Lau yan lai 704960 parta b by Lai Lau Yan

STUDIO AIR 2014, SEMESTER 2, PHILIP BELESKY LAU YAN LAI

Content Part A - Conceptualisation A0. INTRODUCTION A1. DESIGN FUTURING A2. COMPUTATION ARCHITECTURE A3. COMPOSTION/GENERATION A4. CONCLUSION A5. LEARNING OUTCOMES A6. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHING

Part B - Criteria Design B1. RESEARCH FIELD B2. CASE STUDY 1.0 B3. CASE STUDY 2.0 B4. MATRIX OF ITERATIONS B5. FABRICATION B6. TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL B7. LEARNING OUTCOME B8. ALGORITHMIC SKETCHING

CONCEPTUALISATION

A0. Introduction ABOUT ME My name is Lau Yan Lai, Yvonne. I am now studying in my third year towards a degree in Bachelor of Environment, majoring in architecture at The University of Melbourne. As a Hong Kong born Chinese, I had studied there until I came to Australia to pursue my Bachelor degree. Before coming to Australia, I studied for an Associated Degree of Science at the City University of Hong Kong majoring in Architectural Studies. This course helped me a lot and set a good foundation for my further studies in architecture. I am always curious about new and interesting things like drawing and design. Architecture and Graffiti are some of my favourites because they are full of challenges. However, I enjoy working to overcome them with my commitment and stamina. Building things is essential for human; the major function of a building is providing an acceptable internal condition for residents to live, work and entertain in. However, a good design involves much more than that. When we design a building, we should not only be aesthetically demanding, but should also consider the human needs and environment to make it sustainable. Therefore, I hope to become an architect who creates some good designs which can connect humans and nature; particularly I hope my designs will be in love with counteracting the effects of global warning. Architectural studies will provide me with the best opportunity to become a productive member of society. I believe in the saying, ‘‘no pain, no gain’’, therefore I will work my hardest to become an architect.

CONCEPTUALISATION 5

PAST EXPERIENCES The modules taken during my years at the City University of Hong Kong offered an introduction to the basic theory and skills of designing a building. Moreover, they helped me to develop expression skills and creativity. Through the problem based learning, I have developed the ability to analyze and solve problems. This balanced curriculum certainly equipped me for furtherstudies in this subjects. In those courses, I also built a wealth of knowledge of AutoCAD, Photoshop, illustrator, InDesign and model making software such as Rhinoceros, Sketchup and Revit. Different software programmes have their unique characteristics. I would use those skills and knowledge in Studio Air. Moreover, I finished five projects over the past 2 years, which included a single-family house, a kindergarten, rebuilding the Hong Kong Architectural Centre, a mid-rise residential building and a high-rise office building. I learnt how to design a building considering lots of factors at the same time. We had to pay attention to the site environment, user, regulation, structure, building services etc. I believe that those would help me to perform better in future.

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION 7

A1. Design futuring

Sustainable Development means “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 1Sustainability is one of the indispensable factor in design. Ove the years, the world we live in is becoming unsustainable and less safe to live in because of human selfishness. Most people believe in the western thinking that we could control the natural world, so we pollute the environment and utilize natural resources to feed our desires. However, those actions are damaging the climate and ecosystem of the Earth and would make human or even the global to disappear. ‘Design futuring ‘ has to confront two tasks: slowing the rate of defuturing and redirecting us towards far more sustainable modes of planetary habitation. 2 Therefore, “Design” acts as an important role to change this situation.

1 2

“Our Common Future”, 1987 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 6 CONCEPTUALISATION

The writings of Peter Kropotkin explain his objective to restore the quality of the natural environment after the ravages of industrial development; the production of far more durable artefacts; a focus on the development of community; the devolution of government; the overcoming of alienated labour and the development of the practice of apprenticeships. 3 Everyone in any field has the ability to design and responsibility to make the planet sustainable. A design would affect people’s thinking and the world. For instance, architecture should not only satisfy the physical needs of human beings or earn money, but should also have its impact. A green building would bring the message of environmental protection and let the society develop in a sustainable way. Design as a ‘redirective practice’ is able to take the diversity of humanity away from deepening the disaster of unsustainability toward the futuring character of sustain-ability.

Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 8

FIG.1: THE RENDERING OF THE AWE UNIT CONCEPTUALISATION 9

Precedent Study

FIG.2 TOP VIEW OF THE AWE UNIT

Art Wind Energy Unit (A.W.E.) Artist Team: Ana Morcillo Pallares, Jonathan Rule Artist Location: Cieza (Murcia), Spain

The A.W.E. Unit is an innovative energy generator by wind. It would provide about 3% energy demand for the both northern and southern part of Freshkills Park. 4 It combined the different disciplines like art, science, architecture and landscape. Other than being an energy generator, it would be an iconic sculpture to attract people. The design is important for the future since it consider about the sustainable development and minimize the pollutions on the natural environment. It shows that the responsibility to make the planet better is not only taking by the scientist, but also other field. Everyone should bear the duty to design.

