On the distribution of Turk tribes in Afghanistan Gunnar Jarring (1939) by lale güvenc

LUNDS UNIVERSITETS

ARSSKRIFT.

N. F. Avd. 1. Bd 35. Nr 4.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TURK TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN AN ATTEMPT AT A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFIC4TION

GUNNAR JARRING

u N TI

C. W . I<. G I , l ' . E R U P

I,I{IPZIG OTTO HAHRASSOWITZ

-vf

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TURK TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN

GUNNAR JARRING

List of Contents

I'RR.

Introduction ........................................................ T h e hibliographical sources ........................................ T h e non-Indo-European poplilation a n d language5 of Afghanistan .... Tho T u r k 1)coples .................................................. The Turkish population of thc province of Qattaglian a n d Badakhslian l i h a n a b a d ...................................................... Anderah ........................................................ Khost a n d F e r e n g .............................................. Khcnjan ...................................................... G h o r i o r Ghuri .................................................. Haghlan ....................................................... Hazrrt-i-Inlam Sahib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qunduz ........................................................ Taleclan o r Taliqan .............................................. Nemt.k.aln ...................................................... (;nlfrgan ...................................................... Nahrcin ........................................................ Chal a n d Ishkamish ............................................ Hadakhshan .................................................... Faizahncl ...................................................... Argu .......................................................... k'aftal ......................................................... T?craim a n d Tcehkan ............................................ Khash ......................................................... Littlo Pamir .................................................... G r ~ a t I'amir .................................................. Shughnan ...................................................... Shiva ......................................................... Shahr.i.hi~zurg ................................................. l l ~ i s t a q ........................................................ Cl~ah-i-ah ...................................................... Sanpi-qala ..................................................... 'rnrkmans .......................................................... C;clneraI information about. thv T ~ l r k m a n sof Afghanistan .......... The trihal divisionu of t h r T i t r k n ~ a n ............................ Salors .........................................................

5 7 9

11 13 14 15 15 16 1(;

16 16 17

Gunnar Jarring Sariqs ......................................................... 42 Ersaris ........................................................ 45 Tekes ......................................................... 47 Alielis ......................................................... 49 Karama-Turkmans (Qarama) .................................... 50 Chaudar-Turkmans ............................................. 50 The number of Turkmans in Afghanistan ........................ 50 Uzbeks ............................................................ 52 General information about the tribal divisions of the Uzbeks .... 52 The distribution of the Uzbeks of Afghanistan .................. 57 The number of Uzbeks in Afghanistan .......................... 64 Qipchaqs .......................................................... 65 Chaghatai Turks ................................................... 67 Qazaqs ............................................................ 69 Qirghizcs .......................................................... 70 Qaraqalpaqs ....................................................... 70 Qarluqs ............................................................ 71 Turks in Eastern Afghanistan ...................................... 74 Turks in Kohistan ............................................ 74 Turks in the valley of Koh-Daman ............................ 75 Qizilbashes ........................................................ 76 The number of Qizilbashes in Afghanistan ...................... 77 Ifnzlara and Aimaq ................................................ 79 The place-namea as indicating a Turkish population or traces of it .... 82 Jndex of tribes and peoples ........................................ 84 Index of g~oyraphical names ...................................... 92 List of works quoted .................................... . . 97

Introduction. The purpose of the present work is to give a picture of the distribution of the Turkish peoples in Afghanistan on the basis of the knowledge obtainable from all the scattered sources about the country and from material collected by myself in the countr3- in 1935.' I t is important to determine the features of the Turkisli ~ o p u l a t i o nof Afghanistan, as n-e here find the southern boundaries of the Turkish-speaking peo1)les. These bounclaries are still alnlost unknown, though I hopr to have given the main features in this work. The definite demarcation of the people- and languagel)ounclaric1smust h o ~ ~ e v he e r left to future researches. Some people may consider it unjust to divide the Turks of Afghanistan from those of Russian Central Asia. I ail1 m a r c of this and I should have liked to malte this investigation more wide, including the country also to the north of Amu-darpa. But owing to the great difficulties in obtaining any information from these parts of the IT. S. S . R. I confined my task to Afghanistan, about the Turkish population of which country we also have the most scanty i n f ~ r m a t i o n . ~ Everyone who has done ethnological or linguistic research among the peoples of a country like Afghanistan or in Central Asia lcnowa how difficult it mag prove to get the inforillation wanted when carrying on field-work. In the present volume I have tried to collect all information available, in order to make the task easier for those who will in the future investigate the Turks of this area linguistically and ethnologically. My work may thus serve as n hasis and indicate where to find the Turlrish tribos and information ahout them in the existing literataure. ----- -- -

' Cf. frlrthcr the introduction to m y work ~ U a b c ktexts from Afghan 'rllrkf.stan~,19.38. Cf. IVANCIY, Notes on thc ~ t h n o l o g yof Khuraaan, p. 144.

Cfunnar Jarring

A han(1l)ook on the Turks has long been desired by those who (lo scientific rvol-k. I hope with my attempt a t a classification of the Turks of Afghanistan to have made this task a little easier - for only a srnall part, however, of the wide territories inhabited t y the Turks in history and at the present day. In my opinion it will he necessary to make a series of investigations like this trefore methodical research tvork can he carried on in the wide ficliis of Tllrcology. We ought to know what has been done in :I syrc~ialareit hefore we start working at a new place within it. The place-names hiwe been transcribed according to the rules of the Royal Geographical Society. I have not always heen able to anccrtain the clifferencbe between (1 and k , as the names have Iwcn picket1 111) 1)y tr:~vellers ignorant of the langtlage. I also consitler several other g,peographical names to be highly uncertain, :ts tlley li;~ve nc1\-cr heen ~ollectcdt)y n skillecl linguist. Turkish n ords 1)ut in :a pnrtlnthesis are transcri1)etl according to the system I hitvc. rlwtl in my previous publications, wliich can he fount1 in tlio list of works citecl ; ~ the t rntl of this hook.

The hibliographical sources. The literature about Afg1l;lnistan is ahundant, especiallg during the years 1840-191)0, owing to the intense English and Russian political activities in Central Asia ttt that time,' hut 1:trgely inaccessible. This a s usual applies to all tlie 12ussi;tn sources. 1 dare not helieve that I have heen able to go throl~gh all thc material, as nre lack I,il,liograpllical works as a whole, except fur the cases mentioned I~elow. The only existing attenlpt a t a full bi1)liugraphy of Afgllanistan is the Russian >>AR i ~ ~ l i o g r a l ~of1 ~Afghanistan+, ~whical1 apptl;~rcbti in 1908 ~ ~ n ( l tthe l r tlii-ection of S. 11. A~,~srAo\~slir.Yt is not a t ;1\1 c>onq)lt.tc1for thc time caoncbc-lrnec1and c.;ln 1~ 11sed only together with the German Orient;llische Ri1)liograpllie and its forerunners for the ye:Irs tliesc l,l~l)licntionsexist. For some parts of Afg1~:~nist;in we have very valual)le I)il~liograplli(baln1:lterial in I. MISAEV, ( 'nrl;~l;irino rr1)alI;ls.L no ncl)sonhri;\r.r,A4~y-jnl)hrr (Information :ll)out the countries on the upper /\mu-darya), I)ut only for the time u p to 1878. I,astly, for mot-lern timcs I call ;~ttentionto \Fr. I r ~ : x ~ z ' ~ very thoro~igh :~rticllc Sanl~lllllngen zllr afghanischen L i t e r a t ~ ~ r 11ild % ~ i t g t ~ s c h i ~ h t e . " Minor 1)il)liographies tlsist in several oltl ant1 ~ l works c ~ on afghani st:^^^, thus for oxamplc in CI'RZONand TRINKLEH %nd they 1l:ivt. a11 of thcm n ~ a d emy task clasicr. -- -

-- -- .

C'f. for tlxnml)lc I ~ , I H H ~ I < T I ,Anglo-Russian ~~., rclations concerning Afgli:~nial:in 18337--1!)07 (l!):3'i) ; It \ \ V I . I N S O N , Englantl and Huaaia in t hc Eaut (187.5), t y . ("ha~ttlr-1. with valilablc information about travel in ('r~ntral Asia; M A I ~ \ . J Sliclconnoitring . C'clntral A ~ i a(1885); C:li~%Oh', R u s ~ i ain Central Asia (IHH!)); 1Io1.1)lr.rl.Thr g ~ t ( *ofs India. being n h i n t o r i ~ lnarrativv (l9lO), chapters 3--17: Elistory of tliv rxplorwtions of Afghanistan. 1;116,7ilwjl:1QhA~~ri~rrrrr-rirrr;~. ' Z%DM(;. Hd 91: 3. 1!W. ' C'I.HX~N. l t ~ ~ a s iina ('cntral Asia, 2nd ctl. 1889. " ~ H I Y RI,I:T{. Afghanistan. lR'2H.

Gunnar Jarring

Of great value to me was ARISTOV'S06% A ( ~ ~ ~ H I I C T &~I Eero H$ rrnce.~eain (On Afghanistan and its population), though it had not much information to give about the Turk population of the country. Its main value lies in the material collected by ARISTOV. The same must be said of his work ~NJI~,T,THII 06% arrHnsecxoxb c.oc~(z~% frnpccsnxa Ir.1t1arelIa rr ~ a y o ~ ~ o cn ~ ce~h% x h a i06~11, rlxa ~ r ~ ~ c . ~ e ~ ~ (Remarks r o w r r . ~ on the ethnical stabe of the Turkish tribes ancl information ahout their number). The only information of interest for the Afghanistan Turks is some indications, which cannot he relied upon too much, about their number. I'. ~ ~ H C F I E $ K I\'. 11. I ~ . i ( t - l r . i ~ o ~ ~ ~ I I f Finally I pay attention to F;rrfi.~rrorlm{[~n~ cinG;rriorpa~[~nl~ ( ' p c ~ ~ t l9n: j ~ r n(1935) (Bibliography of the bihliographies of C'entral Asia) which gives very valuahle hints to the Russian literature ahout Afghanistan. AS will he seen in the following. the quantity of the works on Afghanistan does not corresponri to the quality of them. Many, even the recent works, only repeat what was known from the old classics, as E~r,rn~?;..;~rox~, BI'HSESor RELLEW.

' ik'liniilr

c ~ i l p r trn r . 189X. it;trn;~tr c*raplnro. 1896; very u s e f ~ l lindex

of the names of tho Turkish tribes occurring in Aristov's work by N. BRAWN& I. BELIAEV in 3nonrun ~ I M I J .1)TCCli. lY'(~p. @6tIl.[ I 0 0 ) ~ ; ~ f ~ l:lT!IOrp. .

2H: 2.

The non-Indo-European population and languages of Afghanistan. The number of languages spolien in Afghanistan is vtlry great. This is in some degree clue tu the geograllhical position of the country. It has since the oldest time:: lwei1 a transit coluntry for 1,eoples finding their way to Inc1i:t by the most convenient road, through the nloluntain-passes of the North \Vest Frontier I'rovince of moclern India. These 1)eoples alwa~rsin some way left, their traces in language or in the peoples ~vlnich now inhahit Afghnnistan. The result is a very variegated language- and populat ion-map of the colintry to-day. This is also due to the fact that nlany of these ~ ~ c o p l ewere s - and still are - nomadic. Another reason for the variegated 1a.ngunge- ant1 popula tion-map of Afghanist an to-da y has heen pointed out hy IVKN.'According to him this fact is due to the internal policy of the different Afghan governments. Tribes loj-a1 to the government were givt.11 resents anti gifts, but tleftlateti rehcl txihes werc remc)vecl to far-off parts of the country where thcy had to live with their cattle on l ~ a dgrazing-grounds. As a n example of this IVEN nientions thitt in 1924 king Amanullah hat1 a great p:jrt of the Mangnl-tril~e,which had rebelled against him, rcmovcd from the Indian frontier to the districts to the north of IIinduknuh. Other examples may he obtained from Iven. No cloul~twe also have to take such measures into consideration when treat,ing the Turk tribes of Afghanistan. Thc most important part of the population is Iranian or IndoIranian in origin. I t has hecn investigated chiefly by G. MORGEN.~'~IERxE,' whose Report on a linguistic niission to Afghanistan -- - ---I

- --

~\.EN,Vonl

I'Bnd~chir zum F'Bntlnch, p. 160. frontier l a n g t ~ a g c ~1-2. . 1929-38.

' Indo-Iranian

Ciunnar Jarring

(1926) provides very valuable information. Other information is given I)y IV. LENTZ'a n d by ot,hers whom I do not consider necessary to enumerate here. The non-Iranian population of Afghanistan, consisting of Turk and Mongol peoples, is in linguistical and ethnological matters almost unexglorecl ' - and a n attempt a t a classification has never heen inatle. It is very characteristic that in his three works 'The races of Afghanistan' (1880), 'Introductory remarks to a n inquiry into the ethnogr:lphy of Afghanistan' (18'31) and 'An inquiry into has almost no the ethnography of Afghanistan' (1891) BELLKW infornlation regarding the Turk peoples or Turk trihes of Afghanistan. In the last work h t ~says, speaking of the Turkish population of Afghanistan ": aThe clans and sections of the Turkman and TTzt)ak tritbes have not yet I!een completecl. A complete list will he :tddt~lhereafter.,, I have not heen able to trace this list and presume it has never been pu1)lished. In many cases we cannot expect pure Turk or Mongol peoples and trilws, a s the population is mixed t11) with Indo-Iranian tllenlents. The intc.rmixt11re of foreign blootl, and often the intermixtnre of languages, is very great. I have a pootl example of this in the samples of the ITzl)ek dialect of Andkhui which 1 collrcterl in 1936.qHere the Iranian influence on the language is very strong, a fact also lrnown from Russian Turkestail with its intermixture of I r a n i ; ~tril~es.' ~~ \VP know almost nothing certain ahout the intermixture of races and languages in these territories. Information has to t)e collectetl -- ethnologically anti linguintic:dly - hut soon, if it is not to I)e too late. Pan~ir-Dialekte. 1933. ( ' f . furthrr D~rrtschtlirn Hindukaach, p. 217

"(I.

W.LENT%, S p r a c h w i s s ~ ~ ~ ~ c h a f t l i uncl ( ' h Pviilk(*rklindliche Studicm in Nuriwtan. C'f. the following. BEI,I,KK. An inquiry etr. p. 1.76. ' .IIHRIXI:. lTzbek texts from Afghanistan (1!)38). ~ I ~ H H I'rh(1 S I ; , I ' z b ~ k tlialtwt of Qilich. p. '7, with I'or.rv,tsov'o syflt~brnfor a classification oE t hc Iranizrd I'zh~lk tlialcat s of Russian T~~rktastan.

The Turk peoples. I11 our days \ye find Turks in the northern parts of ilfgl~anist:kn, the southern boundary of their dissemination roughly heing the Hind~tkush. This part of the country is generally callcd Afghan 'l'urkestan or Chahar-vilayet.' There are esceptio~lsto this rule in the statement of B ~ J R N ahout L S a Turkish population in Icohistan. which is consitlereti elsenrhere. and also in the Q i z i l I ~ s h ,w h o were originally Ttirks ;inti are fount1 e v e r ~ ~ w l w r ein Afgh:~n towns, \-. p. Pr 7-'79. The most important Turkish peoples are the Uzbeks wllo in the 113th century formed ten semi-inclependal~tkhanates in Afghan Turkthstan ' :inrl the Turknlans. In smaller numbers 1%-ealso find Qazacla, Qirghizcs, Qar:~qnlpaqs,; ~ n dsome tribes trt.;itccl scparatt3ly helow. All thcsc pt.olllrs are closclg relatrtl to tllcir relatives in I3ussian Turkcstan and to some degree in North Eastern I'ersin. As n general rule, however, we must :~l\vapsexpect a mixed pol)ulation in tht1 areas trcatetl, tlic non-Turkish part of the population hoing of 3longol or Tiitlo-1S1irol)e:~1~ origin. These circumstances :Ire similar to thost> of some parts of Hussi:~nTllrkcsti~n. As a rule I h a v ~indicatetl if Ivr have to tbspect a p~trelyTurkish popltlation in ;I place or not.

For g~~og,.r:~pliical description of Afghan Turkestan v., o. g., R O S K O S ~ ~ I I X Y , Afghanist:tn. p. !!:3--128; I-~AMII,.I'ON, Afpliani~tan, p. 242-268, and NIF;DERM.IYI:U in 1Inntlhnch dcr gcwgraphinch(hn Wiuscnschaft: Vordcr- und Piidanien, 1). 1 1 t L l H .

M A I ~ V I N( .: r o ~ l ~ k o f fridr ' s to IItlrat, p. 38 et Req. with a rnap of the 1Jzbek khunattls of A f ~ h a nTurkrstan.

(;unnar Jarring

The Turkish population of the province of Qattaghan and Badakhshan. Only in one case can we get useful and reliable inform a t'ion about the Turkish population of 11 certain district of Afghanistan, in the case of North-Eastern Afghanistan. Tlle source is the hook froin Kushkek, ~ ~ 1 1in0 1983 of the Afghan writer BURHAN-I'D-DIN travelled in the province of Qattaghan rind Baclakhshan together the then Afghan Minister of War Muhammed Nadir Khan, who in 1929 succeeded to the throne of Afghanistan a s Nadir Shall. The report of BI~RI<AN-UI)-D~N was written in Persian under t,he title:

jY+

!Y . \

bL_rk.

4 2 j l " ~ &i&\re\_, J

In 1926 there appeared a translation into Russian of Burhan-udDin's work 11ndt.r the sllpervision of the well-known orientalist Prof. A. A. HEMENOV in Tashkent. The Russian translation, which was put)lis11~d by the (.)GIIIP(TIKI ;11n T I : ~ Y ~ ~ I I ITapilr~nc,rn~ra IS[ 11 lrpn1rcurrs rral)o,q~o(:,r~tr :la rrlo r11w,qc3:rnnrri (The Society for t h study ~ of T:~jikistan and the Ir:~nian 1,eoplrs ljeyonci its borders), and has vnl~iat~lenotes is (>ntitltvl: I~S~~IATI-S:~-,~IIII-SAII-~I-T~XII Iin,r..rnr~;~il11 T;n,\i~s~l~ar~. ; [ i l ~ ~ l r l no ~ I' C OI' ~ )~IX)IIII (:'rl~;lllhT,CC'~~TTI-IPHHO1 1 ( " 1 ' 0 ~ ) 1 1 ~ 1 C ( ' l ( l I ~j ~ C . l O l 3 ~ R M11i1('0.7(11111H), : i l i O l I O ~ l ~ I i C11 I1)'THM C O O G I I ~ ( > H ~ H . ( ' 3.4 rinprlln>fll. TTopc~no,~ (: rropr:rr~c~to~n IT. IT. B n s , ~ ~ : ~ c ~ tI;. o r o11. . j~0.71'0110.101~,\(f) 11 I':. 13. *'~EI~KIIEHCKOI'O, 110,l ] ) P , ~ ~ ~ l \ l l ( ' fCi . TI])C~RC~.'IOHJItllM R I I I ) I I J ~ ~ ~ I HIIMII I I I I l i ~ ) o (Aj ~ . A. ( 'KMEHOBA (Qat taghan and Rndakhshan. Fact3 on the geography of the country, of its natural-historical contlitions, of its ~wl)alation,economy and ~ornmnnicat~ions.With 34 maps. Translation from thc l'crsian hy P. 1'. V V E D ~ N SB. K II. , 1 1 1 1 o 1 o vand E. V. 1 1 s 1llntirr thr s11pervision of Prof. A. A . S I ~ , ~ ~ I Tasilktlnt < , N O V ? 1926.)

Cur~narJarring

This work, which, like all Russian works, is difficult to obtain, contains very important facts ahout the population a s a whole in the province of Qattaghan and Haclakhshan, i. e. the north-eastern part of Afghanist;~n, with frontiers to Soviet-Russia, Chinese Turkestan ant1 British India. This part of Afghanistan is no cloubt one of the niost innccessihle parts of the country, and the general information x e possess from former travellers is scanty, though are very the early sourcPs of the 19th century, e. g. ELPHIKSTONE, interested in it.' B~RHAX-1:~)-DIS'S statements are of course not con~l)letcl,hut they ;~llowus to get a general view of the population of the country and in especial of the Turkish population. I n the folloxing I try to intlicate where we find Turks in this province, mainly following Bnrhan-ucl-Din, hut also using information from other sources. It n-ould he inttlr~sting,but heyond my task, to give all tllt. 1,opulation rrports. Thus I have treated Qattaghan and R;~(l;lkhsh:~nsep;~rately,hut the information ahout the Turk and JIonpol population is also referred to else~vherein this work. There is no possibility of getting any positive idea shout the numhcr of the Turks rwicling here with the aid of Burhan-ucl-Din. In tilt cased where thcre was any inform;ition T noted it. I n ;~c'c.ortlnncewith Burhan-ntl-Din I treat the towns and villages one hy one. 1 have not tried to notc thtl poyition of the places mentiontvt on a map, as the geographical esac'titucle of the maps tbxist~ntis not too mllc'l~to he rrlietl Hpon and great parts of the country iv still largely unsnrve;c-t!rl. Cf. Government of India map, Shcet no. :IT, Ilaclakhshan.

Khanahad is the capital of the provinccl ;inti the soat of the governor (nnih-trl-htdkrtn~n).2 The population of the town of Kh:inat~atl ant1 the districlt consists mainly of ITzl)ek and Afghan ('f. fiirthor tho importilnt a r t i c l ~of YI.I,I.,F'aprr~ ronricrtrvl with thc ('p1)c.r (IXIIH regions. 1872, with viill~ahlc infornlation ha~e(1 on Pandit Manphi~l's Koport on HadakhshAn ancl hli~nslli Faiz Hakhsh'~,Jollrnvy from l. anrl I'amir to Kiwhpar. For thtl g ~ n ~ r a l I't~shAwsr vid K d b ~ ~ Badakh~hkn, gr~opraphyof thew regiorla, cf. W. ( : ~ I ( : K R Die . Pamir-(iebicte (18H7), which is somewhat antiquatcld. ant1 M r s i ~ v ,('Hh.rblrirr. with hihliography. B C . R H \ S - I - I ) - ~p.I U1H, et B P C ~ . ;Khanabad i w tle~crihetlby Wnon, p. 150 sq.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

tribes, but they live in the villages (r/'iilat/)interinised with other 1,eoples and tribes. In the same villages we find ITzbeks. Afghans, Tajiks and Hazara. The 13ol~ulationof the whole Khanahad-district is considered to l)t: allout 12,000 (4,192 houses). At a cautious estimate the nurnller of tlie lrzbeka (and other Turks perhaps) may ]be 4,000. :lccording to my own observations in Khanahat1 the lTz1)eks in the town itself are rather fern. Most of them live a s farmers or cattle-breeders in the villages. I11 the mountains to the east of Khana1)acl there is a r:ivinc 0 called Bnngi (or Henpi) ($1. \vhere the ~)ol)l~lation according to Burhi~n-ud-Dinconsists of L1zl)el<s.l Nomarlic Turknian tribes are to 1)e founcl arolulltl Aiiileral~? at3cordinp to a general statenleiit on 11. 28 in H~lrhaii-ud-Din. V. further lbelow a t the ~ ~ l a c concprnt>d. t~s

,lntleraI) is a rayon to the south of I<llnnak)xtl. B~irhaii-~itl-I)in nlentions no Turliisli ~)ol,ulittionliere ' but according to his previous stn tenlont thrre iill~st n o m ; ~ ( l iTurknlan ~ trilbes there. Two Hazara-tribes arv mrnt ioned called Qarghali ( ) a11d Quzi

(6jyi, ~vhirlltwo names sound Turkish. One might s ~ ~ e p n~ c t caonfl~sionof Turlr :111tl Haznra ill this (*as(., a s I noted else~vhere, c f . 1). 80

sc!cj.

In thc \-allcys of Dli-;~lbi: ~ n d('harkh thercl lives ;I trillc of Tnrks caalltltl ilii-tiirlr or clrr~.!y//ntl.This tril~tbalso inhahits 1)n-nt)i itself." In Ihi-ahi tliey :Ire estimittctl to 1iuml)er 30 f:lmilies. Thcrr: are fnrth c somc ~ I l a ~rn-tribes, i~ I ~ u ttlie '17ajil<sprcv:~il. 131t i 1 1 I K - I . I ) - ~ ) I S , 1). 27, 1). 2% 30, I I I 1. 5 . ' 1 t i is I Ir.ln-Tnq>1; in tho ll~lvaian iran3lalion. ant1 gnr!/hcrn I ~ I ~ I I ; I I I . I an1 not ahlc t o assump that I a m right ill transrrihing it ilii-tiirk ant1 r/nr!/hnn, a s I was not ahlc t o gtat t h Persian ~ oririnal of Hrlrhan-11t1-])in's work.

' I ~ I ' R\Is I- I ' I ) - ~ ) I A .

Gunnar Jarring

Khenjan (jb).

In Khenjan, which is a district belonging to Anderab, there are said to be no Turks. But Burhan-ud-Din notes a tribe Salengi (C~.IPH~II). which I suspect to be of Turkish origin.' A population of lIazara is also reported here. Ghori or Ghuri (dJ*).

Ghori is a place and district to the south-west of Khanabad. The population is resident but very mixed. Burhan-ud-Din notes the following nationalities: Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara, Sayidi, Afghan, I,erkhahi, Aimaq, Jamshidi, Herati, Dimirek and Kagi.' Of these the I:zheks are with certainty Turks. The Aimaqs and Jamshidis mentioned here are difficult to place but one may expect a Turkish intermixture. Baghlan

(2%. ) .

Baghlan is a district betu-een Ghuri and Khanabad. Burhan-udDin says nothing about Turks in this region, hut mentions that the popnlat ion is mixed. According to his earlier statement, however, there must he Turkman nomads in the district, as I too can say from my own ok~servations. I also ol)sel*vetlUzbeks living in the different qiilaq, cf. p. 03. Hazret-i-Imam Sshih (-lo

?L!L*).

The district of IIazret-i-Imam Sahit) lies to the north of Khanahad, close to the Amu-clarya.' On the British map, Southern Asia Series, Afghanistan, the district i s called Hazrat Imam and the most important town of it Khwiija Im%m Saiyid. This is also the case on the R u ~ s i a nmap, wllere it is called ) i a : - ~ p m c ~a~m~ canj$. The dintrict is well popnlatetl. According to Brrrhan-udDin there arc 15,OOO inhahitantsa4 --

B ~ ~ R H A X - ~ y. ~ - 39. DIN, BURH ~N-I'u-DIR, p. 40. Deactiption by Worm, p. 236 sq. Bc~e:w-r.~,-Dr?r., p. 47.

Turk Trihcs in Afghanistan

Accorcling to the information I coulcl collect in Khanabati :1ho11t the population of this distrirt, it is mostly inhabited by Ual)el<s. and to a, minor degree by Qazays and T11rl;rnans.~ Burhan-ucl-1311 gives no cletails ahout tlie pol~ulation I)ut n table of the most important persons in Hazret-i-Inlam,' 16 ill num1)er. Of these 11 are TTz1)elrs and one I)elongs to a Turliisll drille l'n,~hliln

(563't ~ r y l , r ~ 1)rrliaps t) the same a s T ~ ~ g h i lcf. l , 1). 31.

