rarely

enough

lives long

Treatment

show

this condition,

dying rapidly from

as incurable, or

Though

little avail.

the disease cannot be cured,

bred from.

human

Cod-liver

oil

The dose

of just as

much

service as in the

except in the case

from a teaspoonful

to a tablespoonful ^

three times a day.

GASTRITIS, This affection

OR INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

is,

like all others of the

The former very

chronic.

same kind,

The symptoms

effect.

and evidently painful straining

either acute or

from poison, or

rarely occurs except

highly improper food, which has the same are a constant

postponed,

can only postpone the

not well to use

may be

and no phthisical animal should be

It is therefore

of house pets.

blood or diarrhoea.

the attack

subject, but, as before remarked,

fatal result.

being either destroyed

loss of

to vomit,

with an

tense thirst, dry hot nose, quick breathing, and an attitude is

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the animal lying extended on the

peculiar

floor,

in-

which

with his belly

in contact with the ground, and in the intervals of retching lick-

ing anything cold within reach. ing, if the attack is

grain each.

These

The treatment

consists in bleed-

very violent, and calomel and opium pills are to

lowed with two drops of the diluted hydrocyanic a small quantity of water.

pills,

of a

be given every four hours, to be folacid, distilled in

Thin gruel or arrow-root may be given

occasionally in very small quantities, but until the vomiting ceases,

they are of

little service.

If poison has clearly been swallowed,

the appropriate treatment must be adopted.

Chronic

only another name for one of the forms of symptoms and treatment of which are given else-

gastritis is

dyspepsia, the

where.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. This

one of the most

common

of the diseases to

which

sport-

ing dogs are liable, in consequence of exposure to cold and wet.

INTAMMATION OF THE LIVER.

337

It causes congestion of the liver, which runs into inflammation. Dogs deprived of exercise likewise contract it, because their livers first becoming torpid, the "bile accumulates, and then, in order to get rid of it, nature establishes an action which ends in inflammation. The symptoms are a yellow condition of the whites of the eye and of the sJiin generally, from which the disease is commonly

called " the Yellows."

Acute hepatitis comes on rapidly, and with a good deal of generally manifesting

itself

fever,

on the day following a long exposure

wet and cold. The dog shivers his nose is hot. His breathing more rapid than usual, and his pulse is quick and weak. The bowels are confined; and when moved, the "motions" are clayto

;

colored or slaty.

symptoms are not immediately attended coming on, and the strength The treatment should be, first, a consid-

If these

the case ends fatally, sickness

to,

being rapidly exhausted. erable abstraction of blood as

;

then give the bolus

has acted, rub the embrocation

over the

liver.

the

same

(13)

time, give calomel

;

and, as soon

on the right

(42) or (43)

and opium

side,

pills

a grain each, every four hours, taking care to keep the bowels opea

by the bolus

(13),

or by castor

oil (15).

returns to the motions, the calomel

As soon

may

as the proper color

be entirely or partially

discontinued, small doses of rhubarb and ipecacuanha being substituted.

emetic (45) in the early stages will sometimes act like

a charm, unloading the liver, and at once cutting short the congestion.

When, however, inflammation has

than useless, inasmuch as

Chronic hepatitis

Whenever

very different in

may be

and the dog

dition, that it is generally considered

any remedies

worse

its

symptoms from

the

suspected, and appropriate

commenced forthwith

liver is perceptibly enlarged,

scarcely

it is

the faeces are pale, dark, or slate-colored,

the approach of this disease

treatment should be

actively set in,

aggravates the disease tenfold.

caused more frequently by improper food

than by exposure, and acute form.

will be of

much

;

but

it is

not until the

evidently out of con-

to be established.

service.

this

Then

time there

frequently not only a hard enlarged state of the liverâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; easily

felt

through and below the ribs on the right sideâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; but also a yield-

;

338

INFLAMMATIONS.

ing watery enlargement of the belly, from a collection of serous

which

fluid,

thrown out

veins, as they return

consequence of the pressure on the

through the

liver.

The

skin

hide-bound,"

the hair dull and awry, and the dog looks thin and wretched.

The treatment

consists in the use of small doses of mercury, or

podophyllin, according to the state of the liver times ipecacuanha

lard,

may

The

be rubbed into the

may

side,

and will

mixed

may

be used instead.

be given at the same time, and mild farinace-

the liver begins to act, disease relaxes,

act,

one drachm to one ounce

ous food, with a small quantity of weak broth.

shown by

After a time, as

the yellow color of the faeces, the

and the mercury may be dispensed with.

thing, however, considerable

general

or some-

;

red iodide of mercury

of the lard, or the embrocation (42) or (43)

Gentle exercise

or (13)

long time, however, to

only in very mild cases.

suffice

(1)

be given instead of the mercury, in half-

It requires a

grain doses.

with

may

stomach recovers

its

A strong

tone.

boiled in water and strained,

may

time elapses

before

the

decoction of dandelion roots

be given for this purpose, the

dose being half a teacupful, administered every morning.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Four varieties of inflammation of the bowels acute inflammation of the peritonaeal coat

;

are

met with,

cular coat, attended with congestion or inflammation, and as colic

and

;

known

Inflammation of the mucous coat, attended by diarrhoea;

chronic inflammation, generally followed by constipation.

Acute inflammation of the nitis

viz.: 1,

spasms of the mus-

and

enteritis,

peritonaeal coat

according as

its

known

as perito-

attacks are confined to the

mem-

brane lining the general cavity, or to that covering the intestines but, as there is is little

severe.

seldom one without more or

practical use in the distinction.

They

are indicated

less of the other, there

The symptoms

nose, ears, and legs, hot breath, and anxious expression

evidence of pain, which

are very

shivering, feverishness, cold dry

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;showing

increased on pressing the bowels with

THE BOWELS.

INFLAJkTMATION OF the hand. is

The

together.

The bowels T^ere

Sometimes there runs on, and,

The

kept closely against the body.

tail is

peculiar to the disease, the back being arched,

colored.

339

are costive,

attitude

and the legs drawn

and the urine scanty and highly-

likewise thirst, attended with loss of appetite.

The

a slight vomiting after food.

not relieved,

take a large quantity of blood

fatal in a ;

disease soon

few days.

treat

it,

opium in grain Place the dog in a warm

give calomel and

doses of each, every three or four hours.

bath for half an hour, and, after drying him, rub in the embroca-

and applying

tion (43), avoiding pressure,

After twelve hours, the bowels castor oil (15)

or, if

;

ing the calomel

may

rapidly, but lightly.

be moved by means of the

necessary, by the strong mixture

pills until

the tenderness ceases.

(16),

Great

repeat-

skill is re-

quired in adapting the remedies to the disease, and a veterinary

surgeon should

be called

in,

whenever the dog

worth the

expense. Colic

a frequent complaint

among

dogs, the signs being in-

tense pain, aggravated at intervals to such a degree as to cause the patient to

howl most

as far as possible, itself

suddenly after a

to exist, but the

The back at the same time is arched drawn together. If this shows

loudly.

and the

legs are

full meal, the colic

howl

may at

once be surmised

at first is not very loud, the

with a sharp moan, and then lying

down

and moan in a few minutes with increased of a natural appearance, and there

is little

dog

starting

The nose

intensity.

The

of pain being all that directs the attention to the bowels.

bad

grains of solid

embrocation

drop)

may

drachm) and ether

be given in a

opium every four hours

(45)

water every two or three hours

cases, croton oil (1

may

also be

once, or after a very hot bath.

;

pill

or, in

very

with three

until the pain ceases.

The

rubbed into the bowels, either at

The

clyster (17)

may

also be tried

warm

with advantage, and sometimes a very large quantity of water thrown into the bowels while the dog will afiFord instant relief.

or no fever, the evidence

treatment should be by means of laudanum (30 drops) in a little

again, to repeat the start

in the

warm

bath,

Colic sometimes ends in intussusception,

or a drawing of one portion of the bowel into the other

;

but of

INFLAMMATIONS.

340 this there is

no evidence during life.

If there were,

no remedy would

avail short of opening the belly with the knife and drawing out

Diarrhoea, or inflammation

the inverted portion with the hand.

mucous membrane of the bowels, is a constant visitor to the The symptoms are too plain to need description, further kennel. than to remark that the motions may be merely loose, marking slight irritation, or there may be a good deal of mucus, which is an of the

evidence of great irritation of the membrane or, again, there may be shreds or lumps of a white substance resembling the boiled white of an egg, in which case the Inflammation has run very high. ;

Lastly, blood

bowels,

when

may

be poured out, marking either ulceration of the

the blood

when The treatment

bright in color, or an

small intestines,

color.

varies.

irritation

oozmg from

from improper food

If there is reason to believe that exists, a

dose of

oil (15) will clear all

away and nothing more is needed. In slight cases diarrhoea, laudanum may be added to a small dose of this does not

the

and chocolate

of a pitchy consistence

have the desired

efiect,

try

(6), (8),

mucous

oil (7).

(9).

Bleeding

from an ulcerated surface or from the small intestines seldom occurs except in distemper, and can rarely be restrained when severe. Relief

may

be attempted by the bolus (18) or the

shock to the system

avail.

but the

In case of bleeding from the large

health being restored. tines, the

pill (19),

generally too great to allow of perfect

chalk mixture

(6),

together with the bolus

(18),

intes-

will often

Rice water should be given as the only drink, and well-

boiled rice flavored with milk as the only solid food.

Chronic inflammation with constipation

very liable to occur in

dogs which are not exercised, and are fed with biscuit or meal without vegetables. The treatment of habitual constipation should be regular exercise and green vegetables with food.

meal tive

will generally act gently

animal

may be

fed

upon porridge with great advantage, mixed

with wheat-flour or Indian meal. medicine as a

rule,

Coarse oat-

on the bowels of*the dog, and a cos-

though there

dose of a mild drug like castor

It is better to

no objection

oil.

avoid opening

an occasional

If the faeces are impacted,

throw up warm water or gruel repeatedly,

until they are softened,

KIDNEY, BLADDER, AND SKIN DISEASES. same time giving the aperient

at the

give every morning to a will lie

(12), (15),

dog of average

on a quarter of a

For

(16).

much

size as

341 piles,

brimstone as

dollar.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS AND BLADDER. The former

of these affections, -which

may

known by

scantiness of urine, and evident pain in the loins,

mon

a great

not very com-

The only

in the dog, but it does occasionally occur.

treat-

ment

likely to be of service, is the administration of carbonate of

soda

(5 grs.),

with 30 drops of sweet

The

water twice a day.

bladder,

spirit of

nitre, in

little

and the urethra leading from

for the i^assage of the urine, are often subject to a

mation characterized by pain and constant

mucous

inflam-

irritation in passing

water, and by a gradual dropping of a yellowish discharge from the

This

organ.

giving in

full

generally the result of cold, and

dosss of nitre (10

grs.),

some water twice a week.

severe, balsam of copaiba

with

Epsom

may be

salts (half

If the discharge

treated

an ounce),

and pain are very

may be administered, the best form being

the " capsules "

now

age-sized dog.

If the discharge has spread to the exterior of the

organ, the

wash

sold, of

(20) will

which two form a dose for an aver-

be of service.

SKIN DISEASES. Nearly

all

skin diseases are due to neglect in

some form.

In the

dog, they arise either from improper management, as in the case of " blotch," or " surfeit," or from the presence of parasites, as in

mange.

These three names are

all that

in the dog, though there can be

and mange

itself is

hend several

and

all

are applied to skin diseases

no doubt that they vary

greatly,

subdivided by different writers so as to compre-

varieties.

Fleas, ticks, etc., likewise irritate the skin,

will therefore be included here, the inflammation

by them being entitled as mange itself.

produced

to be considered a skin disease as

much

INFLAMMATIONS.

342

Blotch, or surfeit, shows

matted

casionally

itself in

on the back,

hair,

the shape of scabby lumps of

sides, head,

on the inside of the

and

thighs.

quarters, as well as oc-

They vary

in size

from a

ten cent to twenty-five cent piece, are irregularly round in shape,

and

after

about three or four days, the scab and hair

fall off, leav-

ing the skin bare, red, and slightly inclined to discharge a thin

The

serum.

disease

not contagious, and evidently arises from

gross feedmg joined very frequently with

want

of exercise,

and

often brought out by a gallop after long confinement to the kennel.

The

appropriate treatment

aperients

(11), (13),

remove the cause by giving mild

with low diet and regular exercise, by

(14),

the aid of which, continued for

any

some

little

time, there

eruption between the toes, similar in

"blotch,"

seldom

its

nature and cause to

common, showing itself chiefly at the roots and often making the dog quite lame. In bad cases, also very

of the

nails,

when

the constitution

impaired by defective kennel arrange-

ments, the sores become very foul, and are very

The

difficulty in effecting a cure.

general health must

as in " blotch "

bluestone, nails.

be attended

first

the cause

the same.

which should be well rubbed

When

the health

foul state, give

from

much

difficult to heal.

using the same means

to,

Touch

the sores with

into the roots of the

impaired and the sores are in a

drops of liquor arsenicalis with

five to eight

each meal, which should be of good nourishing food.

This must

be continued for weeks, or even months in some obstinate cases. After applying the bluestone, tar-ointment

;

then dust

Foul mange, resembling

it is

often well to rub in a very

little

over with powdered brimstone.

all

psoriasis in

man,

an unmanageable

disease of the blood, requiring a complete change in the blood be-

fore a cure can be effected.

though probably not contagious. bitch apparently cured of

produce a

litter

of whelps

it,

all

satisfied that

For example,

hereditary,

have seen a

and with a perfectly healthy of

skin,

which broke out with mange

four or five months old, though scattered in various parts of the country.

