Lau yan lai 704960 parta by Lai Lau Yan

STUDIO AIR 2014, SEMESTER 2, PHILIP BELESKY LAU YAN LAI

Content Part A - Conceptualisation A0. INTRODUCTION A1. DESIGN FUTURING A2. COMPUTATION ARCHITECTURE A3. COMPOSTION/GENERATION A4. CONCLUSION A5. LEARNING OUTCOMES A6. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHING

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A0. Introduction ABOUT ME My name is Lau Yan Lai, Yvonne. I am now studying in my third year towards a degree in Bachelor of Environment, majoring in architecture at The University of Melbourne. As a Hong Kong born Chinese, I had studied there until I came to Australia to pursue my Bachelor degree. Before coming to Australia, I studied for an Associated Degree of Science at the City University of Hong Kong majoring in Architectural Studies. This course helped me a lot and set a good foundation for my further studies in architecture. I am always curious about new and interesting things like drawing and design. Architecture and Graffiti are some of my favourites because they are full of challenges. However, I enjoy working to overcome them with my commitment and stamina. Building things is essential for human; the major function of a building is providing an acceptable internal condition for residents to live, work and entertain in. However, a good design involves much more than that. When we design a building, we should not only be aesthetically demanding, but should also consider the human needs and environment to make it sustainable. Therefore, I hope to become an architect who creates some good designs which can connect humans and nature; particularly I hope my designs will be in love with counteracting the effects of global warning. Architectural studies will provide me with the best opportunity to become a productive member of society. I believe in the saying, ‘‘no pain, no gain’’, therefore I will work my hardest to become an architect.

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PAST EXPERIENCES The modules taken during my years at the City University of Hong Kong offered an introduction to the basic theory and skills of designing a building. Moreover, they helped me to develop expression skills and creativity. Through the problem based learning, I have developed the ability to analyze and solve problems. This balanced curriculum certainly equipped me for furtherstudies in this subjects. In those courses, I also built a wealth of knowledge of AutoCAD, Photoshop, illustrator, InDesign and model making software such as Rhinoceros, Sketchup and Revit. Different software programmes have their unique characteristics. I would use those skills and knowledge in Studio Air. Moreover, I finished five projects over the past 2 years, which included a single-family house, a kindergarten, rebuilding the Hong Kong Architectural Centre, a mid-rise residential building and a high-rise office building. I learnt how to design a building considering lots of factors at the same time. We had to pay attention to the site environment, user, regulation, structure, building services etc. I believe that those would help me to perform better in future.

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A1. Design futuring

Sustainable Development means “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 1Sustainability is one of the indispensable factor in design. Ove the years, the world we live in is becoming unsustainable and less safe to live in because of human selfishness. Most people believe in the western thinking that we could control the natural world, so we pollute the environment and utilize natural resources to feed our desires. However, those actions are damaging the climate and ecosystem of the Earth and would make human or even the global to disappear. ‘Design futuring ‘ has to confront two tasks: slowing the rate of defuturing and redirecting us towards far more sustainable modes of planetary habitation. 2 Therefore, “Design” acts as an important role to change this situation.

1 2

“Our Common Future”, 1987 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 6 CONCEPTUALISATION

The writings of Peter Kropotkin explain his objective to restore the quality of the natural environment after the ravages of industrial development; the production of far more durable artefacts; a focus on the development of community; the devolution of government; the overcoming of alienated labour and the development of the practice of apprenticeships. 3 Everyone in any field has the ability to design and responsibility to make the planet sustainable. A design would affect people’s thinking and the world. For instance, architecture should not only satisfy the physical needs of human beings or earn money, but should also have its impact. A green building would bring the message of environmental protection and let the society develop in a sustainable way. Design as a ‘redirective practice’ is able to take the diversity of humanity away from deepening the disaster of unsustainability toward the futuring character of sustain-ability.

Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 8

FIG.1: THE RENDERING OF THE AWE UNIT CONCEPTUALISATION 9

Precedent Study

FIG.2 TOP VIEW OF THE AWE UNIT

Art Wind Energy Unit (A.W.E.) Artist Team: Ana Morcillo Pallares, Jonathan Rule Artist Location: Cieza (Murcia), Spain

The A.W.E. Unit is an innovative energy generator by wind. It would provide about 3% energy demand for the both northern and southern part of Freshkills Park. 4 It combined the different disciplines like art, science, architecture and landscape. Other than being an energy generator, it would be an iconic sculpture to attract people. The design is important for the future since it consider about the sustainable development and minimize the pollutions on the natural environment. It shows that the responsibility to make the planet better is not only taking by the scientist, but also other field. Everyone should bear the duty to design.

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LAGI COMPETITION, A.W.E < http://landartgenerator. org/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/>

FIG.3 SECTION OF THE AWE UNIT

The designers have considered about the site before designing the sculpture. They decided to use a lightweight material with high flexibility to build the sculpture since they want to reduce the impacts on the site and environment. Also, the site would change due to the landfill; the tensile-integrity structure and materials would make adjustments depending on the site. It is an environmental friendly design since it would reduce the construction waste and suit the environment.

The installation consisted of wind turbines, wind spire and an envelope. It is designed to be safe for both human and wildlife. Furthermore, the installation would act as a public place with sun shading for people to relax. The design tried to balanced the needs of human and the natural world and minimize the negative effects on the site. It is a essential thinking in sustainable design.

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FIG.4 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER CONCEPTUALISATION 13

Precedent Study

FIG.5 SOLAR TURNING FLOWER ON THE SITE

SOLAR TURNING FLOWER Bring Poetry to People and to Mankind ARTIST: Alexandre Dang Artist Location: Brussels, Belgium

The Solar Turning Flowers are consisted of lots of flower installations which are the sculptures of producing the electricity by solar energy. 5 This installation acts as an art sculpture placed in the Freshkills Park which beautify the places for people to relax and enjoy. Moreover, it would raise the awareness of using the renewable

energy especially solar energy. Since the problem of global warming and lack of resources are serious now, everyone has to put more concerns and emphasizes on solving this situation and reducing the effects of them. Using renewable energy is one of practices in achieving the sustainable development. This installation consisted of a vertical rod which is the stem and a solar panel which is the flower head. When the flower head received sunlight, it will produce electricity and turn around the axis of the rod depending the intensity of the light sources. People can know the amount of electricity produced by reading the measurement

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LAGI COMPETITION, SOLAR TURNING FLOWER, < http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/adstfnyl/>

FIG.6 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER

of the number of turns of the flower head. The ideas of this design not only can promote the concept of utilize the renewable natural resources, also can educate people to protect our environment. However, this design would have some improvement and disadvantages. The electricity produce by the solar panel can have other usage such as producing some light in dark, cooling the place in summer and so on. Therefore, that installation is not only an art work but also could serve people and provide a better environment for human with less pollution. Other than that, the design could be improved by adding a function that is storing the electricity,

so it could still working when there is no sunlight. producing some light in dark, cooling the place in summer and so on. Therefore, that installation is not only an art work but also could serve people and provide a better environment for human with less pollution. Other than that, the design could be improved by adding a function that is storing the electricity, so it could still working when there is no sunlight.

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A2. Computational Architecture

Computational architecture is an innovative and important process in designing a building. Computing would give life to the idea of a designer. Often, the designer has many creative ideas, however, they wonder if they are workable and whether outcome will be good. The computing would solve this problem and help designer to realize their ideas. This design process integrates the technology and architecture. Parametric design as a facility for the control of topological relationships enables the creation and modulation of the differentiation of the elements of a design. 6The designer can change the model immediately. Moreover, the computing would facilitate understanding of the design. Mediated architectural design capable of a high level of generative variability, there is simultaneously emerging a generation of integrated simulation software for energy and structural calculations. 7 The architect would design a building with performance by trying to use different structural or materials, so the computer could calculate which combination is better. Furthermore, since the engineers or other people might not understand the design of the architecture and they always work independently, there could be lots of misunderstanding. The modelling would