The well-kno\\-n t o ~ v no f Qrlntluz to tilt\ north-\\.cst of Khnn:ll~n(l has nowadays again 1)ecolne a n important centre of comnlt3rcav. At my visit in Novenll)er 1!);3,5 tilt) n e ~ v - l ~ it0\\~11 lt \\-as just read!-. Anyone interested in this rnixtter may have details from iny :trticl(~ ,,The ile\\r Afghanistan,\." (:cner;il information al)out Quntlllz is to bc follntl 0 . g. in ~ V U O I1,.J , 137 sci. ilrirl H~atlcr'on., Afghanistnil. 1). 253. ll'oocl's visit Qllncluz (Kluitluz) was very \\-retchcd. >)Five or six hantlrcd mild liovcls containeel its fiscd pol)ulation, \vliilc~ rlottetl a~nongstt11t3se, nn(1 sc:~ttei'tltlat randon1 over s u l ~ u r l ~ s , \vercb strat\--built slicds intPrnlised wit11 tlltb Vzheli tent or liirgall.>> l1ht~rt3 is a fair amount of Turks in thc. tonJii a ~ l dthe tlist1.ic.t of Qllnrll~z.~I < I ~ I ~ I ~ I N ~ ~(lc~scaril)es T O Y I ; (&lnduz as i~olonging to tlw I:zl~~l< tril~cbof Kllttitghunn ( y n t f n y l t a n ) ,the cllief of which n-:is ,>Khal~ltl:~utl Klin~~ii\\.:' 7 ' 1 1 t h l'zl~ektribe of Kutlgllnn, rntbntionc~cl1):. J',I-HNI.;S," is i~l)l):lrelltlytllc sil~nc as (Jnttngll:l~~.Hurhan-uti-Din c t n ~ ~ n i t h ~ - tllr ; ~ t c ~follo\ving s ~)cvq)lcsin the districnt of Qunclt~z: .. A fgh:lns, I njiks, Ilvrlilinl)is, Scd jauis, Aral)s, II:~z:lras, Turkmar~s, Qllngrats, Hnli1s, l'zI)cks, Q:~z;~(ls. (:ll~~r,zrls. :lil(l M~r(la(is.'Of thost1 r

3.57

T l i ~[Txl~ckl)ol)~il:~tior~ of l ! : t ~ . r ~ ~ t - i - I ~ is ~ l i ti i~t w l ~r i l > f l ~ l 1)y \YoI>I). 11.

RCl. ?

1 ~ 1 , l f l\l\ - l ! l ) - I ) l h - ,

1). 49.

' S \ . t l n ~ k a O r i t ~ n l s # l l s k a l ~ t;Irsl~ok ~t~ l!):Ii.

(Ycjarhook ol the Swctlisll

( Iric11ta1 Socict y.)

Tt:irlic>r stat(1tI i . a. hy I ~ I , I ~ I I I X S . ~ ~11. K I ;11. . 200. "Also

s t a t ~ t lhy Wool), 1,. 1.38 sq.. 11. 141 "1.

Hrl~tsls:s. 'I'ravcbls. I. p. 928. R I ' R I I . ~ N - I ~ D1,-. ~ 50. ) ~ ~ -I ,I ~ A staltmrnt (p. .ib) ahout Qirghizr~in Qunduz might h11 f a l s ~ . I lhink Rilrha~i-11cl-T)in mixcs 111) Qa7,acl and Qirghiz. The Qirplliz artb said t o hta goocl I ~ I I I(ITS. I ~ TI1c.y I I I ~ ~fl~r-ro:lt ( ~ P after Ri~khnra and A n t l k h i ~ ipattc~rns. a

Gunnar Jarring

the Turkmans, I7zl,eks and Qazaqs can he considered with certainty a s 'l'llrks. The tribes called qwngrizt and Furnq also are of Turkish origin. Churacl iiccording to ARISTOVis a Qazaq tribe, helonging to the little Orda.' I was ilhlt? to speak with some Czt)elts from the neigh1)ourhood ancl they spokt? a calearly non-Iranized dialect. ,As seen from the above the population is highly mixed i11 this district. W t ) obtain a very complic.atec1 picture of the population ancl o f the language map of Qunduz, a complication which will no clouht strongly affect the conditions of the different languages and dialects. IJurhtln-url-]>in hiis a number of interesting statements ahout Q ~ ~ n d u from z. which we can get further knowledge of the Turkish ~)ol)i~lation of the tlistrict.' We have e. g. his tables of the villages ro~in(lQunduz. (Of course we cannot t)e sure that there is not a T ~ ~ r k i spopulation h also in other villages, as Rurhan-url-Din only in some cases indic.a,tes the population.) Thus we leitrn that a Turkish population is found in the following places: A. Villages (cliBlnq) to the ea3t of Quntluz, inhal~itedhy Uzbeka

Alchin l'zkwks anfl :$fghans Qnchi (ICyljrt) l-zt)t)k~ Qush-tepe (Ky~~r--rcl~~cl) Kiihe-i-Hufli (Iiyfie-~r-Cyc[~.~i~ ) K tibe-i-ITlia ( I i y f i t > - ~ i - S . ~ ~ ~ ~ t )

1'30 houses

1 ) lo

100

'Thp last two placa~snrp inh:lhited t,y ITz1)eks lwlonging to the trit~c,Sultan 3111r:itlKhan. There i~ a mixed y~ol)~~li-ttion (I:zhek~a.nd o t h m ) in thc following villages: Nov-nhnd Bish-knpriik (be<-kiipriik'five bridges' ) Chile-i-mir --- - -

-- -

ARISTOV,: ~ W ~ I ; TIT]). I ~ I I:W:)'. , The only a t t ~ m p tto dcscrihr thc IllanncDrsand ci~ntomnOF tht* I'zlwka from this part of thc coltntry - - and :I~PO from othrtrn haa hevn mndr hy TIT Lord, who arcwnipani~d Rnrncl~ (rf. fir.~ui:.;. ( 'ahonl 11. 1!)7 --20.7). 1

'I'hc. village of Sedjani ( C t h . l ; t i a ~ o ) is inhalritrd 1r;y >Ahnaqs of Qattaghanl> (Ii'ilrnar;l~lcar~~' a~i\msr~), rnrnl,ering 1 .YO houses. We cannot tcll if there ;are Turks among them.

B. Villages to the north of Qllnduz. Herr oalg the village of Rq-tepe, in1ial)itrtl 19- Turkmans ant1 Afghans from Qandahar, is m~ntioned. The total num1)er of houses in the village is 1,500. T h t ~ villages of 1,erkllahi and Mullarlalendar are inhahitetl hy Aimac~s. C. 17illages to the west of Quntluz (as a \vhole called Chahar-darx).

In this case Burhan-nd-Din has not indicatecl where t7here is a l'urkisli l)opulation, ))lit one might expect this to he thc case in the follon ing placars. judging from the place-names, which must Ire of Tllrl<ish origin: (2azacl Ta ir-'J'l~rl<n~:~n (J11ngrat Q11ngr:lt-i-sani Ch~iraq Aimacls are also to

SO0 houses

100 200

50 100 l)t>

>, >>

foi~ntlat. sonicA1,1;1(*vs.

A ~ N I I - t b ITxhc*k~)opula tion is intlicatctl in Shenvn r-lbiy with 160 I~onsc~s, ant1 mixocl ~ ) o p ~ ~ l a t iin o i iChil1:q-mwznr ('lir.i.lt~-~ra:cap)(80 hoi~sas)i ~ n din Nngi (40 holises). Airnaqs of Qilttaghan are to he founcl in Taiftl-i-Stlr-Sinr, ant1 Airnacls in Ilorta-1)nlaqi and l.orkh:~hi. Tn the valley of Shor-a11 t o the south-south-east of Qunduz \\'-~'c)ol) fol~ndI7~1)tl1it ~ i i ~ ; ~ n ~ l ~ n i t ~ n t s . '

'l'l~i?.:tlist rivt lit...: to t hv c3:lst of lih:ln;~l)ad. l'hv population is 111iscr1.1)11t t h v 1;11rg11;1gex11src1;ire 'I'~rsia11, rI'i~rlii~ll ancl Afghan' nncl thc~poplrl:~tion cbonsists of mixcltl 'l':jjiks, l'zlboks, Afghans and -

\VI~IID. 1). 2ti!l,

others. In the clietrivt of Khoja-Garu there are Turk nomads but itleo settled I'zheks.' E~r~rrr~srtbss ' informs us that ~ T a u l i k a u nis~ possessed by a. small but ~varlikeand independent trit~eof Uzbelts, and MOURCROFT clescribes Taleclan :is 'a town of consiclerahle extent, but of fluctuating p~yulat~ion, as the lizheks migrate in the summer to the neighlnonring highlands with their flocks, leaving only the Twjik cultivators and traders'.' Earlier, Bur-KI~ARI mentions a population in Tuleqan called by him Sarigh Bash (Sarigh-hash) (Yellow-heat1 1, being ;t fraction of tht. tribe of M i n h 4 One village in the district of Taleclan (its name not mentionecl) is inhabited hy the Turkish tribe Chiehka (L&j . These T11rks :Ire cattle-breeders and farmers, and consist of 100 houses. is inhat~itedby Turks The village of I<hezar-1)agli (Sfl:lill)-fiil~~) of the triht Tugilul (&- t u ~ u l ) .They nilrnher 40 houses. To the north of Taleclan thcrtb is further ;I village called Tughul which one might s~lspect to he inhabittlcl 1)). Turks Iwlonging to this tritw. Tughul is known a s an rTzbek trihe from J,oc;orr:,r, cf. p. 56, no. 18. The villa,vtl of liht1vas:li (Starri~c.i~n)is also inhal~itecl 11y a 'Turkish t ritw c*nllecl (dircl, )the forty ( I i r 1~) ~ ) . 'I'hcy n11rnt)er 25 houses. The tribal-name rlircl has t ~ e e nknown formerly from 110th (dazaqs an(\ I'zheks." A Turkish population is furthtv intlicatecl iq- II(11rhan-ud-Din in the villapc~of C:lil-t~ulacl, which is inh;~t)iteclt ~ yTurks, Tajiks, Kalluks [Qarlucls] and Arak~s,ni~mt~t.ringin all 50 hoi~ses. For thc 'rr~rkishorigin of the Kallnks ( 1 i i l . 1 . 1 ~ ) ~~ ) f 1).. 71 s(1. I also P U B P P ( ~it~ 7'11rkish name in the triI)cl-narnc Kartak (or perhaps Qartacl, liilpra~i). This trihe lives ttogcther with Mongols " in the 7 .

---------

BI'RHAS-I[)-I)I.v. 11. k3: (Irs(*ril)tio~~ of Tnlc\c(an in \.Vcrctl~11. 153 S P ~ . ELPHINSTIISE, 11. p. 200. MI)ORCR~F'I L TRF:HI:(*K, TI, p. 482. MIHAHIWPI.I, KERIH J ~ O I ' K I I A R YN, i s t o i r ~dp 1'Anie Crntrale. p. 262: Millas might he the Qazaq trihc Manas, mrntioncld tb. y . by A R I S T ~ V :3;1w,la1;11, . r ~ l r .3 7 3 ARIYTOV,: ! i ~ ~ ~ V l " l ' i l(~T.I).352. 4%. 424. 427. " Hrre callrd only Mongols, not ditf~rc~ntintr~d into llazara or Aimaq: the Mongols scbem to he r a t h ~ rn r ~ m c r o rin ~ ~ t h diatrict ~ of Taleclan. Thev are said to inhahit thc v i l l a g ~ ~ofs Man~ai.Kalarhra Sr~rkh.All-Iai, and n ~ ~ m hin~all r 1% hou~eu. ( B r ~ l l \ \ - ~ - r ) - l b1).i . 59.) f

(h'.r,~':llcc,\.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

village of Antjar-knh

(ox+),

and together \\.it11 Hazaras in

the village of Qarn-badam (lii~l)i~-Ciil,li~~~). Hazaras are further Yom I'iindschir zum Pandsch (1935), indicated in Taleclan I)y IVEN? They are called TakkB Toimas. Judging from the name p. 160. this tril~emight as well he of Turkish origin.

- C,.

Sernek-ab (41 L.

There is no indication of Turk tribes here, hut a statement that the l>opulation consists of Tajilis ancl Hazaras, speaking Persian, is of great interest. I t may imply that the Hatzaras in other places have liept their mother-tongue. BURR.\N-I~T)-DIN only c:numt>ratcs 6 villages, but of these tho l~iggesthas the clearly Turkish name Ta sh-?raylac1 (1 30 houses).'

(:nlfcigan is :I s~rlalladministrative clivision 1)elonging to the T:1lccl:ln (1istric.t. Most of the inhabitants spcak n Turliish dialect anti are of Turkish origin. They are mostly cattle-1)reeclers. The inhabitants of this division live in small huts made of reed, which nrfJ called f w f ~

(4. The

~)nl)l~lation is cstinlated to nurnl~cr

4,000 in all.'

As tllc! ~)nl)ulntionis of purt' Tul-kisll origi~lI lltlre nicntion the narr1os of t11v vill;lgc~s in thc (;ulfcg;~n-tli\~ision:Zerdalii-dara ( ; ~ ~ ~ ~ ) , \ ; I . I I O - (, \iIt~~I r~i~i ~ - t() ~ ,Iii~l);l-~l~~-), l (-)ar;l-h~~lm~ ( l i ; ~ p ; ~ - f i y ..JiIdnragll ~;~~i),

Gunnar Jarring

Nahrein

(a_$).

Nahrein is the resirlence of a district chief, who also commands the district of Chal and Ishkamish. A11 these three clistrirts are mainly inhahitetl Ily Vzl)cks, belonging to the tribes of Berke

(

6. J)

and Taimrlz (j* t n j ~ n u r ) .Nahrrin for this reason is often called Berke-u-Ta i m w . The population of the district of Nahrein is, however, not purely Turkish. Besitles I-zl~eksthere are also Hazara, Tzljiks ant1 some Afghans. denotes There are a numher of villages, whirl1 BURIIAN-1'1)-DIN as inhabited hy Turks. A. To the east of Nahrcin: Khoja-girsn (inhahitetl 1)s a trihc ~kuderi,.o r q,rderi ( l i ! - ~ r p l ~ ) which , is of Turk nn t ionality 250 houses

B. To the nortll of Nilhrt~in: Phurche I-zlwks Qizil-kul ( I~I.IX,~.I-K~.T) Maids-cah:l1)a Olah.-iii-~lr~rlc~) A(jsa.i-c.hay;~ (AKc~I~~-~I~~IIP) Yon-clam ( H )rr-rin>~) Buluk-i-pesttl (F;U).IK)K-II-II~~(~*~~~) 11%-chulacl (11.711-'Iy.7aK) Tugai-chashma ('ryrait-'Icl~rr>rc) , a r d Hazara A(]-kotal (,IK-~v1~i1.1) Qizil-uai and Trijiks Qizil-tamiuhk )> T a ~ h t t ~ q a - n('I'a~ir'rym~r) Mullni fi Qishlacl-khoja Qiuhlarl-shirim (Shirm) Qishlnq-cjara-npnq Qixil-qi~h~i ( K ~ , I : ~ L I . ~ - K) I I I I I ~ :tnd 'I'a jikn Taj-chmhma (T:l,1ir;-'4rlr11~ta) % )\

)

The name of the villagtt is not qnitr* rrrtain, a9 it wan not yroptlrly readable in the Persian original. Note hy SKMEN~)\-.

Turk ' r r i h ~ si l l Afghanistan

3:1

I~I:RIIAN-I'I)-DIN does 110t give details at)out tlit lwl'lllation of tllesc! villages vsce1)t in three cases (Trtjiks, Afghans ant1 I-Iazarss). Thcre artb, however, villagt>s witti n:lmes lilie Tllrk, CJaragllnchnlirzn nncl Chahar-sai whicbll c~ontnill'l'lirkish c*lt.mcnts.

1). 'l'o thr sol~tliof N;itir~in. 1\11 tlie vill;~gf~s in this 1jai.t of the tlistrict :Ire ia1ial)itetl Ibv 'I'ajiks, EI;~zui.;~s :lilt1 l'anjirs.

Chnl anti lxhkamish

(+GI, L k )

I l ~ t .tmt irtl ~ ) o l ) l i l a t iof ~ l ~thew two nlii~ol*districts w n s i s t ~of 1'zl)oks of thc 1)r'eb\,i011sly~nrntionctltribe 'l':limrlz. This trihc, has r 1

(

)

anel 4 ) Hnrq

(3.~.).l 'l'ht?

na8n1t1of t.Ilt1 fifth clan is not,

nlor~tiotlcd l)y ~ ~ I : I ( I I A N - I ~ I ) - ~ ) I X . 111 t 1 1 ~ nlrlall vill;~gcof (:ha1 the pol)~ilalio~l is mixcld - Irzl)eks ~ ' l ' n i r v ~ ~:III(I ~ z )'ra,iil<s. I ~ I ~ I { I ~ ~ N - gI :i Iw, s- ~t )l I~Nc11arr10s of 17 vi1l:qes of the district, of wl~i(*litlw followi~igarcL saitl to h : ~ v ~~) I I I ' cT~~~~ r k i s(ITzlrek) h 1)o1~1latio1i:

Gunnar Jarring

(A)

Ali-qatari Yakkatut (}Ili~it'l'y~) Tngtlane (Ty~-;~at~tb) Berk (Barq?)

Vzlbeks >> 3

'rhe others are inhabited hy Hazaras and Ta jiks. That only 8 villages of IT shoulcl have a Turkish population (lee:: not agree very well with the first statement of Br~n~xs-cn-Drs that the ~vliolepopulation was T'zhek! IYI~:N,Vonl PMndschir zum l'iindsch, p. 159, informs us of a preponderant population of Uzbeks in the plains of Dasht-i-Ishkamish, Uasht-i-Jihl-dagh and Dasht-i-Narin. The l'zheks live in their kirghas in the plains, hut the Tajiks in the villages. IVEXalso mentions a village (;azist:m, inhaltittvl Ily Arabs. Hadukhnhan.

Hitclakhshan the p o l ~ ~ l a t i ois n ;dso rnixetl, Iult the Iranian t.ltlmtlnt (Tajiks) is dominant. The Turks are less in numher.' Accortling to I';l,ndit M A N ~ ~ ~ tI hU J~'Tajiks ~ form the majority in Raclakhshan 1,royer. 'The Turks, however, arc g e n ~ r n l l y more opalent, ant1 cscel t h ~c~lnningTajik in bravery, cnte1.1)rise, in warlikt? as well as in clonin~crc*i:tlan(\ straight f o r w a r clealinga'.' i\s with Qatt:tghan, 1 s1i:ill trft;lt 1~:1~1;11~1~sh:1n I);\; town ant1 villagt> nccbord ing to Br.~~rr.~s-r;r t-L)rs. Thertl is a note on 1). 91 of g r m t intorcst. Tho mc~rc~linnts of Ratltlkh3han arv in grcat 1mrt vl'iirks, helonging to the trihe of 111

.\trt.sji ( & f i . 'They deal espncially with (>l~isnse Turkestan, a l ) o v ~all with Ynrknntl. \l'oo~~'s" i ) ~ ) i n i othat ~ ~ , Bn(1akhshan was originally pt~o~rlf~tl from Balk h. only r c f ~ r xtc) t hc. 1 ranii~n part o f the popll1;ttion ant1 may t h ~ r e f o r eho ignorod h~rcl. 1

I ~ ~ R ~ I . \ X - I ,1).~ J89. -~)IX~ YVLE,Paprrs ~ o n n ~ c t ~with 4 1 the I * p r ) ~ r0 x 1 1 s rtupions. 1). 11H. WIIOJ).tv1. YI-~,t;,1). l!jl.

Turk Tribes in Xfglianistan

2);

E~~r~~rxsrc,sl;'S statenlent ahout the I<ausIlkaur, l1eart1st to Afghanistan, which was an extensive, but mountainous and ill-inhn~~itc?cl country, lying to the west o f Rad;&khshan, from which it was divided by Beloot Taugll [Bulut-tagh], can 1,e mentioned liert3. The inhabitants belonged to ,z nation called Cobi, according to EL~H~RSTONI:. He knew nothing of their origin, only what was suggested lbv the reseinl)lance of their name to that of all extensive tract in Chinese Tartal-y. I I I I ~ S I , . ! For the discussion about Bolor and Bulut-tagl~,whicli is connc~ctecl with this statement 1 refer to Yrr,r:, I'apers corlnectecl with the T:l,per Oxus regions (1872) 1). 473 et secl., HAYI:.I:,~.Y, Notes on -4fgh.inist;in. 11. lt?4 ct secl., 1). 304 et secj., ~3.iiwoI'or.o, ctl. TI-1~1.:t'onnr~n. 1: 172, 178-9 : ~ n d Hucliicl al-'.~lam. transl. MINIA~SKY. 1). :3(i9.

Fsizalbad is thth c3~i~t1'c of Batlakhshan nnrl situated to the north-east of Khanalnd. It was fol-n~rrlycallrd .Juenn (j3jy . The ~ ~ o p u l ; ~ t iiso na misturc of ,4fgIi;1iis. T11rks ant1 other triljchs.

,lrg11 is ;I village to tile west of F:~iz;~l):ltl.It is inhnl)itocl by T~irl<s,AIo~yols~ 'l'ajiks : I I I ~ A4tr~lttii,s.2'I'lle l)cq)~~lation is (listingl~islled 11)- tllc light r-olonr of tllc~ir skin. 'rli(y s11~:lk'I'l~rltish. 7'1l(:y art. (~i~ttlt:-l)rec(lo~.s. 'I'licy csl)ort ol,il~ln to Ynrltancl in the \\.inter. I I (~111111101*;1t(is 4 i l l : in Arg11; hc i r i o ~tlions :I '1'11i.kisll ])o1~11ln t ion in tilt> following t4nscs:

~ l ~ l z l l \ ~ - ~ ~ l 11. ~ - 1t1:. I ~ l s ,

BI.I{II \ & - I . I ) - ~ )11.I X104. , 'I7t1o . l / ~ . ( ~ t ~:j~i 'cs( - o r ( l it~o~thfl g fornler st;~twnent (1'. 101), milst also hc of 'rllrkish origin: IYoc~lr.cd. Y l 1.1:.1,. 252 allio i n d i c : ~ t ~ s a 'I'11rk po]r111:1tionof Ar21t.

i;unnar Jarring

21;

At)-i-l)arik T~irks Qara-Mogul s Dihclan-lrhana 3 Shonlari I> Shiran-sllah u Warn-clazi 9 l'ran-kul >> Kcji >> G:;cr.i Ttlrks and Sayitls l'astkhrir 'l'11t-ks C'h;~khal-kapa( Yrxt~;rh-Iit~~re) ,: Ptbtr;~~i(LIP) Dekh-clelcl~i > B~rlas Akh-1)11ria ~\lrn;ttllr~l 'Takht -i-shah ))

))

98 houses

189

13 89 70 1

33 22 54 26

B ,?.

>> >>

>> ?,

>> >> ))

.54

3;)

8-5

'74

(;G

(5+

t(hirr~~lii i Kcc hi Sclhzi-i-mar Ilazar-mishi

.Inlong the remaining vill;~ges, whtbre no notes :rl)ollt the ~ ) o p u l ; ~ t i oarcb r ~ givcbn? thertl :lIq)t::-lr nan1t.s c*ontaining 'I'~~rlzinhelcments, e. g. Bugha-rlara, 'l'~qzh-t);ki ~ t c . A s H r - r { t r i \ x - I - has ;-tlw;lys nottvl t lie distinct ion t)etw e e t ~ ['zheks, 'Turkmans ant1 other Turk na tionnlities previously, I S I I ~ ) ~ O HWPV e.upec.t otlrer Turkisll trit)es here in Arpx ant1 :dso in 0thc.r parts of Harlakhsh:~n, as Iltl only gives thc tbollt~ctive p t I ' ~ ~ r k hero. ~,. Ac~corflingto IVoon the [blain of Arg11 wa,s onc'e inhat)itetl by (i,oOO f:~milics, tbnt nun- at \.Voor~'s vinit (1838) its surf:tce W;IS clenolatc, anct ntlither Jnrln nor Iltbast was viait)le. Wool) thcn has a w r y inttbresting pnssagt? wliiclh 1 givtl i l l t~xt,cnso': Hibyontl this plain (Argn) is ttlti wavy clistrivt of Heishkhan, n nanle aneoci:itt~d in thc n~inclof a Hntlakhshi with all the mirrfortllne of this c o ~ ~ n t r y . Ahout a c1t1ntllr?- Imck Khan Khojnh. ;I Mohamt~tlan rr~lor of -- -

. .. .

1 9

- --

W~torr,ed. YIJI~F:. p. 161. \VI~)I), op. cit 161----62.

Turk Tribes

ill

lifgha~~ist;~ll

Kxshghar, and Yarkancl, eminent for his s;lnctity, hti,ving 1~t.t~l1 (lrivell from his dominions hy the Chinese, took shelter in Biltlfikllshan, bringing with him -l.O,OOO followers. 1Ie was wealth)., wllicl~ circunlstanc.e, addeti to the Iwauty of his harem, excitccl the cugitlity of Sultan Shah, who, a t the time of the khaja's :irriv:il ruled in Batlakhshan. This coming to the knowleclg~ of the ex-ruler of Kashgar lie, with his people fled down tllt~ vallejtowards ICunduz; \)ut were overtaken hy Snltan Shah, :lt Reishkhan. The khaja's adhtlrtlnt,.: were defeated, and htl I.limsclf rnatlr 1)risont~r.Hcl sued for life, hut in vain; on which thr holy man ci~rsetl Bail:lkhshan, antl prayed t l ~ tit might l)e three tinws del)ol~llattld- - that not tven a dog might Iw left in it alive. A l r t ~ l d yhas the country 1)ecn twice I)erc.ft of its inhnl)it:~nts:first I)y I<ohan Bcg o f Ii~lntlusr,,: l t ) o ~ ~forty t year:, Iback, ~ n t l: ~ g : ~ i n '!)k i\Iulsn(lBog, in 1839.

JT;tft:ll licr to tl~canortll-u-(1st of F"ziizal);ltlall(\ is inll:tI)itod nlainly 1)). Tajiks. Of 28 villages enu~nt.ratetl solne arc inhnl~itcci I)y 'Fr~rlzs. T11c.y arc thc folio\+-ing ': 1);1 r;l-%ornt~ 23 11011schs l<thliilegi (Iitb.I IO,IOIII) 1!) N:tr-(lar:~ 41 Kth11(1olan ( l i t 1 1 1 L ( ~ . I I I I I ) 110 , Fthrg;tlllt1111 15 n lhbkll;~~~-i-(l:~ I*;I 11 \. B)

Ilertlim

( '!>J)

and Trxhkan

r .

( b e)

I 11ost~\-ill;lgcls :ant1 tlistl.icts l i t & to t,llr~ so~ltllof V:tiz;ll):itl :111d sub i~lIiahitth(ll)y 'l'ajilzs, B~lu(Ijis,â&#x201A;Źl:atzar;~sand K:allliks (Q:irlu(~s). l l \ ( l 'I':~,iiks :111(1 H:~zaras s1)c:ik l ' o r s i : ~ ~ ~ , tlw 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 1:~~ n~ d1 j i ~ Q;ir111tls'I'11rliis11. 14;\~11*y trill(>1):~s:I villagtl of its OWIL Thtl 'J'ajiks i t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. I 1 1 i :~nll 1lnz:trns art1 d:lrk. 'rhe 1~)1)11l:ition is Sunrlitrt in rtlligion.' r 7

- .-

. ...

I~[~RIIAK-I:I)-~>IN, 1). 1OH # ( I .

