Hydro-Publics

HYDROPUBLICS PRATT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DEGREE PROJECT 2019 BHARTI KODNANI +LAMISA HAQUE

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Sylabus 1.2 Abstract 2 Proposal 2.1The Great Lakes 2.2 Site Survey 3 Methodologies 3.1Programmatic Explorations 3.2 Precedents 4 References 4.1 Glossary 4.2 Bibliography And Citations

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

ARGUMENT: WHY?

We believe that there should be a change in the modes of representation through which society relates to the complexity of environmental and infrastructural systems. These systems are not incorporated as a part of the aesthetic experience of public spaces. To prevent the predicted future shortages of water we want to enhance awareness amongst the public about their local water infrastructure by approaching grey water infrastructure as an element that will engage with architectural questions of public space and recreation.

SITE: WHERE? The site of this degree project is determined by the location of the active water intake cribs of Chicago.

They play a monumental role in the water infrastructure system of the city however, there is lack of public knowledge on their functioning significance. Our proposal is situated in the 2 miles which separate the Edward F. Dunne Crib from Jackson Park. Here, we aim to explore the formal and programmatic potential of new hybridized water infrastructure and public space programs. At this blurring, fluid edge will be the insertion of viscous spaces as a medium between water infrastructure and public spaces.

PROGRAM: WHAT?

create a new typology of waterfront public space that would re-connect communities with the waterfront while provide education promoting stewardship of Lake Michigan. It would provide new community facilities and services in tandem to managing urban greywater. Increasing public access and a Gray Water Purification Plant on the site of jackson park which will ensure the return of more water to the lake instead of adding to the toxic zone in Gulf of Mexico. We believe these instances could be programmed as recreational public spaces incorporating existing activities of the park such as: fishing, boating, running, biking... etc. These activities will hybridize with water infrastructure typologies to create educational components that will enhance awareness through recreation.

METHODOLOGY: HOW? The formal arrangement allows us to have an industrial scale with a pedestrian scale in which there is relaxed human navigation and access to the waterfront. The language stems from the initial investigations of water typologies. The formal explorations also mean to add aesthetic value to the intervention. Through the employment of double curved surfaces as an architectural element, we are merging landscape and infrastructure which is conceptually in line with the history of hydrology.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

ABSTRACT Within public spaces there is a pattern of disconnect between recreation and infrastructure. Often, water is being used as an embellishment while the essential water infrastructure such as water distribution or filtration is dealt with behind the scenes. The systems are not incorporated as a part of the aesthetic experience of public spaces. Water is a fundamental resource and as it becomes more precious in coming decades, cities will be forced to become mindful of conservation. Chicago and other Great Lakes cities need a way to realize the value of their freshwater while maintaining its quality and quantity. Water from Lake Michigan is utilized by Chicago everyday for private, mechanical, business purposes and afterward combined with rainwater, partially treated, and then sent through the Mississippi River to be dumped in the Gulf of Mexico. Despite Chicago’s location along the shore of Lake Michigan, which provides a place for drainage, less than 1% of the total water taken from lake michigan is returned to the lake. How can architecture play its role in taking preventive measures and allowing opportunities for the public to be educated through recreational public spaces about this issue? We propose a greywater filtration facility, park and museum which uses filtration of water as a demonstration device, staging the\system to heighten our awareness of Lake Michigan’s significance and immerse spectators in the process of its conservation. This project is an opportunity to enhance awareness amongst the public about their local water infrastructure. There should be a change in the modes of representation through which society relates to the complexity of environmental and infrastructural systems.

Instead of private enterprises taking over projects that deal with these issues, we propose that this initiative should be isolated in the form of urban public space. The formal language of the proposal stems from the initial investigations of water typologies. It allows us to have an industrial scale with a pedestrian scale in which there is relaxed human navigation and access to the waterfront. How can architecture facilitate the dissipation of boundary between infrastructure and recreation? The formal arrangement allows us to have an industrial scale with a pedestrian scale in which there is relaxed human navigation and access to the waterfront. The language stems from the initial investigations of water typologies. The formal explorations also mean to add aesthetic value to the intervention. Through the employment of double curved surfaces as an architectural element, we are merging landscape and infrastructure which is conceptually in line with the history of hydrology.

1. Dunn, Sarah, et al. Bowling: Water, Architecture, Urbanism. Applied Research and Design, 2017,49.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS fig 4.