CONCEPTUALISATION

LAGI COMPETITION, A.W.E < http://landartgenerator. org/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/>

FIG.3 SECTION OF THE AWE UNIT

The designers have considered about the site before designing the sculpture. They decided to use a lightweight material with high flexibility to build the sculpture since they want to reduce the impacts on the site and environment. Also, the site would change due to the landfill; the tensile-integrity structure and materials would make adjustments depending on the site. It is an environmental friendly design since it would reduce the construction waste and suit the environment.

The installation consisted of wind turbines, wind spire and an envelope. It is designed to be safe for both human and wildlife. Furthermore, the installation would act as a public place with sun shading for people to relax. The design tried to balanced the needs of human and the natural world and minimize the negative effects on the site. It is a essential thinking in sustainable design.

CONCEPTUALISATION 11

CONCEPTUALISATION

FIG.4 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER CONCEPTUALISATION 13

Precedent Study

FIG.5 SOLAR TURNING FLOWER ON THE SITE

SOLAR TURNING FLOWER Bring Poetry to People and to Mankind ARTIST: Alexandre Dang Artist Location: Brussels, Belgium

The Solar Turning Flowers are consisted of lots of flower installations which are the sculptures of producing the electricity by solar energy. 5 This installation acts as an art sculpture placed in the Freshkills Park which beautify the places for people to relax and enjoy. Moreover, it would raise the awareness of using the renewable

energy especially solar energy. Since the problem of global warming and lack of resources are serious now, everyone has to put more concerns and emphasizes on solving this situation and reducing the effects of them. Using renewable energy is one of practices in achieving the sustainable development. This installation consisted of a vertical rod which is the stem and a solar panel which is the flower head. When the flower head received sunlight, it will produce electricity and turn around the axis of the rod depending the intensity of the light sources. People can know the amount of electricity produced by reading the measurement

CONCEPTUALISATION

LAGI COMPETITION, SOLAR TURNING FLOWER, < http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/adstfnyl/>

FIG.6 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER

of the number of turns of the flower head. The ideas of this design not only can promote the concept of utilize the renewable natural resources, also can educate people to protect our environment. However, this design would have some improvement and disadvantages. The electricity produce by the solar panel can have other usage such as producing some light in dark, cooling the place in summer and so on. Therefore, that installation is not only an art work but also could serve people and provide a better environment for human with less pollution. Other than that, the design could be improved by adding a function that is storing the electricity,

so it could still working when there is no sunlight. producing some light in dark, cooling the place in summer and so on. Therefore, that installation is not only an art work but also could serve people and provide a better environment for human with less pollution. Other than that, the design could be improved by adding a function that is storing the electricity, so it could still working when there is no sunlight.

CONCEPTUALISATION 15

A2. Computational Architecture

Computational architecture is an innovative and important process in designing a building. Computing would give life to the idea of a designer. Often, the designer has many creative ideas, however, they wonder if they are workable and whether outcome will be good. The computing would solve this problem and help designer to realize their ideas. This design process integrates the technology and architecture. Parametric design as a facility for the control of topological relationships enables the creation and modulation of the differentiation of the elements of a design. 6The designer can change the model immediately. Moreover, the computing would facilitate understanding of the design. Mediated architectural design capable of a high level of generative variability, there is simultaneously emerging a generation of integrated simulation software for energy and structural calculations. 7 The architect would design a building with performance by trying to use different structural or materials, so the computer could calculate which combination is better. Furthermore, since the engineers or other people might not understand the design of the architecture and they always work independently, there could be lots of misunderstanding. The modelling would

6 7

Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 3 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 6-7 CONCEPTUALISATION

solve this problem such as the Building Information Modelling (BIM). It is an important software programme in the construction field. It is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. It would reduce the gap and misunderstanding between architect, engineers and consultants. Other than that, it shows the probability of having dangers when it is constructed. Therefore, the computational architecture is an essential process in designing architecture. The computing gained a more important role in the architectural field, since it would increase the efficiency to create a more playful, interesting, complex model. Modelling software, for instance, the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, allow us to build a model to express ideas more clearly and understand the disadvantages of the ideas. However, Computers lack any creative abilities or intuition. 8 kalay The computation would only be the assistant that helps the designer to modify and present their idea better and increases the creativity of architect.

Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 6

FIG.7 SOME OF THE MOST DRAMATIC FORMS DESIGNED WITH PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY HAVE COME FROM FRANK GEHRY, WHOSE LOUIS VUITTON FOUNDATION

CONCEPTUALISATION 17

Precedent Study The Guggenheim Museum Architect: Frank Gehry

FIG.8 THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM IN BILBAO, SPAIN.

Gehry’s Guggenheim in Bilbao was the dominant iconic architectural design of the end of the century transformation of the modernist ethos.9It consisted lots of curves surface using different kinds of materials namely titanium, limestone and glass. The designer used the modeling software called CATIA to create the curve surfaces. The parametric modeling enabled the architect to express the ideas creatively and design it more complex and precise. Also, the software would improve the performances of the buildings. The walls and the ceilings are the load bearing elements and there is an internal structure which consisted of metal rods to support it. The positions and quantity of

the structure element could be calculated the CATIA1. It would calculate how can minimize the number of bar that the structure needs, so that it would reduce the construction cost and use less materials. Also, the orientation of them is important. They would change the appearance and internal layout inside the building and the safety of the structure. Furthermore, this building integrates the architecture and engineering. Different materials have different characteristics and physical properties. The architecture could increase the performance of different aspects by utilizing vary materials. The energy performance can be improved by CATIA. The software could be calculated use which materials and shape to construct can gain the ideal performances.