~ l ~ ~ l l ~ ~1). ~ 111 - l --12. ~ l ~ - ~ ~ l ~ ,

Gunnar Jarring

.L\ccorciing to a later statement of BURHAN-UD-DIN,' however, ITzl)eksmust also livt: in Deraim and Teshkan.

Khash (>\6-).

Khaslt is a vi~llepof the Jerm ancl lies very seclluded. The roads leading there from Faizal)ad are difficult and steep, ancl the ~ ~ o p u l a t i oof n Khash has little possibility of interchourse with the surrotlnding world. Only two villages in Khssh atre inhahited t ~ yTajiks, the others arc inhahited 1)y people >>speakingnothing but Turkish,,. They Ilrloeg to the tribe of Kaltn Tai (& d kelte t n j ) . \.\-hat has hetm snit1 ahout the Turliish population in Deraim and Tt~shkanapplies also very well to that of Khash. It would a v ~ r yinteresting task to stutly the language of these Turks, as they apparently must have preserved the language very pure. Saturally we knotr nothing ahont how long the Turkish population has livcvl there, hnt this cBnn only he fonncl out on the spot hy incluiring of the inhahitants tliemselv~s. HI-r:~r.\s-1-n-Drstbn~lrn~rnttls 1 1 villages in Khash. 9 of them ;Irrbinhat~itecl1'4' Ti~rlw. Tllchy are: Sarliilfb i'~':i1).110,1t~).fi11kI111i.S11ara11, Jloghulan, l)t~rId~ati, Kej(krt1t.n. I)n-N~~kl~rn, 1.1.-nim~t( &jj\), G I I Z ~ I . . Thth whole p o p ~ ~ l a t i oisn t~stimatrtlto he 2,000, inhal~iting500 hoilses. tihash lwlongs to the .It.rni or Jurm cliutrict, to which some oththr valleys inha1)itecl I)y Turks also htblong: 1 , t h ~vallry of Yllrng;ln c

>LC-1.1lt.n.

h a t ~ i t ~ t hy l Tilrks: ( : h ~ n g k h : ~I I K herandah (Svpntr.r;~fi)wit11 lo0 housrs.

two villages int 0 houses and

2 ) tllc vallry of V ~ n l l ~( -j, > J J J ) . Somc villages Iicrn are inha.hite(1 I,y Turks. other3 Ijy Tajiks. H r . ~ r r . \ ~ - r ~ r )mcntions -l)~s a, numher o f villages inhaliter1 hy Tnrks:

3 houses

; .

30 24 20

,, >,

A lnisetl rJ'url;isll-Tajilc p o p u l : ~ t i o nis i n d i c a t e d in t h e followiilp villages : A k h s h i r e (:-)XIII 11 1"') Yurnel (H )alck.lrl)

Tekran Aniva (09) Zoi I3nsllcn

(~4\ i

15 11oust.s 30 Y 100 15

>, .

T h e wllolc 1)ol)nlation is nl)ollt 4,OI)O sonls.

'I'l~is i s a v:lllq- u-llicll 1)t~giiisa t 1,:1ilg:11- Sllur-i-k1111rda :ind o n ~ l s at Q n l n - i - j s r a r ; ~ ( 0 , 6 ) . Tlw l,ol,nl:ition of Little I'amir is T n r k i s h and all are Qirghizes. 'Fhv?- are of quite Moll-

1.11~ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 i 1 tlivision 1 or tlic I'amir is t l i : ~ t of k'r.~,~.:. w1iic.h is adol~tcbdby gc~ogr;tl)l~~~rs. Arcortling t o this wr 1111vc ti srctions 1) lL':iniirAlichnr, 2) Pnnlir K1i11rd (1,ittIe I>amir), 3) 1';11nir 1<ala11((;ro:~tI'an~ir). 4) Palnir K1i:trgoslii. .-I) lL'amirSarcbs. t i ) P a n ~ i rH:inpkul. ' ~ I I I . l i t t l v P:tll~iris 11vs(*rihcdhy M O R I \, h t l i i l h : TIIP Iittltl P a ~ n i ris a long. lt~vt~l. jiritssy \alloy, fro1112 t o 4 n~ilfhsin width, C I ~ ~ I O N onC ~oitli(~r C I sidr by rangvs of hills sloping pvrltly tow:trcls ii. Its Irnptli, fro111 the x o i ~ t h ~ r ~ ~ r,xtrc.lnity of the Aq-txsli ~;111(~!. 1 0 a 11oi1it (i milths wrwt of the I:ili(~, is L I I ) O I I ~ 58 milrs. M ~ I I ~ I ; ~\ I\ I I I I I tltbwril)cbs grcbat IL':rmir: (irclat I':~ll~irlivw 11~xtto Palnir li1111rd:i t n gr:lsRy ~ a l l r yor plain, ahout a niilr witlt.. is also enrironc>tl by n~ountainsrising in trrr;tcv>s to :t hriplit 01 5.000 fccbt ahovcn Wootl'~Victoria (Sir-i-kill) 1,;llic>. th(* Kl11-i-l'amir-1i:ilan or the nativcbs. 13,950 fvrt aha\-tl tho Rt'a . . . (Mo~c:,\s.1;. I).. Thr Pan~ir. A pc~ogral)hicsland ~ ~ o l i t i c a~lk c t c h . Scott. ( i ~ o g r .Mag. 1RV2. T l i ~articlc is w r y informative. and ha^ a good map).

(;unuar Jarring

:I0

golian tyl)th, ;ic'vortling to HITHIIAN-UD-DIN. They live in yurts, which thc~yget from Kashghar in Chinese Turkestan. T h r numl~er of fa mil it;^ will Ije about 1 0 0 ; of these ahout 60 are of a higher social ,al.ade (bni's tltc.), and the other 40 are herdsmen and worknlen. 30 of the families live for some time in Great I'amir. Ttie wholo number of Qirghizes living here is estimattld a t 2,000. The yurts of the Qirghiz t~sliallystand together from five to ten on cliffcrcnt sites. The Qirghiz living here profess l s l a ~ nof the Sl~nnitclortlrlr. Mitrly o f tho Qirghiz are well educatecl in religious mattflrs a11(1 read hooks in the common Central Asii~n literary 'I'nrkish, as for cxarnple ~ > S ; 1 1 ~ ~ : 1 t - i - M r ? ~ 'according tldi~, to A. SICIIE?;OV i t work 011 fiklt, compilctl I)y the Shaikh Mas'url-hin-Mahmutl))in-Yusuf-us-Samarrlandi and very well-known in (:entrill Asia. Thcrtl ill-e here some ~ ~ l a c ~the e s , names of which ;ire1 mentioncvl

and Yakhrnir (9): . - HI,RII,\N-I.I)-~)IN gives a goor1 description of t h geography ~ of t h ~ cotlntry on p. 149 scj. Great Pamir. (;reat l':tmir, like Little l'anlir, is a long mountain valley. The l)opz~lationhcrt? too c o n s i ~ t sof Qirghiz of the same tribe a s in I,ittrle T'amir. BIIRH~~?I'-I:I)-I)II\I gives :1 tal-)le of the names of the Inore irnl,ortan t mfln among them.

Shughnan

(biz).

l'hcrr Qirghiz in somc platws, hut :is a wholr no Turkish 1,ol~ulation here. \Ync,r) ( 1 . 1 rlt~scril~o,.ca Qirghiz t?ncbampment near Kiindut (K:indet on the map) at the l'anja river h e t w ~ ~LYhughnan n and Wakhan. tTra gives f~irtlitbr vr?lr~ahl(?information nl~orlt thtb (Jirghiz ant1 Qxza(1 of this region, 1). 221- 2.7.

Owing to t h altit1itl6~ ~ thin * n i o i l n t ~ i n - w i c - k n tutiik t ~ ~ ~ ~i s ('0nlli101lhlhrp. It i s c111rr11in a p ~ c i ~ l i away r by the popltlation: hy (baling tlrircl rhvcnfu of w h e ~ p 'milk ~ ( f l ~ t r n t()H ~ ~ ~ t r n s - r ~ r ~ 11. - l ~ 168). )rs.

Turk Tribcs in Bfglial~ista~i

Shiva is the district round the lake of Shiva. It is rich in goocl p;~stures. I n former times it ~ ~ in11al)ited a s t)y Turks fronl Argu, who for that reason were called Shivachi, 'people from dhiva', but then the abundance of pasture in Shiva hccame known to the peoples of other places, and the Argu-Tl~rlrscould not reillail1 alone there. Now in summer-time there come up people from Qandahar and Kabul, Arabs froin Baghlan, Ghnri and Khanahad, 'rurks of the tribe Atrenji and others. They take with t,helrl their cattle ant1 let then1 graze there and return in the autumn. I - estimates the) n u ~ n b e rof this ~~sninmpr-pol-,nlatioii:> a t about 8,000 families.' According to Pandit Na.nphill (YI-LE, I'apors c30nnecbtedwith the ITpper Oxus regions (1872) 11. 441) Shiva (S/ic)ari) w a s at, that time inllalbitecl I,y Turks of the Yakliahfoghnl tri1)e.

Shahr-i-huzury: (cjj -4).

This ])laclo is situatrtl to the north of Faiza,I);ld. The 1)rtlvniling ])opulation is 'I'ajik, I)nt tlle~-tl arc also ITzl)eks, Qarluqs and lI:lz;ar;~s. Th(1 ITzl)ekss l ~ e a kI'zl)c?k ;111il thca Q:~rllicls'I'lll-kish. The n a is h n r ~w1.ittt.n $i.2

l<unt:~clis sit~~at(:dto tllc! wt3st of Faiz:thatl. 'I'hc polu~lation mi.utnrtl of Tajiks, ITzl~tlks, I I ~ I z ~ ~ant1 ; z sQarlucls. The languag(~ of tilt: 'l'njiks ant1 11nz;ir:ts is I'orsi;l,n, of thc TTzl)cks ant1 Q:I~~II(IH '1'11rkish." (4;1rl11(1is llercl writ trtn lii~l~.l~.ii. I ~ I ~ I : I ~ . \ ~ -mcntions I ~ I ) - I ) ~:INI:~rgc nnmI)(:r of villages. A ~ ) n r e l y '1'11rkis11pop~ila!ion is i11(1io;1 tt?d in tlw follo~vii~g: is

ITzl,eks and Qarlucls 120 houses 57 >, >> >> 20 >> )> 45 >> Qarlucls 25 >> >> 30 >> Qarlllcls and Vz1)eks 40 Y. >> 130 >, >) 50 2 Q:irlucls 11 >, \,

).)

))

31 30

'30

80 4

I'xbeks * P

Qiirlucls

1!)

1 )

dfi

25 4

-30

4 46 70

3 HI) ti1 11

20 211 41,

>> ) ,

TTz1)eks 'n

Qarlrrcls >'

40 43 42

))

>, \>

>\ >)

>> B

\. >.

= >,

Turk Tribt~si n Afgh:iniatan

:l:i

the village of Qizil-claln there is said to I)e a poplllation of Turks, here c*alletl Tuc.11-Turks (T!.~I-'I'~~~)I~II). They numl~er 83 houses. A mixed Turkish-1rani;xn population is indicaated in the following villages : I11

Tajilr and Vzl)ek lihojn-jergatu Ah-i-asiyal~e

mixed Tajil; a11~1T11rk8

39 ho11ses

I c l r : ~special ~ attention to the tril~ecalled Sayid ( ( ' c ' i ~ l ~ , ~ )\vhicli , lives in stbyera1 vi1l;tgcs here.. 1 :mu not al)le to pa). wllat nzltionalit~~ they may he." Thc villages intlic.ated 1y l3nr;1i1rm-r:~-Drn. as inhabited 1)y Say ids are the follo~ving : Langnr T'en jcllztkli Sayid-nh:~d l)akh-i-1)11~11t Kishan 1:zl)c~Iisant1 Say ids I<om:lngtbr

50 houses 20 23 >\

In two villages, Ilekhnn-i-liivan (4.7 llouscs) and 1'est.eko (80 llouses ) thert. are Bel~ttljis,who may Ijc sl~spcctedto sl)cj:l k Turkisli, :~ccordingto an c:irli~r statomcnt, \-. p. 27. YI,I,E in the 1)ref:leth to \.!'r,o~), p. LXS17111 mcntions a place Karlogli [Qarl~icll. some twenty milcs 1)rlow Rllst6k (at the Koksh:~). >,Thin ~~lachc, and thc plain district rountl it, appears to tako its ii:~rno from :I scttl~rncntof tlie liarlog11 Turks, once so famoils and lrirmclrous in ' F ~ ~ r k c s t a n . ~ I ~ I I K I I A X - I I D11. - D210. IN,

Arc-ordinp t o 1). 116).

(;ROT)EKOY

I h ~ yarc A r a l ) ~(hl,\ltvlw, (:rotlckoff's ride,

('hah-i-ah is it rayon in the district of Rustacl to the north of H11sta~j. 'I'hert' is a population of ITzbeks in four villages near a vi1l;;lge callecl Quclucl, the rest of the po1)ulation being Tajilrs.

Yangi-cl:il:l is illso situated in the district of Iiustacl. In Y:tngiciala itself thr 1,oplllation c~onsistsof Afghans and T'zheks, but in other places only of lTzl,eks. The ITzheksare estimated at 8,0009,001). If Bu~tr,\?;-t.r)-l)~s's statement is right, that the inhahitants of thtl villagtts c.uc.cl,t of Yangi-cj:ll;x itself are T'zheks,' the table of the villages nlay I)c of interest. The villages intlic-ated are the follo~ving: 730 houses 1

cir,

45 30

50 40

Nonl:~dica rl'ul*k~ilantl-ilws n1.r to I)? folli-ltl in Xol.tlle1.11 Afg11;lnistan. in many cases int~riiiiutvt wit11 the ITzl)el< and Ir;~ni;lti 1)o1'ulation, l ~ l et v i ~ I ( * n tinl ~111ost C ; I S P ~tlio!- ~ ) r ( ~ ~ t ~their i . v t ~pnrc l 7'111'l<111;111 FO;I tllib(lswell, in cbontrary to tilth 1'zl)t.k~. who art? n l ( w irifluclnc*c~tlhy thtb lr;li~i:~nolemrnts of the l)ol~lilation. Tlie Turkmans ; I ~ Pnlitinly nonintls, ocac'~~l)!-ingth(~n1stllrcswit11 thtl I)rt:edil~g o f tllch I'inrn?i/rl. tl~ch most vnlual~lec?cl)ort ai.ticlc of Afghanistai~. 'Po n sm:~llt~i. tlcgrct~tllclj- al.tl agriculturists. 'I'hc folio\\-iilg Tr~'l~rli~l~ali tl-it~~is are sclttlthtl 011 .I\fglian territo1.y: Snlor, Saricj, Ersnri, 'I1('lit'. Alicli. Ka].:inla ant1 ('1lalltl;~r.~The illforrnn t ion w1-t. ~)ossc.ss ;111ont t llrin is \-clry scant>-. &ling lionla(1s t l ~ ( ~rI'llrIil~~;~~l so triI)('s II;IVC oftoll (~hangtldtheir albodt~sfrom Afgllan t o l(ilssi;lri ;lilt1 I'ersian tclr1.itoric.s and \-c1rs:1 - (lither hy tl-lclir own will or 1by fol-cc. I 1i:lvrb Iricd to g;lthcr ant1 sift the oftc~n c.oiltr;~(lic*toryinforinntion ~ v chnvo al)ont tllr~ll. It will I)tl fonnrl ~ ~ l i r l cth(1 r Ilcli~dingo f t~nc~li schl);lratoti-il~rtl.f4ntt*tl hy me. 1 - i v t b

(;ent.1*;11inforrn:~tion about the Turkmuns of Afghanistan. Most sonrc.chs oi~l!. t c b l l U P al)ollt w 'l'111.krn;ln l)opl~lat,ionof XortI~tbl-iiAfgI1;111ist:111,not 111(~11tioni11g to 1 ~ 1 1 i ( ~trilws li tliey bclo11g. I first givcb tho infol.lrlntioll nTc31)osscss i~l)oilttllv T~irkrnanso f ~ \ f g l ~ : ~ ~ ~;IS i s t;I: ~\vliolo n :III(I tI1e11 t r w t o;I(~II tlsil)tk scll)arat,ely. .\c3c30rtlingto 11 \ c s l i l N ' tho 7'111.li1~i:~ns cal~icbflyoc('i11)~the region 1 I O ~ \ V ~ ~ O.\1l(1 II I< 1111i, 13:1I;i A1111.gIl;il);1r1(1 hf:~~.u(*li;~q. ~ v l l ~ rthcy o livv 1111: , \ H I I I I I I . I ~ I , I I I \ Il i o ~~ I I \ I Illist~lirv Y. ~ I C LlqL2si(0('ontr:~Iv. 1). 258 rnclntions F l ~ r t h r >trl ~ r lIrihe1 "l'rll:~r Sc-ngl~i'in thv s ~ ~ r r o ~ ~ l ~ tofl i n Ilclrat. gs I 1 \ I IS. 111 1'11rsia; I I ~ I I A f g h a r ~ i s t ~ 11. n . :WO: Hala M ~ ~ r ~ hwith nt) mix~d :4f~l1a11.' r ~ i r k r ~ ~a an ld~ l ' ~ t ~ blk~ o l ~ ~ ~ l a ti~vror(li~~g ion, to S I K I : . ~ Somt* . notcls. 11. :13~). llrl tilso r1~11orts T l ~ r l i l ~ ~i n: i Maiir~;ina. ~)~

Ounnar Jarring

togtlther with Afgha~i non~ads, especially those of the Ghilzai group (Shakzei and Otak tribes). Elsewhere we reported other pcwplt~s too in this region. HAMILTON indicates the districts of Herat, Maimana :~ndAnclkhui a s chiefly inhabited by Turkmans.' Fr.1~0~ reports a Turkman population in the valley of Surkh-ab." I t is easily seen from the reports on different Turkman tribes which follow that this cannot be the only area occupied by the 1'11rkmans. From my own observ;itions Tr~rkrnansof various tribes live in the tlistricts of Tashclnrghan (Turkman Llashqurghan), Mazar-iSharif, Balkh, Aqcha, Antlkhui and Daulatabad. There must also I ) P Turkman settletnents in the neigh1)ourhootl of TIerat. Thus IIOLDI(:H V o l l n d the first signs of Turkman encampments, which no clouht continue eastwards, a t Chaman-i-bad. FAIZBAKHSH reports Turkmans to the north of Mazar-i-Sharif on the banks of thc O X U S . ~ According to Hr;rtt~.~x-~~u-D~w ' ancl others there is a Turkman j)opulation in tlle province of Qattaghan ancl Ba.tiakhshan, chiefly ronfine~lto the districts aro~rnrlAn~lcrah,Raghlnn, (.:hiiri, CJuncluz, Inlam &hill, Khnnahacl an(1 Taleclan. For details of the Turkman ~)opiilationof these province, v . 1). 13--:14.

The tribal divisions of the Turkman. Hefore I treat every g r o l q of 'I'r~rkmans living on Afgllan territory separately I give the gentlrnl calassification of Tr:~~~ovlc;rr, wl~ichrnay convenirrltly serve a s a hasis for thtb cla~sificatiotlof t l i ~'l'urkman tritbes of (klntral Asia." His work is of the greatjest( v:l-lue to anyone studying the T~irkmanncthnologicndly. For the divisions of the different Turkman tribes living on Afghan tt~rriHAUII,TON. Afghanintan, 1). 963. FVRON.1,'Hintlou-kouch If? Kahorrlistan? p. 3!). "or,~rcrr, Afghan hoi~r~rlargcwmn~is~ion, 1). 280. Y ~ I , EPapor8 , conn~ctcdwith the I-ppor OXIJRregions. p. 452-3. RURHAN-C~-DIN, p. 27. cf. p. 16.

cbt

T~rsr.\~o~ns. TY~II~N(~III~(T~UI II .rypr;>IcbrrI,l. ( I!j'L6). crp. HS et perl., cf. furt,hrr K ~ P I I ~ I~.T~~M~*IIIIo~~ I~. 11 l)o,umtdl ( l w r ; ~ ~Ti ~ ~ ) I ; M I W .I 1925) and 1iir11ori. ' ~ ~ ~ I I < ~ I V I IwI I H T ~ ~ K M V + I I , I . (1929). a

T l ~ r kTribes in Afghanistan

tory I follow V A M B ~ ~ K whom Y , ARIST~V also followed, with the intention that the reader himself must compare with the classigiven here below. For t,he classification fication of TUMANOVIC'H, who gives a of the Turkmans living in Iran I refer to IISNTZSCHE, classification from the official Persian sources from the gear 1855 which is still of great interest.' T t l ~ \ l a ~ u divides v ~ c ~ the Turkmans into five groups:

1. To this group helong the tribes, which directly descend from Salor-Ogurdjiq, the descendant of Salor-Icazan. There are five tribes descending from Salor-Ogurcljiq: a ) Salor (1) Karaman $) Yelov;lch ( ~ , 1 0 1 3 i i ' l ) ;!) I<iclii-aga l;a(~liof tht:se three tlivisions (a--y) have a further 6-7 s~~I)ilivisions, and each of them again is divided into 2-10 fresh groups. Thus there are allout 110 trihenames in the tribal system of tlic Salors. 11) Sariq (ij Alaslin 1. Alnish 2. Alnnkh 3. ITstrt 1. Iihoji Nazara /I) J'ula t-shall 1. Snpi 2. Hairach 3. Kl~orasilnli 4. (:t~rzc~ki -7. Al.khaki ctcb. 11 \NI %S('III;. 'r01)ographi~ uncl S1 atistik clcr pc~rsischtin ' h r k m a n e n (1Hfid). also in Sl~r~:nc.r., I<rRni~c.l~c Altorthum~lrnnde,I, p. 710 et seq.; there arp also a fair 1111nlhrrof Ruswia~~ works dealing wit11 the cla.ssification of t11t. T l ~ r k n ~ :trihrln i ~ ~ which (.annot bc quoletl hcro, cf. for example Mr.l<.\vli.,\-,1tc.iscl (lurch T~lrkornanico;further lk~t~~c~~~cc.~ri~.nrc-r~~~~t~c'~iilr f'f,o~~~lllil>. I . 1, f . I . i i ! ) ;~n(l WF:;V.II'KOW, J)ic russiuch-asiatischen Grenzland^, p. 174 rbt Prq. nnr1 i h r hihliogrrrphie~rr~r~~tionccl in t h ~chapter >The hihlinpraphicrrl .snilrccsn, 1). 7- H. 1

Gnnnar Jarring

Eat-11 of these trilpes has minor clivisions. In all there will I)e stbvchr;~l dozen tritbal nanies in the trihal system of the Sariqs. (a)

Tthke CL) 'I';tkhtarnish 1. I'nkil 2. Btbk p ) Ot;~~nisll 1. Rill;hshi 5. Sic*hnlrw 'l'hvrth is .;:~lso:l great nun11wr of niinor divisions, not t ~ n r l ~ r ~ t ~ : r1)y t r ~Tr~~ri\so\~~c,tr. tl

d) Yornutl a) Q;~ra-cllt~tl;io r t,)~~tl~l-l'tlrr~ir 1. (3ifwi-Atikl):ti it. 1 0 minor proups. 2. $llnrif-1)jaf;lrt)iii ;I. :i minor grotrl)s I i n 0 has 2 - sul~tlivisio~is.Cf. further ('OSOLLY, I, 1). 37--40 'Genealogical Tret: o f tllv Yimoot', tvllirbh \\.ill su1,ply ;I fair nrin1l)t11* of tribal names of thfb \-on~r~cl. p,) l3:\irit1~1-(~11~)li or [7tli-rl'v~r~ii* 1. Ors~t(l(~l~i 2 . Okuz 3. S;~lnkll L:I(*IIg r o ~ t pwit11 2-3 sr~\)(livisior~s. y ) 1:s11:1(l, with 7 groups, of whic.11 some ;irtl tlivitlecl into ?--I{ clivisions. In all thtbrtl will Ibr r t h o r ~ t 141) t r i l d n;inicls ijmong tht: YOrnll~l~. e) yc~nirili ( ~ ; > ~ I ) )I I . I I I

I ) ) Gol<l:~n a) l<ni 3 divisions /j) DuI)erga (,'l,yfitil)~-i~ ) 2 (livisiol~s I n a11 78 trilbal nnlnt8s aild divisionh.

t l r S:iicl

Ounnar Jarring

e) Makhtum

Nur-Makhtum p) Kalli-Nalshtum In sum we may reckon 55 trihes, all being originally Arabs, hut later Turkmanized.

4. 4th group. Not of Oghuzian origin, but now among the Turkman a) Sunchi 1)) Nukhurli

c) Anauli (1) Murcha 5 . 6th group. This group consists of newly formed trilbes and

thc-~seof non-Oghuzian origin ;I)

Ali-ili

1,) Khizr . (or Qutlar) C)

Khizr-ili

Salors.

The most imj)ortitnt 'I'urkman trihc is no tloulbt the Salor, also c*alletl Salar, Sal111-or Salq-r. This t r i t ~ ehas three divisions according to V A M H E .Jalnwatsc'h ~~Y: (Yalnvac.h), Karaman (Qararnan) and Anahiilegi, anil these again have snhdivisions, not enumerated h w r , hut, in his earlitlr 'Travels'. There (p. 304) we by VAYRCIIY find the following divisions: Yalavadj: Yasz, 'risai, Sakar, Orcli~khodja. Knranrnn : Alam. (iijrdjikli, R~yl~i.llegi. .4nu biilfyi: Yatlsc~hi,Bokkarn: Raknschtliire, 'l'im~~r.

K~IPRCI.~? ' who gives tht' three cliviwions Yalowa6,"araman -- ------ -.-VAIREHY,Das Tlirkenvolk, 1). :3!)9. ' F h a . d. Isl. art. S a l ~ ~ r . I fincl no reason for a l t ~ r i n g Yalavach into Alavach. don^ i. a. by C,is~.\{rsC,11. 66.

and

ha11 heen

Turlr Tribes in Afghanistan

Anabeleghi, reports with EWNEWIS. ( k ~ v ~ ~ v r u' l ar )s sourctb another tribal system :

Y a l o ~ ~ ~1n. ?Ordullodja. : 2. Daz. 3. Bek-Sakar. Karaman: 1. Ugrudjihli. 2. Bek-Ghezen. 3. Ala in. Kirshc Agha: 1 . Iiirshe Agha. 2. Bc!sh Uruk. Another division is given by V.~JIBERY froin YE~~RUSI:YJ~.CI-I ant1 M x i t v ~ ~ . v hthree e divisions are according to this Kiptschak (Qipchaq), Dezerdu (Orclu?)-Chodschah (c,f. the first sul~(liivisioi1 of the Yalovach tril~e, according t o Evnevich and inen tioned above) :~nci Karaman. Y~TE relborts the Salors to lje divided into three sections: the Talawach, the Gichara and Iiarawan. 'rhe last is no c1olil)t a n error for I<a~.arnan." The last and most CI-edil~le acclount of the tribal divisions of the SaJor is that of I i ~ n r o vancl A R ~ E K O A~cor(iii1g V.~ to thein the Snlor are divided into three twiftr (gentes): liichi-aga, Qaraman ;inti Yalovach. Thest. again art1 divided into oba (or urrry) :znrl these into tirr which are divided into bir-c~tct. Thr. nanws of thc obn (t(r?i!/)art. as en~iirlt~rntecl \)elo\v:

Qara man 1. Qaranlan 2 Olam ('Alan) Y:llo\~:lol1 1. Ilaz 2. TTrrli-hoja 3. Orda-I<ho(l 4. Yusuf 5 . ller-sn kar I

Frorn an tlnl)i~l~linlictlrns. prrstlrvrtl in l l ~ elibrary of the lt~lssian (;t?npraphical Socirty anti nntit1t.d 'IJn ot c:ont.u~l~c~n tlths T11rknl~1nc~-Salnres, 11'aprE~ICR i ' t t ~ t lfaitels ~~ t b l l IHHZ --18!)3' (ill H I I R H ~~R f~ ('.\sT~(:NE. .; r). 66, 1 1 . 2 ) . An fhtlitionof this 11-14. is d(~nir~hlv. V A M I ~ I ~ ;I)BS H I . , Tiirkenvolk, 11. :1!)!), n. 1 . ' YATF.,Englnntl ant1 I<trs~ia,p. 302. ' ~ ; \ I ' I I ( I I ! c$ .\l'l;~li~lll. (';I 1 1 > I 1 ) I d ( ( ' ; I . I O ) I I J ) . ' ~ ! . ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ ' ~ I ( I H ~ ' .16)So: ( ~ ' H I I ( '~1 7 . ( ~ 1 ) . 27.