6 7

Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 3 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 6-7 CONCEPTUALISATION

solve this problem such as the Building Information Modelling (BIM). It is an important software programme in the construction field. It is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. It would reduce the gap and misunderstanding between architect, engineers and consultants. Other than that, it shows the probability of having dangers when it is constructed. Therefore, the computational architecture is an essential process in designing architecture. The computing gained a more important role in the architectural field, since it would increase the efficiency to create a more playful, interesting, complex model. Modelling software, for instance, the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, allow us to build a model to express ideas more clearly and understand the disadvantages of the ideas. However, Computers lack any creative abilities or intuition. 8 kalay The computation would only be the assistant that helps the designer to modify and present their idea better and increases the creativity of architect.

Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 6

FIG.7 SOME OF THE MOST DRAMATIC FORMS DESIGNED WITH PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY HAVE COME FROM FRANK GEHRY, WHOSE LOUIS VUITTON FOUNDATION

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Precedent Study The Guggenheim Museum Architect: Frank Gehry

FIG.8 THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM IN BILBAO, SPAIN.

Gehry’s Guggenheim in Bilbao was the dominant iconic architectural design of the end of the century transformation of the modernist ethos.9It consisted lots of curves surface using different kinds of materials namely titanium, limestone and glass. The designer used the modeling software called CATIA to create the curve surfaces. The parametric modeling enabled the architect to express the ideas creatively and design it more complex and precise. Also, the software would improve the performances of the buildings. The walls and the ceilings are the load bearing elements and there is an internal structure which consisted of metal rods to support it. The positions and quantity of

the structure element could be calculated the CATIA1. It would calculate how can minimize the number of bar that the structure needs, so that it would reduce the construction cost and use less materials. Also, the orientation of them is important. They would change the appearance and internal layout inside the building and the safety of the structure. Furthermore, this building integrates the architecture and engineering. Different materials have different characteristics and physical properties. The architecture could increase the performance of different aspects by utilizing vary materials. The energy performance can be improved by CATIA. The software could be calculated use which materials and shape to construct can gain the ideal performances.

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Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.>

FIG.9 ELEVATION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

FIG.10 SECTION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

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Precedent Study ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 Architects: ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

FIG.11 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE

FIG.12 COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS 20

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FIG.13 ICD | ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2011

This project designed and worked by the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) and students from the University of Stuttgart in summer 2011. The design concept is transferring the biological principles of the sea urchinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plate skeleton morphology to architecture by using the computer and simulation methods and test the spatial and structural material-systems in full scale.10This explores the development between the computational design and robotic fabrication for light weight material construction. During the computational process, many possibilities of the project appeared such as using very thin materials to construct pavilion. A requirement for the design, development and realization of the complex morphology of the pavilion is a closed, digital information

loop between the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model, finite element simulations and computer numeric machine control.11The project use the computer to calculate and analyze the structure with different components and shape, so that the designer would modify the model quickly. It reduces the time cost since it would produce large amount of components and joints in a shorter time comparing to hand drawing. Also the geometrical components would be draw more accurately. This project integrated several disciplines namely the science, computer, art, technology and architecture. The technology and computer act as important role to explore and modify the performance of the project. It would check the energy performance of the project; the designers would change the design to build a better place for people to experience it. 10 11

ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditkeresearch-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/>

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A3. Composition/Generation

Computation is an innovative design method. The designer would use the computer to create their model effectively and enhance its precision. Computation augments the intellect of the designer and increases capability to solve complex problems.1It could be divided into two techniques namely composition and generation. There are some differences between the compositional and generative techniques. The compositional strategies are usually used to build the ideas of the designer into 3D model, so that people would know how it really looks like and performs. The architect could use the software like Rhinoceros, Grasshopper and Revit to modify the model easier and create them more accurate. Computational tools can be used to increase efficiency and allow for better communication, as well as for conceptual sketching of algorithmic concepts.9As for the generative technique, the designer would set the constraints of the project in the computer and the computer programme will generate different model depending on those factors. As Hao Ko, a design director at the architectural firm Gensler, explains, “The designer is setting the rules and parameters, with the computer doing the iterations. This gives designers more flexibility to explore designs, and we can make changes faster.”10

