Homeric plays by Christian Lanciai

Homeric Plays The Troyans and

Ulysses

(page 128)

by Christian Lanciai

Introduction

These two Homeric plays are simply dramatizations of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Like all dramatizations of the two major opening works of European literature, that are countless because of the Homeric inexhaustible treasures of good stories, there have been additions and innovations also here, but the main purpose of these contributions is simply to make them fit for the stage. It is not easy to dramatize Homer because of his vast sieves of composition, except in episodes, so it is a challenge, which, like to all Homeric playwrights, from the ancient Greek dramatists to modern ones like Eugene O’Neill and Jean Anouilh, is always irresistible.

The Greek Tragedy of

The Troyans by Christian Lanciai (2006)

Dramatis Personae: Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argo Clytaemnestra, his queen Menelaos, his brother, king of Sparta Helena, his queen, Clytaemnestra’s sister King Priam of Troy Hector, his eldest son Paris, his younger son Troilus, his youngest son Helenos, another son, priest Cassandra, a daughter, priestess Hecuba, Priam’s queen Polyxena, another daughter a herald Diomedes, king of Daunia Ulysses, king of Ithaca Nestor of Pylus Aias of Megara Achilles His myrmidons Patroclus, his cousin Thersites Chryseis, priest ofApollo Kalkhas, priest of Apollo Andromakhe, Hector’s wife Astyanax, their son Deiphobus, another brother of Hector’s King Idomeneus of Crete Aeneas Creusa, Aeneas’ wife Aschanius, their son Anchises, Aeneas’ father Pyrrhus, Achilles’ son Dido, queen of Carthage Belinda, her sister A hermit Aegisthos, Agamemnon’s cousin and Clytaemnestra’s lover Electra and Orestes, Agamemnon’s children three guards servants messengers Greeks and Troyans

Chorus of Troyan women Chorus of old men of Argo Chorus of women of Argo Chorus of women of Carthage The action is in and outside Troy, in Argo on the Peloponnese, and in Carthage, during the twenty years of the Troyan war and its aftermath. Copyright © Christian Lanciai 2006

The Troyans Act I scene 1. A banquet in Mycenae. Menelaos Noble Hector, it’s a great pleasure for us to see you here by our table as a close friend and brother although you come from the other side. Hector I am overwhelmed by your Hellenic hospitality, king Menelaos. My father king Priam himself would have been impressed by the cordial varmth and friendship we have received here. Menelaos Anything else would have been unthinkable. Our prime political concern is to have only friendly relationships with all people and countries. We only desire trade and exchange that favours all, not war and conflicts that only causes harm to all. Hector That’s the only sound policy, and my father Priam embraces the same. That’s why he sent me here to learn what intentions you have after Thessaly. Menelaos I understand the concern of king Priam, and he did right in sending you here with your equally noble brother. Agamemnon, would you mind explaining about Thessaly to prince Hector? Agamemnon That will be my pleasure. We bought peace with Thessaly. That is all. Hector At the price of the submission of Thessaly. Agamemnon Thessaly is a free country. We only bought her friendship and alliance. Hector But the king of Thessaly kneels to you and pays you tribute after your subduing warfare. Agamemnon Thessaly threatened our interests in the north. We removed the threat. That is all. Hector Will you do the same with Macedon, Crete and Troy? Agamemnon That is not necessary. Crete is our brother and closest friend, Macedon is so distant that we never had any problems there, and we also respect Troy as a friend and trading partner. Troy and your father king Priam has nothing to fear from us. Hector I was hoping for something like that, and it will be my sincere pleasure to forward it to my aging father. Helena (to Paris) Could there be anything more boring than politics?

Paris The politicians not only filled the world with boredom but also always made a hell out of it. Helena Come, Paris, let’s leave the politicians at their morbid boredom. Paris You could indeed have greater fun than that. (Helena brings Paris along with her outside.) Agamemnon We never had a single word of dispute with Troy and king Priam. We hope and take for granted that it will always remain like that. Hector So do we all. Menelaos Cheers, noble Hector! We are proud to have you here as our friend and allied brother! Let’s drink to the eternal friendship between Hellas and Troy! Hector With pleasure! Agamemnon But where is your brother, Hector? Hector He loathes long sittings and easily gets tired of great company and banquets. He always walked away on his own. Clytaemnestra My sister Helena is also gone. Menelaos We only discussed politics all the time. What could be more certain to scare off guests? Here are several who have fallen asleep or just left. Agamemnon Let us confirm our pact of friendship, brother Hector, now and forever! Hector Our toast of brotherhood will please my old man in Troy. (They cordially toast in sincere friendship and intimate confidence.) Scene 2. Paris How did such a man as Menelaos succeed in getting such a beautiful wife as you? Helena There is nothing wrong with Menelaos. You must admit it. He is an honest man. Paris But a milksop. Helena He always had his brother Agamemnon over him. Paris My father thinks Agamemnon is the most dangerous man in the world for his ambitions. Helena He could very well be. He always plays his cards under the table. Paris And Menelaos just follows him whatever he does. Alas, these foolishly vain and silly politicians, they all need to learn some healthy lesson. Helena If they act foolishly they usually get murdered, and then it’s too late. Paris Shall we pull a real trick on them, Helena? Helena How? Paris By eloping together. Helena Where to? Paris To Troy! Helena What would your father say about that? Paris He always forgives me. He would consider it his duty to take as well care of you in Troy as we have been taken care of here.

Helena And your brother Hector? Paris What about him? Helena What would he say? Wouldn’t that be a knife in his back and to his diplomatic mission of peace here? Paris He is my brother. I am his younger brother. He can’t do anything. Helena And Agamemnon and Menelaos, my husband? Paris Yes, wouldn’t that just serve them right, Agamemnon with his ambitions and Menelaos with his naïvety! Helena They could start a war against Troy. Paris What could the world’s greatest fleet do against the walls of Troy, that never have fallen? Helena They could lay siege to Troy and keep it under siege for no end of time while all the best sons of Hellas and Troy would be lost. Paris Yes, wouldn’t that be a fair price for our love? Helena A price for others to pay for us. Would that be fair? Paris Helena, you only make the challenge appear more and more irresistible. Helena But would you really be prepared to take such risks, to risk the future of both Hellas and Troy, your own home city, for the sake of owning me? Paris Absolutely. Helena Then you really love me. Paris Hopelessly. Helena Menelaos doesn’t. Agamemnon gave me to him as he had already taken my sister Clytaemnestra. Paris But you have a daughter. Helena Yes, that girl would be all that I would miss in Hellas. Paris Bring her along! Helena You are joking. She is Menelaos’ daughter. No, I couldn’t do that to him. Take me, but let him keep his daughter. I can’t take it all away from him. Paris Does that mean you will follow me? Helena Of course. What future do I have here to look forward to except aging in boredom? If Agamemnon would force Menelaos out to war for my sake, we would at least have a great spectacle for the rest of our lives, and we would become immortal because of our reckless adventure. Paris Yes, if it would mean war, and there would probably be a war indeed. Helena Take me along, Paris. Let’s challenge the fates. As you say, the possibilities of the consequences of such a development would appear irresistible indeed in the long run. Paris Let’s go at once. Helena Yes, before we change our minds. Paris Do you need to bring anything with you? Helena No. Paris Neither do I. My ship is ready. Come!

Scene 3. The banquet (like scene 1) Clytaemnestra What do you really fear of my husband, prince Hector? Hector Nothing, if he plays with his cards open. Clytamenestra I mean, what did your father fear? Hector He just wanted some reassurance that he had nothing to fear. Agamemnon Good Hector, I assure you that I play with perfectly open hands. King Priam has a sensitive course of balance to pursue between east and west. Your city has the most strategic position in the world at the entrance to the Hellespont, through which trade with the Euxinian sea is increasing every day, and he has every reason to fear envy for his position from both Hellas and all the realms of Asia. Everyone has reasons to wish to get his hands on Troy. Hector My father is politically oversensitive and very careful about keeping informed of everything that happens in the world. Agamemnon And he has every reason to do so. Menelaos But where is your handsome younger brother and my wife Helena? Agamemnon Don’t worry, brother. They have probably just gone to bed. Clytaemnestra You ought to have quite a number of brothers and sisters, prince Hector? Hector Yes, in very different capacities. My sister Cassandra for example is a priestess of Apollo, and also my brother Helenos is a priest. Clyaemnestra Is she the one who is famous for her second sight? Hector Yes. She tried to stop me and Paris from going here. Clyaemnestra Why? Hector She prophesied that it would lead to war. Clytaemnestra Did anyone believe her? Hector That made my father only the more eager to send us out to make the opposite certain. Clytaemnestra I can assure you, noble Hector, that I will never let my husband go out to war against Troy. (Enter a servant who whispers something in Agamemnon’s ear, which makes him concerned.) Hector I trust that your promise as a true wife is binding, my lady. Clytaemnestra Let’s drink to that in confidential agreement. (She and Hector toast each other.) Menelaos What’s the matter, Agamemnon? Agamemnon My friends, some worrying news has reached me which regrettably seems to be true. Menelaos What has happened? What bad news has the bad taste and audacity to disturb our pleasant party? Agamemnon You can ask that again. Helena and Paris hade disappeared. Do you know anything about this, Hector? Hector I know nothing. What should I know? Clytaemnestra Haven’t they just gone for a walk?

Agamemnon Paris’ ship has just been seen to leave the harbour in haste. Besides Paris himself, Helena was on board. Hector (rises infuriated) That damned scoundrel! Agamemnon (to Menelaos) He knows nothing. This must be something completely improvised. Menelaos I fear, Agamemnon, that we have been cheated most ignominiously. Clytaemnestra What is my sister up to? Agamemnon She has escaped with Paris. Clytaemnestra And you suspected nothing, Menelaos? Menelaos What could I have suspected? Should I have suspected my wife of infidelity before she showed any such inclination? Agamemnon We are all innocent. What is your view of the matter, Hector? Hector (still standing) There is only one thing to do. We must immediately catch up with Paris and force Helena back to Sparta. Agamemnon Don’t you think they have sailed for Troy? Hector Most probably. Agamemnon Do you think you could catch up with them before they reach Troy? Hector (looks down) No. Agamemnon And what do you think king Priam will say when your brother presents his game to him? Hector He will be devastated. That’s when I must be there to intervene. Agamemnon Then it’s just for us to immediately help you on your way and hope that you will succeed. But I fear your mission at home will be more difficult than your mission here, for women (with a glance at Clytaemnestra) are harder nuts to crack than all diplomatic knots in the world. Clytaemnestra God save us all if you don’t succeed! Menelaos Hector, we trust you. You will be our ally in this. You have to succeed. Hector Yes, I must succeed. Agamemnon Cheers, good Hector! Our happy banquet here was brutally interrupted by the most unexpected and unfortunate foul play in the world, but I sincerely hope we will be able to resume it in the future. Hector We all hope so. Paris, you cursed fool! What kind of a havoc is this that you have created, you incorrigible scumbag! Clytaemnestra Scold him at home, prince Hector. Save your wrath until you meet him. Hector My queen, I will do anything to please you. (bows and leaves) Menelaos (to Agamemnon) Do you think he can make it? Agamemnon It’s a simple matter. If Helena comes to her mind and returns, no harm is done. But the risk is that she chooses not to come back, and in that case nothing will be able to get her back except war. We all want to avoid that, but the question is if we will be able to. Clytaemnestra I swore to Hector that I would never let you war against Troy, Agamemnon.

Agamemnon That was before Helena ran off. Her betrayal nullifies your promise. Clytaemnestra Not to me. You already seem bent on war. Agamemnon A politician must always be prepared for the worst. The problem is that Helena now holds the destinies of Troy and Hellas in her hands and that she perhaps isn’t even aware of her responsibility. Clytaemnestra Who is guilty? Helena or Paris or both? Agamemnon We don’t know that either. Menelaos Alas, Helena, what have you done! Was I such a bad husband? Agamemnon What she and Paris have done is not your fault, Menelaos. Menelaos I hope so indeed. Agamemnon We must at once send a public message all over Hellas of information of what has happened in case the crisis would lead to war, so that a general state of emergency could prompt preparations. Clytaemnestra I will go and make sure that Hector gets on his way as quickly as possible. (leaves) Menelaos Who could imagine such a thing? Everything was peace in joy and comfort, and then this happens, a blow below the waterline without warning and without reason. Agamemnon Everything can be taken advantage of, Menelaos. Menelaos What do you mean? Agamemnon We are faced with a very interesting situation in which we have every right as we have been wronged for nothing. If we can’t get Helena back, no one can turn us down, and in that case a war against Troy could never fail in the long run. Menelaos We must give peace all chances, Agamemnon. Agamemnon Of course, Menelaos. War will just be the ultimate necessity when all other possibilities have failed. (toasts him in intimate confidence.)

Scene 4. Troy Priam Why is Paris coming alone? Troilus Perhaps Paris left in advance. Perhaps Hector was detained by bad weather in Mycenae? Priam I sent them out together. Then they should also return together. If they don’t, something must be wrong. Hecuba Don’t worry, husband. Paris will surely have some explanation. Priam I just hope he hasn’t caused some mischief again with his appearance of innocence which could hide and commit any crimes and outrages without being ashamed of it and only look the more innocent for his guilt. Troilus Here he comes. Priam (rising from his throne) My most incorrigible son, why do you return alone? Paris (allows his father to embrace him) But I am not alone. Priam What do you mean?

Paris I have a refugee with me. (gives a sign, and enter Helena) Priam What is this? Who have you abducted? Helena (humbly, kneels) King Priam, I humbly ask for your protection here in Troy since my husband is pursuing me. Priam Paris, explain yourself! Where is Hector? Whose wife is this? Helenos It is Menelaos’ own queen, father. Priam Helena, queen of Sparta? Paris She is a refugee and asks for protection here with us, father. Priam Is she your mistress? Yes or no? Helena (still humbly on her knees) I chose myself to run away from my husband. Priam Hector! Where is Hector! Cassandra Father, don’t get upset. Hector is the one who has been deceived the most, and his anger will be the greatest. Priam (to Paris) Will he come? Or has he been taken hostage by Menelaos for your having stolen his wife? Paris We saw his sail behind us on the horizon. He should be here in no time. Hecuba (to Helena) My daughter, this is no position for a queen. You have come here as a refugee, and then we have no right to refuse you. Priam (to Paris) Did you seduce her, or did she really elope by her own accord? Helena (rising) I eloped wholly by my own accord. Priam And that is nothing you just claim for being left in peace as Paris’ concubine? Hecuba She is a queen, Priam. You cannot speak to her thus. Priam How else should I speak to her? That she possibly eloped by her own accord does not diminish the risk that we will have her husband and Agamemnon and all the forces of Hellas on a manhunt for her with all the murderers of Hellas on board! If she let herself be seduced we could at least try to send her back unmolested, as a dangerous liaison that we refuse to accept! Troilus I see a rider coming hard towards the walls of Troy. It could only be Hector. Cassandra He has landed! Priam I hope my only capable son will be able to sort this out. Hecuba I am sure he will, Priam. He can manage anything. Helenos Hector is on his way up the stairs. Priam Let him come. Cassandra (to herself) I knew it! Not even Hector can clear this mess, which can only lead to war and the fall of Troy, but no Troyan wants to hear that. Priam They are here, Hector. It pleases me that you also are here. Hector Paris, Helena must immediately be returned to Sparta! Hecuba She has come here as a refugee. We can’t turn away a refugee. Hector Helena, are you or Paris responsible for this? Helena I am alone responsible and entrusted myself in the hands of Paris. Hector Do you know what you have done?

Priam No, she does not know what she has done. Helena I escaped from my husband to find protection with you. That is what I have done. Hector Queen Helena, with all due respect, but what reason did you have to leave your husband? Helena He did not love me. Hector Didn’t he give you a daughter? Helena How do you know it is his daughter? Hector Whose daughter would it be if not his? Helena You don’t put a question like that to a regal refugee. Hecuba Don’t torment her, Hector. She went into exile by her own will. Hector So out of respect of her we should accept getting a war on our hands in which we would have all Hellas for our enemies led by the mighty Agamemnon? That’s the only alternative to sending her back! Priam Hector is right. Paris We can’t send her back. Menelaos would murder her. It would be sending her as a sacrifice to our submission under the will of Hellas. Troilus The walls of Troy can resist all armies in the world. Priam For how long? Troilus Until any assailant would get tired and drop off. Paris Troilus is right. Priam We run a terrible risk by retaining her. Paris She is here, and here she has to stay. That’s how simple it is. We have nothing else to consider. Hecuba We can’t surrender her, Priam, whatever happens. A refugee cannot be refused protection. Priam Formally she is a refugee, and as such we must give her all the protection we can. That’s a sacred and inviolable law. But I fear, Paris, that you and Helena agreed on this strategy to be able to keep each other. In that case, Paris, if there will be war, it will be entirely your fault, who should have refused to take Helena along with you. More precisely I fear that you were the one who seduced her. In any case, Helena, you may feel completely safe here until the Hellenes break through the city gate, which it will be our responsibility to make sure they never will. Hector, you are worn out. Your wife is expecting you. Paris and Helena, go away. I want to be alone with my queen, Helenos and Cassandra. Hector Father, ask me anything, and I will do it. Our mission in Mycenae had been a total success if those two hadn’t ruined everything. (leaves, still angry) Paris Father, forgive us. Priam For what? So far Troy hasn’t fallen because of you. Go away now and take care of your Helena. Helena Your liberal goodness, king Priam, binds me in perpetual loyalty towards you forever. I fear that Agamemnon and Menelaos would have made war against you sooner or later anyway.

Priam Your warning is too late, and without you we would have been able to postpone the conflict much longer. Helena My sister will do anything to prevent Agamemnon from making war on Troy. We understand each other. Priam Then we’ll have to place our ultimate hopes with your sister, Helena. Go now. (Paris takes care of Helena. They leave together.) Well, my foreseeing children, what do you think? Helenos What else can we do than make the best of it? Priam And what is the best of it? Helenos To do anything to avoid war, and if there still will be war, to defend the city to the utmost of our capacity and hope that it will do. Priam And you, Cassandra? Cassandra I had better not say anything. Priamos You wanted to prevent Hector and Paris from going. You meant that it would result in war. The war has still not begun. Cassandra No one wants a war that will come nonetheless. Priam Not even Agamemnon? Cassandra He least of all, because if there will be a war, he will be the greatest loser of all. Priam So we’ll just have to take one day at a time and try any means to avoid the war to begin with, but it will be difficult as long as Helena is here, and we won’t get rid of her, or will we, Hecuba? Hecuba We can’t reject her. Priam No, we can’t, because you don’t turn out a lady to those from whom she needs protection. It’s against human nature and the holy laws of decency. Thereby I also can’t see any possibility to avoid the war. We have to get into contact with our allies in Asia. Helenos It could be a long war. Priam It could be so long and so great that it immediately runs the risk of never being forgotten. Even if we perish in the end, we must make our resistance determined and unflinching enough to withstand even all eternity.

Alternative scene: The court of king Priam in Troy. Priam It is with great joy that we greet our sons back to Troy. Did they succeed on their mission? Helenos It’s too early to say, father. At least all the ships we sent out appear to have returned, and that’s the main thing, I suppose. Hecuba We didn’t expect anything else. We live after all in peace with the whole world.

Helenos Yes, on which our welfare depends. That’s why our diplomatic activity with constant missions abroad almost are our most important activity. Priam Except the trade. It’s our position and trade that made Troy the richest city in the world. Helenos And may it always remain so. Priam Of course, as long as we retain our good connections with the world around us. That is why it is so important that the mission of Hector and Paris has succeeded. Polyxena It couldn’t have failed. If their ships are back, what could have gone wrong? Cassandra (aside) Everything could have gone wrong. Polyxena (overhears her) Don’t start croaking already, miserable raven. You could at least wait until you have some reason. Cassandra Ravens always croak without reason, or do always have reasons enough. Priam (to Helenos) Cassandra has opened her mouth. Helenos Cassandra, do you see anything? Cassandra Don’t ask me until Hector and Paris have been able to explain themselves. Priam Does that mean they are coming empty-handed? Cassandra Unfortunately they are not coming empty-handed. Priam As usual, beloved daughter, you speak as obscurely and ambiguously as Apollo himself, which you are entitled to as his chosen priestess. Sometimes I even wish that your ambiguities would remain unfathomable forever. Cassandra I also wish that sometimes, father. Hecuba There now, I hear gates being opened like to one of our sons. (The gates are opened, and Paris enters with following and Helena, veiled.) Priam (rises and stretches out his arms) Welcome home, my beloved son! But where is Hector? Paris We raced for reaching home first, and I won. Priamos Why this competition? To get here first for delivering good news, or to anticipate the other one’s version of the matter? Paris You see us through, father. Priam I notice that the woman you have brought with you is not Hesione. Where is Hesione? Paris She is still in Sparta, father. Instead I brought home a more expensive treasure for Troy to guard. Priam So you couldn’t ransom my sister. Who is this woman? Hecuba I fear some complication in your diplomatic game of intrigues, my dear husband. Polyxena This woman gives me the creeps. Cassandra If it only were just the creeps, Polyxena. Unfortunately it will become much worse than that. Polyxena Wnat do you mean?

Cassandra Argo abducted aunt Hesione wíthout any right. Instead of getting her back, Troy has now abducted Argo’s wife without any right. What else could then be the outcome except war and destruction of Troy? Hector (comes breaking in the gate in a brutal mood) Paris, you damned crazy scoundrel, so you got ahead of me after all! Priam What does this mean, Hector? What have you done? Hector That idiot Paris, whom I am ashamed of having to call my brother, has in the middle of our most promising and successful negotiations ruined everything by abducting Menelaos’ wife! (All are terrified.) Paris (at once) Hector, it’s not as you think. Hector Is it not you standing there? Haven’t you left Sparta ahead of me just to get away and get before me to Troy to be able to establish the result of your coup here as some kind of an honourable feat? Is this then not Helena, (rips off her veil,) the queen of Sparta? (All are even more terrified. Very mixed spontaneous reactions.) Hecuba (dryly) Send her home at once. Priam (nullified) Paris, what have you done! Polyxena (almost pleased) No one was ever better at creating scandals than Paris. Helenos This is the end to all our diplomacy. Priam (severely) Paris, explain yourself! Paris My explanation is simple. She wanted it herself. Priamos In that case the queen of Sparta should provide an explanation herself. Helena I will be glad to. As Paris said, it is not as you think. You are probably all familiar with my story since I am unhappily endowed with a beauty which never stopped driving men out of their minds. All the kings of Hellas proposed to me, which made me famous against my will for the sake of my looks. If the gods made me beautiful, am I then to blame for it, and is it fair to hold me responsible for the consequences? All people adore beauty, that is natural, to us in Hellas the power of the goddess of beauty Aphrodite is superior to all the powers of all other gods, and to you in Asia Apollo is sovereign by his protection of all spiritual beauty. I wanted to get away from the role-play forced upon me as some kind of a sex symbol. I wanted to get down from my unnatural position of some elevated goddess as I am just mortal and human. I actually never wanted any man, for the intimate life of copulation was disgusting and abhorrent to me, but the more persistently all the royal suitors of Hellas kept on pestering me. This is perhaps the curse of every woman: the more she resists, the more she incites the men, while the woman who gladly accepts any man gets abused and despised or ignored as uninteresting. I wanted some detachment from my marriage and the sucking drivelling sheep who thought they were men, who in my presence just made fools of themselves as gaping idiots. Paris offered me an alternative, and I decided on my own to try the experiment. That is why I come here as a refugee by my own will, and as such no one in the world has any right to throw me out of here. (More mumblings and mixed feelings.)

Hecuba We are stuck with her. Priam Daughter, as a refugee at our mercy you are more sacred than a priestess and our most honoured guest as long as it pleases you to remain detached from your marriage. That’s all I can say as the king of Troy and the highest administrator of the law. Hector Father, all Hellas will take this as a compelling reason for justified war against us. When Helena was married to Menelaos, all the jilted suitors vowed to give Helena and her husband full support if there ever was a crisis. This will unite all the kings of Hellas against us! Priam What is your answer to this, Helena of Sparta? Were you aware of what political consequences your adultery could result in? Helena Only fools and madmen make war. If Hellas goes to war for my sake, it will only be the ruin of all Hellas and most of her kings. War is the supreme madness, and I am aware of that an ambitious fool like Agamemnon and an aggressive cock like Achilles would gladly drive all their nations and peoples into war and disaster for a petty personal matter. Let them do it then, and let them perish therein with all the fools that would follow them! Aren’t the walls of Troy considered the strongest and most impregnable in the world? Of what good is the largest fleet in the world against its highest walls of stone? Paris She is right, father. Hellas stands no chance against Troy. Helenos Still we had good reports and connections with all Hellas until this happened. We counted all the kings of Hellas our friends and allies, which now Hector reckons all without exceptions to have turned into our enemies. Priam This bond between them for the sake of Helena is interesting. How did it really happen, Helena? Helena It was Ulysses who found the conclusion. I refused to settle for anyone of my twenty royal suitors and more. Then Ulysses came up with the idea that they would draw lots about me, and for whoever won me, all the others would stand up whatever crisis would occur. The lot fell to Menelaos, Agamemnon’s younger brother, and there was no cheating, although Agamemnon was already married to my elder sister Clytaemnestra and although my dowry was the throne of Sparta, which suited Agamemnon just perfectly. Destiny wanted it that way. The only one among them all whom I respected myself and could consider my equal was Ulysses. Priam He is also our friend perhaps more than all the others. If I know him right he will do anything to avert the crisis and the war. I gather he will be our next visitor from Hellas. Helenos Cassandra, my prophetic twin sister, has Helena told the whole truth? Cassandra Helena is completely honest and has nothing to hide. Still she will be the destruction of Troy if we don’t return her to Hellas. Helenos (upset) What are you saying? Paris That witch can only bring forth evil speculations! That’s what I always said! If anyone ever will be the bane of Troy, it will be she with her sick penchant for destructive sensationalism in everything she says!

Cassandra What you say, Paris, is only true about yourself, for you were never more than just an incorrigible and irresponsible good-for-nothing who would sacrifice anything for your own egoistic interests and pleasures. If you just may have your fun with Helena, you will not mind if all Troy perishes. Paris Then shut her up for god’s sake before someone else does by force! Priam (wise and forbearing) Cassandra, your statements are always equally inopportune, unpleasant and painful. According to all expertise, Troy is impregnable, and Helena is untouchable in her capacity of refugee. These are the facts we have to face and accept, and so must you. Cassandra My brother asked for my opinion. I regret that I had to express it. Helena Helenos, your sister expressed herself more empathically and constructively about me than anyone else by calling me honest. I beg to return the compliment and to embrace Cassandra as a friend and sister of equal standing. Cassandra (humbly, curtseys and bows) I am at your service and disposal, my queen. Priam (pleased) A beautiful and noble gesture has introduced a beautiful sisterly relationship. I commed this as something that perhaps could bring something good into the great controversy that we are faced with. Hector Only I seem to remain displeased in this absolutely horrendously insane affair. Cassandra, who always proved right and is in direct contact with Apollo, has prophesied the destruction of Troy if Helena remains, and you allow her to remain. Priam The law, Hector! We can’t spite the universal law of protecting refugees! Hector It is nevertheless absolutely irrational, mad and wrong, and I leave you to your celebration of your perdition in protest! (leaves and bangs the door behind him.) Priam When Hector is angry, nothing can soothe him. He will never forgive you, Paris. Paris He is still my brother, we will never get away from the fact that we are brothers, and he will never fail us or Troy whatever happens. I trust him. Polyxena He never trusted you. Paris I know. Helenos A single ship has been sighted from Hellas. It could be our ambassador from Sparta. Priam If we are lucky, it’s Ulysses. Cassandra It is Ulysses, but we are still unlucky. Paris Shut up, sister. If it is Ulysses we can speak with him. Cassandra You can try talking him out of it but never Agamemnon. Priam As long as a dialogue works at all, any happy solution will be possible. Helenos If Ulysses now is coming here as the best negotiator we could have had from Hellas, we must not miss the chance of reconstructing the diplomatic relationships that are vital to our existence. Priam Helenos has spoken, and we all agree. Hecuba Still I fear Ulysses more than any other Hellene for the sake of his slyness and sagacity, since his real motives always are concealed. Priam Now you talk like Cassandra.

Hecuba I am her mother. Herald Ulysses from Ithaca asks for permission to present himself on behalf of Nestor, Agamemnon and Menelaos from the Peloponnese. Priam He is welcome. (Enter Ulysses in worthy simplicity, in civil simple dress and making a very unpretentious impression, bowing respectfully to Priam.) Ulysses My lord, I insisted myself on trying to mediate in this matter. Priam We are pleased that you were chosen and even more pleased that you wanted it yourself. What does Sparta and Argo say? Ulysses Quite briefly, Helena’s immediate return is requested. Or else all Hellas will join Agamemnon’s war against Troy. Priamos So what you bring is an ultimatum. Ulysses Did you expect anything else? Priam No. Ulysses Do you have an answer? Priam Ulysses, you must understand me even if no one else in Hellas will. You must share my view that a war between us would be supreme folly and madness. Hector has left us in anger over the inconsiderate action of Paris and condemns our decision not to surrender Helena as unreasonable and destructive. I am the first to admit that this whole affair is just conceited folly all the way from beginning to the end and to regret it. But according to her own statement, Helena has left Sparta voluntarily since she actually never wanted to marry and now wants to detach herself from her marriage. Who has any right to forbid a woman to make use of her own free will? She chose to come to us for protection. That Paris made this possible for her is of secondary importance. Paris is not part of the problem. The problem is the law of the untouchability of a refugee, a law respected by all Hellenes since ages past. Helena has the right of a sanctuary. She has chosen Troy for her sanctuary. Thereby Troy has no right to surrender her. That’s the simple way things are. Ulysses Helena, since you are present yourself, what do you say? Did you really go here for protection by your own free will? Helena Yes. Ulysses And you don’t care about the consequences, even if they will lead to a world war? Helena All wars were always started by men to prove their miserable insufficiency. If Hector considered Paris’ bringing me to Troy a reckless folly, wars will still remain supreme as a reckless folly, especially if they are started for the sake of a woman. No woman could ever prevent any man from abandoning himself to death by war, and neither can I. Ulysses Yes, you could actually by returning to Sparta. Helena Men’s wars are wholly on their own responsibility. I renounce all responsibility for any man’s war. Paris Unfortunately there is nothing more for you to do here, Ulysses.

Ulysses Unfortunately, Helena, men can still be right sometimes, and when they sometimes claim that you can never reason with a woman, they usually speak by experience. Unfortunately, good king Priam, Helena is partly right in her condemnation of the leaders of Hellas. Agamemnon took for granted that my mediation would fail and is already busy gathering all the ships of Hellas against Troy. There could be more than a thousand. Priam Do you mean that they would have started the war even if Helena had returned? Ulysses We never shall know for sure, but it could probably have been averted in the last moment if Menelaos had been indemnified. At least Nestor would have insisted on it. Priam You speak of indemnity. Hector and Paris went to Argo in an effort to improve our relationship and redeem Hesione, who was abducted from Troy without right. Ulysses Unfortunately, Priam, as queen of Sparta Helena was of higher rank than your sister, who only was a king’s sister. Agamemnon thereby considers himself having the right to overrun your sister’s case for the sake of Helena. In the same way, they could say about her, that she chose herself to remain in Argo. Priam (after a pause, resigned, to everyone) I am afraid, Troyans, that the war will be unavoidable. Paris Let the Hellenes pay for having their way. Ulysses I regret that Hector was not here. I would have liked to hear his views on the matter. Paris He will fight for all of us against all of you until most of you have licked the dust and Troy ultimately has been saved from the invasions of alien war maniacs. Polyxena Hector would not have said so, and you have no right to speak in his place. Paris He is not here. So he keeps quiet and agrees. Cassandra A thousand ships cannot vanquish Troy. The only one who can is Ulysses. Paris Here she goes again, nattering her nonsense. Is there no one sensible enough to shut her in and lock her up for good? Ulysses Why would I wish to vanquish Troy, priestess? Cassandra You would be the last one to wish to vanquish Troy, and you would only be able to do it against your own will. Priam A weird prophesy. If I then know Ulysses well enough, there will be no conquest of Troy on the part of any Hellene. Paris The more reason for Helena to remain with us. Ulysses I fear that you still are committing a mistake. The question is whose mistake will be the worst, yours or Agamemnon’s. Paris No one could commit a greater mistake than Agamemnon if he comes here to make war. Ulysses It’s possible that you are right, Paris.

Cassandra Paris is never right, but unfortunately Agamemnon will be right no matter how wrong he is. Paris Shut your worm’s tongue then at last, you devilish bitch and witch, or shall I personally cut it out of your poisonous mouth? Helenos Shut up yourself, Paris, and try to control yourself. You are only making the worst possible impression. My sacred sister has a right to speak, and no one has any right to silence her, and even if she is silenced her thoughts will speak none the less and come true with time as always, for she is the chosen daughter of Apollo. Paris You are obsessed with your absurd superstitions and idols! Misguided by your own fantasies, you prattle like children and babble like inane fools! Listening to you will only force anyone to vomit. Cassandra Go out and vomit then, but do it alone, and clean it up afterwards. Paris Cursed slut of shit and vomit! (leaves in fury) Priam I hope you will excuse our son’s lack of decency and manners, Ulysses. He is just ignorant. Ulysses It’s such characters that start wars. Priam Yes, I am afraid so. Tell Agamemnon that I regret that he has chosen war as the only solution of our problem. If he had returned my sister Hesione, all this could have been avoided. Ulysses I will tell him so. Priamos I hope to see you again, Ulysses. Ulysses I hope so too. (makes a short and correct bow in due respect and departs as inconspicuously as he arrived.) Priam At least we have some important friends in the enemy camp. Hecuba Who else except possibly Ulysses? Priam Both Ulysses and Nestor of Pylus have made efforts to avert the war, and none of them give up very easily. Hecuba I hope you are right. May they never tire in their efforts.

Scene 5. Aias You never should have let that unreliable Ulysses go. Imagine if he will succeed in getting Helena sent back? Menelaos That’s all we want. Agamemnon He has no chance of success, Aias. You can take it easy. Aias I can never take it easy when Ulysses is active. He always fooled us all, and you never know how he will trick you until it’s too late. Agamemnon Aias, you are not the only war maniac in Hellas. Most of you are drivelling by greed facing the prospect of conquering the sea way to the Euxinian sea. Everyone has everything to gain by it. No one is against the war except Ulysses and possibly Nestor.

Aias And then you let Ulysses loose, the only opponent against the war, on a mediation mission which he has every interest to enforce to the advantage of Troy. Agamemnon I wouldn’t have let him go if I hadn’t been certain that he would fail. A certain failure of his mission would also underscore the rightness of our cause and raise the fighting spirit. Aias How can you be sure that he would fail? Did he ever fail in anything? Diomedes No, but he also never succeeded in anything. He is the man who always gives in and lets the others win. Agamemnon Welcome, Diomedes, to our war council. Menelaos There is much in what Diomedes says. Ulysses is a man of self sacrifice. Diomedes I came here primarily to report the return of Ulysses. Agamemnon Is he here? Diomedes Yes, he is here. Menelaos With Helena or without? Diomedes With drooping sails and a tired crew he came ashore alone. Agamemnon I knew it. Here is your war, Aias. Menelaos That must be him coming up now. Ulysses (hesitating at the entrance) I had hoped to also find Nestor among you here. Agamemnon Nestor is not here, Ulysses. If you come back without Helena, which you seem to do, neither you nor Nestor can prevent the war any longer. Menelaos What did Helena say? Was she allowed to speak? Ulysses Menelaos, I got the impression of her that she created this mess just to try her marriage and to challenge you. She does not approve of marriage and never wanted to be subject to it, and you can only prove yourself worthy of her by overcoming Troy. Agamemnon Alas, these women, the proudest sisters in the world, the most beautiful and the most cunning! I was lucky enough to get the one that no one would ever dream about abducting. Diomedes Don’t be too sure, Agamemnon. No one is safe from infidelity. Agamemnon To the point. Can Troy be taken? Aias Some question! What city cannot be conquered, plundered and burned? It happens to all cities sooner or later. Agamemnon Do you imagine then that I just sent Ulysses there to chat with hopeless stonefaced bureaucrats? No one knows the city better than Ulysses now, and we want to know everything about its gates and walls and weak spots. Ulysses It is true what they say, that the walls are impregnable, the gates are unassailable, and there are no weak spots. Aias The greater the challenge. Diomedes We will need Achilles. Agamemnon Of course. He is notified. All you need to get him hooked on anything is an impossible challenge, and he will manage it. Menelaos What else did you hear, Ulysses? Was there no one in the family of Priam with any objection against that Helena’s presence would lead to war?