Iiesse K~ri~~l-itgik H. Qurt ! Egri-agir 10. Qirq-uili 11. lTrlls fi.

-4.

In a11 thore ;ire 12!) tritbal nilmtls. 211 tout the distritoution of the Salors in Afghanistan of to-day wtl k n o ~ vfhry . littlt.. V A ~ I H I '~ Ifouil(1 : Y tltltw-een Hala Murghal) and JI;iin~an:~n tl(1sclrt peopletl hy Salors hut tloefi not give details :11lo11t t11cb1-n. FAIZH.AKSII'' rcportecl Shiharghan to Ir)c inhabited 11p 'S;ilril. Trlrk~n;ins',sutojects of the Xmis o f K;~l)ul;hut a pure Turlimill1 pol~ul:ition cannot in cja~stion,n* .;a mixed popu1:ition is rrl)cortthcl t*Isewherr:: 'I'hc. nun~hclr of the Si11ors in ~ \ f g h i ~territory n was in 1882 i~c*c>or(ling tto 1,1.;~,\1: 201) families, which livetl a t Maimana.' \Vt* know nothing with clcrtainty a l ~ o u thow long tho Salors 1l;~vt.t)t,en on i\fghi\11 soil, tout i3cc~)rrlingto YXTE'. il part of them I\-t1nt o f t ' tow:tril3 l l a i n ~ a n a :~t,out 18(il), ant1 st~ttlrtl a t Sar-ic.hashnli~-i-c.hic~l~nk1i, a fe.w milt:s enst of (:haharsh;~mha. Ynrt-I; has :nl$o sO1lltl otl~clr information itl1011t tht* rvc'ent history of t11v S:tltrrs, 1111tiltl1(1!. wtbrtbl)t>rn~ittivl to rctllrn to I'c~rsi:l.

I hc Sa~-iclsor Saryks ;trtb :l(*(~ot'(lir~g t o VAMHI:;HY '; tlivitlecl into five ptArltc.s t i I : tlrrzeyi, c ~ r ~ l 1 il i s, l 1 , Sltkhti 111t(i a i r 1 1 fivv clivisions I~av(b tl~oir ~ r ~ h t l i v i s i o n(tirc) ~

V , ~ M H ~~RT \; .I V ( ~ ~1). + . 2C3. Y1.1,~.F':i[W?s. [I. 454. vf, 1). (if).

cF. MIHYIN.'l'hrb H ~ ~ s s i a nats thr~pattag of Herat. 11. 112. and )1118sia. lo. 301. VIIRCRY. Das Tiirkenvolk, 1). ,397 et s(lq.: a l ~ o('x+~.\cis~.:.Ir. lifi. ' Thr* threc. last divisions arv callc(l Alnarlrn, Sokhti and Hirnrlf in V,ZMREI{I. T r a v ~ l ~11.. 30.7. A a r ~ r o v .:k~n.f;r~;~l. 11. 415 har~ thc xime name4 aH

' E'Acrc.Enplnnrl

V,IMRF;RI-. 1 ) a ~Tiirketrvolk.

The nanles :ancl numlters o f these sul~tlivisions(1iffc.r elltirely fro111 tl~ost> givthn hy \'.UII{I.;I:Y in his earlier work.' T h e ~ ~ ~ i ( ~ ( ~ r t a i ~ \vhiclh one ninst feel nl)ont s ~ ( ~contrnclictory ll infornl;lt i o p~ r ~o v ~ s the nticc~ssity of fresh i l l \ - c s t i t i o ~into the t r i l ~ a ldivisio~isof tho Turknlans - :tntl othtir Turk 1)~ol)lt1sof Centr:ll Asia lwfore it is too 1;ttv. 1 gi\-e Iic.rtb t h t ~cl;~rlii~r n:tnltis of Y , ~ . \ ~ H I ' I ; ~ - :

tllo11g11 in its III:I~II f(b:lt111*tlsi t is t110 SiIIkl(' :\s tliat of I-.~J~ !l(a(lor(l i11g to y.1~1,; II-O 11:tvo 1 1 1 t h foIlo~\.i~lg S(~IIPI~I~~:

:~tl(ls:I sixth clivision I~c~siclt~s tlic~ fivcb n ~ ~ n t i o n t ~ t l 11,v V t u t : ~ . .;111(1 ~ ; ~Y~~1.1:: t l l t b lhrdnlt-Ii. Z 11;1vc~ not I)rc~i~ at)lr to trncbth I , r . k f s ~ ) ~ :,'s --

' V ~ M H I ; I 'III',r d ~ ~ l sI)]). , :!04---05. ' YAT):, 1;11gI;1ttdatld I ~ I I H S ~ : I .11.214. ' I J ~ > I ~ I ~11. I . \>titi: . 1). rrfi'2 cst srbq.gf~nc'ralitlfortni~ticloahoat t l l i ~IIarI of 1). 280 f l t H ( n ( i .

it1

Sari418 1 IIP r 1 o ~ 1 1 r!~ t : f ~ ~ r t h fI ~~OrI , I ) I ~ I I Afg11:lrl I. Im11mlar~-(lonlrnission. tllc~

this division anywhere else. The Hnrzegi of YATI.:are called F1;tzurghi hy LI:MSIIEN. 'I'hc present Sariq-population seems to be located to the regions around the Jlurghah and southwards. VAMFJRRY found Saricis I~tltween hlaimana and Bala Murghab, and FAIZBAKSH ntmut 6,000 Siiri~kTurkmiin families living in tents in Pindi (just on the frontier) and about 4,000 between I'indi and Maruchaq. Qilah Wali (Qala Wali) was according to YATE"entirely inhabitcd hy Saricls, emigrants from Panjdah. I t was said to contain 4.30 houses or kibitkas, and of these 300 or more belonged to the Harzegi section. The majority of the remainder were Khorasanlis, with just a few Alishahs and Bairach amongst them. -4. C. YATEsays the settlements of the Harzegi extend to Qarawulkllana ant1 Qala LVi~li.~ ilc.clording to H~c,ri~?; V h t ~ r eare Sariti 'L'urkmans in the region of Chnkhansur, in South-western Afghanistan. Thcy are newcorners into this part of the cbountry, originally belonging to the tribe of Saricjs that has reclaimed and cultivated the ancient marshes of the Murghal~between Hala Murghah and M,zrucbhaq in Xorth-westtarn Afghanistan. IVt? have a very good exanlple of thc difficulties in obtaining a survey of the di~tritbution of the trihes in this part of the country in a report hy Y . 4 . r ~ "on tht. wanclerings of the tribes. In thrl mitlflle of t h ~ 19th cvmtnr?; Sokhtis (Si~khtis)migrated into the c,o~lntryarountl Andkhtii, owing to tht! fighting at hferv. F r o n ~ :Inrlkhui t h o s ~who hacl haggage-animills ant1 water-mrdaarrc-ks cbrossetl the ( l ~ s ~ t)y r t the direct road over t h ~Qaril-he1 plattxu. while t h rr~ma,inrlrr ~ went round through Mnimana and Qilah Wali. Originally all the Ssricl l'urkn~anshad had their lands at, Panjdah; hut an the t,rihes incrtlaserl in nurnhcr they went eoilt.hwards to cblairn mort3 ror~ntry for thoir I~ercls. A goo(1 many Khorar~anlis sncl somt: of thv Soklltis movrlrl into the l i ~ ~ s hvallcy k ancl settltxl V~MHRR ' ~Yr .i t v t ~ 1). l ~ .35.5. ? YI.I.E,Papers, p. 4 .7.7. Y.\'~E,Norther11 Afghanistan, 1). 125. * YATE.1Snplantl nnrl R u s ~ i a ,p. 293. ~I.I('KIN, In Yrtr~ia and Afghanistan. 1). 356. pictr~rcn of S a r i q ~and their tc'ntn (from Yarurhaq), p. 3@2. * Y \TE. Northern Afghanistan. p. 187.

Tlirk Tribes in Afghanistali

a t Qilah Manr and other 11eighl)ouring places, and the Harzegis spread south\+rartls to Qarawal Eihaila and Qilah 1 Thcl occupants of the two latter places rernainetl a t that time Afghan subjects. As YATE;i*el)orts, the Afghan governenlent declined to keep a n y Sariils near their borders (owing to the constant troubles with the trihes on Russian territory), and they clecided to remove all the Saricls remaining a t Qilah IVali :mcl Qarawal Khans to Chahars11amI);t ancl other places farther south in the hills, where they were k)t.ttt.r l~ntlercontrol, and to put Afghan st.tt1t.r~i11 tht3ir place. The rnmours of this move operated forcitbly on tllo Saricls - so rrlucll so, that as soon as they heard it, t h ~ ycorninenr~d to vacato Qilah Wali and to troop I1nc.k to I'anjdah in ~~~~~~~~~~s; and it is ~iaidthat of the 300 odcl f;~rnilichs lately Iocattlrl tllcbre. 11arc11y 30 arc now left on Afgllnn soil.

Ersaris.

A\)out the divisions of the Ersnris n7c ~'ossessrc1liable infor~niltion from Kt~iuwvin his I I , I ~ ~ ~ ~11~1)0,[01{or[ II~IO (.OC~P;III J I , I ~ ~ ~ I I ;'l'lley AI~~I[. :ire divided ncv~)rdingto t hc follo~viilgs8~llttrn(h: I. Qara-I)tbka~ll :I. Qarn 12 divisions 1). 13vka111 5 (livisio~ls 2. (:1111:lslr ( I'!'11~1111) (; rninor tril~cas 3. ITlucl-tepc 12 minor t ri1)f.s. 111 liis '1'r;tvt~ls VAA~I{LI<Y consi(it?rs t l Krsaris ~ ~ to l)o (livi(Iv(1 ,)into t w..clnty '1':1ifo, :~ntlstill rnorc numcbrolis 'l'ire,.. In his ~ T i i r kctlr-olk~\'1 1 t h tlopclnds tl~rtircly o r 1 inform:~tion from I'ET[~I:~EI~ICII, wllo t k i l ~ ~ i n ~ r : ~ tilth t t l sfollowiilg four tri1)rs: I . K;lra. (i. (I. Qara). 2. 11111topo. 3. Kii1wsvt1. 4. 13~ka111;1)11t L ' , ~ ~ I H I ~ ; ~( {1Y0 ~ snot rtvlco~l -

- --- -

-- -

1). :30n. p. :3*1 f b t s t y ,

s o r e . V.UIISEI~Y earlier notetl the Qara'l'r1rkm;111 ;is :I st31)iir;ttc: t r i h , I)ut later changed his mind and c~orisitlert~tl them 21s ;I division (taife) of the Ersari.' The Ersari'T11rkm;ln ~nostlycl\vtllling on the left hank of the Amu-dnrya are 0ftr.n c*:tllecl 1,ctb-i-nhi .~,eol)lth uf the \ v a t e r - e c I g e > > . Y ~"applies .r~ this n:lmt. only to t hti Qaru-sec't ion of the Ersaris. The inform:ttion \vc, have ;~hout Erx:tri-Turkm:ins on Afghan territory is V.\MBEI~Y'S statement that they live on the left bank of thc OSI~S,from Tsc'hic'hsrdsc*llnj (C:l.i;trjui) as far 11s Ralkh,' and that of I~oI.IH!.II," that thc district extentling for many miles along the southrlrri I)anks of the C)YIIS called Khwaja Salar is inhabited t)y Ersari Turknlnns. Y A' says ~ that 1)amlatahxd is inhabited hy T<rs;~ris.1 4 t h ostirnatt~sthat 3IIO Icitbitkas :~nclreeclhuts a,re inhat~itctl I E r r . SI'IEGKI., w i t h o ~ ~mthntioning t his sources, assumes (;o.r)oo tt:nts of k;rs;lris on Afghan soil, clivitletl into 20 tritws 11-ith n1ar1y s~~k~(livisions.' Ti,\t:llov e n ~ n ~ t * r tllrre ; ~ t ~ strihes Ijelonging to t ht. ();~r;i-sc~cat ion to IIP rc.sictrn t 011 Afghan tt~rritorp. Tliey :11.(& c*nlltvl 1)aIi. K;lz:tn, i~ntl'I'itan.' Y.\,rl; has some otht~rinfornli~tioliof iritcrt:st rrgarding thcstl 'rnrknlans. 1'0 thr north of >ling-tl:~rakht the valley of the ;\h-i-Q;~isar was ;I tltasert on Y.\I*I.;'svisit. It had l)tlt~nwell 1)ol)uI;~tt.c\ formvrly, ilntl there h:~(lI)t~r~n 1;~rgostlttlemrnts of !loth Arab ant1 ).:rs:tri nornatls. who ~~sthcl to graztAththir flocks in thtt c!h111 t o tht! wt8st: t h t wthr(\ ~ rth(ll1(*(v1 1))- ' r ~ ~ r k l n ; lraitls, ~l ant1 from 1 H i 7 thr land hat1 litin \vastt~." I 1 t

V.~UHI.:W 1)an ) . Tiirk~nvolk.1). 4lll. n. 1. V . \ M H E HTravtbls. ~. 1). 303. c.orr~lptr*~l Lrhah-'I'iirkrnt~n. ant1 Tiirl<envolk, 11, 4lMI. V \ T E . Sortht~r~l L\fghanist~~n. 1,. 1:Il. ' V . \ \ t ~ i b ~ i \ Travc~ls. , 1). :i4):1: ;11sn V ~ Ihl~v. I l V ~ r ~ j ~ ~ k 1)iv o \ v .r~t~sisvhasinti~rhtl~~ (; renzlantlt~.1). 477. ' J~OI.I)I( 11, T11ex 1ntli;tn hor(Iclrla~111. 11. I,?!). '' Y.\TF..Northrnl i \ f ' g I ~ i l n i n t ~ ~1,.l . 234; Tru \ u t ~ v r c . ~[I. ~ . H6 r.onaitlc~r~ th~rcb i s a 'r.onritlcrahltb' nrrnlhthr of Lrsaris on i\f,"ha11 soil. STEW \NT'H ~ t a t t l m e n t (S-retv1i1.r. voilntry of t h ~ Tlllikr Ti~rkomnns.1). .'i:3.I)that the. Ersnris on the l t s f t hank of lhtl O X I I W n u m h t ~ r'iT,,ol)O t+lntr: or R75.C)OfI I)cbrsons milst he conaitlt-rc.~tlw r y high. SI*IEI:EI.. I.:rAni~cbl~~ r\lt~~rthi~n~skuntle. I, 1). :),;I. ' K \wVnv, I ~ . I I ~ W V I I [II I O[ M /I ~~ I I I I I I I ~I.III-~;IH. Tahlc 2. ' Y.\TF..North~m.4fghani~t;111.1111. 231 - 4 2 . 8

' T h t b

In his 1j;ll)er \,Short sttttistical information of the Ers:~ri-tribes, living on the left I):lnk of tht? Am~~-darytt>, Koar.\no\- gives the most detailed inforination of the El-saris that tve ~~oesess.' Accortling to liim thcre :Ire : ~ 0 - 4 0 , 0 0 ~ftlinilies ~ of k2rs:lris in Afg11;ln Turl;ost;~n. ahove :ill in Xndkhlli. Shih;~rgliaii, Aclclia nncl JIaz;ir-i-Sharif. Later lie gives the nuiiilbrr of 4.282 fanlilies for thtl part of the c1ountl'y investigntt~cl I)y him, hut this was only the rnobt nortllwtlstthrn l);~t-tof it. l<oa~.\l<ov found sulb-trilres of t htl Qilr;~~*esi(lv~it in Aclclla with the 11;1111(~s'I'ag;ul ;lntl Qar;t-lroin, ;lntl a tril)c~Snlticj ((';I.I*~I,IKF,) i ~ ilbotli 1\(1(>11;1 ;1nt1 Sliil);~rgliari. The S:ilti(l-t~*il~t), IIOIVthvtJr,was not c*oiisiclt~l~rcl ns a 1,111-tb Ers:~~'i-ti'il)c 1)y liilu. tho11p11 t 1 1 ~ m t ~ r n l ) t ~o~f ~tht. s trilre c.onsitltbrtld tlit~nsclvt~s so. Thc trilbrs I ':u1(1j i , Iii(*lil<:t:111(1 l'tlrrili ( I l ( ~ p l r ~ ~;11so t i ~ , l)) ( ~ l o ~ i gto t ~ (tll l ~Q:~r;i. ;111ql inlinlritc~clA \ f g l ~ :'l'url;rstn~i. ~i~ (.)f sul1-1ril)chsI~elongingto t l ~ cB~~1;nul ~ thc~S;irli a i ~ t l('lltb~.shc.ng-ci ( ' I ( ~ I ~ I I I ( ~ I I I Y11:1(1 ~ ) ;I fair niiriiIr(lr of ;1(lli(lrt~i1ts ill :\fgli;~~ir~~trl<ost:lii. 111 i\(l('li;l livcbtl tht* ('11;li ('li111).also 1)rlongiug to t110 13clk;1ul. .\l)l)n~-t~ntly the l<rsilris lint-c migrntcltl 1:lto into A f g l i : ~torri~~ tola!-. 'rlltl!- ch;llnc into i l l ( , territolu>. of thc fol.~ntlr 1<11;11l;1toof I3OIiliil1*:1 ;lt ~ I I P th11tl ~ t t' l l ~S C ~ \ - O I I ~ O O I ~( a ~ I~~ ' l i t ~ ~ ~ n y . '

'I'llc 'I't~k~~-'l'l11.li~l;111 .; \\.as llritil ~ ~ t ~ c tilnos ~ c ~ n tllv t most ilnl)ol.t;~iit :111(11)o\vth1.t'111rI'~~rlil~i:lll trill('. 'I1ll(' ' l ' ( l l i ~ ; ~ r (tlivitlctl ' i~ccbor(liligto their gcwp~.:~l)llic.;~l clisl t-ilr11 t ioll into two 1n:lin divisions: tho L \ k l ~ ; ~ l ' l ' t l l i t h nntl tht, Jl(lrv-'l'thlicb. A4cac301'cli~~g to \r,~~ll~l.l:v' thti Aklinl-Ttbkr Il:i(l t 110 follo\vi~~g 14 s111r-(l ivisions: Kiiktsc*lit~, Sil lik, t J : t s ~ ~ (:)'j;is~~ I I I ; I I I I . hliris(*l~. 'l1~(~l~~K ~ lOt tI ~I ~I iI ,I l~<, ; ~ r : ~ ( l i ~ ~ ~ l ~li:~r:~-liol~g~ir. -i\j:~k. .\I~I:~II-S(~II;III. S i t s ( - l i ~ ~ ~li:~ks(~Ii:~l, :~z. Riikri, I < : I ~ : I - ~ J I I U I : I ~:111(1 Kwls(*liiik. r l l l l ( ~3It~t-~-'l'(~k(~ II:I\.(B :I SOIII(~WII:I~lriortl ( * o ~ ~ l l ) l i ( ~ l i :\ ,~i ts ~i o~~l~ ; ~ c ~ c ~ c ing ~ l - ( l to 1' \\IIII,:~:Y. 7'1itby :1r.cB tlivitlvtl tll~ls: I ; r l \ l \ l ' ~ l l ~ l ~ . Ii]b;ll'lii)l

( " ~ : l ' l ~ l l l " ~ l l ~ l ~l'lc'l;.(.l;llifl ~l'liill

I - I . 1 V\WI~I.,I<Y, Travfnl~.1). ?:It. I

1 1 1 s Tr11r.c ~ n o t TrX.I<r.i n t~r.c*ortl:~nc~c~ \\-it11 K

' V.\\IHP,IIY, l);ts l ' i i r k ~ ~ ~ ~ v 11. o l k:3!)7. ,

.Illc'illllI.~ ~ 6 l l ' l ' i l l ~ ~ l l l l l l ' 1 ~

II.I~'JI~'II;IF'I~

so. \I{IV)\-

;tntI

'I'I.~.\sII\-I~~II.

Gunnar Jarring

1. Toc:htanlisch (i. e. Tokhtamish) Kiiktscht. Amnnscliah Bek Kali 1 Kongur Ak-Wekil Kara-Wekil -2. iitemisvh (iitemish) Sitsc~hmaz(Sichmaz Rac hschi (Rakhshi)

Onth might s.rusl)tlcltthat some o f the sulr~divisionsof the Akhnl-

;~utl Jltbrv-trke coinrlitie, e. g. Kiiktcht., Am;inshah ant1 Sichmaz. 'l'his is no douht due to tlw fact that the division into Aklml- and Mclrv-Tthkths is purrly geographical. In his 'Travels' \ ' i i a r ~ ~ . : l c ~gave a division somewllat different frotn the lritfbr one. I clilote it in full, as it m a y he of interest for Puturtl research into the trihal ol'ganiuation of the Tckes.' The two runin clivisions Akhal- and Merv-Teke hat1 three subdivisions (or 'gentes', t u i f ~ ) i%-hich , VAMHI.:I{Y a t that tinicl was ablr to nscertaili, each divirlt~(1illto minor tlivisions ( t i r e ) . I'llcy arcb: I . (itomisr/t: Kelletec~l~o, Sultansiz: Szitschrn;m Kara Ahmccl. 2 . Aalrhshi: I'crrcng, *rop;~z.Kiirszxgry, Ala(ij:tgiiz, Tasllnjak Aksefi (+oh, Slnrsi, Zakir, Kazilar. 3. Toktnnlish: H o k l ) ~ ~ r iiImnnsti;~h, ~n (;iiktchtl Beg, K:tra, Khar, Kougor, Y I I S S I .J:izi, ~ ~ , Arik liaraalja.

Ac*clorclirig to FI. I ~ EHI.O(XJ~:EVII,I.I; the Tekes of Merv wercl cliviclccl into 24 tribes, hat no further clcltails are given by him. The Teke Turkmans belonging to th(1 trit)c,g en~xmtlratcdahove 3eem t o he rather few in Afghanistan, j ~ ~ d g i nfrom g the sources we have). In the recent Tl~lssian work ,,T,ands of the East>\' (Moscow 1936) thc Tckc artx reported together with the Sari(!, Salor, ancl F;rsa~.i ;is occ'upying the trnnshortler deutrt and steppe districat of Northern Afghanistan. I am not slue that the real Teki1~ can hcb l o c a t ~ don Afpharl soil according thc solirctbs known to VAMBERY, Travels. py. 305-06. BI.~#'Q~JEVII.LE, N O ~ ~ slir C P l e ~nomadca flu Turkeotan ( ( . ' i t 3 ~ . \ t r ~ bp. , 66). ('TII~IIII~ I ~ T ~ 2. ~K ('~M*.[I~I,II~ I. I ~ o v TA~~IIY\ ~ ~IIIIIT>I I ~ . 11. ( ~ 1 ) .220.

Turk Trihes in Afghallistan

me excel~tin oile case. rIhis is FAIZ B A K S I I~,1~ 1 0in his time foluitl 30,000 'Toga' Turkiiians living in teuts on tlle hanks of tlie Rfurghab river. Tr.1,~reat1 tliis 'Toga' :is 'relre, \\-hich is no cloul~t, correct. For the rest, the Tekes of Merv linvc long heen renow~lccl for their plundering raids on Afghan soil (mostly in the 19th century), reljorts of which can l)e found everywllcrc. in the 1itc.r:~ture of that tiine." 7

Alielis.

Anot11t.r cjnestion is if we inay reckon the Alieli Turkniniis to the Te1;e trilje. This llns 11eencloilc hy Borr~,c;r;~,"luoting FEKI:II;II as his primary source. If onc can trust Ferrier's inquiries, s a p Houlger, the ,41ic>li are not a district tribe, ljut only a branch of the Tekes who were ren~ovecl to AnclBhui in the reign of Shall A bhas the (4 1-c-l:lt. He c;tlls thc.nl c1esct.ndants of tlie Afs1lal.s that trihc of n-hic.11 Nadir Sliali was a niem1,er. I lia\~cnot 1)ccn able to o t)tain any furtlic~.inforniatioii which coultl point to soiile-. thing cltlcaisivc for the origin divisio~isof the Alieli. I decided to reckou tllcnl anlong tlie l'el;c-T~lrl<~n;~i~ for the tiilicl being. At V~nr~k:;ln-'s timt) t l ~ r-4lielis occl~l)ictlthe grounds ill and :~rounclAnclkhui." Hc tstimateti tlle town to consist of 2,000 houses ant1 ahont 3.000 tt3~its,either in its c~nvirons01. ~ ( > i l t t ~ rover e ( i tlir o:lsis in tlir t1r~c~1-t. I I r chstirvintctl thtl 11i11nht~r of t l ~ rin11al)itauts :ti lci,~M)O. 'l'llt.?- ~vc.r.t ~)riric~il):llly T ~ ~ r l ~ n i : iof i i s tlic tril)cl Alivli. i i ~ t t ~ ~ . m i swit11 t ~ t l l ' z l ~ c ~ k:inti s :I fow '2'ajiks. The total ~ l u n l l ~ cof r Alitllis in th(: .211(iklii1iKll;111at~was t h ~ t i ~ ~ l ; lat t ( li~ntlcr d 12,000 11)HoI~I.~;EI~,:' lvho doos not mention thc source from where he got it. I do not tliilllc tht!rc is ,111 Alicli pol,ulntion in the district of Andkhui noiv\.;~tl:~ys, ;is Yl\r7r:" in 1885 states that tlicy \\-ere

Y I ~ I , 1':tpors. ~:. 11. 45-7. cf. for c.xaml)lc YA.~F:, Nortller~l AfgI1allista11, 11. 17'7 and MAII\.IX, Mrrv, 1). 75 ct scq. HOI~I.(IF:R,England a n d Hllnnia, I, pp. 22-3. ' VSMRI'RY,'I'ravcls, p. 240: also S'L'E\YAR.I~, Thr country of thr Tthkl<e T~irkomans,p. 634. ROIII.~ER op. , cit. 1). 222. " YAW,ICnglancI and R,11~sia. 11. 253.

Gunnar Jarring

removed to the north of Khorasan. HANILTON (1906) yet notes a 1)opulntion of Alielis in A n d k h ~ i and Daulatahad and in the I<hwaja Salar section of the Oxns frontier.'

Karama-Turkmans (Qarama).