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Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp.15 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> CONCEPTUALISATION

Architecture is currently experiencing a shift from the drawing to the algorithm as the method of capturing and communicating designs.4 The parametric technology not only make the project become more perfect in varies aspect and also increase the creativity of the designer. “In any project, there are a million possibilities,” says architect Matthew Pierce of Perkins + Will.11Furthermore, the parametric design integrate the different field like art, sciences, technology, environment and so on. The computational design Phil Bernstein, an architect and vice president at the software maker Autodesk, believes parametric technology will help make new buildings more environmentally sustainable.12 The architect would use the software and computer programme like BIM and Revit to know how workable is the building and how to improve the performance. The software would predict the energy consumption of the architecture. The designer would make the building become more sustainable by changing the materials, structure, orientation of the component and so on. However, parametric models are simulations.13 Computers could not calculate and understand the thinking and behaviour of the human. Therefore, the computation could only act as a tool for architect to design and modify a building more efficiency but not creating an idea for the 14

“WHEN ARCHITECTS HAVE A SUFFICIENT UNDERSTANDING OF ALGORITHMIC CONCEPTS, WHEN WE NO LONGER NEED TO DISCUSS THE DIGITAL AS SOMETHING DIFFERENT, THEN COMPUTATION CAN BECOME A TRUE METHOD OF DESIGN FOR ARCHITECTURE.” -BRADY PETERS

Rybczynski, Witold. “Parametric Design: What’s Gotten Lost Amid the Algorithms - Architect Magazine.” Archi tectmagazine.com, July 11, 2013. <http://www.archi tectmagazine.com/design/parametric-design-lostamid-the-algorithms.aspx.>

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Precedent Study Dongdaemun Design Plaza Architect: Zaha Hadid

FIG.14 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA

This is the first public project using the 3-D modeling software and other digital tools in design process and construction in South Korea. It integrates different aspects, for instants, spatial organization, programmatic requirements, and engineering. The designer put emphasizes on the inter-related spatial relationship which is the interaction between the social places and internal structure.17 The parametric design enables the architect to modify the building continuously in a short time. They would finish the work within a compressed period, so it reduced the time cost and increased the efficiency of work. As for the construction, using the parametric modeling in this project would have lots of benefits. The architect would set the constraints such as the site condition,

regulations, and cost in the computer and it could design within those. The architect could modify the design and control the cost easily by changing the constraints. Moreover, the parametric design would reduce the gap between the architects, engineering and consultants. They would have a better understand about the design and reduce the possibility to get wrong. The envelope design of DDP is using a metal cladding system. Every panels have varies curvature and sizes, so it is difficult to design it by hand drawing. The parametric modeling enable the engineering and architect to design the faรงade in fabrication processes with high quality and cost control.

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ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/489604/dong daemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects/>

FIG.15 CURVED FACADE CONSISTED OF PANELS

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Precedent Study Beijing National Stadium, ‘The Bird’s Nest’ Architects:Herzog & De Meuron Architekten, Arup Sport and the China Architecture Design and Research Group

FIG.16 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE

FIG.17 THE STADIUM HAS A MOVING ROOF SO THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE CONTROLLED 26

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FIG.18 THE BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUM LIGHTING WAS CHOSEN TO PRODUCE A VISUAL SPECTACLE AT NIGHT

This is a masterpiece of architecture in China where the Olympic Games took place in 2008. The steel structure of this architecture is the largest one in the world with 26km unwrapped steel used, so it is also called “The Bird’s Nest”. 18 The architect not only uses the computation process to design the outlook and structure of the building and also the energy performances of the project. The architects calculate the temperature and airflow speed at each angle of the structure and optimize all ventilation facilities accordingly by using the computational fluid dynamics (CDF) based on the Games-time situation. 19This would provide a better competition environment for the participants. Also, using the digital tool to calculate the size and the orientation of the

seats in order to give the viewers a comfortable environment to watch the games. Since the geometry of the building is very complex, it has to use the large amount of parametric design software and calculations. It uses software to calculate the framework of the structure, energy performances, material used and human experience. The designer want to design the building in a sustainable way, so they use different materials like steel and transparent ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) and structure to have a better responds to wind, sun and water.