Ulysses Yes, several. Unfortunately I could not see Hector, the leading man of Troy and of the party against Helena. I don’t know the stand of his brother Helenos, for he is only diplomatizing. He has a twin sister, though, who is clairvoyantly prophetic and a priestess of Apollo. Menelaos What did she say? Ulysses Nothing that pleased anyone. Agamemnon Did she foresee the outcome of the war? Ulysses Yes, but extremely ambiguously. Aias Would we or Troy prevail? Ulysses We, but with disastrous losses. Aias The case is clear. We have the war in a nutshell. We can’t lose. What are we waiting for? Agamemnon Aias is right. Ulysses Let me just add this. I opposed the war and tried everything to avert it. Also Nestor shared my view, which we will stick firmly to until the end of the war, although we will have to join it. I don’t know how you managed to trick Nestor into it, and I don’t want to know about it, for your trick to get me hooked on it was quite enough. Menelaos You and Nestor were bound by your oath of faith to Helena and her husband. Ulysses I know, Menelaos, and that’s why my protests were no wilder than they were when you tricked me into it by placing my tender son in the way of my plough. I had sworn to you to take as little part in your war as you at all could stop me from ploughing my field, but you succeeded in stopping me. You outwitted me, and I had to admit defeat, like all players must when they lose a game. Or else thay cannot go on. You probably got Nestor into it in a similar way, and he was also bound by the oath. So we had no choice. We must help you win the war whatever the cost, no matter how long it will take and no matter how insane the whole enterprise is. Aias Ulysses in a nutshell. He condescends to help us although he hates it and is well aware that he can only get a hell out of it. Menelaos No, he sacrifices himself since we ask him to and since he as a Hellene is one of us. Aias To the point! Get your weapons! Get your ships! Get your horses! To arms and battles! Agamemnon Aias is right. We have no time to lose. Diomedes I will undertake the motivation of Achilles. Menelaos Nestor will join up with us any day. Aias I will fix Crete and king Idomeneus. Agamemnon It will be the greatest fleet the world has ever seen. We cannot lose. Ulysses How long do you think it will take, Agamemnon? Agamemnon A year at most. Ulysses I say two years at least. Shall we bet? Agamemnon Done. Twelve more ships from the loser to the winner?

Ulysses If it will be more than one year but less than two, no one has won. Agamemnon That’s fair. Diomedes I suggest that we gather our fleet at Aulis for crossing over to Troy all together. Agamemnon Good suggestion. Ulysses I will go home to explain the situation to Penelope no matter how difficult it will be. That bit could be more difficult than the entire war. Agamemnon Clytaemnestra will simply have to accept it. If women were allowed any word in the war, there would never be any war. Aias That would be the dullest of all possible worlds. Diomedes If only wars were managed correctly, even women would be able to tolerate them. Ulysses No war was ever managed correctly. Diomedes Yes, that’s the problem about wars. Agamemnon This war can only be managed in one way and that is to victory. Or what do you say, Menelaos? Menelaos We simply have to. Diomedes If only we get Achilles to join us, the thing will be settled. With him there can only be an instant victory. Aias He and I will have to compete about the ultimate and fastest victory. Agamemnon In brief, the case is clear: victory is obvious. We only have to go for it.

alternative scene: Mycenae. Agamemnon How is the recruiting going? Menelaos We have managed at large. No one has declined. Agamemnon What about Achilles? We have to have him with us. Menelaos As the most accomplished warrior of Hellas he has his manners, and he is hopelessly of a mind of his own. His mother appears to have persuaded him to join us after that he first asked us all go to hell. All the honours and riches that Nestor promised him in Troy he discarded as mere dullish flattery while his mother appears to have succeeded in making Troy attractive to him as a taunting challenge. Agamemnon How? Menelaos If he rejected the Troy offer he would have a long life in peace and quiet with children and grandchildren but die without a reputation. If he joined the Troy enterprise he would succeed in acquring an immortal reputation but perhaps at the cost of a longer life. Agamemnon Achilles is young and a professional warrior. Then you are not attracted by the prospects of old age but would rather wage on some greater fun. Menelaos Exactly. Anything is better than to get bored.

Agamemnon And what about Ulysses? Clytaemnestra (enters) My lords, Diomedes is here with Ulysses. Agamemnon Like by order. Menelaos (rises and cordially receives and greets Diomedes and Ulysses) So you succeeded, Diomedes! How did you do it? Diomedes Everyone knows that such a cunning knave as Ulysses can only be persuaded and secured by artifice. Agamemnon Didn’t you have a newborn son to think of, Ulysses? Ulysses That’s why I refused to accept your summons. Diomedes He was working at his plough and swore to me that he as little could join our war as I could stop him from ploughing. Agamemnon And how did you stop him from ploughing? Diomedes I put his little boy in the furrow ahead of his plough. Ulysses A dirty trick, Diomedes. Diomedes But it was fair play, and you lost it with honour. Ulysses Has Troy declined all peace proposals? Menelaos They claim that Helena came to them as a refugee for an excuse. Therefore they have neither any right to surrender her nor we any right to claim her, is their formal argument. Agamemnon Naturally it’s just contrived excuses for not having to comply with our demands. Ulysses It seems as if Helena doesn’t want to come back. Why not ler her stay there? Menelaos You must understand that is impossible. Agamemnon We would lose our face to all Hellas, and Menelaos would be mocked and ridiculed as a cuckold. Ulysses Who else did you manage to muster? Agamemnon King Idomeneus of Crete with his entire fleet, Aias the great and Aias minor, Palamedes and Nestor – and Achilles, of course. Ulysses That trouble-maker. He will only cause problems. Agamemnon But he is as indispensable for his skill and valour as Nestor for his experience and you for your slyness. Ulysses How long do you think it will take? Agamemnon A year at most. Ulysses And if it takes longer? Agamemnon Then it will take longer. Ulysses For how long are you prepared to let it go on? Agamemnon Any length of time. It must be carried through. We can’t miss this opportunity of getting control of the trade route to the Euxinian sea. Ulysses So that is what it is all about. Menelaos No, it is all about my wife. Ulysses And do you really want her back? Menelaos Paris is a playboy who just wants to use her to have some fun. I gave her at least a family and position.

Ulysses Say that again. By her father you could acquire the throne of Sparta. Without her your position would feel more awkward and risky. Diomedes You can argue about all that later. Shouldn’t we discuss the strategy? Agamemnon Diomedes is right. We have much planning to make. We have the greatest war enterprise in history to organize and direct. Menelaos To the point! Agamemnon You are welcome to contribute to our plans with your advice and suggestions, Ulysses. Ulysses Yes, I should, because you don’t always realize how stupid you are at times. Diomedes And that is perhaps fortunate. Menelaos To the point, gentlemen! (starts unfolding immense maps and plans on the table in front of them.)

Scene 6. Achilles exhorting his myrmidons. Achilles This is the chance of our life for the greatest stakes and contributions in the greatest war the world has ever seen! My myrmidons, the world will sing bout us forever about our feats at Troy! Not only will it be a simple thing to take the city, but it is the richest city in our world, so there are treasures enough to plunder to be sufficient for every family that takes part in it for generations to come! A myrmidon But aren’t the walls of Troy considered impregnable? Achilles Nonsense! In Troy there are only women and crones and children and senile old people, and the king of Troy is himself the oldest and most senile! They can’t do anything against us. If we just push against the wall, the house of cards will fall. In addition to that, they say that the women of Troy are unusually beautiful, and that their beds and couches are the most comfortable in the world, so there are many sumptuous beds to share with many sweet and soft ladies! Myrmidons Hurrah! Achilles So, my boys, let’s join the storm, shan’t we? Myrmidons Hurrah!

Yet another scene before the war starts. Troy. The court. Priam What are these Greeks wailing for? Aren’t all these Asians enough, who turn life into hell for us? Paris They are just intriguing to further their own vicious imperialistic interests. They are evil all through, and they only mean harm to us. Hector Pardon me, my brother, but wasn’t your abduction of Menelaos’ wife a rather stark provocation against all Hellas?

Paris All Hellas bored her, and she was most eager herself to get away from the dryness of Sparta. Hector As your mistress? Priam Don’t argue again, my bellicose sons! We are facing a diplomatic predicament here of most precarious dimensions. We don’t want war, and all you want is to quarrel between yourselves. Hector Father, there is only one solution to the problem. Paris has to return his stolen concubine immediately. Paris She is my wife! Hector She was king Menelaos’ wife and queen. You altered her status to that of a concubine. Priam Stop it! Hector I define a wife as only one man’s wife, and the man whose wife she was has never approved of any separation. Paris Hector, you will one day find yourself in deep trouble. Hector As far as I know, neither did she. Priam That’s just the problem. Paris refuses to give up Helena. The Greeks take that as pretext to make war on us. Hector Paris can not get out of that issue. If Troy thereby is in trouble, it is completely because of Paris. Priam We must stop this war. No one can get any victory out of it. It could only lead to a dishonourable and disastrous deadlock for years. We must by diplomatic efforts, negotiations and a constructive good will stop this war before it has time to start. Has no one any good idea? Cassandra My father, no further negotiations will do any good. Priam My prophetic daughter, are you already such a fatalistisc pessimist? Cassandra A Greek fleet has already left for Troy, and it is not coming to bring any message of peace. Paris What did I tell you? The Hellenes only want to make war, and they will not listen. Priam Let’s hear more of what Cassandra has to say. Cassandra There will be a war for ten years, and then our city will be destroyed. Priam My daughter, what kind of a cursed doomsday prophecy is that? Hector Beloved Cassandra, with all due respect for your acknowledged gift of prophecy, but such a prophecy you simply must not let out of your mouth. Cassandra It’s already done. Paris To arms! For Helena and Troy! Hector Just go on shouting, mad adventurer, bringing all into your perdition of vanity and recklessness! Priam Quiet, children! What kind of a prophecy is that you made yourself guilty of, Cassandra? Tell me you aren’t serious. Cassandra Tell the god that he isn’t serious. Priam But that’s absolutely outrageous!

Helenos Don’t bother about Cassandra. Just make peace at any cost. Hector Yes. Give up Paris’ abducted consort. Paris I will never give her up! I will rather do without Troy than without my queen! Hector Do you then actually think you will be king one day, you deluded fool of self-deceits? Priam This bodes no good for Troy. Helenos Here is prince Aeneas. I think he might have some message. Priam Speak, noble Aeneas! Redeem us from our strife of uncertainty! Aeneas I seem the have arrived at the worst possible moment, most inappropriately and awkwardly in the middle of some family feud… Priam That makes you only the more welcome! Speak! Aeneas Unfortunately I have to regret that I bring no good news… Priam Stop making excuses for yourself! Nothing is your fault! Let’s hear it! Aeneas The Greeks are here. They have landed and are already building palisades, ditches and an impregnable camp. They are here with all the worst bandits and rabble of all Greece just to fight and destroy us. Helenos We must negotiate at once. Paris Prattling obstinacy of a donkey! Have you got stuck? Hector Paris, who has something to fight for, go ahead and beat up Agamemnon, Menelaos whose wife you abducted, the hard Diomedes, the ever undefeated Aias and the most famous of all the heroes of Hellas, the terrible Achilles, besides many others, who have rightful claims on your concubine! Paris Stop calling her a concubine! Hector She was never the wife of anyone else than Menelaos, who is here only to bring her back home. They don’t wish any harm to Troy. Helenos That’s why we have to negotiate at once! Paris Do you really think they have come here bursting with arms with an endless host of the worst fighters of Hellas just for the sake of a weak and simple woman? In that case you are frightfully naïve! Don’t you see that they only wish to colonise and enslave Asia? After Troy they will take Byzantium, Sardes, Cappadocia and Media! Priam Why does this have to befall me, poor old king, for my old age? As Paris says, the western aggression is only coming for plunder and gains by dishonesty. They only want to grab more lands to enslave more people and expand their empire. With my experience of western deceit and double standards, I have to give Paris right. Helena is only their excuse for eastern expansion at our expense. – Have you no other news, Aeneas? Aeneas They have already made it clear that they only want their Helena. Paris But Helena does not want the greedy Menelaos. She is mine now, and she does not long for home. So the Greeks can go home. Aeneas They will not go home without Helena.

Paris Then they will have to try to take her by force. I didn’t even try that myself. And in that case they must first take Ilion by force. We will never let her go. Hector There is female politics behind Paris’ folly. Paris Call it whatever you will. I call it natural instinct and logic. Helenos Shouldn’t we at least try to negotiate? (An arrow comes flying.) Diomedes (outside) You false cowards and Troyan thieves, come out and fight if you are men! Return what you have stolen or surrender! Priam Who is that? Hector It sounds like king Diomedes, foremost among the Greeks after Aias and Achilles. Paris They negotiate handsomely with poisoned arrows sharpened for murder. Will you not defend Troy, this your wonderful home city, the lovely town of your mothers, children and wives, against such bloody hooligans? Priam We shall fight and negotiate at the same time. Paris With whom? With such imperialists, murderers and thieves like Achilles and the arrogant Diomedes? I will never negotiate with damned terrorists! (collects the arrow and returns it with his own bow, crying:) Here is our answer! We will never give in, and we will never give up an innocent lady into your hands who wants to stay here! You have come here in vain for nothing, and we shall burn your ships and kill you to the last man in honest combat man against man, for you are wrong! Tell that, you blasted impertinent braggart, to that cuckold loser Menelaos! (silence) Hector Paris, you give us no choice. Paris We have no choice. Hector You are forcing all Troyans into a vain war just for the sake of your folly and vanity. Paris Have I no right to consistently defend my wife’s honour at any price? Hector You are waging all Troy. Paris Yes, I am, because I am in love. Helenos This is a difficult situation. Shouldn’t we at least negotiate? Priam Hector, my sympathies are entirely on your side, and I fear that your brother Paris, blinded by his love, doesn’t know what he is doing. Hector He got the Hellenes here all by himself. He should then also get them as fast as possible away from here. Priam For that we will need all Troy to help us, for it will be a tough undertaking for a long duration of time, which Paris never will be able to undertake alone. Hector What do you think, father? Do you think the Hellenes will be chased off within a year or two? Priam At best. But they have Aias, Diomedes and Achilles. Only you stand up against them. On the other hand, we have impregnable walls, and most peoples and

kings to the east will support us. I fear a long and worrisome deadlock. Luck is what we will need most of all. Hector So you don’t believe in any favours and help from the gods? Priam Who could believe in any gods in a petty quarrel like this one about a wanton and lewd woman, who just by her venal vanity brings about an unsurveyable world war? Hector The Medes and Persians will help us. Priam But Crete, Ithaca and Epirus will help Menelaos. It’s tough hardness on both sides in the conflict, and no hardness will help against a hard conflict. All we can do is to endure in suffering until some solution will turn up from nowhere. For that’s the only way for impossible conflicts to be resolved – unexpectedly to everyone’s great surprise. Let’s all piously retire to consider this godless conflict in the protection of some gods in holy service at the temple. For a monarch, situations like this one will only be an inspiration to sad resignation. (Cassandra appears) Helenos Here is Cassandra. Paris The one who least of all is capable of any negotiation. Priam What do you say, Cassandra? Have you come back to give us evil prophecies again? In that case I beg you to desist, for we have quite enough troubles and worries already. Cassandra I know all too well that I am not welcome, since I am the only one to clearly see the reality of the fix Troy had landed in only because of the tragic offence by Paris and Helena. Helenos Say, Cassandra, what you came here to say. Cassandra You have asked me to speak. My sense will speak, which is the sense of the gods themselvs. There is only one thing for you to do if you wish to avoid war. Give over both Paris and Helena to the Hellenes, and then they will have nothing to complain of, for then Menelaos will have his revenge for the bride abduction of Troy by Paris. Paris Never! Father, you can’t turn over your own son! Priam Cassandra, you have spoken, and your word carries heavy weight, especially since you claim to speak by the god’s own mouth, whose holy priestess everyone respects you for being. We can’t turn over Paris and Helena until all other possibilities have turned impossible. Your solution to the problem, poor radical girl, so unfortunate in your fanaticism, can only be adjourned as long as possible, until some extreme situation of dire need would demand the extreme emergency solution that you recommend. We can’t do anything more than that, which even your human nature must accept and understand. Cassandra I have stated what the god asked me to propose for a solution, but my father the king rules over me as a human being. Priam That ends our negotiations for today. Let us now resign, consider the situation, desperately cudgel our brains, grieve and try our utmost to avoid the

conflict that threatens us all, which, if it breaks out, could mount to a tragedy of constantly growing proportions both for the Hellenes and for us. Only Cassandra has the gift to foresee the full extent of the misfortune threatening us. May she forgive and excuse us for as long as possible refusing to deal with it and even trying not to face it. (exeunt all, leaving after him, immersed in serious but intensive discussions.)

Act II scene 1. A dungeon. Cassandra (chained to the wall) Has the world forgotten me? That’s possible. Has Apollo forgotten me? Impossible. The world may be cursed for its voluntary forgetfulness and criminal negligence of obvious matters of importance, but Apollo is the avenger of truth and never forgets an offence committed against a servant of truth. Polyxena (enters) At last I found you, sister! So this is the secret store room of Paris for the holiest priestess of Troy. Cassandra It’s not his fault, sister. He is like that. Polyxena That is no excuse. You are our sister, and not even against your sister you can behave without decency. Cassandra It’s my own fault. I provoked him to madness, why he considered me criminally insane and insanely criminal. It will pass, Polyxena. You have found me at last, so now the worst is over. Polyxena Hector has torn down heaven and earth for your sake, and Paris has only pretended to be innocently ignorant. Cassandra What about the others? Polyxena Father and mother have been discussing your case but never reached an end to their discussion. All the others have suspected Paris, but no one could accuse him of anything. Troilus and Deiphobus have shed tears for your sake and believed you were lost. Cassandra And Helenos? Polyxena As always, Helenos has just been resting his case and waited. Cassandra What else can he do? He knows perfectly nothing. He never had the same visionary capacities as I. Polyxena And that’s not his fault, because he is like that, eh, sister? Can you then forgive all men just any crimes because they just are like that? Cassandra All men have their superiors, and men are not more stupid than that they can judge each other. Polyxena I mentioned to Hector that I intended to visit these parts to make investigations. When I haven’t returned, he can sound the alarm. Cassandra Our brother is too good for this world. I hope he doesn’t sound the alarm. I am tired of only causing scandals.

Polyxena But this is not acceptable, Cassandra, that a king’s own son imprisons his sister, the daughter of a king, in a dungeon in chains for the sake of his personal opinion that she is out of her mind. Cassandra Tell that to Paris. Hector (entering suddenly) Polyxena! Cassandra! Cassandra Hector! Hector (reaches them) Who has done this to you? Is it Paris? Polyxena Who else? Hector What luck that I followed you, Polyxena. Paris has learned that you are nosing around in his underworld. You could both have been buried alive here. Polyxena I fear that was Paris’ wish and intention. Hector Out of the way, Polyxena. Stand quite still, Cassandra. (pulls his sword and strikes off Cassandra’s chains in two perfect hits) Never again shall anyone of our royal house be treated as a prisoner. Cassandra At least you, Hector, will never be. Hector What does that mean? Cassandra Don’t ask me. How is the war going? Hector (with a sigh) To hell, in brief, to hell, like all wars. Every day the Hellenes slaughter a number of indispensable Troyans, and every day the Troyans slaughter a number of indispensable Hellenes. Both Hellas and Troy are slowly but inevitably bleeding to death. The deadlock is hopelessly absolute. The Hellenes have no chance of getting any further than up to the walls of Troy, and we have no chance of reaching their ships to be able to burn them. Achilles, Diomedes and Aias are invincible, no one can get at them, and they plough their lanes through the lines of warriors like slaughter machines that only leave bodies behind in shreds and brooks of pouring blood. If I didn’t fight for the Troyans, we would just be sitting at home in town huddled up and moping. Cassandra Aren’t Paris fighting? And Aeneas? Hector Both have narrowly escaped with their lives, Paris against Menelaos and Aeneas against Aias. The Hellenes have in brutal scorn called them cowards for escaping and claim that the war should have been settled by Paris having run away from Menelaos. They are actually right. Cassandra So only Hector is capable of defending Troy. Hector It’s my destiny, sister. It’s my duty. Cassandra What has Helena said? Hector She scorns all men for their fighting madness and plays around with Paris, who accepts his role as a toy of hers. It is as if she had chosen Paris just to be able to express her scorn of all men by him. Cassandra The power of her beauty is inexplainable but all too magic. Never again will a woman be able to mobilize a thousand ships just for the sake of her beauty. Hector I sincerely hope it’s the first and the last time. Polyxena But we must not loiter here now when Cassandra has been released. Paris could start doing something stupid.

Hector That’s all he ever could do. Don’t worry, sister. I am still his elder brother for whom he lives in awe. Cassandra Have then all peace negotiations just stranded in the sand? Hector Yes, I am afraid so, unfortunately. Father has given up. Helenos does nothing and just waits, and among the Hellenes Nestor and Ulysses never have appeared again with white flags. Cassandra They lack authority, for Agamemnon keeps them restricted and refuses to relax the war. As long as politics is power and as long as power is violence, there will never be peace. Hector That’s about the way things are. But let’s rejoin the light, Cassandra. Father and mother must see you alive, and people must know that Apollo still has his priestess posted in Troy. Cassandra Thank you, brother. (Hector follows his sisters out.)

Scene 2. Priam’s court. Priam (rising) I must insist, during this harrowing crisis enforced on our entire people for outrageous ordeal, that we cannot accept any division within the family. Hector and Paris, I forbid you to nourish your enmity, which if it is allowed to go on will just continue raging to spread and infect the entire family, city and army. This cannot be tolerated. Paris Father, the division is not between me and Hector. We have a traitress in our midst who is continuously spreading bad morals by poisonous speech and destructive prophecies taken out of thin air for only defaitistic purposes. This is, father, what we can’t afford. Priam Are you accusing Cassandra, our daughter and holiest priestess, of treason? Paris In an effort to end her evil spread of rumours, I tried to isolate her, but unfortunately Hector released her in a fit of bad judgement. Hector I released her from an inhuman treatment unworthy of a priestess of Apollo and a daughter of Priam and most unworthy of you, Paris, who alone was responsible. Priam What is this? Hecuba Cassandra was lost for three days. Polyxena It was I who found her chained to a wall in the dungeons which Paris keeps for torturing his prisoners. Priam Paris, what do you mean? Paris I mean that Cassandra is a distracted and crazy woman who can’t open her mouth without spreading deadly poison killing the morals of every fighting man who hears her!

Priam She surely doesn’t seem to have killed your morals, Paris, that rather have taken a serious introvert turning against the most sacred thing we have in the family, which is our communion of unity. Paris I maintain that Cassandra in everything she says only serves the Hellenic cause of accomplishing the ruin of Troy! Hector She doesn’t at all. She only means that you should send Helena back home to them to save our city and our independence before it is too late! Priam So there we are again. Paris Yes, father, we are there again, and we will remain there again at a standstill and deadlock until someone finally shuts Cassandra up for good! Priam Do you then wish to liquidate her? Paris Yes, if there be no other cure for her mental disease. Priam And with what right can you brand her as mentally diseased without being a qualified doctor? Paris Ask anyone! They all put their index to their front when they see her. Anyone who just hears her must immediately realize that she is totally deranged, if you only have any sense left yourself. Cassandra Has anyone any sense left who takes part in this war? Paris (terrified) Now she starts again! Don’t listen to her! Cassandra Forgive me, brother. For the sake of your oversensitivity I will try to oblige your request for my being shut up. Paris I wish you never had opened your abominable mouth. I wish you had been exposed as a child to the wolves of Ida, and Troy would never have had her worst troubles. Cassandra Can’t you see, brother, that you are all the time fighting and describing yourself? You feel and understand no one but yourself. You werre yourself exposed to the wolves of Ida as a child because the oracle of Apollo predicted that you would become the ruin of Troy. You were saved by a shepherd feeling pity for you, and when you came of age you were recognized and exonerated for the sake of your beauty, a beauty as beguiling and destructive as Helena’s. Paris Don’t listen to her! All she says is just slander! All she says is just aimed at breaking down all the moral strength and power of defense of Troy! We can endure the siege of the Hellenes. A priest of Poseidon has said that the Hellenes one day will abandon their war here and go home. Cassandra Yes, after that Troy has been levelled to the ground. Priam Quiet, Cassandra! – Do you have any further details of the statement of the priest of Poseidon? Paris The Hellenes will leave Troy while the walls and city of Troy are still standing tall and intact. That has been promised by Poseidon. Hector Can you trust a god? Cassandra No, you can’t, especially not in this case when Poseidon says something and means something else. What he really means I can’t see, not even Apollo can

search the secrets of Poseidon’s depths of the ocean, but I definitely sense a wicked scheme, maybe to lull us into a delusion of security just to prepare our downfall. Paris That’s how she goes on all the time! Everything she says is only poison! Priam Are then even the rare revelations of the gods to be considered as merely poison? Our Cassandra has the respect of all other priests for never speaking anything but the god himself inspires her with, and Apollo is the personal god of Troy. Paris Against the gods even common sense struggles in vain. As soon as the gods are given any significance by their assumed words, all sense disappears and is hopelessly lost, and only superstition is left to rule imperiously alone. I give a damn about you and your gods! (leaves in anger) Priam He is angry. Hecuba No, he is sad. He can’t stand that anyone begrudges him Helena. Hector And meanwhile the war keeps raging on, and daily both we and the enemy are suffering meaningless losses while the war just keeps going on as long as Paris keeps Helena. Priam We can’t just throw her out. Hector I know. (leaves) Priam Cassandra, I beg you, prophesy as much as you want, but please try to do so with some judgement and consideration. Be as fanatically sacred as you want, but try not to provoke people by your holiness. And above all: evade Paris, so that he doesn’t cause you any greater harm. Cassandra Father, he is my brother. You can avoid feinds and enemies, but you will never be rid of your brothers. Helenos Stick to your better brothers. We will protect you against Paris. What has happened must never happen again, Hector has sworn to you and our father, and father has given him right. Cassandra Thanks you all for your support, my better brothers and father and mother and my sisters, in my difficult duty never to fail what Apollo shows me to be the only right way of truth. (leaves) Priam She cannot compromise. Helenos By every right. She is a priestess. Hecuba Still I wish that she would only be a woman. Polyxena You have to satisfy yourself with me, mother. And I will try to keep watch of her to make sure she doesn’t get lost again by the weird schemes of Paris’ abduction skills. Hecuba Thank you, my daughter. What would a mother be without her daughters? A lone mother with only men around her, the most difficult position in the world. Polyxena At least we don’t have to make war. Hecuba Thank heavens that’s something we definitely can’t manage. (embraces her daughter and walks out with her.)

Priam And we are left with our beard in the letter box up to our necks in a monstrous war that just keeps overgrowing our heads every day. Is there nothing we can do, Helenos? Helenos No, father, there is nothing we can do except let them fight until all their forces are spent and they all lie butchered themselves by their own urge to selfdestruction. Priam You are as fatalistic as Cassandra but at least don’t prophesy the destruction of Troy. Helenos No, I prophesy nothing. She prophesies quite enough. Priam Let’s go then as usual to discuss the possibilities of support from Asia and of new peace negotiations. Helenos Yes, father. (They go out together.) (beside the stage) Chryses Psst! Cassandra! Cassandra (with Polyxena) What is it? Polyxena Who is it? Cassandra Chryses, a colleague, a servant of Apollo. Polyxena What does he want? Cassandra What do you want? Chryses Achilles has taken my daughter. Cassandra And what can I do about it? Chryses You are the high priestess of Apollo. Cassandra Do you want me to ask Apollo to avenge the deflowering of your daughter? Chryses Why not? Cassandra Why don’t you do it yourself? Chryses I wanted your approval first. Cassandra There is no need of it. If Apollo wants to interfere, he will do so, or else he will not. Chryses Then I will ask him to interfere. Cassandra Do so. Perhaps it could restrict or decide or turn the war to the advantage of Paris. Chryses That would be a consummation devoutly to be wished. Cassandra Do it then. It won’t do any harm. Chryses Thanks, Cassandra. (leaves) Polyxena Who was it? Cassandra A dirty old man. He always pawed me and tried to persuade me to submission. It didn’t work. He finally had a daughter, but I don’t know with whom. She was called Chryseis, the golden one, for she really was very beautiful. It wouldn’t surprise me if she became Achilles’ mistress of her own accord just to get away from her dirty old man of an over-protective father. Polyxena That seems to be an ever recurring problem complex in our war.

Cassandra All ladies who give in appear to exacerbate the war, and those who remain sacred virgins only seem to add to the irate madness of the war maniacs. Is there no middle way? Polyxena No, sister, for us women there is no way in between. Cassandra Unless it is the chaste faithfulness of Andromakhe as a housewife. Polyxena Andromakhe’s life is already that of a widow. Cassandra But she is blessed with her son. Polyxena She knows that Hector will fall. Cassandra Then she knows more than I. Here she is now. Andromakhe Cassandra! Welcome back! Cassandra Thanks, it was just an ordinary resurrection after three days underground. Andromakhe Then I suppose you met Orpheus and the others in departed blessedness? Cassandra No, I didn’t reach that depth, and I am not that clairvoyant. Andromakhe I heard that Chryses had turned to you with his troubles. Cassandra They are now the concerns of Apollo. He does what he can. Andromakhe Are you helping? Cassandra I don’t have such powers. I submit all my will to Apollo, and his will is mine. Andromakhe Have you seen anything about Hector? Cassandra I don’t want to. Polyxena Leave her in peace, Andromakhe. Andromakhe Pardon me, but I can’t get rid of the feeling that I have seen him for the last time. Cassandra You never see Hector for the last time. He always returns. Andromakhe Thanks for that comfort, Cassandra. Let me know as soon as you feel that he is approaching. Cassandra He is always close to us. Andromakhe I always ascend the tower to search for him, but he is always too far away or concealed by the dust clouds of the fighting. Polyxena That’s good, Andromakhe. Go on looking for him. He will be back. Andromakhe Thanks, Polyxena. The poorest comfort is better than none at all. (leaves) Polyxena She is already the widow of widows in Troy. Cassandra Don’t say that. She may be immortal as such, but Hector isn’t dead yet. Polyxena May he never die. Cassandra Be calm, Polyxena. He never dies. Polyxena You should have said that to Polyxena. Cassandra She knows it already. Polyxena You always say more than you mean, and the meaning of your words always goes deeper that what you intend. Cassandra The god is to blame for that. I only mirror his thoughts like a mirror is innocent of the picture it shows.

Polyxena Can you forgive Paris? Cassandra He is my brother. There is nothing to forgive. His problem is, that Troy and history will never forgive him, and that he doesn’t care. Polyxena You stick to your defaitism. Cassandra It’s not mine, Polyxena. Apollo does what he can, but what can beauty and culture do against a war? That’s Apollo’s dilemma and mine as his priestess. Polyxena I guess that all you can do is to keep it up and be consistent. Cassandra Until the end and further on. Eternity always goes further and beyond time, and the gods have eternity on their side. Polyxena Paris denies that, and I have also doubted it. Cassandra That if anything I must never doubt. If we don’t have eternity within reach and maybe at our disposal, why are we living? What is man then more than a parasite on nature? Time is nothing but a limited dimension, and the only real time is timelessness. If we don’t have eternity to strive for, we have absolutely nothing to live for, and then we are already dead while living. We only have eternity, Polyxena. That’s our only life. Polyxena You speak for yourself. Cassandra No, I speak for Apollo.

Scene 3. The Greek camp by Troy. Kalkhas I would almost advise you against it, Achilles. Achilles Why? What could you lose by it? Kalkhas It is never without risks to tell potentates the truth. Achilles But it has to be told! And you are a priest. You have the proper authority! If I would say it, I would only be laughed at. Kalkhas You can’t imagine what crises it could result in. Achilles I don’t care! I only want to do good! If Agamemnon has done something wrong, he has to stand for it. Kalkhas Very well, Achilles, but remember your promise! I stand under your protection! Achilles Yes, under my infallible protection, and my weapons will protect you against all weapons of the Hellenes whenever necessary! (They enter Agamemnon’s tent, which opens up.) Agamemnon (recognizing Kalkhas immediately) What devil of a man is it you bring into my tent? Achilles You know very well who he is. Agamemnon Of course I know. It was that miserable old beggar we had such troubles with at Aulis when the fleet was to sail out from Hellas! Admit it, Kalkhas, that you demanded the sacrifice of my daughter for us to get fair weather for the transit only in order to as far as possible thwart our enterprise! You are on the Troyan side, and your daughter is the mistress of a Troyan!

Kalkhas (to Achilles) What did I tell you, Achilles? Here we will only get problems. I want to get back out of here. Achilles Too late, Kalkhas. Agamemnon, we are here to stop the plague epidemic in the camp. Kalkhas knows its origin. Agamemnon Just don’t tell me, Kalkhas, that the plague will cease as soon as we sail back to Greece. Kalkhas No, great Agamemnon, the only sacrifice demanded is of you alone. Agamemnon What did I tell you? Who am I to sacrifice now? I have no children here that you could claim for a human sacrifice. Kalkhas No, but you have abducted a sacred priestess from the altar service of Apollo, and her father has complained to Apollo. That’s why Apollo has struck you with the plague. Agamemnon Chryseis? Is that the one? And who shall I live with then instead? I can’t spend a life in the field without mistresses. Kalkhas That’s your problem. The issue concerns your entire Hellenic army. If you return Chryseis to her father, Apollo will cease smiting you with the plague. Achilles You should have accepted her father’s offer, which was much more favourable. He told me, that he promised you that Apollo would war on our side and quickly give us victory if you just returned his daughter, but you laughed him to scorn and drove him away. Agamemnon That old fool. I can’t stand superstitious pirests. They try to make us believe that they have power over us by trying to frighten us with imagined farfetched threats. Don’t you have a nice mistress yourself, Achilles? Achilles Briseis is mine! Agamemnon Give me Briseis, and the old man Chryses will have his daughter Chryseis back, and they redeem the army from the plague. Isn’t that all right? Achilles I will never voluntarily part with Briseis! She is mine! Agamemnon If I have to relinquish Chryseis, which you demand by Kalkhas, then you have to give me Briseis instead. That’s just how it is. Achilles I refuse! Agamemnon You can’t refuse. Then I must send my men to get her. Achilles Agamemnon, how do you think you could ever win the war if you only keep acting like an outrageous villain all the time? Agamemnon Even a king has natural urges. If he can’t release them he can’t answer for the consequences. And royal eruptions are more serious and difficult to deal with than those of ordinary mortals. Achilles If you bereave me of Briseis, Agamemnon, I will pull out of the war! Agamemnon As if you were indispensable! If you were, you would have won it for us long ago, but here we are stuck in an intolerable deadlock year after year although you are our leading fighter! Your stock has never been valued less, Achilles! Lie fallow as much as you want! We don’t care! And I must have Briseis! Achilles And for that king of shit I allowed myself to be persuaded to leave everything to wage my life for him! Go to blazes and hell and further on to perdition,

you worthless villainous bully! I hope the Troyans soon will burn all your thousand ships! Come, Kalkhas! (leaves infuriated. Kalkhas follows.) Agamemnon Achilles is angry. Let him rave. Now we will be rid of him for some time. Perhaps that might even lead to our war making some progress. We shall see. Achilles (with Kalkhas, outside) Kalkhas, he cannot act like that. Apollo might withhold his plague, but pray to him that he might give the Troyans enough victories to let them burn the Hellenic ships, so that they then will be compelled to come on their kneels to me to beg me to return to battle! I want to see Agamemnon crawling in the dust for this! Kalkhas I will of course do my very best. Achilles I don’t know how to associate with gods, to have to do so with kings who believe themselves to be immortal in their bullying presumption and vanity is quite enough as a hell for me, but I rely on you to do your work, Kalkhas.