FAIZH A I ~ H informs ~H 11s that Maimana, including its dependcncbies i ~ tthat time, was inhabited by 12,000 families of the Kararnzi tribe. Mairnana was then a dependency of Balkh. I-Ie reported the same Karamh-l-mpulation in Kashlak E ~ h a n .Accor~ the Barama-Turkmans or Sakaris are to be ding to VENICKOV found eastwards in the direction of Anclkhui. They are few in numljcr but known to be brigantls of the worst sort.3 The Qarama might be the s:mie a s those called Sakar (of the Oxus) loy BURNES. They numherecl accorcling t,o him 2,000 families.' As seen from this, the information w(: have at)o11t the (Jarama is very sraanty, ant1 new has to 1)e collec'terl.

In his work Turkmnnistan and the T ~ i r k n i a n TU.\I.\NOVICH ~ informs us that c*onsitler,zhlf:parts of the Chaudar-trihc have their ahode on Afghan territory." have not found this information anywhere else, and leave t h gtatement ~ to future renearcll. The numher of Turkmans in Afghanistan.

It is almost impossible to give (Ictails ahout the numher of T ~ ~ r k m a nresitling s in Afghaniatan. According to ARI~TOV," who of clourse had no statistical aources, there are only 80,000 in -- -

. .. .

' ~I.\YII,TOX. Afghanistan, a

1). 264.

YIII.E,Yaprarn c.onnecntcvl with the 1Jppc.r 0 x 1 1 ~regions, p. 454. V E N I L ~ KWcnjnkow, ~V, Dip r i ~ ~ s i s c h - a ~ i a t i ~ cGrenzlandc. hen p. -177. RI'RNES, Travels into Rokhara, 11, p. 253.

' T S W ~ \ I I O RTI~I ~~II. I < W I ~ ~TI~II I) J~; -M~~~*~I III[,H:).I . 11

(*TI).

VARIHTOV, :3;1\rF;17;11. (TP. 420: the Hanw nr~mhcr arrording to KF:,\NE. Asia. T. p. 51: L)F.sv, Clrammaire de la langur tnrqne, 11. 5 : 1,cs larlgires (111 nlonrle. 11. 197: R tRrHo1,n. Enz. (1. Id. art. Tlirkmenen.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

Persia and Afghanistan: of which 50,000 k~elong to the latter country. In such a recent work a s REYSNER,'H ~ : : ~ B J I C I I J I A ( ~ ~ H H ~(Moscow ' Y ~ H 1929), the Turkman and TTzl)ek population of Afghanistan is considered to be 700,000-900,000 in all. I n another work from the same year REYSNER gives the number of YAVORSKI 200,000 Turkmans residing in Afghanistan.Qarlier, estimated all the minor peoples in Afghan Tlirkestan - Qirghizes, Turkmans, Hazaras, Iranians, Afshars, Hindus, Jews and Arabs as not more than 50,000. This number is no doubt insufficient. The task of fixing the numlwr of Turlimans residing i11 Afghanistan is made more difficult through their mig1.a tion into Russian and I'ersian territory from time to time.

Uzbeks. The I;zt)clks are confined to the northern parts of Afghanistan, i. e. to those parts of the caountry, which we uslrally call Afghan Turkestan. The ITzbeks nlostly live in the cities or villages (kishlak, qi'Slcrq), where they have the occup;ttion of merchants, craftsmen or farmers. Kowadays they appear to he seldom nomads.

General information a b o ~ ~the t tribal divisions of the I'zheks.

The llzbeks o f Russian Turktistan are divided into a great number of trit~es,according to Ktr~s~rcov ' 97, to Ktrurtostr~rrrs"2. ant1 to I.~JG~I>F;T 102. In the following I give the cblassification of the Vzbeks acbcortling to Khanikov and I,ogofet, mainly with the ohject of showing how different they are. No douht it is the same with the Uzbeks as with the Turkmnns - new investigations into their tribal divisions have to he made owing to tht: unreliahility of the sources. The difference between the t>rihal divisions of the IWzt)eksliving in Afghan territory and those in Russian cannot hr very great. Therefore ~ i l c ha,n investigation will he of the g r e n t e ~ valuc. t whethflr it is made in Kusnian or Afghan 'rurkrhstan. KHAN~KOY 1. Ma~igit(JLitr~r.t,~~r~r,) a. Tuq Mangit h. Aq Mangit c . Qara Mangit 2. Ming

T,OCI~FET Mangit ( 1 ) --

Ming (lo2)

Gunnar Jarring

KHANIKOV 25. Uzoi 26. Kabnt 37. Khitai 28. Qangli ( E i i \ n l l . l ~ ~ ) 29. UZ (Y:+I>) 30. Chuplachi (ClyriL I H ~ I U ) 31. Tupchi 3'3. Utarchi 33. Upulachi (YI~J-.TH~~II) 34. Djulun (,%?.I p'h) 35. Djid (;~~JI,I%) 36. Djuio t (,&;liy wnl) 37. Chil-djuiot 38. Rui-maut 30. Ui-maut 40. Aralat 41. Kireit, 42. Ungut 43. Kangi t (liiiti l'hl'rb) 44. Khalawat (Sa.~nyam) 45. Masad 40. Murkut 47. Berkliut (1;cy)~)g~rh) 48. Quralas (Kypn.l;lcr,) 49. liglan (J'rhi R 11%) 50. Qari (hfapb~) 61. Arsh (.iptlfia) 62. Ilrschi (M.ISIVR) 53. Djulagan 54. Kishlik 56, Gedoi -56. Turkmen 6'7. Durmen Durmen (11) 58. Tabin 59. Tama GO. Rindan 61. Mumin 62. Yuishun (K)ftlirywh) d

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

Yuiruchi Djuirat Buzachi Piklltian Batash (I;vr'r;\~~rh) Yngrini Shulclur .I'llrnai Tleu Qir-dar (lib1 ~*I,-J"'I,) Kirkin ( K U ~ K I , ~ ~ , ) tTglan (s1'.111117>) of. no. 49 78. (3urlat [ I ' ~ ~ . I S I T T > \ 78. Iglan 8U. Djimebai 81 . C,'hilkas ('1 11.1IJ~HC'L) 83. Tiighur 83. Agir (.\l-t,~l~r,) 84. Tt'a1)n 85. Nargil H i . Yiiz:tk 87. Kakhet HH. Nachar H!). K11(1jaliq !)O. B~lzan 91. Shirin 93. Ra klirin (l;t~xp~r~r.r,i 93. 'I'lirna ('l'n~n) 94. Kikiiz ( H I I K ~ , : ~ I J !Is. Mughul 94;. l<ai:tarl [ I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~ 97. Tatar

66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. Fr s. 7tj. r r. PP

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

Jau-keldi (Xi11-li?.1I~,l.h1)(77) 81. Zor-bnrun (78) 82. Oz-temir (79) 83. Alla-berdi (80) 84. Ichoja-Hamazan (81) 86. Yer-teber (E:IY~-T~G~I)'I,) (82) 8(i. Qatagllan-clalasi (83) 87. Martiat (81) 88. Shorarl (85) 89. Khan-l jatcha (8G) 0 . Baracl (87) 91. Tnlkislii (r~'~'.ll~~ildlll~l) (88) 92. Togalan (89)

Eshka (:~IIIK;I) (90) dhikh ($11) Bai-kaslika (92) Sari-bash (93) Subaq (94) Stllduzi (95) Pokirak (96) Zarmukha (97) Yangi-gaur (98) Imanl-teniez (99) Sliali-temez (100) Bayat, ( 101)

The distribution of the Uzl,eks of Afghanistan. Y:\I,uI~..;I;I ~ n e ~ i t i o ~that l s in some part s of Afghan Tlu.kest;ln the lizl~elis forrrled tho majority of the 1)oljlllation. 'l'his W:IS c~sl)ec.ially tlir case in Quntluz, ;\ndklil~i ;tnd Sllibargliail. 'I'ht. I-zl)eks here l~olong:.ctlto the rest of the grcat constcl1:ition of tl.il)cs c~allt~tl Orta-yiiz. In Qllnrluz ; ~ n dTnshcll~rgl~:~n thc Vzl~rks mainly 1)clonged to the tribc I<att:ighan (Qntaghan) (on 1). 120, howcvcr. Y.\vo~is~r, has thr c*ont~.atiicatoryslatenlent that Tasliql~rghan\v:~s mainly inllnl)itcld I)y T'zl)(>ks I~c~longing to tllcl t,ribt: lling), in hl:iz:~r-i-Sharif and Rallrli to tllc t rilws Sarai a11(1 Ming, 1)11t ns :I rl~lvthc trilws ~vcrtl\-cry 111ixet1ul) with onr another. . In ntilizing tlir! i~iformatioiigivcil in t l ~ cson~.c~es clcaling wit11 Afghan T ~ ~ r l i ~ I~ t~)roc~~ocl an from vest to cast, 11cginning with lltlrat. A s t h Turkisl~ ~ r)opl~latiorlof CJattaglinn an(1 Batlnlihslia~l is trtl:tttbtl !);\I mt-:in a sl)t~c~inl cnhaptor, I only pivc n sumnl;lry of tht: 1'zhc3k 11cqIulntion o f tllc~so~ r r o x - i ~ ~att ~ thc t ~ s e11(1 of this cli;~l)ter.' J7 \ v ~ I I ? - ~11:I . ~ ~ * I I I , ~ I ~ I I ~ ~1! I, .. I.TII. ?:]I. A H an ~ ~ : ~ n i pnfl vw - l ~ n t q l l i l ~ motlrrn works inform

118 ahout the l 1 z l ~ t ~ kofs Afgh:tnistan, I r1110te1:1*1coa, L,':\fghnnistan. C;ilogral)l~i~, Ilistoire, ibtlinogral)hic..vc),v:tgc~s.I'aris lO2fi. 1,. 23 >la t r i l ~ i l d ( ~ s(111zhr:ks.sur I'Oxl~s. vit rlc pillngt1n(!): a n d Iris I)aprbrl,'l\fghanisl an. I<squiss~.gi.ographiqiic, 1,ille 1025, 1). 229 ~ 1 , ~ sOiizheks snnt cl'originc turquc. I'illards. ils ran( ~ o n n ~ nlat \-alliv' clt: 17 ) X I I R > ( !)

Gunnar Jarring

I11 tlie town of IIerat itself there is a very mixed populatiori of Afghans, Tajiks, Turkmans, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Jews and others.' The same mixed population can be observed in the towns of &iaimana, Shibarghan, Andkhui and A c j ~ h a . According ~ to my own ohscrvations the Lrzbek population of Mazar-i-Sharif is not very numerous. I noted the same mixed population in that town a s described above for other towns of Afghan Turkestan. In the village of Dihidiraz, near Sirvan and Obeh, KHANIKOV " reports :t l~opulationof Tizbeks, helonging to the tribe of 'Koungratl' (Qungrad). I00 families of this tribe had emigrated there from the Oxns (luring the reign of Muhammed Rahim Khan of Iiliiva. Y E has some interesting information about the Uzbelr 1)opul;ttion of C11a harshamha to the west of Maimana.' The I'z1,ilks here were rni~inlycattle-breeders. Curiously enough the villagers of Cha1~:trshamlm (lid riot claim to be Uzheks, but tlie tlescendants of a lot of ~rlixedraces. They called themselves the 1)orrzdnit Aimtlk, or the twelve nomad t r i b e s . T l ~ e yhad no idea where they originally canicl from or what their tribes were. In Yate's opinion they wore to all intents :ind purposes Uzlrleks in fact, if not in name. The tradition is that Nadir Shah settled 13,000 Familitls of tliffcrtlnt t r i t w clown thcre? hut that s11l1wclllen tly somtb r ~ t ~ ~ r n f whenc~t~ lci t h ~ ycilmc, others moved else:whertl. IIirak, a valley 11nrlcr the hills to tlie south of Chaliarsharnl)a, hail also ac:cording to Yt\-rl:, an ITzhek population, helonging to t h~ STtbkrit "t~rancha ntl n l ~ m t ~ e r i nahout g 250 houst:~.' In Hazarn Qila. whivh according to its na*mc must originally havtl htvn inhahitetl lby Iiazaras, Y,Z~~I.: f o ~ ~ n cthat l 11;llf tl~r? Y ~ T E ,England and R11s~ia.1). 139

et Req. with a g ~ n e r a ltleacription

of lierat: furthf~rpen~rnlde~rriptionin M~r,r,l.:hox, tierat; REHTRANIF,p. 113; cf. further E. I. * Xoteci i. 4. by YATE, Nortti~rr~Afghanistan. KHANIKIIV, Mi.moiw .cur la partip meridionale (IP 1 ' A a i ~ central^, p. 1%. ' YATE,Northcrn Afghani~tnn,p, 130, 132. 1%. Qf. p. 81. Otherwi~eknown m Merkit. YATE,Northern Afghanistan. p. 136.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

population were Uzl~eks, and that, the remaining Hazaras had lost all their Hazara characteristics and becbonie Uzhelrs in a11 but name.' A no~iladic Uzbc.1~l)ol~ulationaround Plf:~imnna is n~c~ntione(l by YATE' and F E R R I E R , % refer V~~ especially to a n Uzbelt pol)ul:1tion in the plain a t Elmar to tlie west of Maimana. VAMBERY * informs us al)out both nomadic and settled Uzbek po1)ulation in the Maimana-district. He estimates the whole pol)ulat~ioiiof the district at 100,000 souls, for the niost part 'ITzl~eksI)elongi~igto tlie tribes of Mi11 (Ming), Atclimayli (Achmaili) arid Daz. According the Y inhabitants of Maimana were Uzheks, witah some to V . ~ ~ I H B' R Tajiks, Heratis, ahout fifty families of Jews, a few Hindus, and Afghans. FI.;HRIER consi(iered tlie Uzbelc popl~lat~ion of tllc town to 15-18,000, but tlicre was also a small proportion of I'arsivan families. Burin-k;~has the statemelit that fifainiana a t liis time was ruled by a n Iyzbek belongi~lgto the tril~eof JYun.' In Kafir Qala and in Rabat Al~dullsllKlian (in tllr dist,rict of Khairal~atl, \vhich is called tlie most nortllthrn Gzl~ek village of Mairnana 1):- YATE') hetween hfaimana and Phiharglian FI:I~HII.;I~ noteti an ITzhelcp o p u l a t i o n . 9 a f i r Qaln n-ns n halt on a ~nountain top inliahitctl by 1Tzl)elts and snrrouncied Ily tllcir tents f o r sornc dist ancc. In T(*hitchektoo fClhic~liekt~l to the wcst of Maimana) Y ABLBEIZY samr thth last of ITzhck nomacis, a s Ile w:ls tr:rvc~lliiig wcstn.artls to 1Icrat.'" I)th

Y,z,r.l.., NortIi(~rliAfghanixta11, P. 136. Afghanigtan, 11. 344. FF:RRIEI~, Caravan jonrneya, p. 195. ' VAsrsC~v. Travels, p. 24!3; cvirlently the 6ourcct for ~IBMII.'L.IW'S 8tatemrnt that Maimana wau inhahitrd by llzheks of the tribes of Min, Atchamali and 1)uz with R sprinkling of Tajiks, Hrratis a n d a fow Hindus, Afghans anti JCWR. (IIAMII,TON, Afghanistan, p. 259.) '' V ~ M B L I I01). Y , cit. 1). 250; the samc~in MIH ARDOIII,KERIMHOUKIIARY, Histoire, 1). 262. F E R R I ~ :('arava11 I~, j o u r n ~ y n ,p. 197. ' HIIHNI-:~, Chhool, 1). 226; Wlrn is prohahly the U n g of KHANIKOV, cf. p. 53. ' YATE,Northcrn Afghanifitan, p. 2.33. FKRRIKII, Caravan j o ~ t r n e y ~~, p 200-1 . nnd Voyagc.8, I. p ~ 378-80. . 'O VAM~~LRI', travel^, 1). 255.

' Y ~ r l : . ,Northern

Gunnar Jarring

In the villages of Ata Khan Khojah and Jalaiar to the north of Mairnana there was until 1877 an Uzbek population, but in that year the villages were attacked by Turkmans and the land has since then lain waste.' At Bsla Murghah, close to the Russian frontier, SYICESnoted a n intermixture of Kzbeks, forming the majority of the population together with the Turkmans.' Notes on the ITzhek population of Shibarghan were first given by FERRIKR.' He estimates the whole population of the town a t 1 2 , 0 0 0 souls, and it is inhabited by Uzheks and I'arsivans, the informs former however being in the majority. Later NIEUEKMXYLR us that Shibarghan is inhabited by I'zbeks and some Tajiks.' In the village of Salmazar (on the map written Salimazar), which lies 3 km. to the south of Shiharghan and is situated on both sides of the river Saripul GHODEI<OV ' in 1878 found an Uzbek l'opulation living in tents [kihitkas). Owing to the abundance of water they caul t ivateci large gardens. Eetween dalmazar and t h ~village of Sariplxl there also was an ITzbek population of gsrdencl-s and peasants, living in kihitkas.' There was only one large v i l l a g ~ ,Seidahatl, which contained almut 1 0 0 houses ~xnd is situated 96 km. south of Salmazar. I n his Russian work >Through Afghanistan howthv~r, ( ~ I ~ ~ D E mcntions K ~ V ,1180 the villztgc of Qaraclin (Ii;ll~a~li~r~r,) h ~ t w t ~ e Salmnzar n and Jitlailiq ,l~ii.l~,l;~n.it.~~t~), ant1 ant. village without a nnmc, where :~lsoITzl)c>ks living in kihitkas fonn tht3 poptilation." Thc town or pclrl~aps r:lthtbr the illa age of Saripul had a population of aboat 3,000 TTzhpksaccorcling to C ~ ~ o n ~ l l ; or\v8 . ~:I, I

YATI:, Norther11 Afghanistan. p. 2.12. SYRE*, Sotne rlotra on a rccrknt joarnry in 12fyhanisttin, 1). 830. "f. p. 44. * FF:KHIF;R, CSaravnn j o u r n ~ y ,p. 202 and Voyages, I. p. 3HI) et s ~ r l . ; thtl Rame in MIR AHI)~)I-I. K E K I HRUI K H I I ~ Y , Histoir~.p. 261. ' SIEI)EKY ~ Y E Im I ~ ,Weltkri~gvor I n d i ~ n sTorc.11, p. 130. ( ; R I I I ) E ~ O V . ltincraire p. 133, the same statement in (;rodekov, 'Ityw.rr. \I;III-~IIII. 1 . 6. I K 2, 1 . 1 9 . K ~ ~ T I . : x ~ o work 'R is valuable for its drsrription~of routf~n;Mnttvrs. Qrotlekoff'~rirlt). p. $9 et R F ~ . 4 I R ( I ~ E K O V , Iti~l~raire. p. 134.

' ( ;RI IDEKOY,

' (;RODEKOY, cit. 1). !)7 ~t

S P ~ .

'lfqrl.rr.

. ~ I ~ I ; I I I I I ~ ~ . ~I,. ~IH (*rp.

ti:).

it in fir air^. p. 1.75: 71tspIx~r,. \ I ~ ~ I . : I I I I ~ ~ * ~ ; Iiwrll. I I . ~ ~ .69: NARVIN, np.

Turk Tribes in Afghanis1 an

ti 1

matter of fact he clues not nlention a inixed po1)ulatioii there. A mixed 1Tzl)ek-Afghan 1)opulation in the valley of Saripul-ril-cr has l~eenreported by li~c:r;rf;,l the Afghan part of the popnlation being mainly C+hilzais. At BUKNES'S time Saripul was govt~rnetl by an ITzbek of the trilrbe of 'Achumfiillee' (known froin Maimana as Achmaili) called Troolfkar Shere.' Between Saripul and Rlaimaila ( ' ; ~ : o r > ~ ~" omentions \~ an Uzbek pol~ulation ill the villages of Qurchi (li!-])t~rr)and Belclieragh (l;c,r~l~opar~,) each ~ ~ i 300 t h h o u s ~ s . Most of tlie ITzbeks lived in thy 1'zl)ek ljopulation tents here too. Accortling to HoI.T)I(~H' ceases ahout eight miles lwyond Jirghan (close to Belchcragh~. ant1 from that point thcre :ire onl?- Firuzknhis ant1 some few T:linlanis. 1 tlcstlt ~ v i t l l~Intlkhuiant1 its vthr!- niisetl ~)ul'nlatio~l clse~vlierc~." \Vhen \'AM~<CIIY " visittl~lthe t o ~ v nit contained :tt)out 2,000 houscs. n-hic.11 fornletl the city, ;1nd about :3,000 tents, m-l-hicli n-ere clitlier in its or svattcre~lover the OILSCS in the titlscrt. Tile numlwr of the inhahitants was estimated at 15,000. (lontrary to Osman,' V5mhi.ry c*onsicl(brc~d t,he Tnrltmxns to forni the m:~jorit>of thc lwpulation with a n intennisturr of l'zbelrs and a ftl\\'I1;\jiks. VAmh6ry estinlatctl the liole nu~nl)era t 15,000. 1 tliink J';imtrbry iti~lstIN) wr011g. at least for tllc ton~i-population,~vllicli sclltlom usc3tl to colisist of Tilrkrnaus. Frc~c~iien,\~ho~ i c v c rvisitcicl tho tow11 h11t got infonn;~tionfroni otlier sources, says that threefoilrtl~sof its populntion I ~ ~ l o nto g thtl f'arsivan trihe Afcht~r: that flip othcr fourth consists of I'zlbt3ks; and that the number of in1ini)itants is 15,000. 1 tlo not think Ft~rricr'sstatc3nlc\nt,is to t)tt rtllieti upon, as 11c had his i~ifor~nation secondhand. It is s~llq~ortcti to soinc3 dcgrtitl 1)y Br*~tr;r..~< who rvl)orts that Anclkllili I1 \(,KIY. 1). :u;1. H I ~ R N ICahool, :.~. 13. 227. GRODEI,IIV, ( I I ~ % . I.II~II.;IIIII(~.~;III I, I,, I( 11. 71--72: MAI<VI\. ~3roclekoff's ride, 1'1'. 102--03.

~ I O I . I I I'I'll(> ( - H ,~ a t of ~ sIntlia. pp. 252-.in. \I.AKI~IS(:, An 1;;lhrk's virw . . . (I<lhnon l!):l!j: 2 ) . VAMHI;RV, Travrls, 1,. 240. .TARRIN~:. 01'. pit. ' FERRILR. (:aravan j011r11e~x. p. 2CI1 atld Voyngrs. I. 1). 335; cf. further MIR ARDOIII, KI*;RIM I ~ O I ~ ~ I IITistoire, I R Y . p. 261 'Lex Efrhar furc~lt trans~ ) l a n t ~(111 . s Khorassan ;i I.;ntlklro~rpar ('IiAh Ahhas'. 4

6'2

Gunnar Jarring

is rulecl I)y 'Shnh Wulee Khan. an Vfahur Toork', who settled there with others of his tribe in the time of Nadir.' F':RRIEH' did visit the country around Aqcha, where he found 7,000--8,000 IJzbeks; and in the village of Meilik he found a populatio~i of ahout 2,500 Uzbeks. The number of Uzbeks in Xqcha may he the \)asis for the number of about 1,200 Uzbek families in Aqcha given in the Imperial Gazetteer of India.' In Balkh V ~ c r r i e r founrl 5,000 ITzbeks belonging to the tribes Knpchnk ' and Yabu (Ynboo). GRODEKOV mentions a Kishlak Ogan Kala. litlilr Balkh, which was inhabited by I J ~ b e k s . dome ~ of the I1 p. 217-34 regarding the information given hy ELI~HINSTONE I'zheks of Halkl.1. a t that time the ruling people, their customs ant1 m;bnnrrs, is still of interest. As far as I could see from my visit to Mnzar-i-Sharif, after having gone the road via Siahgird to l'ata-kesar, the whole country from Balkh to Tashclurghan is inhabited by Uzheks, living in the kishlaks hut seldom in the towns. ?Ve have no information regarding their number or to what trilws they belong. As I pointed out before, there are almost no traces of an ITzbek population in Maztar-i-Sharif. Rut FEHRIER reports in the neighhourhood of Mazar-i-Sharif ,,the tents of thousands of Uzheks and Eimaks~." In Tnshqurghan the niajority of the population at, YAV~HSKI'S time cwnsisterl of I'zheku belonging to the tribe Ming.' Rut I'zheks 1)elonging to the t r i k Qattaghan a.lso lived there. Theri: is no reason to doubt Yavorski's statement, as he lived in 'l'aslicjl~rphan for a long time. Kos~oscrrx~ reports TTzheks belonging to the tribes Ming antl Suray (Sura.j) nr:ar Balkh antl Mazar-iSharif. hut 1 have not heen able to trace the origin of that wtateR I ~ H S ECahool, ~~, pp. i?2CF--27. FERRIER, Caravan joi~rnt-ys. p. 2O5: in FERRIER. Voyapes, I, PI). ,786H6, estimated at 6,O(H)--7,IH)O. FERRIER. V O Y B ~ CI,Bpp. , 386-317. ' Vol. .5, p. 181. ' FFEHRIRH, Caravan journeys. p. 207 and Voyages. I! p. 391 t-t Req. I'rohahly Qipchaq; cf. p. 65. M ~ R ~ I (;rotlekoff's Y, ride to Htlrat, p. 80. ' FERRIER, Caravan joi~rneys. p. 209. Y \\-OHSKI. I I ~ T I ~ I I I I ~ ( TJI. H I +r-rp ~ . 120, 231.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

ment.' .As far a s I could understand when staying in Mazar-iSharif a n d Tashcjurghan, the Uzbeks were now in the minority. FERKIEI~ informs us about a p o ~ u l a t i o nof Uzbeks in Haibak to the south of Tashqurghan. They helong to the tribe Kanjali or Kandjeli a s it is writ,ten in the French e d i t i o n , W t h t ~ r s1.tyortcc1 a population of Chaghatai Turks there, cf. further p. 67. Airit as nor.^ ICERIMBOUI<II.A~EY indicates Uzbelcs among the inhabitants of Qandahar.' Probably he means merclinnts from Afghan Turkestan who came down for trading purposes. The most southern point where I myself found traces of a n Vzhek po1)nlatioa was in thc vill;~geof Bnghlnn oil the northern slopcs of the Hindukush, hut I cannot say if this population was original or of a late date. I t is not irnl)ossil)le that there is :ln T:zl,ek population further sontdhin the Hindnkush. Br;it;v~s"t?sci.il)es Syphau (i. e. Saigllan) to the north of Bamyan a s ruled hy a n Czhek. Ht: cloths not mcintion anything about the population's Iwing IJzheks, hut Morl~s ],AL,\V~Otravelled almost a t the same time, informs us that the inhabitants of the town of Saighan were Turlrs 'ant1 wore a singular cap of cloth, projecting to a point in tho rrntrc. It ressemhled that of D i d u f'hnthi, n sccat of Hindu beggars in India'. A little furthcr north a t the fort of 1)oal)a MOORC'I:OIJT and T n ~ n ~ c x forlnd an T'zhek population living in k)lacbk felt tents. 7 ' 1 1 ~ ~were ruled by a Mnlik of the same nation." Thc conical skull-call rlescribed hy MOIIAN LALfor the '1'11rks of Saighan is apparently the hiirk,' in common llsc among t l ~ cT'zlbeks nncl other ' h r k ~'eoplcs in Ccntral Asia. 1:zl)cks :1rr: further to ho founcl in thc 1,rovince of Qattaghan ant1 13atlakhshan arcortling to my 1)rcvious ~ t a t e m e n t . ~In Qnttaglian thcp inhahit the clistricts of Khan:tlbad. Uliori, R~zghlan, Ilazrct-i-lmiim Sahih, Quntluz, Taleclan, Na111.ein. anti Chal ancl H ~ s K ~ . ~ ( : I I Afghallistan. NY,

p. 112 et R P ~ . ' FF.RRIEI{. Carnvnn journry~~, p. 215 rind V o y a g r ~ .1. p. 404. Histoire, p. 269. ' I~I'RNES.l'ravcals, I, p. lP9. M ~ I I A 1,,21,, N .Tm~rnsl,p. 79; Travt-Is, 11. " M o o ~ c ' l l r Ib~ ~r r ~ ~T r~ a v r~l ~ .11. ( o 1). 396. ~ , ; 1,~. C'OI). Volk~klln(1licJlos81117Orct-'rllrkistam. 1). 2H. "ID. 1.3- 34. I

Gunnar Jarring

fi4

l s h k a m i ~ h . ~In Batlakhshan BI~RII-IX-[:I)-Drs mentions an Uzhek population only in the districts of Yhahr-i-buzurg ancl Hustacl.' hut we may assumc an ITzhck population also in other districts.