Planners, engineers, climatologists mistakenly thought that massive aral sea was industritible, focused on increasing agricultural production at the expense of the region’s ecology and climate. Their short term thinking caused irreparable harm.

fig 4. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2014-10-01.

NASA satellite images showing not only the loss of water, but also the resulting toxic environment.

PROPOSAL Great lakes hold approximately twenty-one percent of world’s fresh water. Climate change is predicted to have a negative impact on our freshwater resources. In Chicago, water from Lake Michigan is utilized everyday for private, mechanical, and business purposes. Afterwards it is barely treated to be disposed to the Gulf of Mexico. A major part of Chicago’s economy depends on water intensive industries such as energy production and agriculture. Clean water scarcity would affect these industries and discarding more than a billion gallon of water daily is neither economical nor ecological.

The lakes basin,is a gigantic bowl comprising of land, lakes, rivers and wetlands. Water within the bowls drains naturally into the wetlands, except in the case of Chicago. Right now,the chicago canal system pierces through the rim of the bowl, creating an ‘open water loop’. In one year, the amount of water withdrawn from Lake Michigan for Chicago’s daily use amounts to 1” across the entire surface of Lake Michigan. A long term dilemma for Chicago and other Great Lake cities is to “find a way to realize the economic value of their fresh water while maintaining its quality and quantity”.

Before 1960, the aral sea (world’s fourth largest lake) supported a highly productive water-based regional economy. Now that lake is a parched, toxic dessert. For thousands of years the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers supplied the aral sea with snowmelt water from nearby mountains and rain from the regional watershed. But, in the 1960s, when the lake was part of the Soviet Union, the two rivers were diverted to irrigate the surrounding desert to create new farmland. Without a water supply, the lake shriveled, and salinity spiked.

“About Our Great Lakes: Introduction,”National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, https:// www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/ourlakes/.

“Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact,”154 Cong. rec. S7170

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Dunn, Sarah, et al. Bowling: Water, Architecture, Urbanism. Applied Research and Design, 2017,49. fig 1. Diagram shows the current situation of water taken from lake michigan in chicago. And the proposal diagram that would treat used water with the intention of returning most of it back to lake michigan. fig 2. Is a Diagram showing how chicago was a center of trade in the united states. This is how chicago finds and still finds its place as a global city. This map documents lines of great lakes waterborne commerce as goods moved from chicago and the midwest to New York. fig 3. Diagram showing major cities located along the basin that return treated water back to the rivers except chicago that sends its used water to gulf of Mexico.

Water has often been the basis for the settlement and development. Access to water has been essential for drinking, cooking, cleaning, sanitation, transportation, and energy. Thus, water, like design, is a fundamental force for giving shape and form to cities.(Grove, 356). In the case of Chicago, Lake Michigan’s role is essential. Morgan Grove writes in “Ecological and Social Linkages in Urban Design Projects: A Synthesis” about the fact that ecological and social goals are not mutually exclusive.

Grove emphasizes that it is crucial for urban designs to address multiple tasks within ecological and social realms. We believe that architecture has a role to play in taking preventive measures in preserving Lake Michigan. Through repurposing Chicago’s grey water we are approaching grey water infrastructure as an element that will engage with architectural questions of public space and recreation. Historically, the existing water infrastructure in Chicago is organized centrally and hierarchically.

By deploying public space components within the infrastructural system, we are are generating the opportunity for didactic experiences and social life.

Gray Water Purification methods include the use of wetlands and buffer ponds. We believe these instances could be programmed as recreational public spaces incorporating existing activities of the park such as: fishing, boating, running, biking… etc.

These activities will hybridize with water infrastructure typologies to create educational components that will enhance awareness through recreation.

Our intervention on the shores of Jackson Park will recycle grey water back to Lake Michigan, closing the loop leading to Gulf of Mexico.

“DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE ARAL SEA AND OTHER TRANSBOUNDARY SURFACE WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA” (PDF). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2005

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

WHERE IS THE WATER?

WHERE IS THE WATER?

fig 5.

THE WATER ON EARTH:

97% is ocean

3% is freshwater

FRESHWATER:

0.3% is surface water

LIQUID SURFACE WATER:

87% is contained in freshwater lakes

THE GREAT LAKES:

21% of the world's surface fresh water

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THE GREAT LAKES fig 6

The Dymaxion map positions the Great Lakes at the center of a thirsty world. Freshwater distribution is 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes.