Scene 4. Troy. Hecuba (dressed in black, leading the chorus of women in front of a large sitting statue of Athena outside a temple.) For nine years, Troy has struggled for her life against invading strangers, who had no business at all in Asia. Nine years of reckless war have spread death and terror around Troy, transformed its fields and meadows to unending graveyards, bereft every honest family of an able man, transformed mothers into wailing grieving widows, robbed children of their fathers and turned many young and happy marriages into nightmares of despair and loneliness and ruined widowhood. You gods, why don’t you put a stop to this? Chorus of women (all in black) Troy is crying over fatherless children and aging parents who lost all their security by their fallen sons of youth and glory, harvested by death in their very blossomtime of freshness, health and strength. Hecuba We can’t endure this any more. Troy is still alive, but if this war must still go on some years, there will be nothing left of the whole city but black wailing aged and widowed women. Chorus For every woman war is the supreme ordeal of unendurability. She can never on any condition face it or accept it. Hecuba But she has no say, for the men in power never ask permission of the women to make war. He just goes blundering to war according to the blinding folly of power and then fights on until he falls or prevails. Whether he falls or prevails, he will never admit though that he acted wrong or foolishly. Chorus That’s all what men are fighting for: to avoid having to admit their wrongs. A man is never wrong if he destroys cities or rapes women, for who has the power can never be wrong. Hecuba So cruel is the folly with these men possessed by the madness of war and the complexes of power, that the only hope of Troy is with those gods who merely keep their silence for all eternity.

Chorus We cannot know if the divine world gives us any attention by hearing or seeing. We can only hope for their attention, and that hope if anything is blind indeed. Hecuba But that is all we have got, for our sons are not enough against the superior force of war, and their number is slowly ebbing out inevitably with relentless certainty. Hector (has entered in helmet and fully armed) Where is my brother Paris, mother? Hecuba What are you doing in here? Why are you not fighting in the front line of the battle leading our defence as you are wont to for our homes, our city and our future, foremost of our sons and warrior leaders and our chief protection? Hector Don’t scold me, mother, for the sloth and laziness that only Paris demonstrates. We are hard pressed by Diomedes, who has launched a brave offensive and is breaking down on us like the reaper himself among the sons of Troy, while Paris just sits in Helena’s lap idling and trifling, lulled to lethargic debility by her sensuality. Hecuba So you came here for his reinforcement? Hector Yes, every man is needed, and he is a skulful marksman with his bow. Hecuba Your wife just keeps on crying. Hector I must see her as well. Hecuba She is on the highest top of the wall with your little son. Hector Then it will take time for them to come down. I won’t have time to see them. Hecuba Here is the one you have been looking for, the scoundrel who started the war. (enter Paris with Helena) Do you dare to show yourselves in public? Paris Mother, by your increasing age you are only constantly growing more quarrelsome, which you seem to enjoy cultivating and accelerating. I can protect both myself and my consort well enough. Hector My brother, you are needed in the war. By just sitting at home you will only get more curses from all the people of Troy and all your brothers and comrades. Paris You have said yourself that a battlefield of honour has no place for both you and me. Hector Because you have no honour. I at least fight for the honour. But now it is different. Diomedes is on the offensive, and for the moment he is doubly worse than Achilles. Paris So Achilles is still indisposed? Hector Yes. Like you he sulks in cowardice with a lazy and erotic concubine. Helena I must ask you, brave Hector, not to insult me. I am not guilty of the war. Menelaos was an insufficient man, and no woman must be forced to accept any unendurable marriage. You know that I left my husband for Paris by my own accord, and as long as the war goes on I cannot return. Hector I apologise, lovely queen, but you misunderstood my point. Achilles is not comparable with Paris, for the concubine of Achilles’ is not any queen of higher rank but just a man of lower rank.

Helena A bugger? Hector So much inferior to Paris is nowadays Achilles, the ace of Greece. Paris Well, I’ll join you in the battle. But first I have to follow my queen home. Hector Just don’t remain with her then but come out and join us. Paris I will not let down my brothers or Troy. (leaves with Helena) Hector (alone) So what did you do until now then? How did you not fail Troy and your house when you brought Helena here, abducted from another powerful royal house of the fearsome Sparta, foremost of all warrior communities of Hellas? Dear Paris, you know how to take sharp aim and strike with your bow, and you certainly can love your Helena, but your brains do not reach any longer than your flat nose. (enter Andromakhe with the boy Astyanax.) But here enters now a sensitive chapter. Hecuba Do you wish me to leave with my women? Hector No, mother, stay with them and pray. That is after all maybe the last hope of Troy. Andromakhe (catsches sight of Hector) My husband! My Hector! (wants to hurry up to him with Astyanax.) Hector No, my beloved Andromakhe, stop there and don’t force my tender son to run! Look! I am the one running to you! (has rushed up to them and embraces them both tenderly and for long, as he actually raises her from the ground.) Andromakhe Is the war over? Hector No, it is raging more furiously than ever. Andromakhe What has then brought you here to me? Hector The atrocious dullness of my brother. He doesn’t want to fight but just lies slouching with his sleazy mistress, perishing in beguiling comfort while Ilion is bleeding to death. Andromakhe So you haven’t come for my sake. Hector Yes, for your own sake, Andromakhe, and for the sake of all the women here in Troy! Paris’ help is extremely urgent. Andromakhe Still I think he is actually rather wise deep inside. Hector In what way? Andromakhe He refuses to fight. He appreciates life more than glory. He doesn’t want to make Helena a miserable widow. Hector Andromakhe, politics is not for you. Andromakhe No, for I am a mother. That’s why I know more about life than what is known to any politics. That’s why I beg you, my beloved and noble husband, not to resume your fighting. Hector But it is my duty. Andromakhe Your duty is first of all to your son and to your wife, for by me, your wife, you have given your son a life. Hector My beloved, I can’t stay here in the street and argue.

Andromakhe (throws herself down on her knees and embraces Hector’s knees) I implore you on my knees, my beloved! Don’t make your wife a widow! Don’t make your son fatherless! Hector My wife, rise! Don’t give me such fatal warnings! (wants to raise her up, therefore bends, whereupon Astyanax is frightened by his waving crest, cries out and starts crying) Andromakhe You hear yourself how Astyanax agrees with my prayer. A god has sent you in to town to give you this chance of your life. Hector Rise, poor darling, from the dust of the street! Andromakhe I implore you, sisters, help me convince him! Chorus War will only lead to certain death, but marriage ensures life and security. Inside Troy there is life. Outside in the war there is only death. Hector My beloved, you may be right, but I cannot wait. Everyone must already be asking for me. (Paris returns, fully armed.) Paris What are you standing here for, loitering and pathetically crying with your weak wife, you, who scorned me for my laxity? Stay home then, you crybaby, and weep with your pathetic lady! I can fight for Troy in your place. Hector Paris, don’t wait for me. Run along. I will come. Paris I do hope so. Or else Troy will fall. (leaves) Hector You hear, my beloved. We are not the legislators of the war. They appear capriciously by chance and rule our destinies without any right by order of an unknown impeccable general. I must go out to war, and I must not linger any longer. Andromakhe No woman has any right to retain a husband against his will. Go, my Hector, out to the men’s war. I and my son will wait for you here with our home of peace. Hector One last tender and unending hug… (embraces her long and tenderly, then bends down to his son but first removes his helmet.) My son, take care of your mother, in case I would not come back. (embraces him also. The boy cries. Hector hurries away from there and puts his helmet back on.) Andromakhe Alas, that was my last glimpse of him. Hecuba And how do you know? Andromakhe Cassandra told me so. Hecuba The young witch! Everything coming out of her is just bad news. Andromakhe Yes, but she is always right. Hecuba That’s the worst thing about her. Chorus The gods proclaim their terrible trials of man by despised oracles who are blamed for divine reports, but they are only victims. Men blindly carry through the horrible decisions of the gods and die for it. And the women have nothing to do but to receive the hard blows and survive by suffering. Hecuba And therefore the women are complaining forever. Come with us, Andromakhe! Dress up in our black mourning shrouds and raise your voice with us against the cruel inhuman gods! Andromakhe There is still hope. I will first go home with Astyanax.

Hecuba Yes, go home and nourish your hope with your son, who is still alive. But for all these women there is no hope any more, for they have lost their sons. Something tells me that you will also gradually join the black bleak flock without any sons left. Andromakhe I leave you to your sorrows to water my own. (leaves with Astyanax) Hecuba Yes, go and cultivate it until soon it will grow like to everyone else over your head. Chorus You cry in endless complaint in the vain hope that your tears one day will run out, but we will never run out of tears. The grief of true pain and suffering has always an abundance of tears left over forever, for the oceans of the world will never be enough filled with the saltest of all waters – the tears of abandoned women.

Scene 5. Agamemnon This damned war is getting on my nerves. Now we can’t even keep our own women in peace without resulting in poisonous quarrels in our own lines. Is this the end of the war, the beginning of the end or the beginning of the end for us? I don’t seem to care much any more which it will be. We don’t get anywhere anyway. Why can’t you then even be allowed to have ladies to comfort you? Menelaos Brother, our generals are here and waiting for the conference. Agamemnon Let them wait, the damned bores. They came here to make war and conquer Troy for me, but what have they done? Just bored me by their constant quarrels about nothing. Menelaos They can’t wait any longer. Agamemnon Let the bloodthirsty wolfpack in then, and let them finish off each other! Menelaos (opening the tent) You are all most cordially welcome in to Agamemnon’s war council. (They all enter: Aias, Nestor, Ulysses, Diomedes, Achilles, and others.) Agamemnon Brothers! Friends! Comrades! Welcome all! And how morning fresh and cheerful you all appear today! Achilles Don’t pretend, you damned swindler, cheat, pimp and lewd thief! Ulysses Achilles, don’t insult our highest general. Achilles General? That one? He can’t even use a sling! Nestor Quiet, gentlemen! Try to control yourself, Achilles! We are not here to quarrel but to try to make an end to the war. Achilles That we will never do as long as our highest general steals wives from his foremost brothers, friends and comrades! Menelaos Has he stolen more than one? Achilles One is more than the whole world when it was from me! Diomedes Why have you stolen Achilles’ wife, Agamemnon? Agamemnon It was not his wife. Achilles always turns ants into elephants. It was only Briseis, that nymphomaniac hussy, an ordinary army whore who had already passed

through a number of tender warriors’ hands. She was not bound to Achilles in any way. Anyone had a right to claim her. Achilles But I loved her! Agamemnon Yes, you shared her, like everyone did. Nestor Can’t we keep this discussion out of the war, which surely should be more important? Achilles Nothing is more important to the war than the welfare of its soldiers! You ruined all my joy and fighting spirit by first bereaving me of Chryseis and then also Briseis on top of that! I didn’t come here to be a pimp and provider of whores for Agamemnon. Agamemnon This is awfully awkward. The war went bad, and a priest notified us that it was the fault of Chryseis, the beautiful concubine I had borrowed from Achilles, whose father was a priest of Apollo’s and who had invoked Apollo’s curse on us by the plague. So I had to send that darling wench Chryseis back home again. We were in the same boat, Achilles. We both lost her. Instead Í borrowed another concubine from Achilles, less attractive but quite satisfactory anyway. Was it wrong? Don’t we all borrow mistresses from each other and exchange them sometimes? But obviously Achilles had a real crush for this slut, although he keeps Patroclus in his bed every night. Achilles I have had enough of this crowned crook’s constant gibes and insults! I give a damn for your war! Try to conquer Troy without me from now on! I don’t give a shit for anyone of you any more! (leaves in fury) Menelaos This is all most awfully awkward. Diomedes If I know Achilles correctly he will not be back. He will sulk in his tent and abuse us with Patroclus and his myrmidons and be a constant source of bad morals for the entire army. Nestor Diomedes is right. Agamemnon Is then this hot-livered unfledged young rooster Achilles that indispensable? Can’t we do without him? I had a dream tonight that the gods intended to fight on our side today. So let’s then finally take Troy and have done with it! Aias, what are we waiting for? Aias Agamemnon is right. No one is indispensable and least of all such a brawling swashbuckler as Achilles, who only keeps bragging about his feats without accomplishing anything. We have agents inside the city who are just waiting for the opportunity to open the city for us. Let’s show Achilles what a coward he is by managing what he never even tried to accomplish! Agamemnon Are we all agreed on this? Nestor A broken link forges the others to strengthen their alliance. Menelaos Nestor has spoken. Diomedes The fact is that the situation is in our favour at the moment. The Troyans think we are weakened and incapacitated and take it easy without expecting any sudden attack, which is why that would be most opportune just now. Ulysses We can always drive tham back inside their walls.

Agamemnon Then I find our unity restored. Back to order, each man to his company, and let’s attack at once! All (enthusiastically) Yes! (The war council breaks up.)

Act III scene 1. Troy. Polyxena Sisters, strange tidings have reached us from the war. Achilles is out of work, and Hector has driven the Hellenes all the way back to their ships! Andromakhe This is what we have waited for all the time, a ray of light, a hope, a turning point for the better. Cassandra How is Achilles out of work? Polyxena It is by some quarrel between the Hellenes for the sake of some mistresses. It started after Chryseis had come back here. Cassandra Of course. Andromakhe Destiny seems to have favoured us in a way that not even the gods could have guessed. Polyxena Attention, father is entering with his entire court. Priam Are the reports correct? Can we trust them? Helenos It is confirmed, that the Hellenes have been driven back to their camps by the beach, and that Hector has broken through their fortification. Priam Will he at last be able to burn their ships? Helenos We shall know that within the next hours. Priam Cassandra, what do you mean about this? How do you interpret this to any misfortune for Troy? Hecuba Don’t provoke her, Priam, but let her for once keep quiet in peace. Cassandra Father, I have nothing to say. Like my brother always uses his wisdom to keep still in quiet and wait, so will I. Andromakhe This however will not prevent joy from blooming forth in the whole city. Perhaps we now at last could dedicate ourselves to more important things like trade and cultivation, sowing and harvesting, work and construction. Priam I hope you will be right, Andromakhe. Paris (breaking in) Hector has broken through the camp of the Hellenes and burnt their supplies and tents and reached the ships! Priam Slow it down, Paris. And why aren’t you there yourself to lead the fighting? Paris (ignores him) What do you now have to say, you croaking witch? When the Hellenes have left the shores of Ilion we will settle with you and burn you at the stake for always having favoured Menelaos’ cause in Troy! Cassandra Paris, the war isn’t over yet. Priam Answer my question! Why don’t you stand up for Hector and support him when he needs you the most? Paris I have to tell Helena the fantastic news.

Helena (appears) No need. I am here. Priam What do you think of Hector’s advances, Helena? Helena Like Cassandra I mean that the best way to put a victory at risk is to celebrate it in advance. I don’t believe in any victory until Hector is back. Cassandra He has more than a thousand ships to burn. He might have burned one. Paris Shut up, Cassandra! Priam Return immediately to the fighting, Paris! Hector needs you. Paris Yes, father. (leaves) Priam The best news is not that Hector threatens the ships but that Achilles suddenly has turned against his own. Thereby we have suddenly become more even and perhaps even achieved something of an advantage. And the reason for this I can only find in the quarrel of Achilles for the sake of Chryseis, the daughter of that priest of Apollo with whom you had dealings, Cassandra, and whom you gave some good advice that brought us back Chryseis. Thereby we also owe Apollo and Cassandra some thanks and not just Hector and Aeneas. Cassandra Father, I never foresaw Achilles’ way of action. And the risk is that he will be back. Priam We are aware of this. But as long as Achilles is out of the way we must take advantage of our sudden upper hand. We must immediately send news abroad about the change of the tide of battle, Helenos, so that we could get more fighters on our side. Helenos Father, I have already prepared the broadcast. Priam Excellent, my son! For the rest, the least thing we can do is to stay in good reports with the gods and pray that this turn of events will not sudddenly end in any setback. Scene 2. The Greek camp. Agamemnon Remember now to be careful and not to step on his toes. We don’t want him even more quarrelsome than he already is. Menelaos Consider that the outcome of the entire war could depend on your diplomatic discretion. Diomedes You send us to negotiate and get him back into the fight by any means while at the same time you pinion our arms behind our backs and ask us to caress him only with the furs with silk gloves. How will you have it? Agamemnon Promise him anything. He may choose anyone of my daughters for his wife, and his dowry will then be the world’s greatest with a city to come with it. Give him an offer that he can’t refuse. Ulysses And if he turns it down? Thersites He will turn down whatever you offer, you fools! All he is interested in is to coddle and play with Patroclus. Agamemnon He must not turn us down. Anything but not that. Thersites (teasing) He will say no!

Ùlysses We will do our best, Agamemnon, but don’t rebuke us if he says no. Agamemnon You have to succeed! Nestor That’s easy to say, Agamemnon, but you send us to persuade him only because you can’t do it yourself. I can’t promise either that we will succeed, but he is an idiot if he does not accept your overwhelmingly generous offers. Menelaos Yes, he is. Agamemnon That’s good, Nestor. I trust you, Nestor, Diomedes and Ulysses, for you are the three best men we have. Go now, and good luck! Menelaos Remember that the outcome of the war depends on your success! Agamemnon Quiet, Menelaos. (Nestor, Diomedes and Ulysses leave, followed by Thersites) Thersites Achilles has turned into a woman. He lies in bed all days just drivelling with Patroclus. He is sorted out by himself and can never become a soldier again. Achilles (in his tent) How you bore me, Patroclus, with your monotonous songs! Don’t you have anything else to present than vain flattery and glorifications of those villains Agamemnon and Menelaos? Patroclus But Achilles, the meaning of poetry is idealization. Achilles I am tired of all conceited idealistic lies! Why don’t you sing instead of how Agamemnon sacrificed his own daughter just to get a favourable wind to blow him across the sea to Troy? Patroclus There are such different opinions about that event. Achilles Yes, truth is always controversial. Thersites (the first one to enter of the delegation) Achilles, you have a visit. Agamemnon still believes that you can repent from your indulgences and your wines and your bugger company and from bed back to war. He thinks you are asleep while no one believes me when I say that you are constantly busy just playing. Achilles Don’t tell me that Agamemnon dares come back here again! Thersites No, he has sent his pimps. Diomedes (enters) Isn’t he lying here in bed in the middle of the afternoon just drinking with his bed partner? Whatever has become of you, Achilles? Achilles If you have come here just to insult me, Diomedes, you had better leave again. Ulysses Agamemnon needs you in the war, Achilles. Hector is pressing us back and could reach the ships any time. Only you can master him. Agamemnon returns Briseis to you, whom he hasn’t touched, and also makes you an offer of any of his daughters that might please you and a city of your own to be king of. Achilles Agamemnon still believes he could buy and bribe me. Would Briseis be untouched after having spent weeks in the custody of Agamemnon? Hasn’t he hoodlums and soldiers that do as they please behind his back? His offer is a scorn, Ulysses. Tell him that I refuse to have anything to do with such rogues as he and Menelaos. Nestor Achilles, you don’t seem to realize how serious the situation is. If Hector reaches the camp and sets the ships on fire, it will then be too late for you to

intervene. Then you will be burnt alive like everyone else, and you will be sacrificing your own myrmidons. Achilles Nestor, I never had any reason to disdain you like everybody else. On the contrary. On the day when Hector sets fire to our ships, I will perhaps reconsider my position, but Agamemnon is and remains a villain. I give a damn about him and couldn’t care less. He has himself to blame if he allows Hector to burn his ships. I don’t support villains. I would rather support Hector, for he is at least honourable and honest. Patroclus Achilles, shouldn’t you accept Agamemnon’s sincere effort at a reconciliation after all? Achilles Never! It was Menelaos’ own fault that he lost his wife to someone who could love her better than himself. He has only himself to blame for having lost her, and Agamemnon must bear the blame for having started the war! I am not going to win it for him. Hector is a better man than he. Diomedes Achilles, you are just putting yourself to shame in front of the whole army. Everybody is discussing what a wine-drinking sissy and good-for-nothing you have turned into after your longterm lazy softness in bed. After all your daily sleeping late into professional slothfulness you will hardly be able to lift a sword any more. We despise you, Achilles. Come, Ulysses and Nestor. Let’s leave that disgusting creep alone with his dishonour. Thersites What did I say? He said no! He gave you the finger! Agamemnon can lick his arse! Ulysses Achilles, it is never too late for you to change your mind, before Hector surprises you in bed. Achilles Let him find me in bed. I will welcome him, and we will have a nice time and take a cup or two together when he has burnt your ships. Nestor Achilles, you have grown intolerable. Just saying. Achilles Not as intolerable as Agamemnon. No one can beat him in unbearable haughtiness. Nestor We have done what we could. Let’s return to Agamemnon and tell him that Achilles insists on playing a coward in bed. (Nestor, Diomedes and Ulysses leave.) Thersites I knew it! I bet on you, Achilles! The whole army has been waging for or against that you would allow yourself to be roused. The odds were against that you would stay in bed, but you fooled them! Achilles You are the only wise man in the army, Thersites, for you scorn us all. Listen to this poetical genius, Patroclus. You have much to learn from him. He idealizes no war but sees everything with his eyes open and scorns the folly of all who are part of it. Patroclus But he is unsympathetic. Achilles For telling the truth? Patroclus What is truth? Achilles Give us an example of truth, Thersites.

Thersites The greatest and most fatal illness in the world is called stupidity, it is incurable, and all humanity suffers from it. Achilles Was that unsympathetic, Patroclus? Patroclus Not exactly. Achilles There you are. Let’s learn from Thersites’ wisdom. Entertain us, Thersites. Fools are always indispensable. Thersites The last fool is the best fool, and he has the best laugh who has the last laugh, for there is no end to the ridiculousness of serious people. You can see the ridiculous and have fun at anything, if you just look at it from the outside and don’t take any part in the human folly yourself. Achilles There you are, Patroclus. Thersites is wise, for he is funny. Patroclus It’s lucky for me that you exist, Thersites, for although Achilles loves me he finds love rather boring sometimes. Thersites Nothing becomes a bore more easily than love. That’s why generally all ladies usually are abandoned. Achilles Carry on like that, Thersites. Now tell me something funny about Agamemnon’s trials and despair. Thersites Alas, all his nights are sleepless, and he just wanders around in circles, wondering whether he should go home with the entire navy and give up or carry on the war continuously to more damnation, while his wife at home just curses him and betrays him. Achilles That’s right! Go on! What about Menelaos? Thersites His horns are so long that they long since outgrew his head. Achilles Good, splendid, Thersites! But tell me then, how can so decent and wise chiefs like Ulysses, Diomedes and Nestor allow themselves to be led by such incompetent harebrains, remorseless villains and sentimental dunces like Agamemnon and Menelaos? Thersites There’s the rub. Who can explain it? Ask Helena. But I have a persistent suspicion that Herlena actually knew what she did when she challenged the entire world by running off with a careless adventurer just to betray the most potent royal house in existence. And that challenge has caused all Greek men to catch on. That’s why they have joined the madness with any kind of incompetent nincompoops, like that bellowing stupid bull called Aias, just to accept an absurd challenge. Helena is too delicious a bait to be resisted by any man. Achilles Personally I don’t give a damn about women and Helena. Thersites Yes, you have your mother. Achilles She is at least wise. Teach us some more, Thersites! Who will win the war? Thersites Troy by losing it. Achilles How do you mean? Thersites The war was lost by both parties from the beginning. Troy will hit the dust first but will win at length, while the disaster for Hellas will be a long term trauma. No victor will come home happy after the war. Achilles Then I will rather die than come home unhappy.

Patroclus Does that mean that you already reconsider Agamemnon’s offer? Achilles Let Agamemnon sweat. I enjoy every second of his torment, that villain. Let him perish in the terror of expecting the steadily approaching defeat. I will just lie here and enjoy it. More wine, Patroclus. Thersites, keep on entertaining us. Thersites Who else do you wish me to abuse? Achilles Who is the vilest of all vile Hellenes? Thersites Ulysses of course. Patroclus He is the sliest, always survives and is the last man to give up, but I wouldn’t call him vile. Achilles Who is the most dangerous? Patroclus Diomedes is the most aggressive one, isn’t he, Thersites? Thersites Everyone has good reasons to keep out of the way of Diomedes. Achilles Who is the bravest? Thersites Achilles of course, when he doesn’t stay in bed all day to just indulge in fair boys and wine. Achilles Do the Greeks really think that I lost my zest and indulge sexually in anything but slave girls? Patroclus No, Achilles, they just try to provoke you back into battle, and by every right, by spreading foul dirty rumours specially intended to reach your ears. Achilles I wish they could whisper bugger nonsense about Agamemnon instead. Thersites He is too powerful. Unfortunately his power brings respect. Achilles Who is the most stupid? Thersites There you have many candidates. Is it Menelaos with his sullen helplessness? Is it Aias with all his substance in his muscles and no brains? Or is it Thersites? (They go on like that.) Menelaos (when Ulysses and the others return) Here is our legation back again. Agamemnon (rather gloomy, as they come) Well? Ulysses We are sorry, Agamemnon, but Achilles said no. Diomedes He doesn’t believe in your promises. Nestor He refuses to listen to common sense. Agamemnon Then the situation is worrisome, gentlemen. Hector is pressing on and could break through our protection wall at any moment. Stategically we are at a disadvantage. We can’t risk having our ships burned. I find it a necessity to tow the ships out from the beach and make them ready for departure. Diomedes Are you giving up so easily, Agamemnon? Ulysses Agamemnon, with all respect, but your suggestion is extreme folly. If we pull out the ships from the beach, every man will interpret it as an obvious signal for retreat and decampment, there will be chaos and panic when everyone wants to hurry on board all at the same time, and the worst kind of defeat will be a fact: an escape in dishonour. Hellas would never be able to forgive you for that. Better then to fall fighting on the beach.

Nestor Ulysses is right. Agamemnon The war is lost anyway. I have to carry the responsibility of new casualties every day, and we have been fighting for nine years without being able to break the deadlock. On the contrary! Today we are harder pressed than in nine years! Isn’t it my duty then to pull the entire remaining army out of the war with as small losses as possible? Diomedes You are speaking of an escape, Agamemnon, an escape in disgrace after nine years of hard work and sacrifice. Menelaos I can’t come back to Sparta without Helena, Agamemnon. Ulysses Menelaos is right. It will not work, Agamemnon. We have to carry on here until we prevail or die. We have no choice. Nestor Ulysses is right. Agamemnon The situation does not get less serious just because it is hopeless. As you wish, gentlemen, but blame yourselves, and don’t blame me afterwards. (Aias breaks in.) Aias Are you sitting here, you dumbbells, just doting with your thumbs in your arse while Hector is raving at large! Nestor What has happened? Aias The Troyans have broken through the wall and are attacking the ships! They have already reached and set fire to one! Diomedes (rising) What are we waiting for? Agamemnon Gentlemen, our conferens is over. Death is calling us to another meeting. Diomedes Don’t be so melodramatic, Agamemnon. We are still alive. Agamemnon Yes, to fulfill a work perhaps to our own eternal disgrace! (The meeting is dissolved, and everyone rushes to prepare for more fighting.) Diomedes (runs quickly across to Achilles’ tent, rips it open and roars: ) Are you happy now, Miss Achilles? The Troyans have broken through the wall and started burning the ships! (rushes immediately out again back to battle) Patroclus Achilles, this is going too far. You can’t let your people the Hellenes perish for your sake! Achilles Why not? They are all just worthless dunces and despicable wretches who follow Agamemnon! Let Hector burn Agamemnon’s ships, and he will get what he deserves and be justly grilled on the beach! Thersites Achilles, can’t you see how your concubine is crying? Achilles What now, Patroclus? You are weeping like a girl, like the weakest of girls running after mother and begging to be taken up in her arms, so that the mother is interrupted in whatever she is doing. Patroclus If you refuse to fight yourself, Achilles, I must ask to replace you in battle. Achilles Do as you wish. Thersites Patroclus could actually be efficient. You are cousins and like each other. If Patroclus may don your armour, Achilles, the Troyans could believe that it is you, and then they will immediately disperse in chaotic flight.

Patroclus It’s worth a try, Achilles. Let me do what I can now, since you no longer dare. Achilles You sound more and more like Diomedes. Have I then made myself that despicable? Very well, Patroclus, lend my weapons and my armour and do what you can to cleanse our ships from Troyans, but come back here afterwards. If the Troyans flee, you must not pursue them. Patroclus (eager at once) I will fight as well as you in your stead, Achilles! The Troyans will see! Thersites Perhasps I said too much. Achilles Someone like you can never say too much, Thersites. It will be a nice treat, and at best the Troyans will see the devil. Thersites And at worst? Patroclus I can’t wait! I am off! (leaves) Achilles Nothing can resist Patroclus when he may use my outfit. It will be a significant change of the war, which could be very appropriate now. And best of all: Agamemnon will not need to thank me. Thersites Also the Hellenes will believe Patroclus to be you. Achilles Let them believe so. They are used anyway at deceiving themselves. Aias (dropping in brutally) Are you still sitting here, you milksops? Ulysses is wounded and has had to withdraw from the fighting. Achilles Let him be wounded. He is ordinarily only used to wounding others. Let him bleed to death with his slyness, and we will be rid of him. Aias Where is Patroclus? Thersites He intends to fight for you for a change. He got tired of Achilles beating him in bed. Aias While you just stay there in bed, you bed wetter! Achilles If you are bed-ridden you are always innocent. No one can say that about anyone of you. Aias May you stifle in your self-satisfaction, you bottle-brush! (leaves) Achilles Why is everyone so angry with me today? Is there any reason? Thersites Perhaps because you drink too much. Achilles No, I drink too little. You can never drink too much. Diomedes (breaking in) Agamemnon is wounded and has been forced to leave the field, while you just make of yourself the most abominable creep of Hellas by doing nothing, you, the only one who could have done something about it, you godforsaken traitor! Achilles Calm down, Diomedes. Help is on its way. I sent Patroclus to cheer you up. Diomedes What can a shadow do without its owner? Achilles He is fighting in my armour. Diomedes So that the Troyans will believe it is you? Achilles Yes, he looks like me in other ways also. Diomedes You are the one who is needed, Achilles, not a dummy. (leaves) Achilles Patroclus a dummy? Isn’t that a bit thick, Thersites?

Thersites A dummy could be better than nothing. Achilles But Patroclus is still trained for fighting, and I trained him myself. Thersites Then we’ll just hope that he comes back alive. Achilles What do you mean? Thersites Here is the shadow of another’s dummy. Menelaos (enters) We are almost done for, Achilles, and it is all your fault. Diomedes has been forced to withdraw from fighting after having been wounded. Achilles You are then falling like tin soldiers. Why are you alone still standing? Have you gone into hiding as usual? Menelaos Achilles, everyone is fighting to the utmost of his powers, and you just scorn us. It’s not appropriate for one who once was the foremost warrior of Hellas. Achilles I only scorn Agamemnon and everyone who follows him. Menelaos That’s all Hellas except you. Achilles Have you come here only to quarrel? Menelaos Yes, with you. Achilles Isn’t my double visible there at the head of my myrmidons? Menelaos Do you mean Patroclus? Achilles Yes. Menelaos I forgot to tell you. He drove the Troyans away from the ships and chased them all the way back to Troy, but there he was speared in the belly by Hector. Achilles (rushing up) What are you saying??!! Menelaos I tell you that he is dead, and you were the one who sent him to battle because you didn’t want to go yourself. Achilles Menelaos! You are lying! Menelaos Why would I lie? Have I ever lied before? Achilles Menelaos! Tell me it isn’t true! Thersites Why do you ask him to lie? Menelaos I can’t say that it isn’t true since it is true, Achilles. I never lie. Achilles Menelaos! You scoundrel! Thersites Take it easy, Achilles. He is not the one who has murdered him. He tells you it is you, and he never lies. Achilles This must not be true! Menelaos It’s impossible to talk sense with him. Take care of him, Thersites. They will soon bring Patroclus’ corpse, and Patroclus can no longer serve his master. Maybe you could substitute him in the lack of others. (is about to leave when Nestor enters with others carrying the body of Patroclus) Nestor Pull yourself together, Achilles. I know that Menelaos fortunately got here before me with the news. At least we could save his body. Achilles Patroclus! I told you not to pursue the Troyans! Menelaos He thought he could take Troy alone when the Troyans ran away for him like scattered hens.

Nestor Menelaos succeeded in saving the body, but he couldn’t stop the murderer from taking the armour. Achilles That armour was mine! Who is wearing it now? Menelaos Hector. Achilles That mean murderer! And he dares to dress in my finest outfit after having taken the life of my best and only friend! Menelaos We hope you will now resume fighting. Achilles Who could stop me? Hector least of all! Nestor Of course all of Agamemnon’s offers are still valid. Achilles I don’t want his whores or bastard daughters or his money! He could stick all his powers and riches up his arse! I don’t despise him less for Patroclus being dead. My Patroclus! Lay him there on the bed. He will have a funeral that the gods themselves shall envy him! I will only live to avenge his death, and when it is done, I’ll gladly follow him into the shadows. We were inseparable as long as we lived, and death is the last thing that could separate us! Menelaos Don’t think of death now, Achilles. We have a war to manage. Achilles I don’t give a damn about your war! For my part you are welcome to lose and get all your ships burned! What business do we Hellenes have here with Troy? That you can bring yourself, Menelaos, to make so much trouble for the sake of one wanton woman! I would have scrapped her at once and taken another and be satisfied with publishing Helena’s bad reputation abroad to the whole world for a revenge. Menelaos She was not only my wife but also Agamemnon’s sister-in-law. Achilles Exactly! And therefore he started the war just to get Troy! That you didn’t see him through from the beginning! Menelaos He is my brother. Achilles And Patroclus was my cousin but dearer to me than a brother, and your Troyan war has killed him! Nestor Don’t forget, Achilles, that he only went into it because you wouldn’t yourself help your countrymen. Achilles Yes, yes, I know, everything is my own fault. Go now, you bloody panders, and let me grieve alone. You too, Thersites, for I can’t laugh at you any more. Thersites You are not much fun yourself any more either. Achilles Don’t remind me! Get lost, all of you! (All retire respectfully.) Achilles Alas, my only dear fellow being, my second and better ego, how could I lose you and send you to death before me? You will now bathe in my tears until the body of your beautiful youth is dissolved in the cascades of my grief! Alas, so cold and lifeless, like a shell! Still my love and our friendship live a life of its own in eternity, for we were born to be there together in immortality. Patroclus (unmoving) I will wait for you, cousin. On the other side of life we are free to start again from the beginning.

Achilles You tempt me with paradise itself and lovelier fruits than can be found here on earth! Let me hurry! Let me just do my duty and quickly finish the process with Hector, beloved Patroclus, and then I will come! I rush! All I need is an armour, new weapons and a helmet to strike fear in the world with, and I am ready for the cruellest possible revenge! But let me grieve first and cry out my heart, for as long as sorrow is brimming over the measures of endurability, I have no capacity left but to just let it flow. (lies down beside Patroclus, embraces him and cries bitterly.)

Scene 3. Hector Everything is wrong, everything went wrong from the beginning, and no one has been able to do anything about it, least of all myself, who most clearly discerned the error starting the landslide. They imprisoned Cassandra for having expressed the obvious, and I had to use force to liberate her. That is actually my only commendable feat in the Troyan war. For the rest I only killed a lot of Hellenes, like Hellenes have kept on killing Troyans for nothing and without any results. The only one who is satisfied is the war god Ares, who only lives on as many deaths of good men as possible and in as bloody a manner as possible, and perhaps Helena, who might get some pleasure out of seeing so many men fighting for her and dying for her sake. Of course I have to defend Troy. I have no choice. With or without right, the Hellenes are here to smother Troy, and I must prevent that as far as possible. Still I am just a mortal human being and limited as such, I haven’t more than managed to light a hope of a glimpse of a victory for the Troyans by making my way all the way down to the ships and set fire to a few of them, but Aias beat us back, and when Patroclus appeared in Achilles’ armour all Troyans ran away in a panic for the sake of Achilles’ armour. Only by that Achilles is back in the fighting with a vengeance, and he will kill me, for he uses tricks that I refuse to avail myself of in honest fighting. He has his myrmidons while I stand alone against his butchers, against the war and against all meaningless madness in the world which always controlled it. May I perish for my ideal, my Troy, my beloved family and everything in life that I found worth living for, but Achilles and his myrmidons shall find that I will never give up without a fair fight, and that the freedom of our people never can be vanquished by honest means.