The

bitch afterwards revealed the impurity of her

blood by again becoming the subject of mange.

should there-

SKIN DISEASES. fore never breed

from

There

of eruption.

either a

dog or bitch attacked by

an offensive discharge from the

further removed is

by the constant scratching

Give low

(12) or (13).

until he

who

of the poor dog,

Generally there

want of

falls

which

a fat

exercise, but the appe-

diet without flesh, starving the

dog

ready to eat potatoes and green vegetables, alternately

with oatmeal porridge

stomach

hair,

Clear the bowels with a brisk aperient,

often deficient.

This dries and

it.

with them a good deal of the

tormented with incessant itching.

tite

from the

surface, chiefly flowing

unwielclly state of the system for

such as

form

this

considerable thickening of the skin, with

cracks and ulcerations under the scabs on off in scales, taking

343

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;in

down

brought

As soon

moderate quantities.

as the

kind of food, but not before,

to this

begin to give the liquor arsenicalis with the food, the dose being a to

eight

pounds weight, for example,

times daily tions,

A dog

each four pounds in weight of the animal.

drop

;

will require

two drops, three

taking care to divide the food into three equal por-

and not

to give

more of

this altogether

than

required for

The arsenic must be administered for weeks or even months. As soon as the itching abates, and the health is improved, the mangy parts of the skin may be slightly the purpose of health.

dressed with small quantities of sulphur and pitch ointments,

mixed

In two or three months the blood

in equal proportions.

becomes

purified, the eruption disappears,

impaired, a stomachic or tonic, (59) or

Sometimes the ointment

and the health seems

(62), will

often be required.

(58a) will be necessary.

Virulent mange, similar to psora and porrigo in the

two

ject, is of

In the former case, which

other of vegetable origin.

common disease

form,

its

most

The

highly contagious.

when

from want of

sub-

and the

appears in large, unclean, unkempt kennels.

The

skin

the scabs are removed.

sleep

and some feverishness.

languid and

The treatment

based upon a belief that

The dog

listless

;

dry and rough, with

cracks and creases, from some of which there discharge

human

kinds, one attributable to a parasitic insect,

a thin ichorous feeds well, but

likewise

of this

shows

thirst

form of mange

caused by an insect of the acarus

INFLAMMATIONS.

344 tribe,

which has been detected by the microscope

but which by some people

However

and not a cause of mange.

described above, and asite

be,

are

life,

it is

found that

rare than that

vegetable par-

mange

This parasite

supposed to be of the nature of mould or fungus, which obstinately tenacious of

any liquid where

and

life,

sect-produced form, but

may

differs

its

germs.

very

known by

The

In outward

little

from the

all ages,

but chiefly

hair falls off in both, but there

scab in the insect mange, probably from the fact, that

The treatment is nearly

chiefly with external remedies,

tonics are often required

accompanies the this,

disease.

same

(2)

and

according to circumstances.

may

zle so that the

combined

not

and

which generally

all cases, therefore, it is

(3)

both cases, being

alteratives, stomachics,

loss of health

giving generally a mild aperient

and subsequently

applications

though

from the

the

does not

produce such violent itching, and therefore the scratching so incessant.

in-

generally attack-

its

ing young puppies, while the other appears at in the adult animal.

most

reproduced again and again in

has once developed

appearance this variety of mange

13),

most

far the

difficult of cure, the

of virulent

still

being less easily destroyed than the insect.

attend to

cases, effect,

such as hellebore, sulphur, corrosive sublimate, tobacco,

The second kind

etc.

may

this

remedies which are destructive to insect eflBcacious,

many

maintained to be an accidental

first,

necessary to

such as

together, or

(1)

(12)

and

(59),

the same time one of the following

be tried externally, using a wire or leather muz-

dog does not

lick off the ointments, either

one of

when taken into the stomach. for virulent mange Green iodide of mer2 ounces. Mix, and rub as much as can

them, as they are highly poisonous

Ointment (or dressing) cury, 2 drachms.

Lard,

be got rid of in this way, into the diseased skin, every other day, for a

week

;

then wait a week, and dress again.

no superfluous ointment. ointment, 4 oz.

every other day.

A milder ointment

Take care to

leave

Compound sulphur

Spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce.

Mix, and rub in

All applications should be rubbed well into the

roots of the hair.

Red mange

differs materially

from

either of the

above forms, be-

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

;

345

SKIN DISEASES.

ing evidently a disease of the bulb -which produces the hair, inas-

much

as the coloring matter of the hair itself

shows

itself

altered.

It first

almost invariably at the elbows and inside the arms,

then on the fiont and inside of the thighs, next on the buttocks,

on the back, which is attacked when the disease has exsome weeks or months. The general health does not appear to suffer, and the skin is not at all scabbed, except from the efiects of the scratching, which is very frequent, but not so severe

and

finally

isted for

Red mange

as in the virulent or foul mange. gious, but

by no means a

probably conta-

settled question, as

will often be

seen iu single dogs which are in the same kennel with others free

from fire,

Dogs highly

entirely.

are

most subject

affected

it,

fed,

and allowed to

with the foul or virulent forms.

lower the diet

;

lie

before the

while the poor half-starved cur becomes

give aperients (12) to

The treatment

Following up these

(13).

with the addition of green vegetables to the food, at the same time using one or other of the following applications every other day.

may

In obstinate cases arsenic Dressing for red

mange

spirits of turpentine, 2

be given internally.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Green iodide of mercury, 1^ drachm

drachms

;

Rub

lard, 1^ ounce.

a very

little

of this well into the roots of the hair every other day.

Or, use carbolic acid, 1 part

Use

water, 30 parts.

;

Canker of the ear has elsewhere been alluded

as a wash.

under the

dis-

eases of that organ.

inflammation of the skin is produced by fleas, lice, and which are readily discovered by examining the roots of the

Irritative ticks,

hair.

human

Dog-fleas resemble those of the

infesting the animal are

pearance.

Dog-ticks

much

larger,

maj"- easily

subject.

The

lice

but otherwise similar in ap-

be recognized by their spider-like

forms, and bloated bodies, the claws adhering firmly to the skin, so that they are with all sizes,

ladybird.

from

some

difficulty

removed.

They suck

a great quantity of blood

and impoverish the animal

last are of

The remedies

when numerous,

to a terrible extent, partly

on the system, and partly by the constant produce.

These

that of an average pin's head to the dimensions of a

are as follows

irritation

by the drain which they

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 346

INFLAMMATIONS.

To remove Mix

;

fleas

and

:â&#x20AC;&#x201D; much carbonate

lice

of soda as will make it into a rub this well into the roots of the hair all over the dog's body, adding a little hot water, so as to enable the operator to completely saturate the skin with it. Let it remain on for half an hour, then put the dog into a warm bath for ten minutes, letting him quietly soak, and now and then ducking his head under. Lastly wash the soap completely out, and dry before the fire, or at exercise, if the weather is not too cold. soft soap with as

thick paste

This, after

;

two or three

repetitions, will completely cleanse the foulest

skin.

Dry remedies

for lice and ticks

Break up the lumps of some white precipitate, then with a hard brush rub it well into the roots of the bair over the whole body. Get rid of the superfluous powder from the external surface of the coat by means of light brushing or rubbing with a cloth. Place a muzzle on, and leave the dog with the powder in the coat for five or six hours. Then brush all well out, reversing the hair for this purpose, and the ticks and lice will all be found dead. A repetition at the expiration of a week will be necessaiy, or even perhaps a third time. Or, use the Persian Insect-destroying Powder,

answer

which seems

well.

Or, the following

borax, i

drachm

;

wash may be

distilled water,

the roots of the hair.

tried

Acetic acid

4^ ounces.

3|-

ounces

Mix, and wash into

CHAPTER DISEASES ACCOMPANIED BY CHOREA.

— SHAKING

PALST.

WANT OF POWER.

— FITS. — WORMS. — GENEEAI>

DROPSY

AiJASARCA. is attended by increased action of the heart and The above class of diseases is, on the contrary, accompanied by a want of tone (atony) in these organs, as well as by an irritability of the nervous system. None of them require lowering

Inflammation

arteries.

measures, but, tonics and generous living are demanded.

included

worms

have

in the classification, because these parasites pro-

duce a lowering

effect,

and rarely

infest to

any extent a strong

healthy subject, preferring the delicate and half starved puppy, to the full-grown and hardy dog.

CHOREA. Vitus's dance, may be known by the spasmodic accompany it, and cease during sleep. In slight spasm is a mere drop of the head and shoulder, or some-

Chorea, or

St.

twitches which cases the

times of the hind quarter only, the nods in the former case, or the in the latter, giving a very silly

backward drop

Chorea

sion to the animal.

temper, so that rarely destroys

and the

life,

unnecessary to describe

though

its

early stages.

occasiomlly accompanied by

sufferer ultimately dies, apparently

the exact nature of the disease

and weak expres-

generally a consequence of dis-

we know

It fits,

from exhaustion.

examination of the brain and spinal cord leading to no decided sult.

In the treatment

worms, and ficial,

it is

re-

desirable to ascertain the existence of

they are found, no remedy will be likely to be bene-

so long as they are allowed to continue their attacks.

347

nothing, the most careful

ATONIC DISEASES.

348

they are only suspected,

it is

prudent to give a dose of the most

simple worm-medicine, such as the areca nut

away only one or

(65).

two, the presence of others

may

If this brings

be predicated,

and a persistence in the proper medicines will be necessary, until Beyond this, the the dog is supposed to be cleansed from them. remedies must be directed to improve the general health, and at the same time to relieve any possible congestion of the brain or spine, is

by the insertion of a seton

very beneficial.

Fresh country

in the neck.

proper proportion of vegetables does not avail, recourse

had

to the following tonic,

which

Sulphate of zinc, 2 to 5 grains

and form a

bolus.

air

good nourishing animal food, mixed with a

;

may

often of the greatest service

extract of gentian, 3 grains.

Mix,

be given three times a day.

Careful attention must be paid to the state of the bowels, both constipation and looseness being prejudicial to the health, and each

Sometimes the tonic

requiring the appropriate treatment. will

do wonders, and often the change from

zinc and back again will be of

continued by

itself.

pill (62)

to the sulphate of

service than either of

A perseverance in

of the shower-bath, used by

them

these methods, with the aid

means of a watering-pot applied

to the

head and spine, and followed by moderate- exercise, will sometimes entirely remove the disease.

In the majorityof cases a slight drop will be ever afterwards noticed, and in sporting-dogs the strength is seldom wholly restored.

SHAKING PALSY. This resembles chorea in

its

nature, but

it is

incessant, except

during sleep, and attacks the whole body.

The same remedies

may be

though not always

applied, but

destroying

it is

an incurable

disease,

life.

FITS. Fits are of three kinds cially in the

puppy, and

1st,

those arising from irritation, espe-

known

as convulsive

fits

;

2ndly, those

349

FITS.

connected with pressure on the brain, and being of the nature of

apoplexy

;

and even

at intervals,

and, Srdly, epileptic

Convulsi\ c

viz.,

fits

and occur

tion,

during the

which may occur

fits,

through the whole

by the irritation of dentitwo periods when the teeth are cut,

are generally produced

chiefly at the

month, and from the

first

fifth to

the seventh month.

They come on suddenly, the puppy lying on its more or less convulsed. There is no foaming at the recovery

from them

the use of the hot-bath,

may sometimes

give

relief.

by absolute mischief

which

at all likely to

young and

foam

the dog

fits

be of service,

delicate puppies

Fits arising in distemper, are caused

in the brain, unless they occur as a conse-

quence of worms, which being removed, the In apoplectic

fits

cease.

insensible, or nearly so

lies

mouth, but snores and breathes heavily.

at the

and being

side,

the mouth, and

gradual, in both these points differing

The only treatment

from epilepsy.

at all ages,

of the animal.

life

does not

;

Take away

blood from the neck-vein, afterwards purging by means of croton oil,

and

inserting a seton in the

however,

back of the neck.

The

attack,

generally fatal, in spite of the most scientific treat-

ment. Epilepsy

may

be distinguished by the blueness of the

lips

and

gums, and by the constant champing of the jaw and frothing at the mouth.

The

fit

comes on without any

notice, frequently in

sporting dogs while they are at work, a hot day being specially

provocative of

In the pointer and

it.

occurs just after a

upon the brain.

' '

setter,

The dog

the birds are sprung, after

falls directly

lying struggling for a few minutes, he

him, and then sitting or lying

down

fit almost always which appears to act

the

point," the excitement of

rises,

looking wildly about

again for a few minutes,

ready to renew work apparently unconscious that anything unusual has occurred.

in chorea so in epilepsy,

of the cause and the treatment pirical principles.

has been

Within the

last ten

cannot bear testimony as to the

its

use in

result.

known

by the most em-

years bromide of potassium

human subject, but many cases on the dog, I The dose for a moderate-

used with great success in the

although I have recommended

nothing

therefore guided

;

ATONIC DISEASES.

350

sized animal is 3 grs. twice a

day in a

continued for a month

pill,

at least.

WORMS.

Worms

are a fertile source of disease in the dog, destroying

every year more puppies than does distemper

itself

;

and, in spite

of every precaution, attacking the kennelled hound or shooting-dog, as well as the

and

pampered house-pet and the half -starved

constantly used kennels, they are particularly

that, in

some way,

rife,

In old

cur.

and

I believe

ova remain from year to year, attached

their

either to the walls or to the benches.

All of the varieties met

with are propagated by ova, though some, as

the Ascaris lumbri-

coides are also viviparous, so that the destruction of the actually existing at the time the vermifuge sarily

imply the

worms

given does not neces-

He may

after clearance of the animal.

be infest-

ed with them as badly as before, from the hatching of the eggs left

behind.

met with

Besides the intestinal worms, there are also others

in the dog, including the large kidney

worm, and the

in all probability the cause of turnside.

hydatid, which

therefore,

describe the appearance of each kind of

first

then the symptoms of worms in general; and,

means

lastly,

I shall,

worm

the best

for their expulsion.