CONCEPTUALISATION

Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.>

FIG.9 ELEVATION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

FIG.10 SECTION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

CONCEPTUALISATION 19

Precedent Study ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 Architects: ICD / ITKE University of Stuttgart

FIG.11 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE

FIG.12 COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS 20

CONCEPTUALISATION

FIG.13 ICD | ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2011

This project designed and worked by the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) and students from the University of Stuttgart in summer 2011. The design concept is transferring the biological principles of the sea urchinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plate skeleton morphology to architecture by using the computer and simulation methods and test the spatial and structural material-systems in full scale.10This explores the development between the computational design and robotic fabrication for light weight material construction. During the computational process, many possibilities of the project appeared such as using very thin materials to construct pavilion. A requirement for the design, development and realization of the complex morphology of the pavilion is a closed, digital information

loop between the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model, finite element simulations and computer numeric machine control.11The project use the computer to calculate and analyze the structure with different components and shape, so that the designer would modify the model quickly. It reduces the time cost since it would produce large amount of components and joints in a shorter time comparing to hand drawing. Also the geometrical components would be draw more accurately. This project integrated several disciplines namely the science, computer, art, technology and architecture. The technology and computer act as important role to explore and modify the performance of the project. It would check the energy performance of the project; the designers would change the design to build a better place for people to experience it. 10 11

ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditkeresearch-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/>

CONCEPTUALISATION 21

A3. Composition/Generation

Computation is an innovative design method. The designer would use the computer to create their model effectively and enhance its precision. Computation augments the intellect of the designer and increases capability to solve complex problems.1It could be divided into two techniques namely composition and generation. There are some differences between the compositional and generative techniques. The compositional strategies are usually used to build the ideas of the designer into 3D model, so that people would know how it really looks like and performs. The architect could use the software like Rhinoceros, Grasshopper and Revit to modify the model easier and create them more accurate. Computational tools can be used to increase efficiency and allow for better communication, as well as for conceptual sketching of algorithmic concepts.9As for the generative technique, the designer would set the constraints of the project in the computer and the computer programme will generate different model depending on those factors. As Hao Ko, a design director at the architectural firm Gensler, explains, “The designer is setting the rules and parameters, with the computer doing the iterations. This gives designers more flexibility to explore designs, and we can make changes faster.”10

12 13

Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp.15 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> CONCEPTUALISATION

Architecture is currently experiencing a shift from the drawing to the algorithm as the method of capturing and communicating designs.4 The parametric technology not only make the project become more perfect in varies aspect and also increase the creativity of the designer. “In any project, there are a million possibilities,” says architect Matthew Pierce of Perkins + Will.11Furthermore, the parametric design integrate the different field like art, sciences, technology, environment and so on. The computational design Phil Bernstein, an architect and vice president at the software maker Autodesk, believes parametric technology will help make new buildings more environmentally sustainable.12 The architect would use the software and computer programme like BIM and Revit to know how workable is the building and how to improve the performance. The software would predict the energy consumption of the architecture. The designer would make the building become more sustainable by changing the materials, structure, orientation of the component and so on. However, parametric models are simulations.13 Computers could not calculate and understand the thinking and behaviour of the human. Therefore, the computation could only act as a tool for architect to design and modify a building more efficiency but not creating an idea for the 14

“WHEN ARCHITECTS HAVE A SUFFICIENT UNDERSTANDING OF ALGORITHMIC CONCEPTS, WHEN WE NO LONGER NEED TO DISCUSS THE DIGITAL AS SOMETHING DIFFERENT, THEN COMPUTATION CAN BECOME A TRUE METHOD OF DESIGN FOR ARCHITECTURE.” -BRADY PETERS

Rybczynski, Witold. “Parametric Design: What’s Gotten Lost Amid the Algorithms - Architect Magazine.” Archi tectmagazine.com, July 11, 2013. <http://www.archi tectmagazine.com/design/parametric-design-lostamid-the-algorithms.aspx.>

CONCEPTUALISATION 23

Precedent Study Dongdaemun Design Plaza Architect: Zaha Hadid

FIG.14 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA

This is the first public project using the 3-D modeling software and other digital tools in design process and construction in South Korea. It integrates different aspects, for instants, spatial organization, programmatic requirements, and engineering. The designer put emphasizes on the inter-related spatial relationship which is the interaction between the social places and internal structure.17 The parametric design enables the architect to modify the building continuously in a short time. They would finish the work within a compressed period, so it reduced the time cost and increased the efficiency of work. As for the construction, using the parametric modeling in this project would have lots of benefits. The architect would set the constraints such as the site condition,

regulations, and cost in the computer and it could design within those. The architect could modify the design and control the cost easily by changing the constraints. Moreover, the parametric design would reduce the gap between the architects, engineering and consultants. They would have a better understand about the design and reduce the possibility to get wrong. The envelope design of DDP is using a metal cladding system. Every panels have varies curvature and sizes, so it is difficult to design it by hand drawing. The parametric modeling enable the engineering and architect to design the faรงade in fabrication processes with high quality and cost control.