Scene 4. Troy. Priam Are all Troyans inside? Helenos I think so, father. Priam It is as if the war god himself had taken charge of Achilles. Two of my sons killed by him on the same day! It is too much.

Helena There you are, Paris! Thank heavens! We feared that someone might have been left outside the gate. Paris (enters, panting and worn out) I think I was the last one. Achilles doesn’t spare anyone. Priam Yes, I know. It’s most unusual. It is an unwritten law, that who begs for mercy shall have mercy. But Achilles goes on a killing spree consistently without distinction and would not spare a father’s last living son, no matter how obseqiously he would pray for his life. Hecuba Where is Hector? Priam Hasn’t he come back with the others? Helenos I haven’t seen him. Paris I thought he was inside long before me, for Achilles keeps bellowing his name in such appalling obvious bloodthirst that could make all hairs stand on end on anyone. (enter Cassandra) Helenos Cassandra, have you seen Hector? Cassandra No one has seen him. Where is he? Priam Alas, the day started with the fall of Polydorus, and then Achilles also murdered my son Lychaon in cold blood, although he surrendered and pleaded for his life. Even Troilus he has killed, all my youngest and fairest sons! If also Hector’s hour now is struck, I will not be able to endure life any more. Hecuba Be calm, Priam. Hector can always manage on his own. Priam Who can manage against Achilles? Helenos There he is! I can see him! He must have remained outside the gate of his own accord just to face Achilles. Priam That fool! He stands no chance! Cassandra He would rather stubbornly and bravely keep his stand and fight until death than try to escape for protection. Paris It will not be a fair fight. Achilles has a spear but Hector is without. Helenos How is it possible? Paris Hector must have thrown it, missed and lost it. Deiphobos I have several times seen Achilles throwing his, but there was always someone at hand who could return it to him. Helenos While no one is helping Hector. Priam Alas, my son, my son, why did you remain outside the wall! Cassandra Because he is Hector. Paris Hector only has his sword against Achilles’ sharpened spear. Helenos If Hector attacks he has no chance. Deiphobos Both are worn out and panting after having fought all day. Paris They must have chased each other around the city. That’s why we haven’t seen them.

Priam (calling) Come inside the city, Hector, my son, I pray you, for the sake of all the sons and women of Troy! Avoid meeting the terrrible Achilles, who just kills everything wherever he passes without sparing neither inocence nor nobility! Cassandra Hector is not the one to run away, father. He knows that Achilles would not spare him even if we offered Helena back and peace and half of all the Troyan riches. Achilles is a blind murderer on his killing spree, and Hector has chosen to confront him. Paris If only I could reach Achilles from here with my bow! But he is moving too fast and out of range. Helenos (calling) Hector, we need your life! Achilles does not need it! Deiphobos Don’t risk your life for such a vile brute as Achilles! Cassandra Achilles has killed two of his brothers today, and Hector has killed his dearest cousin. They must reach a settlement, and nothing can stop them. Paris Now Hector is attacking. Hecuba No, my son, no! Hector (from below) From where did you get your spear, Achilles? Didn’t you throw it and miss just like me? Achilles What does it matter? The point is that you shall die! Hector You already killed two of my brothers today. The second pleaded for his life and surrendered at your mercy. Still you butchered him. Isn’t two enough? Do you have to bereave my father one more son? Achilles Yes, I have to, for that son is a murderer! Hector What soldier is not a murderer? Achilles Patroclus was my closest cousin and only friend! Hector And a murderer like you. Achilles Stop arguing and fight! Hector You are war mad. Achilles Who can avoid being it when he sees the murderer of his best friend? Hector Neither you nor I wanted this war, Achilles. My father wanted it least of all. You and your Hellenes have just been enticed into an action of plunder by Agamemnon. Achilles Shut up! Hector Not as long as I live. Achilles Die then, enervating chatterbox! Hector I did not throw the first spear into Patroclus. He made war in your outfit, and everyone thought it was you. I only ended his misery. He would have died anyway. You even got his body back. If you kill me, I ask you not to have my body desecrated but restored to my own. Achilles Your body will be thrown to the dogs for them to gnaw at and pee on under the burial mound of Patroclus! You will never get away! Hector You are burning of fanatic fever as if you were facing death yourself. Achilles I will gladly embrace it, if only you die first! Hector You have been fooled by Agamemnon and will never see the fall of Troy!

Achilles Shut up! Hector Thus are the best men of the world sacrificed by some idiotic power maniacs, who only think of themselves and only live to seduce as many innocents as possible for the sake of their own perdition. We have only defended our city, our homes and our families, Achilles, but you Hellenes have only been lured out to kill for nothing. Achilles Shut up! Hector Never in eternity. Achilles Yes, now and forever! (pierces him with his spear) Helenos (from above on the wall) Achilles has killed him. Priam Alas, my best son! He only kills my best sons! Helenos And that’s not enough. Now all the hoodlums and bloodhounds of Achilles join the feast of vultures, sticking their spears in the body. Paris But what is Achilles doing? Helenos He undresses the body and pierces Hector’s heel sinews to enter a rope through them. He is apparently up to desecrating the body with a vengeance. Paris The sadistic violator if the dead is obviously going to drag the corpse after his chariot. He will gain no honour by that. Helenos Indeed. Hecuba My son! My son! What are they doing with him? Priam My dearest, there is nothing we can do about their doing everything possible to humiliate him in our sight. Cassandra Hector lives! He can never die! He is more immortal than Achilles! Andromakhe (enters) I hear upset wails which paralyze my blood into ice. Is the worst a fact? Hecuba The unendurable is a fact, my daughter, and we must live with it as an eternal curse of our lives, which will be our punishment for surviving this. Andromakhe Hector! I warned you! We all warned you! Cassandra I knew that he wouldn’t come back. Paris Now Achilles drives his chariot around all the city with the corpse dragged behind it just to demonstrate to Troy the desecration of Hector in public. Helenos Was it the Hellenes who called us barbarians? Hecuba I can’t stand it. (retires) Priam To thus violate the body of a murdered man of honour in the eyes of his mother – why does it have to happen to us here in Troy, and why Hector? Helenos Father, you had better go down. This is not an edifying spectacle. Andromakhe Thus am I then a widow and the most exposed widow in the world, for my husband was the best man in the world. Helena (coming up) I heard that Hector had been murdered. Paris Helena, this is no show for ladies. Helena I understand. Hector always treated me with politeness in contrast to all other Troyans. He was even more courteous than you, Paris. Only Priam was always equally warm, polite and respectful towards me, but Hector was the warmest and

most polite. See now what the Hellenes are doing with him. What Troyan can now question that I escaped and sought protection from such Hellenes? Priam I never did, Helena. You have become more our daughter than anyone else’s. Helena Still I always felt guilty of the destiny and ordeal of Troy, since they could have been eliminated if I hadn’t existed. Priam It’s the Hellenes who make trouble for your sake. We only defend you. Andromakhe Helena, be my sister and closer as a sister than any natural one, for destiny binds us together by harder ties than any tragedy. Your Hector was my husband, and by him we have become sisters for eternity. (embraces her. They remain in each other’s arms.) Helenos I beg you, father, go down with all the women, for Achilles obviously intends to circle the city with his tug for several rounds. Cassandra Achilles is dead. He has ratified his own death sentence in the eternal book of the dead. Helenos He has nothing to live for when he behaves like that. Paris That’s for certain. He must have had some stroke of madness. Cassandra He suffers from war psychosis. He can never become normal again. Priamos I will speak some sense into him. Helenos It will not work, father. Priam Don’t worry, my son. I am not mad yet. I am sure I will come to terms with Achilles. An old man like me must be excused. It will work out well. Helenos Take him down, Cassandra. He has seen too much. Cassandra Come, father. You need some rest. Priam I will not sleep nor eat until I have been given leave to bury my best son’s body. (Cassandra goes down with him.) Paris What do you think about father, Helenos? Helenos He will recover. He is just old but can still take a great deal. Paris But can he still take anything? Helenos You can never know where the limit of suffering is until it has been transgressed, Paris. Father’s limit of endurance has consistently only been stretched further on beyond absurdity. It will more likely be a miracle if it doesn’t finally break. Paris My arrows long for Achilles’ blood. Helenos Not just your arrows, Paris. The whole world is crying for his blood after his outrageous murder of the best one of us all. Paris I wouldn’t like to be in Achilles’ armour in these days. Helenos I don’t think anyone would and least of all Achilles himself.

Scene 4. Achilles’ camp. Achilles I have done everything to offend and desecrate my enemy, but still I am not satisfied. What more can I do for you, Patroclus? Can I still make my vengeance better after having driven around with Hector’s mangled body for twelve days in the view of all Troyans? Still it feels as if I had just quenched a desert thirst by only one drop and thereby only made the thirst more burning. Patroclus is dead, as a revenge for his death also Hector is dead, but the result of my revenge on Hector is just that I feel more dead than either of them. – Yes, what is it? Servant Someone is looking for you, master. Achilles Who? Servant Some old man. Achilles Then he wishes me no harm. Then he is innocent. Show him in. Priam (enters in humility with a beggar’s stick, falls on his knees for Achilles, embraces his knees and cries) Achilles What kind of a pathetic scene is this, old man? Priam I beg of you my son’s body. Achilles Great heavens! You are king Priam himself! Priam I come unnoticed incognito. I have stolen away from my royal castle, by court and my guards and found all my way here on my own. Achilles Does no one know that you are here? Priam No, no one knows that I am here. Achilles It’s a terrible risk you are taking, poor king. Priam What could you not risk for your best and most beloved son, although he is already dead but there still is hope for a decent funeral? Achilles If Agamemnon learns that you are here… Priam He will not know that I am here. I will go back immediately if only you grant me my prayer to be allowed to bury my son. Achilles Arise, poor king. This pathetically humble position of yours in the dust is not worthy of you. I am the one who should bend my knees to you. Priam I had fifty sons, nineteen with my queen. Almost all of them have perished in this war which no one wanted, but as long as there was Hector there was still hope of some honest outcome of the war. That hope is no longer, but my last remaining hope is to at least be able to bury him. What satisfaction can you get out of a lifeless body? Hasn’t he started to smell already? Still you continue every day to expose it in its total humiliation and irrecognizability just because it once was Hector. Wouldn’t it be better then to allow his own to lay it at rest? Achilles Old king, I thought I could have revenge, but that revenge has only increased my desire for it and given me an intolerable abyssal emptiness. Now you make me ashamed. Yes, king Priam, you have won, and I admit defeat. This war has given me nothing, and least of all I got anything out of my revenge. I will make sure that you will get what is left of your son. Forgive me, that I have gone too far.

Priam A war goes too far the moment it breaks out. Then nothing can stop it any more. There’s the problem complex of war. No one wants it, and no one can stop it. It is worse than a natural catastrophe, for a natural catastrophe is at least natural. Achilles Stay with me for the night, old king. You will have your own bed in a room of your own. But before that I wish you to share my supper with me. Priam I haven’t slept or eaten since Hector died. Achilles The more reason then to do so now, when you get him back. Priam I thank you, Achilles. I knew for certain that I could speak with you. Achilles You see, poor old king, that I can cry like everybody else. Even I am only human no matter how divine I sometimes am considered. Even I am mortal, and that is nowadays my only comfort. Priam That’s the final comfort for us all. Achilles Imagine that the two of us from such different worlds and of such a different age could have so much in common. Priam We all share the same timelessness to some degree. At length that’s the only dimension of any validity, consistence and importance. I think we both share it to a higher degree than many others. Achilles I am glad you bothered to come here, king Priam. Priam Something told me that it would not be in vain. Achilles Nothing is ever in vain, as long as it is good. It is only war and violence and death and revenge that you fight for in vain, which all the world does to no good, just to keep the eternal chain reaction going of only the grinding machinery of evil, which reduces everything human to tragedy… Priam Still Menelaos and Agamemnon were right in claiming, that Paris had no right to abduct Helena. Achilles It wasn’t their fault. It was Helena herself who wanted it. Who can rule or decide for a woman? Priam I am sorry and regret that Hector put an end to your Patroclus. Achilles He was not alone. Everybody believed Patroclus to be myself. Patroclus enjoyed playing that role and allowed it to grow over his head. I had admonished him not to pursue you. They were a number who finally forced him down on his knees. Your Hector just gave him the final thrust. Priam I am sorry. Achilles Old man, we are both rather pitiable. Now we will have a good dinner with good wine and thereafter a night of better dreams than we perhaps so far never could dream of. Can you accept your son’s murderer’s most sincerely benevolent hospitality? Priam I can accept anything, if only I may bring my son’s body home with me. Achilles I envy your Hector that he had such a good father. Priam I had the best son in the world. The problem is that he is gone while I am still alive. It’s unfair. Achilles On the other side of life, Priam, we will all be free to start again from a new beginning.

Priam We have that to look forward to if nothing else. Achilles That’s how I feel it also. Priam We meet in the sign of death to perhaps both take our next step to the grave. Achilles I have nothing else to look forward to. Priam I just want to bury Hector first. Achilles How long time do you need? Priam Twelve days. Achilles Good. I will restrain Agamemnon and his war during these days of mourning. Then we will carry on the war as usual. Priam That’s fair. Thank you, Achilles. Achilles It is I, king Priam, who am to thank you for coming. Now at last I can have peace and turn down my revenge. Priam If only the war was over! But I fear we haven’t seen the worst of it yet. Achilles Priam, the worst is always remaining. All tragedies so far are no more than just a beginning. Priam You start more and more to sound like myself. Achilles We understand each other. (Achilles takes care of Priam and leads him gently to dinner with his arms around the old man’s shoulders.)

Act IV scene 1. Andromakhe The grief is total, and nothing can alleviate it, for Hector is butchered and desecrated beyond all inhuman unreason. Chorus Fallen is Troy, for Hector alone carried all the best of Troy. Never can Troy rise again from the fall, for we are bereft of all courage and have lost our morals, for Paris can only cowardly defend Troy as a sniper behind the walls, and Aeneas has never entered a close fight without escaping. Andromakhe Cry your hearts out of blood, o women of Troy, for now there is only perdition left for us by the supreme humiliation through rape or slavery. Chorus We fear and cry with you Andromakhe, for there is no woman here in Troy who can see any salvation out of the hand of the injustice of destiny by the tyranny of Agamemnon and the hopeless recklessness and inhumanity of his soldiers. Andromakhe We can only complain, for that is our last human right in life, so lets complain and loud to the endlessness of eternity so that our cries of bitter lamentations never fall silent in the march of history. Chorus What is history but an uncontrolled bolting machinery of hell, which no one can stop but which all must fall victims to? Andromakhe And the men are running it or claim to be leading it, such men that started the infernal endlessness of sufferings of the Troyan war and murdered my

Hector, such as the butcher Achilles and his hoodlums and slaves the myrmidons, who are nought but brainwashed killing machines. Chorus Not only the myrmidons, but all soldiers who blindly march in columns and obey orders are brainwashed murder machines who have been robbed of their souls and accepted it. Andromakhe And therefore they are only good for being butchered since how to butcher is all they know. Priam (to Hecuba) My queen, at least we managed to get back our son’s body. Hecuba Do you think that could comfort me? His corpse is irrecognizable, inhumanly mangled to shreds, worse desecrated than an unburied dog left to rats and carrion eaters to gnaw at and glut in. The desecration of Hector is far worse than his foul death. My life is finished, for all the best of my life was Hector, and now only all the worst remains. Priam Your inconsolability is the same for all Troy, and I fear that no more Troyan could ever rise from this overwhelming fall down the bog of sorrow to its very bottom, where we are stuck as overburdened by the loss of the only one who was man and strong enough to stand up against the outrage of Hellas. Cassandra He lives. Priam Cassandra, now it’s more inappropriate than ever that you present inconsiderate blunders. Cassandra Hector lives, for he cannot die. Paris She goes from madness to higher insanity and doesn’t notice herself how she just exacerbates the desperate situation of our city. In her mental darknes she does not see that Troy is screaming and bleeding to death but only keeps spreading salt in the wounds of our heart. Helenos Do you then wish to improve things by repeating the inhuman treatment of your sister? Paris Yes, that would be my honour and joy, for now there is no Hector any more to liberate her. Hecuba Son, it’s you yourself who are consistently emptying barrels of salt into our wounds of outrageous pain after Hector, by insisting on the acceleration of your criminal inhumanity, just because Hector isn’t there any more to check your recklessness. Paris I maintain that Cassandra is our first security risk and that she always was. Priam Son, your mother is right. You are of no use at all for us in the city but only worsen our sufferings and situation. Make yourself useful then at least and do your duty as a sniper and shoot your brother’s murderer then at last! That oughtn’t be asking too much. Paris Father, I will not rest on my bow until Hector’s murderer and violator is dead. Priam That’s Hector’s brother talking. Do what you promised, and perhaps our city may breathe a little while more.

Andromakhe But we must never cease our righteous lifelong complaint aimed at the gods who could allow a war like this that harvests most victims among the most innocent and best. Chorus We shall wail with you, Andromakhe, until the twilight of the gods at the end of time, for as long as there are humans, eternal protests will be raised against all inhuman divine injustice without ever being able to be silenced. Andromakhe Thank you, sisters, for your support, for we have a task ahead of us which is more difficult than any toil of Sisyphus, since our complaint and protest never must be quiet. Chorus Yes, it is a work of eternity which will cry louder than all the screams of hell forever, for if anyone tolerates injustice he makes himself an accomplice of it and becomes as criminal as the perpetrator of injustice. Hector (aside) Cassandra! Psst! Cassandra Hector! Hector Only you can see me. In vain I tried to wake up all the sleepers of our family. Cassandra I knew that you were alive. Hector It’s worse than that. I live although I am dead. Cassandra That’s usually the case with immortal spirits. Hector But there is nothing I can do. I can only appear to such as you. I am without communications in limbo and am pending in a nothingness of powerless desorientation and total confusion. Cassandra Just take it easy, Hector, and stick to me. Hector Finally someone who understands me! Then I will stay here until further and keep watching what will happen to you. Who knows if I might not do something even from the other side of death. Cassandra Stay on, brother, and don’t let us down, but let us face the final crisis together. It was good luck that you didn’t appear while Paris was here. Then he would have thought himself in possession of evidence for my mental disease. Hector I deliberately waited until he was out of the way. I never want to see him again. He alone is guilty of all the tragedies of this war, for without him Helena would never have entered the idea of coming to Troy. Cassandra So you acquit her? Hector She is only a woman. Cassandra Alas, brother, your noble forbearance turns your heart as warm still as when you lived, although you are dead. (tries to embrace him) Hector Don’t touch me, for it will not work. Don’t deceive yourself, Cassandra. I belong in another dimension, and we can associate through separate dimensions, since our love between brother and sister has bridged the impossible difference. Cassandra You do look well and sound though without a trace of your desecration. Hector Ì feel better than I ever did while I lived, for I am free now from all my human duties and limitations. Let’s maintain our close contact now when we have found it and never let it go.

Cassandra Of course, brother. I always knew you couldn’t die. Hector Keep in touch! (vanishes) Cassandra Thus the tale goes on into eternity regardless of the fall of Troy or the vain war of the Hellenes. The contact is carried on out into the endless timelessness to never be broken, and in view of this, suddenly all wars and catastrophes become so utterly futile and ignominious. Yes, brother, I will always be here to lead your spirit on by Apollo’s fortune, and not only you will be welcome with me when you are gone, but all the victims of this war will live forever in my soul, and I will always keep in touch with all of you. It doesn’t matter if you die, for you shall all survive the extreme efforts of the Troyan war to make you surrender to its vanity. Thereby the victory will be forever of all its victims, while those responsible never will be released from being constantly accused and brought to trial at the hardest and most implacable of all courts which is eternity.

Scene 2. Agamemnon We can’t let him go on. Paris is too dangerous. Ulysses Who can stop him? Who can keep a warrior out of war? Menelaos He is war mad. He just keeps taking worse risks all the time, as if he considered risking his life a sport. Diomedes Troy hasn’t fallen yet. Who can help us take Troy any better than Achilles? Agamemnon That’s precisely why we need him. He must not fight any more at the walls! Diomedes Be reasonable then, Agamemnon. If we keep him away from the fighting, the Troyans will drive us back down to the ships again, and if we let Achilles fight he must drive the Troyans back behind the walls. There’s our deadlock. Ulysses Or are you suggesting, Agamemnon, that we can afford losing anyone except Achilles? Agamemnon Nestor, you say nothing. What is your opinion, who are the wisest of us? Nestor We can’t hold Achilles back. To fight is all he knows and wants. After Patroclus’ death he has nothing left to live for, so it’s just to let him go on according to his own wish to continue racing against his own death. Agamemnon Paris has grown too skilful with his bow! No one dares to expose himself to him any more, except Achilles, who foolhardily does so on purpose. Achilles (enters) And what Hellene or Troyan could possibly stop me? Ulysses That’s what we are trying to convince our lords Agamemnon and Menelaos here, Achilles, that no one can stop you. Achilles Haven’t you found out any invidious trick yet, Ulysses, by which we could vanquish the city? Ulysses Don’t you think all Hellenic brain trusts are working on it at the highest gear?

Achilles How do you think you could ever get the city as long as you don’t take it, if I would not help you? Agamemnon We are grateful for your help, Achilles, but we don’t want to lose you. Achilles Your concern touches me and brings me to tears, Agamemnon. What are your soldiers for if not for you to sacrifice in battle? Menelaos But you are the best one we have. Achilles And for that reason I would not fight? Your logic transcends itself, Menelaos. Diomedes Let Achilles fight if he wants to. He could actually take the city. Agamemnon Why hasn’t he done it so far then? He got his Briseis, his gold and whatever daughter of mine that could please him, and yet we are still in the god damn deadlock now since ten years! Diomedes You make it sound as if Achilles was to blame for it, Agamemnon. Achilles Will it get better if you recall me from fighting? Should I let the Troyans set fire to your ships again? Is that what you wish? I shall be delighted! But let me then at least die first – for you, Agamemnon, which might make you happy. Ulysses We can stop the rivers by dams and spite nature, but we cannot stop Achilles. Agamemnon Why do we always have to quarrel, Achilles? Is it your fault or mine? Achilles You are the one who is responsible for the entire situation, Agamemnon. That’s why everyone has every right to quarrel with you. (leaves) Menelaos Now he is mad with anger again driving the Troyans up to the walls. Agamemnon That’s all Paris is waiting for. Menelaos All Troy has reasons for revenge on Achilles, there is not one Troyan who is not obsessed with revenge thirst, while Achilles gleefully exposes himself to all Troy just because he is Achilles. Ulysses A glorious exhibition of hubris. Diomedes Achilles thinks he is invulnerable, and perhaps he is. Agamemnon Every victor believes that until he is defeated. Menelaos Achilles is the most accomplished of all warriors, every opponent he ever met in battle he has efficiently killed by his swiftness, but that does not make him invulnerable. On the contrary he only thereby gets more exposed to attacks from behind and by arrows, especially if he imagines he is invulnerable. That’s why Agamemnon and I wished to protect him against his own carelessness. Ulysses Achilles and caution are incompatible as opposites. Diomedes But on the other hand, of what help was all Hector’s caution when it came to blows? It’s a strategic axiom that attack is the best defense. Ulysses Take cover now, for here is Thersites. Agamemnon The only one among us all who deserved to fall and almost the only one who didn’t. Ulysses What’s up, Thersites? How is Achilles doing in the fighting? Has he chased all Troyans back into Troy again? Thersites You can’t imagine how the fighting goes. Ulysses That’s why we ask, stupid.

Thersites Incorrigible Ulysses, sometimes the most stupid of all, who always instead of advice brings the opposite. Ulysses Save your compliments, Thersites. We know them by heart. What about the fighting? Thersites You can’t guess what is going on. Diomedes Thersites, if you only came here to provoke us you came in vain, for that is already settled. Achilles just left from here after once more having shattered all the moral base of Agamemnon. Thersites Has he ever had any? Ulysses Good question, Thersites, but that’s no answer to our question! Diomedes (pulls his sword) Shall I at last cut him short once and for all? Menelaos Sheathe your sword, Diomedes, for some better use. Thersites is Thersites and can’t help it. He is like that. Your sword is needed for the Troyans, not for incompetent bastards and parasites in our own garbage. Thersites You flatter me as usual, Menelaos. Menelaos Is anything else possible? Nestor Thersites, why did you come here? Thersites To provoke you, as Diomedes said. Nestor Why? Ulysses Something has happened over there on the field, and he doesn’t want to tell what it is. Thersites Who needs to tell you anything, Ulysses, who knows everything in advance? Diomedes You are just playing around with us, Thersites. Thersites That’s intended. Agamemnon Don’t mind him. He is just Achilles’ discarded fool, and his tragedy is that nobody is laughing at him any more. Thersites Achilles least of all. Ulysses (reacts) Has Paris hit him? Thersites I am sorry, gentlemen, particularly for you, Agamemnon, that Achilles no longer will quarrel with you. You will have to do with me. Diomedes What has happened? Thersites He challenged Paris from in front of the wall. What do you think Paris did then? Ulysses Gave an answer. Thersites Yes, since Paris is as stupid as Achilles, equally irascible, equally implacable, equally proud and presumptuous, so Paris answered but more musically and eloquently, as he sounded a string. Diomedes Did he hit Achilles? Thersites Yes, straight in his heel. Agamemnon Is Achilles fallen?

Thersites When he couldn’t rise any more from his fall, everybody went at him with arrows and spears, lances and swords. I regret, gentlemen, but Achilles can’t insult you any more. Agamemnon Achilles dead? Menelaos What about his corspe? His armour? Thersites You can take it easy, gentlemen. The Troyans left him alone when content with having killed him. They are no desecrators like Achilles. Diomedes (upset) Achilles is fallen! And we haven’t taken Troy yet! Ulysses It’s not Achilles’ fault. Diomedes Your sarcasm are out of place now, Ulysses. As long as Achilles lived we at least had the initiative. What do we have now except the vanity and emptiness of ten years of failures? (leaves in anger) Menelaos Now we are in emergency for advice, Ulysses. What do we do now? Ulysses (shrugs his shoulders) Bury Achilles. Agamemnon And what then, Ulysses? We can’t postpone the fall of Troy any longer. Suddenly we are in a desperate situation. Ulysses Let us bury Achilles first, Agamemnon. Let’s take one day at a time. Shouldn’t we, Nestor? Nestor Ulysses is right as always. There is not much more we can do. Agamemnon Everything goes against me. Achilles falls just when I tried everything just to avoid that. My great war enterprise with all its ambitions constantly keeps turning against itself by all its adverse results. Ulysses We still have Aias. Menelaos We need more than Aias, Ulysses. Ulysses We have lost Achilles against Paris. But against Paris we have Philoctetes. Agamemnon Philoctetes? That old quarrelsome invalid that we left half way? Menelaos I remember him. He cursed us and swore that we would never succeed in taking Troy until we returned and picked him up again. Ulysses And after ten years it’s not at all certain that he is still alive. We left him there after he had been stung by a snake and was so sore that he could only spew poison around him scaring everyone off and obliging us to leave him there. Agamemnon Let’s find out what became of him. Menelaos Yes, that’s the least thing we can do. Agamemnon Ulysses, thanks for the idea, but I don’t think it’s enough. Nestor Ulysses always brings new ideas. Ulysses One thing at a time, gentlemen. Thersites Ulysses always knows what to do. He always has the solution to every problem. He will win the war for you, my lords, although you have sacrificed Achilles, the best fighter Hellas ever saw. Menelaos Quiet, Thersites! Let us think. Thersites Can you think, Menelaos? Ulysses That’s precisely why he needs to think.

Agamemnon Let us retire, gentlemen, and devote ourselves to honouring Achilles’ funeral. Then let’s concentrate on the case of Philoktetes. Menelaos Agamemnon has spoken. Thersites Now Agamemnon can speak, when Achilles is dead. Ulysses Quiet, Thersites. Don’t provoke Agamemnon. Thersites No, he is enough irritable as he is. Nestor Yet another grim grave has been buried for the Greeks of Hellas. Doesn’t it harm you, Thersites, that Achilles, the greatest warrior of all, now is fallen? Thersites That’s the very reason why I am here, you dumbbell. Menelaos Shall you answer Nestor thus? Ulysses Don’t quarrel with Thersites. He is the way he is, and he doesn’t get any better by anyone quarrelling with him. Thersites If only all grumpy ruffians of Greece were equally well grounded in careful common sense like you, Ulysses, you would all have been the better for never having to come to Troy. Ulysses Say that to Agamemnon. Thersites That’s the one I am aiming at, but Agamemnon is asleep. Let him sleep, so that he don’t have to wake up. Ulysses Go now, Thersites. Thersites Yes, I will. (leaves) Agamemnon Could the solution to the problem of Philoktetes bring us the solution to the problem of Troy, Ulysses? Ulysses That remains to be seen. We can’t do more than try our way forward. Menelaos Right you are, Ulysses. Nestor So let’s now all go to rest and sleep on it. Agamemnon As usual, Nestor is the wisest of us all. After the solemnities of the departure of Achilles with an appropriate week of mourning afterwards, I will summon you to a decisive war council. I beg you all to carefully consider the matter until then, for I must enforce a decision. We can’t endure this deadlock any longer. There must be either a solution or a cancellation of the whole project while we are still alive. Menelaos That sounds like an ultimatum. Agamemnon It is an ultimatum, Menelaos. We can’t afford losing one more single life. Ulysses We shall carefully consider the problem, Agamemnon. It will satisfy Diomedes that wish to enforce a decision. Agamemnon I have to, Ulysses, whatever the cost will be, and it may succeed or founder, but anything will now be better than a continued deadlock. See you again after our farewell to Achilles, gentlemen. (retires with Menelaos) Nestor He really is desperate now. Ulysses He has been for long. Now for the first time he has openly admitted it to himself. He never dared as long as Achilles lived.

Scene 3. War council. Agamemnon This is an emergency situation. Our position is serious and intolerable. Ulysses Yes, you don’t exactly look like joking, Agamemnon. Menelaos No condescending sarcasms now please, Ulysses. Achilles is dead. We can’t afford jokes any more. Diomedes But Ulysses acnowledged himself that Agamemnon’s attitude excluded all jokes. Can’t you hear, Menelaos? Aias Don’t pull poor Menelaos’ legs, Diomedes. After all, he has almost lost the war. Agamemnon Stop it, all of you! You are worse than a flock of lost old maids! This is war and no sewing reunion. Nestor Well, what was it you really wanted, king Agamemnon? Idomeneus Dear Nestor, didn’t you hear just now that he tries to arrange some sewing reunion? Diomedes Wasn’t that exactly what he didn’t want to do? Menelaos Quiet, comrades! Listen to what Agamemnon has to say! Agamemnon The situation is extremely bothersome. We have now laid siege to Troy for exactly ten years, and during these ten years the deadlock has constantly grown worse. During this last year many thought that a final settlement was at hand, and it actually looked like it, when suddenly our prime fighter Achilles by a petty quarrel about some women suddenly withdrew from all fighting to leave the field to Hector, who decided to take advantage of the situation, beat us all down to our ships and burned them. It looked worse for us than ever. Then suddenly Patroclus, Achilles’ friend, entered the fighting in the armour of Achilles, so that Troy thought Achilles had returned. He drove the Troyans back home behind their walls, but the wise Hector saw through Patroclus’ disguise and defeated Achilles’ friend. The death of Patroclus… Diomedes Yes, yes, we know all that. To the point! Menelaos Let Agamemnon explain our situation. Aias Does he think we are all imbeciles? Does he think we have forgotten Achilles inhuman revenge on Hector for Patroclus? Agamemnon Since then Paris with his bow has succeeded in also killing our Achilles. With Achilles back into our lines victory was within reach again, but when he fell, our deadlock grew more fatally definite than ever. We have lost too many indispensable warriors like Patroclus and Achilles, and we who still are standing and fighting are not growing younger. On the contrary, we are getting slower and heavier while grey hairs are spreading like our baldness. We don’t want an old men’s war, and the siege of Troy has already cost more than what Hellas can pay. Diomedes Do you want us then to go home? Ulysses That would be confessing defeat to the whole world in its greatest war ever. Nestor Can Menelaos accept that and go home to Sparta after ten years and still without his wife?

Diomedes Could Menelaos stand Paris’ laughing him to scorn, the victory parties of Troy and Helena’s eternal disdain of him for having given up? Agamemnon (hinders Menelaos from speaking) It is obvious that such a suicide for us all is quite unthinkable. But the situation must be resolved now! I want advice and action! We must take Troy now! And we must use any means! Diomedes You, Ulysses, are the only one who could work out an enough ruthless and applicable solution. Ulysses Perhaps. Nestor For my part I have no desire to stay on and fight until I die here at Troy not in battle but of old age. Agamemnon That is what we mean. Menelaos We have all aged quite enough already here at Troy. Aias And I guess that would also include Helena. Menelaos Yes, it certainly does. Aias It’s strange that Menelaos hasn’t tired yet of such a woman. Menelaos And what do you mean by that? Agamemnon Don’t leave the subject! Has no one of you any idea of how Troy could be taken by cunning, treason or any method? (silence) If not, I must unfortunately sound a general retreat at once. Diomedes Are you giving up so easily? Ulysses has an idea. Ulysses I certainly don’t. Diomedes Yes, you have! Ulysses I warned you against bringing it up. Agamemnon Let’s hear it. Ulysses Blame yourselves. It’s not good. It is risky and so foul that the world, if it succeeds, never could pardon the foulness of the trick and forgive us. Agamemnon That sounds interesting, Let’s hear it. Ulysses We can’t enter the city. That has so far decided the war in favour of the Troyans. Our only chance has been if the Troyans would have let us in themselves. We have searched for a traitor among them now for ten years in vain. But if we could trick them… Agamemnon Let’s hear your plan. Ulysses We build a wooden horse consecrated to Athena. We leave it on the beach while we depart with all our ships. The Troyans will think that we have given up and left the horse as an atonement sacrifice to Athena. Then they will out of piety bring the horse into their city and sanctify it. Aias You are crazy, Ulysses. This is war and no innocent religious ceremony. Ulysses But inside the belly of the great horse twenty of us will sit in arms. When the city has gone to sleep in the night we will open the horse and enter the town and open the city gates to all of you, who then will have returned from your fake escape at sea. If everything works out well, the matter would be settled. Agamemnon A remarkable scheme.

Ulysses It could fail though. It’s possible that the Troyans won’t be deceived by such a plain trick. Nestor The wisest of them, Hector, is no more. Ulysses But there are some women with second sight like Cassandra and the precocious Helenos, the only one among the Troyans who tried to negotiate with us already before the war to accomplish an acceptable peace for all of us with a return of Menelaos’ queen to us. Agamemnon Our collected experience of the Troyans seems to establish, that the wisest of them are silenced and driven over, like Helenos and Cassandra, or sacrificed, like Hector. This speaks for Ulysses’ plan, to cunningly use their religious feeling to get a ticket into town. We have no other plan. I therefore suggest that we wage on the suggested horse. I will give unlimited resources and authority to Ulysses to carry through the scheme according to his plan. But, Ulysses, I must make one condition. Ulysses Well? Agamemnon You will sit in the horse yourself. Ulysses Accepted. Agamemnon Any other comments to the idea? Nestor I think we are all agreed. We have no other plan. This is outrageous but the last possibility. Agamemnon Let’s go to work then. The horse will be constructed according to Ulysses’ engineering while at the same time we prepare for departure. Any questions? (silence) Then I conclude our war council, perhaps and hopefully the last one. (rises. All others follow the example and break it up.) Diomedes Well, Aias, what do you really think? I suppose you would like the citizens of Troy to make a nice bonfire of the horse with Ulysses in it, just to get rid of him? Aias You know me for sure, Diomedes, but in this case I would prefer to have Troy burning. But the best thing would be to have Ulysses burning with Troy. Diomedes The danger of wishful thinking is that it could be realized. What do you do then when you are struck by the shock of a terrible result which you must feel responsible for? Aias No matter how foul our wishful thinking is, reality will always turn even worse anyway than we could ever imagine. Diomedes This war seems to make spectacular philosophers of us all. (They leave in opposite directions, after Diomedes having given Aias a friendly pat on his shoulder.)