The Maw-worm

human

subject,

much

which

" thread-worm."

larger than

In the dog

it is

representative in the is

hence called the

about an inch in length, having

Maws-worms

a milky white color.

its

a mere thread, and

numbers They do not

exist in great

dog, chiefly occupying the large intestines.

in the

injure

the health to any great degree, unless they exist in very large numThey are male and female, and are propagated by ova. bers.

The Round-worm firm, alike,

and of a pale pink and are

engraving.

from four color.

to seven inches long, round,

The two

slightly flattened in

extremities are exactly

one direction at the point.

Figure 47 shows a group of three round

actually discharged from

were thus knotted.

the intestine of

worms

See as

dog in which they

have often seen from six to a dozen round

WORMS. worms solid

pao-ated

by ova, but sometimes

This species occasions

worm, but still Tape-worms

Like the

in the

The other kinds

much more dog are of

be seen,

full of

body of

small ones.

inconvenience than the

maw-

which the Tania

five kinds, of

common

are not readily distinguished

Fig.

now

they are pro-

far less than the tape- worm.

solium and Bothriocephalus latus are

are

discharged to form a

last species,

these are hatched in the

worm may

the parent, so that a large

all

when

thus collected together, so as

mass as large as an egg.

351

man and

the dog.

from these two, and

47.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;MAW-WORM.

said to be developed

the livers of sheep, rabbits, etc.

from the hydatid forms found

The

peculiarity in the bothrioce-

phalus consists in the shape of the head, which has two lateral

longitudmal grooves, while that of the true taenia Professor long.

Owen

says

The breadth

The Tmnia

varies

hemispherical.

solium (Fig. 48)

from one-fourth of a

several feet

line at its anterior

part to three or four lines towards the posterior part of the body,

which then again diminishes.

The head

(fig.

49) is small,

and

generally hemispherical, broader than long, and often as truncated anteriorly surface,

;

the four mouths, or oscula, are situated on the anterior

and surround the central rostellum, which

very short,

353

ATONIC DISEASES.

terminated by a minute apical papilla, and surrounded by a double circle of small

recurved hooks.

The segments

anterior part of the body, are represented

of the neck, or

by transverse

rugae, the

marginal angles of -which scarcely project beyond the lateral

The succeeding segments

line.

are subquadrate, their length scarcely

-TAPE-WORM,

They then become

exceeding their breadth. rovper anteriorly, thicker

which

and broader

sensibly longer, nar-

the posterior margin,

slightly overlaps the succeeding joint.

The

last series of

segments are sometimes twice or three times as long as they are broad.

The generative

orifices are

of the margins of each joint,

placed near the middle of one

and generally

alternate.

WORMS. The Tmnia solium

androgynous

;

353 that

to say,

produces

its

ova without the necessity for the contact of two individuals, the male and female organs being contained in each.

Owen furthCx

describes them: " In each joint of this

a large branched ovarium, from which a duct

The ova

crowded

Professor

worm

there

continued to the

and in those body they generally present a brownish color, which renders the form of their receptacle sufficiently conspicuous. In segments which have been expelled lateral opening.

are

in the ovary,

situated on the posterior segments of the

separately, it is

we have observed

in these that the

the ovary to be nearly

empty

male duct and gland are most

and

;

easily per-

For this purpose, it is only necessary to place the segment between two slips of glass, and view it by means of a simple lens, magnifying from 20 to 30 diameters. A well defined line, more slender and opaque than the oviduct, may then be traced, extending from the termination of the oviduct, at the lateral openceived.

middle of the joint, and inclined in a curved or slightly

ing, to the

wavy

line to

near the middle of the posterior margin of the seg-

ment, where

terminates in a small oval vesicle.

by transmitted

light, is

at the circumference, indicating

The is

duct,

deferens,

its

hollow or vesicular structure.

contains a grumous

From

this

ova are impregnated on

minute description,

may

secretion

their passage

enormous numbers, each section of the

passed out of the body with the faeces,

outward."

worm

;

being capable of

and as they are

not surprismg that

they are readily communicated from one dog to another, as to be the case

certain kennels,

these

which

worms is

from the fact of

and absence from others. twofold,

viz.,

be gathered that the ova are

producing them to an almost indefinite extent

most proved

;

In this species,

slightly dilated just before its termination.

therefore, the

vas

This, as seen

subtransparent in the center, and opaque

is al-

their prevalence in

The

injury caused

the abstraction of nourishment,

absorbed by the worms, and the irritation produced by

their presence in the intestines.

is,

therefore, of the utmost im-

portance to get rid of so troublesome customers.

The Kidney-worm

{gigas\ Professor

Owens

says,

" inhabits the

ATONIC DISEASES.

354 kidney of the ton, horse, color,

clog, as

and

well as that of the wolf, otter, raccoon, glutIt is generally of a

bull, (see flg. 50).

which seems

to be

owing

to the nature of

derived from the vessels of the kidney,

as,

taken place round

it,

the

worm

has been

human

In the

known

has been

which

when suppuration has

found of a whitish hue. kidney

dark blood-

food,

its

to attain the

length of three feet, with a diameter of

The head

half an inch. the

mouth

six hemispherical is

slightly

striae,

sions.

obtuse,

(a),

orbicular and surrounded papillag (a)

impressed

with

the

;

body

circular

and with two longitudmal impresThe tail is incurved in the male

and terminated by a dilated point or bursa

from the base of which the

(b),

single iutromittent spiculum

(b),

projects.

In the female, the caudal extremity

and

less attenuated

anus

(c),

little

with the

straighter,

below the apex."

have

been thus particular in inserting descriptions of these is

worms, because

their study

becoming more general, and they pre-

sent a large field for

microscopic

the

inquirer.

Indications

worms

the

dog

should be carefully noted and anxiously

looked is

healthy Fig.

50.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;KiDNET-woRM.

l^^ir

appearance

worms may the

body

to the

exist

presence of is

for

fat.

They of

are,

the

an un-

coat,

the

looking dead and not lying smoothly

and evenly. in proportion

the animal

for, if the health of

any importance.

condition,

The

which

months without

appetite is ravenous

generally low, though interfering

much with

After a time, however, the fat of

the

absorbed, and the muscles, without being firm and promi-

355

"woEMS.

marked with intervening

nent, are

faeces are passed frequently

and the breath extent

when

attended with

upon the

more or

less

all

of these symptoms.

pus.

being only

The kidney-worm has no it

unless the dog

produces bloody urine,

as this

impossible to predict

its

often present with-

existence during

When worms

order to distinguish the species, (16),

but

Still,

with any degree of certainty.

and jalap

maw-worm

the

;

comparison with the others, and rarely being

intestinal secretions,

it is

of the

worms

better to give a dose of calomel

very weakly,

life,

are suspected, in

when

the areca nut

may be sustituted (65). Then, by watching the faeces, lar worm may be detected and the treatment altered The expulsion

full

troubled with tape-worm, or with the

mixed with

out the worm,

particularly

nose hot and dry,

spirits are dull, the

in large quantities

slightly injurious in

The

absence.

These signs are only present to the

offensive.

the dog

round-worm

effect

The

worms.

its

quantities, the separate

mucus each time being

passage of a small quantity of indicative of

from

lines

and in small

the proper

method

the particuaccordingly. of treatment

in all cases, taking care afterwards to prevent their regeneration,

by strengthening the system, and by occasional doses of the medicine suited to remove the worm in question. All vermifuges act as poison to the

worms

themselves, or as mechanical irritants

former including the bulk of these medicines, and the

latter

dered glass and tin as well as cowhage. These poisons are

all

;

the

pow-

or less injurious to the dog, and in spite of every precaution fatal results will occur after

it is

most of them even the areca nut, innocent ;

said to be, has occasionally nearly destroyed valuable dogs

under careful superintendence.

The following is a list of remedies for the various worms round and maw-worms: Betel nut {Niix areca). Stinking bore {Hellehorus

foetidus).

Santonine,

misia contra).

the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; For helle-

Indian pink (Spigelia Marylandica).

Calomel {Hydrargyri cMoridum). thium).

active

Cowhage {Mucuna

Wormwood principle pruriens).

{Artemisia Absin-

wormseed {ArtePowdered tin and

glass.

For tape-worm:

Spirits

of turpentine {Spiritus terebiniMna).

ATONIC DISEASES.

S56 Kousso {Brayerz

The

areca nut

Besant,

Pomegranate bark {Punica Ora-

anthelminticd).

Leaves and

natu7n).

was

who had

of male fern {Filix mas).

oil

recommended

first

seen

since been very generally adopted,

pose remarkably well.

round-worm

the

and appears

has

answer the pur-

should be given every week or ten days,

for six or seven times,

by Major

as a vermifuge

used in India for that purpose.

two or three maw-worm. Six or

present

doses occasionally given will suffice for the

;

eight hours afterwards, a dose of castor-oil should be administered.

The dose of the freshly powdered areca nut is about two every pound of the dog's weight. Thus a dog of 30 lbs. one drachm, or half an average nut.

is five

pink

mixed up with

or six grains

formed into a bolus,

a very powerful vermifuge

knowledge of the

risk

which

;

so frequently been followed

this

it is so,

have myself used

but

;

its

my readers If

employment has

fatal results in other

have no doubt whatever.

and

Indian

also occasionally acts

against

hands that I

How,

it.

has been, I have never been able to ascertain

very

must never be given without

incurred.

cannot do otherwise than caution

for a 30-lb.

eight or ten of jalap,

but

in numberless instances without injury

why,

The dose

to be given every five or six days.

very prejudicially on the dog, and

will take

Stinking hellebore

innocent, and even useful in other ways.

dog

grains to

;

but, that

determined to use

it,

half an ounce of the drug, as purchased, should be infused in half

a pint of boiling water

from a tablespoonful the dog, according to

;

and of

size,

a powerful expellant, but

dose

may be

from three

this infusion, after straining

it,

two tablespoonfuls should be given

followed by a dose of it

to five grains,

The dose is from

Santonine

state.

three grains jalap,

and

mixed with

Calomel

with danger. jalap.

Wormwood

the dose,

and given

glass, all act

the best, of

mixed with from

at intervals of a

its

ten to thirty grains, in syrup or honey.

an admirable remedy, when

The brown

The

given with advantage to young puppies, being mild in

operation.

pure

also is attended

oil.

week.

can be procured in a

which from one half five

to fifteen grains of

Cowhage, powdered

their mechanical irritation,

tin,

and may be given

GENERAL DROPSY. without the slightest

fear.

The

357

should be mixed with molas-

first

and a teaspoonful or two given occasionally. The second and third are better mixed with butter, the dose being as much as can be heaped upon a twenty-five cent piece. Spirits of turpentine is ses,

without doubt the most eflScacious of not given with care, the

satisfied,

all

worm

medicines

;

but, if

apt to upset the health of the dog, by irritating

mucous membrane

also. its

of the alimentary canal,

however, that

it is

undiluted form, and that by mixing

qualities are altogether suppressed.

and of the kidneys

not necessary to give

with

dangerous

oil, its

have known young puppies,

under two months of age, cleared of worms without the

slightest in-

by giving them from three to ten drops, according to their size, a teaspoonful of oil. The old plan was to tie up the turpentine in

jury, in

a piece of bladder, which

then to be given as a bolus

either broken in the throat, causing snflfocation

windpipe, or

it is

by the almost

dissolved in the stomach, which

caustic nature of

dose given in this

way

the

from half a drachm

Certainly

it is

very useful given in this way,

but I should prefer the mixture with rejected

from the stomach.

The

The ordinary

to half

oil,

if it

an ounce, the

full- sized

does not

though

into the

then irritated

turpentine.

being only adapted to very strong and

latter

but this

;

by getting

;

sometimes

dogs.

irritate

leaves and oil of the male fern

are both very eflicacious remedies,

when

obtained in a state of

purity.

GENERAL DROPSY. General Dropsy consists, in serum infiltrated into the cellular

membrane, beneath the skin of the whole body,

shown by

swelling without redness, and " pitting " on the pressure of the finger being removed.

The immediate cause

either in general debility,

by which the serum

is is

be looked for

not absorbed in

due course, or from defective action of the kidneys, by which the blood

overcharged with

it.

lants or gross food will produce

it,

remotely, improper stimu-

especially in foul

kennels, and iu old and worn-out dogs

when

the liver

and dirty is

deficient

ATOXIC DISEASES.

358 in activity.

The treatment must vary with

the cause, and

therefore important that this should be ascertained at once. Thus, in case there

merely general

the proper remedies.

debility, tonics (62) or (63) will

If the

kidneys are in

torpid, the diuretic bolus (40) or (41)

may

fault,

but merely

be relied on

;

while,

they have been inflamed, the treatment proper to that disease to. Sometimes, in a broken down constitution, when the urine is mixed with blood, small doses of cantharides may be found beneficial, as advised by Mayhew but these cases are so difficult to distinguish, that it is only when veterinary aid cannot be obtained that I should advise the use of this drug. The

must be resorted

;

dose

two

to three drops

Cantharides, 2 drops oz.

;

water twice a day; Tincture of

Spirits of Nitric Ether, 15

Mix, and give as a drench twice a day.

drops

;

Water, 1

CHAPTER

YI.

DISEASES ARISING FROM MISMANAGEMENT OR NEGLECT. Alf^MIA..â&#x20AC;&#x201D; RICKETS.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;INDIGESTION.

POVERTY OF BLOOD.

