ERASURE & ACCRETION
TLATELOLCO 68’
e·ra·sure noun the removal of writing, recorded material, or data. the removal of all traces of something; obliteration. ac·cre·tion Noun the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layers or matter. a thing formed or added by gradual growth or increase.
MARIO PANI CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL NONOALCO TLATELOLCO
TLATELOLCO HOUSING
3 CULTURES PLAZA
TLATELOLCO 68’ POLITICAL ATMOSPHERE
MASSACRE TRAGEDY
PROTEST 68’
STUDENT ASSASINATIONS
CONCLUSION CONMEMORATIVE PLATES
Q&A THE END
Tlatelolco 68’ and what it means or represents in Mexican architecture, politics, culture, and social identification is the focal point of the presentation. We will explore several facets of what compromised and lead to “Tlatelolco 68” as a whole, at the same time finding and pointing out key elements that start to correlate the conglomerate story of “the tradedy of Tlatelolco). We will start with architect Mario Pani (biography, education, and works), second an analysis of the housing project that included the plaza where the massacre happened, thirdly the political/social atmosphere in 68, then we will analyze the tragic events of October 02 1968 (student shootings by the Mexican army), and finally the conclusion and how that space is perceived today.
BIOGRAPHY
MARIO PANI March 29, 1911 - February 23, 1993 Studied Architecture in Paris Admired Le Corbusier Modernist and Urban Planner
Born in March 29, 1911 in Mexico City Died in February 23, 1993 (81 years of age) Son of Arturo Pani Arteaga and Dolores Darqui One of four siblings (Arturo Pani, his four year younger brother would become a known furniture designer) Moved to Belgium in 1919 (his father Arturo Pani is named consul of Belgium) Moved to Italy in 1919 Moved to Paris in 1925 C Concludes studies at the Lycée Janson de Sailly in 1928 Studies architecture at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts 1928 Marries Margarita Linaae of Norwegian-French heritage (they would have 7 children) in 1933 Graduates from École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (thesis: Maison Au Mexique) 1934 Return to Mexico City (his father was relieved as consul in France) 1934
CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA MEXICO CITY, 1954
Master plan for UNAM campus Location: Coyoacan, Mexico City Square footage: 21,527,820 First university master plan built in Mexico Main administrative building included a mural by David Alfaro Siqueiros (famous Mexican artist and muralist)
TORRES DE SATELITE MEXICO CITY, 1958
Master plan for Satellite City by Mario Pani Location: Ciudad SatĂŠlite, 53100 Naucalpan, State of Mexico, Mexico Architect Luis Barragan was commissioned by Pani to design the towers at the heart of the project.
CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL NONOALCO TLATELOLCO MEXICO CITY, 1954
247 ACRES 12,0000 HOUSING UNITS 102 BUILDINGS 600 COMMERCIAL UNITS 19 SCHOOLS CHURCH ARCHEOLOGICAL ZONE 3 MEDICAL CLINICS MOVIE COMPLEX METRO STATION (1970)
“THE UTOPIA OF MEXICO WITHOUT NEIGHBORHOODS”. -Carlos Monsivaís
Architect: Mario Pani Location: Tlatelolco, Mexico City area: 10,376,409sf or 247 acres included: 12,0000 housing units/102 buildings/600 commercial units /19 schools/Church/Archeological zone/3 medical clinics/Movie complex/Metro station (1970)
UNIDAD HABITACIONAL 1 LA INDEPENDENCIA
This “Insignia” tower is the hallmark one one of the main three sectors of the housing complex. It has 49 bell towers, the biggest of the bells was donated by the government of Belgium has a celebratory gift towards Mexico, for its 150 Independence anniversary.
FLOOR PLANS
Descriptive Floor plans.
UNIDAD HABITACIONAL 3 LA REFORMA
This portion of the project includes the square of the 3 cultures. Area: 398,264 sf This unique plaza includes aztec ruins, a Spanish-colonial style church, and a modernist tower “Torre SRE Tlatelolco” designed by architect Pedro Ramirez Vasquez in 1960
The plaza serves as a multi stage performing and gathering center for the housing community of Tlatelolco.
The plaza was also the site that the Mexican army would block off before executing all the trapped students, in what would be known as the massacre of Tlatelolco 68'.
Descriptive photograph.
POLITICAL ATMOSPHERE 1968
President of Mexico Gustavo Diaz Ordaz, from the political party “P.R.I”, a party that stud in power uninterrupted in Mexico for 71 years. Student protests had read high levels, the biggest manifestation prior to 02 October was in the main square of Mexico City, “El Zocalo” on the 29 of August 1968, with militarized force used to disband the students. After that event, both student protest, and military action would dramatically increase until the Olympics of 68 were inaugurated. The summer Olympics of 1968 were inaugurated on the 12th of October 1968, ten days before the “Tlatelolco massacre” took place.