CONCEPTUALISATION

ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/489604/dong daemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects/>

FIG.15 CURVED FACADE CONSISTED OF PANELS

CONCEPTUALISATION 25

Precedent Study Beijing National Stadium, ‘The Bird’s Nest’ Architects:Herzog & De Meuron Architekten, Arup Sport and the China Architecture Design and Research Group

FIG.16 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE

FIG.17 THE STADIUM HAS A MOVING ROOF SO THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE CONTROLLED 26

CONCEPTUALISATION

FIG.18 THE BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUM LIGHTING WAS CHOSEN TO PRODUCE A VISUAL SPECTACLE AT NIGHT

This is a masterpiece of architecture in China where the Olympic Games took place in 2008. The steel structure of this architecture is the largest one in the world with 26km unwrapped steel used, so it is also called “The Bird’s Nest”. 18 The architect not only uses the computation process to design the outlook and structure of the building and also the energy performances of the project. The architects calculate the temperature and airflow speed at each angle of the structure and optimize all ventilation facilities accordingly by using the computational fluid dynamics (CDF) based on the Games-time situation. 19This would provide a better competition environment for the participants. Also, using the digital tool to calculate the size and the orientation of the

seats in order to give the viewers a comfortable environment to watch the games. Since the geometry of the building is very complex, it has to use the large amount of parametric design software and calculations. It uses software to calculate the framework of the structure, energy performances, material used and human experience. The designer want to design the building in a sustainable way, so they use different materials like steel and transparent ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) and structure to have a better responds to wind, sun and water.

18 19

designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/>

CONCEPTUALISATION 27

CONCEPTUALISATION

A.4 Conclusion

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is acts as a very important role in every discipline and bares a responsibility to change our world better. Because of the selfishness of human, we have done a lot of things which damage the planets. The places we are now living have lots of problem such as the greenhouse effect, global warming and lack resources. If we still not take action to make the global being sustainable, human, societies or even the nations would disappear quickly. Therefore, everyone should take the responsibility to change the situation by slowing down the rate of design defuturing and designing in a sustainable way. To achieve the sustainable development, computation is essential in construction field. Computation is widely used in design a building. A lot of modeling software such as the Rhinoceros, Revit, Grasshopper and BIM would increase the efficiency of workflow and accuracy in calculation. Architect would change the factors and modify the design quickly. This would reduce the time cost and construction waste. Furthermore, they could know whether the ideas of them are workable and have good performances. They would present their work better and reduce the gap between architecture and engineers in order to decrease the mistakes during construction of the building. Moreover, the computer would calculate and do some experiments to test which structure or materials would achieve better performances of architecture in varies aspects such as the energy consumption and loadings. Although the modeling software and digital tools are very useful in design process, the designers should only depend on the computer. The computer could not calculate the human behaviors and thinking and it is no doubt that design has to consider about the subjective and objective factors.

A5. Learning Outcomes

After finishing the readings and lectures, I have gained a lot of information and new concepts about design and architectures. I find that it is essential to have some sustainable factors in design process since everyone should have responsibility to design in a sustainable way. Also, I have learned the concepts of computation and how it is important in architectural fields. Since this is my first semester to study in the University of Melbourne, I find some difficulties to catch up with other in lessons. Moreover, it is quite hard for me to understand the readings and resources. However, I get more understanding during the tutorial class since the classmates and the tutor would explain and present the meaning and main concepts of the readings. Also, I gain the knowledge and skills of using the Grasshopper in the tutorial class. Those would enhanced my design and technical skills to build a model.

CONCEPTUALISATION 29

Using the grasshopper can let know about the relationship between the lines, points and surfaces. I would have an interesting parametric design by changing the factors of the line and surfaces. Also, I would build a model quickly and design a funny models.

A6. ALGORITHMIC 30

CONCEPTUALISATION

SKETCHING

CONCEPTUALISATION 31

References List 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13

17 18 19

“Our Common Future”, 1987 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 6 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 8 LAGI COMPETITION, A.W.E < http://landartgenerator. org/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> LAGI COMPETITION, SOLAR TURNING FLOWER, < http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/adstfnyl/> Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 3 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Rout ledge), pp. 6-7 Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 6 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditkeresearch-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/> Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp.15 Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Arieff, Alison. “Advanced Architecture Software Could Make Buildings More Energy-Efficient and Interesting | MIT Technology Review.” Technologyreview.com, July 31, 2013. <http://www.technologyreview.com/re view/517596/new-forms-that-function-better/.> Rybczynski, Witold. “Parametric Design: What’s Gotten Lost Amid the Algorithms - Architect Magazine.” Archi tectmagazine.com, July 11, 2013. <http://www.archi tectmagazine.com/design/parametric-design-lostamid-the-algorithms.aspx.> ArchiDaily,<http://www.archdaily.com/489604/dong daemun-design-plaza-zaha-hadid-architects/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/> designbuild-network,<http://www.designbuild-network. com/projects/national_stadium/>