When

puppies are reared in densely populated parts of

cities,

even in the country where they are crowded together in large numbers, they are weakly in constitution their blood is pale, from ;

being deprived of the red particles which fresh air and good food,

with sunlight, will alone produce.

do with

this,

but not so

much

The feeding has a good deal to The signs are clear

as other causes.

enough, the young dog looking emaciated and delicate, and his coat staring, while his lips

washed

out.

Worms

and tongue

are of a pale pink, as

are almost always present,

gravate the disease tenfold.

and

Give plenty of fresh

try if possible, admitting the sun

all

air, in

occasions.

so they ag-

the coun-

Administer

good nourishing food, composed of the proper proportions of animal and vegetable ingredients. The following mixture of quinine and nine

steel

may

be used as an internal medicine

sulphate of iron, of each 1 grain

;

grains.

;

Mix, and give three times a day.

they must of course be got rid

Sulphate of qui-

extract of dandelion, 3 If

worms

are present,

of.

RICKETS AND ENLARGED JOINTS.

rickets

understood a soft and weak condition of the bones,

which the lime is deficient the gelatine comprising then- framework having no proper support, they bend in any direction which the superincumbent weight may give them. Hence we so often

;

359

DISEASES ABISING FROM NEGLECT.

360 see puppies

This

which are confined

usually the

to their kennels -with

bend forward, producing what

bandy

legs.

Sometimes the shins

sign of rickets.

first

called the "buck-shin,"

but

whether the legs bow outwards or forwards the cause is the same. The remedy is country air, exercise, and good food quinine and ;

steel pills,

ordered for poverty of blood, will also prove beneficial.

Enlarged joints

may

be merely a sign of excessive vigor in the

But there

formation of the bone.

enlargement of the joints, which scrofulous enlargement

may

to be

met with a scrofulous

seldom got rid

This

of.

occur in the knees, hocks, or

stifles,

but the last-named joints are usually the seats of the disease. Sometimes nature rallies and throws off this tendency to scrofula, but more frequently the joints become larger and larger, the lameness increases, and, in most cases nothing is left but to kill the sufferer.

INDIGESTION.

Among

common

the most

and neglect of exercise

comitant, constipation.

consequences of improper feeding

indigestion, attended

must be taken that the

restore the stomach, care

properly, the faeces being watched to see color;

its

usual con-

liver is acting

they are of a proper

they are not, small doses of calomel or blue

be required

(1), (2),

If,

13).

liver acts

may

be had to

the stomachic bolus

or to the draught

fail, if

(59),

out of order, recourse

aided by proper management.

never be forgotten that medicine time, the diet is attended to, cases of indigestion,

it is

pill will

on the contrary, the

properly, yet the stomach

seldom

moderate starvation does not soon

and

(60),

which

It should,

will

very

however,

of no use, unless, at the same sufficient exercise given.

particularly necessary to change the food

every third or fourth day.

CHAPTER

VII.

AND ACCIDENTS REQUIRING SURGICAL

DISEASES

AID. TUMORS.

—CANCER. —ENCYSTED TUMORS. —ABSCESSES. —UNNATURAL TURITION. —ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS.

PAR-

TUMORS. Bronchocele, or Goitre,

showing

itself in

and,

this

fails,

objected

to,

house

pets,

soft swelling in the front of

the sarsaparilla

The

internally also.

to the

formula

may

as follows: Iodide of potassium, 1

and rub

common among

very

consists in rubbing in iodine outward-

giving

remedy may be according is

and rather

The treatment

the thro£.t. ly,

a large

internal

but, if the expens3

be omitted.

drachm

in the size of a filbert, night

(8);

The ointment

Lard, 1 ounce.

;

Mix,

and morning.

CANCER. Cancer

a malignant disease, that

the natural powers,

caustic.

the disease

It is

is,

is, it is

incapable of a cure

however, very doubtful whether by their means

checked for any length of time, and does not return

after the lapse of a

few months.

The

knife

and should be used only by practised hands. cancer

and must be eradicated either by the knife or

the only remedy,

"When, therefore, a

to be removed, a veterinary surgeon should at once be

called.

ENCYSTED TUMORS. Encysted

tumors are sacs or

bags

various

sizes, just

beneath the skin, containing a thick, glairy, and transparent fluid

361

DISEASES ARISING EBOM NEGLECT.

363

They

resembling the white of an egg. their soft yielding feeling,

with the surrounding

slightest use.

and by

parts.

by want of connection

are readily detected

their evident

Nothing but the knife

cutting through them, the sac

may

of the

readily be

torn out, each half at a time, taking care not to leave a particle

behind, as

it is

grow again

sure to

into another sac of the

same

size as before.

ABSCESSES. Abscesses, the result of inflammation, are very

common

in the

They show themselves in the early stage, as hard painful swellings more or less deep, but gradually coming to the surface, when the skin reddens, and they burst in the course of time. Very often, however, the matter forms so slowly, and has such a tendency to burrow among the muscles, that, if it io dog.

out by the knife in the early stage,

let

tion as

hand

called " fluctuation."

the swelling with the

left

fingers of the right, in

pillow,

when

fluctuation ed,

pressure

That

elastic

to say,

on pressing one

hand, the other side

rises

side of

beneath the

way, just as happens with a water-

made upon

it.

When,

therefore, this

made out, a lancet or knife should be insertcut its way out, so as to leave a considerable open-

clearly

and made to

ing,

produces great exhaus-

from the quantity formed. Matter may be detected as soon is thrown out, by the sensation given to the fingers of each

which should be so arranged as to let the matter drain out at This is what in surgery is called a " depending open-

aii times.

ing."

UNNATURAL PARTURITION. When, says Mr. Youatt, the time is

of parturition arrives,

and there

evident difliculty in producing the foetus, recourse should be had

to the ergot of rye, given every

cumstances.

hour or half-hour, according to

If after a certain time,

some

progress,

cir-

however little,

PUERPERAL

FITS.

363

has been made, the ergot must be continued in smaller doses, or

perhaps suspended for a while

but, if all progress

;

evidently-

suspended, recourse must be had to the hook or the forceps.

much may be

gentle but continued manipulation

when

puppy can be brought into the passage. must be used, and the foetus be but Many a valuable animal is destroyed by the undue

the muzzle of the

Little force

broken.

little

as possible

application of force.

If the

animal seems to be losing strength,

a small quantity of laudanum and ether

The

patience of bitches in labor

their distress, if not relieved, is

look at such times

When

ploring.

may

be administered.

extreme, says Mr. Blaine

most striking and

aflFecting.

;

and

Their

and apparently im-

and the young ones

protracted,

mother may be saved,

have been broken.

may, one

particularly expressive

the pupping

are evidently dead, the pies

done, especially

none of the pup-

In process of time the different puppies

after anothei-, be extracted

;

when

but

violence has been

used at the commencement, or alaiost at any part of the process, death will surely follow.

PUERPERAL

FITS.

Nature proportions the power and resources of the mother to In her wild undomesticated state she

the wants of her offspring. is

able to suckle her progeny to the full time

state in

which we have placed

;

but, in the artificial

we shorten the interval bewe increase the number of her

her,

tween each period of parturition,

young ones at each birth, we diminish her natural powers of affoi'ding them nutriment, and we give her a degree of irritability which renders her whole system

by causes

that

liable to

be excited and deranged

would otherwise be harmless.

Fits ultimately follow.

Place the sufferer in a bath, temperature 96째, and cover her with the water, her head excepted.

It will

be surprising to see

how

soon

the simple application of this equable temperament will quiet

down

the erethism of the excited system.

quarter of an hoiu", she

may be

In ten minutes, or a

taken out of the bath evidently

DISEASES ARISIXG FKOM NEGLECT.

3G4 relieved,

and

situation, a tered.

good dose of physic having been previously adminis-

at length

restored.

from

wrapped

She soon breaks out

becomes gradually

and

and not very accurate drying having in a blanket and placed in some -warm

then, a hasty

taken place, she

her,

If,

in a profuse perspiration.

She

quiet.

falls into

to a certain degree

awakes somewhat weak, but

two

then, all her puppies except one or

and her food

and

after that given again in its usual quantity

live

and do

Bleeding at the time of her

well.

are taken

day or two, somewhat

for a

is,

Everything

a deep and long sleep,

restricted,

and kind, she fit,

will

or suffering

all

puppies to return to her, will inevitably destroy her.

ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. and

Cuts, tears, fore likely to

they are very extensive, and there-

bites, unless

occupy a long time in healing, are better

left

themselves, the dog's tongue being the best healing remedy.

when

a V-shaped flap

cut or tear

torn down, or a very long and straight

accidentally made, a

few

stitches should be put in

with a proper curved needle, armed with strong thread or It is

and then, an

When, however,

this plan

long as the stitches are kept fied until

man, but

drawing the skin

knot, and cut

ojSF

adopted, a muzzle must be

in,

to-

closely.

worn

because the dog never rests

satis-

he has licked tbe knots open, or in some way with his

and tongue has got

"by

assistant

common

gether, the ends are tied in a

heal

silk.

only necessary to introduce the needle in two places on ex-

actly opposite sides,

teeth

But

the fill

first

rid of them.

intention," that

up by what

wounds, more than one

is,

Wounds

in the

dog do not

in three or four days, as in

called granulation.

course, in long

stitch is required, but, as perfect

union can

never be effected by adhesion, the attempt to bring the edges carefully together is a failure

proach to

;

and, provided that anything like an ap-

this is efi'ected, all is

stitches at short distances.

done which can be desired by a few

A bandage may be

added afterwards

ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS and kept on for three days, the muzzle

after

being kept on.

still

365

which

When

the red granulations rise

above the level of the skin called then

must be changed proud

daily,

flesh," a piece of

bluestone should be rubbed on them daily, or often enough to keep

them down

When

to the proper level.

below the

level of the skin,

they never require caustic of any kind.

In any cuts about the legs or

feet,

the parts

may be protected by

collodion painted on rapidly with a cameFs-hair brush, and allowed to

dry but a very

little

;

friction

removes

Canada balsam, spread

it.

on white leather and warmed, will keep

its

place well enough to

bear the rubs of a course in the grey bound, and

or setter's foot, or, indeed, that of tion,

is,

A leathern boot may be made to

best application.

I believe, the

fit

the pointer's

any dog which requires

protec-

during work.

Fractures

may

ing in the legs or are detected

recur in any of the bones of the dog, but exceptribs, little relief

can be afforded by

by the deformity which

art.

They

seen in the part, an angle

being presented in the interval between two joints,

when

occur-

ring in the limb, and a crepitus or crackling being heard and felt

on handling the jury

When

part.

the ribs have been broken, the in-

by the depression which,

easily detected

grating sound often produced in breathing.

may

bandage

is felt,

and the

In this case a flannel

be bound tightly round the chest.

being bled, should be kept quiet, and fed on low

The

dog, after

diet.

A horse-

round and buckled answers the pur-

girth passed twice or thrice

not equal to a well-applied bandage.

pose pretty well, but

Fractures of the limbs

may

be set by extending the broken ends,

and then carefully applying wooden or gutta percha with two or three thicknesses of coarse

splints lined

flannel.

Dislocations occur in the shoulder and elbow very rarely the knee

and toes frequently;

occasionally,

and

with fracture.

in the

hock very seldom, except

all cases,

gentle liandling,

which marks the

and

fracture.

in connection

they are detected by the deformity

occurring in any of these joints, which tion

;

in the hip very often; in the stifle

not capable of restora-

not accompanied by the crepitus,

reduce a dislocation, two persons

DISEASES ARISING FKOM NEGLECT.

366

must lay firm hold of the two parts of the limb on each injured joint, and then extending

bone

in slight

them

and recent cases will be

felt slipping into the socket.

Chloroform should be given during the operation, not immediately successful

inasmuch as

side of the

strongly, the head of the

when made

the attempt

directly after the accident,

relaxes the muscles in a remarkable manner, and en-

ables the operator to proceed without being opposed gles of the dog.

by the

strug-

Dislocated toes are sometimes reduced directly

after the accident occurs, but they are very apt to return to their

deformed condition immediately, and a small splint should be bound on at once. In dislocations of the knee, also, a bandage should be applied, so as to keep the joint slightly bent, and prevent the foot from being put to the ground.

The operations likely to be

practised on the

dog are somewhat numerous, but the only ones

to be attempted

by any but the professed veterinarian

are bleeding,

wounds by

the ligature.

the insertion of a seton, and the closing of

fit

—— ———

FIRST

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK, 1877.

PRIZE WINNERS. Class 1. Champion English Setter Dogs. L. H. Smith, Canada, Leicester, 5 years. ^0. G. de L. Macdona, Cheshire, England, Ranger U., 3 years. V. H. C. Champion English Setter Bitches. Class 1. L. H. Smith, Canada, ^art, 5 years. $50. Newton, N. J., 3/rty, 3 years. V. H. C. Theo. Morford, C. S. Westcott, West Philadelphia, Magnet, 3 years. H. C. Class

Champion Irish Setter Dogs.

AmolaBurges,

Hillsdale, Mich., Rufus, red, 5 years. $50. Dr. Wm. Jarvis, Claremont, N. H., Elcho, 3 years. V. H. C. J. r. Rathyen, Port Richmond, Staten Island, Jack, 2? years. Campbell Stewart, New York, Duke, 4 years. C.

Class

H. C.

Champion Irish Setter Bitches.

Louis Kennel Club, Mo., Loo IL $50. W. J. Farrar, Toledo, Ohio, Carrie, 6 years. V. H. C. Benjamin S. Nelson, Flatbush, L. I., Maggie, 8 years. H. C. Thomas Adcock, Providence, R. I., Juno, 7 years. C. St.

Class 3. Champion Gordon Setter Dogs. Jesse Sherwood, Edina, Mo., Rupert, 4 years. $50. V. H. C. C. H. Bowker, Worcester, Mass., Refit. A. r. Copeland, Boston, Mass., Shot, 6 years. V. H. C. Class

Champion Gordon Setter Bitches.