3 alternative scenes: 1. The Hellenic camp. Ulysses Agamemnon is quite demoralised after Achilles’ death. We must do something about it. Nestor What can we do? Ulysses Take Troy. Nestor Kiss my arse. That platitude has fallen flat to the ground during all these ten years and grown flatter every time. Ulysses The alternative is to go home, in which direction Agamemnon is constantly leaning more abjectly. Is that a better alternative? Nestor It would be the ruin of Menelaos. Ulysses And that’s why Agamemnon keeps postponing ít all the time although that is what he has wanted most all since his quarrel with Achilles. Nestor Achilles is dead. Ulysses Try to convince Agamemnon of that. He will never get rid of him. (enter Menelaos) Menelaos Well, can you solve the problem? Nestor No. We can only postpone it. Ulysses We can’t go home, Menelaos, not without Helena. All I can suggest is new negotiations with Priam. Menelaos You know that it will lead nowhere as long as Helena doesn’t want to give herself up herself. Nestor And she never will, for she is the most headstrong woman in the world. Menelaos Don’t remind me of it. Ulysses We must have another talk with Priam. That’s the only way. We could always hope for a miracle. Menelaos Thanks for promoting the most hopeless of all projects, Ulysses, namely peace. Unfortunately I know Helena and am therefore convinced of its hopelessness. Ulysses You are almost as defaitist as Agamemnon. Menelaos We all are. The poison is not from him but from the war. Nestor Call it by its proper name the deadlock. Diomedes (enters) How are you doing, boys? Have you cracked the nut of how we shall take Troy? Ulysses Not yet. We still believe in negotiations. Diomedes Forget it. The city has to be taken. Period. We can’t give up after ten years. Menelaos No, we can’t. Agamemnon (backstage) Stop reproaching me! Menelaos (darkly) He is delirious. Ulysses Isn’t he just imagining things? Diomedes We can’t have a mentally unstable general. Nestor Could anyone replace him?

Diomedes No. He has to pull himself together. Agamemnon (breaks in) I can’t take it any longer! Achilles is on to me day and night! He never stops harassing me for his failed life and gives me all the blame for the whole war and his and Patroclus’ death! Diomedes Achilles is dead, Agamemnon. Agamemnon Who is then speaking in his voice and has taken the shape of his own figure? Diomedes Well, it certainly isn’t Paris, who got him by a poisoned arrow in his heel and who is still alive without our having taken Troy. Is that something you find acceptable? Agamemnon No! Diomedes Stop mingling then with crazy spooks and mind your strategy instead! Menelaos Ulysses has offered his willingness to new negotiations. Agamemnon Let him try. He will never succeed anyway. All the ghosts of the fallen have turned against us and are haunting us. Diomedes Are you sure? Do you really believe Patroclus would join hands with Hector? Agamemnon Alas, I don’t know anything any more. I only know that I am getting more confused every day by the dark powers that assault me and muddle my judgement and turn me less and less capable to make any decisions. I just hope my increasing pessimism is not contagious. Nestor Only the whole army is already contaminated, so that more and more just want to go home since they neither can understand why we can’t negotiate any peace nor get Helena out of the city or take it. They are tired of constantly trampling in the same shit. If Ulysses can’t get any positive peace deal now, I suggest that we go home. Ulysses Nestor’s suggestion is reasonable. Diomedes Never, Ulysses. If you can’t get Helena out in a last effort, our only choice is to take the city by any means. Ulysses What do you mean by any means? Diomedes I simply mean by any means. Don’t forget that Paris shot Achilles with a poisoned arrow, the first one ever fired in an honest war. Agamemnon Don’t talk of Achilles. Don’t disturb him. Don’t wake him up again. Menelaos Get inside and sleep, Agamemnon. Agamemnon Impossible. He just keeps me awake. Nestor Our king is in a bad condition, Ulysses. You have to succeed. Ulysses I can’t do more than what’s in the power of any mortal. Nestor Use your common sense, which imports higher power than any mortal. Ulysses Unfortunately common sense has been of no use against any war. Menelaos I don’t think we’ll get any further now. We might as well go back to our tents before Aias also comes to demonstrate his madness. Diomedes The most hysterical of us all. At least he refuses to give up.

Nestor After the death of Achilles he has grown completely unbearable and imagines himself capable of conquering Troy alone all by himself every day without realizing that he actually fails every day. If anyone made me ashamed of our war he was the one. Menelaos Don’t call on him. We don’t want any uninvited guests around. Agamemnon He is here. I can feel him. Menelaos Here he goes again. Diomedes Aias? Is he here? Menelaos No. It’s worse than that. Go inside, Agamemnon, before it is too late. Agamemnon It doesn’t help. He is here. Ulysses Who is here? (looks around confusedly) Menelaos It’s just Agamemnon’s fancies, Ulysses. Now you may get to know them, even if you can’t see them. Agamemnon Are you here now again, you damned and eternally cursed troublemaker! Can’t you ever leave me alone then? Achilles (enters, armed to his teeth for war) No, you miserable national disaster, I will never leave you alone as long as you live, but I will relentlessly remind you day and night of your crimes against humanity and me, how you alone caused the death of me and Patroclus and tens of thousands of others by dragging all Hellas into the most foolish world war in history, which never will end as long as you go on leading it by your from the beginning failed and abortive strategy… Agamemnon Is there no god then to release me from this indefatigably cruel and lethal murderer of all senses? Nestor Alas, he is completely out of his mind. Menelaos It’s worse than that. Ulysses He is persecuted by the dead. There can be no destiny more cruel for a mortal. Diomedes Ulysses, you will only have one more chance to get Helena out of there. Then we must needs use any extreme and unorthodox trick. Ulysses Who can restrict the dead from continuing to disturb the living? Achilles You will never get home alive, Agamemnon! I shall see you splashing in your own blood in a worse dishonur than Hector’s naked corpse being dragged after my triumph chariot in a worse scandal for history than all your monumental failure of a stillborn war! Agamemnon Spare me, o ye gods! I can’t endure his eternal reproaches! No one is so defenceless as one who is faced by the relentless accusations of one immortal! Menelaos (rises and helps Agamemnon on his feet) Pull yourself together, brother! You are dreaming while awake! Let me take you to bed. Diomedes Give him some heavy drugs so that he doesn’t have to dream. Ulysses I fear it would only make matters worse. Nestor Neither wine nor drugs help against dreams of truth. Menelaos Come, brother. Let’s get home to your tent. (helps out the tottering and trembling Agamemnon. Achilles follows them.)

Diomedes He is all washed up. Nestor Good luck that Aias wasn’t here. Diomedes Do you mean that Aias’ madness could have been made worse by Agamemnon’s? Nestor That’s exactly what I mean. Ulysses (rising) Gentlemen, I will require an audience with Priam tomorrow. That will be the last chance for Troy. Diomedes Good, Ulysses. Nestor Good luck, Ulysses. I really hope you will succeed. Ulysses It all depends on Helena. If I can persuade her, everything can still be saved including Troy. If not, we’ll have to take Troy with all the consequences it would import after ten years, and may in that case the gods help us all. Diomedes Don’t paint the devil on the wall, Ulysses. Just do what must be done. Nestor All our destinies depend on you, Ulysses. Good luck. (Ulysses leaves. They break up.)

2. Troy. Priam Ulysses has announced his arrival. This could be our last chance for peace. Paris The Hellenes are tired. They have lost their zest for fighting. The death of Achilles has put them out of breath. Priam Like the death of Hector devastated us. Paris Father, not one Hellene has come across our walls. Our city is intact, and not a stone has been touched. We can endure forever. Priam You mean that we should turn Ulysses down whatever he says? Paris Yes. Priam We must listen to him though. Helenos I have reasons to believe that the peace party with the Hellenes is stronger than ever. After Achilles’ death, Nestor and Ulysses are their most respected leaders while more and more despise Menelaos and Agamemnon. Aias appears to be approaching madness, and only Diomedes is still a potent warrior. If Ulysses presents a positive deal, I must insist that it should not be discarded. A herald (announcing) Ulysses of Ithaca. (like last time, Ulysses enters in plain simplicity) Ulysses King Priam. (bows) Priam Our friend, our best friend among the Hellenes. Ulysses Also Nestor wishes to leave Troy in peace. Paris Then why don’t you? Priam Quiet, Paris! Ulysses, what is your proposition? Ulysses Only one last appeal to your personal common sense, o king, that Helena may be returned to her only lawful husband. In return, Sparta promises to at last deliver your sister Hesione back to Troy under escort.

Paris (laughs scornfully) Priam Paris, you have no say. Helenos Ulysses’ proposition is fair and actually the only sensible one. If the Hellenes are prepared to leave Troy in peace in exchange of Helena and we get Hesione back, the conflict should be resolved. Paris And what guarantees do we have? We can let hem have Helena at once, but we might have to wait a year for the kings of perfidy Agamemnon and Menelaos to come home and then dispatch Hesione on a long and difficult voyage. We have no warrant for Hesione arriving here even alive. She perhaps might even not want to come back after having been brainwashed into a Hellene by the Hellenes. Priam Unfortunately, Ulysses, there is some truth in what Paris says. It is not fair that we release Helena until we have received Hesione. Ulysses Then I must insist on pleading directly to Helena. Is she here? Helena (not visible before, now appearing) Yes, Ulysses, I am here. Ulysses My queen, the fate of Troy and the Hellenes is in your hand. You can save the lives of many by following directly to the camp of the Hellenes. If not, your remaining here will only bring continued bloodslaughter outside the walls of Troy, which sooner or later are doomed to crumb in a continued war of wearing out, since time is on our side. Helena I regret to have to say that Paris is right in many ways. What guarantees can you offer? If I now follow you to the tent of Menelaos, what treatment will I get by the Hellenes, that now for ten years have seen their friends falling to death which they only can blame on me? No, Ulysses, if Menelaos so sincerely wants me back, he will have to come and fetch me himself. My view is that Agamemnon desired this war long before I ever entered the thought of leaving Sparta. I saw the war approaching. Agamemnon tried to raise the interest of Menelaos and Diomedes for it, and when Paris came to Sparta and his demand of the return of Hesione was met with arrogance and furtive scorn, I decided to take part for Troy as the wronged part, and here I will stay until Troy has perished. Ulysses Is that your last word? Helena That is my last word. Ulysses In that case, Troyans, I renounce all responsibility for the consequences. I can’t see that this could lead to anything else than evil for all parts, and I swear myself free from anything that the Hellenes could turn out. Cassandra You can’t do that, Ulysses, since you are a Hellene yourself. Priam Can you foresee some consequences, Cassandra? Hector Don’t tell them what you see. Spare them. Cassandra (ecstatic, negatively) Poseidon! (mumblings around) Paris She refers to Poseidon’s prophecy that the walls of Troy never can fall before the Hellenes have left. Priam What do you see, Cassandra? Hector Spare them. Cassandra One only wants to spare you all, and that is Hector.

Paris She is deranged, as usual. Hecuba What do you mean, girl? Try for once to express yourself clearly! Priam What does Apollo say? Cassandra Apollo is silent like he was at the death of Hector and at Paris’ cowardly poisoned arrow into the heel of Achilles. Paris Her god is always silent whenever a god if anyone should have done something. Priam I am afraid we can’t get any further, Ulysses. Cassandra’s visions always lead to blind alleys and sunken rocks. Ulysses I am sorry. (bows) Some Hellenes will regrettably rejoice at your negative response, while Nestor, the only wise one, will regret it. Helenos Give him my compliment and my equal regrets. Ulysses I will, Helenos. (bows again and leaves.) Priam There we lost our only friend. Helenos Congratulations, Paris. You got your continued meaningless war. Paris We are invulnerable. Why would we then give up? Hector (to Cassandra) Paris is a blind mate whom an unfortunate destiny placed at the helm which he refuses to let go until he has completed a shipwreck for everyone. Cassandra And then he is innocent since he is blind. Priam What are you saying, Cassandra? Paris She is babbling nonsense as usual. Don’t listen to her. Helena (to Cassandra) Come, sister. I suspect that you see more than any one else. (leaves with Cassandra) Paris Then it’s just for us to return to the order of the day, that is the war. Helenos Yes, hide as usual among the towers and shoot your poisoned arrows against innocent defenceless Hellenes who you don’t even know the names of. There is your war for you, Paris. (leaves embittered) Priam You will soon be fighting for Troy alone and can’t even do it with honour. Paris Still someone has to do it. (leaves) Hecuba We will soon have no sons left. Priam Except Paris. Hecuba I am afraid we have missed our last chance. Priam I am afraid so too. (They leave together.) 3. Diomedes We have no choice. We have to untie the knot. Nestor But how? Menelaos Ulysses is on his way back. Everything rests on him. At best he will bring the key to Troy. Agamemnon Menelaos, your optimism never ceases to surprise me. Nestor Here he is now. Diomedes Welcome, Ulysses. How shall we take the city?

Ulysses As expected, Troy answered no, although I offered them Hesione, although I had no authority to do so. Agamemnon Hesione will never return to Troy. Ulysses I know. Still I wanted to venture that bluff. Diomedes To the point. What did you find? Ulysses What was I expected to find? Menelaos The key to Troy. Ulysses There is no key to Troy. I know the city. The walls with their massive and well guarded gates are and remain impregnable. No one can enter the city in any way unless Troy itself opens its walls and gates. Diomedes There must be some way. Nestor Why did Priam decline Hesione? Ulysses Paris ruined Priam’s argument, and Helena said no herself. Menelaos What was her argument? Ulysses That you, Menelaos, should come and get her yourself. She had no intention to expose herself to the risk of running the gauntlet in order to get home to Sparta. She wants an insurance of her safety. Menelaos That I take as a challenge to me to really make it happen. Diomedes Have you never found any weak spot in Troy? Ulysses According to a promise by Poseidon himself, the city can never be taken until the Hellenes have left Ilion. Diomedes So it’s Poseidon more than Apollo who protects the city. Ulysses Yes. Diomedes But Poseidon is just a god, and gods can be cheated. Remember Prometheus. Ulysses How can you cheat Poseidon? Diomedes Add two and two, Ulysses, since you are smart. Ulysses Am I? Diomedes So Poseidon has promised, that Troy can’t be taken until the Hellenes have left Ilion. That means, that Troy can be taken by the Hellenes, if they leave Ilion and then return. Ulysses You suggest a trick, to fool the Troyans that we have left and then return to take them by surpirise? Diomedes Something like that. Ulysses It will be more difficult to fool the Troyans than to fool the gods. You need more than just a stratagem. Diomedes If we can fool Poseidon we can fool the Troyans. I think we are on the right track. Menelaos A sacrifice to Poseidon, that he may grant us a safe journey home? Wouldn’t that fool the Troyans? Ulysses What is the best sacrifice to Poseidon? Nestor Horses. Diomedes That will not do. The Hellenes need their horses and never sacrifice them.

Nestor I mean in effigie. Ulysses I think I understand what Nestor means. A giant horse erected to the honour of Poseidon, to make it appear that we pray for a safe journey home. We leave the giant horse on the beach. The Troyans are pious and immediately get the idea. They rejoice and absolutely have to celebrate our departure, so they take care of the horse and perhaps bring it into the city… Diomedes A giant horse, for which they have to tear down a part of the city wall to bring it in… Agamemnon The scheme is clear. Ulysses Not quite. We have to be sure. Let’s hide a number of chosen warriors inside the horse’s belly. Then when the town sleeps some of our spies could give a signal and let us out. So we can open the gates ourselves when the city sleeps and take it by surprise in the night. Nestor An infernal plan. Diomedes Don’t forget Paris’ poisoned arrow at a cowardly distance from Achilles. Nestor This entire war has only consisted of foul play and blows under the belt. Such a horse trick to fool Poseidon crowns all this dirty business. Menelaos Poseidon will never forgive you, Ulysses. Ulysses Diomedes is right. If you can fool the gods it’s worth doing it. I love challenges, and such a one as this is irresistibly tempting. But the most important thing is that the horse must be irresistible in beauty and perfect construction. It must inspire admiration and amazement. Or else it will be recognized as a trick. Menelaos We have resources enough. We can make the horse unequalled in formal perfection. Agamemnon You and Menelaos will sit in the horse, Ulysses, for you are the most cautious of all of us. We can’t allow the rowdy Aias in it. You two may choose suitable comrades. Diomedes Let’s start constructing the horse at once. Ulysses Diomedes must be with us to counterbalance perhaps the over-anxiety of the caution of me and Menelaos. Diomedes I shall be delighted. Agamemnon The matter is settled. We cannot fail, and Poseidon is the one who will pay. Diomedes But whatever will Apollo say to such a blatant audacity? Ulysses We shall see, Diomedes. That’s part of the challenge.

Scene 4. Troy. (parties and laughter in town) Priam The Troyans are quite hysterical. I don’t like it. It is too good to be true. Helenos But still it seems credible enough. No one except these Greeks would endure a war of wearing out for ten full years, and no one except these Greeks would after these ten years give up. And the horse couldn’t be more real. It can only be explained as a sacrifice of atonement to a god. The weather is a capricious superior power, and who wants a stormy sea crossing after ten years of a hopeless war? Priam But they didn’t lose the war. They gave up. Helenos For realistic reasons. The deadlock was hopeless, despite the fact that Hector fell, especially as also their foremost fighter Achilles went down. They probably realized that the city never could be taken. Priam Still it seems wondrous strange. What does your soothsaying sister say? Helenos No one will allow her to speak. The definite departure of the Greeks is seen as the evidence that all Cassandra’s bad prophecies and warnings from the beginning just were utterly unjustified and false. Priam Still I would wish that they would wait a while with dragging that horse inside the walls. Caution is never a bad policy. Helenos They are too gay. Nothing can stop them. Paris (enters) Well, you dull and gloomy brooders, what do you think now of the situation? Imagine, that we at last got rid of them, that Troy succeeded in defeating them! If only Hector had lived! Priam What about the horse?

Paris Our men are eagerly busy about dragging it up to our city, but we have to tear down some part of the wall to get it inside. It will be a lasting monument to the ultimate victory of Troy. Priam But I told you to wait! The priest Laokoon was anxious about first undertaking a closer investigation of the horse. Paris He died. Priam What are you saying? Paris He arrived at the beach quite hysterical, yelled fanatically about that the horse had to be burned at once, and even thrust a spear into the horse’s belly. Then the horse seemed to give up a sigh, like of fatigue and despair for the limited stupidity of human nature, which became too much for the Troyans. They thought the fanatic went over the top. They didn’t want to contract a god’s anger for the assault of a fanatic priest on a sacred horse. So Laokoon was lynched there on the spot. When his sons tried to help him, they also went down. Helenos And now they are dragging the horse to our city? Paris I think they already have started pulling down a part of the wall around the south gate. Priam The murder on Laokoon is not acceptable. Paris Those who took his life are aware of that. They now tell the people there were two serpents coming out of the sea that devoured Laokoon and his sons. Priam Such legends are unfortunately easier believed by the people than the truth. Paris Now they are dragging the beautifully manufactured horse inside the walls. Try to stop a sincere party when once it has had such a good start! (joins the other cheerful warriors, who are pulling in an enormous wooden horse on the right part of the stage) Priam It doesn’t give any sacred impression. It looks more like the sphinx: evil and enigmatic. Helenos The sphinx was not mute, but the horse is. I would hardly think it capable of any evil. Cassandra The more evil the more quiet. Priam Cassandra! Do you dare showing yourself? What are you doing here? Helenos Don’t you know that all the people are against you today? Cassandra That’s why I am here. That horse is consecrated to Athena of the Greeks. She never did us any good. I am priestess of Apollo, who alone has not deserted us. He warns us against the scheme of Athena’s favourite, which is connected with the false horse. Helenos The priest Laokoon was murdered for having attacked the horse with a spear. Cassandra The priest was right in his naïvety, for horses made of wood for gods cannot be attacked and murdered. They can only be burnt. If we burned the horse we could perhaps be certain of the salvation of Troy. Priam Do you know anything about the horse’s secret?

Cassandra I am only a woman. I can feel but not know. The sensitivity of women can never result in anything concrete. I only feel that that horse is the greatest danger that ever threatened Troy. Priam And now the horse is inside our city and in the middle of the central square. What is done is done. We can only resign. Helenos In any case it is impossible to spite the will of the people. They have brought the horse to town and want to celebrate it as a victory over the Greeks with joyfulness, parties and wine and songs. If we tried to stop them we would only make ourselves extremely unpopular. Priam You are right, my son. Come, let is retire piously in discreet resignation, so that we don’t provoke anyone. The horse is and may remain standing for what it is. I wash my hands. (leaves) Helenos Are you coming, Cassandra? Cassandra If only I could divine the secret of the horse! Helenos If you could it would still be too late. Come, let’s go. Cassandra I am coming. (leaves) Paris (to the people) So let us party all night! The Greeks have pulled out, and we can at last bury our weapons! The future is ours! We have successfully defended Troy for ten years and retained our queen of Asia intact and unharmed, Helena! She and I are

now your future, which is awakening! Hellas has lost against our ancient city and Asia! People Long live Paris! Long live Helena, our queen of beauty! (They celebrate and extol Paris, carrying him away on a shield.)

Scene 5. The royal palace, the room of Aeneas. He is in bed but writhing in difficult nightmares. Outside, the city slowly starts appearing in flames. Gradually cries are being heard. A faint light starts growing at the entrance. Aeneas wakes up with a jerk, appears like in a fever and dries his front. When the light at the door reaches a maximum, Hector enters as a ghost, terribly disfigured, as the corpse desecrated by Achilles. Aeneas (catches sight of the entering Hector and jerks with a cry) Don’t let me dream any more! Let me awake from these feverish intolerable nightmares! Hector Fear not, Aeneas. It’s only me. Aeneas I can see well enough who you are, but aren’t you dead? Have you returned then from the grave and the pyre? Hector I haven’t time for mortal questions. Troy is lost, Aeneas. What you have dreamt and what you are dreaming is the regrettable reality. Aeneas You are then alive as dead? And this smell of burning, and this ghostly and nightmarish light of fire is an unendurable reality? Hector The Hellenes have accomplished an infernal trick. In the horse which you brought into Troy there was Ulysses and Menelaos and a dozen of others. You let yourselves be fooled. When you had partied and caroused and passed out in sleep after too much wine, they opened the lid of the horse’s belly and let themselves quietly down to the ground, gave the signal to those Greeks who had sailed no

further away than Tenedos and that now swarmed through the hole in the wall you had opened to the town, and now Troy is burning, taken by surprise in the night by the Greeks. The Troyans have been overtaken with their stupidity and naïvety in their beds. Aeneas It must not be true! (rushes to the window) I hear the cries of ravished women and see how the whole city is burning! Priam! My wife! My family! I must rescue them! Hector You aptly get my message without having heard it. Yes, Aeneas, run and save your family, your old father and your son, your wife and as many as you can, and go far away and build beyond Hellas a new and better Ilion, which never will fall. That’s why I came here to exhort you to this one possibility of salvation for at least a remnant of your people and this wonderful Ilion. Aeneas Thanks, great Hector, for haunting me. You make a terrible appearance, but your boon is heard. You shall not need to exhort me twice. Hector The rule is unfortunately that we may not visit mortal kinsmen except in the very shape as the one who last saw us alive left us in. Achilles was the last one I saw in life, and he left me in this condition. You can see the holes he made in my heels with the pricker, and you can see the traces of his desecration of my body left in my irrecognizably ruined face. But also the terrible Achilles is now dead, and he will have to endure worse torments in hell than I. Farewell, my good Aeneas. You are now the only hope of Troy and its survival. (leaves. The light fades.) Aeneas Stay with me, you sweetest phantom! I will not avenge you, but I will give you an exoneration for all times by obeying your command. As truly as I live, this Troy will survive! Hector (outside) Hurry, Aeneas! Time will not wait! (Aeneas rushes up and starts hurriedly to don all his armour.) Hecuba (outside) My daughters! Ravished! Where are now my sons? Dead! Murderers have ravished all Troy! Rapists have murdered all Troy! Woe is me! Woe is me! Woe is me! (Aeneas, ready, rushes out. The scene is turned to the right, showing Priam’s palace. All is chaos.) Chorus Our sons! Dead! Our daughters! Murdered and ravished! What have we done to deserve this horrendous day of wrath? We were only pious mothers! Woe betide us that we have to survive! Hecuba Wail, o mothers, over this city which is burning to never rise again from the ashes! The world is lost by the destructive suicidal efforts of the men! Selfindulgence has driven men’s aggressions to the entire world’s perdition! Chorus We are burning with our misery and pain for the world never to know about it, for the truth of the ways of the world is what is always getting buried alive. Hecuba Anguished mothers, cry and scream and tear your clothes, for all that now remains for us is just to burn in the flaming Troyan funeral pyre, which now is the only future of the world!

Chorus Let’s obey our queen! Let’s tear our clothes in our grief and throw ourselves into the Troyan funeral pyre, which should be the eternal curse for all the world and its future! Hecuba Here comes Paris, the worst of my sons and the only one who has survived. What are you doing here, you good-for-nothing of a worthless bastard? Paris (enters dragging Helena) Come on, Helena! We still have a chance of an escape! Helena I don’t want to follow you any more. You now see the result of your policy. I followed you in love, but when this love has led to such hatred against Troy, I am no longer yours. Paris Come on now, you lousy bitch! Do you wish to die with the mothers of Troy? Helena Rather that than to follow you, you mad egoist! Aeneas You have no right to force her into following you, incorrigible Paris! Paris Stay away, you cheeky scoundrel! Aeneas Release Helena! Paris Keep away, if you don’t want to be liquidated and get one head shorter! Aeneas Isn’t it enough that you have caused this disaster to Troy? Paris Is it Aeneas or Hector? Only Hector could admonish me thus. But Hector is dead. Out of my way, you bloody blackguard! Whoever tries to stop me is dead, even if he is a Troyan! (drags Helena by force out with him . She makes desperate resistance all the way but in vain.) Priam (appearing) You wonderful city, which had the future of the world in your grasp and at your feet! You are still eternal, you glorious capital of Asia, our centre of all trades in the world east of the Hellenic sea, glowing and smiling like never before! Now Troy enters eternity in higher splendour and more shining and sumptuously stately than ever before! So shining was never any city in the world, and so precious no capital on earth! Hecuba He is mad. – Priam, you can no longer defend this city, for it is fallen! Priam Sweetest woman, queen of the world, incomparable maid, like all women you can only talk nonsense. I know too well what you are saying. It’s the world that doesn’t know and never has known what it has done. Aeneas He is prophetic. Hecuba I am your wife, Priam! Sheathe your sword! You are no longer young! Priam You prattle, poor woman. Would the king of Troy not defend his city and that of his fathers? Are you trying to make me imagine that I as king would accept being the last king of Troy, although I was the father of fifty sons? Hecuba They are all dead except Paris! Priam Didn’t I have Hector for a son? Hecuba He is long since dead and desecrated by the vile Achilles! Priam Does that concern me? Doesn’t he have eternal life? A son of the last king of Troy cannot die. Didn’t I myself secure his body from the in spite of all reconciliatory Achilles? Didn’t we drink together some brothers’ toasts over Hector’s own body? Didn’t he invite me like a good son his own father to spend the night in

pious company with the murderer himself of my best son and the most beloved son of Troy? Haven’t I done everything that could at all be done to accomplish a universal reconciliation? Haven’t I forgiven the Greeks everything they have done even long before they have done it? Am I not old enough to know… Hecuba Sheathe your sword and come down to me and die, you old terrible distracted man! Priam I refuse, for I am a king and the last one to defend this by traitors abandoned Troy. Who was it that let in a Greek? Was it maybe Paris? Bring him to me, and I shall chastise him, as befits a good father to strike a naughty demoralized son who can’t obey! I can still teach him a lesson – although I knew very well in the same moment when he came dragging his Helena into our house that he would probably be the one to wreck all Troy, my family and our whole royal house and realm. Alas, I knew it all but could do nothing! Hecuba Priam! It is too late! Chorus Everything is too late, for the city is burning and going to cinders to be forgotten by history, and not even its black naked widows have anything to say in town any more. Andromakhe (appearing with Astyanax) Is there no way of escape? Alas, Hector, how lost the world is without you! Priam My dear widowed daughter-in-law, forget this world and vanish into the bleak chorus of black nuns and widows where there is nothing but plaints, for that’s the only sensible thing anyone can commit himself to any more in this world. Aeneas Andromakhe, come and fly with me across the sea to find a better world! Andromakhe There is no better world than the one we are living in which is burning and perishing like everything good here in our only life. Chorus Come with us to join our terrible chorus, you widow of widows, for there is nowhere else where you could find yourself better belonging in a home! Priam Obey the wise chorus, for it was always right, and the men were always wrong, who could do nothing to check their own outbreaks of senselessness and the scourges and catastrophes of their curses of which they alone were outrageously responsible and guilty without exceptions. Hecuba He is just doting. Don’t listen to my poor misfortunate and crazy old husband! Andromakhe I still have my and Hector’s son to live for if even our home and Troy itself will have to perish. I will not join your chorus of surrender and desolation as long as I still have a son and a future with him to live for. Hecuba You will become one of us sooner or later, you beautiful widow. Aeneas Come with me and my family. Your son will be like one of us with the future. Andromakhe You speak optimistically with light and hope as if Troy wasn’t even burning. Priam Alas, it is burning indeed, and it will burn now forever in a world conflagration which nothing can put out, for it’s the bolting insane rampaging of

mad politicians which set it on fire, and nothing can put out the horrible annihilation of all humanity by the eternal infernal self-destructiveness of the folly of politics! Pyrrhus (enters fully armed and in war hysterics) I searched for the king’s harem but only found bleak black widows. Where is the king? Priam I have been waiting for you, Pyrrhus, the son of the slayer of my noblest son. I stand prepared for battle with sword and armour like yourself, you son of the worst murderer of Hellas. I stand here for the defence of my city instead of my son, whom your father murdered to shortly thereafter rightly be murdered himself, for nothing can disturb the laws of logic. Pyrrhus (laughing hard and rough) You old jumping-jack, what kind of a fool are you? A parody of all the powerlessness and senility of Troy, a pathetic carcass who on tottering failing legs still dresses up to tilt against windmills if nothing else! Are you really king Priam, who had the greatest harem in the world? Where is your harem then? Priam Don’t scorn me, ruthless short-sighted ignorance! Can’t you see that I was the father of Hector, the supreme noble warrior of self-sacrifice for Troy, who made it withstand your attacks through ten long bloody horrendous years of siege? Your father at least treated me with some sort of respect. Pyrrhus I asked you, king of scoundrels, where is your harem? Priam I have no harem. You see my wife Hecuba over there, a sore and hopeless witch with no milk in her breasts any more, and in bed she is but dry and tough. The other secondary wives I had have all been raped or murdered by you with the Hellenes. If you want to take over my harem, it is unfortunately empty now, for you and your likes have thoroughly plundered it, exploited it, destroyed it and turned it all into nothing but shreds. Pyrrhus (to Aeneas) Can that really be Priam, the great king, the crazy old fool up there? Priam If there is nought left of me but a scarecrow, plucked to some pathetic straws and tatters by Hellenic crows, carrion birds and vultures, nevertheless I am still the only king of Troy, the most glorious city in the world, its only future, its rarest pearl and finest jewel that ever existed! And I can still defend the city and its honour against mad and brutal hooligans like you, demented warlord of barbarians! (raises hís sword) Pyrrhus Poor old man lost in madness, you are but a cockroach! I have more important business than to bother about toothless deranged wrecks like you. But your pathetic vanity in all its laughable insanity is in my way. (advances with his sword drawn against Priam) Andromakhe Don’t harm the old man! (interferes) Pyrrhus Who are you, unharmed beauty? You seem to be someone’s mother, and then you also have a husband. If this is your son, he stands in my way. (kills Astyanax) Andromakhe Not my son, my only son, the only future Ilion has!

Aeneas You villain born of poison of vipers and evil, are Hellenes then such cowards that they murder children? Priam Outrageous barbarian and killer of children, how dare you use weapons on Hector’s only son! (raises his sword against Pyrrhus) Pyrrhus So this was then Hector’s son, and this lady is Andromakhe? It’s getting better and better. It’s always safest to murder also the son of a murdered father. But you, ridiculous old bonehead, are becoming a bore! Priam Says you, impertinent bastard, scoundrel and villain of a viper’s offspring of the worst murderer of all, who still had some dignity and politeness towards his elders, but you, worthless brat of shit, you desperately lack respect! Can’t the Greeks even bring up the sons of their leading heroes? Do the supermen of the world, the Hellenes, then have to just be more intolerable for every new generation? Pyrrhus You just keep prattling like a parrot, worthless jumping-jack! Move over! Priam Would I give way to an incorrigible barbarian? Pyrrhus Don’t you have any old people’s home here in Troy for miserable old demented fools like this worthless old piece of shit of a shredded wreck? (strikes down Priam) Hecuba Achilles was the bravest of Hellenic heroes, but his son is raving around here murdering children and old men! Chorus The fall of Hellas is deep, deeper than the fall of Troy. Pyrrhus I am tired of your dismal horrors, you old hags and whores! Give me younger women! I came here only for that! (rushes on) Andromakhe My son! My only son! Aeneas Come with me, Andromakhe. My family will sincerely guard you and keep you and care for you like one of them. Adromakhe Aeneas, now it’s too late. Now I will be one of these dismal widows’ anonymous chorus of hopelessness. Hecuba I’ll follow you, Andromakhe. We shall keep company. Pyrrhus (behind stage) Well, here at last is a juicy girl! Aias (behind stage) I saw her first! That whore belongs to me! Cassandra (behind stage) Go home to your dirty sties, you swine! You are gruntingly rooting with your snouts in a monastery and not in a trough! I am a priestess and belong to no one else than Apollo! (breaks in on stage) What kind of a horrendous family scene do I find here? Hecuba with a murdered bleeding Priam in a blooded bosom, a feverish with an equally blooded Andromakhe – is it the blood of the son, our only son of Hector? Aeneas Everything you see is true, Cassandra. Everything you prophesied has been verified, to the curse and perdition of Troy. Cassandra So now Troy can believe me when it is too late! But I also have some good news to bring. Hecuba, now Paris is murdered, your last living son. Helena is with Menelaos, so now she may at last go home to Sparta. Aren’t you pleased?

Hecuba Cassandra, look at Andromakhe with her massacred son! How could anyone be pleased? Andromakhe Helena was my sister, we kept to each other, and although it pleases me that she has managed to get out of this alive and perhaps could find something of her old life and pious past in a beautiful home, I can’t be pleased, for today all the men of my family have been murdered. Cassandra Don’t be sorry, Andromakhe. Pyrrhus will soon be back, and then he will make you his concubine. Hecuba How can you be pleased, Cassandra? Why this absurd gaiety? Have you caught a glimpse of some future offering some light for you? Cassandra I shall be the concubine of Agamemnon, and he shall be murdered. My Apollo has told me that. None of us has any reason to be pleased, but if the heroes of the oppressors are murdered and perish, some malicious pleasure can do no harm. Chorus Joy is the falsest of instruments, and no joy sounds falser than the bride’s, when she goes to the scaffold called wedding to be deprived of all the sacred joy of virginity, which is exchanged to slavery for life. But she will seem happy anyway and will conceal well her tragedy under the make-up of her false joy, this paint, that constantly has to be speckled on thicker in constantly smearier layers. The mirror, which she only sees alone and in the mornings, will be her only truth. Cassandra Rejoice with us, o women of Troy, that we now without restrictions may abandon ourselves to a total tragedy without end! (laughs hysterically) Creusa (appears with her son and Anchises) Have we come right? All the city is a madhouse, but the royal palace seems to be the worst. Aeneas There you are at last! I was on my way to you but was checked by these horrors. Priam is dead and also Hector’s only little son. I could not defend them against Pyrrhus, a combination of fearful war madness and war god. Creusa And I can tell you that the dashing Paris is no more. When he couldn’t escape with his Helena one more time, for this time she was no longer willing to follow him as his slave, he was just about to take the Spartan lady’s life, when he was discovered up on the north wall. Someone calmly drew a bow, fired and hit the young rogue straight in his throat, and he fell, but Helena is now again with Menelaos. Aeneas I don’t know if I can regret this. But we have to escape. Anchises I can’t make it any more, my son. I am too old. Leave me with Priam and let me be a gravedigger for Troy, for I will hardly be good for anything else any more. Hecuba So all the surviving victims of Troy turn into deprived old men, who have nothing more to do in life but to bury such corpses of Troy that can be found. Chorus And the women, who are only childless widows, have nothing else to do in their lives than to cry themselves to death. For who can survive this night and live on? Cassandra Only madmen who live to see the ruling tyrants perish. And I promise you, my grieving sisters, that they all will perish!