CONCEPTUALISATION

List of illustration FIG.1: THE RENDERING OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.2 TOP VIEW OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.3 SECTION OF THE AWE UNIT < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/AWE42016/> FIG.4 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.5 SOLAR TURNING FLOWER ON THE SITE < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.6 THE RENDERING OF SOLAR TURNING FLOWER < HTTP://LANDARTGENERATOR.ORG/LAGI-2012/ADSTFNYL/> FIG.7 SOME OF THE MOST DRAMATIC FORMS DESIGNED WITH PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY HAVE COME FROM FRANK GEHRY, WHOSE LOUIS VUITTON FOUNDATION < HTTP://WWW.TECHNOLOGYREVIEW.COM/REVIEW/517596/NEW-FORMS-THAT-FUNCTION-BETTER/> FIG.8 THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM IN BILBAO, SPAIN. < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.9 ELEVATION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM <HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.10 SECTION OF THE GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM <HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/422470/AD-CLASSICS-THE-GUGGENHEIM-MUSEUM-BILBAO-FRANK-GEHRY/> FIG.11 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.12 COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.13 ICD | ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2011 < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/200685/ICDITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART/> FIG.14 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/489604/DONGDAEMUN-DESIGN-PLAZA-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS/> FIG.15 CURVED FACADE CONSISTED OF PANELS < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/489604/DONGDAEMUN-DESIGN-PLAZA-ZAHA-HADID-ARCHITECTS/> FIG.16 THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/> FIG.17 THE STADIUM HAS A MOVING ROOF SO THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN BE CONTROLLED < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/> FIG.18 THE BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUM LIGHTING WAS CHOSEN TO PRODUCE A VISUAL SPECTACLE AT NIGHT < HTTP://WWW.DESIGNBUILD-NETWORK.COM/PROJECTS/NATIONAL_STADIUM/>

CONCEPTUALISATION 33

B1. Research Field

GEOMETRY In the past, the architects and builders used the mathematical principles and started with geometry to design the architectures. Sometimes, the buildings with the pure geometric forms will have a great impression. In recent years, geometry still has been one of important components in designing contemporary architecture. Architects could design the building began with geometry by using the computational programs. The design would be explored and manipulated. Furthermore, geometry has a close relationship with the structure of buildings. Designers would create interesting designs by combining various geometries. 34

CRITERIA DESIGN

Fig. 1. VoltaDom by Skylar Tibbits

B2. Case Study 1.0

Fig. 2. SG2012 Gridshell by Gridshell Digital Tectonics

SG2012 GRIDSHELL Gridshell Digital Tectonics

CRITERIA DESIGN

This installation was developed by Gridshell Digital Tectonics, which was instructed by Mark Cabrinha, Andrew Kudless and David Shook. Interestingly, it was a 4-day workshop at Smartgeometry 2012, RPI, Troy, NY aimed on the design and construction of a wooden gridshell using solely straight wood components bent along geodesic lines on a relaxed surface. 1 The instructors intended to explore how properties of materials can be embedded within parametric design and analysis environments. They wanted to focus on timber as this material provides an excellent ground to investigate the integration of generative and analytic digital tools with material reality. 2 The design was undergone and investigated the relationship among material waste and architectural presence as well as minimizing the waste while maximizing the presence in the space. The team researched a range of material properties, for examples, the wood grain orientation and density and their performance against bending stresses resulting in profiles by different joinery methodologies. By using parametric tools like Grasshopper, Kangaroo, and Karamba, the workshop also allow the members to experiment with parametric model construction integrated both material and geometric parameters. Also, an involving the uses of genetic algorithms and real prototypes and experiments feedback loop was designed between the parametric geometric model and structural one allowing for a smooth work-flow that incorporating structures, geometry and material performance. 1 Matsys, SG2012 Gridshell, < http://matsysdesign.com/2012/04/13/sg2012-gridshell/> 2 Smartgoemetry, Gridshell Digital Tectonics, < http://smartgeometry.org/index.php?option=com_con tent&view=article&id=134%3Agridshell-digital-tectonics&catid=44&Itemid=131> CRITERIA DESIGN

B2. Matrix of iterations

CRITERIA DESIGN

B2. Selection Criteria

1. Interesting form and good appearances

An interesting and beautiful design would draw people attention and become an iconic structure. It would attract people to visit and prettify the place.

2. Suitable for the LAGI brief

3. Possible Structure

Ensuring the structure of the design could be built and it is easy to construct.

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B2. Successful Iterations 1. NO. OF DIVIDED POINTS: 35 SHAPE OF CURVE: IRREGULAR

This design has an interesting form by consisting of 4 curves of irregular shape and divided the profile by 35 points. The funny form would attract peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention and visit it. Also, the form of the structure looks like a hill, which would be suitable for the site of LAGI. The design would harmony with the environment.

2. NO. OF DIVIDED POINTS: 100 SHAPE OF CURVE: RECTANGLE

This design has large potential to have further development for the LAGI brief. Since it has a large surface area, which would provide more public space for people to use it. Therefore, more people would enjoy this structure and have activities there. Moreover, the design consisted of lots of curves that could provide shading for human.