A. F. Copeland, Boston, Mass., Nen-ah, 7h years.

$50.

Class 4.— Champion Pointer Dogs. R. J. Lloyd Price, England, Snaps/tot, 8 years. $50. Class 4. Champion Pointer Bitches. Columbus, Ohio, Kennel Club, RcU, 6 years. $50.

OPEN CLASSES. FOR DOGS OR BITCHES THAT HAV^E NE\T:R WON A FIRST Class 5. Imported English Setter Dogs.

PRIZE.

L. H. Smith, Canada, Paris, 3 years. $30. C. S. Westcott, West Philadelphia, Pedigree, 2 years. $20. Dudley Olcott, Albany, N. T. Guy Mannering, 2 years and 3 months. ,

Dudley

Olcott, Albany, N. T., Roderick Dhu, 2 years. Charles H. Raymond,' Morris Plains, N. J., £* years.

H. C. C.

Class 5. Imported English Setter Bitches. D. T. Charles. Albany, N. T., iVwa. $30. P. McShane, San Francisco, Cal, 14 months. Snow. $20. G. de L. Macdona, England, Magnet, 2 years. V. H. C. L. H. Smith, Canada, Rarl, 2 years. H. C.

367

— — —

———

ANXITAL BENCH SHOW.

368 Class

NEW

YORK.

Imported English Setter Dog Ptjtpies (under

months). D. T. Charles, Albany, N. T., Safe. J.

Foster, Leesbiirg, Va.,

Sam

$10. Tilden.

Class

V. H. C.

H. C.

D. T. Charles, Albany, N. Y., Blaze.

Imported English Setter Bitch Puppies (under

months). D. T. Charles, Albany, N. Y., Bosc. Erdmann A. Herzberg, New York,

Class

$10. Patti.

Native English Setter Dogs.

Charles A. Cross, Newark, N. J., Lark. $30. Holberton, New York, Sancho, 3 years. $20, Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., Bruce, 3 years. V. H. C. J. W. Barnum, Hempstead, L. I., Dan, 3 years. V. H. C. G. H. Gildersleev3, Brooklyn, N. Y., Bank, 3 years. V. H. C. C. L. Kitzman, New York, Spy, 31 years. H. C. A. S. Boutcher, Eastou, Pa., I)o7i, 2 years. H. C. G. H. Vannote, Tuckerton, N. J., Bon, 2 years. H. C. A. E. Chamberlain, Towanda, Pa., Duke, 6 years. H. C. J. H. Douglass, West Philadelphia, Way, 2 years. C,

Wakeman

Class

Native English Setter Bitches,

E, F. Mercilliott, New York, Grace, 18 months. $S0. G. B. Raymond, Morristown, N. J., Abbey, 1 year. $20. C. H. Raymond, Morris Plains, N. J., Sukie, 4i years. V. H, C. Abraham Lancing, Albany, N. Y., Bi, 1 year. H. C. E. F. Mercilliott," New York, Ptt, 5 years, M. C.

Class

Native English Setter Dog Puppies (under

months). Fleet Speir, M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., St. Elmo, 9 months, $10. M. Thomson, New York, Trim, 9 months. V. H. C. Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., Grouse, 9 months. H. C, Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., Qvail, 9 months. H. C. Dr. H. A. Rosenthal, Brooklyn, N, Y., Harnj, 4 months. H. C. S.

Class

Native English Setter Bitch Puppies (under

months), Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., Bess, 9 months. $10. Dr. n. A. Rosenthal, Brooklyn, N. Y., Horetta, 4 months. V. H. C. James L. Northrup, Newton, N. J., Mag, 5 months, V. H. C. N, Elmore, Granby, Conn., Jet, 8 months. V. H. C.

Class

Imported Irish Setter Dogs.

N. Callender, Albany, N. Y.,

Rmi

O'More, \\ year.

$30.

M. Von Culin, Delaware City, Del., Kite, 1 year. $20, Max Wenzel, Hoboken, N. J., Jack, 5 years. V. H. C. R. M. Lindsay, Scranton, Pa., Bash, 4 years. V. H. C, C. Z. Miley, Lancaster City, Pa., York, 2 years. H. C,

New

J. B. Miley, St. Louis 'Kennel

York, Grouse, 3i years. H. C. Club, Mo., Mcho 11. H. C.

H. A. Davis, Providence, R.

I.,

Limerick, 1 year.

H. C.

Ijiported Irish Setter Bitches. Class 7. T. Medley. England, Belle, 3i years. $30. M. Von Culin, Delaware City, Del,, Fire Fly, li year, $20.

———

—

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK. Watson, Westchester Co., N. T., Juno^ 4 years. New York City, Moya, 'Z years. H. C.

F. A.

V. H. C.

Develin,

J. E.

Class

Imported Irish Setter Dog Puppies (under

months). Harry Le Grand Cannon, New York, Guy, 9 months, St. Louis Kennel Club, Mo., Berkley. V. H. C. Class

369

$10.

Imported Irish Setter Bitch Puppies (Under

months. H. R. Bishop, N. T., Kathleen Mavourneen, 1 year, $10. Louis Kennel Club, Mo., Biddy. V. H. C. Max Wenzel, Hobokeu, N. J., Doe, 6 months. V. H. C. G. de L. Macdona, England, Jtuth, 1 year. V. H. C. St.

Class

Native Irish Setter Dogs.

$30. B. Bacheller, N. J., Buke, Jr., 3 years. $20. J. A. Barnes, Conn., /Snipe, 3 years. D. T. Charles, Albany, N. Y., Fritz, 4 years. V. H. C. K. Lawrence, Flushing, L. I., J^lot, 5 years. V. H. C. H. N. Munn, New York., Count of Orange, 6 years. V. H. C. W. B. Lawrence, Flushing, L. I., Scout, 2i years. V. H. C. V. H. C. J. E. J. Granger, New York, Teddy, 2 years. V. H. C. J. E. J. Granger, New York, Rump, 2 years. A. W. B. Crane, Newark, N. J., Jeff, 2 years. V. H. C. Everett Smith, Portland, Me. Guy, 5 years. V. H. C. Oscar Remmey, Jersey City, Pat, 5 years. V. H. C. W. R. Hobart, Newark, N. J., Boss, 1 year. V. H. C. V. H. C. J. B. Bargen, Red Bank, N. J., Fat, 14 months. F. H. Cozzens, New York, Humps, 3 years. V. H. C. Tom, 9 years. C. K. G. White, College Point, L. I.,

Class

—Native

Irish Setter Bitches.

New

F. H. Cozzens, York, Kate, 3 vears. $30. C. E. Miles, Brooklyn, L. I., Jule, 6 years. $20. K. G. Wliite, College Point, L. I., Lady II., 2i years. V. H. C. Raymond Creed, Jamaica, L. I., Eosey, 2 years. V. H. C. A. Taylor, Jr., York, Fan, 2i years. V. H. C. W. H. Bryant, Hempstead, L. 1., Bess, 2 years. V. H. C. T. Newbolds, New York., Countess, li year. V. H. C. J. Lambert, New York, Pcj. V. H. C.

New

•

Class

8.—Native

Irish

Setter Dog Puppies (under 13 months).

P. Asten, K. G. White,

New

York, Preston.

$10.

College Point, L. I., Brit. V. H. C. New York, B-r/orrah. Y. H. C. G. W. Bassford, New York, Dash. V. H. C. H. Oderick, New York, Count. V. H. C. Everett Smith, Portland, Me., Gale. V. H. C. W. P. Asten, Hew York, Baron. H. C. Jr.,

P. Noel,

Class

Native Irish Setter Bitch Puppies (under months).

G. W. Bassford, New York, Qipse.v. $10. New York. Irene. V. H. C. Everett Smith, Portland, Me., Ronqe. V. H. C. Jesse Sherwoed, Edina, Mo., Carrie. C. P. H. Morris,

————— ——

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK.

370 Class

Native or Imported Gordon Setter Dogs.

New York, Sancho, 5 years. $30. A. Belmont, Jr., New York, Eobin, 8 years. $20. H. N. Munn, New York, Scot, 3 years. H. C. H. N. Munn, New York, Dinks, 3 years. V. H. C. E. S. Sandford, Jr., New York, Spiero, Is year. H. C.

H. Y. Leavitt,

Class 9. Native or Imported Gordon Setter Bitches. $30. S. Sedgwick, New York, Belle, 2i years.

Locust Valley, L. I., JJreani, 2i years. $20. Bickerton, Brooklyn, N. Y., Border Lily, 2 years. H. C. J. Farrar, Toledo, Ohio, Ned, 5 years.

Jas. R. Tilley,

Fisher

W. Class

V. H. C.

Native or Imported Gordon Setter Dog Puppies (under 13 months).

Grinnell, New York, Bex. $10. V. H. C. S. F. Speir, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y., Borneo. H. C. S. F. Speir, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y., Leo. O'Brien Bros., Yonkers, N. Y., Sam. H. C.

Class

Native or Imported Gordon Setter Bitch Puppies (under 12 months).

N. B. Martin, Orange, N. Y., Base. $10. Jas. L. Marvin, Newark, N. J., Bess. V. H. C. H. C. J. W. Walker, Albany, N. Y., Black Bess.

Native Black and Tan or Black, White and Tan Setter Dogs. G. C. Colbum, New York, Trumjy, \\ year. $30. G. C. Colbum, New York, Btike, 3 years. V. H. C. R. C. Cornell, New York, Sunney, 10 months. V. H. C. Class 9A. Native Black and Tan or Black, White and Tan Setter Bitches. G. W. Bassford, New York, Nellie, 3 years. $30. Class 9A.

—

M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., Fan, 18 months. Class 10. Pointer Dogs (over 50 lbs. weight). T. G. Strong, New York, Till, 2 years. $30. E. H. Lathrop, Springfield, Mass., Dan, 25 years. $20. Nelson Cornell, West Meriden, Conn., Dan, 1 year and 9 mos. V. H. C. R. A. Soule, Springfield, Mass., Sport, li year. H. C. E. Leavitt, Jr., New York, Shot, 6 years. H. C. S. F. Speir,

Pointer Bitches

(of 50 lbs. weight or over). Boyal Fan, 18 months. $30. Philip Rogers, Baltimore, Md., Maryland, 2i years. $20. C. L. Austin, Boston, Mass., Belle, 3 years. V. H. C. Edward Bagot, New York, Dido. V. H. C. Fred'k Schuchardt, New York, Fan, .5 years. H. C. Luke Corcoran, Springfield, Mass., Bess, 4 years. H. C. Drake & Anderson, Newton, N. J., Fiord, 3 years. H. C. Class 11. Pointer Dogs (under 50 lbs. weight). E. Orgill, Brooklyn, N. Y., EmJi, 1 year. $30. D. B. Fuller, Bonton, N. J., Snipe, 3i years. $20. H. E. Jones, New York, Ranger, 13 months. V. H. C. G. S. Floyd Jones, Long Island, N. Y., Racket, 13 months. H. C. Rufus Prime, New York, Pan, 3i years. C.

Class 10.

S. B. Dilley,

Lake

City, Minn.,

—— ————

—

ANNUAL

BEXCII SHOW, NEAV YORK.

371

Class 11. Pointer Bitches (under 50 lbs. weight). A. R. Strachan, M.D., New York, Daisy, 1 j'ear. $30. E. Orgill, Brooklyn, L. I., Rose, \ year. $20. Theo. Kranss, Brooklyn, N. Y., iVV«, 5 years. V. H. C. G. A. Strong, West Meriden, Ct., Fan, 15 months. V. H. C. H. C. S. B. Dilley, Lake City, Minn., Minnesota. Drake & Anderson, Newton, N. J., Dream III, 3 years 10 months.

Pointer Dog Puppies (under

Class 12.

H. C.

12 months).

Jesse Sherwood, Ediua, Mo., Sancho, Jr. $10. R. M. Lindsay, Scranton, Pa., Snipe. V. H. C.

Pointer Bitch Puppies (under

Class 12. S. B. Dilley,

Lake

City, Minn., Fleet.

12 months).

$10.

Chesapeake Bay Dogs (Dogs or

Class 13.

Bitches).

C. H. Tilghman, Easton, Marj^and, Trip, 4 years. $20. E. H. Gilman, Detroit, Mich., Fride of the Chesapeake. $10.

Class 14.

Irish

Water

Spaniels (Dogs or

T. Fir-n, Bridgeport, Conn., Mac, 3 years. $20. W. A. Coster, Flatbush, L. L, Uport, \Q\ years.

Class

15.

Retrieving

Spaniels, other (Dogs or Bitches).

Bitches).

$10.

than pure Irish

T. Finn, Bridgeport, Conn., Judy, 2 years. $20. L. I., Unie, 21 years. $10. H. C. S. Latrobe, Baltimore, Scamp, 6 years.

John Thomas, Brooklyn, R.

Class 16.

— CociiER Spaniels (Dogs or Bitches).

F. H. Hoe, Tarrytown, N. Y., Witch, 3 years. $20. Raymond Greed, Jamaica, L. I., Countess, 2 years. $10. Anderson, Newton, N. J., Topsey, 7 years. V. H. C. Drake C. Allen, Worcester, Mass., Flirt, Ci years. H. C. E. H. GUlman, Detroit, Mich., Adelina Patti, 2i years. C.

Class 17.

Field Spaniels of any Other Breed (Dogs or Bitches).

G. H. Andrews, Brook Haven, L. I., Ned, 18 months. $20. H. Blossom, New York., Fido, li year. $10. C. Jonathan Thome, Jr., New York, Floe, 2 years. V. G. H. Andrews, Brook Haven, L. I., Shot, 6 years. H. C. Class 18.— Fox Hounds in Couples (Dogs or Bitches).