These conditions matter because water scarcity is an invisible and intangible issue. Future water shortages present an opportunity to enhance awareness amongst the public about their local water infrastructure.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

Water is often used as an embellishment while the essential infrastructure water management such as water distribution or filtration is dealt with behind the scenes meaning not incorporated as a part of the aesthetic experience of public spaces. Our solution will create a new typology of public space that would re-connect communities with the waterfront while providing information and education promoting stewardship of Lake Michigan. We propose facilitation of new communities and services in tandem to managing urban greywater. Increasing public access and greywater management on the site of Jackson Park relates to the history of the site.

Olmstead said Jackson Park should be water oriented, however, his designs were not put into place at that time. Jackson Park remained untouched until Chicago was chosen to host the World’s Fair several years later. Olmstead and Chicago’s architect and planner, Daniel H. Burnham, laid out the plan for the Expo. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago’s selfimage, and American industrial optimism. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought the city should be. Afterwards, Jackson Park was returned to its status as a public park, in much better shape than its original swampy form. This site presents the opportunity to tie into the historical context of a park and an exposition. Our proposal aims to create moments of demonstration through while meandering through sinuous paths which you experience in most parks.

The solution is to create a new typology of waterfront public space that would re-connect communities with the waterfront while provide education promoting stewardship of Lake Michigan. It would provide new community facilities and services in tandem to managing urban greywater. Increasing public access and greywater management. pate in peripatetic examination.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

The priority on performance is easy to recognize in a number of projects that address infrastructure.

Changing this state making infrastructure simultaneously efficient and inspiring requires a different way of thinking about, and working on, infrastructure.

According to Salomon, it demands a less analytical, and a less hierarchical approach. This absence of hierarchy is what Jacques Rancière identifies as the power of aesthetic thought: it is an epistemology where by definition there is always more than one right answer to any question (Rancière 2009). With this in mind we approached the formal arrangement of our intervention.

This formal arrangement allows us to have an industrial scale with a pedestrian scale in which there is relaxed human navigation and access to the waterfront. The formal language of the proposal stems from the initial explorations of water typologies. The porous moments and sinuous meandering paths that are consistent with the language of the existing paths in jackson park create new opportunities of engagement between the viewer and the site. The phenomenological experience of the water infrastructure elements which are placed in an itinerant route become new modes of infrastructural representation where visitors are encouraged to participate in peripatetic examination.

As one meanders onwards, they experience unexpected shifts that create surprising slivers of visual and physical reveal into the infrastructural systems.

Closely designed Centrifuge Spectacles and the movement of lake michigan’s water through our proposal present opportunities of experiential interaction for the user that would meander through our project.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

CHICAGO SITE SURVEY Located on the shores of lake Michigan, chicago is the third most populous city in the United States.

The city of chicago acts as a portage between the great lakes and mississippi river watershed. Chicago is an international hub for finance, commerce, industry, technology, telecommunications, and transportation.

By investigating the water infrastructure implemented in the city of Chicago we discovered the water intake cribs. These monumental structures play a important role in the water infrastructure system of the city however, there is lack of public knowledge on their functioning significance.

The city has had nine permanent cribs of which six are still standing and two are in active use. We are interested to work with the Edward F. Dunne Crib near Jackson Park. fig 8. Is a plan drawing zooming into Jackson park and the crib located two miles off the shore. we have also indexed important places of the site on the map.

Janice L. Reiff; Ann Durkin Keating; James R. Grossman, eds.

(2005). “Metropolitan Growth�. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.

fig 7. Map showing water distribution by the two active cribs

The water cribs in Chicago are structures built to house and protect offshore water intakes used to supply the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan.

Water is collected and transported through tunnels located close to 200 feet (61 m) beneath the lake, varying in shape from circular to oval, and ranging in diameter from 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m). The tunnels lead from the water cribs to water purification plants located onshore. where the water is then treated before being pumped to all parts of the city as well as 118 suburbs.

The city has had nine permanent cribs of which six are still standing and two are in active use.