The number of Uzbeks in Afghanistan.

lye hsve no certain information ahout the number of Uzbeks living on Afghan territory. In the recent Russian '('.rl)atr~rBovroriil' (1936) REYYSER.' gives a total number of 500,000, these being 1'zht.k~ living in the districts of Naimana, Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Khanal)ncl, Tashqurghan and Qunduz, and the quite recent (1935) Italian nGli stati del r n o n d ~ , has , ~ the same estimate. SNKSARLV gives a nunlher of 700-800,000 hut adds that it is very approximate." Tn the Imperial Gazetteer of India (190th the number of Uzbeks is estimated a t 300,000, of which number one-third is to he fount1 in Qattaghan and as many more scattered in parts of B a d a k h ~ h a n . ~ This etatement is no doubt ahsurd. In 1878 according to C A S T A ~ ; ~ YAI.ORSKI ' ~$timate(lthe n11ml)er of Uzheks inhabiting the Chaharvilayet (12fghan Turkestan) a t about 400,000. DENY'estimates the nnnll)er of Czhchks in Afghanistan a t only SOO,OOO, hut he then gives the figure of 100,000 for Sarts living in Afghanistan, ancl no clouht we ha\'(' to ansllme there art. a c.onsitlerat~lcnurnhcr of I'zt)ck3 among the Sarts. I h ~ r eswms to he no reason why one uho~lld not keep to the approsiniatt. numl)er of 50fl.oor) T'zl~rlks living on Afghan territory. r 1

cf. pp. Id--%. ' cf. pp. 24-34. ( ' T I I ; I I I I , [ I ! I I C T I I ~ ~ ;11, I . vrl). ?I!+. Gli stati del mondo, p. 635. SSESIRICV, . ~ I ~ I : I I ~ ~ I ( - ~ ~ (.TI). I I I . I It;. " Vol. 3, y. 47. C.\*l'.\c:sE, p. 56, YAVIIRSKI, ~ I ! ~ r c ~ l l l c ~ c ' r l l 11. i ~ - . ('1'1). fd1: the in KEASE. Asia. I. p. 51. ' I)EYY.Grammaire de la lanprr~trlrque. 1). 5 .

SiiIIlI'

nuINl)f3r

Qipchaqs. Tlle Turkish tribe Qipchacl is well known from Russian Turktlstan, mostly a s a n Uzbeli tribe but also as belonging to the Qazac1.l They are also lruown from Afgl~anist~an, but it is not clear whether they are to be counted among the tTzbeks or other tribes. I n some cases they :Ire said to belong to tlie Challaraimaq. KIIANII~OV enumerates Qil~chacls,Djamshidis, Taimunis anil Firuzkuhis, forming the Chahar-airnaq,' and STEWART nclds a fifth tribe, the 1 I a ~ m - a . Tlic ~ Qil~chaqs acncording to him for~rictl a small trihe a t Oheh, where we have a population of ITzhelrs FERHIER follnd Qipchncjs, calletl I);\' according to other ~ o u r c e s . ~ him Kal)chaks, as a n Uzheli trihc in Balkh." Qipchaqs are also report t.d from otht~r places without ally indications of what trihc they lhelong to. Thus FERRIEII, who visited Chal~arsliamba, fount1 a mixed population of Afshars, Jamshiclis and Ii:ipchaks there." FERRIER also says the population of Qala 1CTali to thtb west of Cliaharahamhn consists of 230 llouscs, sorue inlialded hy 17ztheks,the rest trihe had h e n dtvlimated by many bloody Ir)y I < a p c h a l r ~ . This ~ ibngagcmentsand there rcmxinecl only d ) o u t 800 tents of thcm. In Qa issar further cast wards towards Maimana FERRIER ment.ioiis the sanlc R n p c h a . k ~ ,lju ~ t here they livctl together with Firuzkuhis, and they hard both separated from their owri tribes. cf. HARTIIOLD,Knz. d. Islams, article Kipi?ak: also JARRING, The Uzbek dialect of Qilich. p. 7 (POI,IVAKUV'S Systenl for a cla~sificationof the lTzbck dialects) and ZA~rlnrs,( 'nrrcoii ~rnl,o,arocrt~ElTy]~~ccr.nnc~rcon~ q j n f l . cl.1'. 17. KTTANIKOV, MBmoire sur la partie mhridionale de 1'Asie centrale, p. 138. a STEWART, The Herat valley and the Persian border. p. 148. ef. p. 68. VERRIICH, Caravan jonrneys, 1). 197 and Voyages. I. p. 372 et seq. FERRII.:R, Caravan journey^. 11. 197. FERRIER. OF. cit. p. 196. FERRIKR, 013. pit. P. 196. ;I

1-z1)t.k~l ) o I o ~ ~ ~ lto' i ~t gh ~Qipchit(1 t r i h ;Ire known from Yavrl.: to hnvtb livtbtl in tho Qnis;tr pl;~in.' The clontext in Y;~tt.'s hook is rtlr.!- intt~restinp antl I quote it in full: ,)As a n instance of the ~*ilriolls~ n i x t ~ ~ofr t )r c ? ( ~ I~I s~ Jhere. we find a colony of sorne fiOO or 700 familit's of Kipch;~kssettled in the Knisar plain and the hills 1)ehind it. sonlo 12 miles farther east. \.\'here they cnrne frorn tho;\. c;~nnot s;l y. ;1nt1 they artA the only rtipl.esentativcs of that ractl in this cholrntry. They have two chiefs or Mirs, t\vo hrotliers n;trnc>tt I I a k i n ~Khan ancl Karim Khan, who claim d ~ s c e ~from ~t thth gr.th;1t ('hangiz Khan. Tho latter (lied in 1237, and it is just pos4l)lt. that these art: ;I remnant of some of his rnightg horclt?s who overran thtb chountr;v. 1'1) in thtl hills ilt~ovrthe Kipchaks, a t a l)l;~c*t~ caallrvl ('hnhill. 7'agoli, livtbs anotllor tribe, numl)tlring some 0 imilie I t the r e . \Yho or what they art3 IIO one (*:tn >a?, antl it is iinpossihlt~to get to their snow-hountl valltlys a t this tirnth of thth ytb;lr. 1411 I can h w r ; ~ \ ) o i ~ them t is, that they II:IVI) three Jiirs, na~netlZ'rbel.hnt Reg, 'Trlral~B P ~ ;lntl , Moratl Beg, who h;lvrb htc~n fighting alrionp then~svlvcs for ytbnrs, 1)11t that latt~lythey have s e t t l t ~ lill1 fthritls I)? rnlrtllnlly giving tl;ll~ghtrlrs in n~;trriitgtb a11 rounti. an(l ;Ira nowT a t last a t l~eaco. They are snit1 t i ) rt~s+~mhlc thc Kipchaks in apl)ear;lnc3e; and as thtl I<ipch:~ks :Ira \.cnry like the I7s\)c.gs, I (lo not sllpljos~t h t w is : ~ l ~ y t h i n g p;trtic~ll;~rly nnticeatble ahont them. 'l'lic c30rnnlon Iangr~ngeamongst all t h t tritjes ~ is T11rki in varioi~stii;iltvlts, \)tit :tImost ;ill i~ndorst:~ncl:~nrlsptlnli I'crsi;ln as \\;~11.:)

Chaghatai Turks. In lT;~il);ikY A T Ifoui~clthat the inhabitants ch;~llecl themselvcls Cliag;~tais.' T1lc.y lvere sl~l)l)ostbcl to I)e of Turlrish origin I)ut spoke f'ersian. 'l'hey wtbrc t lien generally niisc>cl ul) with the Tajiks. FI:I~I;II;I~, lio~~tlrclr, e:~rliclr informs us ;1110111 a l)ol)i~latiollof Uzbeks llelonging to tllr tril~tlK;uljnli." Bl.tr?;~~,s .' fo111ltl the l)t~ol,ltlin llaihnk \.c\ry different fro~rltlic* othclr ~)cwl)lcsof Afghanistan. He says: )>'l'11~l,twl)lc, who wcrc now (1s different ;IS thtlir h o u s ~ s ,wore conic~nlskllll-caps, instead of tnrt,;t~~s, ant1 almost chvtiryonc ~ v t l nlct. whether traveller or villager, a1,pearchcl iu long I ~ r o \ ~l~oots ~ n . . . l'hcy (tlltb women) were nll~(;ht'airtlr t11:111 tl~thirh~~sl)ail(ls, . . . tllol1g11 t1lo:- ~ ~ . c l rTartars.>> c 'I'llclrtb (la11 1)tl no tlonl)t al)out their l'~lrl;isll origin. Another clucstiol~is Y.\TI.:'s stat(~nlo11tthat the;\- call thrmsclvc~sChaghatai. Jlre ll:llr(l 110 s111-ei ~ ~ f o r ~ n a t i:~l)oiii oll (!llagl~:ttai T11rl;s in Afghanistan. 1 ~ 1 tI 1)rclsllnlc t l ~ they t 1ia.v~to 1 ) a~ s s i g ~ i ( ~to( l tlic Uzhek rnairl group. Tllc tlsil)cl is known from I<llssian Tl~rlit~stan (from %:lrilfshan ;IS ;in I'zhclt tl-ilw i ~ n dHI:I,I,I:W~ntlntions t l i ~'('haghatni 'rl~rli(blii~ls living in closc l~rosimitpto tllo C+liilji'.' TIP mont ions f l ~ r t l l ~tllc r 'Mongol ant1 (:li:lgl~:~taiTurk clans of Jiangnl, .Jiji, e J : ~ d r h lihitfii ~~, k c l , wlio :trt1 stbitl(d a l ~ o ~t lt l ~l'c?\~iir and th13 hracl w:ltclrs o f tl~tllilirr;llu ~,ivtbr,and who \ v t ~ (1)roliglit ~ to tlleso situnt iorls 01) 1 1 1 ~invasion of ('llanghiz allti 'l'yrnli~.'." Ko dc,lit)t wo (3ilII S I I ~ ) ~ ) O St O lltl -J:~gatait r i l ~ > ~ ~ l t ~ r l t i o1)y ~ l Y.\.I'I.; ~ d ' to Ijelong to tlw sanlo trilw as tllo ('h:tg:itai. T l i ~ ylived i l l Icllal~ash (hctu-PPII

Gunnar Jarring

Llerat and Iiushan) and were said to be Tatars of the Jagatai tribe. ELPHINSTONE ' earlier mentioned 'Chaghataes' in the neighbourhood of Herat who might be just these mentioned by YATE. YATLvisited Ziarat-i-Balm-i-furkh between Asiab-dev and Qarabagh, where the Jagatais were buried who had built and tenanted the old fort at Qara-bagh." Other Ch:lgl~ataiTurk tribes ment.ioned by BICLLLW' are the Bayat atlout Ghazni and Herat, the Cirlugh [QarluclJ, Cliung [Chong], and Mugha1 Turk (Yaka, Chirikcha kc.) of Bnllch. Further informatioil ahout them is not given by him. ELPBINJTONE, 11, 416. YATE,op. cit. P. 178. REI.I,EW. The races of Afghaniatan. y. 10'2.

Qazaqs. From the information 1 was able to colleclt in Northern Afghanistan there are Qazays in several parts of the country. Thus Osman reported Qaza.qs in the districts of Aqch:~ and Andkliui, but according to the other sources the Qazaq in nlost cases are found farther to the east. I found many of them in the district KUSHGEKI, of Khanabad, arid this is confirmed by BUHIIAN-UD-DIN who says that they number 200 houses in the villages to the west of Qunduz, the wholo district being called Chahar-da7ra (v. 1). 17-19). Anlong the Turk tribes enumerated by Br:~lin~-r~n-Drw one might also suspect the Churacl to be of Qazaq origin, as they are known a s :t trihe belonging to the Qazaq little Orda. l'erliaps the tribe Qirq of Taleqan is also of Qazaq origin (1). 19-20). To the north, near and T I I E ~ E Ca K t their Khwajn Salah [Khwaja Sala1-1, MOORCROFT time also found Qazaqs, hut they give no details ahout them.' I,nstly Woon gives a description of the Qirghiz and Qazaq inhabiting Shuglinan near Kundut on the Panja river hetween Shughnan and Wakhan.2 Tr~>1,\~ovicrrmentions Qazacls hclonging to all three ordas, living in Afghanistane4 In many cases one might s~lspectthat Qaza,cl and Qirghiz have been mixed up by the travellers, a s (?veil the Rilssians arc not always able t#omake a distinction between the two peoples. MOOR(~HOFT L TREHECK, ?(ravt:ls, 11: p. 500. Wotm, ed. YI;I.E,p. 812.---I.;). ' P ~ ~ ) I ; M ~11>,ryprc~lt3lr1,i. ~ I I I ~ - ~V;TI ~I :Ill. .I

For the classification of the Qazaqs in orrln's v. HI.I,SOS,Kazak social atrllctrirc (19.78).

As ~rierltio~ietl I)eforc (1). 29-;30) thvre is a Qirgliiz 1,opulntion in the I'arnir of which BUI~~IAN-C'D-DIS ' gives some detail$. They arc acc~or(1inpto him confined to the Little I'anlir, whore they numl,clr 2,000, a11cI to tlie Great I'an~ir. Sonlr of thern :ire also to he fount3 in Shughnttn (1). 30) whcrr \Yoor) also rel~ortedQirgl-iizes. Other sonrclcs (lo not gi~t1detailed inform a t'ion. OSM.IN t~n~~rnerate.; CJirghizes among thc~ inh:tk)itants of the Anrlkhui cli$tric.t.' There rliay t ~ r l sl)rinklings of Qirglliz itlllong thci ~ ~ o l ~ l ~ l noft i oAFgtl:t~l l~ 'l'urkrst;~n, as they artb :ill non~ad$. F~LYSNEII'' gi\'fls 1 1 1 t h FixwZ I J I I J ~ I ~of) ~:3,000 ~ (-)irghiztls in :\fgli;in territory, wliic.ll rnight 1\*011 c~orrrspontlto that of 2,flOl) o f Hr*i:ir,m~.r)-Drxfor the 1,ittlr I'amir.

During mj- stay at I\f:~z;tr-i-Shr-lrif I wan toltl tlzat tlitart? nfilrc: caulonies of Qaracplp:lcl,r io several pixrts of Afghan Tl'nrrkt~st:tn. They spoke a language of their own which ~ v a svery cliffcrent from the other Turk languagf ,- -- T'zt~ek and 7'1irlzmari. Albout 2,000 of these Qaraclalpacls were rrl~novclrlsorntb years ago hp the government to thrb n e i g h t ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ of . l o.lalalnt)a(l otl ancl rn:ty 1)c)s~il)ly still he resident therc. h\

RURHAN-UPDIM. p. 149 sq. .JARKIN(:. A n 1:zbrk'r vit~w ctc. a , Z I ~ ~ ; I I I I I ~ Tt r; p I I. I , 2M. ,I pencral tlr~scription of the Qirghizee of the Rusaian and Chinew I'amir i s to be tolint1 in Sc.rrr.l;rz. Volkg- irntl wirtschafte ~ c ~ lill~)111:1. liche studicn im Ynmir (1910) ant1 in A. S. S I D I I ~ II I' cV~ ~, c ~ r ~ Ill.rcalrrics 2

(13. 13.

lh4lrr11.rt,l!.

I!PJi. IT^.

v,r.)

In his preface to t l ~ cSncl etlitiou of l \ r o v ~ ~ 'Jorlrney s to the sorlrce of the Osus YVLEmcntions a 1)l;ice callctl Knrlogll, sointi tn-cnty miles Iwlomr Hust:lti.' This 1,litctl t ~ i i c l thc district round it ap1)earecl to Yule to take their nantcJ from a stbttlemcwt of 11111 Kaxlogh Turks. oncat: so fanlotw and nun~t~rolls in Trlrkcst:~n. I11 the c11:tl)tc.r on thc 'l'lr~.kieh l,ol)nlxtio~lof tht. proviiict. of Q:lt t:t~l1:111:111(1 l ~ : ~ ( l i ~ k l lI~ lTiI~I (l ~~iontxl ~I~ Qitrltl(j T U ~ ~~C t ~S\ - ~ r : t l t imos. nfit11 I I as soul.cac1. I nltlntio~1s I<aIl~tlis ( ~ I i i 1 . 1 . 1 1 0 1 i ) in tl~th villagfb of (~ril-l~111:1(~ ill thc3 (Iist~*i(~t o f 7':11o(j:1n.' th(1 s;~moI<alluks in I)c.rni~l~ : ~ n ( 'L'cshknn.:' i ( J : ~ r l ~ ~(writ ( j s t t111

A;)

in SIl:~l~r-i-hrizt~rg to the iiortli of l?:1izah:1(l.~: ~ i l ( ilastly Q:irlutjs (liill).~!-li)i n tllc K~~st;icl-distric'f wit11 a list o f the \rillagtls in11nl)itctl lry t hcni.:' l'lloupll \VO have t11rc.c clifft11sc3ntf o r n ~ s IiiI.I.IIoIi, ~ Q / / I ( /;111(1 r/nrlivc/ -- 1 (lo not llcsit:-ltt~to trti:lt t htlm :IS onc: c/rrrl/rc/. 'The niost tlol11)tf u l fornl is li;l.1.lloli, n - l ~ t ~ l - U) v ;~c~c~o~*ciir~g to Sr.;~r~:so\~'s systtini al~partintl!. tlt?notcs :I 1);ilat:il jr or ii. in nhicll ( 1 3 swt> ~ oilght also to II:II,P :I paI:~t:~l/i-ant1 not (1. ' ~ I I C for111 ~ y a l ~ / ( o:111 i I)() vxpIaino(1 as I ~ I X ~ )11:is I{S ( l oT ~ i~ t ?~vitlt Y I ) ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ - itllror~gll i s t ; l l i gthe1 , (lropping of r l~clfor(h:I ( v ~ i ~ s o n : n1~11icall ~t, is vary (lonli~loi~ in E;lsterri 'I'ilrI~i.~ 'I'hr (,):irli~cl l'i11.li~,who art1 wcll-kllotvn from tlitb 8th ctn~itriry in the Orkhon-insc~ril~tions :lntl fro111 thth (:hiiic~stl 'l';~iigsl~~~,' hilvc~

"1.

1'. I,XSVIII. v. 1'. 20 of this work. 97. 1'. :]I.

1). 31 -- :13. Hlldfid a1-'tila111, 1). 2!%: I.ar~tlehrt~. 1). 114.

llJ\tt-r~~~)~,r). Karl11k. K. I.

tar.

.III<I<Is~;. S~II(~~ X I (, Jt Il iIw r o s t t i i r k i ~ c l w n

Gunnar Jarring

later wholly disal~pearcd. According to BARTH~LU the name is now only k n o w ~ as i :I tribal name among the IJzbeks of Northern Afgha~ristan.' As far a s I untlerstand, this statement of Barthold is bast:~lon W O ~ D 'report s from the place Karlogh, mentioned earlier. Thus Barthold considers the inhabitants of this place to be Uzbeks. This is not necessary, however. Uzbek tribes and Qarluqs live together in several places in Qattaghan. B~ztthere is a n indication that we have to consider Uzbeks and Qarlucjs as two different says that the Qarluy peoples or a t least tribes. BURHAN-UD-DIN speak Turkish, contrary to the Uzbeks, who speak Uzbek.' This is tho case in Shahr-i-buzurg. In Deraim and Teshkan they are said to speak Turkish, contrary to the Tajiks and Hazaras, who speak E'er~ian.~If the Qarluqs had been a n Uzbek tribe Bnrhan-ud-Din woulcl no doubt have said nothing about their language being different from that of the Uzbeks. It is not impossible that we have remains of the real Qarlucls in the province of Qattaghan and Nadakhshan. They may even have preserved archaistic features in their language owing to the seclutled geographical position of their homes of to-day. QarIuy Turks are reported in early sources to have been resident in just these territories in former clays. In 1;ludiid-al-'Alam t,he Khallukh Turks are sa.id to live in the steppes of the provinvf: of Tultharistan, alrriost the same a s parts of the province of Qattaghan and Badalrhshan of to-d:~y.* They might later have bee11 pressed towartls the north-eastern parts of Tllkharistan of that time hy later invasions, ~11~ thus 1 we might find the traces of them there in the tribes called Qarlucl. It is not impossihlr~ that traces of Qarlucl 'rilrks clan also he found in other parts of Afghanistan. The Qarlucls are reported to have formed parts of the armies of the Moghills who conrluer~cl India from the 13th century onwirds. When Timur invatlcd India he left some of his troops behind, and CJarlucls wcrc, among thost? who had to settle in and hold the territory which is now c1allr:cl Hazara? hut shoilld right1 y Ije c a l l ~ t lHazztra-i-Qarl~~(~."~hesc~ Turks

' RARTHOI~T?, Tiirken, =

E. I.

RVRIIAN-UD-DIX, p. 2fH). p. n. ~ n d l i r l - a l - ' ~ l n med. . MIYIIH..IKY,I). 1OR and 287--HH.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

also expancled beyond the frontiers of Afghanistan of to-day and settled in India. In the Hazara-district of the North West Frontier Province of India there is known even to-day a small Turkish tribe, the adherents of which are said to be Qarluys brought there by Timur. M. L~S(:\\~OR'TII DAMES, Haziira: E. I., p. 315.

Turks in Eastern Afghanistan. 'I'hcrc~ is somc other inforniation :ll~out2% Turliish ~)ol)ulationin A f ~ h n ~ i i u t aor n trnctAs of it, but tliere is no mention to m-hich Turkish people or tribe it Ilelongs. Thus li.~vsr:~ruhas tlie most c:~lu;xt)le information :~houtTllrk ptwples in Easter11 Afghanistan. FTc \vritcv: .,a c~onsiclerahlr~tract of country t)clt~vetwEChllul and I'tvhtiwnr. ant1 nortli of the river of K.ihi11. a s we11 as south of tlir Spin-Gllar-rang5 ~ v a s ,up to the a(lvent of the Afghans in this direchtion, inhat~ittltl I)y Turks. This accounts for the nurn(il*ous 'rrlrkish nnnltls of p l a c ~ sin thest. territoriths, ancl tho tlxistencci of thtl 'l'urkish 1 : l n g ~ : i g t1~ ~As ~ . with n1:iny othrr Afghan t rilles, i. :I. the (:hilji."\-t. Imvr to rrbc'ko~iwith a 'I'urkish origin for st~vcral o f t h tri1)c.s ~ living in thr*so parts of slfghnnista~l. Nckw investigations 1ni1y bring t-cnry intcrc*sting rrinttcrs to light hrrcl, a s wcll i1S irk Kohist :tn an(1 KOti-l)nr~ia~i ~ricntiorie(l I;ltchr. , - \ ~ n o i ~tlie g places inhatbite(1 I)? Turks i l l tht~sc])arts of Afgliittiist;in I< \vr..rr7rynicintions F z n g r : ~ l ~ ain r tllc district o f .J;tl:ilal~:ttl.'

'Turks in Kohistnn. I11 his work ( 'iII)o~li1842) I(r.rtsr:.; ' givrs a dt.n.rcril,tion of the nativtls of Kohistan. %Sumoo f thom twre a ~ t r o n gr t ~ s e r n ~ ~ l a ntoc c the 1)eoplc.ht~yontitlw mo~rntnins.ant1 they rtqtclatctl to un tradition^ whicll ~ v v n tto provr that they h:~(l c.rosstlcl thern in thrl (lays of Timol~r. 111 sevcrnl p l a c ~ sttir!- sl)okt, corl.lrl)tvcl Toorkccl, andl - - -- .--- - .

R . ~ V F R . ~XY O . ~ Pon P A f g h ; i n i ~ t : i ~11.~ . 101. n . rf. HI.:I,I,EW. Thp r;rtles n f Xfgl~nni.st:~n. 11. !I7 clt p c q . : I , I I ~ ~ ;~)rn-n \\ I)~\rt:*. (4halzai. I.;. I. op. cit., p. 51. 1). 15(i.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

- :)1

anlong the \-ill:tges two \vcirc: namt~tl 'I'ogh Yercitv~ anti 'rogl~ Hogha.>> Onel callrlot rely too much on B ~ ~ r n t l sstate~nent, ' h l ~ tit ought to b~ irivcstigntetl whether we have not traces of Turkish tribes, whicl~1i:lvt. not cntircly lost tlirlir original laliguagtl? tllt3rc1 as well as in ICoh-Di~mali. Burnes' st;ttt3nlrnt is cwnfirnictl I);\lCI.ls~osl on Turks of l<ohistnn. He writes: ,,lt inay 1)e farther nottltl wit11 reference to the colonizatiou of MAliigllir 1)y l't~imilr, that tlie iuhnl)ita~itsof Iil~woja, Klicdari, while forgetful as to ~vlloin thcir forcfathcl~*sowtxl thcir set tlcment i11 this cnol~atry, ac1;nowleclge their Ti1rl;i c1esc3ent, ;tntl :~loncbof ;ill tlle iiill:tl~it:~nts of t l ~ cKohist311 sl)tt:~kt l l ~l'ilrki I;~r~gu;ige.~2notller proof of tllcl l'nrltisli influciic~c in this ]';I 1-t of t h t ~ caountry canil l ) t l fount1 in the pl:1catl-names. ,lmolig tllosch clllottvl 1))- 31.ii.sor I s ~ ~ s p c ~tllr. c t follo\vinp to be of Tl~rkish origin (all aroul~tltl1c3 (*;111:1l conlillg fro111 Tlit:1ln-cl:ir:1): Yilrchi, Tolichi and Jigdillil< [Jig,rtl;tlilc].' f ~ l r t l i ttliv ~ call:~l)toro11 ~ ) I : I ( ~ ~ ~ - ~ I : I Iof IIOS 't'111~1~isli origin. (If.