Andromakhe Aeneas, leave this terror stage of only raving violence and madness and desperate sorrow and escape with your family. You still have time, and you can make it. You have lingered far too long. Anchises My legs just won’t carry me. I cannot walk any more in a city like this. My knees are dragged down like lead to the running streams of blood among the stones of Ilion’s lanes. Aeneas Get up on my back, father! I shall carry you! Andromakhe You must hurry! Pyrrhus (outside) She ran into the palace. She is there with other fallen women. Arrest them all! Andromakhe Hurry! Creusa Come, Aeneas, before Pyrrhus discovers us. (Aeneas carries Anchises on his back. His little son Aschanios drags him in his pants. They leave, but Creusa stays behind.) Andromakhe, come with us. Andromakhe I will not leave my dead son. Hecuba She will not leave the dead Troy. She is one of us now, the gravedigging sisters of Troy. Creusa No, you are one of the living. You are my sister. You are one of our family, and we shall not desert you. Pyrrhus (breaks in with a number of warriors) Here they are gathered! Arrest those three who haven’t turned yet into old witches! Andromakhe Now it is too late. (Cassandra, Andromakhe and Creusa are arrested.) Creusa You do not touch me! Pyrrhus Are you perhaps untouched? We will see about that! Beauties of Troy must not be left unmolested! Creusa (brings out a dagger) Even if I am left alone, I will defend myself and Troy with my life! (tries to strike at Pyrrhus) Pyrrhus I have no patience with such manners. (strikes her down) There are other whores who are less insane. (to the warriors) Take them away. I have in any case Cassandra and the beautiful Andromakhe. Hecuba You have all the blood of Troy on your hands, and we furies will pursue you in your dreams forever so that you may never sleep again! This murder of this young mother is the crown of your life’s work of curses and atrocities! Pyrrhus Who was she? Hecuba Creusa, the wife of Aeneas. Pyrrhus One of them. One less. And where has Aeneas gone? Hecuba I know that, but I will not tell you. Pyrrhus Do you also want to die? Ì can subject women to slow torture until they speak or die. Hecuba Yes, go ahead and kill me! But I will tell it anyway! Aeneas is safe! Did you understand? Aeneas is fled in safety!

Pyrrhus The old hag of a wasted whore only tries to tease me. She doesn’t know where he is. Take them out now. Make sure no one escapes. Pinion their hands. Strike them if they make trouble. Our prices will be shared equally between us by Agamemnon. Andromakhe You can wreck our bodies, but you will never gain the soul of Troy and even less any woman’s heart from the Troy that you have ravished. Pyrrhus I am happy if I just get the fair Andromakhe, Hector’s widow. Chorus The men enjoy humiliating. It’s their only real passion. They never know any love, only the desire of violation. Love is the property of the women, but with them it is always just transformed into enless suffering. (The warriors push out the pinioned Andromakhe and Cassandra.) Cassandra Accursed Pyrrhus, your death will be more terrible than that of any dead Troyan. But ahead of that you shall be drowned in a worse dishonour than any mortal. Pyrrhus Make sure that bitch is shut up! Cassandra And the prophecies that I, Cassandra, make myself guilty of always come true, especially if people refused to listen to them. Pyrrhus Shut up, you bitch! You will never be mine! Gag her! (Cassandra is gagged and brought out.) Hecuba Will you not also strike and bind and gag me and all my sisters? Pyrrhus You old whore of a hag has nothing left to give. You are not attractive to anyone. I will give over you and your sisters to Ulysses for having given us the hell of Troy. Hecuba Was he the one who was Athena’s favourite and who built the horse? Pyrrhus Yes, who else? No one else is so infernally sly. He alone gave us all Troy but not until after ten years of human torment and ordeals. Hecuba Then I and my sisters will belong to Ulysses. Pyrrhus Yes, give him hell, so that he will have ten years of an extra hell as proper thanks for these ten years of hell by Troy. (leaves) Hecuba The Greeks will be much to be pitied. Chorus For Troy is to be pitied, and that is only because of the Greeks. Hecuba I think those who survive will be more pitiable than those who already died. Chorus You mean that your old man Priam, the beautiful Creusa, Aeneas’ wife, and the small child Astyanax are happy and lucky, who already have been killed? Hecuba As unendurable as our lives now will become, the already dead are comparatively happy who don’t have to experience the horrific consequences of the fall of Troy. Chorus For Troy will fall but once, while men shall go on falling forever. Hecuba And no fall is harder nor deeper than the one that never reaches an end. Chorus And such a fall is common for all humanity with their heart-crushing history. Hecuba Grieve and cry forever, poor shattered heartbroken women tormented to death, for your only life is suffering!

Chorus We follow you, Hecuba, crying and grieving forever for the benfit of the world, for all the rain that gives life to earth and the world is only tears of suffering and of women’s dolours, of which there will never be any end.

Scene 6. Ulysses Who wanted this? Not I. Damned Diomedes, who made me disclose the trick of the wooden horse against my own will! I forbade that rogue to reveal that infamous possibility! But what’s done is done and cannot be undone, and I fear that future generations will accuse us forever and call us the vilest barbarians. The worst would be if they put all the blame on me. I will probably be censured for all times and defined as the villain whose schemes led to the fall of the wonderful city of Troy. Menelaos So you stand here alone brooding heavily, Ulysses, while all the others are busy about the sack and at work with plunder? Ulysses Isn’t it enough that I caused the fall of Troy? Menelaos You only hatched the plan. All the others carried it through, while you are just standing here looking on. Ulysses You were the only Greek who had any reason to come here to make trouble with the Troyans, for you were the one whose wife they abducted. Menelaos And still I was more disgusted by the exaggerated enterprise than anyone else, especially after ten years. Ulysses Wasn’t Helena worth the price? Menelaos No woman was ever worth such a price and not even a tenth of that price. But my brother turned this painful scandal into a political issue, and thus he got all Hellas to follow him on a conquest expedition to Troy. My wife was just an excuse. Ulysses And therefore we have ten years of fatal harvests of young people’s bodies in the burial grounds of the battlefields of Troy, rotting without sense or meaning, just for Agamemnon’s royal vanity. Menelaos Among them Achilles, the greatest hero of Hellas, and the noble Hector, even greater as a man. Ulysses And half the population of Ilion. Menelaos Including Priam, the old wasted man, practically murdered on his death bed, and the small boy Astyanax, the only son of Hector, brutally slaughtered for nothing. Ulysses We fought the war during ten long years, but young brats like Pyrrhus brought home the victory in his first fights – and expropriates the honour while he commits dishonourable murders of old men, women and children. Menelaos So he took the lives of king Priam and Astyanax and even Creusa, the wife of Aeneas, inside the royal palace? Ulysses Many women have testified to that and among them Hecuba and Cassandra.

Menelaos And what did Aeneas do? Ulysses He seems to just have remained standing there looking on until he eventually fled. The slaughter wrath of Pyrrhus was so brutal that Aeneas hardly even dared to get near to him. Menelaos But he got away with his life and that of his father and son. Ulysses And a handful of other fugitive Troyans. Menelaos I hope he makes it. I grant that to those few Troyans that are left. Ulysses It’s mostly only women. Menelaos Yes, what shall we do with them all? Agamemnon (enters) So here you are. Have you tired of the disgraceful war the hour before it is over? Ulysses We are standing here discussing the fates of the Troyan women. Agamemnon That’s why I came here. I was just hoping to meet you. Is there any special woman you wish to take care of, Ulysses? Ulysses No one at all. I have my Penelope at home, and all I want is to get home to her quickly. Agamemnon And you, my brother? Menelaos I only want my Helena. Agamemnon She is yours of course, this time forever, as everybody hopes. But we have some problems. There is no one who wants to take care of Hecuba. Could you, Ulysses, at all consider accepting her? Ulysses I would gladly do what I can for her and support her. Menelaos Who gets Andromakhe? Agamemnon For the sake of Achilles, I believe we have to give her to the young Pyrrhus, although it’s against my mind. But he is hard and insists on having the poor mother for his slave. Menelaos And you take Cassandra yourself? Agamemnon I could need a priestess of Apollo for moral comfort as I go home to Clytaemnestra. Ulysses And what happens to the few Troyans that have survived? Helenos? Agamemnon He retires back into the country and becomes a hermit. Menelaos I trust there is no one else than Aeneas who has got away? Agamemnon Yes. That refugee, who alone among all Troyans escaped from his city, is the only Troyan hope for a future. But once you have started running away from your duty of fighting for it, you usually continue running away for the rest of your life. Ulysses Poor Aeneas. We shall probably hear about his wanderings. Menelaos He has probably gone to Libya. Agamemnon I think so too. May he survive. After all this I wish no more harm to anyone who once had a home in the fallen Troy. Ulysses Not even the dead Paris? Agamemnon He got his reward and rests in an unknown grave without a name and no inscription, according to the will of both Menelaos and Helena.

Menelaos To protect Paris’ body from being desecrated. No one except me and Agamemnon knows the location of the grave. Ulysses Then perhaps he may rest in a peace he never deserved. Agamemnon That’s what it looks like, but it is best that way. We don’t want a sequel to the war. It is over now. Ulysses Paris was its beginning and its end. The major damage was that Paris’ end did not come directly at the beginning of his damage. Agamemnon Yes, I agree. Paris alone was responsible for every single tragedy that was caused by the Troyan war. (Menelaos and Ulysses look at each other.) Ulysses Is that the official Greek version? Agamemnon There is no other. So it shall be written in history. Ulysses And the sack of the city? The plunder? The treasures that Pyrrhus, Aias, you and others have taken care of? And the control of the Dardanelles? Agamemnon Ulysses, leave the political part to me. I will handle it. And you will be wisest in holding your tongue about everything that doesn’t concern you. Ulysses So I must content myself with Hecuba. Agamemnon The only reward of war is the glory of it. No one ever got any better reward of a war than his own participation in it. Menelaos But who has used a victory to punish a loser has only sowed the seeds of revenge. Ulysses It will be impossible here in Troy. The city is reduced to rabble and gravel. It can never be raised from the dead. Agamemnon Let the case rest at that, Ulysses, and you will be a wise politician. (leaves). Ulysses What does he mean? What is he afraid of? Menelaos He has always been like that. Ulysses Why? Menelaos He has always felt the power of the family as a curse on his shoulders. That’s why he has never been able to joke. Ulysses Poor Agamemnon! Menelaos Poor all of us, who have carried through this damned disgraceful war.

Scene 7. Darkness and spooky shadows. Cassandra The halls are empty of echoing ghosts. Nothing is so dark as the mental darkness. People are transformed into shadows without speech and without shapes, that hide in darkness where only prophetic eyes can see them that can penetrate the deepest dimensions of darkness. Come forth, you unhappy executed shadows, and feel ashamed that you exist although you are dead, for no life is so obstinately surviving as the one that was extinguished without right by force and violence. Hecuba (comes crawling forth) Cassandra, my daughter, I fear that we are the only survivors.

Cassandra The question is whether we are alive or dead. The question is if we who are dead are the ones who are living or if we are dead although living. Hecuba Alas, she is out of her mind. Cassandra No, mother, my mind is clear and with me. What I don’t know is if my body is with me or not. Hecuba You warned against the horse, but as usual no one wanted to listen to you, and Paris silenced you brutally as always and drowned you and Laokoon and all other negative voices with his party brawling and hysterical dance music, as if he wanted to force everyone to be merry and start the dance over Troyan graves. Alas, I don’t know if he lives any longer. I don’t know if any of my sons is still alive. Cassandra The voice of sense is silenced with the moderate diplomat Helenos, my precocious twin brother. The voice of outrageously scornful presumption is silenced with my beautiful but seductive brother Paris. The voice of righteousness and honesty is silenced with the eternally royal Hector, best among men and better than all gods. Youth with its freshness and innocence is murdered with Troilus, my youngest brother. Silenced and murdered is the dashing loveliness of youth with my thoroughly positive and friendly brother Deiphobus. Silenced is Troy by the rape of the murderers and their flames, which sacrificed the independence of Troy first of all by the vilest of all murders on my father, an old man on the brink of death, tottering by his grave, who couldn’t even defend himself or Troy but who was butchered anyway. Hecuba Alas, Cassandra, your complaints are hardly making things any better. Cassandra You just wait. I have only started. Andromakhe (enters with hesitation, in grey rags, torn and worn and white-haired) I still hear living voices in Troy if though it’s only plaintive cries and woes and furious gnashings of teeth. Alas, my mother-in-law and sister, are there only wasted wrecks of women left then? Hecuba It doesn’t look any better. Cassandra Don’t grieve, Andromakhe, for Hector, your husband, is alive. Don’t grieve, mother, for all your sons are alive, and Priam, our father, praises himself blessed among them. Don’t grieve, you redundant widows of Troy, all victims of rape and fatherless children, all childless mothers and wild distracted children who don’t know their names any more and all madmen who have been bereft of their minds and sense and souls by the war, for you are all living in triumph, while the victorious Hellenes are facing the woes and miseries of doomsday forever. Hecuba As usual, Cassandra, your speech is not very appropriate. Cassandra Apollo doesn’t care. Chorus (of women, crawling and dragging themselves in, a frightful collection of revolting widows and haggard halfmad creatures in rags) It is still not too late. Still Hector could rise from the dead and redeem us from the tyranny of the rapists. Still Troy can be resurrected and rebuilt in greater glory than ever. Still Paris could draw his bow and send his poisoned arrows into our uncompromising oppressors. Still Aeneas could save himself and his people to

another and better country than that of the Hellenes. We can still like the fifty daughters of Danaos set our knives into anyone who tries to touch us. Still Poseidon and Apollo could take a massive revenge on the whole world for our sake. (They break out into a horrifying chorus of complaints, like professional weepers.) Agamemnon (enters with Ulysses) It’s worse than I thought. What have we done? Are there only mourners left of all Troy? Ulysses Mourners and ghosts ans ruins. Agamemnon We must take care of them. (approaches the women) My ladies, we wish you no harm. Cassandra (bursting into mad laughter of scorn) Listen to him! The foremost rapist of all! The leader of the massacre on the people of Troy! Hector, did you know that the leader of the Hellenes was such a preposterous jester? Ulysses Hector is dead, Cassandra, as dead as Achilles. Cassandra No, he isn’t dead, for he has a work of eternity to perform in that he forever will demand revenge on Achilles. Agamemnon Alas, the demented prophetess wounds my heart. Are you also pursued by wronged ghosts, poor priestess? Cassandra I see a king carrying the worst of burdens of guilt in our time which he will have to atone for by the most abominable death in the name of injustice. Agamemnon Do you then divine some cure for my pain? Cassandra I see a cure for everyone’s pains – death. Agamemnon Can you see that I am persecuted? Cassandra Yes, you are persecuted by yourself. Agamemnon Not by Achilles, Iphigenia, Priam, Hector and Patroclus? Cassandra Yes, and many more. Agamemnon Come then and comfort me and show me the right way onto death. Cassandra Apollo will help you to your doom, which won’t be his though but that of the human injustice. Agamemnon You enchant me by your ambiguous language, which is too enigmatic not to convey some meaning. Ulysses Queen Hecuba, it has fallen on my part to take care of you and give you an old age of decency. Hecuba What old age has any decency? Not that of an abominable old widow like me, who only has curses left of her life to pepper the world with until I at last may be allowed to die. I hope it will be soon, so that you won’t have to suffer me, Ulysses. Andromakhe Poor Hellenes, by trying to dress our wounds you can only prolong our pains. Don’t you realize that there is nothing for you to do here but to make the situation worse? Your bandages only make our wounds deeper, your efforts at comforts only poison our souls, your alimonies are just new humiliations, and your mere presence can never become more than just hateful to us. Take your slaves and murder them and then go after having done with it. You have got your trade

monopoly on the Hellespont. What more can you ask for? What is then the prostrated human shreds of Troy more to you? Agamemnon Andromakhe, venerable widow of Hector, I am afraid that you have been allotted to Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Andromakhe That is worse than a death sentence. So my husband’s murderer is given the right to ravish me? Hecuba You are wasted and grey, Andromakhe. Don’t worry. No one wants any of us any more. Agamemnon Come to my heart, my child, and comfort me and help me atone for my crimes against humanity. Cassandra Agamemnon, your crimes against humanity shall always be surpassed by worse crimes against humanity, if that could be some comfort to you. Agamemnon Any comfort is better than no comfort, and I will buy it for whatever you demand up to the price of my life. Cassandra It is not I nor the gods who will demand your life but the one you would least of all suspect. Agamemnon Some of my own kin? Menelaos? Cassandra No, no one you could imagine, so don’t even try to guess. Agamemnon Your spells fascinate and entrance me. May they lead me right and show me the way out of the jungle of my crimes. Cassandra I will follow you, Agamemnon, all the way to death. (Agamemnon leaves with Cassandra, and Ulysses with Heciba.) Andromakhe Come then, Pyrrhus, and take me, so that my poison may infect all your tribe and all your race forever. Chorus That’s all we are good for any more – cursing all men forever. May the poison imbue all the societies of Hellas, so that they all may perish in self-destructive civil wars. No one can ever chastise hate when once it has been let out by the violence of transgressions, and when once it is let out it will bolt forever and spread only the death of vendettas further on. Thus have we been made witches by the war, who forever may have the useful function in the world to curse all wars and all men who take part in them. Andromakhe Let’s retire back into the shadows and there lament forever without being seen and noticed but without ever falling quiet, so that the belated wisdom of our voices at length always may continue to sound louder and longer than all male self-indulgence. Chorus Let’s follow Andromakhe, sisters, down into the eternal bog of perdition of neverending complaints, protests and accusations against the men. Andromakhe Let us vanish and cease to be, like death, but without ever ceasing to be active anyway. Chorus We fade out with you, Andromakhe. (darkness)

Scene 8. Menelaos No trace of Paris? Diomedes I am afraid he has got away. Menelaos A rogue born with luck finally escapes the responsability for the greatest social disaster of his time, and we don’t even know if he is alive or dead. Diomedes Aias could have killed him in his berserk confusion. He left all his butchered victims totally irrecognizable and went forth like a slaughtering machine leaving only mincemeat behind of people of old age, women and children. Menelaos The worst face of war and its worst result: the total brutality completely dehumanised. Well, I am ready to meet my queen. Is she ready to meet me? Diomedes She is ready for the confrontation, Menelaos. Menelaos I hope so after ten years, for I have some things to say to her. Diomedes (commands) Bring in Queen Helena of Sparta! Helena (enters, more beautiful than ever) My husband, what is your wish? Menelaos (loud) Leave us alone! (Everybody leaves. Diomedes drives all out and is the last one to leave.) What do you think? Helena It is difficult to reunite after a divorce of ten years. Menelaos Don’t be so bloody formal. You behave as if everything that Hellas and Troy went through for your sake was nothing much to care about as if you were pleased with the war. Helena Don’t talk to me about the war, Menelaos. It was yours and even more Agamemnon’s war, who had decided to take Troy long before Paris came to Sparta. He kept Hesione in Argo in the hope that it would become a reason for war, but Troy had patience and just negotiated. You have finally won, you have honestly for ten years worked and fought for the reward of getting me back. What has happened to Paris? Menelaos Nobody knows. Thousands of corpses lie rotting all over Troy, they have to be burned quickly or buried, and Paris could be one of them. The massacre was terrible. The men were completely out of control in their rage dammed up for ten years to the prospect of slaughtering Troy, which had caused so many casualties among them. Helena Yes, that’s how the men function. The rage is their motor, which they only live for cultivating and give vent to in as violent expressions as possible. There you have all the male power and the masculine force. Menelaos You must despise all men infinitely. Helena You have worked long and hard, Menelaos, and deserved your salary. I forgive you. Can you forgive me? (approaches him with her hands stretched out in a conciliatory gesture) Menelaos Who was ever unable to forgive a woman? (accepts her hands with both of his – and embraces her) I have been longing for this for ten years, Helena.

Helena Thanks, Menelaos, for your fidelity. All the others have had their concubines, but I never heard of anything like that about you. Only faithfulness can convince a woman of a man’s competence. Menelaos My fidelity is yours for the rest of my life. Helena I know one who could possibly know something about Paris. Menelaos Who? Helena Cassandra. She can see the dead and has been right alone throughout the war. Paris always tried to shut her in for her unpleasant truths, he charged her with treason and tried to have her sentenced for spreading bad morals, but she was always right. Menelaos Agamemnon has taken care of her. Helena Let’s ask her about Paris and the unknown fates of others. Ulysses (enters) Menelaos, Agamemnon is here with Cassandra and asks for an audience. Menelaos He is welcome. (enter Agamemnon with Cassandra) Helena (cordially approaches Cassandra) Sister, we were just talking about you. Did you feel that we needed you? Menelaos You seem quite calm and relaxed today, Agamemnon. Have the ghosts left you at last? Agamemnon Cassandra here has scattered them. Cassandra No, they are still there. They will always be there. After death they are desperate about all they have lost and try by any means to resume contact with those they left living behind, and sometimes they succeed with astonishing results. But they soon realize that there is nothing more they can do in the turbulent living world unless they take up life again in a new personality. Not until then they disappear. Ulysses Cassandra is wiser than everybody else. Agamemnon That’s why I have chosen her for the chance of her being able to comfort me if anyone. Cassandra You can’t guess what comfort is expecting you. Helena What do you know about Paris? Cassandra I know everything about Paris. It’s nothing to know anything about. Menelaos Could you expound on this remarkable statement? Cassandra Paris was all his life a scornful atheist. He denied all spiritual values and only lived for his egoism, his vanity and the satisfaction of his desires. He could only please sensually. He was a soul at a low level if he had any soul at all. Since he neither can be found in this world, in Hades or in the ether among other unblessed spirits I am inclined to the last assumption. Menelaos Are there people without souls? Ulysses Just look at Aias. Agamemnon You will have to discuss that later. We now have to organise our homeward journey and to get it started as soon as possible, for we are finished here

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with Troy, and everyone is longing to get home. That’s why I came here to get you going. Diomedes is already at it and almost ready to sail. Menelaos At last I recognize my brother of action and determination. Agamemnon The war is over, Menelaos. We now have a much longer and more difficult work ahead of us for peace. Ulysses A war is atrociously efficient in its destruction, but peace is the eternal uphill struggle. Menelaos And the greatest challenge. Agamemnon Come, Cassandra. Help me become a better man, and help me create peace. Cassandra The worst war is still waiting for you, Agamemnon. Agamemnon Could there be a worse war than this one? Cassandra Don’t forget that you have a home and a wife in it. Agamemnon If Menelaos has managed the problems with Helena, I should be able to manage her sister, who has just piously stayed at home. Helena She will ask you about Iphigenia, Agamemnon. Agamemnon And I am prepared to answer for everything – at the side of Cassandra. Cassandra I will not leave you as long as you need me, Agamemnon. Agamemnon Thank you, Cassandra. That’s all I ask for. By your side I am prepared to meet and spite eternity with all its unblessed spirits. Cassandra That’s why they leave you alone, since the unblessed spirits of the living probably will be more than enough. Hector (vaguely in the background) That’s right, Cassandra. Keep it up, survive all our vain enemies, and let Troy triumph over history. Cassandra Brother, what do you think I am here for? (The others look questioningly at each other.) Helena Don’t ask Cassandra with whom she is talking when the immortals of eternity are speaking with her. (The others are content enough, and they all leave.)

Scene 9. Carthage. The splendid court. Dido Your accounts, Aeneas, go deeper into my heart than any minstrel song. You are more than a poet, for your touching stories are the reality. Aeneas But that reality is the saddest and most painful possible. Dido But you have survived it. That’s the point. Aeneas Still I wonder if it wouldn’t have been better if I had died with Hector or with Creusa. Dido Forget your wife. She is dead. The only life that counts is the one that goes on. If we thought too much of the dead, they will just pull us down earlier into their darkness. Aeneas Creusa was my wife and the beautiful mother of my son.

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Dido She certainly was most enviable. But it is a pity that you don’t know what happened to the Greeks after the fall of Troy. Aeneas I have heard rumours. Dido Do you know anything? Aeneas We passed an island on the way after the storms where we ran into a hermit. He knew much that was of interest to us. Dido You make me ready to burst with curiosity. Aeneas (turns to his own) My old friend, tread forth and tell our noble queen what you recounted to us. Hermit (comes forth) What I have learned Í had from a secure source. I have always served Apollo, alone among the gods never to have deserted Troy, not even after the fall of Troy. I know everything about the Hellenes who joined in the fatal plunder and devastating slaughter. None of them will find any happiness at home. Aeneas Pyrrhus, the butcher of Priam and Astyanax? Hermit He will never know his most unwilling concubine Andromakhe. He thinks he loves her, but he only desires to violate the wife like his father violated the husband after having murdered him. The wise Andromakhe succeeds by patience to endure the evil and sadism of Pyrrhus, until Pyrrhus tires of the much older woman and takes to a mistress, then several such and finally the wives of close firends, for the wild Pyrrhus always wished for himself something of a harem. But that will not do in a country of strong wills and opposition like Hellas. He was finally disgracefully murdered by the vilest intrigue. He never had a son and least of all with Andromakhe. Aeneas Ulysses, the executor of the fall of Troy? Hermit The hardest tried of all. The god of stormy seas Poseidon brought him shipwrecks, delays and wayward journeys to nowhere without end. The king of Ithaca almost never came home, and when he did, all alone, naked and without means, there was immediately a local civil war on the island. He had been gone away for almost twenty years, and during this long period many tried to seize his property and wife Penelope, who remained loyal in spite of all, the mother of the only son Telemakhus. When he came back he had to combat all the suitors, but with his bow he managed to dispose of all of them. This led to rebellion from his people, as all had relatives among the massacred suitors. There was never any peace on the island again until Ulysses finally was insidiously murdered in an ambush, and the question is if Telemakhus could be a king any more. Aeneas Murdered in an ambush! That’s his reward for all his scheming! Dido And Agamemnon? Hermit Murdered in his bath the same evening he came home by his wife Clytaemnestra and her lover Aegisthos. Dido What did Agamemnon’s children think of that? Hermit Agamemnon’s son Orestes took his mother’s life and that of Aegisthos and then went insane. Menelaos forced the poor youth into exile, and Electra, his sister, followed him.

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Dido Agamemnon murdered in his bath by his wife, and his son a murderer of his own mother! It goes well with the history of the house of Atreus with all its bloody cruelty and power. And Menelaos and Helena? Did they ultimately find any happiness? Hermit My queen, you can imagine. They were quite young when Helena was abducted, and then Paris made good use of her for ten years. When Menelaos finally saw her again they were both rather tired and wasted, but they still found some friendship together. Like Ulysses they were seized by dreadful storms on their way home and had to find refuge in Egypt. It took some year before they returned to Sparta, and then they found Agamemnon dead and Orestes insane. In brief, many hardships united them in a mature hardened friendship, and they are both still alive in a prosperous and well organized Sparta. Dido Could you call them happy? Hermit What do you think, noble queen, after ten years at Troy, after ten years of his wife having been made use of by another, and after disasters without end in the family in the advent of sad old age? Agamemnon had no sense of humour, and his brother has that even less after his life experience. Dido Who else was there among the Hellenes? What about old Nestor? Hermit He was the only one to reach home in safety to Pylus, and he had a harmonious old age and death. He was of great help to Telemakhos with his problems on the barren Ithaca. Dido And Diomedes? Hermit He also came home to endless civil wars and conflicts, but with his indomitability and great initiative he managed them all. He was alone in bringing no woman with him from Troy. Dido Maybe that’s why he reached home safely and happily and retained his position and realm: he got away. Aeneas Aias? Hermit Mad. After the sack of Troy he ended up in a conflict with Pyrrhus, went into a fit of berserk rage and could no longer have anything to do with anyone. Something went wrong with him in his head during the plundering of Troy. The Greeks had to take measures against him, and he then took his own life. Aeneas The only honest Greek, alone about refusing to survive the fall of Troy. Hermit But the fall of that city became to all the Hellenes like a heavy unbearable hangover. There they had made war for ten years, and after such a strain there had to be some kind of a reaction. When such an enormous effort comes to an end there is an emptiness which can’t be coped with. Imagine ten years of incessant partying and drinking, and then imagine the consequences, waking up the day after. What a backlash! Dido I am not initiated in the strange world of vanity and exaggerations which only men constantly associate with. To me love seems more worth to wage effort, life and energy on.

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Aeneas The fact that women never can take part in any war just proves more than anything else that war is nothing but an inhuman aberration and an abhorrence to all common sense. Dido That’s my view as well. We seem to agree quite well, my dear guest from Troy. Aeneas You are wise as a queen. Dido Stay here and become my husband. Build your new Troy here by this holy Carthage. The two of us could together build a glorious future for us and our nation. Aeneas My queen, such an overwhelmingly generous offer is difficult not to consider, but it demands careful afterthought. I am responsible for a number of men, and if they don’t want to stay here Ì must continue further on with them. Dido So confer with your men in peace and quiet, but you should be able to convince them. Aeneas I can’t convince anyone to abandon his free will and what it demands. Dido Of course. You are free. I can’t rule over you. But you can rule your destinies, decide them and form them according to constructive common sense. Hermit Prince Aeneas, I can see a most unexpected impediment to the plans of our wise queen. Aeneas Can you? I can’t. (enter Creusa, exactly as she was after Pyrrhus’ murder of her) Hermit So you can’t see the guest who is now entering? Aeneas Yes, by all the gods! Hermit This is a sensitive position. Be careful about what you now say, for there are too many ears around here. Aeneas Have you come to deliver some message? Creusa Yes. I constantly watch over you. Go on, Aeneas, for Carthage has no future. Dido Has he been visited by some god, whom he can only see himself with the hermit? Aeneas Dido, I can’t deceive you, it is Creusa, my wife, who now has visited me. Dido But isn’t she dead? Aeneas The dead never sleep. Dido And what does she want here? Aeneas She advises me to travel on. Dido (rises) Now it has gone too far! It is human enough for women to indulge in jealous intrigues, but for a deceased wife to hinder the widower from a new better marriage is over the top! I can’t accept this! Obey your common sense, Aeneas, and forget the sickly phantoms that now haunt your brains and darken them by harmful morbidity of insane temptations of your imagination! Aeneas My men have the last word.

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Dido Go to your men then, and try to reason with them without superstitious emotions! Cold reasoning is the only way to lasting happiness! Everything else is just lies! (leaves in anger) Aeneas Now we can speak undisturbed, Creusa. What is it you want? Creusa Leave this place immediately and go on with your journey. There are dangers here that you can’t see. Aeneas What kind of dangers? Creusa Dido is a dangerous woman. Aeneas Why do you think so? Creusa She has no feelings. Aeneas Is that all? I thank you for the warning, but to me she seems quite reasonable. Creusa Reason is not enough to the mechanisms of destiny. If you only stick to reason you see nothing of what really is going on. Aeneas In life you were always right, Creusa, but what shall I think of you in death? If you see ghosts in the middle of the day, you must first of all doubt your own senses. Creusa Take help of your supersenses. I have conveyed my message. Farewell until further. (leaves) Aeneas Creusa! Hermit She is gone. Ghosts usually are casual and brief and shocking in unpleasant obviousness. Your difficult situation, Aeneas, is now to take a stand in a most sensitive issue: the question of a choice between two women, and it will not be easier by one of them being out of this world. (leaves) Aeneas (alone, collects himself, cries:) Creusa! You are asking too much! (curtain)

Act V scene 1. The castle of Argo with court, walls and watchtower. Guard 1 What is actually going on here? Guard 2 You tell me. Guard 1 We live in limbo and know neither a way in or out. We are all pendant in the air and don’t know if we are heading towards better times or straight at perdition, but honestly speaking, everything indicates the latter. Guard 2 I agree, and I suppose we all do. Guard 1 Still no solution of the situation is coming. We are sliding downhill to nowhere like the queen herself. Guard 2 But don’t talk about it so she may hear it. Guard 1 Everybody is talking about it, and she doesn’t care. Guard 2 Still she prefers not to hear about it in the open, and she has got the power.

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Guard 1 Talk about the power of women. There would be none if there weren’t men who willingly let themselves be hen-pecked. Guard 2 Which men always did, and therefore there was never any order in the world. Guard 1 And there will hardly be any either, until Agamemnon eventually comes home, if he hasn’t been slain like everybody else at Troy. Guard 2 The odds are against us and against the whole world order and have always been so. Guard 1 Still humanity oddly enough never succeeds in destroying itself but just goes one getting worse all the time. Guard 2 (touches the arm of 1) You mentioned Agamemnon. Look over there. (indicates a faint light in the distance) Guard 1 A light! A fire! Guard 2 It could only mean one thing. Guard 1 You said it. The impossible has happened. Guard 2 Troy has fallen! The king is coming home! Guard 1 After ten years. Incredible. Guard 2 It must be celebrated. Guard 1 The whole world must celebrate it. (to a maid with a bucket of water passing below) You there! Maid Don’t try it! I am working! Guard 1 No, no, don’t misunderstand me! Maid A male advance can never be misunderstood. Guard 1 That’s not the case! Maid What else would it be? Guard 2 Don’t be so damned ignorant and impertinent, little girl! Something is going on! Maid I am not interested. I am working. Guard 2 (to 1) They are always jumping to conclusions! (to the maid) It’s not about sex, you fool! Maid Then don’t trouble me! Guard 2 You hopeless wench, do you see the fire over there? Maid What fire? Guard 1 Are you then blind as well? Maid Shut up, you dirty dunce! Don’t you think that I can see, that you are both a couple of most common dirty dolts? Guard 1 That’s not what it is about! Maid What fire are you talking about if you haven’t got it in your pants? Guard 2 Are you as lewd as the queen? Maid I serve her, you dirty blockhead! Guard 1 Who doesn’t? Guard 2 Not any more, for Agamemnon is coming home! Maid How do you know? (puts down her bucket)

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Guard 1 That’s what the fire means, you harebrained blockhead! Maid (sees the fire) You are actually right. It’s the promised signal. It’s the fall of Troy. And it has travelled along the coasts for how many days and nights? Probably at least for a month. Then Agamemnon and Menelaos could already be back… Guard 2 That’s what we are telling you! Maid Why didn’t you say so in the first place? (rushes out and forgets the bucket) Guard 1 Now the castle will wake up. Guard 2 And the whole town. They must have seen it from the harbour already long since. Guard 1 Just imagine, and we never thought the day would come. Guard 2 And not the night either. Guard 1 Imagine, Agamemnon is coming home! What will the queen say? Guard 2 She will probably receive him well. Guard 1 Look, people are coming. Guard 2 Hope is awakening in humanity. May it never fade and die. (Enter the first chorus of old men in the courtyard with torches.) Chorus of old men (a few) Our lord is close. Prepare for a royal arrival, o Argo! (a few others At last we have reached the day so much longed for! (others) Troy is fallen! And victory to Hellas! At last we have won! (the first) Now Menelaos and Agamemnon are expected in triumph (the others) of magnificent splendour and in greater glory than ever! (the third) Now may the entire Peloponnese rejoice from Argo to Pylus (the first) with all Hellas in joy and rapture without end! (the others) For Troy is fallen, and Hellas is now victor of Asia! (the third) And the power is king Agamemnon’s, the greatest of kings of Hellas! Clytaemnestra (appears splendidly dressed on the wall) So it’s true. Agamemnon has prevailed. Everything returns to normal, but after ten years of waiting. A servant My queen, I hope it will not displease you. Clytaemnestra You scamp, do I look as if I cried? But ten years of war carve deep wounds and ineffaceable scars in the soul. You can’t just ignore it like a parenthesis. Servant We have all changed with the years. Clytaemnestra And the world with us. It will never be the same any more. Servant But now we hope everything will return to normal. Clytaemnestra Get out of my sight, you silly moron! Your inventiveness of platitudes is plain torture! Servant (goes down to the old men) What’s the matter with the queen? Old man Don’t ask us. Ask her. Another We know well enough but dare not discuss it. Clytaemnestra My husband! For ten years I have been waiting, with patience at first as faithful as a sailor’s wife. I longed for you and fanatically clung to every fragment of news that was transmitted to me from your eternally cursed war. But then there was monotony. There was a deadlock. Nothing happened, and during five years, the only thing I heard from Troy was, that all the glorious fighters, Aias, Achilles, my

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Agamemnon, his brother Menelaos, my brother-in-law, and even Diomedes only quarrelled among themselves about stolen mistresses, who they robbed from each other. Was the Troyan war then only a war of mistresses with my sister Helena on top of it as a basis for an epidemic of accelereating infidelity, which demanded the lives of the men for their stupidity? So mighty mistresses the world has never seen, who then throws Hellas into ten years of war just for their caprices. Then I forgot you, Agamemnon. Then you were no better than the wanton Helena, my sister, who cast the world into misery, if you for her sake took part in the Greek war against Troy just to fight there with other Hellenes about each others’ ravished mistresses. (enter the maid) Has Electra heard the news? Maid She will come. Clytaemnestra My daughter, dull and sterile as a nun, who only devotes herself exemplarily to duties will probably be the only one to be pleased, Agamemnon, that she at least now will have a father again. All the gods know, that all I can feel is indifference. An old man Here comes Electra. Electra (dressed in grey, barefoot, like a Cinderella) My mother, you have asked me out of my humble cell. What forces me out of my convent? Clytaemnestra Come up here, my daughter. A light has appeared far away beyond the sea that should fill your heart with joy. Electra Has Ilion fallen? (comes up) Clytaemnestra The great day is here that we have been waiting for since ten years. The kings will now return in triumph, your father Agamemnon and Menelaos of Sparta. Electra Then my aunt Helena will also return? Clytaemnestra I suppose so. If the fire has been lit that proclaims the fall of Troy, we should expect everyone to be back. Electra I don’t believe it until I can see my father with my own eyes. Clytaemnestra You are a realist, my Electra, like your own mother. Messenger (enters in haste) Agamemnon has landed down by the coast! He didn’t want to tarry but chose to come here directly! He will be here with the vanguard on his chariot of triumph! Clytaemnestra Then he shall be received with the most worthy welcome of his life! Old men, get a move on! A festive banquet shall be prepared and be ready when he comes! He shall be greeted with celebrations and a sumptuous dinner, red carpets and a wholesome bath! Get moving, old fellows! (claps her hands. The old men start stirring.) Electra Mother, honestly speaking, you don’t seem to be pleased. Clytaemnestra For ten years he has deceived me with his mistresses in Asia. Your own sister was sacrificed at Calchis just the sake of getting wind in his sails for the war. Here I have walked alone for a decade and waited for him while he enjoyed his mistresses at large. Electra, I am only doing my duty. Expect no feelings from me.