Daigram on the right (drawn by Lamisa) aims to show how water from the crib is distributed in the city. the drawing shows how water taken from the crib is first treated in tanks and then sent to either sent for domestic or industrial/ agriculture purposes.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

METHODOLOGIES This formal arrangement allows us to have an industrial scale with a pedestrian scale in which there is relaxed human navigation and access to the waterfront. The formal language of the proposal stems from the initial explorations of water typologies. The porous moments and sinuous meandering paths that are consistent with the language of the existing paths in jackson park create new opportunities of engagement between the viewer and the site. The phenomenological experience of the water infrastructure elements which are placed in an itinerant route become new modes of infrastructural representation where visitors are encouraged to participate in peripatetic examination. As one meanders onwards, they experience unexpected shifts that create surprising slivers of visual and physical reveal into the infrastructural systems.

Closely designed Centrifuge Spectacles and the movement of lake michigan’s water through our proposal present opportunities of experiential interaction for the user that would meander through our project. The formal explorations of Scheme B drives the form of the landscape of the pier. Meanwhile formal explorations of scheme A are being deployed as insertions to that landscape. These deconstructed water tanks not only serve a didactic purpose but also mean to add formal value to the intervention. The combination of the two schemes create a metamorphosis of the typologies. Through the employment of double curved surfaces as an architectural element, we are merging landscape and infrastructure which is conceptually in line with the history of hydrology.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

Mary Miss states at the end of her essay that “considering the complex, often interrelated problems we face in our urban systems, it seems apparent there are no simple or singular solutions”. This statement insists that the solutions that may arise will respond directly to respective issues because there is no one solution to the various ecological issues in the world today. What we have identified as the problem is that there needs to be a change in the modes of representation when it comes to these complex systems. If the public realm cannot understand or experience the environmental and infrastructure systems at play in the way they are presented now then “perhaps the art will draw these people into the science”. Like Mary Miss, we are trying to redefine the public domain through ecological interventions. Mary Miss is questioning how one in the fields of design can go about this task effectively and successfully. She discusses what artists are currently doing to tackle this task. She investigates the collaboration across disciplines and how that creates the potential of new spaces.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

As one meanders onwards, they experience unexpected shifts that create surprising slivers of visual and physical reveal into the power and scale of the infrastructural systems. Additionally, the movement of lake michigan’s water through our proposal present opportunities of experiential interaction for the user. This project is an opportunity to enhance awareness amongst the public about their local water infrastructure and bridge the gap between infrastructural systems and public spaces.

The porous moments and sinuous meandering paths are consistent with the language of the existing paths in jackson park while they create new opportunities of engagement between the viewer and Lake Michigan. The phenomenological experience of the water infrastructure elements which are placed in an itinerant route become new modes of infrastructural representation where visitors are encouraged to participate in peripatetic examination.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

The linearity of the overall project comes from the intention of situating the project extending to the the freshwater intake crib. While you reach towards the existing infrastructure the water becomes cleaner. The multiple datums of the project lead you inside, around, above and under moments of the filtration process. Moving from Grey Water Containers, to Filtration demonstrations, and finally to the Clean Water which is repurposed or returned back to the Lake. In this moment there is a waterfall spectacle which is symbolically returning the water after filtration.

grey water

gravel

grass

sand

dirt

charcoal

fabric

After investigating several filtration systems we settled on bio-filtration as the primary demonstration. As one moves throughout the project through itinerant routes set to experience the process of grey water filtration, tandemly they are also able to enjoy public space components such as pools, galleries, theatres, skate parks, and observation points that will allow you to view chicago and the existing freshwater intake crib nearby. We want these didactic public spaces which incorporate grey water filtration, to change how people relate to the complexity of infrastructure systems.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

PROGRAMMATIC EXPLORATIONS In our early explorations, we were looking at public typologies and how water was used in them. In most cases water was used as a source of embellishment. For example, water fountains in gardens and park, waterfall in lobbies. (fig 11 & 12) We have hybridised some of these typologies (fig. 13) The first one is a hybrid of sidewalk, fountain and park. The mutant proposes having parks with fountains on a sidewalk, in an attempt to bring a sense of calmness and reducing the speed of the once fast and busy sidewalk.

The second, is a hybrid of garden, waterfall and tunnel. Thus, proposing a garden in an enclosed place, and bringing life to a den.

The third is hybrid of a square, park and river.

Here the mutant is imagined as series of floating parks separated by thin strips of water.