Turks in the v;dlcy of I<oh-l)am:~n. f ~ ~ ~ ' O l ' ~ ~ i 1\y( 1 g1 0 1 ) . ' kll)llr, \\ l l t b l l t l t 3 C 0 1 l ( ~ t l P i~\ f~~~~ (l :~l l ~ i ~ t : l l l . locb:~ttvla 1111111l1t~r of' l l i h ( Y ) I I I A ~ I * ! ~ I ~ (in ~ ~ I 1\011-1)a111:~11, ~:lIlciy to tlio i1ortli of l<nl1t11~ fro111 wl~i(lllit is s ~ ~ ~ ) : ~ ~ 1)).* ; ~;it clow v l ~-i(lgo I I O I f a r fro111 t l ~ cto~vli. 'llli(l \-:lll~y is ftll.t iltl :1nc1 this 110 tlolrht t ~ i o : t l: I to I I o rI I . '21 l l T O O ( l ' ~ timv t l ~ ocle~scscntlantsof tll(1sv 7'11rI<s I V ~ ~tlltl ~ C 111osI ~ ) r o s ] ) ( ~ r o t ~ s ~)ool)lt'in tilth ~.;illtby. \\'ll(~u:itltll.c1ssi1lg cli1(*11 0thc.r they still s1)o1;(' thtb 'I'llrkisll l:lng11:1gth. t11011gli I'thr~ii~ll\\.as t l ~ r~ ~ ~ ( ' C l i l lofl ~ l ('0111rnrlrlic*:ttion ivitli their nt>ighI)ours. :It III;\.st:~y in K:tlj111 I k~ic\v 110t liing :iI)out \Vooilss st :I t~lri(~1it. :111(1 t1111s cbo~r1~l not c1ontre~l wl1c1tl1clrt l l t ~ ocloantrymoi~of l::ll)r~l. st ill sl)oktb rl'l~rkisll,or if tlio~\ v o I . ~t~r:l(ltla I)](' ~~(b\j-:i(lity~,

' A,

ti.

M i*3os. :I. 1). lfi3. 11 I.%>IIs.3, 1). I?!), IHO. Ft'oon. fill. Y I , ~ , L11. , 114. t h ! ) l l r d(.s(.rihi>s1 1 1 ( ~ vwllth! in

I ~ : ~ l ~ l l r - l l i itrallhl. l ~ ~ ; ~ . I{~:\~l:,l{ll'~il., 1.

1). 21.7

Qizilbashes. Xadir Shah of Persia, who himself was of Turkish descent,' originally belonging to the Turkman trihe Afshar, from 1536 onwards invaded Afghanistan and India. Soldiers of Turkish origin n-ere the11 placed as garnisons in the captured towns of Kabul, Herat and others. According to BELLEWV a d i r Shah about 1737 left a detachment of twelve thousand of his Qizilbashes as a chandaul or >>rearguard, a t Kabul. After the death of Nadir Shah they remained at Kabul as a military colony, and their descenclants still occupy a distinct quarter of tht: city, which is c:alled Chandaul. The Qizilbashes held their own ground there as a distinct I'ersian community of the Shi:i persuasion against the nativt: population of the Y~lnriiprofession. They constitutetl an important element in the general population of the city ant1 escrcised a consicieralrle influence in its local politics. T h ~ s eTurkish soltlier~of Nadir Shah arc: the origin of that part of the population in Afghanistan which is still called Qizilhash (cli'zHlhn.i. ' r c ~ d - h ~ a d ' )They .~ are related to those known to exist in Persia, the Caucasus and Tarkcy. They are to be foi~nd mainly in the towns,' especially in Kahul and Herat,6 (according " also aI)out, this town). They used to he mirzn's to EL~IIINSTONF. (writers) and employees of the Afghan government and a t the Loc.~rr!\wr,Nadir Shah

(1938) p. 17-20

et Neq. with valr~able in-

forniation about his origin. REI.I.EW, The raceR of Afghanistan. p. 107; Journal of n political mission, p. 1Ck-17. 3 General information about the Qizilba~h in E. I., art. Kizil-hash (HITART); cf. further LE COY, Kyzylha~chund Yll~chilha~ah. Gaz~tteerof India, vol. 5, p. 47; BECK,Dm afghaniache S t r ~ f p ~ ~ e t z bnch. p. 71, n. 1 etc. MARKOWSKI,p. 23. "NIEDERNAYER, p. 71; MONAN L41, travel^. p. 2ti6. a ~~.FRIZIS'TC)NE.1. P. 417.

Turk Tribes

ill

Afghanistau

d 1

royal court of Kahul till the death of I1abil)ullah Khan (1919), but they also occupiccl arid occupy tllemselves as traders and craftsmen. They are now said to be quite Persianized, but according they used their original Turlri a t that time when to ELPHINSTONE adressing each other.' This is further confirmed by VICNE,'who says that .if Dost Mohan~edadresses an Afghan, he speaks Poshtu. To the Kuzzelbash of l i a l ~ u l , and visitors from Turlrist:111, he speaks Turki>). The Qizilbashils of Persia originally consisted of seven Turkisll tribes (no doubt originally of Turkrnan origin) according to M A L C O L ~called ~ Oostojaloo, (Ustajln), Shamloo (Shamlu), Kilralloo (Nikalu), Baharloo (Baharlu), Zulkudder (Zull;adar), lcujur (Lajar) anci Affshar. Each of these had seven su1,ordinale triks under them, but Ndcolm did riot thinli t,liis referred to real tribes, but to subordinate tcercrhs ( t i n ) or l)ranches. Among tlie subdivisioils among the Qizilbashes of Babul EL~H~XSTUI\-1;4 cnui~ierates the 'Chendawuls' (Chanclaul in Kabul) or 'Jen-allnslieers' and tlie 'Moraud Khannccs', wl~icllhave tlicir name from the L)ur;~nicliief who was their leader once upon a time. The only indication of Qizilbashes living outside the town is that of ELI'IIIWSTONE and of HACKIN ', kvl10 fouild a small nllmher o f Qizill~ash living in the high valleys of Foladi.

The number of Qizilhashes in Afghanistan. T1101~ilis grtb:ht unclcrtainty ,zl)out the numi~erof Qizilbash living in Afghanistan. Thc highest numhcr is gi\.cn hy RELI.EW' with 200,000, A ~ r s ~ r o' vwith 100-150,000 and KICANI:,vllo 11:1s 150,Oi)O. -- -

op. cit. 1). 417: ~IUART. 1':. I. Vrarw, 1'. 335. MAT,(Y'I.M,I, p. 502, the forms within ( ) according to Suses, 11. p. 1.59 hut he givra instead of Nikalu Takalu. HUART.Enz. d. Isl, has ITstPdjlu, Shiimln, TekelU, Rahiirlu, Dhil'l-krdr, Kadjar and Af~lliir. ' E I ~ P H I N Y TI,~ Np.E419. . "f. p. 76. "ACRIN, I n Persia a ~ i dAfghaointnn. 1). 359. HEI.LEW, Journal of a political miasion, p. 17. "RISTOV, t \ ~ ~ l : ~ o - ~ ~ t ~ , l i f l~c~*~~I Hi iIn; ; I . I I .trl~ . 51. k'eiht~,A ~ i a ,I, p. 51.

lIr:.\~c.r' givt~s75,000. whilst tilt. 1rnpcri:ll (;azcktteer o f 1ntli;t ' gives loss t h : ~ n 51).1)00 ancl S(TIIW.\(;I;K :' only I-ec*l<onslvi th 1 2-1 6,000. 111 tho ~ I I - I ~ I I I c . Ii i oIl ) ~~i ~'~I is ~ r ,given '300,000 (the *ilmrb as B~-:r-r,l.:w),whical~is no tlonht at)s~rrd,but the anonynlolls : ~ ~ ~ t hacids o r that ot11cl.s tlstinlate only 13,000 families. This later a r ~ dothtlrs' opinion, s t ; ~ t t ~ n i tmay ~ ~ ~ tl)tb tht) Ibnsis for SCIIW.I(;EI:'s t 1 ~t 1 tht~y 1111nll)t~r O I A I ~12- 1.5,0(11 1. .

KnX. dl. I S ~ . Vol. 5 . 11. 47. 1). :31. 11. 40. l;l.lll.

;:.

( * I1).

1:;

Hazora and Aimaq. It is ;i well-kno~vii facat that there is in ,l\fgll;~~iistn~~ also n l~ol)ulationof Jlongol origin, (1;llltld H:~z;-lras.' They rhiclfly illh a l ~ i tthc c.entr;ll parts o f thc countq-, hut :lrc ;ilso to 1~ foluncl in the north, ant1 in aclj;~c.ent pa1.t~o f Iran : ~ n dRussian T111.lit~~t:t11.' Tliey are assiimetl to 1)c desc~cuci:~nts of Jloligols 1 ~ 1 1 0stlttletl tlltirc in the l3tll ccbntllry. Tlit. E1il~:ir:~s l)ibol't>ra1.r :11sc1 canllctl Rf1rl~cl.i. ant1 are clivitl(~t1into t ~ v ogro111)s:tl~tb1);ii-Ku~idi.living i i i tllc. neigh11oi1rhootiof tlorat nncl Q i ~ l a - i - l ~ o; ~ \n. din J'crsinn Kl~or:\s;~n, anti thtl I);li-S('~igi;' living I)(lt~voc~il tho I I i ~ l ~ l i ~ l ~l\oli-i-H;1\):1 ~~sll, ;111(1 IIilrr~oncl.~\Yo also 11:1\7t> tllc ('liali;i~.-,l\i~n;~cl 'the follr tl.il)cs'. ~vllic~h nclc*ol.clingto l l I ~ l j ~ o w ,'c ~;111(1 ; ~ othc\l*s I~oforcl i i i ~ r are tliviciod into fo111.~ I ~ O I I ~t S1 1: ~ l ) j i ~ ~ ~ ~ saro1u11~1 l ~ i ( l i 1<11~111<, tli(l I~iroski111ion tlit: 111)1)cb1.l l i l ~ - g h : ~the l ~ , 'l';~i~n;lni at t h southtrn ~ 1loril.ud slid in (';110r, ;tu(l t l ~ cT ; ~ i n l i ~ in r i tho n~oluntainsof 1Vesto1.n Afgl~nllistan. As I o111y c3onsicir1r tlltb 'T'nrlrisll l ) o p ~ ~ l a t i oofn Afgl~anistanin this ~ v o r k of mine T shall not try to givv a tlcsc.ription of those t rilws of X1011gol origin, I ~ l l)~.ovidt. t sorntl I ~ i n t s011 th(1 1itc~riitr11.c nl)out then^. I h i ~ s IV(I l~avt? infor~n:~tinna l ) o l ~ t t111>111 i.:t. i n YI\.LI;. 1;ngIirnrl :zn~l KIISS~R, unclcr thc h(lacling,rs i n the. inc1c.s Ainiak trihes, Rarbari Tlaz:tras, C'hahar aim:rk,rs. I2iri~zkuhis.Hazaras. ,1~11isl1i1lis. 'r:iirn:inis, 'I':iin~llri~; i n JV\1.r:.. Nnrthrrn Afghani,rst:~n. 1111t1vr 1 h 1 ~I~oatlings 11inl:tks. IJirozkohis, lTasl.arahs, ,Jamshidis, Mogl~ls,'I':limanix: Ill.ar*r)~;s. 1). 562 r:t svq. t , l i ~,Ja~nsl)idi s e t t l ( ~ n l ~ noft l i i ~ s l i k . Iniportnnt iriform:llinn ;ihol11 Ihc 1T:tzaras a n d A i m a q s r 7

1 1 I;i~A,r:l, I<. 1. For I{I~SS~:III r l ' i ~ r k ( l ~ V. t : ~i.~;a.~ I.;o:~IIv:I I:IIIIi.\jl lk ~ I I I I ~ ~ I , ~ J ~~: I *~IIY~~I~~I I II;I I..I$I ~ , I I ~ ~ . I I I ~ ~ I , ~ I ~ I I ~ I;III,I.~IIIIIO.IIII'IIII IIII 11 .)~.II(II.~IIIIIIIIIII~;~:I;IJ;(-T;III;I II I~III~.~III~;I:III;I~~I~I~I I~~~I*II!.~,.IIII;. c-rll. 2:M: for Iran c:f. 11;. Iv.~so\..Nolf>s on tllc cthnnlog;\- of Klii~r;cs;~n. wit li \.nlll;tl)lcb infon~r:iti o n HISO :~l.)ol~t t h e l'nrlin of h;ll~~r:~s;~n. .7 IKAXOV, 01). ('it.. 1). 1.55: Daizangi a n d 1)nikancli. ' ~ \ r ( . - n r ( l i ~tiog ~ ~ A I : K I I \ . . S K I . 11. 2:). originally frnrn XII.;IIF,I~II.\YI;II. 1,. 31. Qq). pit. 11.L'.-). ~ J O ~ l : \ \ ' ~ ~ ~ ~),\MILS. l'll

1111

Gunnar Jarring

of Qattaghan and 13atlakhsllan it3 to be found in BURHAW-UD-DIN referred to elsewhere (p. 15 seq.): FERRIER, Caravan journeys, p. 194-195 about the divi&ions of the H a a a r ~and the Chahar-ainiaqs; WOOD, p. 127 with a table of the divisions of the Hazara, further quoted by SPIEGEL,Erbnische Alterthumsknnde. I, p. 343-4349; YULE:Papers connected with the Upper Oxus regions, with many indications about districts, towns and villages inhabited by llazaras and Aimaqs; BELLEW, H. W., The races of Afghanistan, p. 113-17; H.\\..ER'TY. On the Turks, Tattare and Mughals; PERRIN, L'Afghanistan, p. 397-412 EimAke et Hazarahs; BURKEY, Cabool, p. 229--33 the tribes of the Hazarahs with a special article by LEECH;MASSON,Narrative of various journeys . . .. vol. 1 3 . 1844: etc.

'I'he languagc ol the 3fongols of Afghanistan was first treated by ('. v o s DER GABELENTZ,'who made an investigation into the vocabulary collected in 1836 hy LEECH.^ Later RAMSTEDT "ollected some specimens from natives from the northern part of Afghanistan. It is obvious that the language the I-iazaras spoke a t that time was Mongol hut very intermixed with Iranian elements. We have, however, every reason to assume that most of the Hazaras of our clays are quite Iranized and speak Persian. Our general knowledge of the Hazaras and Cliahar-Aimacls is very scanty: ant1 above all it ought to be investigated whether traccs of Turks arc to be foi~ndamong them. In many cases there seems to he little difference in the habits ant1 manner of living of the Turks and the Chahar-Aimaq and H a z a r m 4 I have not been C . von

I>ER

C~ARELENTZ, ITeher die LSprache tler Haxaras und A i m a k ~

(1866).

' LEECII,A vocabulary of the language of the ' RAMYTEDT, Mogholica. Reitrlpe zur kenntnia

Moghal Aimake (1&7R). der moghol-sprache in Afghnni~tan(lm).Cf. further :j. 1'. r\amcrl;~~*~-, (HAFE'I.:RRERU), { P c ~ p r t ~C r ,l)it~il 11 ~ ' ~ i J f ' f i 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~)' ~ ~ ~ H . [ F B I ,CK~'%!llfIl~[fWi 11 Xtb.IiI I):, (( 't ~ H ~ ' T C I $1 < ~ I. ) T J I ~1~);1fIt11%1. 1 936) with some materials from Hazaras living in R ~ ~ s ~ Turkestan. ian cf. for example YATE,England and Rumsia. p. 228 et weq. His definition of the word nimnl; i~ of g r m t int,erest (p. 230), though I do not entirely helisve in it. Yate writes: R g the word Aimak i~ held to be expressed semi-pastoral. a~mi-agricultaralt,rihea, generally of Persian origin, and apenkinp; Peraian, and of the Sunni faith. The term Aimak is never applied to T ~ ~ r k o m a n ethough , I have heard it applied to nomad Afghans. And yet it by no means neceesarily implie8 nomad, though commonly applied to nomada. Neither the Chahar Aimak of the Herat province (.ramshidis, Haaarae, Firuzkuhi~,and Taimanis). nor the Taimi~risof Khaf in Pemia. are nomrds. thoqzh they change their dwelling-place from time to time.

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

able to trace the sources of H. I,ONGWORTH DAMES' statement in the E. I. art. Hazt-ira, that the Chahar Aimaq are Turkish-speaking Su~lnites and contrary to the Persian-speaking Hazaras, who is are Shiites. I dare not say if this statement is true. BELLEW more cautious in saying that with the exception of a few Turki words, they have entirely lost their mother tongue and adopted in its place the I'ersian language of the 13th century, and with it the national for111 of religion of that people, namely, the Shi6 doctrine of Islam.' I t is, however, evident fro111 the inforlnation given by Burhan-ud-Din about the population of Qattaghan and Badakhshan (v. p. 20-21) that we may suspect that the term Mongol or Rloghul is not strictly applied to Hazaras, but could also be applied to Turkish-speaking peoples. The same statement that the Cliahar Aimaqs and Hazaras(!) were formerly Turltish-speaking is found in M A C M ~ E ; ,Afghanistan, p. 25: TRINKLER, p. 33. SCII\V~IUER, p. 31. MIR ABDOUL KERII H O C ' K I I ~ ~ RHistoire Y, de 1'Asie Centrale, p. 256 without hesitation speaks of 'the Turkish tribes EIazarah, Tainiani, ,Jamshidi and Tinluri'. RI~:I.I.I;\\-,The ri1ct.s of Afglianist:~n, 1). 115.

The place-names as indicating a Turkish population or traces of it.

As the different peoples of Afghanistan are so internlived it is very difficult to ascertain the boundaries of the peoples and languages. This especially applies to Afghan Turkestan, a s has been seen hefore. One might reckon with aicl in this task from the place-names, and I have tried to draw up a boundary-line for the dissemanation of the Turks of Xorthern Afghanihtan with their help but I must confess with negative result. This is clue to the fact that our material of place-names from the maps is very scanty and generally unreliable. The names have never been collectetl by skilled linguists. Then in many (.sues the places evidently have two or more namw owing to a mixer1 poplilation in them (Turks and Iranians). In Qnttaghan and Badakhshnn the Turkish elements of the gcographical nomenclature are often quite clear. With Bririrri~~-r7~)-ll)rn~ a s source 1 indicated a lot of Turkish place-names there in the chapter on the pol~ulationof that province. Thus e. g. the villages enlimerated in the district of Nahrein almost all have names containing Turkish elements or of pure Turkish origin.' In some canes it is also possible with the material availalrrle from Bilrhan-ucl-Din to find connections between the place-names and trihes of Turkish origin. Thus the village-name Ila-chulacl in the district of Nahrein might he connected with the Turk tribe 11% tiirk or Qarghan known from Khost and F e r e n g . V t has to he investigated whether we have traces of this tribe also in Nahrein. With fresh material I think there will be Rome possibility for

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan

a successful study of the place-names of Qattaghan and Badakhshan as indicating a Turkish population or traces of it. I n Afghan Turkestan it is more difficult to draw conclusions as to the distribution of the Turk peoples from the ylace-names. We possess no good maps and the names existent in maps and in the works of the different travellers are in most cases very unonce tried to make some revision of the placereliable. VAMBCIZY names of the district round Herat in his paper >The geographical nomenclature of the disputed country between Merv and Herat,, tmt it does not bring any new material or conclusions to light. In my opinion it will he a very difficult - if not impossible task to draw any conclusions allout the distribution of the Tllrks of Northern Afghanistan in older times with the place-names a s source-material. I t may he possitble to adjust the southern bounclary-line in the Hindllkush and point out places which according to the Turkish form of their names must have heen inhabited 11y Turlts earlier. For the chronology of such a11 earlier spread of Turlrs in Afghanistan they will, 1io11-ever, be of little value, as everywhere in co~lntricsinhabited by Turks. In4 other parts of Afghanistan the place-names will, however, he of the greatest importance as sonrcea for the earlier dissexnanation of the Turk peoples. This is especially the case for the territories arouncl Kabul, in Koh-Danlan and in Kohistan which I nlent'ioncd before. The place-names of these parts ought to he collected carefully, as here (and probably also in other parts of the country) we might find traces of the Tn1-ks and Mongols ~ v h oinvacletl India from the 13th century onwards. Proceedings of the R . pcopr. sop. 188,5, p. 601 ct seq.; cf. F. J. GOI,Ds~rn'sadditio~isand correctionfi in the same Proc~edings,p. 823-24.

lndex of tribes and peoples. Abakhli 56 Abdal 38, 56 Achamaili 56 Achmaili 59, 61 Achumfiillee 61 Afchar 61; cf. Afshar Affshar 77; cf. Afshar Afghans 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 34, 35 n., 36, 45, 58, 39, 61, 74, 80 n. Afshar 49, 51, 65, 76, 7711.; cf. Afchar, Affshar. Efchar, Ufshur Agar 39 Agir 56 A i ~ n a q16, 19, 79-81; cf. Eimak Aimaqs of Qattaghan 19 Ak-Wekil 48 Akhal-Teke 47. 48 AlacljagCiz 48 Alain 41 Alan1 40 Alan 4 1 Alascha 42 n., 43; cf. Alasha Alasha 37 Alavach 40 n. AleRhah 43: cf. Aliahah Ali-herdi 56 Ali-ili 40 Alieli 35. 49-50 Alishah 42. 13, 44 Alla-berdi 57 Alnakh 37 Alniah 37 Aman-Ychah (Amanshah) 47, 48 Anabcleghi 41 Anahnlegi 40 Anauli 40

Andijani 56 Apani 56 Aq Mangit 52 Arabs 17, 20, 24, 31, 40, 46, 51, 54 Aralat 54 Argun 53 Arik Karadja 48 Arkhaki 37 Armat 56 Ata 39 Atchamali 59 n. Atchmayli 59 Atrenji 24, 25, 31 Bachschi 48; cf. Bakhshi Baharloo 77 Baharlu 77. 77 n. Rai-geldi 56 Rai-kashka 57 Bairach 37, 42, 43, 44; cf. Bairaj, Biradj Rairaj 48; cf. Bairach Bairam-Choli 38 Raknschtliire 40 Rakhrin 56 Bakhshi 38, 48; cf. Bschachi Baliqshi 56 Balish 56 Ralus 17 B a n k i ~ h i56 Haqila-bat cha 56 Haraq 57 Rarq 23 Barut 56 Rawiz !if; Bataah 55 Rayat 57, 68

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan Bazachi 39 Beden 43 Bedeng 43 Beiat 39 Bek 38, 48 Bek-aul 39 Bekaul 45, 47 Bek-Ghezen 4 1 Bek-Sakar 41 Beludjis 27, 33 Ber-sakar 41 Berberi 79 Berke 23, 23 n. Berkuut 54 Beroi 55 Besh-tentek 56 Besh-urug 41 Besh Uruk 41 Bcybiilegi 40 Biradj 42 n.; cf. Bairach Bogadja 43 Roin-Kasimir 56 Bokburun Amanshah 48 Roltkara 40 Hui-maut 54 Biikri 47 Rurka 56 Rurlaq 53 Burundjnq 39 Ruslaq 53 Butrak 53 Ruzachi 55 Ruzan 55

Cheni-Atabai 38 Cher-batcha 56 Chershenge 47 Chichak 53 Chichka 20 Chil-djuiot 54 Chilkas 55 Chirikche 68 Chong 68 Choudar 38 Chung 68 Chuplachi 54 Churaq 17, 18, 69 Cobi 35

Dadeh Quli 43 Dagcli-Kuli 43 ~ a i - ~ u n '7d9i Dai-Sengi 79 nali 46 Danashi 5G Daz 41, 59 Dczerdu (Ordu?)-Chodscha 4 1 Dhu'l-kadr 77 n.: cf. Zu1kad:ir Dirnirek 16 Djamshidi 65, 7!1; cf. Jan~shitli Djanibeg 43 L)jandor 38 Djid 54 Djimebai 55 Iljuiot 54 J)juirat 55 T)julagan 54 I>jnlnn b4 CArli~gh68 1,oazdah Aimak 58 C h a g a t a e ~68 Ihchani-Beg 43 Chagatai Turks 63, 67-68; cf. J a - Il~lherga39 gatai JJudakli 43 Chahar-aimaq 65, 79, 80, 81 1)urani 77 Chai 47 1)urmcn 54 Chal-khanakha 56 1h1z 51) n. (Ihali 56 Chamcheh 43 Efchar 61 n.; cf. Afehar Chandanl 77 Kgri-agir 42 C'handar 35, 50 Kimak 62; cf. Aimaq ('hckhnt 56 Enish 43 ('hendaw~lls 77 Erdan 43

Gunnar Jarring

Erden 43 Erki-Guram 43 Ersari 36, 39, 45-47, 48 Eshka 57 Fangani 56 Fazil 56 Firoakuhi 79; cf. Firuzkuhi Firilzkuhi 61, 65, 80 n.; cf. Firosk~ihi Galachi 53 (landashi 56 Gazalkli 56 Gedoi 54 Gendaliali 39 Gerzrbki 37 Ghilji 67, 74 Ghilzai 36, 61 Gichara 41 Gbk-chaqli 39 Goklan 39 Oiiktche Reg 48 Gordjikli 40 Culdscha 43 Gunash 46 G u n e ~ h39 Gr~rlat55

Ja-binish 56 Jadran 67 Jagatai 67, 68; cf. Chagatai Turks Jkji 67 Jalali 39 Jalawatsch 40; cf. Yalavach Jamshidi 16, 65, 80 n., 81 n.; cf. Djamshidi Japagy 43 Jasman (Yasman) 47 J a t a n 43 Jau-keldi 57 Jazi 48 Jewaunsheers 77 Jews 51, 58, 59 Jilair 53 Jilandi 56

Kabat 54 Kadjar 77 n.; cf. Kajar Kadyr 43 Kagi 16 Kai 39 Kaiaan .?5 Kajar 77; cf. Kadjar, k'ujur Kakhet 55 Kakschal 47 Kaldamen 56 Kalkaban 56 Kalli-Makhtum 10 Harzegi 43, 44, 45; cf. Hazurghi, Kalluk 20, 27, 71; cf. Qarluq Herzegi Hazara 15, 16, 17, 20 n., 21, 22, 23, R ~ l t aTai 20 Kalta-toi 56 2-1, n, 31, 31, 5s. 59, 65, 79-41 Kan 48 Hazurghi 44: cf. Htlrzegi Kanahati T i Herati 16, 59 Ksndjeli 6.9; rf. Kanjali EIerzegi 42, 43: cf. Harzegi Kangit 54 Hindup 61, 59 Kanjali 69, 67; cf. Kandjeli IIi~szeinKara 13 Kanli-basch 43; cf. Qanli-ba~h Hu~zeinali43 Kanlibaah 43: cf. Qanli-bash Kapchak 68, 65; cf. Qipchaq Iglan 55 ~ a r a45, ' 18: cf. Qara Ikdir 38 11%-tiirk 1.5, 15 n., 82 K a r a - J u m ~ i47 Ilachi 54 #ma-kongur 47 Kara-Wekil 48 Ilaz 56 Imam-temez 57 Knradasch-Ajak 47 fncha 47 Karaie 66

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan Karama (Qarama) 35, 50 Karaman 37, 40, 41; cf. Qaraman Karawan 41 Karlogh Turks 33, 71; cf. Qarluq Kartak 20 Kattaghan 57: cf. Qattaghan Kazan 46 Kazandschi 43 Kazilar 48 Kedschuk 47 Kelletscho 48 Kenigas 56 Kerim-aga 42 Kesse 42 Khafiz 55 Rhaja-Khoshgar 56 Rhalawat 54 Rhallukh Turks $3: cf. Qarluq Khan-batcha 57 I, Khar 48 Khatab 39 Khazar-mamisli 56 Khitai 54, 67 Kliizr 40 Khizr-ili 40 Khodja 39 Khodjali 43 Khoja-hatcha 56 Khoja-Ramazan 57 Khoji Nazara 37 Khorasanli 37, 42, 43. 44 Rhutat ,56 Richi-aga 37, 41 Kinngaz 53 Kipchak 66 cf. Qipchaq Kiptschak v. Qipchaq Kireit 54 Kirkin 55 Kirahe Agha 41 I i i ~ h g e n n56 K i ~ h l i k54 Kizil 48 Kotljeck 43 Kodech~li-Kizil43 Kongor 48 Kongur 47, 48 Kolrngratl (Qungrad) 58