3. NO. OF DIVIDED POINTS: 30 SHAPE OF CURVE: ELLIPSE

This design only change the number of points that divided the profile curve and keep the original shape of curve. Reducing the number of curves would ensure the structure would be constructed easily; it would save the materials and times to build it. Also, the curve in ellipse shape would probably has a better response to the wind compared to other four shape of curve, so it has potential to explore in the future to suit the LAGI brief.

4. NO. OF DIVIDED POINTS: 10 SHAPE OF CURVE: TRIANGLE

This design is consisted of triangle curves divided by 10 points. The structure of it is quite simple and possible to construct. Also, the triangular curve would provide a stable structure with less supporting points than other curves. Furthermore, the design could allow more sunlight and wind penetrated into structure to provide a comfortable environment for people. CRITERIA DESIGN

B3. Case Study 2.0

Fig. 3 ‘Bird’s Nest’ by Herzog DeMuron

‘Bird’s Nest’ Herzog DeMuron Beijing National Stadium, is commonly known as “Bird’s Nest”, is situated in Olympic Green, Chaoyang District, and Beijing, China and is opened in 2008. As one of the modern stadium in the world, it is able to serve more than 80k people. The stadium is designed by a group of professionals included architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach, artist Ai Weiwei, and CADG which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang for games in 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.3 In order to create a landmark for China and the games, it incorporated elements of Chinese art and culture. The circular shape of the stadium represents ‘heaven’, while the adjacent square form of the National Aquatics Center (Water Cube), also design-engineered by Arup, is a reflection of the Chinese symbol for Earth.4 To be considered as world’s largest enclosed space, the materials used and structure would be very interesting to investigate. The engineers built two-separated structural system - an inner concrete seating space and the outer steel frame. The inner venue was for the Olympic games; there were many standards that the design consortium had to conform to. Everything from the width of the track to the size and location of the long and high jump pits 42

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needed to satisfy the requirements set out by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF).5 Besides, the pattern of outer steel frame is inspired by Chinese-style ‘crazed pottery’. Seemingly random, the pattern abides by complex rules for which advanced geometry was defined.6 The structure of the frame included lots of cantilevered trusses to support the roof and the shading for the users. Moreover, the structural system is capable to withstand earthquakes without much severe damages. The project team do not only consider the National Stadium to be iconic but also to be innovative in sustainability. It is first building alike to equip rainwater-recycling system. The water is recycled for use in landscaping, fire fighting and cleaning.7 It also has a 130KW photovoltaic system, which is used to power lighting for the stadium and underground parking. 8 The roof of the stadium also acts as a shelter the stadium from the sun, and rain but allow natural ventilation between internal and external air by single transparent, water proofing ETFE membrane. Also, CFD model was used to simulate the heat effect inside the spectator space to ensure the comforts of the users.The lighting system in the building is mainly LEDs to provide energy-efficient, green lighting solutions for signage lighting and lighting for even the most inaccessible areas.9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e-architect, < http://www.e-architect.co.uk/beijing/birds-nest-beijing > ARUP,<http://www.arup.com/projects/chinese_national_stadium.aspx> designbuild-network.com ,<http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/national_stadium/> ARUP,<http://www.arup.com/projects/chinese_national_stadium.aspx> “Greenpeace, “Olympics Assessment Report.” ,<http://www.unep.org/sport_env/Olympic_Games/Beijing_2008/PDF/Olym pics%20Assessment%20Report%20ENG.pdf> “United Nations Environment Programme, “Green Energy Will Fuel the Olympic Experience for Millions of Spectators in Beijing.”, <http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=543&ArticleID=5890&l=en> Borealis,<http://www.polybrite.com/BorealisLetterHead_Olymipic08MLS080408.pdf> CRITERIA DESIGN

B3. Reverse-Engineer Overall Grasshopper Definition STEP 2

STEP 1

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STEP 5

STEP 6

STEP 7

STEP 4

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B3. Reverse-Engineer

First, setting a center point to locate the position of curve.

Then, producing a parametric curve by constructing 8 points. The curve would be various by changing the number slider that connected to each parameters. 46

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Producing the other two profile curves using the step 2. All profile curves are based on the center point.

Using the loft component to make the surface on the three curves. CRITERIA DESIGN

B3. Reverse-Engineer

Using the geodesic component to divide all the profile curve and connect the first point and end point.

Setting the perpendicular frames under each geodesic curve. Then creating four points on the plane. Producing the section of pipes by connecting the 4 points. 48

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Using the sweep component to creating the pipe of the geodesic curves.

Finally, repeating the step 4 to 7 to generate more pipe and shift them in different direction such as left and right. CRITERIA DESIGN

B3. Reverse-Engineer

FINALL OUTCOME

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The final model is quite successful that it mostly looks like the ‘Bird’s Nest’ Stadium. Since the profile curve of the model is not the same as the real architecture, part of the model is not exactly the same. Moreover, it is difficult to make the loft surface just only on the upper part of the model.