The Fourth hybrid is that of an iceberg and sidewalk. The mutant proposes to be 7/8ths submerged under water and 1/8th above, like an iceberg. And the section cut has leveled changes like that of a sidewalk.

The last hybrid is similar to the third hybrid in a way that it is a mutation of a piazza, garden and pond. But in this case we have reversed the whole of water and now the piazza is comprises of thin strips of land connecting bigger pieces together. Aggregation of which could act like a floating network. Through these hybrids we explore the formal and programmatic potential of new hybridized water and public space programs.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS fig 12 WATER TYPOLOGIES

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

BOATING

PLAYGROUND

BIKE PATH

TENNIS COURT

EVENTS LAWN

WATER PARK

FISHING

GOLF FEILD

HOSPITAL

FOOTBALL FEILD

DOG PARK

RUNNING PATH

fig 15 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE TYPOLOGIES

ACQUEDUCTS

WATER TANK

WATER INTAKE CRIB

WATER PURIFICATION PLANT

PIPES

RESERVOIRS

RAIN GUTTERS

STEPPED WELLS

CANAL

RETENTION POND

POOLS

RAIN GARDEN

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

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PROGRAMMATIC EXPLORATIONS To get more specific mutational programmatic outcomes. We listed and diagrammed existing program typologies of the site of jackson park (fig. 14) some of the major programs that are present on the site are: boating, playground, bike path, tennis court, event lawn, water park, fishing, golf field, football field, dog park, atc.

We have also listed and shown images of water infrastructure typologies. Such as the aqueduct, water tank, water intake crib, water purification plant, pipes, reservoirs, rain gutters, stepped walls, canal, retention pond, pools and rain garden (fig 15.) some of these typologies have been hybridised like in fig 17-24, to explore the formal and programmatic potential of new hybridized water infrastructure and public space programs. Furthermore, fig 16 diagrams a field condition of different tank typologies in a hope to use them in our project.

Reservoir-Paths By mutating reservoir to include vehicular, pedestrian and bike path we’re aiming to expose workings of water infrastructure into public space.

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More - Crib By mutating a water intake crib typology to include activities of boating and fishing we’re hoping to increse the acessiblity and activating the space around water crib.

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Filtration Education Walkway A path which incorporates and exposes the gray water filtration systems to the public.

They appear as educational tools for the public when they utilize this space.

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Tank- park Mixing typologies from a playground with the tank provide upportunity for inventing new program.

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Crib Connection Connecting the crib to the shores of Chicago through a series of public spaces that interact with infrastructure. This speculation explores the insertion of recreational pools, walkways, and cable car as a form of access.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

Aqueduct Pools Pools(public program), Aqueduct (water infrastructure) = Pools and trails Collection of storm water which can be transported through an aqueduct that provides filtered water for recreational purposed while providing track to walk above the water.

Under-Water-Towers Towers(urban), Purifiers(water infrastructure) = water top public spaces Gray water is seperated and transported into a series of inverted water towers for treaetment, and gradually released back into Lake Michigan after purification.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

fig.24

1.Gray water purification occuring at the shore of Jackson Park. The green represents the park which has a level that functions as water purification infrastructure.

fig.25

2.The park will become a place which

welcomes the flux of water, providing the public with various experiences at differnt times depending on the flow of water.

fig.26

3.Allowing the water to flood the site of

Jackson Park is to create a viscous space which contains mutated programs (infrastructue and public space) while interacting with Lake Michigan.

fig.27

4.The buildings on site will be able to function and the public will be able to access the park while the water of Lake Michigan floods the site.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

We believe that architecture has a role to play in taking preventive measures in preserving Lake Michigan. Through repurposing Chicago’s grey water we are approaching water infrastructure as an experience that will engage with public space and recreation. Historically, the existing water infrastructure in Chicago is organized centrally and hierarchically. By deploying public space components within the infrastructural system, we are are generating the opportunity for didactic experiences and social life. Our solution will create a new typology of public space that would re-connect communities with the waterfront while providing information and new levels of awareness that will promote stewardship of Lake Michigan.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE_CHICAGO HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS | FUTURE PUBLICS fig 28.

An initiative to reclaim chicago river or the ecological, recreational & economic benifit for the city.

Once a meandering marshy stream, the river first became an engineered channel to support the industrial transformation of the city.

The Jetty Block (fig.12) is series of piers and floating wetland gardens offering an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants.