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designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/>

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A.4 Conclusion

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is acts as a very important role in every discipline and bares a responsibility to change our world better. Because of the selfishness of human, we have done a lot of things which damage the planets. The places we are now living have lots of problem such as the greenhouse effect, global warming and lack resources. If we still not take action to make the global being sustainable, human, societies or even the nations would disappear quickly. Therefore, everyone should take the responsibility to change the situation by slowing down the rate of design defuturing and designing in a sustainable way. To achieve the sustainable development, computation is essential in construction field. Computation is widely used in design a building. A lot of modeling software such as the Rhinoceros, Revit, Grasshopper and BIM would increase the efficiency of workflow and accuracy in calculation. Architect would change the factors and modify the design quickly. This would reduce the time cost and construction waste. Furthermore, they could know whether the ideas of them are workable and have good performances. They would present their work better and reduce the gap between architecture and engineers in order to decrease the mistakes during construction of the building. Moreover, the computer would calculate and do some experiments to test which structure or materials would achieve better performances of architecture in varies aspects such as the energy consumption and loadings. Although the modeling software and digital tools are very useful in design process, the designers should only depend on the computer. The computer could not calculate the human behaviors and thinking and it is no doubt that design has to consider about the subjective and objective factors.

A5. Learning Outcomes

After finishing the readings and lectures, I have gained a lot of information and new concepts about design and architectures. I find that it is essential to have some sustainable factors in design process since everyone should have responsibility to design in a sustainable way. Also, I have learned the concepts of computation and how it is important in architectural fields. Since this is my first semester to study in the University of Melbourne, I find some difficulties to catch up with other in lessons. Moreover, it is quite hard for me to understand the readings and resources. However, I get more understanding during the tutorial class since the classmates and the tutor would explain and present the meaning and main concepts of the readings. Also, I gain the knowledge and skills of using the Grasshopper in the tutorial class. Those would enhanced my design and technical skills to build a model.

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References List 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

17 18 19

“Our Common Future”, 1987 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 6 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 8 LAGI COMPETITION, A.W.E < http://landartgenerator. org/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> LAGI COMPETITION, SOLAR TURNING FLOWER, < http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/adstfnyl/> Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 3 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 6-7 Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 6 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditkeresearch-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp.15 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Rybczynski, Witold. “Parametric Design: What’s Gotten Lost Amid the Algorithms - Architect Magazine.” Archi tectmagazine.com, July 11, 2013. <http://www.archi tectmagazine.com/design/parametric-design-lostamid-the-algorithms.aspx.> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/489604/dong daemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/>

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List of illustration FIG.1: THE RENDERING OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.2 TOP VIEW OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.3 SECTION OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.4 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.5 SOLAR TURNING FLOWER ON THE SITE < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.6 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.7 SOME OF THE MOST DRAMATIC FORMS DESIGNED WITH PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY HAVE COME FROM FRANK GEHRY, WHOSE LOUIS VUITTON FOUNDATION < HTTP://WWW.TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM/REVIEW/517596/NEW-FORMS-THAT-FUNCTION-BETTER/> FIG.8 THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM IN BILBAO, SPAIN. < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.9 ELEVATION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM <HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.10 SECTION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM <HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.11 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.12 COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.13 ICD | ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2011 < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.14 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/489604/DONGDAEMUN-DESIGN-PLAZA-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS/> FIG.15 CURVED FACADE CONSISTED OF PANELS < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/489604/DONGDAEMUN-DESIGN-PLAZA-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS/> FIG.16 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/> FIG.17 THE STADIUM HAS A MOVING ROOF SO THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE CONTROLLED < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/> FIG.18 THE BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUM LIGHTING WAS CHOSEN TO PRODUCE A VISUAL SPECTACLE AT NIGHT < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/>

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