G. A.

Edmunds, North

& Anderson,

Brookfield, Mass., Hunter and Judy.

$20.

Hunkey and Jule. $10. A. E. Godeffroy, New York, Drum and Lead. H. C. Class 19.— Harriers in Couples (Dogs or Bitches). Drake

W. Ahrens,

Newton, N.

Baltimore, Md., Bell and Rose.

Class 20. Jesse Sherwood, Edina, Jesse Sherwood, Edina, J. E. Diehl, Beverly, N. D. G. Hartt, Northport, D. G. Hartt, Northport, Class 21. T. B. Allen, T. B. Allen,

J.,

New New

Beagles (Dogs

Mo., Lee, 1 year. $15. Mo., Lilly, 1 year. $10. V. H. C. J., New Jersey Fly, 2 years. N. Y., Dinah, li year. V. H. C. N. Y., Topsey, 2 years. H. C.

Dachshunds (Dogs York, York,

$15.

or Bitches).

or Bitches) months. 1st. 19 months. 2d.

Spot, 19 Jeff,

(3 classes).

———

—

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW TOEK.

373

New York, Kellie, 2i years. 1st. New York, Pank. 2cl. 1st. S. L. Parsons, New York, Frau, 3 years. Fritz Gubner, New Utrecht, L. I., 31iss Em, li year. busey, 3 years. V. H. C. New York, E. Godeffroy, Frances Lesler, Frances Lesler,

2d.

M. Powell, Philadelphia, Duke, 20 months. C. Fox Terriers (Dogs or Bitches). Class 22.

—

C. Walton, New York, Tricksey, 2 years. $20. Mr. Darling, New York, jDoji, 2 years. $10. F. Carlisle, Newark, N. J., Mac Uh, 6 years. V. H. C. C. W. Griswold, New York, Flora, 3 years. H. C.

Class 22.

—Fox

Terriers (Puppies under 12 Months).

G. de L. Macdona, England, Tim, 9 months.

$10.

New York, Tips, months. $5. V. H. C. Starling, New York, Fussy, 8 months. W. Griswold, New York, liosc, 9 weeks. H. C.

H. Oderick, R. C.

Class 23. —Greyhounds (Dogs or Bitches). Robinson, Brooklyn, L. I., Hudihras, 3 years. $15. Mrs. M. J. Leonard, New York, Nellie, 4 years. $10. V. H. C. J. H. Roberts, Philadelphia, Fled, 1 year. Julius W. Porter, Judy, 2 years. V. H. C. H. C. years. Max, Y., 2 N. Miller, Newburgh, B. J. A. Albright, Newark, N. J., Charlie., 2 years. C. C. J. H. Roberts, Philadelphia, Guy, 3 years. A. Van Vechten, Jr., Albany, N. Y., Mouse, 4 years. C. W. B. Wetjaore, New York, Vexer, 4 years 8 months, C. J.

Class 24. J. B. Miller, J. B. Miller,

Staghounds (Dogs

Newburgh, N. Newburgh, N.

or Bitches).

Y., Stanley, 1 years. Y., Madgie, 6 years.

$15. $10.

Class 25. Deerhounds (Dogs or Bitches). Paul Dana, New York, Brau, 5 years. $15. T. Medley, London, England, Oscar, 3 years. $10. T. Medley, London, England, Bagmar, 3 years. V. H. Oakleigh Thoi-ne, N. Y., Muggins, 2 years. H. C.

Class 26.

Mastiffs (Dogs or

Bitches).

A. A. Brown, England, Vandal, 14 months. $10. A. A. Brown, England, Norma, 2 years. $10. W. F. Morgan, New York, King Olaf, 20 months. $5. 2d. F. R. Appleton, New York, Juno, 13 months. $5. Geo. Paul Work, New York, Faust, 4 years. V. H. C. R. L. Belknap, New York, Dido, 1 year and 9 mos. V. H. C. R. L. Belknap, New York, Ajax, 1 year and 10 mos. V. H. C. G. H. Andrews, Brookhaven, L. I., Young Ivan. V. H. C. A. A. Brown, England, Mdble, 5 years. V. H. C. Philip H. James, England, Conqv£ror. V. H. C. F. A. Watson, Westchester, N. Y., Flora, 3 years. H. C. A. A. Brown, England, Saxon II., 9 months. H. C. H. Mead, Golden's Bridge, N. Y., Blunderbuss, 2 years. C.

Class 27.

St.

Bernards (Dogs or (2 Classes)

Bitches).

Coated.

C. T. Smith, New York, Hermit, 7h years. $10. A. H. Nichols, Roxbury, Mass., Jack, 8 years. $5. D. P. Foster, Jr., New York, lAon, 4 years. $10.

Long and Short

—— ————— — —

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK.

373

Miss C. Pearsall, New York, Fido, 1 year, $5. Haines, New York, Don, 8 months. V. H. C. Burdett Loomis, Hartford, Conn., IfaiLs, 2 years. V. H. C. Barclay Jermuin, Albany, N. Y., Chaniioux, 3 years and G months. J. P.

H. C.

Mrs. M. Pickering, Portland, Conn., Birnie, 13 months. A. J. Parker, Jr., Albany, N. Y., Leo, 1 year. H. C. Burdett Loomis, Hartford, Conn., 4/pe, 5 years. C.

Class 28.

Newfoundlands (Dogs

H. C.

or Bitches).

E. B. D. Espinville Picot, Philadelphia, Leo, 4 years. $10. Miller Ketchum, Westport, Conn., Milo, 3 years. $5. W. G. Richards, N. Y., Jack, 4 years and 10 months. V. H. C.

Class 29.

Siberian or

Ulm Dogs

(Dogs or Bitches).

N. J., Bruno, 6 years. flO. N. Y., Frank, 2 years. $5. Max Borchardt, Hoboken, N. J., Ealph, 2 years. V. H. C. Class 30. Dalmatian, or Coach Dogs (Dogs or Bitches). F. Scuuchardt, Jr., New York, Sjiot, 6 years. $10. C. Tranter, Port Richmond, BcUc, Si years. $5. J. "W. Jones, Plainfield, J. B. Miller, Newburgh,

Class 31.

Shepherd Dogs or Collies

F. Bronson, New York, Tom Ridley, Si years. R. L. Maitland, New York, tkott, 19 months.

Shepherd Dogs or Collies New York, Flora, 3i years. $10. New York, Friday, 13 months. $5.

Class 31. F. Bronson, F. Bronson,

(Dogs).

$10. $5.

(Bitches).

I., Ifome Nellie, 2i years. V. H. C. Bl^ll Dogs (Dogs or Bitches). York, Luke, 7 years. $10.

G. Aitken, Northport, L.

Class 32.

John Matthews, New F. M. David, Canada, Sambo, 7 years. $5. John D. Townsend, New York, Buke, 18 months. J. J.

Mortimer, New York, Crib, 3 years. H. C. B. MiUer, Newburgh, N. Y., Boxer, 6 years.

V. H. C.

Class 33. Bull Terriers (Dogs or Bitches). David Whitcroft, New York, LilUe, 2 years. $10. David Whitcroft, New York, Spider, 2 years. $5 F. A. Miller, New York, Bilh/. 5 months. V. H. C. W. Hills, New York, Flora, 20 months. H. C.

Class 34. Pugs (Dogs or Bitches). Miss Bessie R. Webb, New York, Bex, 10 months. $10. Miss Peuniman, New York, Snip, 4 years and 8 months. $5. Miss Penniman, New York, Flossey, 2 years and 6 months. V. H. Wesley Harper, New York, Fritz, 1 year and 9 months. $20. Miss M. D. WagstafI, Babylon, L. I., Sambo, 4 years. $5. Mrs. E. Leverich, New York, Bags, 21 months. H. C. Class 36.

Black and T.vn Terriers

(not exceeding 15 weight. Dogs or Bitches). Samuel Browning, New York, Bandy, 1 year and 6 months. $10. R. A. Greacen, New York, Birk, 2 years and 10 months. $5. Samuel Browning, Jr., New York, "Tom, 2 years. V. H. C. Class 37. Skte Terriers (Dogs or Bitches). E. S. Doolittle, New York, Punch, 6 years. $10.

d lbs.

— —— —— —

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW TOKK.

374 W.

Sanderson, "West Philadelphia, Donald, 3 yeai-s. $5, V. H. L. I., Dandy, 3 years. Paul Dana, New York, Nellie, 5 years. V. H. C. years. Dandy, 2 H. C. McLellan, New York, R. $10. J. A. Brown, New York, Byou, 18 months. Thomas Kaahal, New York, Bright, 18 months. $5.

Remsen, Babylon,

Class 38.

Scotch Terriers (Dogs or

Bitches).

$10. B. Rice, New York, Dandy, 1 year and 8 months. William Collins, New York, Gipsey, 2 years. $5. J. J. Pliaro, Tuckerton, N. J., Flash, 1 year and 8 months. T. Green, New York, ^wfe, 2 years. H. C. V. H. C. I. M. Crapo, Albany, N. Y., Joe, 3 months.

"V.

H. C.

Class 39. Dandie Dinmont Terriers (Dogs or Bitches). A. Condit, Brooklyn, N. Y., Fido, 5 years. $10. G. B. Raymond, Morristown, N. J., Mp, Is year. $5. Class 40. Toy Terriers (not exceeding 5 lbs. -weight). Mrs. Charlton Park, New York, C. O. Iselin, New York, Tiny, 15 C. Edwards, New York, Minim, C. Brookman, New York, Lillie,

Whiskey, 2 years.

$10.

months. $5. 18 months. $10. 8i years.

$5.

New York, Ruffles, 2i years. V. H. C. L. M. Meyer, New York, Danger, 16 months. V. H. C. A. Kisteman, New York, LiKy, \)4 year. V. H. C. H. C. J. Gawan, New York, Billy, 3 years. Class 41. Blenheim, King Charles, or Japanese Spaniels W.

F. Morgan,

(Dogs or Bitches). Mrs.

Steward,

New

York. Kohe, 2 years.

$10.

New York, Jaj), 4 years. $5. Dr. N. Gardner, New York, Chin, 9 months. V. H. C. Mrs. A. V. Ely Goddard, New York, Lady Rosalind, 3 years. H. Italian Greyhounds (Dogs or Bitches). Class 43. Madam Annie Tille, New York, Mannie, 4 years. $10. Madam Annie Tille, New York, Lillie, 9 months. $5. L. N. Meyer, New York, Daisey, 10 years. V. H. C. C. Bellany Culver, New York, Bonfanti, 6 years 4 months. V. Class 43. Poodles (Dogs or Bitches).

H. G. Clarke,

H. C.

Emil Felder, Brooklyn, N. Y., Michael Angelo, 2 years. $10. Mrs. J. M. Rutan, South Brooklyn, N. Y., Fecken, 3 years. $5. Class 44.—Miscellaneous (Dogs or Bitches). R. Redmond, New York, lappa, 15 months. $10. M. F. Stevens, New York, Cerf Volant, 6 years. $5. Henry Schierenhech, New York, Lion, 2* years. V. H. C.

SPECIAL PRICES. No. 1. For the best Setter, a Silver Cup, value $150 L. H. Smith, Canada, Paris. No. 2. For the best Pointer, a Double-baiTelled Shot Gun, value $150 S. B. Dilley, Lake City, Minn., Royal Fan. No. 3. For the best brace of Setters, a Silver Cup, value $150 Mrs. R. A. McCurdy, New York, Mp and Tuck, 1 year 7 months. No. 4. For the best brace of Pointers, an extra fine Fly ]Sod, Value $50 Edmund Orgill, BrooMyn, Rose and Rush, 1 year. ;

;

ANXUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK.

375

No. 5. For the best collection of Sporting Doj^js, Double-barrelled Shot Gun, value $150 Jesse Sherwood, Ediua, Mo. entire collection from Edina Kennel. No. 6. For the best English Setter Stud Dog, Double-barrelled Shot Gun, value $100; L. H. Smith, Canada, Leicester. No. 7. For the best Red Irish Setter Stud Dog, with two of his get, a Silver Cup, value $100; Arnold Burges, Hillsdale, Mich., Unfus, red, 5 years with Von Culin's Fire Fty, and Callender's Jiory 0^ Moore. No. 8. For the best Black and Tan Stud Dog, with two or more of his George C. Colburn, New York, Bash get, Bass Rod and Reel, value $75 and his get Duke, Bob, Trump, Don, Turk, Dinah and Fomp. No. 9. For the best Pointer Stud Dog, with two of his get, a Doublebarrelled Shot Gun, value $100 Jesse Sherwood, Edina, Mo., Hancho, 5 ;

;

years.

For the best Pointer Stud Dog, with not less than two of his get, new Patent Traps and 50 J Glass Balls, value $50 Wm, Fred'k Steel, New York, Flake, with Rose, Rush, and Flake 2d. No. 11. For the best English Setter Brood Bitch, with two of her progeny, a Sportsman's Traveling Trunk, value $50; L. H. Smith, No.

10.

;

Canada, Dart. No. 13. For the best Red Irish Setter Brood Bitch, with two of her progeny, a Silver-mounted Fly Book and Flies, value $50 John E. Develin, New York, Moya, with Rattler and KbisaUe. No. 13. For the Best Black and Tan Bitch, a bamboo Fly Rod, value $50; A. F. Copeland, Boston, Mass., Norah, li years. No. 14. For the Best Pointer Brood Bitch, with her progeny, a Silver Cup, value $50 J. Addison Smith, Baltimore, Lillie, with Utter. No. 15. For the best English Setter, native bred, a Silver Cup, value $50 Mrs. R. A. McCurdy, New York, Tuck. No. 16. For the best Native English Setter, a case of stuffed North American Game Birds, value $25 Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., May, ;

;

3 years.