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You may have them as much as you like, but spare me that obligation, which is not mine. Electra Mother, you are bitter. Clytaemnestra He shall have a worthy reception. Then we shall see what kind of life we can have afterwards. Electra What do you mean? Clytaemnestra Nothing. Just go and make yourself ready. Guard 1 I can see him coming! A vanguard with torches and music! Clytaemnestra Is he coming alone? Messenger He has company. Clytaemnestra Of his soldiers? Messenger Not only. Clytaemnestra Who else? Messenger Musicians and friends. Clytaemnestra Not king Menelaos? Messenger No, his ship has not arrived. I heard that it was blown off course. Clytaemnestra So my husband comes completely alone? Messenger No, he is not standing alone on his chariot. Clytaemnestra Who is with him? Messenger Apollo’s priestess Cassandra. Clytaemnestra A girl! Messenger No, a priestess of Apollo. Clytaemnestra Who is she? How young and how beautiful? Messenger A daughter of Priam, sister of Paris, Helenos and Hector. Clytaemnestra A royal daughter! Messenger No, just a priestess of Apollo’s. They say she has the second sight. Clytaemnestra Electra, go at once and help the preparations for a party! And dress up, so that you will look decent! You don’t have your own father to welcome home every day! Begone now! Get going! Electra Yes, mother. (leaves) Messenger A noble and pious poor girl. Clytaemnestra Yes, for the sake of piety and nobility she is mostly to be pitied. But get away now and help them open the city gate to Agamemnon! When Troy has fallen, all the gates of Hellas will be opened just to him. Old man (to another) What do you think about the queen’s intentions? Another She seems to put some effort in receiving the king well. Old man Yes, and then? The other You never know what women think. Clytaemnestra (alone) Think fast, Clytaemnestra! All Hellas and our entite future depends on your reception of your husband! Shall you be submissive to him or give him what he deserves after ten years’ suffering? He stole your daughter and gave you hell instead. Shall he be rewarded for that? Or do you have a woman’s right to take the law in your hands and give yourself a new and free life? What will the price

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be? That is my problem. All bills come afterwards. The party first, and then the bill. No party, no bill. But if you can escape the bill? There’s the temptation in its full irresistibility. Ladies’ chorus (enters) The king is drawing nigh with torches and glorious hecatombs. Second part Spread roses and palm leaves on the king’s way to the banquet. Third part He has arrived in triumph as a victor after a world war. First part (dances forth strewing flowers) Strew violets and sweet smelling nectar to the king’s feet. Second part Fill Argo with scents of honey and sweetest perfumes. Third part Roll out velvet mats on every path he treads. First part For the road he walks is sacred, the glorious victor. Second part May all stones vanish from under his feet. Third part May the ground become smooth as softest downs to his steps, First part for he enters in glory and splendour that will shine forever Second part and never fade in any way. Hail, Agamemnon! Third part The greatest king of our country for all ages! (The gates open. The festive procession enters with dancing and music and king Agamemnon’s chariot of triumph at the centre. With him on board is Cassandra.) Agamemnon Be not afraid, Cassandra. I am calm although I know what will happen. If you are prepared for catastrophes you are not affected by them except physically: the shock will be absent. Cassandra What do you know about catastrophes, great king, who only has caused catastrophes for others but never happened to any yourself? Agamemnon The entire history of my family is only catastrophes. Cassandra Still you are fortunate, and you didn’t have to experience any yourself, the first in your family who wasn’t struck by the curse of the Atrides. Agamemnon And therefore I expect the worst possible catastrophe any moment. Therefore I wanted you with me as a priestess in direct connection with the god, so that maybe something divine could be the result or avert the worst. Cassandra Don’t count on it. No wife, and even more no queen could remain faithful to her king if he stays away from home and its politics for ten years. Agamemnon Don’t judge Argo from Troy. Cassandra I don’t. But don’t believe that any Greek city, no matter how small, could evade the damnation that the fate of Troy resulted in for the whole world and especially for Greece. Agamemnon Let’s see what this fate could be. (starts approaching the palace. Its gates open up, the walls glide apart and reveal a sumptuous banqueting hall with grand table already laid.) Clytaemnestra Roll out the carpets! Not one trace of dust must reach his foot! (Red carpets are quickly rolled out all the way from the castle entrance to the chariot.) Agamemnon This I call a royal reception indeed. Clytaemnestra Glorious king, my husband! Welcome back! We salute you with all the generosity and perpetual sumptuousness of Greece!

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Agamemnon My queen, my wife, this is almost too much. Clytaemnestra Too much of what and to whom? Could it be too much for the victor of Troy and ten years of war? Agamemnon I was not alone. Clytaemnestra But you were the king. Agamemnon It would never have worked without Ulysses and Nestor. Clytaemnestra Nor without my sister Helena and the gang of villains in Troy. Agamemnon What are we celebrating? Just a mass slaughter of thousands of men for nothing and the annihilation of an innocent and flourishing city of trade. Clytaemnestra But it is all over now, and you are at home. Agamemnon I thank you, my queen, but I can’t bring myself to tread on your red carpet like of blood. Clytaemnestra Is then king Agamemnon superstitious and afraid? Agamemnon We all grow more sensitive with the years. In this carpet I can see nought else than innocent blood. Clytaemnestra It is just fabric that has been coloured. Agamemnon With blood? Clytaemnestra No, with flowers and juices. Ladies’ chorus Tread forth, Agamemnon, on the path of triumph that you deserved. Second part The fabrics are dyed by ointments to beautify your feet. Third part Your steps are sacred to us, for you are sacred as our king. First part For ten years you were lost as our king, but now you have come home. Second part Never has Hellas seen a greater victor than Agamemnon. Third part You are already a national symbol to all Greek countries First part from Asia and Cyprus, from Pontus and Tarsus to Crete and Malta, Illyria, Italy and the rocks of Heracles. Third part Your glory is eternal, and so be all your splendour, First part great king, the most fortunate of all men! Second part In the palace there is a welcoming banquet with a bath. Third part You will always be served as the supreme king of Hellas. Agamemnon I thank you, girls. What is the matter, Cassandra? Cassandra Don’t enter the castle! Agamemnon And why not? Clytaemnestra Who is she? Agamemnon A priestess of Apollo from Ilion. She is considered slightly out of her mind, but I think she is more prophetic. Clytaemnestra Rather young and rather beautiful to be holy. Agamemnon Cassandra is a virgin in the service of Apollo as his prophetess. Clytaemnestra I know who she is. She is sister of Paris, who stole your brother’s wife, my sister Helena. Where are they by the way? Agamemnon They were on another ship and were driven out of sight from us in a storm. Clytaemnestra So they will probably never be back.

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Agamemnon What is it, Cassandra? Cassandra I see only blood. No, I also see other things but blood most of all. Agamemnon And what else do you see? Cassandra Only misery. Murder and misery. Clytaemnestra Your girl friend does not seem to come here in any positive disposition. Agamemnon We burned her city. What then does she have to be grateful for? She wanted to die in the ruins of Troy with her father and king. Clytaemnestra And why didn’t you let her have her will? Agamemnon If women always had their will the world would no longer exist. Clytaemnestra If the castle frightens her she could remain out here. Agamemnon Cassandra, I have to take care of my wife and enter the castle to resume my position. Cassandra Nothing can stop the victor from taking the consequences of his victories. Agamemnon That is very true. Cassandra But in the castle the victor is not a king but only fornication. Clytaemnestra What does she mean? Agamemnon Don’t ask me. Chorus of old men (aside) We know well what she means. Some old men (out of the chorus) We can also guess it. Agamemnon What is going on? Clytaemnestra What do you desire most, Agamemnon? Your bath or your dinner? You must be tired and rather dirty now after your journey. Your bath of initiation into your eternal glory is waiting for you. Agamemnon And to get there I must climb down and tread on your sanguine carpet? Clytaemnestra It doesn’t hurt. And it leads to the castle, to power and to your divine glory. Agamemnon My wife, what is it you want? Are you trying to seduce me? Clytaemnestra Just climb down. All the rest will be easily arranged. Agamemnon I think you might have prepared some surprise for me. Clytaemnestra You will see. Agamemnon Something greater than all these welcome ceremonies. Clytaemnestra I haven’t said anything. Draw your own conclusions. Who knows? Maybe you will have the surprise of your life inside? Agamemnon (makes up his mind, climbs down) I will have the bath first. Clytaemnestra Yes, so would I have done. (receives him. They embrace.) Cassandra (cries out) I see the bodies of the children! They are being eaten by their own father! Agamemnon (checks himself) What is it, Cassandra? Some old men She sees something of the past. Others It must be the terrible meal of Thyestes. Third part But how could she know anything about it? Agamemnon How could you know anything about uncle Thyestes, Cassandra?

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Cassandra I see what I see, and I cannot deny it. Clytaemnestra Le´t her see what she sees. We can’t deny it to her. Come! (wants to lead him to the castle) Agamemnon I obey you, my wife, my beloved worthy queen. (They walk together up towards the castle, he on the carpet, she beside it, while the girls spread flowers for his feet and dance around.) Cassandra Yes, you maidens, on the impassable path of death! Spread flowers for the victim and dance for death, so that he will grin the more from pleasure and scorn to death! Spread out your scents and palms to make his way smooth and easy, so that the scythe may reap the more freely and randomly and with greater range for swifter harder sweeps! Dance yourselves wildly and joyfully to death in front of its altar, laugh from the incurable hysteria of life’s joy, whisk away the illusions of all evil unthinkable dreams, and let illusion rule alone! He alone is king of Hellas! He alone is powerful in the world! There is no power except the superficial illusion of delight! Clytaemnestra But what is it your concubine so crazily natters about? Agamemnon Don’t ask me. They never understood her at all over there at Troy. She constantly issued warnings but was never taken seriously, and therefore Troy subsided. Clytaemnestra And such a one you brought here? Agamemnon Clytaemnestra, I promise, she was never more than a slave. We were never more than friends. Clytaemnestra So beautiful and expressionistic and young. If she had any virginity, you would have been the last one in the world to resist it. Agamemnon She is a sacred priestess. You would do wisely in leaving her alone. Clytaemnestra Like you have done, Agamemnon? Agamemnon You only see her as a concubine. I only see her as a sacred priestess. Clytaemnestra I only see her as a woman, and she came together with you. Agamemnon But only as a prisoner. Clytaemnestra Yes, try and tell that to someone else. (They go in. The doors are closed behind them.) Cassandra Now the crime is concealed behind stage. Now all the devils steal forth to tear all hearts to pieces. Now begins the new terrible age for everybody. Old man (imploring) What is it you are prophesying, o priestess? Cassandra Only misfortune for everyone! What happened in Troy is nothing to what will happen in your royal house. A woman But what is she saying? Old man She is just mad and raving. Woman Yes, she seems hysterical, to say the least.

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Cassandra You may call me what you want, but all I say is the truth. I can’t say anything else. You may call it evil or mad, hysterical and impossible, but nevertheless it will remain the truth. Old man We must listen to her. We can’t just turn a deaf ear to what she says. Woman And she is a woman, a sister and sacred at that. If woman is to keep quiet in life, then life is stillborn and just a boring desert of only desolation. Old man Speak, Cassandra! We listen! Cassandra Bring out poor sister Electra! She must hear what I have to say. Old man Electra? That pauper? The barefoot girl in sackcloth and unkept hair let loose, who just keeps atoning for everyone forever? Cassandra Yes, for she is now my sister, my destiny is hers, but unlike me she will live on. Old man (to the woman) Fetch Electra! Woman Here she comes herself. (enter barefooted Electra with her hair let loose) Electra Here I am, Cassandra. What did you want of me? Cassandra Listen to me, dear sister. Don’t be shocked. Electra I spend my life in prayer in sober ascethicism. Nothing can scare me. Cassandra Yes, so they all say until something happens to them. But then it’s all done for. Never believe in yourself any more, dear sister of destiny, for the ego is worthless. The soul, which all are sharing, is alone of any significance. Against it all self-awareness and vainglory in all the world disappears. Electra Come to the point, dear sister. Cassandra There are preparations for a party in the castle? Electra My mother is mobilizing all possible festivity. But my father wants to have his bath first. Cassandra Of course, for he is full of dust and dirt and wants to dress up handsomely in view of his return. But he could never suspect what kind of shrouds he will be dresssed in. Electra Sister, Cassandra, what are you insinuating? Cassandra But you, good sister Electra, will manage and live on to give all the necessary support to your brother Orestes that he shall later need to get at all the evil that constitutes the power of Argo. Electra You speak covertly in superstitious and prejudicial innuendos. Cassandra I always did that in Troy but was always right. And now I do it again as a slave in Argo and will be right again. But this is the last time I do it. Electra Explain yourself! Everything you say is obscure. Cassandra A priestess of Apollo needs no further explanation. The god will make himself clearer by his own reality. Electra You keep threatening and insinuating but come with no clear message. Cassandra I have said everything that needs to be said. The reality will make the rest clear enough. (steps down from the chariot) Electra What will you do?

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Cassandra What have I to do? All I can do is to follow my destiny in humility according to my divine lord Apollo’s decisions. (approaches the castle) Chorus leader (of the ladies) But you refused to enter. Cassandra That was then. Now the time is getting ripe. Electra For what? Cassandra Can’t you add two and two, my dear sister of destiny? You as one of the family know what your family has earlier been up to. I saw by the god’s insight the meal that was served with great generosity to your grandfather’s brother the poor Thyestes. He enjoyed the meat of his two children with good appetite without knowing they had been slaughtered just for him. Electra That was an eternity ago. Cassandra And you have forgotten all about it. That is usually the case. You usually suppress unpleasant memories, but they always come back and make themselves persistently remembered with pain and anguish. And they have the special capacity, that the more they are suppressed, the worse grows their actuality. Didn’t Thyestes have a third son who survived? Electra He just disappeared. No one of us ever learned anything about him. Cassandra He just disappeared, but he will come back and in the most inappropriate moment possible. Chorus leader What do you know about the last son of Thyestes? Cassandra Absolutely nothing, but I see what I see, and I see a great connection in everything. (approaches the castle) Chorus leader Don’t enter the castle, Cassandra! Cassandra I have to. My lord is calling for me. Chorus leader Is it your god or king Agamemnon? Cassandra Both. But most of all I am called by your gentle mother, Electra. Electra What could she want with you? Cassandra Only the same the she wants with everybody. To hell with them! Chorus leader Cassandra, don’t enter the castle! Cassandra I have to. I have no choice. Your father, Electra, ravished me by his destiny. I must now follow his way. Chorus leader You are the last daughter of the royal house of Ilion! Cassandra That’s why I go to be crowned again here in Argo in your own royal house. I am just consistent. Chorus leader Try to stop the poor girl, Electra! Electra I am totally out of arguments. Cassandra Yes, Electra, that’s your wisest way. Carry on like that. Chorus leader (stops her by force) You must not go! Cassandra No gods can stop me! Chorus leader I can and will! Cassandra Let me go! Chorus leader Never in my life! Come and help me, Electra! She must not go!

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Cassandra Would I not go to the graves of my father’s house? You executed my entire tribe! And you butchered Hector and desecrated his corpse without reason although he was more sacred and noble in his death than every living Greek in all Hellas! You murdered my own father, a decrepit old man, and burned down all our homes just in the lust of destruction! Even your Ulysses was ashamed of how you handled Troy! And your father, Electra, the glorious mighty king Agamemnon, was the head of all responsibility! Would I then not follow him in his last bath? Chorus leader (releases her) She is mad. Cassandra Yes, let me be mad then! That’s my sacred profession! (rushes up to the castle) Chorus leader (helpless) Stop her! Electra It is too late. (Cassandra breaks into the gate and rushes inside. It is immediately shut behind her.) Agamemnon (brawling from inside) Murder! It is murder, you miserable cursed false and outrageous damned witch! Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaah! (roars) Chorus leader It is your father, Electra. Electra Someone is murdering him. Old men Interfere, before it is too late! Clytaemnestra (from inside) Die, you accursed witch! Electra It is already too late. Old men This is intolerable. Ladies Something terrible is going on in there. Old men What the hell shall we do? We can’t just stand here. Guard 1 (rises on the wall) What are you waiting for? How long will you just stand there and waver? Old men But we have no weapons! Guard 1 Arm yourselves then! And storm the palace! Guard 2 (has risen) Get the murderers! Lynch them in public! Old men But we don’t know who has murdererd who or if anyone has been murdererd at all! Guard 1 Then you sure have a dilemma. What will you do about it? Chorus leader Don’t just stand there and pull our legs! Do something instead! Guard 1 What the devil shall we do? We are just plain guards. Guard 2 We are only here for obeying orders, either from the king or the queen. Chorus leader You are just plain cowards, who blindly obey orders without bothering about what is happening! Guard 2 Yes, but what is happening? Guard 1 Yes – what is actually going on? Chorus leader All Argo knows that! Isn’t it so, Electra? Electra Why do you think I have dressed in sackcloth like a nun, and not bothered much about how I look? Do you think I always walk barefoot just for my own pleasure? Old men All Argo thinks that you were in some kind of disgrace.

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Electra I probably will be, if it goes on as it has started, but so far I have only voluntarily by mortification and penance sought grace with the gods for my family’s difficult burdens of heavy crimes. Chorus leader Yes, that’s our pious Electra. Women What shall we do then? Shall we sing out our respect for Electra while terrible horrors are taking place in the castle, where young Cassandra has disappeared, the innocent prophetess? Chorus leader The least thing we can do, I think, is to demand an explanation of the queen. What do you say, dear Electra? Electra I say that is the least thing we all can do. Chorus leader Then I will dare to do it. (advances towards the castle. Then the gates are opened and Clytaemnestra appears in splendour.) Clytaemnestra Rejoice, you people of Mycenae and Argo, for justice is accomplished! All choruses What has happened then? Clytaemnestra Aegisthos, come forward and explain! All choruses Aegisthos! Women The cursed son of Thyestes! Aegisthos Not any longer. I have been exonerated. Electra My mother, what have you done? Clytaemnestra My Electra, just be calm. Aegisthos has killed Agamemnon, and thereby the family vendetta has been concluded. Everyone is satisfied now, and we preach reconciliation with everybody. Electra ”We”? Clytaemnestra Yes, I and Aigisthos. And did you think then, poor simple naïve and pious girl, that I would live here dried out alone for ten years while your father at Troy just wallowed in concubines? And have you forgotten how he took the life of your own sister, the purest Iphigeneia, my loveliest most darling daughter? Electra They say she was saved at last from the altar. Clytaemnestra But it was my own husband’s political wish and will and intention to sacrifice my loveliest girl! Only that intention was enough to make me the most bitter of all his enemies! Electra And since then you have lived in fornication with your husband’s cousin Aigisthos. Clytaemnestra Don’t worry. Our coup is perfect. The whole weapon supply and army us in our hands. There is no one who can avenge the ruffian’s death, unless his own children turn against their mother. Chorus leader And poor Cassandra? Clytaemnestra The crazy girl? The mistress he raped to death? The confused concubine from Troy? She came running into the palace herself just like by order and asked for his rapist, the goat in the bath. We brought her directly to the bathroom where she could see the damned blackguard axed in his head and bathing in his own blood, a most magnificent corpse but in a rather awkward situation, naked in the bathtub. There I struck down the prostitute priestess and prophetess as soon as she

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caught sight of Agamemnon’s position. There the whore got what she deserved for having herself let her blood to my at last punished husband’s damned released selfindulgent desire and lust! Chorus leader So she has murdered Apollo’s priestess. That bodes no good. Clytaemnestra I have slaughtered my husnand in his bath, the most glorious king in Hellas ever, just as he arrived home from his war in resplendent triumph! And you admionish me for having dealt with his crazy mistress, a raped prisoner of war? Chorus leader She was a consecrated priestess and wore the god’s ribbons in her hair. She was not married to Agamemnon. She only belonged to Apollo. How king Agamemnon used her has therefore no bearing on the case and no importance. Clytaemnestra Sister, I overlook your considerations. You may say what you please. It doesn’t concern me. We have the power, and it is established. Not even Menelaos, if he still is alive and ever comes back, could do anything about the situation. What do you say, dear Aegisthos? (takes his hand) Aegisthos It is as you say. Clytaemnestra is perfectly right. All are ruled by us, the entire army is in our hands, this coup has been carefully planned since a long time, Clytaemnestra rules as before, and I support my queen and wife. Chorus leader (shocked) Are you already married? Aegisthos Biologically we have been so for years. But now her husband is dead, so now we can immediately make it legal. Come, Clytaemnestra, my queen. You had prepared a festive banquet for your famous husband. Let’s at last start in on it, as we now just have even more to celebrate. (leads courteously Clytaemnestra into the castle) Chorus leader That’s the supreme scandal of impertinence! Electra (mumbles) ”Unless his own children turn against their mother.” Chorus leader What are you mumbling, Electra? Electra My brother is abroad. He will never be able to get over this. Chorus leader No, indeed! Electra All my hope is for him. I can do nothing alone, but if Orestes had been here today our mother would never have been able to accomplish the murder. She knows that I am powerless alone. But then one day when Orestes is here there will be an entirely new situation. Chorus leader And what do you intend to do? Electra My duty. Today has given us two martyrs to mourn and bury with honour, the first a king, the greatest, my father, and the second a sacred priestess and royal princess of the house of Priam. They deserve equal honours. So, sisters and all citizens of Argo, we are now to dress in black and cry and wail and mourn for weeks, for months, for several years and for the rest of our lives for the sake of the disaster intentionally brought on us by my mother, which is the worst scandal in the history of Hellas. We can always start by piously burying them and cry our hearts out, until we no longer have any tears or even eyes left to cry out our eternity of despair with. Horrendous unbearably dire palace, open up your gates and let the whole world behold your atrocious misfortune!

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(Some windows are opened displaying the murdered Agamemnon in his bath and below him in front, the butchered Cassandra in a pool of blood.) Now defend your work if you can, mother Clytaemnestra! It will only appear the more hair-raising by the fact that, a woman and a queen at that, are responsible for it! You will necessarily need a clever attourney, for no one in the world can see this and acquit you from the crime! Only the villain Aegisthos can take sides with you, and he is even worse as an accomplice than you are as a criminal. Bewail your fate, o Hellas! Bury your delights in the eternal complaint of sorrows, for we shall never in eternity be able to look away from or be free from this outrageously cruel sight. We are brandished with it forever. Chorus leader (to the girls) Do as she says. Change your white joyous gowns of festivity to black veils and black frocks to cover you entirely. Then collect flowers again but not for the celebration of a victor’s homecoming, but sad flowers of tears and pain to cover the dismal grave of eternal unrest for a king unjustly forced by reckless cruelty much too early to an end of the most outrageous possible injustice. Old men (bending their necks) Yes, let us all mourn and with a vengeance to then see what we could do about the situation. Guard 1 We now lay down our weapons and helmets with the whole army just to grieve for our king in peace. (The guards remove their helmets and lay down their weapons.) Guard 2 Thus is this day of victory suddenly turned into terrible disaster, the misery of which no one can see or guess any end of. Guard 1 Just its beginning is more than enough and worse than all evil that ever happened in our country. Electra We shall grieve and cry until the tears in their desperate affluence change colour into the purest reddest blood, which is cried out directly from the heart. Chorus leader You virgins and women of Argo, we shall all change colour from the purest gayest white to the most solemn and darkest black. Ladies We obey, o chorus leader. Our voices are already broken by the weight of sorrow, but that is just the beginning of our tragedy. Never shall Argo recover from what has happened, and never shall any woman in Hellas cease to cry any more. Old men For king Agamemnon is dead in the very moment of truth when he deserved the highest of all possible rewards and instead received the coldest ingratitude from criminal death. Never did any king deserve a higher reward and honour, and never did anyone so deserving receive a more outrageous disgrace. Ladies Our Hellas is finished, for king Agamemnon is dead! Old men Our future is abolished and destroyed, for king Agamemnon is dead!

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Scene 2. Carthage. Dido Belinda, I have got a problem. Belinda Tell me, dear sister. Dido I have fallen victim to a deep unhappy love. Belinda No love must be unhappy. The whole world already knows that you love Aeneas. What’s wrong with that? Dido He intends to leave me. Belinda How do you know? Dido I know it by my spies. Secretly at night Aeneas tries to prepare departure for his ship and his men. Belinda You know that for certain? Dido Yes, it is absolutely certain. Belinda But that is preposterous! It is utterly against all common sense! He has been happy here, hasn’t he? He could impossibly find any better future! Dido I have also tortured myself with your very questions. He is not in his right mind if he leaves. Belinda What have you done about it? Dido I have asked for an explanation. Aeneas will be here now at any moment. Belinda That’s the only thing you can do, speaking out about it at length is always the best thing to do. But what will you do if he really goes away? Dido I would rather not think of it. Then my love is as infinitely unhappy as it is true. Belinda I hear him coming. Dido (a queen again) Welcome, noble Aeneas! Aeneas (enters) You called for me, my queen. Dido What is it I hear? You prepare your departure in secret without offering me the slightest explanation! Aeneas My queen, I have no choice. Dido What compels you? Aeneas I have to answer for my men and their future. They are restless and can’t find happiness here. They wish to go on. Dido I heard the contrary to this. Many of them like it here and wish to remain. Aeneas Some but not all. Dido Have you then had a Hellenic so called democratic vote? Aeneas No. Dido How do you know then that a majority wants to go on? (Aeneas is silent.) You want to go on yourself, but why? Aeneas I have no choice. Dido That is no answer. Are you then afraid of me? Are you afraid of happiness? What is it you wish that I can’t give you? Aeneas You can’t give Creusa back to me, my departed wife.

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Dido Could you then find her corpse in the sea? Aeneas My queen, insults are not worthy of you. Dido I am sorry. I apologise and ask your forgiveness. But as a woman I can’t accept that a dead person stands between us. She doesn’t show you the way to your life but only her own death and the way to yours. She should let go of you. Aeneas But I can’t let her go. Dido Aeneas, you behave like a fool. If you go it’s just an escape from happiness and sense, and I thought you were a sensible man. Isn’t it obvious that the most sensible thing for you to do is to stay here and share my future in unavoidable felicity? Aeneas Yes. Dido And still you want to go? Aeneas It is not the will. It is destiny. There are forces more powerful than any human will. Dido I can’t stop you. I can only warn you, and I will not be responsible for the consequences, if you go. Aeneas I regret, my queen, that I have no choice. (leaves) Dido (after him) So run away then from yourself, you poor fool, if you think it’s possible! There is nothing that man cannot escape, there is no prison to lock up and keep his fleeting spirit, there is only one thing he never can escape from although he always tried and tried most of all: to escape from himself. By trying through all times, he only found more difficult problems with the ego he wanted to dispose of. Escapes from problems are only escapes to problems. So run away, vain fool, like all the world in its perpetual incurable folly, which usually finds a terrible end in suicide or madness! (Aeneas is gone.) Belinda That harangue was a bit hard. Dido But just. Belinda What do you plan to do? Dido As I said: I shall not be responsible for the consequences.

Scene 3. Argo. Menelaos It is as if all the evils of Pandora had been let loose over Greece after the fall of Troy, as if we carried them away from Troy to infect all Greece with the most horrible tragedies. Aias’ suicide, which we felt as the last trial by Troy, was just a prologue to incessant and constantly exacerbated chain reactions of catastrophes. What was I met with when I came home? Agamemnon murdered by his wife and prime minister Aegisthos, who on their turn already have been murdered by Agamemnon’s son Orestes, who in his turn has gone mad. Only Electra has kept her self control, although she was the one who most of all made Orestes murder their own mother. And now she is haunting him, and he has lost all contact with reality.

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Well, Electra, how is our poor maniac doing today? Electra He constantly shifts between crying despair and the gravest fever, which so ravages his mind that I have every difficulty in the world to keep him from committing suicide. Menelaos He is impossible as Agamemnon’s successor. Electra He is too good for politics. Menelaos The best thing would be if you could get him out of the country. Electra Argo is his home! You have no right to exile him from his home! His father was your soverign king! Menelaos But he is a scandal to all the country. Electra He is still a man and deserves as such some human treatment! Menelaos Of course, but… Orestes (behind stage) Electra! Electra He needs me. (enter Orestes reeling and tottering on the point of collapse) Orestes Stop persecuting me! Electra Come, Orestes! I will protect you against the terrible furies of revenge! Orestes No mortal can be spared the wrath of a murdered soul against her murderer! Electra You killed in self defense! Or else she would have killed you! She knew from Cassandra that you would kill her! Orestes Still I am a murderer. Menelaos Spare us your phantoms. Orestes No, my uncle, spare me your impossible request. If a man is ill and has to be cared for by his close ones, they must feel the sufferings of his illness. It is quite natural and impossible to evade, unless you hasten the patient’s death and leave him cruelly alone with his pains. Electra I will never leave you, Orestes, for having fulfilled human justice in a right cause and your duty as a citizen. Menelaos To murder his own mother? Electra Yes, if she with her lover had deceived and executed her husband, the king of the realm! Menelaos She was never given a lawful trial. Electra Since the law was not enough, since she put herself far above it. That compelled Orestes to take the law in his own hands. Menelaos It is criminal according to the law! Electra Yes, that’s how bureaucrats reason, formalists and unreasonable pedants! But in this case it was more criminal to allow Clytaemnestra and Aegisthos to get away with their crime! On top of that they also killed a priestess of Apollo! Menelaos She was just a confused and worthless slave girl. Orestes Come, Electra. I can’t bear it any longer. I can’t stay here in the lodges of power, for I am completely allergic to all power and riches. You conquered Troy, Menelaos, but at the same time you devastated the good city without any reason,

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which has led into a vicious circle of all imaginable evils that a position of power could imply for all Hellas. You now control the Dardanelles and can found Byzantium by the Bosphorus, which will give the Hellenes free access and monopoly on all shores around the Euxinian sea. This power and control over the key to all Asia is like a curse to all Greece, and I want no part of it. You expressed yourself your wish that I would go into exile. I will do so gladly, not just to atone for my crime but also all the crimes of Hellas against Ilion and Asia. I see no meaning with my life more than to constructively sacrifice myself as atonement for our crime against Asia and Troy. Will you follow me, Electra? Electra Most willingly. I am responsible for you. Menelaos But where will you go then? Orestes Pyrrhus appears to have been murdered recently by his own reckless intrigues, and his price from Troy, Andromakhe, is now alone again. I will try to find her, and if she can give me a sincere pardon for both my crimes and Agamemnon’s crimes against Troy, I have done something good in life, if though it is but an ignominious trifle and the only one. Menelaos Come back if you succeed, nephew. Orestes I can’t promise that. Ulysses of Ithaca appears to still be lost at sea and suffering from insufferable ordeals and may never come home again for his part in the fall of Troy. His destiny appears attractive to me, and if I can make some atonement for Hellas, I will gladly spend the rest of my life in exile. Electra And I will follow you. Menelaos If there is anything I can do for you… Orestes Stay home, Menelaos. Take care of your state, and don’t lose your queen again. That’s all you can do. Menelaos I am positive that also our Helena will wish you all the best for such a hard and difficult prospect… Orestes Farewell, my uncle. I don’t think we’ll see each other again. I am leaving, Electra. Are you coming? Electra Without hesitation. (they leave) Menelaos Thus power always ends up in loneliness. It’s constant toil is a continuously increased and accelerated development, but it can never be executed at the cost of others and innocents. The more unlimited and supreme the power is, the lonelier it becomes. I still have my Helena, but that is all, except this constantly heavier and more insupportable burden of the inhuman responsibility which power over other people always means. Who is then happier – I, the only survivor among the warriors of power and conquerors of Troy, or the mad Orestes, who wants to transform his life into a sacrifice of atonement for the new Greek position of power by the accursed sack of Troy? As a realistic king and politician I am unfortunately unable to see the intentions and case of Orestes as anything else than supreme naïvety. (leaves)

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Scene 4. Carthage. Dido (sitting on her throne, still a sovereign queen) So you intend to leave? Aeneas My queen, it is inevitable. Dido Why? Aeneas The men can’t help the unrest that possesses their souls, which not even the lust and grace of woman can soothe or satisfy. Dido It is man’s duty though with his superior sense to allow his sense to subdue his unrest, which is only uncontrolled unsoundness. Aeneas My queen, no human sense can withstand the capriciousness of natural forces. With all his superior sense, man is like a withered leaf of nought but exposed impotence against any whim of nature, which will bring the leaf wherever it pleases with the force of a whirlwind by the slightest puff to where it doesn’t want to go. Dido So you would rather stay here? Aeneas My will is nothing to that of my men’s. We undertook a democratic vote, like you yourself suggested, and the outcome was almost uniform. Most of them wanted to go. Dido Have you been bored in Carthage? Have you grown so weak, Aeneas, by my unlimited spoiling generosity that you couldn’t persuade your men to stay here according to all common sense? Aeneas My queen, the vote is cast and cannot be undone. Dido Then go, Aeneas, and never come back, not even if second thoughts would bring you to some regret. That’s all I ask of you as a condition for your departure. Or else you will never get my permission. Aeneas My queen, if granting this wish offers you any satisfaction, it will be my last great pleasure to honour my association with you by the compliance with such a plain request. Dido The greatest of virtues is unpretentiousness, the most applicable of all human virtues for human cooperation, and by that I have tried to rule well and succeeded. I have no more claims on you, prince Aeneas, if you go; but to ask you never to return is rather a warning than any humble prayer. Aeneas And to honour you, the warning shall be heeded. Dido Good. I hate exaggerated sentimental farewells. Just leave and don’t look back. Farewell, Aeneas. Happy journey. Aeneas Thank you, my queen. (kneels to her, bends his neck and bows respectfully, rises and leaves without looking at her any more.) Dido (when he has left) What a coward! (rises) Belinda! Belinda Yes. Dido Is the pyre ready? Belinda Yes. Dido I succeeded in finding out Aeneas’ departure plans, but he never bothered to even try to search Dido’s plans, and that is my life’s triumph.