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B4. Matrix of Iteration

Grasshopper Definition 1

Using different profile curves with different number of geodesic curves

The reverse engineering definition of the ‘Bird’s Nest’ stadium acted as a starting point to develop the iterations in Matrix 2.0. Since it is limited to use only one Grasshopper definition to create at least 50 iterations, different shape of curve such as the triangle, rectangle, circle and irregular shape would be used in the definition to produce diversified iterations. In each species of iterations, the number of divided points would be varied. This affected the number of pipes and the structure of the buildings. A number slider was connected to the Divide Curve component. The density of the pipes would increase when the curve divided into more points to create more complex iterations. The profile curves are very important to the structure since it will affect the responsive to the site and experiences of the human. The structure will affect the sunlight penetration, wind response and the view. Moreover, I would like to design the structure with plants on it, therefore the density of the pipes and the shape of the structure are essential to provide a suitable environment for them to growth.

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B4. Matrix of Iteration

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Grasshopper Definition 1

Using different profile curves with different number of geodesic curves

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B4. Matrix of Iteration

Grasshopper Definition 2

Using different size of profile curves with different height

After testing the curves and the number of divided points, I decided to change the size and the height of the curves to push the definitions to its limits in order to have more various form which suit the site. The size of the each profile curve would change the form of the model even height of the curves did not vary. Since the geodesic curve produced by connecting the points on the base curve and the top curve, when the profile curve varied, the geodesic curve would be changed at the same time. The height of the curve would change the form and the elevation of the design. When the curve is higher, the model would be taller. However, when the differences between the middle curve and top curve is too large, some of the geodesic curve might not pass through the middle curve. After exploring the grasshopper definition, I have found some of the limits of the definition. Also, there is some design that would be suitable for the LAGI site and have potential to develop in the future.

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B4. Matrix of Iteration

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Grasshopper Definition 2

Using different size of profile curves with different height

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B4. Selection Criteria

Relating to “search” process in the Kalay’s reading, there are two stages, which are the “producing candidate solutions for consideration” and “choosing the ‘right’ solution for further consideration and development. He mentioned the notions of ‘depthfirst’,’breathfirst’ and bestfirst’. Based on this, I have explore the following selection criterias.

1. Interesting form and good appearances

An interesting and beautiful design would draw people attention and become an iconic structure. It would attract people to visit and prettify the place.

2. Differ from the original form

The original form is the “bird’s nest” stadium created by reverse engineering. I would like to create more different design by changing the definitions of the “bird’s nest” and push the definitions to limit.

3. Suitable for the LAGI brief

The design should have potential to develop in a structure, which is suitable for the LAGI brief. The design should provide some spaces for people to use and have good experience in it. Also, it should fit the site and the environment. Moreover, the design should have place for housing the solar panel and services. Also, the structure of the design should be suitable for growing plants.

4. Possible Structure

The design could be fabricated easily. Also, ensuring the structure of the design could be built and it is easy to construct.

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B4. Successful Iterations 1. The form of the design is quite different from the original one since the size of the profile curves and their height were changed. The form of model looks like a tree. The upper part of the structure bended outward and the body represent the branches and the trunk of a tree respectively. This design has potential to further develop to being a pavilion in the LAGI site. The pavilion in â&#x20AC;&#x153;treeâ&#x20AC;? form would attract people and raise the awareness of sustainability. Furthermore, the upper of the design would be house the solar pane. The high of the design would be various to obtain enough sunlight. Also, the structure would let the plants to grow on it.

2. This design used irregular shape of the curve to replace the original curve to have this funny shape. This form would have a better wind response than the others. Also, the geodesic curve would be less than the original one. This would ensure that the sunlight and light would penetrate into it. Also, it would provide a view for people to enjoy when they get inside.

3.This design used the rectangle shape of profile curve to replace the original one. The rectangular form of the structure is easy to organize the initial space. Since the internal space is quiet regular, so it is easy to divide the space into different function. It has small amount of geodesic curves that would ensure it would be fabricated easily. Also, the structure would be built with less time and materials. Furthermore, this would provide a greater view and let people access inside easily.

4. This design would quite different from the original one and it looks like a flower. The curve shape of the design could have a better wind response. Also, it has a very large open area inside. People could connect to the natural environment easily and have a great sky view.

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B5. Fabrication

Since there was no support at the upper part of the design, it would not be printed by 3D printing. The power at the upper would not be held and would be fallen down. Therefore, I have tried different materials to test that would have ability to support the structure by itself. Also, I would like to test the ductility and ability of bending of the materials to choose which materials should be used for the design. I have tested 4 materials, which are the Vinyl covered wire string, iron wire, square plastic beam and flatted aluminium wire. I have found that the vinyl covered wire string is too soft and would not support by it. While for the square plastic beam, it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have the ability to bend a large angle. Moreover, since the ductility of them is poor, they are easy to break down into two pieces when bend them. As for the iron wire, although it has ability to bend and support by itself, it is quite heavy and too thin. It would not support the plants on it and could not create large shading. Therefore, the flatted aluminium wire is the best option among those four. Since it is light, it would create smaller among of dead load by itself. Also, it is easy to bend into different shape and could support the structure. Furthermore, it has a flat surface, which would provide shading and hold the solar panels. However, the outcome of the model is not fine enough. Since it is difficult to bend each of the wire with same angel by hand. Also, the surface of each wire is too large which not in scale compared to the digital mode. Furthermore, it is hard to join them together with the super Glue. Therefore, I would like to various the structure of this design to solve those problems and it could be fabricated easily. 62

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I have also test the shading made by different materials. Also, it would create some interesting pattern of shading by using different number of geodesic curve. Furthermore, the pattern of shading would change when the angle of sun change. The design would be further develop to create some funny shading on the site by having different structure.