No. For the best Setter, dog or bitch, bred in the United States, a Black Bass Rod ; D. Olcott, Albany, N. Y., jfforfej'it-A; i>AM, 2 years 2 mos. 17.

For the best Native Setter Puppy, a Revolver, 6 chambers, Theo. Morford, Newton, N. J., Grouse, 9 mouths. No. 19. For the best Irish Setter Puppy, an Opera Glass, value $25 H. Le Grand Cannon, New York, Ouy, red, 9 months. No. 20. For the best Pointer Puppy, a Revolver, value $25 Jesse Sherwood, Edina, Mo., Sancho,Jr. No. 21. For tlae best Native English Setter Puppy, a case of Gun Cleaning Implements J. W. Foster, Leesburg, Va., Sam Tilden, 10 mos. No. 23. For the best display of Fox Hounds, a Cup, value $50 Drake & Anderson, Newton, N. J., Lou and Annie, 8 months. No. 23. For the best Cocker Spaniel, a Gun Case, value $35 Fred. A. Hoe, Tarrytown, N. Y., Witch, 2 years, 11 months. No. 18. value $25

;

No. 3.5. Special prize for the best Pug Dog or Bitch, a Silver Collar Miss Bessie R. Webb, New York, Rex, 10 months. No. 36. For the best Gordon Setter Puppy, a Colt's Revolver, for the second and third best a handsome Silver Dog Collar Morton Grinnell, New York, Rex, 7 months, 1st S. Fleet Speir, M. D., Brooklyn, Romeo, a Collar Fred. W. MauUin, New York, Conn. 9 months, a Collar.

;

———— — — ——

)

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YOEK,

1878.

PRIZE WINNERS. Class 1st,

F. N.

ton's ifcss;

S. P.

Class

Mastiffs

F. R. Appleton's Juno.

Ist,

Le Roy Class

1st,

Le Roy

Rough-Coated

Z. Collins' 4.

(Dogs). ;

3d, C.

W. Nor-

Shaw's Turk.

1st,

Class

Mastiffs

2d, P. C. Hewitt's Hereward

Owen's Major;

(Bitches).

St.

Bernard

(Dogs).

Barry ; 2d, A. A. Kingsland's Hans.

Rough-Coated

St.

Bernard

(Bitches).

Z. Collins' Neva.

Class 5. Smooth-Coated St. Bernard (Dogs). 1st, Miss Charlotte Pearsall's Fido ; 2d, John P. Haines' Don; 3d, E. P. Coe's Monk. Class 7. Newfoundland (Dogs and Bitches). 1st, Frank Horn's JacA;; 3d, J. Springstead, Jr.'s, Fleet; 3d, C. B. De Klyn's Jip. let, J.

H. C,

Class 8.— Siberian or Ulm (Dogs and Bitches). Jones' Bruce; 2d, E. Bolenius' Guido ; 3d, Al. Watts' Nero;

J. P.

Wessman's

Lion.

Class 10.

Greyhounds (Dogs

or Bitches).

W. A. V. H. C, Edmond Randolph's Frolic, and Baron Von Dalwigh's Lulu; H. C, H. W. Livingston's Charlie, John Robinson's Hudibras, and W. C. Gulliver's Flora McFlimsey.

1st, Hall, Blair Haines, Jr.'s,

Co.'s

Guess; 2d, M. Barber's Prince; Bd,

Max ;

1st,

Class 11. Deerhounds (Dogs or Bitches). Miss Barlow's 3Iaida ; 2d, Paul Dana's Loki. Class 12. Champion Pointers (over 50 lbs., Dogs). St. Louis Kennel Club's Sleaford.

Champion Pointers

Class 13. 1st,

Edmond

Orgill's

(over 50

lbs.,

Bitches).

Romp.

Class 14.— Pointers (over 50 lbs., Dogs Louis Kennel Club's Bow; 2d, J. W. Coffin's Rake U.; 3d, W. R. Hobart's Rapp ; V. H. C, J. J. Snellenburg's Button and Don. Class 15. Pointers (over 50 lbs.. Bitches.) 1st, S. T. Hammond's B.ycJie ; 2d, L. W. White's Grace; 3d, Charles M. Schieffelin's Juno ; C, Charles Pinckney's Juno. Class 17. Champion Pointers (under 50 lbs., Bitches.) 1st, St.

1st,

Edmund

Orgill's Rose.

Class 18. Pointers (under 50 lbs.. Dogs.) 1st, Albert M. Wright's Dick ; 2d, W. E. Doane's Bob; 3d, Robert Emmett's Rapp; V. H. C, George S. Floyd-Jones' Racket; H. C, Henry E. James' Ranger ; Dr. Wm. Baxter's Major.

376

——————————————

ANNUAL BENCH

SIIOAV,

NEW

YOKK.

377

Class 19. Pointers (under 50 lbs., Bitches.) A. E. Gt)deffroy's Queen ; Sd, George C. Colburn's Belie ; 3d, Snellenburg's Topsey ; H. C, W. H. Ely's Ml/y ; Edmund Orgill's 1st,

J. J. Belle;

Pointer Puppies (Dogs, from 6 to 13 months). George C. Colburn's Jerry ; 2d, Milo Seagear's Sam ; V. H. C, W. Emmett's Rake ; C, J. J. Snellenburg's Toby ; Albert Phillips' Jennie. Class 20.

1st,

A. E. Godeffroy's Snooks.

Pointer Puppies

Class 21. 1st,

Hamilton's Flirt; Class 22. 1st,

Edmund

JVell ;

from 6

to 12

months).

2d, R.

Pointer Puppies (Dogs, under

6 months).

Orgill's Eocket.

Pointer Puppies

Class 23. 1st,

(Bitches,

Lamb's^?/; V. H. C, Eev. R. G. F. C. Holler's Gwendolen; A. E. Godeffroy's Kitty.

Emmett's

Edmund

Orgill's Bella; 2d,

Class 24.

(Bitches, under 6 Months). Milo Seagears' Judy.

Champion English Setters

(Dogs).

H. Morris' Lark. Class 25. Chajipion English Setters (Bitches). Chas. H. Raymond's Fairy; V. H. C, Geo. W. Landenberger's

1st, P.

1st,

Magnet.

Class 26. English Setters (Dogs). Chas. H. Raymond's RhodcHck Dhu ; 2d, O. W. Donner's Ranger; 3d, Von Lengerke Bros. Jersey Duke ; V. H. Chas. H. Raymond's Procyon ; W. R. Leavitt's Sir Lancelot ; Geo. B. Raymond's Bruce; L. J. Gaines' Blue Blood; H. C, Mary D. Wagstaff's Joseph; W. R. Howell's Sam ; Arthur Moulton's King Pisher ; Geo. F. Becker's Zib ; Dr. F. O. Beach's Dash; W. A. Coster's St. Patrick ; P. H. Morris's Czar. 1st,

Class 27. English Setters (Bitches). Ashcroft Kennel Club's Rhoda; 2d, E. C. and P. Lamontagne's Abbey; 3d, E. F. Mercilliott's Rt ; V. H. C, A. R. Warner's Kate; Jas. R. Tilley's Tip ; Samuel Scranton's Start. 1st,

English Setter Puppies (Dogs, over

Class 28.

6 Months).

E. F. Mercilliott's Will; 2d, E. L. Wilk's Cruickston. Class 29. English Setter Puppies (Bitches, over 6 Months). 1st, Chas. K. Harrison's Anibel ; 2d, G. M. Smith's Bonnie Bess; V. H. 1st,

C, W. Lawrence's Peg. Class 30. English Setter Puppies (Dogs, under 6 Months). 1st, Chas. Noel's Faust; 2d, Chas. Noel's Breeze; V. H. C, Ashcroft Kennel Club's Class 31.

Cheadle.

English Setter Puppies

(Bitches,

under 6 Months).

E. J. Granger's Nelly IT,; 2d, E. C. Lamontagne's Clamorous; V. H. C, Ashcroft Kennel Club's Rhoda III 1st, J.

Champion Black and Tan Setters

Class 32. 1st,

George

C. Colburn's

—

(Dogs).

Trump.

CHAJrpiON Black and Tan Setters (Bitches). Class 33. Weigheil's Belle; V. H. C, A. E. Godeffroy's Beaiity. Class 34. Black and Tan Setters (Dogs). 1st, A. C. Mudge's Sam; 2d, T. F. Taylor's Turk; 3d, A. F. Copeland's

1st, J.

—— — —— — —

;

ANNUAL BEXCH SHOW, NEW YORK.

378

Sake; V. H. C, W. A. Haines,

Jr.'s,

Regent; H.

Van Boskerck's

Wallcux.

Glass 35. Black and Tan Setters (Bitches). Copeland's Nellie; 2d, L. Curtis' Bess ; 3d, James R. Tillej-'s V. H. C, Fisber and Bickerton's Border Lily ; H. C., N. B.

1st, A. F.

Grace; Martin's Rose.

Black and Tan Setter Puppies

Class 36. 1st, C.

Class 37. 1st, C.

St.

Laurent

Wisner's Island

;

2d,

Belle.

Black and Tan Setter Puppies

Class 38. 1st,

(Dogs, over 6 Mos.)

W. J. G. Beams' Do7i. Black and Tan Setter Puppies (Bitches, over 6 Mos.)

Wisner's

(Dogs, under 6 Mos.)

Dr. F. S. Speir's Jasper; 2d, Dr. F. S. Speir's Buckingham.

Black and Tan Setter Puppies (Bitches, under 6 Mos.)

Clsss 39.

1st, Dr. F. S. Speir's Jaquette; 2d, Voseite.

D. G. Hartt's Belle; H.

J. C.

Champion Bed or Red and White Setters

Class 40.

Wray's (Dogs).

N. Callender's 1st, St. Louis Kennel Club's Berkley; V. H. C, Rory 0^ Moore ; H. C, B. Bacheller's Buke, Jr., and Campbell Steward's Duke.

Champion Red or Red and "White Setters (Bitches).

Class 41. 1st, St.

Louis Kennel Club's Loo

IT. ;

V. H. C,

Weigbell's Breeze.

Class 43. Red or Red and White Setters (Dogs). 1st, Lincoln and Hellyar's Dash; 2d, W. R. Hobart's Boss ; 3d, H. LeGrand Cannon's Guy ; V. H. C, Jobn Hottler, Jr.'s Red Hugh; T. A. Jerome's Moody ; H. C., W. C. Harding's Barney Williams.

Red or Red and White Setters (Bitches). Class 43. Lincoln and Hellyar's Flora; 2d, Milo Seagears' Mag ; 3d, Max Wenzel's Doe; H. C, H. De W. Smith's Fanny ; Fisher and Bickerton's Belle Meade; S. N. White's Lady IL ; Everett Smith's Cora IL ; C, H. 1st,

Hunecke's Flora.

Red or Red and White Setter

Class 44. 1st, C. L.

months

—Dogs).

Ketchum's Red Dick;

2d, Rev.

(Puppies over 6

Maginnis' Tara

;

V. H.

C. H. Smith's Count of Sligo.

Red or Red and White Setter

Class 45.

months 1st, C. L.

Y. H.

Ketchum's Red Gyp ;

V. Miley's

Class 46.

—

2d, Fisher

1st,

Red or Red and White Setter

E. Lohman's Erwin

;

2d,

E. Lohman's Quail III.

Class 49. 1st,

G. G.

;

Milo Seagears' Jack.

(Puppies under 6

—Bitches).

2d, Milo Seagears' Beauty.

Chesapeake Bat

Hammond's Rose ;

(Puppies under 6

—Dogs).

Red or Red and White Setter months

1st,

and Bickerton's Primrose

Nellie.

months Class 47.

(Puppies over 6

Bitches)'.

2d, G. G.

(Bitches.)

Hammond's

Ruhy.

———— ——————— —

ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEW YORK.

Water

Spaniels (Dogs). Thomas Cosgrove's Wallace. Irish Water Spaniels (Bitches). Irish

Class 50.

Thomas Finn's Mac ;

1st,

379

Class 51.

2d,

Thomas Cosgrove's Jessie ; 3d, E. Eisman's Fanvy. Class 52. Retrieving Spaniels (other than pure Irish Dogs). 1st, T. M. Aldrich's Mallard; 3d, C. T. Pierce's Valjean. Class 53. Retrieving Spaniels (other than pure Irish Bitches). 2d,

Thos. Finn's /MfZy; 3d, A. E. Godeffroy's Topsey.

1st,

Clumber Spaniels (Dogs

Class 54.

Thome's Trimbmh ;

1st, S. B.

or Bitches.) V. C. Thome's Duchess.

3d,

Class 55. Cocker Spaniels (Dogs). Geo. Watson's Shot; 2d, F. H. Hoe's Witch; 3d, D.

1st,

Leon's

Brutus. 1st, F. C.

Class 56. Cocker Spaniels (Bitches). HoUins' Feather; 2d, F. H. Hoe's Madge; 3d, F. N. Hull's

Lou.

Cocker Spaniels

Class 57.

(Puppies, Dogs, or Bitches).

Barker's Blanche. Class 58. Field Spaniels (not otherwise mentioned, Dogs). 1st, A. Watts' Frank. Ist, C.

Britton's P/'wiee; 3d, C.

Foxhounds (Dogs

Class 60.

or Bitches).

G. W. Landenberger's Fury and Vixen ; 3d, L. M. Wooden's Rover and Driver ; 3d, G. W. Landenberger's Rattler and Chimer; V. H. C, I. Weighell's Joe and Mate ; Queens' County Hunt's Mmrod and Crafty ; H. C, Queens' County Hunt's Regidate and Governess; G. F. Keller's Sport and Lead ; I. Weighall's Mack and Mate; C, L. M. Wooden's Reno and Mate. 1st,

1st, I.

and

Class 61. Harriers (Dogs or Bitches). Weighell's Sport and Mate; 3d, Queens' County Hunt's Bouncer

Graceful.