Sasaki. “Chicago Riverwalk.” Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District – Sasaki, www.sasaki.com/project/134/Chicago Riverwalk/.

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PRECEDENTS CHICAGO RIVER WALK The Chicago Riverwalk is an open, pedestrian waterfront located on the south bank of the main branch of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It spans from Lake Shore Drive to Lake Street. Called the city’s ‘Second Lakefront’ the Riverwalk contains restaurants, park-seating, boat rentals, and other activities.

The phase two of river walk includes seperate public zones with different programmatic functions of: The Marina Plaza: This area provides restaurants, outdoor seating, and boat access.

The Cove: This area Provides access for docking of human-powered crafts such as Kayaks and canoes.

The River Theater: This area has a sculptural staircase linking Upper Wacker Drive and the Riverwalk. It has seating and is shaded by trees.

The Water Plaza: Originally named the Swimming Hole, this area features a zero-depth fountain.

The Jetty:The zone we’re most interested in, This area has s series of piers and floating wetland gardens.

It offers an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants.

The Boardwalk: This area is an accessible walkway and lawn area and has continuous access to Lake Street.

Kamin, Blair. “Cityscapes: City’s second waterfront: Riverwalk improved, but hurdles remain”. Chicago Tribune.

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE_CHICAGO HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS | FUTURE PUBLICS fig 29.

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PRECEDENTS Carbon T.A.P. (Tunnel Algae Park) Project: Carbon T.A.P. (Tunnel Algae Park) Competition: WPA 2.0 Whoever Rules the Sewers Rules the City Competition Organizer/Host: cityLAB at UCLA Award: Competition Winner Timeline: November 2009 In the scenario outlined herein, a new type of ‘green’ infrastructure is deployed at urban locations comprising concentrated sources of CO2 and GHG production. This new infrastructure utilizes a proprietary system of industrial scale algal agriculture to sequester and consume emissions in order to limit their introduction into the atmosphere, while simultaneously creating a new economic resource through the production of oxygen, biofuels, bioplastics, nutraceuticals and/or agricultural feeds.

The proposal leverages the required infrastructural apparatus (containment bladder, bio-reactors, solar orientation, etc.) to create unique urban platforms for the creation of collective public space and hybrid nature.

WPA 2.0 (THE PROJECTS- WINNERS) Carbon TAP (Tunnel Algae Park) PORT: Architecture + Urbanism; Chicago / New York; Andrew Moddrell; Christopher Marcinkoski

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS

GLOSSARY Porosity: “the attribute of an organic body to have a large number of small openings and passages that allow matter to pass through”. Moments within our project where there are slivers for views and water to pass through.

Sinuosity: The paths of existing parks and our intervention which consist of having many curves and turns leading the visitors to meander.

Centrifuge Spectacles: Rapidly rotating water that is subject to the action of a centrifuge.

Conjunction: The action or an instance of two or more events or things occurring at the same point in time or space. Refers to the conjunction of infrastructure and public spaces.

Hybrid Threshold: Thresholds between the built urban fabric and the natural environment at the water’s edge

BHARATI KODNANI_LAMISA HAQUE_CHICAGO HAQUE | HYDRO PUBLICS | FUTURE PUBLICS

Dunn, Sarah, et al. Bowling: Water, Architecture, Urbanism. Applied Research and Design, 2017.

Bowling: Water, Architecture,Urbanism by Urban Lab, Sarah dunn and Martin Felsen “find a way to realize the economic value of their fresh water while maintaining its quality and quantity”

Sasaki. “Chicago Riverwalk.” Chicago Riverwalk – Sasaki www.sasaki.com/project/134/chicago-riverwalk/.

“An initiative to reclaim chicago river or the ecological, recreational & economic benifit for the city.Once a meandering marshy stream, the river first became an engineered channel to support the industrial transformation of the city”

Lynn, Greg. “Body Matters” in Folds, Bodies, Blobs: Collected Essays. Ed. Michele Lachowsky & Joel “Viscous fluids develop internal stability in proportion to the external pressures exerted upon them”

The author argues that the whole idea of architecture has been dependent on the model of aunified body. Which is an assumption.

Because all bodies are not unified. What the author seems to be getting at is that some design norms and codes need to be questioned.