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B6. Technique: Proposal

SITE DESCRIPTION The project will be situated in Refshaleoen, a manmade island in Copenhagenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront. Facing a scenic sea view, the site allows us to explore the horizon line towards the iconic The Little Mermaid. The site included a pier which is an landfill that is filled by the materials from the old structures on the area which were torn down so it is now an open plan landscape with nearly no restriction on the foundation depth or type and therefore, we should solely consider the effect in superstructure that do not exceed 125 meters in height at any point. In order to express our concept to connect and respect the site conditions, the way we thinking of should be focusing on surrounding future environment, like the Water Taxi Terminal in the Southern part, solar path , wind direction and moreover the existing building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; whether they will block the view, wind and sun. The following research will present the factors listed above to allow us to link our design to the location, making it an informative and fruitful proposal. 64

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Fig. 4 LAGI Site photo

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SUN PATH (SUMMER)

SUN PATH (WINTER)

WIND PATH

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B6. Technique: Proposal I have done something site analysis. From the diagram of sun path and wind path, I would have some basic idea about the environment of site. Since I decide to have solar panel on my design, so I need to know the sun path and the shading come from the surrounding buildings in order to get enough sunlight to generate the electricity by solar energy. Since there is always much shading along southern side, the design would be decide to place at the center to get more sunlight. From the wind diagram, the wind direction mainly is southern side; the structure would place separately to gain the natural ventilation and would not block the wind. Also, I would like to various the height of the structure to suit the site and get enough sunlight. At the center one would be the highest because it would be an iconic structure to attract people.

ELEVATION

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B6. Technique: Proposal

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Since people have to work or study everyday, I would like to create a place for them to relax. My main idea of this is come from the Chinese word, which is ‘停’. ‘停’has same pronunciation of ‘亭’. However, they have different meanings. The meaning of ‘停’ and ‘亭’ is ‘stop’ and ‘pavilion’ respectively. Also, word of ‘停’ is combined by human and pavilion, so I hope that people would come to the pavilion to have a stop and relax inside. Also, I would like to have some plants on the structure; therefore, they would suit the site and provide more greenery for the city.

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B6. Rendering

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B6. Rendering

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B7. Learning Outcome After a few weeks, I have learnt a lot about parametric tools such as reverse-engineer and various the definitions to create different iterations. We would get a lot different models from changing the parameters and know the limit of the definition. Since there maybe no model or model with errors would be produced when we change the parameter to the extreme value. Different geometry would have their properties and each of the properties would affect our design. After choosing the most successful iteration from the matrix, I should develop it more complicated. Also, I have to consider more about the design and the experience of the human. Since the design is quiet simple now and there was not much details inside the pavilion. I have to design more about the internal layout and function, so the people could enjoy it and use them with great experience and feeling. Other than that, I have to consider about the circulation. Since the pavilion didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a clear entrance and people cannot access into it easily, I should design the path for people to go them from the site those pavilions. Furthermore, I should design the landscape to connect to the pavilions since the landscape would also provide a great experiences and pleasant views for visitors. As for the structure of the pavilion, I have to consider how to house the solar panel and enlarge those places to ensure gain enough sunlight to generate the electricity. Other than that, I have to consider about how the structure could be suitable for plants to growth on. Moreover, since the fabrication of this structure is not successful, I have to redesign the structure, so it would be fabricated more easily and successfully.

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B8. Algorithmic Sketching

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References List 1.

Matsys, SG2012 Gridshell, < http://matsysdesign.com/2012/04/13/sg2012-gridshell/>

Smartgoemetry, Gridshell Digital Tectonics, < http://smartgeometry.org/index.php?option=com_ con tent&view=article&id=134%3Agridshell-digital-tectonics&catid=44&Itemid=131>

e-architect, < http://www.e-architect.co.uk/beijing/birds-nest-beijing >

ARUP,<http://www.arup.com/projects/chinese_national_stadium.aspx>

designbuild-network.com ,<http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/national_stadium/>

ARUP,<http://www.arup.com/projects/chinese_national_stadium.aspx>

“Greenpeace, “Olympics Assessment Report.” ,<http://www.unep.org/sport_env/Olympic_Games/ Beijing_2008/PDF/Olympics%20Assessment%20Report%20ENG.pdf>

“United Nations Environment Programme, “Green Energy Will Fuel the Olympic Experience for Millions of Spectators in Beijing.”,<http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?Docu mentID=543&ArticleID=5890&l=en>

Borealis,<http://www.polybrite.com/BorealisLetterHead_Olymipic08MLS080408.pdf>

List of illustration Fig. 1. VoltaDom by Skylar Tibbits http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/voltadom-by-skylar-tibbits/ Fig. 2. SG2012 Gridshell by Gridshell Digital Tectonics http://matsysdesign.com/2012/04/13/sg2012-gridshell/ Fig. 3 ‘Bird’s Nest’ by Herzog DeMuron http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/national_stadium/ Fig. 4 LAGI Site photo http://landartgenerator.org/designcomp/

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