Beagles (Dogs or

Class 62.

Bitches.)

2d, A. F. de Navarro's Bruno.

Class 63. 1st,

mann

W. H. ;

Dachshunds

Goetting's Waldmann 3d, T. B. Allen's Duke.

;

2d, G.

(Dogs).

Landenberger's Wald-

Class 64. Dachshunds (Bitches). Cora ; 3d, W. H. Goetting's Waldina.

1st, T. B. Allen's

—Fox Terriers (Dogs). Dean Sage's Guy. —Fox Terriers (Bitches).

Class 65. Ist,

Newhold Morris' Gamester; Class 66.

1st,

C.Walton's Tricksey

Talbot's Beauty;

C, W.

—

;

3d,

3d, C. Walton's

Young Mettle;

3d, E.

Wood's Beauty.

Fox Terriers (Puppies, Dogs). Class 67. H. Elliott's Nibs ; 3d, E. M. Talbot's Flash; H. C, E. M. Talbot's Don; C, F. Gebhard's Jack. 1st, J.

Class 68. 1st, J.

H. Elliott's

—Fox Terrier Puppies (Bitches). nx; 3d, F. Gebhard's Fan7m.

—— —— ——————— ANNUAL BENCH SHOW, NEAY YORK.

380

Dalmatian or Coach Dogs or Bitches.

Class 72. 1st,

E. M. Goring's Fannie; 2d, F. Pidgeon's Spot.

Bull Dogs or Bitches.

Class 73.

D. P. Foster's Ben; 2a, G. G. Haven's Duke; 8d, Cobbler; H. C, D. P. Foster's Jennie. 1st,

Bull Terriers (Dogs

Class 74. 1st,

P. Douglas'

or Bitches).

W. Fanshawe's

Spider; V. H.

H. Hay's Lad. Class 75.

Victor; 2d, J. G. Coster's Lily ; 3d, J. G. Coster's C. W. Olliffe's Prince; H. C, T. Salmon's Nellie; C, C.

Bull Terrier Puppies (Dogs

1st,

Mrs. F. Neilson's Martha.

1st,

K. McLellan's

or Bitcbes).

Skye Terriers (Dogs). Tom; 2d, H. Bamber's Tatters; V. H. C, H. C, Miss Breese's Britton.

Class 76. Conklin's Brandy ;

Skye Terriers

Class 77. 1st,

F. H. Stow's

Wasp; V. H. C,

Jr.'s, Pufi)j ; 2d, E. Brown's ; H. C, J. Chapman's Rose.

Class 1st,

(Bitches).

Lloyd Aspinwall,

T. Kaalagher's Topsey

Bowdy

;

"W. A,

78.— Pugs (Dogs).

2d, Mrs. Salsbury's Inkles

;

3d, Mrs. Haines'

Toadies.

Class 1st,

W. H.

Beadle's Pe^.

1st,

W. H.

Beadle's

1st,

Class

1st,

79.—Pugs

80.—Pug

Little Nell

;

(Bitches).

(Puppies).

2d, F. Senn's Smutt, Jr.

Class 81. Scotch Terriers. Lucy's Beauty ; 2d, G. P. Benjamin's Jerry. Class 82. Black and Tan Terriers. F. Senn's Jessis; 2d, C. W. Barker's Adele; V. H. C, L. N. Meyer's

Sjjort.

1st,

Cass 84. Yorkshire Terriers (over 5 lbs.) Thos. Kallagher's Yorkshire Charley; 2d, John Marriott's

W. Brown's

.TaeA; ;

Class 85. Yorkshire Terriers (under 5 lbs.) A. Haines, Jr.'s Snap ; 2d, Henry Kisteman's Lucy ; 3d, A. Haines' Scrap. 1st,

Class 86.

Toy Terriers.

Chauncey Edwards' Minnie ; C, Henry Kisteman's Dandy. 1st,

1st,

3d,

Bijou.

2d,

John McGibney's Dickie; V. H.

Class 87. Blenheim Spaniels. Mrs. A. V. Goddard's Lady Bosamond.

Class 88. King Charles Spaniel. N. Meyer's Sankey ; 2d, Miss Long's Tricksey. Class 89. Japanese Spaniels. 1st, Mrs. Pratt's Brinnie ; 2d, Mrs. Stewart's Kobe; 3d, T. F. Taylor's Punch. 1st, L.

Class 90. 1st,

Italian Greyhounds.

F. Morgan's Bijou; 2d,

Henry Knubel's

Tootsey,

—

ANinXAL BENCH SHOW,

NEW

TORK.

381

Class 91. Miscellaneous. Chinese Edible Dog 1st, Fred. Wood's Fannie. Eussian Dog 1st, G. Kane's Count Kinski. :

SPECIAL PRIZES.

—

A. The best pointer dog, a Parker gun, value $300, St. Louis Kennel Club's Bow. B. Best brace of pointers, over 50 lbs., $50, St. Louis Club' Bow and

— C. — Best brace of pointers, under 50 lbs., $50, E. OrgiU's Belle and Hose.

Sleaford.

— — mond's Ryche. F. —Best pointer puppy, gun case, value $40, MUo Seagears' Sam. G. — Best setter dog, $50, Von Lengerke's Jersey Duke. Scranton's StaH. H. — Best setter bitch, driving harness, value $75,

D. Best pointer dog, with two of his get, $50, J. J. Snellingburg's Button. E. Best pointer bitch, with two of her progeny, $50, S. T. Ham-

I.— Best English setter, silver cup, value $100, C. H. Raymond's Bhoderick Dhu. J. Kest setter dog, with two of his get, C. H. Raymond's Young Laverack. L. Best red or red and white setter, with two of his get, double barrel gun, value $200, C. Steward's Ihike. M. Best red or red and white setter titch, with two of hsr progeny, $50, St. Louis Club's Loo II. N. Best black and tan setter dog, with two of his get, double barrel gun, value $300, G. C. Colburn's Bash. O. Best black and tan setter bitch, with two of her progeny, $50, F. Copeland's Nellie. P. Best display of foxhounds, silver cup, value $100, Landenberger's

— — — — — —

Rattler

and Chimer.

Q.—Best R.— Best

mastiff, silver collar, value-$50, C. W. Norton's Boss. St. Bernard, cup, value $50, L. Z. Collins' Barry.

—Best cocker spaniel, cup, value $50, F. C. Hollin's Feather. T. —^Best fox terrier, cup, value $50, A. N. Morris' Garnester. U. —Best bull terrier, value $50, W. Fanshawe's Victor. V. — Best Yorkshire blue and tan terrier, cup or cash, value $50, W. A S.

Haines, jr.'s Snap. W.— Best pug, cup, value $75, F. S. Thompson's Lena. T.— Best coUey dog, collar, value $50, T. W. Lawson's Tarn O'Shanter. Z. Best Japanese bpaniel, collar, value $35, Mrs. Pratt's Prinnie.

—

INDEX. to Breed From Albanian Dog

Age

287

Barbet, the Beagles, American *

153

New York

Bitch, the Duration of

Management

Heat

64 65

of the

Lungs

66 307

of the Of the

Mouth and Teeth ...

182

of the Stomach of the Throat

of in Season. .183 .

Preparation for Whelping. .184 Bloodhound, the * 55 223 Breaking Pointers and Setters Breaking and Entering Dogs 218 Breed, Time of Year to 181 Breeding, General Principles of 173 In-and-in ;....178 Buffalo Hunter's Camp * 281 Bulldog, the * 141 .

Bull Terrier *

Dachshund, the* "

Character of

Dalmatian Dog * Dandie Dinmonts, Origin of Deer at a Salt-Lick *

Deerhound

" Entering Deer-Hunting

Dhole, the, of India * Digestive System or the Dingo of Australia * Diseases of the Dog

Rickets Diseases of the Skiu Blotch Eruption on the Toes

Influenza

Rheumatic Fever Smallpox Sympathetic Fever Tpyhus Fever

331

336 331

326 327 333 359

C60 359 341

342 342 .343

Foul Mange

342

Red Mange Virulent Mange

343

Diseases of the Nerves

347

Chorea

344

347 348

Fits

Palsy

348

Worms*

350

277

Diseases Requiring Surgical Aid.. .361 Abscesses 362 Accidents and Operations 364

Dog

.332

.330

Fleas, etc

276

Distemper Fevers

382

Indigestion

336

32 218

Nose

Asthma, Spasmodic Diseases from Neglect

169

Camp, How to Make a 205 Characteristics of Different Species. 24 Chesapeake Bay Dog * 124 Cavier's Divisional Arrangement... 21

328

& Bladder. .311

Tetanus Turnsidc

Whelp... 183 "

338 329

of the Eye of the Kidneys of the Liver

175

Dwarf Rabbit*

323 323

Hydrophobia of the Bowels of the Ear

50 31

Anatomy of the Dog Axioms for Breeders Use

Bench Show,

Inflammations

178

American Dogs

290

19-27

309 311

309 310

Cancer Dropsy

361

Fits, Puerperal

Parturition, Difficult

363 362

Phthisis

835

Tu mor Tumors Encysted Dogâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;an Article of Pood " Descent from the Wolf

317

320

Dogs

322

311

Varieties of the Used with the Gun

Domesticated Drenching, Mode of

357

361

362 21

19 21

88 32

308

383

INDEX. The

Ears, Cropping

205

Pariah,

Esquimaux Dogs*

135

Parturition, Healthful

Faults, Correction of

231

Pastoral

Feeding before Weaning Food, Value of Articles of Foxhound, The* " Colors of " Entering of " How to Choose a Game in the Far West Greyhound, Choice of a Enteringof " Grecian " Irish

1!)1

Pills,

201

Pointers, Breaking

223

Pointer, Daisy*

237

57 62

Dogs

58 47

208

Italian*

Kennels for

Persian Points of a

" "

Russian

The Rough Scotch

TheSmooth*

Turkish

Grouse, Varieties of

219

Hare Hunting

275

Hare-Indian Dog * Harriers, Entering of " The

Portuguese

Poodle, The*

159

Puppies, Food of

201

Amount "

Food for 203 Weaning 'i04 Cropping and Rounding

Treatment of

Weaning

193

Puzzle Peg, Use of* Quail Shooting Quartering Ground, Plan of* Ranging and Beating Remedies, Administration of Remedies against Disease

231

' '

Choice

Ears

205 203

250 228 229 300 292 292 293

Antispasmodics Aperients

293

215

Astringents

293

214

Blisters

UCB

216

Caustics

';9r

63 of.. .213

211 Kennels, Benches for* " Elevationof 208 " for Foxhounds and Harriers

of, after

Anodynes

221

House Dogs, Management of

152

Pug Dogs*

Alteratives

Hounds, Kennel Management " Feeding " Foodfor

88 21 '90

Portrait of*

206 38

307

Pointer, English

50 48

125

How to Give

221

283

29 184

294

Charges, or Plasters Clysters

2S8 S02, 308

Cordials

299

209

Diuretics

299

206

299

" "

for

206

Management of Pavement for

203

Embrocations Emetics Expectorants Fever Medicines

Plan of*

207

Injections

216

Lotions

302

212

Ointments

132

Stimulants Stomachics

303 303 S04 304 304 355 304 306 242

Greyhounds and

for Pointers

Setters. 216

" SingleDogs " Ventilation for* Labrador Dogs Lion Dog, The Maltese Dog, The* Mastiff, English*. Matins Muscular System of the

155 154 146

48 289 290

24,

Dog

Nervous System of the Dog Newfoundland Dog* Origin of the Dog Otterhound, The

132

300 300 301 302, 308

Styptics

Tonics Vermifuges Worm Medicines Remedies, Effects of Retrieve, Breaking to Retriever, The Curly Coated " The Terrier Cross

167 167

384

IKDEX.

The The Large Black The Wavy Coated Scotch CoUey Dog*

Spaniels,

155

164

Spitz

131

164

St.

Settei-s,

Breaking

,",

" " " " " Sheep

126

223

Setters

Countess, Pedigree of English*

Gordon, The*

104

Irish

107

Lang, Pedigree of 106 Laverack 96 Dog, English 12G " " German 130 155 Shock Dog, Tlie and Quail 218 Shooting Grouse Sire and Dam, influences of in Breeding 174 287 Skeleton of the Dog 255 Shooting Snipe Spaniel Covert, BreakingSpaniel, Head of*

Water* The Clumber* Irish Tlie

Cocker*

The English Water* The Field*... The Sussex* The Water* Spaniels, Blenheim*

Toy* Dog*

163

Retriever,

King Charles*

Bernard Rough, The* " Smooth, The*

Springer,

148

150

The

113

Teeth of the Dog* Terrier, Bedlington " Dandle Dinmoni* " English* " Fox*

" " Terrier,

Halifax, Blue

288

72 69 79 162

Tan

Scotch

Skye*

Terrier, Toy,

The*

161

Terriers, Varieties of.

Terriers, Yorkshire*

245

Thibet Dog, Tlie Vermin Dogs, Breaking Vermin, Prevention of Water-fowl, Shooting Water-fowl, Deep, Varieties of

123

Water-fowl, Shoal, Varieties

262 270 267

121

Watch Dogs

141

112

1&5 Whelps, Choice of at Birth " Management of, in Nest. .187 191 Whelping, Choice of Place for

115 121

111,155 114 118 157

156

151

246 215

Wild Dogs... " " or Africa " " Of India Woodcock Shooting Yaids, Arrangement for

* Illustrated.

27 30 29 257

207

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