KBkt,che 48 Koktsche 47, 48 Korszagry 48 Kuderi 2;2 Kudghun 17 Kudjaliq 55 Kujur 77; cf. Kajar Kultcha 43 Kiinesch 45 Kurama 43 Kurd 43 Iiuttaghunn 17 Lab-i-abi 46 Lebab-Turkmen 46 n. Lerkhabi 16, 17 Lokai 56 lliakhturkl 40 Malai 56 Mamai 5G Mamatai 43 Manae 20 11. Mangal 9, 67 Maugit 52 Mardat 57 Marka-kchi-yiiz 56 Marsi 48 Masad .54 M a ~ h a t i56 Mashriq 38 Mekrit 58 Merdad 17 Merkit 58 11. Merv-Teke 47, 48 Min 59 Min%s 20 Ming 52, 57, 69. (22 Mirisch 47 Mirishgar 56 Moghul 20. 20 n., 72 Mongal 56 Mongolis) 20, 26, 67. 79. 83 Moraud K h a u n c e ~77 Mughal 5.5. (58 M11gh1115.5 Mukri 39

Gunnar Jarring

Mumatag 43 Mumin 64 Murcha 40 3lurkut 54 Nachar 55 Xaiman 53 Nargil 55 Nikalloo 77 Nikalu 77 Nikiiz 55 Nukhurli 10 Xur-Makhtum 40 Ogurdjali 39 Oinli 53 Okensziz 48 Okuz 38 Olarn 41 Ong .%3 Oostojaloo 77 Orda-khod 41 Ordahodja 41 Ordukhodja 40 O r ~ u q c h i38 Ortrt-xiiz 67 Otak 36 Otamiah 38 Otemisch (Otemish) 48 Otemish 48 C)z-temir 57 Palvan 56 Pandji 47 P a n j i r ~23 Prsrsiv~n59. 60,61 Perreng 48 Perrik 47 Yokirak 57 Pulat-shall 37 Qairrsali .% Qalmaq 53 Qandjagali h9 Qanpli 54 Qanli-he~h43; cf. Kanli-basch, Iianliba~h

Qar-tu 53 Qara 39, 45, 46, 47; cf. Kara Qara-aul 39 Qara-bekaul 46 Qara-boin 47 Qara-bulaq 56 Qara-cheqa 38 Qara-dashli 39 Qara Mangit 52 Qarama 50; cf. Karama Qaraman 40, 41; cf. Karaman Qaraqalpaq 11, 70 Qarasha 56 Qaraul 66 Qarghali 15 Qarghan 15, 82 Qari ,54 Qarliq 56 Qa.rluq 20, 27, 31, 32, 33, 68, 7173; cf. Kalluk, Karlogh Turks, Khallukh Turks Qarqin 39 Qartaq 20 Qashqarbacha 23 Qataghrtn 53, 57; cf. Qattaghan Qataghan-qalasi 57 Qattaphan 17, 62; cf. Kattaghan. Qataghan Qazaq 11, 17, 17 n., 18, 20, SO: 55, 65, 69 Qipchaq 41, 53, 65-66: cf. Kapchak, Ripchak Qir 5.3 Qir-dar 55 Qirghiz 11, 17 ~ i . ,29, 80. 31, 63. 69, 70 Qirq 20, 59, 69 Qirq-qiz 55 Qircl-nili 42 Qizilbash 11, 76-78 Qongrat 53 Quderi 22 Qilndazi 66 Qungrad 53, 58 Qlngrrt 17. 18 Qurala8 -54 Qurt 42

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan Qushi 56 Qushtamghali 53 Qutlar 40 Qutlu-Temir 38 Quzi 15

Phikh 39, 57 Shir 23 Shirin 56 Sliivachi 31 Slioraq 57 Shuldur 55 Sichmaz 38. 48; cf. Yitschmaz Sidlik(?) 43 Sikhtian 55 Sitschmaz 47, 48; cf. Sichmaz Sogunali 33 Pokhti 42 n., 44; cf. Sukhti Subaq 57 Sujani 56 Siilthti 42, 43: 44: cf. Pokhti Sulduzi -77 48; cf. Salar. Sultan Murad Khan 18 Sultansiz 48 Sunchi 40 Suraj 69 Suray & ! Sxaad 43 Szitschniaz K a r a Ahmed 48 Szadjan 43

Said 39 Pakar 40, 50 Sakari 60 Sakhau 56 Salakh 38 Salar 40; cf. Palor Salcngi 16 Salik 47 Salor 35, 37, 40-48, Salur, Salyr Paltiq 47 Salnr 40: cf. Salor Salyr 40; cf. Salor Samarchin 53 Sapi 37 Parai 53, -57 Sari-bash 57 Sari-malo 56 Sari-Qataghan 56 Sari-sangi ,56 Sarigh-hash 20 Sarikli 56 Sariq 35, 37, 38, 42-4.i, Sirilk Sarli 47 Sarmantai 56 S R T ~64 S Shrilk 44: cf. Sariq Saryk v. Srtriq Sayitl 26, 9.3 Sayitli 16 Sedjani 17 Sc.miz 68 Phakzei 36 Shali-temcz 57 Sliamloo 77 Sham111 77, 77 n. Sliarif-1)jaf~rbai38 Shralika 56

Tabin 34 Tagan 47 Tainiani 61, 79, 80 n.. 81 n. Taimuni 65 48: cf. Taimr~ri79, 80 n. T:+imaz 22, 23 Tajilts 1.5, 16. 17, 19, SO, 21, 22, 23: 24. 25. 57. 38. 59, 31, 33, 34. 49. 58, 59, 60, 61. G7 Takalo 77 'rakl~tanlish38 TiikkU Toinitls 21 Tama 34 Tantai 56 'Fnp!-r 43 Tartar8 67 Tanhajak A k ~ e f i('oh 48 Tatar 5.7 'ratars 68 Taz -76 Tchar Sengui 35 n.

Gunnar Jarring

Teke 36, 38, 47-49 Tekelii 77 n. Temez 56 Timur 40 Timuri 81 n. Tiszi 40 Titan 46 Tleu 55 Tochtamisch 48; cf. Tokhtamish Toga 49 Togalan 57 Tokhtamish 48 Toktamish 48 Topaz 48 Tscheltek 47 Tuch 33 Tughlun 17 T~lghul17, 20, 56 Tugruk 23 Tulkishi 57 Tiima 55 Tumai 55 Tupchi 54 Tuq Mangit 52 Tilrk 56 Turkmans 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 35-.51, 52, 58, 60, 61, 70, 77, 80 n. Turkmen 54

IJfshur 62; cf. Afshar Uglan 54, 56 Ugrudjihli 41 Ui-maut M Uighur 55 Uirat 53 Uluq 39 Uluq-tepe 45 Ulutepe 45 Ung 53, 59 n. IJngachi t 53 Ungut M IJpulachi 54 ZTrdi-hodja 41 Urns 42 Uehaq 38 Ueta 37

Ustsdjlu 77 n. Ustajlu 77 Ustalik 43 Uta-bulaq 56 Utarchi 54 Ut li-Temir 38 u z 54 IJzbeks 11, 14! 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. 20, 28, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 35 n., 49, 51? 32-64. 6,5, 66. 67. 70, 72 Uzbek 56 Uzoi 54

Vakil 38

Waqtamgali 53 Wekil 48 Wun 59

Yaboo 62 Yabu 55, 62 Yadschi 40 Yagrini 55 Yaka 68 Yakka-Moghal 31 Yalavach 40; cf. Jalawatech, Yalavad j Yalawach 41 Yalavadj 40; cf. Yalavach Yalchin 53 YalowaE 40, 41 Yalovach 41 Yangi-gaur 57 Yangi-tagan 56 Yaemau 47 Yasz 40 Yazir 39 Yelovach 37 Yemrili 38 Yer-teber 67 Yerki 43 Yomud 38 Yuiruchi 55

Turk Tribes in A f g h a ~ ~ i s t a ~ l Yuishun 54 Yussuf 48 Yusuf 41 Yiiz 53 Yiizak 55

Zakir 48 Zarmukha 57 Zor-burun 57 Zulkadar 77 Zulkudder 77

Index of geographical names. Ab-i-asiyabe 33 Hadam-dara-i-kelan 23 Ab-i-barik 26 Baghlan 15, 16, 31, 36, 63 Ab-i-Qaisar 46 Bai-abe 34 Abdul-Nazar-bek 34 Bai-nazar 32 Agil-siyay 32 Bala Murghab 35, 36 n., 42, 44, 60 Xkh-buria 26 Balkh 24, 36, 46, 50, 57, 62, 64, 65, A k h ~ h i r e29 68 Alchin 18 Bamyan 63 Ali-qatan 24 Rangi (Bengi) 15 Almanku 26 Barq 24 Amn-darya 16. 46, 47 Bashen 29 Anbar-kuh 21 Bazai-gumbad 30 Andemin 30 Belcheragh 61 Anderab 15, 16, 36 Reloot Taugh 25 Andkhui 35, 36, 44, 47, 4!), 50, 57, Rengi 15 -3,61, 69, TO Berk 24 Aniva 29 Berke-u-Taimuz 22 Berlas 26 Aq-chashrna 23 Aq-jir 32 Betash 25, 32 Aq-kotal 22 Bish-kend 32 Aq-lsi 20 n. Hiah-kupriik 18 Aq-tash 29 n. Holor 25 Aq-tepe 19 Bugha-qara 26 Aq-yaylaq 21 Bukluk 28 Aqrha .36, 47, 58, 62, 69 Bulak-i-balk 21 Xqsai-chapa 22 RiilUk-dmht 32 Araban 21 RHliik-i-peste 22 Argu 25, 26, 31 Bulat-taph 23 Arlat 82 Huutan 34 Ashtaken 21) A~ish-dev68 (Ihah-i-ab 34 Aatrne 21 C'hahar-dara 19, 69 Ata Khan Khojah 60 (Ihahar-e~i23 Avleger 24 (Ihahtar Tagou 66 Azgicha 29 Chahar-tut 21 Chahar-vilayet 11, fi4 Chahar~hamba42, 46, 58. ti5 C'hakhal-kapa 26

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan Chakhansur 44 Chal 22, 23, 63 Chaman-i-bad 36 Chaqal 21 Chaqal and Meden-i-Nemek 21 Chaqir 33 Chaqir-qishlaq 33 Charjui 46 Charkh 15 Chashmegan 32 Chegian 33 Ch~ngkha28 Chep-dara 32 Chichpktu 59 Chie-khana 32 Chile-i-mir 18 Chilla-mazar 19 Chinar 33 Chinar-i-gunjeshkan 21 Churaq 19

Fereng 15, 82 Fergambul 27 Foladi 77 Gazistan 24 Gejan 29 Geleban 32 Genda-chashma 32 Gendabai 32 Geri 26 Ghazni 68 Glior 79 Ghori 15, 16, 31, 36, 63 Ghuri 15, 16, 31, 36, 63 Great Pamir 29 n., 30, 70 Gul-bulaq 20, 71 Guldash 34 Gulfegan 21 Cruzar 28 Haibak 63. 67 Haji-Ramazan 21 Hazar-limiuch 32 IIazar-rnishi 26 1Iazar-qaq 23 Jiazara-district of the North West Frontier Province 73 Hazara-i-Qarluq 72 Ilazara Qila 58 Ilazara-terrilory 72 lJazrat Imam 16 l l a z r ~ tImani 17 Hazrct-i-Imam Sahib 10, 03 Herat 35 n., 36, 57, M, 58 n., 59, 67, 68. 76, 79. 80 n., 83 JIerirud 79 Jlilmcnd 79 IIirak 58 113-cliulaq 29, 82 Imam Sahib 15, 36 Isl~kamish22, 23, (i4

Jigdalik 76 ,Jigdillik 75 J'ildnragh 21 ,Jirghan 61 Jubashi 34 Jurin 28 Juvaz-khana 32 Juzun 25

Gunnar Jarring K hoja-giran 22 Ichoja-Hafiz 34 Khoja-jergatu 33 Khoja-Rashkar 32 Khoja-pelkha 24 Khorasan 50, 79 Khost 15, 82 Khuarau 29 Khwaja Imlm Saiyid 16 Khwaja Salah 69 Khwaja Salar 46, 50, 69 Khwoja Khedari 75 Gishan 33 Koh-Daman 74-75, 83 Koh-i-Baba 79 Kohistan 11, 74-75, 83 Koksha 33 K0ktll 34 Kube-i-Sufli 18 Kuhe-i-Ulia 18 Knl-i-Pamir-Kalan 29 n. Kundut 30, 69 K~lnduzv. Qunduz Kurram 67 Kushan 68 Kushk 44, 79 Kntur-bulaq 23

Kabul 31, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83 Kafir Qala 59 Kaisar 66 Kakil-bek 32 Kakul 34 Kalache 20 n. Kan-i-nemek 24 Kandut 30 Karlogh % 71, I, 72 Kashghar 27, 30 Kashlik Eshan 50 Kaushkaur 25 Kechi Sebzi-i-mar 26 Kefter-i-Ali 34 Kej-Gerden 28 Keji 26 Kcliilegi 27 Kernanger 33 Kemer-qishlaq 23 Langar 30, 32, 33 Kendelan 27 La.ngar Yhur-i-khurda 29 Kerkes-khana 34 ~ e r k h a b i19 Khaf 89 n. Little Pamir 29, 30, 70 Khafezan 32 Lilgeri 32 Khaf iz-i-Mogul 25 Khairabad 59 Khakaari 25 Md.highir 75 Khan-de~tmal21 Maida-chapa 22 Khanabad 14, 1.;. 16, 31, 86, 63, 64, Maimana 35 n., 36, 42, 44, 50, 58, ,59, 69 60,61, 64, 65 Maluiq-Mamam 21 Kharuki 26 Mnmai 20 n. K h a ~ h28 Marucheq 35, 44, 44 n. Khenjan 16 Rherandab 28 Mazar-i-Sharif 36, 47, 57, Tfi, 62, 64, Kherakan 21 70 Medan-i-Nemek 21 Khevaeai 2C) Meilik 62 Khezar-bagh 20 Khoja-Baha-ud-Din 34 Maw 48, 49 Khoja-Oaru 20 Ming-darakht 46

Turk Tribes in Afghanistan Moghul 21 Moghulan 28, 34 Mulla-Bek-Muhammed 34 Mulla-qalendar 19 Mullai 22 Murgek 32 Xurghab 44, 49, 79 Nagi 19 Nahrein 22, 23, 63, 83 Nangrahar 74 Nar-dara 27 Nemek-ab 21 Nov-abad 18 Novan 21 Obeh 58, 66 Ogan Kala 62 Pahlavan-tash 23 I'iiman-iistang 71 Pamir 29. 70 Pamir Alichur 29 E'amir, Great 29, 30, 70 Pamir Kalan 29 Panlir Khargoshi 29 P a ~ n i rIihnrd 20 Pamir, Little 28, 30, 70 E'amir Rangkul 29 Pamir Sarcs 29 Fnnja river 30, 69 I'anjdah 44, 45 I'ata-kesar 62 Penjchakh 33 Pcshawar 74 Pccltcko 33 Petvan 26 Pewhr 67 Pindi 44 Pish-g~ze23 l'iahkinpe 34 Pustkhur 26 Qadiq 33 Q a i ~ a r66 Qaissar 65 Qnla-i-gerdab 88 Qala-i-jarara 29

Qala-i-now 79 Qala Wali 44, 65 Qandahar 31, 63 Qara-badam 21 Qara-bagh 68 Qara-be1 44 Qara-bulaq 21, 32 Qara-kul 32 Qara-Mogul 26 Qara-qazi 26 Qara-tepe 34 Qara-tu 21 Qaraghach 32 Qaraghach-mirza 23 Qaraqin 60 Qarawal Khalia 45 Qarawulkhana 44 Qarlnq 33 Qattaghan and Badakhslian 13- 34. 36, 63, 64, 72, 82, 83 Qazaq 19 Qilah Maur 43 Qilal~Flrali 44. 45 Qirq-sai 21 Qishlaq-khoja 22 Qislilaq-qara-apaq 22 Qiehlaq-shirim 22 Qizil-kul 22 Qizil-qala 33 yizil-qishlaq 39 Qizil-clishu 22 Qizil-sai ?:! Qizil-tamishk 22 Quclii 18 Quduq 32, 33, 34 Qunduz 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 36. 57, 63, 61, 69 Qnngrat 19 Qnnprat-i-sani 19 Qurhan-bai-Ali Mogul 29 Q~irchi61 Qush-tepe 18 Rabat Abdullah Khan 59 Reishkhan 26, 27 Ituat,ak 33 Rnst.aq 31, 34, 64, 71

Uunnar Jarring

Saighan 63 dalimazar 60 Salmazar 60 Sar-i-chashma-i-chichakli -12 Saripul 60, 61 Sarliilc 28 Sa yid-abad 33 Sedjani 19 Seidabad 60 Sekana 33 Ser-i-jn-i-bala 32 Ser-i-ju-i-payan 32 Shabash 67 Shahr-i-buzurg 31, 64, 71, 72 8haikh Sulaiman 32 Sharan 28 Shenvar-biy 19 Shibarghan 42, 47, 67, 58, 59, 60 Shiran-shah 26 Shirm 22 Shiva 31 Shomari 26 Phor-ab 19 Shughnan 30, 69, 70 Shur-i-khurd 30 SBur-quduq 23 Sll~lrche2:2 Siab-i-Shir-Muhammed 32 Siahgird 62 Sir-i-kul 29 n. Sirvan 58 Siyay 32 Spin-Cihar-range 74 Surkh 20 n. Yurkh-ab 36 8yghan 63 Taife-i-ser-Sine 19 Tair-Turkman 19 Taj-chaahma 22 Takht-i-shah 26 Talek 32 Taleqan (Taliqan) 15. 19-21. &q, 69, 71 Taliqan v. T a l ~ q a n Tangi-murch 23 Tash-malta-bek 31

36,

Taehqurghan 36, 57, 62, 63, 64 Tashtuqan d2 Tash-yaylaq 21 Taulikaun v. Taleqan Tave-tash 32 Tchitchektoo 59 Tekran 5 2 Ter-u-Mogul 25 Teshkan 27, 28, 71, 72 Togh Bogha 75 Togh Verdee 7; Tokchi 75 Tschicliardschuj 46 Tugai-chashma S-2 Tugdane 2-1 Tugh-bai 26 Tughul 90 Tukharistan 72 Turk 23 T h m - d a r a 7: Ur-nimet 28 [.!ran-kul 26 Urti-khoja 34 Ushkan 29 Vercluj 28

E'aftal 27 Yakhmir 30 Yakka-badam 23 Yakka-tut 24, 26, 32 Yaman-chalaq 30 Yamchi 32 Yangi-qala 34 Yarkand 24. 25, 27 Yon-qam ? ! E'urnel 2!) Yr~~ngan 28 Yi~rchi76

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I ~ I I L I ~ I I I I I M~ I I ~ I M I I(:)TIIIII;I)-IICT(I~)IIV(~C'K~~~ . 11 I I I U I I T I I ~ I ~

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MOC)H(~ROFT, W.

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H I ~ ( T O I ~ ~ ~ R l ~ , ~ ~ ~I I1Y1 P1 t1I1A1 11. H. \Pllll \ l l O f i \. 1 121.1 RIIHKIIX(~HNY, H., Afghanidan und seine Nachhnrlilncl~r. n o r Hrhaapl~tzdew jlingwten rll~cri~(:h-rnp;lis~hen Konflikts in Zentral-Aden. Nach d r n nenvten Quellen peschildert. Rd 1-42. Leipzig 1WR. ' P ~ T ~ RITIL~IIW . r ~ n r p ; l + ~ . r r ~ ~O~I ~ )nI Cv; Q I I ~ PH;IIIIPIUI ( m ( l l I ( l m f l i l . . . T. 19. ( ' . - l l ~ ~ t ~ ~ ) -

fiypm 1!)13. C f ~ ~ p ~ iH m(, ~ ~ l l ~ t ~ ~ ~ l f ( ~Run. l l l l (3.~ cIlr>p(-irr. ~ ~ i f l .. \ H I * ; ~ I I I I I T ~ II, I I . . . no,Th o 6 l n t > n ~ P A A K I ~ ~ P K H., II. O ~ I * Y ~ I F , I ~ ~( '.-I . r c ~ t y h y p n , lH6H.

(a~~c~aH;Iotrtr

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103

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f'TJ)illl

14.)

104

Gunnar Jarring

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Afghan boundary commission. Edinburgh & London 1887. J'ATE, C. E., Northern Afghanistan, or letters from the Afghan boundary commission. With route niaps. Edinburgh Rz. London 1888. YAVORSKI, $ I r t o r c r i ~ f i . 11. :I., 1Iy~-rr~~t.cr.~itl p y c c a l r n r n IIOCO;IIB(TH~~IIII A H I - ~ F I ~ I C I IT ~ I I ~ B y x n p c . r i o ~ y xnrltrny rt7, lN!J r r . T. 1-2. C'.-Tlc~*rclpC,yl)rr, 1H82-1XH3. Y~'LE.H., P a p ~ r sconnected with the Upper Oxus regions. (The journal of the Royal geographical society. Vol. 42. London 1872.) X : ~ R ~ ~ R ;II S\I>>, ~ ~ I I H 11. . II., ( 'IIII(*OI< H:II)I>,(I~I~ C T T~~IJIJ I ~ c ~ c * ~ ~ ~ ~IilJii51. I c I c I ~ ~J i( 1) 1 1 ~ ~ i r l ) : i ~ l!k?;). ( P O V c w l t C ~ n f 1;LK:L,(tlMII~I 11;IyIi. T~)!,\I,IliOMl~CCIIII 110 J l : i ~ ~ 1 f ~ I I I l IIOI . ' I ~ ' ~ ~ ( ~ H H o ~ O ( * I I I T : I I ~ ~ II I ~ I V ~ \ . - I ~ ~ HP L IISII( V *11 ~ I~I I~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~C ~~~ I,) : L~ F ~T9.) .~ . ~ r , ~ r ~ , ~ %I)M\.I(; -= Zr~itschriftder 1)twtschen nlorgenlandiachen C:enellschaft.

I;ov~rnmcnt of India map. Pltblishr~dby the 8urw-y of Tnclia. Y1iec.t No. 29. Herst. 3rd ( r ~ v i a e d )(4. 1933. 8hrc.t No. 32. Kukhdra. I!)%). Sheet No. 37. Radakhahan. ltrprint 10.33. S l i r v ~ yof Inflia. Southern Asia wries. AfgliSnistan. Rrvised ed. 1!)29.

LUNDS UNIVERSITETS AC~RE~.~., S.,Aepekt&~iderniigund Aktionsartbildiil~gb e i ~ npoll~ischei~ Zeitworte. 1908. Kr. 3: - Bsltoalaviscl~e1,autstudien. 1919. 1Cr. 2: 50. - Slavische Lautntuclien. 1917. Kr. 3: -. Zur balLoslaviucl~en Laiitgescl~icl~te.1921. ICr. 2: 50. - Ziir slaviscllen 1,antlehre. 1915. lcr. 3: -. - Zwei Beitrage zur s l n v i s c l ~ el,sntgescl~icl~te. ~~ 1918. l<r. 2: 50. GUNNARSSON, G., Zrir Bedeutungsentwicklu~~g der polnisct~enPartikel wigc. 1937. Kr. 2: 50. JARRING, G., On the distribution of Turk tribes in Afghanistan. 1939. Kr. 3: 50. The col~test of the fruits. An Eautern Turki allegory. 1936. Kr. 2: - The Uzbek dialect of Qilich (Ruer~ittnTurkestan). Wit11 texte and glossary. 1937. Kr. 2: 50. - Uzbek texte from Afghan Turkestan w i l l glossary. 1938. Kr. 8: -. KNUTSSON, K., Die germanischen LehnwCIrter im Slavischen voln Typus buky. 1929. Kr. 2: 25. - n b e r die sogenannte zweite Pslntalieierung in den slavischen S p r ~ c l ~ e n . 1926. Icr. 4: 75. MORERO,A., An-nasi' (Koran 9,37) i n d e r islsmischen Tradition. 1931. Kr. 1: 50. Babels torn. E n 6versikt. 1918. J<r. 2: 25. 1927. OLINDER,G., Ttie kings of Kinda of the family of ~ k i al-rnurlr. l Kr. 3: 50. The letters of Jacob of Sarug. Comments on fin edition. I. 1939. Kr. 5: -. - Zur Terminologie der semitischen Lauttihnlict~keiten. 1933. K r . 2: P K ~ ~ R R S SH., O NArinclle , llllcI armer~incl~e Stndien. 1920 lir. 7: 60. - Haltiucl~enlrd slnviect~eWorl~tlldirrl. 1918. ICr. 2: 50. - Baltincl~eannd S l a v i ~ c l ~ e s 1916. . l<r. 2: -. - Ety~nologi~lche hlisxellen. 1923. ICr. 1 : 50. - Vergleicl~entleulnvincl~e Wortstndien. 1 . 1<r. 2: -. - Zur Kentltniu der i n d o g e r ~ n a ~ ~ i e c lileterokliuie. ~en 1922. Kr. 2: - Z ~ l r~ l n v i ~ c l ~und e n vel-gltticl~entlenWortforucl~nng. 1916. Kr. 1: RAQUETTE,G., Eine kn~cligarieche Wakf-Urkunde nrie der Khodschfl-Zeit Oat-Tnrkeetane. 1930. 1 kr. - Englieh-Turki dictionary based on the dialect0 of Kaehgar and Yarkand. 1927. Kr. 6: 50. - The accent proble~nin Turkish. 1927. Kr. 1:25. -T i I a . Eine osttilrkische Vnriante der 8age von T a l ~ i rund Zohrn. 1931. Kr. 4: H ~ i i l . ~II., , Die oa~etiochen 1,elrnwtirter im IJngrcriecl~en. 1926. Kr. 3: 50. - I.ellnw~~rterut~idien.1923. I<r. 1: 60. - 1,ingoiutic ~lenningm. 19'23. 1<r. 2: 50. - Papera 011 Piiair~iand Indinn gra~nrnnrin goneral. 1926. Kr. 1: 78. - Ungariache E:ncil)eton~~ng.1926. I<r. 3: 60. - Unteraucl~ungen xlir Getlesie der a l t i r ~ d i w c l ~etymologiecl~erl e~~ 1,itter~tnr. '11, 1928. Kr. il: - ; 6. 1930. Kr. I: -, - Z ~ i rCllror~ologietler ~ t n k ~ v i u c l r eAn k x e l l t v e r ~ c l ~ i e \ ) n ~1022. ~ g . Kr. 3: 75

-. -.

MOBRRO,A., Eine flprieche M a ~ o r n - k ~ ~ ~ ~ d oinc der l ~ r Universitats-Ribliotllck ift xu 1,und. 1928. Kr. 0: 75.

On Nome Spriac f r a g n l e n t ~of the hook of Timotheue Ailuros ngainst tl10 ~ y n o t lof Chalcetlon. 1928. Kr. 0: 76. - n b e r einige chrietliche Legenden in d e r ielarniscl\en T r ~ d i t i o n . 1930. Kr. I: -. -I'riu 3 kr. 50 fire.