THE MASSACRE OF TLATELOLCO 1968
My father Enrique Moreno participated in some of the student organized protests, culminating in the Zocalo protest of 29 August, escaping safely before the military started to round up students. The social atmosphere had become increasingly delicate since the beginning of the year, student protests became larger in numbers, and ten days before the inauguration of the 1968 olympics, the federal government determined that it would not be showcased internationally with a lack of order and discipline in the eyes of the world.
9:00 am. A delegation of the National Strike Council(CNH), formed by Luis González de Alba, Gilberto Guevara Niebla and Anselmo Muñoz, interviews with representatives of the President of the Republic, Andrés Case and Jorge de la Vega Dominguez in the house of the Rector of UNAM, Javier Barros Sierra. In Zacatenco, the CNH sesionaba and opened the possibility of initiating negotiations and dialogue, suspended the mobilization expected from the Plaza de las Tres Culturas Casco, to prevent violence and bring out Army Santo Tomas. 10:00. Surveillance operations are applied in selected areas, under the instruction of report regularly (12:00, 14:00 and 16:00). Corporations go on alert. City points that had been wagered were: the Chinese Clock, Mexican Electricians Union Assembly Plaza Three Cultures, Zacatenco, Santo Tomas, Citadel, Voca and Prepa 4 rally in University City.
11:00. Military plainclothes armed men distributed in roofs and buildings in the area of Tlatelolco and Nonoalco. They were elements belonging to the Presidential General Staff , who acted on the orders of General Luis Gutiérrez Oropeza, head of the EMP. Marcelino Garcia Barragan General snipers used to induce an armed response through the Olimpia Battalion of the Army and it became widespread causing a slaughter to annihilate the national group mobilized. 16:00. Thousands of students gather at the Plaza of Three Cultures in Tlatelolco. 16:30 . A third contingent appears in the vicinity of Tlatelolco, before giving the coup against the leadership of CNH and peacefully gathered in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas community.
17:30. Through a microphone CNH is reported to the scheduled progress Santo Tomas after the meeting is suspended. Attendance calculations range from 6,000 to 15,000 people. 17:55 hours. Two red flares were fired from the tower of Tlatelolco, signal Members Olimpia Battalion (whose members were dressed in civilian clothes with a scarf or white glove on his left hand) infiltrated the demonstration to disperse young people up to the building " chihuahua "where speakers were movement.
18:00. The Army was stationed in three locations planned. At that time they had about 300 light tanks, assault units, jeeps and military transport, which they surrounded the vicinity of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. 18:15. The army entered from their positions they occupied in an action of siege, firing at the demonstrators and to the Chihuahua building. 20:15. The slaughter lasts more than two hours. The main leaders were arrested and transferred to Military Camp Number One.
20:30. Army prevents access to ambulances of the Red Cross and the Green Cross and are arrested more than 1,000 demonstrators. 23:00. General Mazon Pineda recorded the last shooting in the Plaza of the Three Cultures and begin the eviction of military vehicles. 01:00 the next day. Hospitals Hospitals Red Cross and Green and in general the whole emergency system came under police control, by order of General Mendiolea.
figures : Government of Mexico . Captain Fernando Gutierrez Barrios official information reported as the arrest of 1,043 people, 26 dead and 100 wounded. US Embassy. The National Security Agency reported that the death toll ranged between 150 and 350 people.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Coce6lHkHAA
Olympic Flashback: Mexico City 1968
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpLFsvz01js
Masacre de Tlatelolco
Descriptive videos.
1968-1993
TO OUR FALLEN FRIENDS, ON THIS PLAZA, OCTOBER 02 OF 1968 Commemorative plate dedicated to the fallen and disappeared people during the shootings of Tlatelolco.
AUGUST 13 OF 1521 HEROICALLY DEFENDED BY CUAHTEMOC, TLATELOLCO FELL TO HERNAN CORTEZ.
IT WASN’T TRIUMPH NOR DEFEAT, IT WAS THE PAINFUL BIRTH OF THE MESTIZO PEOPLE, WHICH IS THE MEXICO OF TODAY Commemorative plate dedicated to the fallen city of Tlatelolco, dedicated to the Mestizo people. These two plates summarize the way of life of the Mexican, never victimize yourself, never forget, and never stop working towards a better tomorrow.
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