He’s also encouraging the use of new logic. It is like the distinction between complete and part relationships. The body in itself is heterogeneous. Base things bring intensive properties which are the sources and substances for discoveries, inventions, and new dynamic stabilities. This discontinuous involution expresses an open company or unity, which both fuses depend into bodies and diffuses our bodies into the free matter.

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Miss, Mary. “Remixing Messages: A Call for Collaboration Between Artists and Scientists.”

Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design: Linking Theory and Practice for Sustainable Cities, by S. T. A. Pickett et al., Springer, 2013, pp. 383–390.

Primary source “The double helix is a compelling figure… the entwined strands seem an appropriate image to describe the relationship between scientific research and the development of the means to implement and communicate these insights to the broader public”. In her projects she always addresses the issues of ecology and the relationship to the landscape. The visitors are able to experience the landscape in ways that are not naturally presented to them such as descending into the water. this source because our projects aims to achieve many of the goals that Mary Miss keeps in mind when designing her projects. Her interest in revealing the invisible natural systems to the public realm are in line with our thinking.

4. Tschumi, Bernard. “Sequences.” in Architecture and Disjunction. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996.(P153-168) An architectural sequence consists of a technique of work, juxtaposition of actual areas and serological occurrence of events Using tracing paper and layer drawings with certain variations is a good method of representation. Process can be as important if not more than the result.Sequentia l transformation mostly rely on rules. These rules can also dictate the program of the space. There are two kinds of sequences. Open and closed.

Open sequences provide room for more opportunity and less predictability. Placing a completely opposite space next to another may increase the impact of a space.

Yoon, Meejin. “Programming Scenarios: R&Sie...” in Praxis: Writing + Building (Vol. 3: no.8) New York.NY. 2006. (P73-81) “Engaging material as program and program as material, they transform, instrumentalized, and invent new territories that exceed mere hybridization.” It seems like a great approach, a way to step back and gain a new perspective on things. All three scenarios have a unique stand point. a) Dusty help proposes the “schizophrenic” concurrence of the immaculate with the messy and natural. b) Green gorgon, a lakeside biotope has organized nature over design. Scene over Urbanism and forest over architecture c) Mosquito bottle neck examines the cohabitation of two distinct biotopes. Human and mosquitos are cohabitating a structure but not a space.

WPA 2.0 (THE PROJECTS- WINNERS) Carbon TAP (Tunnel Algae Park) PORT: Architecture + Urbanism; Chicago / New York; Andrew Moddrell; Christopher Marcinkoski Carbon T.A.P. Video: Richie Gelles The proposal leverages the required infrastructural apparatus to create unique urban platforms for the creation of collective public space and hybrid nature. http://wpa2.aud. ucla.edu/info/index.php?/theprojects/winners “Carbon T.A.P.” PORT Urbanism, porturbanism.com/work/carbon-t-a-p De Monchaux, Thomas. “Blue in Green: Notes On ‘Rising Currents.’” Log, no. 19, 2010, pp. 79–86. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41765348.

Salomon, David. “Towards a New Infrastructure: Aesthetic Thinking, Synthetic Sensibilities.” Journal of Landscape Architecture, vol. 11, no. 2, 2016, pp. 54–65., doi:10.1080/18626033.2016.1188574.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Dunne, Anthony, and Fiona Raby. Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. MIT, 2014.

“Alternate realities can aid critique of our own world through contrast” “Literature makes us work so harder because readers need to construct everything about the fictional world in their imagination. As designers, maybe we are somewhere in between; we provide some visual clues but the viewer still has to imagine the world the designs belongs to and its politics, social relations, and ideology.” Are unbuilt projects a thought experiment? Producing an unfamiliar world with familiar things is almost the same as creating something by imagining the future. The speculations described in the reading include- Reductio & absurdum: imagining to an absurd condition. Counterfactuals: “ a historical fact changed to see what might have happened” What Ifs: what if scenarios Grove, J. Morgan. “Ecological and Social Linkages in Urban Design Projects: A Synthesis.”

Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design: Linking Theory and Practice for Sustainable Cities, by S. T. A. Pickett et al., Springer, 2013, pp. 355–360.

Morgan Grove writes in “Ecological and Social Linkages in Urban Design Projects: A Synthesis” about the fact that ecological and social goals are not mutually exclusive. Grove emphasizes that it is crucial for urban designs to address multiple tasks within ecological and social realms.