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Belinda I know it is a vain effort to try to make you give up your terrible and destructive plan, but your so called triumph gives more than anything else an impression of abominable malicious joy. Dido That’s all the joy I have left, and its flames shall blaze high in view of all the world forever! Wasn’t it also just malicious joy that was left with the last surviving anachronisms of Troy, when they saw how one great Greek marshal after another quickly followed each other in a chain reaction of perditions only directed by destiny? Aeneas was a weakling, a despicable bloodless zero, an empty useless spectator without character who never did anything himself. He just resigned and watched. And therefore he is running away in an effort to vainly escape from his completely failed life, his lack of male initiative, his lack of ambition and courage. He is a coward lackey whom the Greeks at Troy spared since he wasn’t good for anything anyway. Belinda Still you loved him. Dido And he turned me down. I can never for my life forgive him that nor get over it. Belinda They are in a hurry. All his Troyans are on board their ship already. He is the last one to walk on board. Dido Then it’s time for this proud queen, who never could take a no as anything else than the most base and unjust insult, to ascend the pyre. Belinda Consider for god’s sake one last time! It is never honourable to commit an unnatural suicide! It is just cowardice worse than that of your Aeneas! Dido It would be even worse to remain alive with that scoundrel still living. I was willing to give him everything, and the whole world was mine! Belinda Sisters, come and help me trying to convert our queen from the disaster she has planned! (The stage turns slightly. The pyre becomes visible. The chorus stand around it all dressed in black in burkhas and veils.) Chorus We are just widows and childless mothers. We can only mourn, complain, cry and accompany the tragedies of man, which the male history only consists of. Belinda But she is our queen, and she is still alive! She can still be saved! Persuade her! Dido (has removed her royal insignia) Is the ship of Aeneas already hoisting sails? Belinda All except one has been hoisted. Chorus Queen Dido knows for certain what she is doing. She protests against all eternity for its ruthless course of injustice running over the vulnerability and sensitivity of us and all poor simple people. Belinda Refrain, Dido, from your terrible purpose! You plunge your Carthage into the hardest misery of unhappiness and tribulation! Dido I wish all my Carthage could blaze flaming in intensive protest against the whole world with its false and failed order! Is the ship weighing anchor? Belinda Yes, she is setting out.

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Dido Then it’s time for me to calmly climb the pyre. Aeneas shall see the flames and the smoke until he no longer can discern anything of our Carthage. Belinda Do you really think such a premeditated revenge could be effective? Dido Aeneas preferred to run away without doing anything to action. I don’t want to run away and do nothing. Then it’s better to act at least desperately. Chorus May Aeneas suffer deeper in his heart than our queen, for he has committed an unforgivable mistake. Rather than wisely become hers and create the future Carthage with her, he has chosen to discard her and instead choose folly, insecurity and no future. Dido (climbs the pyre) Don’t bring any accusations against him. He is only to be pitied. Chorus Our wise and worshipped queen is most to be pitied. Belinda No, most to be pitied is our Carthage. It can never survive a loss like that of Dido. Dido I can see Aeneas setting sail! I am ready! Aeneas is sailing out! He turns his back on me and to all future possibilities! Live, Aeneas, like a miserable refugee without home forever, cursed by the only woman who understood what was good for you! Belinda I beg you, my sister, one last time! Reconsider! Dido Light the pyre! Chorus (lights the pyre) May it flame in protest against all humanity and history with its brutal ruthless course and constant destruction! Belinda Don’t light the pyre! Dido It is already set alight, and its flames are wonderfully rising! Go to hell, Aeneas! (The flames surround her, and she vanishes.) Chorus Flame highly like all Troy! Convey the eternal Troyan protest against the world and its constantly destructive politics! May Aeneas behold how Dido and his only love is burning and perishing of regret and terror, tremble of fear in his innermost soul and learn from the terrible lesson! Belinda (resigned) Aeneas was not worthy of our queen’s love. It’s possible that he doesn’t react at all to the sight of the flaming pyre. He was a passive and indifferent milksop. But we shall never know what he is thinking. Chorus If he is a passive and indifferent milksop he will probably be the right person to rebuild destructive empires. Belinda Yes, it’s only insensitive automats like Aeneas who are mad enough to build up power positions to in untouchable indifference ruthlessly destroy life for most of us. Chorus Dido is no longer. The last love of all the world died with her. Belinda It is only noble souls, beautiful cities, beauty, goodness and all things honest and sincere that perish, like Dido and the fallen Troy. Those who accomplish the perdition of all that is good, like Aeneas, survive and make sure that the condition of the world continues to constantly worsen.

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Chorus And we women who see everything, understand everything, see through everything and suffer most of what we see, can do nothing with our insufficiency. We can only bear witness of the eternal and horrible suffering. Belinda Enough! We have fulfilled our last duty to Dido! May we honour her memory and never forget her self-sacrifice as an example! Chorus Yes, that’s all we can do: cherish and cultivate the memories of all the good that once was allowed to exist. Belinda So let us go and forget all the evil and never let it overshadow our good memories. Chorus Dido, we shall never forget you! You are the unforgettable queen of Carthage, now and forever! World, remember and never forget Carthage or Troy! (They go out one by one in a line in good order with some space between, Belinda last, with lowered head and in the same carriage as the others. Curtain when she has left.)

The End.

(1995-2005)

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Ulysses tragedy in five acts after Homer

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Foreword Already Sophocles and Euripides had problems with Homer and Ulysses, and Plato suggested the exclusion of Homer’s works from his ideal society. All ideal societies have perished, but Homer and Ulysses remain, we will never do without them or be rid of them no matter how much St. Augustine may have complained. Whatever you might think of Ulysses and his questionable actions, he remains the first great novel hero and must be considered as such. During the course of centuries there have been many who have attacked him, Dante placed him with Diomedes in the bottom of hell, while he nevertheless never ceased to captivate and fascinate and awaken oceans within us of deep feelings and emotions. I have also had problems with him as long as I have lived, and this work could be regarded as an effort to solve that problem. Leh 17.8.2004 The characters: Penelope, faithful mother Telemachus, her faithful son Antinous, rude suitor Eurymachus, better suitor Leiocritus, worse suitor Mentor, old friend Aegyptius, old honourable man Nestor, old charming gentleman Menelaos, morose victor Helen, eternal queen of beauty Ulysses, stranger from the sea Calypso, patient nymph Nausikaa, charming princess her two laundry maids Alcinous, her royal father Arete, his queen Demodochos, blind poet Circe, famous witch The Ghosts: Elpenor, careless drunk Anticleia, Ulysses’ deceased mother Teiresias, blind but timeless soothsayer Achilles Aias

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Priam Agamemnon Clytaimnestra Orestes Cassandra Eurylochos, Ulysses’ helmsman Eumaius, ansient swineherd Iros, furious beggar Melanto, false maid Eurycleia, old faithful servant Melantius, just another suitor Laertes, Ulysses’ father Suitors at Ithaca and people at the court of the Phaeacians, servants and ghosts The action takes place by the western Greek islands and in Sparta and Pylus ten years after the Trojan war.

Ulysses Act I scene 1 Penelope He will be back, Telemachus. Trust me. Telemachus It’s the uncertainty, mother, that makes life more difficult every day. Of course I trust you and believe that he will come back as long as no news has reached us of his shipwreck or departure, but we haven’t even had a single sign of that he is alive! Penelope And as long as we haven’t had any sign of the contrary either, we must assume and believe that he is alive. To doubt it would be treason. Telemachus You are right of course, mother. Penelope I know that the suitors make our existence more intolerable every day, but we have to bear with them. Ulysses’ house was always hospitable, and in his absence we must keep up the appearances. Telemachus Can’t you just dismiss them? Penelope Could you do that, Telemachus? Telemachus I am not even a mature man yet. Penelope There you are. I am even less capable, since I am a woman, and not even in the name of Ulysses, since we lack his mandate for inhospitality. Go in to them

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and bear with them and entertain them as usual. There is an end to all sufferings. I will myself go in to my web. (leaves) Telemachus For twenty years my father has been gone, and I haven’t even seen him to be able to remember him. But he is always alive to me, although he never can be as alive to me as to my mother, for natural reasons. Well, let’s then confront the pack of wolves one more time. (opens the door and enters the hall, which opens up.) Antinous Welcome, Telemachus! You were the only one missing! Where have you been all day? Telemachus I have just been hanging around a little anfd talked with my mother, among other things. Antinous Is she still alive? We never see her around. Eurymachus Shut up, Antinous! Of course she is alive! Or else we wouldn’t be sitting here courting and proposing to her. Antinous How stupid of me, Eurymachus! Of course she must be alive. But tell her she must make up her mind some time, Telemachus. She can’t just go on crying for her dead old man until we all grow to become old men and die like him. Telemachus We have no evidence that he is dead, and as long as there isn’t any, we must assume that he is alive. Antinous Come on, Telemachus. Everyone is certain that he is dead except you and your obstinate mother. No one errs around on the sea for ten years without getting somewhere, unless he is dead. You must wake up to reality some time, Telemachus! Don’t you want me for your father-in-law? Telemachus That is for mother to decide and no one else. Eurymachus Leave him alone, Antinous. After all we can’t complain. Sooner or later the fruit will fall off the tree before it rots, and then we can pick it up easily. (Enter a stranger.) Telemachus I espy a new guest in the house whom I must take care of. Antinous He is no suitor. He is too old. Throw him out! Telemachus No, my friends, no one is thrown out from this house as long as any of my father’s family lives. – Welcome, stranger, and make yourself comfortable! What is your pleasure? Food or just drink? Mentor Thank you, I need nothing, Telemachus, son of Ulysses, but I wished to speak privately with you. Telemachus Do you have any news of my father? Mentor No, but I am well informed of the case. Troy is fallen, and everyone has returned home from there, except Ulysses. Will you do something about it? Telemachus You sound like an old friend of Ulysses’. Who are you? Mentor I am Mentor, son of Ankialos, the ruler of Taphos. Your grandfather Laertes knows me well. Telemachus Then I can trust you. Antinous (calling) Who is he, Telemachus? Telemachus An old friend of my father’s, Mentor from Taphos. Grandfather Laertes knows more about him.

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Leiocritus Does he know anything new of your father? Telemachus No, nothing. Eurymachus Then we can let him be. Go on reasoning with him in peace, Telemachus. (The suitors respect Telemachus and Mentor.) Telemachus What can I do, good Mentor? Mentor You should absolutely do something, for the situation here on Ithaca grows constantly more intolerable the longer your father stays away. Incertitude breeds instability. Telemachus Again: What can I do? Mentor You can travel around and meet those who knew him. They are all safe at home now: Menelaos in Sparta, Nestor in Pylus, Diomedes in Troezen and Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, in Mycaene. Someone among them must know something. Whatever you do, never give up, for if he really was dead, it would not have passed unnoticed. Telemachus You might be the very counsellor I need. You couldn’t have appeared in a more appropriate moment than now. I thank you with all my heart. You must meet my mother. Mentor I would rather not disturb her. I respect the faithfulness of her loneliness too much. You could mention that I had arrived here, and if she calls me I will come. But most important is your research enterprise. Telemachus (rising) Absolutely. We must get started ast once. Who do you think I should visit first? Mentor Nestor in Pylus. He is the safest one and has always been the one with the best and most comprehensive knowledge. But first you must make your intentions public to the people of Ithaca. Telemachus You are like a godsend counsellor, Mentor. Let’s take care of the matter immediately. (leaves with Mentor) Leiocritus What do you think the old man wants? Antinous Meet Penelope like everyone else. Leiocritus In what business? Could he be an obstacle to us? Antinous Certainly not. (goes on partying with the suitors) Cheers, my good friends, for the fall of the beautiful Penelope’s innocence some time for the best of us! (All share the toast with joy and enthusiasm and drunkenness.) Leiocritus And a toast for you, Antinous, our born leader, who enthused all Hellas to gather around the lovely Penelope’s feet in gay courting! Antinous At least we are not bored. Leiocritus In your company that’s impossible, good Antinous. Antinous Don’t flatter me. I am just the chief of a bunch of incorrigible rakes. Leiocritus And that’s no small matter, for it’s the best bunch of rakes in all Hellas, and all envy us who don’t dare to join us from sheer cowardice, since we run a party all days from morning till night.

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Antinous Yes, and belch and fart and vomit in step with the swine we are consuming. Eurymachus Are you getting tired of the game, Antinous? Antinous Not as long as the beautiful and generous Penelope continues to keep us all on edge. What does she really think? Is she wishing for a new husband but dare not give in as long as she is uncertain of the old one? I think she is waiting for the final liberation and release from her old bondage. She is so virtuous, that she can’t consider herself divorced until she knows for sure that her fugitive husband since twenty years is dead. Like Agamemnon he probably had nothing else to do during his long absence from home than to just share himself equally between all the world’s available mistresses. Eurymachus So you mean that we can safely relish here in the affluence of the grieving Penelope with a good conscience? Antinous Of course. We have nothing more sensible to do, and what is more sensible than to party and have fun? Here at least we run no risk of getting bored, since the tension Penelope keeps us in not just remains constant but even increases year by year. What trick will she be up to next? Leiocritus I have strong suspicions about her web and her way of never getting it finished. I think she is trying to fool us. Antinous I think so too. We will have to send one of her more liable servants to spy on her and see what she really is up to concerning the web. Eurymachus, seduce that fair Melanto, so that she could betray her mistress to us, if there is anything there to betray. Eurymachus A foul measure, Antinous. Antinous No, it’s all just entertainment. We mustn’t get bored. Have some more wine. There is too little belching around here. Leiocritus We take you on your word, Antinous. We have much left to release in Ulysses’ loos before they get stewed. Antinous You are getting stewed yourself. Leiocritus Gladly and constantly. Antinous Yes, that’s the right attitude. You have the right suiting attitude. Just carry on as long as it lasts, and then start all over again. But most important of all: never take no for an answer from a woman. Leiocritus Of course. That’s the first and last in connection with women. If they say no they mean maybe, if they say maybe they mean yes, but if they say yes you can least of all take them seriously. Then you never know what they mean. Antinous And Penelope neither says no nor maybe. So she could only mean yes with time. Eurymachus You could make anything suit your pleasure. Antinous That’s intended. No one can refuse an honest suitor. So we’ll just carry on until she says yes. Leiocritus Cheers, Antinous, to your clear mind and sense, which by its ingeniousness simply must clear all obstacles!

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Antinous Or else I wouldn’t be here poculating myself to death with you imbecile fools, who just follow the stream without bothering to see where it leads. Leiocritus We trust you. As long as you don’t give up there is no reason for anyone else to do it. Antinous That’s right. Just follow me down the abyss or up to paradise. There will be either or. Either we prevail or we fall, like the Trojans and Hellenes by Troy. We all must die in the end anyway. So you might as well go on partying until you die, so that you might be lucky enough die in the middle of the party. Leiocritus A toast for Àntinoos, the wisest of us all! Eurymachus Our constant incorrigible party leader! (They all share the toast for Antinous and go on just having a good time.)

Scene 2. The council. Mentor You all know me as an honest man who has known Ulysses all his life. Now you all wonder of course why this meeting has been called for the first time since Ulysses left us commanded by King Agamemnon. It so happens that his son Telemachus has something to tell us all concerning the future of Ithaca. Please approch your father’s throne, Telemachus. Telemachus (treading forth) Friends of Ithaca, I am just a young man and far from being my father’s equal in initiative and wisdom, but the situation here in my father’s realm on Ithaca is so worrisome that I must address myself in public with what is on my mind. You all know how timid I am and therefore never expressed any protest against the gathering of parasitic suitors in my father’s house, but I can’t remain silent any more. Why can’t all these suitors led by Ithaca’s own Antinous, Eurymachus and Leiocritus and from Akhaia and the mainland, party at their own homes instead? Is that an unreasonable request? Antinous It’s because of your mother’s incapacity to ever make up her mind. But the greatest problem is that Ulysses must be dead and that you and your mother obstinately refuse to admit it. Telemachus Then we arrive at my second point. There is no indication of Ulysses being dead, and as long as he is not proven dead, my mother has no right to accept another husband… Antinous He can’t be anything else than dead! Such a clever man as your father does not stay away from home for twenty years without any communication unless he is dead, Mentor Quiet, Antinous. Let Telemachus continue. Telemachus Give me a year to investigate the matter. I will go around to visit those friends of Ulysses’ that have arrived home and discuss the matter with Nestor in Pylus and Menelaos in Sparta and several others. If my father lives anywhere in the world, some news thereof must have reached some of these gentlemen, who constantly have an ear to the whole world and associate with travellers from all seas.

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Antinous Very well, Telemachus, you have a year. But if you come back without a word of your father, or if you don’t come back at all, your mother must make up her mind. Or else we will just carry on eating your family out of your house. Mentor You suitors are not exactly discreet in your abuse of a defenceless grass widow’s kindness and hospitality, but I believe and trust Telemachus’ good chances of finding his father alive. And that, Antinous, will then be the end of your party of gathering suitors. Antinous You will have to produce Ulysses first. No one on Ithaca can believe he is alive until we see him. Mentor Come, Telemachus. We have an important business ahead of us, which is to make all these rude suitors come to grief, unless you still have something more to say. Telemachus I will go as soon as possible. I ask all those people of Ithaca who still cherish the memory of my father to at least wish me luck on my journey. Aegyptius (rising) We do that of course with all our hearts, Telemachus. Come back with Ulysses. Or else we shall never again have any decent order here on our island. Telemachus I will do my best, Aegyptius, and everything I can. (The council is dissolved.) Antinous You will never come back, Telemachus. When you hear your father is dead or nothing at all about him, you will never dare to show yourself here any more. Telemachus Shall we make a bet? Antinous I shall be delighted. Give me Penelope if I win. Or else you and your father may keep her. Do you dare meet the challenge? Mentor Come, Telemachus. You will never get anywhere with these suitors until Ulysses is back. Telemachus We will continue the discussion, Antinous, when I come back. Antinous (bowing in irony) I am at your service. (Mentor leaves with Telemachus) The sooner he leaves, the better, but woe to him if he comes back.

Scene 3. Pylus. Nestor I bid you welcome, friends, whoever you are, for you have been sailing for days, which is obvious from your looks, and no one deserves a warmer and better welcome than an exhausted traveller and sailor. What can I do for you? Telemachus Noble Nestor of Pylus, I am Telemachus from Ithaca, son of Ulysses, and this is my friend and protector Mentor from Taphos. Nestor Then you are the more sincerely welcome. Has Ulysses at last come home? Telemachus That’s why we are here. Ithaca is worried, and we travel around all parts of the country to learn anything and everything of what anyone has heard about his return journey.

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Nestor My friends, you need to rest and to have a good meal. Welcome to my wealthy home and my affluent family with many sons, although one of them fell at Troy, and I will immediately make arrangements for a sumptuous dinner for all of us, for we have much to discuss. Please make yourselves comfortable and have a seat to start with! First of all you must refresh yourselves with some good cups of wine, so that you will recover at once and immediately have your good spirits restored. (invites them) Mentor What is the last thing you heard about Ulysses, wise Nestor? Nestor My friend, we sailed together from Troy, me, Diomedes and Menelaos, while Agamemnon remained with Ulysses. Still Agamemnon arrived home far ahead of Menelaos, which was due to the fact that Menelaos’ helsman died on the journey, why Menelaos wished to stop and bury him by Cape Sounion. When he later continued he was beset by bad winds and was driven down to Egypt, where he remained with Helen for quite some time. It was only I and Diomedes that thus arrived home safely, for when Menelaos finally came home he was met with the murders of Agamemnon, his wife Clytaemnestra and her lover Aigisthos. He only came home to a house of misery, sorrow and trouble. Telemachus So you know nothing about Ulysses, good Nestor? Nestor Nothing at all, I am afraid. Mentor Who could possibly know something? Nestor You must visit Menelaos. He made a much longer home journey than I and could have heard one thing and another from wayward sailors. He has contacts with a larger part of the world than I. You could easily go to Sparta by land from here and then return. I would gladly arrange your transport. Mentor We are very grateful for that help, Nestor. Nestor I have every reason to help you by all means I can to learn what happened to Ulysses, for his sagacity is needed in Hellas. Everyone wants him back. Telemachus Would a visit to Diomedes be worth while? Nestor I hardly think so. He arrived safely home like me. He consequently would not have much more to tell. Mentor Thanks, Nestor, for your good advice. Nestor Let’s see now about our well needed dinner. (leaves them) Telemachus What do you think, Mentor? Mentor I am afraid Menelaos is our last chance. Telemachus Still, he is a chance. Mentor Yes, and a good one. (They toast each other.)

Scene 4. Sparta. Menelaos I bid you welcome, my honoured guests, and surely you come here for very special reasons, since your escort is Nestor himself of sandy Pylus.

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Nestor I insisted myself on following them, Menelaos, since they first came to me on their remarkable tour, and as I myself suggested them to visit you with my help. Menelaos What is it about, Nestor? Nestor As you probably have guessed, this is Telemachus from Ithaca, Ulysses’ own son. Menelaos I thought he seemed familiar in some way. Telemachus I come here together with Mentor, who protects me on my journey on the quest of news about my father. Nestor You were gone for seven years, Menelaos. You if anyone should know something about Ulysses. Menelaos Not much. Mentor The least sign of life, great Menelaos, would be more than wonderful news to our ears. Menelaos I haven’t seen Ulysses since I left Troy. We left Troy together, Nestor, with Diomedes and were the only ones to reach home safely. All the others perished or disappeared. Nestor Did you hear nothing about Ulysses during your seven years of your wayward journeys? Menelaos All news that reached me were bad. Aias perished, as if it wasn’t enough that the great Aias went mad and committed suicide at Troy, and my brother was murdered on his arrival home together with the innocent priestess Cassandra. Idomeneus came home to a plague epidemic at Crete, and let’s not talk about all the others. The entire Troy enterprise was just one long unnecessary traumatic disaster, and it isn’t over yet. No one knows anything about Ulysses. Helen (enters) Shouldn’t you mention your meeting with Proteus to our guests, Menelaos? Nestor Lovely Helen, lovelier than ever, your excellence of beauty has always been a wonder casting a spell on all men and is still doing so. (kisses her hand) Only to get you back made the entire Troy expedition worth its price. Helen I don’t think Agamemnon would have agreed with you, Nestor. Mentor You mentioned something about someone called Proteus, Menelaos. Menelaos No, my wife did. Helen Ulysses lives, my friends. I know it. We met Proteus in Egypt, a revolting old sea-bear, who knew everything about all seas and countries in the world. He knew that Ulysses lived captive by a nymph on her island and that she refused to release him. Menelaos He was full of old sea yarns. Helen Just because old sailors know the most fantastic things, they are never believed by more incredulous land-lubbers. Mentor Your account, lady Helen, fills us with joy and new courage, since this is the first sign of life we have heard about Ulysses for ten long years. Helen Menelaos is my witness of what Proteus actually told us, and no one can say he is a liar.

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Menelaos It’s easy for people to believe what can neither be proved true nor false. Nestor You don’t seem very happy, Menelaos. Menelaos Do I have any reason to be? My brother murdered on his arrival home, Helen’s sister murdered by her own son, Agamemnon’s sole heir, who since then has been insane. Is that something to be happy about? Helen What do you think yourself about Ulysses, Menelaos? Menelaos I think he lives. Nestor At last a sensible word from you. Menelaos And just because I think he lives and he has been away for so incredibly long, I also believe that he could come home any time. Nestor Better and better, Menelaos. That’s the spirit. Now I am beginning to recognize you. Menelaos We must be realistic, Nestor. Nestor Of course. Mentor We thank you, worthy Menelaos, for your most welcome and uplifting words, and especially you, Queen Helen, for bringing up Proteus at all. Helen You are welcome to stay for as long as you like, Telemachus I am afraid we must hurry back to Ithaca, my queen, considering your most remarkable words, Menelaos. Menelaos Won’t you even try to meet Orestes, Telemachus? He is of your age. Telemachus Menelaos, I would gladly return some other time just to meet Orestes, when Ulysses my father has returned and peace and order again established its rule over Ithaca. This must be my prime concern, which you surely must understand. Helen Promise to come back later, Telemachus, for the sake of Orestes. Telemachus I will be glad to, queen Helen. Menelaos (rising) Good. Then I think we should have some dinner together. We have much to discuss, Nestor, both concerning old memories and the future. And our young men here must have something substantial to eat, mustn’t they, Helen? Helen Absolutely. Menelaos Then let’s all at once get seated at dinner. (leads the way out for the whole company.)

Act II scene 1. A lonely beach with cliffs. You hear the surf of the sea. Ulysses What is there left to live for except your longing, which only gets worse with the years the more you abandon yourself to your longing, as something you live for as the truest meaning of life but which you at the same time are bitterly consumed by? (Calypso appears.) Is it you, my beloved witch and prison guard? Calypso I can’t keep you any longer against your will, Ulysses, if you really want to go home.

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Ulysses (surprised) Do you really mean that, Calypso? Calypso Or else I would not say it. Your suffering is mine, Ulysses. I can no longer endure your constant languishment, your melancholy constantly delving deeper into your soul and your crying growing constantly more bitter. Ulysses But how could you send me home? There is no ship, and this far beyond the ocean of timelessness no one will ever come sailing by. Could you create a ship for me by magic with a crew? Calypso You can work magic with your hands, Ulysses. You can build a raft. Ulysses It must be well equipped and safe on the sea, and I must have a tremendous good luck with the weather. Calypso We have plenty of time, Ulysses. You have been here now for seven years, and it will not take many days for you to construct a stable raft with your expert hands. I will show you where the most suitable trees are growing, I will give you material for sails and sheets, and then you’ll just have to wait for the right weather and wind. It’s three weeks’ passage at most to the land of the Phaeacians. Ulysses It’s like a dream and too good to be true. Why this sudden change of mind of yours, Calypso? Calypso Don’t you think I have human feelings? Don’t you think I can feel your suffering? When two people become one, as we have been now for seven wonderful years, the woman at least enters the man so deeply, that she can feel all that he feels. A woman can go deeper into a man than ever a man could penetrate a woman. Ulysses So you are letting me free just from compassion? Calypso Still I must warn you. You have worse trials and ordeals ahead, Ulysses, than everything you already have passed through, if you leave me. Ulysses I knew there had to be a catch. Calypso It’s no catch. I am just preparing you for your home journey, so that you in spite of all will make it. Ulysses I know that you have second sight for which I always respected you. Calypso No one will welcome you when you return to your home, which will be in a state of dissolution and taken over by shameless parasites. Ulysses Do you know if my son and wife are still alive? Calypso I have tried to penetrate the curtains of the future and found that your son and wife have been surprisingly faithful to you during all these years. That is partly the reason why I decided to let you go: my power is useless against their faithfulness. But they will not recognize you when you come, and it will take time for you to convince them of who you really are. Ulysses It’s good of you to warn me, you the wisest of witches. I actually met a number, and they were all more than humanly wise, but no one was as constructive as you. So it seems I must be careful when I get home. Calypso Exceptionally so. You can’t be careful enough, for the parasites at your home will never accept your presence, since they take it for granted that you must be dead since long.

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Ulysses (rising) Let’s get started then, Calypso. Show me the trees. Do you have any axe? Calypso I concealed it for you on purpose for many years, hoping that you would get accustomed to me and voluntarily choose to remain with me. But nothing can cure your unrest. I tried for seven years but finally had to give up. You are a hopeless case, Ulysses, and I only love you the more for it. Ulysses Thanks, fair Calypso. No nymph could be like you, but when I gave my heart to Penelope it was with the intention that she alone should keep it. Calypso Even against your fidelity I have been powerless. I didn’t want to accept it, but I have been compelled to do so. Ulysses The power of love is more powerful than all power in the world. Calypso So I noticed. The love that remains and prevails without getting tired could cause the collapse of any mundane power. But I hope we will continue sleeping together until you leave? Ulysses I have no right to reject your hospitality, Calypso. Actually no man has the right to refuse any woman, for if a woman wants to make love with a man it’s a much more serious matter than a man’s mean and base desire for a woman. Calypso Do you think Penelope could forgive and excuse me? Ulysses When I lie with you, Calypso, I cannot think of anyone else than Penelope, for that is the only way for me to bring her to any life in my missing her. Calypso You are excused. I understand you. Ulysses Take me to the trees. Calypso. After work I can love you even better. Calypso Thanks, Ulysses. (shows Ulysses the way.)

Scene 2. By a river. maid 1 Now wash the clothes carefully. They have to be shining white. Maid 2 We wash them and wash them again but they don’t get any cleaner anyway. 1 You are just lazy. This is the purest water in Faiakia. Here if anywhere everything must get pure enough for our princess Nausikaa, if we just make an effort. 2 Nausikaa is always satisfied whatever we do. 1 But consider well her wedding! That’s the reason why we must wash her clothes extra fine and pure. 2 You are just nagging. Nausikaa Don’t jabber now, girls, but make sure to get ready sometime. 2 Are you in a hurry, Princess? Nausikaa No, but I know you well enough. You just play around in the water making yourselves wet instead of making ready. 1 We shall make ready indeed, Princess, but your clothes must first get clean and pure enough. Nausikaa Thanks for your concern.

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(Ulysses sticks his head up from a bush: a human wreck all ruined.) 2 (sees him first) Fie! A dirty old man! 1 A Peeping Tom! 2 A vagabond watching us! 1 That was the rudest thing I ever experienced! Hiding in the bushes and spying on us! 2 Run, Princess, run! (escapes) Nausikaa But the clothes, girls, the clothes! 1 We will collect them later! (runs away) Nausikaa (stays on quite calm and relaxed) Who are you, poor old man? Ulysses Most graceful princess, I am a poor shipwrecked victim who was driven ashore here tonight by a storm. All exhausted and half unconscious I slept here until now when I was awakened by the merry laughter of your maids. I never meant to disturb you. Nausikaa Do you have any clothes? Ulysses That’s my very dilemma. I was thrown ashore naked and could only avoid the sharp rocks with difficulty until I found this calm river. Nausikaa What luck then that my maids left all their clothes behind. Here you can adorn yourself with shawls and dresses and all my bridal outfit. Ulysses I thank you, princess full of grace, but where am I? What country is this? Nausikaa You have come to the land of the Phaeacians, where my own father is king. Apparently there was some meaning with our coming here today to wash my clothes at this spot. Cover yourself now, old man, so that you could get out of the bushes. (throws a few shawls and veils over to him. He scantily covers himself.) Ulysses Then I am lucky indeed. The land of the Phaeacians was my very destination, for seventeen days I had good winds and weather on my raft, but just as I caught sight of your land the tempest struck me with murderous force. Nausikaa Where do you come from? Ulysses Most recently from Ogygia, the island of Calypso. Nausikaa A dangerous place. What did you do there? Ulysses I was shipwrecked. Nausikaa But you managed to build a raft and make your way here? Ulysses Yes. Nausikaa It’s an awful distance. Ulysses I am afraid I am not very representative. I believe myself to be better than I look. Nausikaa (laughs) I believe so too. But you must have some story to tell. You will meet my father and tell us all about it, and he will give you more decent clothes than what I can provide. No traveller is more interesting than the one who has had bad luck on his way. Ulysses Then I will win the prize in that category, for I had only bad luck all the way. Nausikaa I believe you. Come with me now. No, on second thoughts, I think I had better go home first. Come after me after a while. Everybody knows where my father

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lives, and you can easily distinguish the house from all the others when you enter our city. Ulysses I promise to never compromise you, princess. Nausikaa I was never afraid of anything, but I was never less afraid than in my meeting with you. Come home soon to our castle, you shipwrecked guest, and we will give you all rehabilitation we are capable of. Ulysses Thank you, princess. (Nausikaa leaves.) I got through. My trials are over. After ten years I am saved at last. Then only the worst thing remains, to come home. But this friendly people hosting me will probably be the greatest help on my entire journey. I just hope to be able to honour them accordingly. (covers himself with more veils and clothes and gets going.)

Scene 3. The assembly hall of the Phaeacians. Nausikaa Father, I have something to confess. Alcinous What have you done now, my child? Nausikaa I found a shipwrecked stranger on the shore, whom I have invited here. Arete I am glad you told us, daughter, so that he doesn’t turn up as a surprise. Who is he? Nausikaa I didn’t learn that yet. Alcinous Ìs he white or black, Greek or a foreigner? Nausikaa A red-haired Greek, whom I think has some royal ancestry and some story to tell. Alcinous Better and better. Nausikaa But he was naked. Alcinous So you met him naked? Nausikaa Not I, only he, and he kept at a decent distance and covered by the bushes. But I had to give away some of my newly washed clothes to him. Alcinous So he comes here dressed up in women’s clothes, like Teiresias? That is not proper. Servant, when a red-haired stranger truns up dressed like a woman at the gate, don’t drive him off, but give him immediately decent clothes and show him in here. (The servant leaves.) Nausikaa I was hoping father would understand. Alcinous You have done the right thing, my child. You gave a naked man the only clothes you had. You fully proved yourself my own daughter. Arete When will he come? We expect him with excitement. Nausikaa He should come any moment, for I asked him to come after me rather soon. Alcinous What did he look like? Could you distinguish his dialect? Nausikaa I suspect that he doesn’t come from very far from here, for he spoke almost in our own tongue but with a more southern accent.

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Arete And he seemed to have been exposed to severe trials and hardships? Nausikaa To the highest degree. Arete (to Alcinous) Do you think it could be Ulysses from Ithaca? Alcinous If he is the man, and it would be most fortunate if he was, then we must do everything for him. Arete In that case he would be a suitable match for our daughter. Alcinous You said it. Destiny has already brought them together. A servant (ushers Ulysses, dressed up in normal clothes and in improved condition.) (announces) The stranger from the sea. Alcinous Welcome, stranger. We already know everything about you. Ulysses You can’t, so much that you have done for me without knowing anything about my background. Alcinous Our daughter has been a good ambassador. Arete Do you happen to be Ulysses from Ithaca? UIlysses (surprised) How did you know? Arete We didn’t. We were just hoping. Alcinous You have been lost for ten years, during which no one has known anything about you. What happened? Ulysses It’s a long story. Arete Tell us. We are very curious. Nausikaa Father and mother, you are not treating our guest well by immediately tiring him out by urging him to bother about recounting all his ordeals. Shouldn’t he first of all have some rest and food? Alcinous You are perfectly right, my daughter. Let us have a festive banquet immediately. Allow our guest to eat and drink himself full and thereby gradually grow a little merrier before we pester him with interviews. But at the same time we could also well entertain him with some divertissement. Do you think you could produce our old minstrel, Arete? Arete Certainly. He is always at our service. (whispers with a servant, who leaves.) Nausika (while a dinner is served for Ulysses) Enjoy your meal now to your heart’s content, stranger, while you may listen and digest the melancholy songs of the beautiful tales of our minstrel. (Enter a small boy leading the blind minstrel Demodochos.) Alcinous Welcome, Demodochos, the finest minstrel in Hellas, the more prominent and distinguished by your tragic handicap! Now provide him also with an opulent dinner with fruits and cheese and wine, so that he may satisfy himself with whatever he pleases when he feels like it. Demodochos Is there some special occasion today to celebrate since you have called for me here? Alcinous There is indeed, Demodochos, for a veteran has arrived here from the Tojan war, who would gladly hear your songs about it.

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Demodochos I know a hundred thousand songs about all the tragedies and conflicts of that war, and they all end equally badly with evil violent death. Are you quite certain your veteran would like to be reminded of such tribulations? Alcinous Do you know any song about Ulysses, one of the few who escaped death? Demodochos I know all the songs of Ulysses, the first who turned against the rudeness and impertinence of Achilles, the only one who dared to warn Achilles when needed and who could keep him in order. Ulysses was the only one of the Greeks whom Achilles respected. All the others he treated with rude contempt and arrogance, especially Agamemnon, the tragic leader of the whole enterprise, who from the very start to the bitter end only dug his own grave. Ulysses Is Agamemnon dead? Demodochos Yes, don’t you know what all Hellas knows? You must be a newcomer, for I have never heard your voice before. He is dead indeed and more than dead as he suffered the most ignominious death imaginable. Alcinous This is the very veteran from Troy. Demodochos You were at Troy, and you don’t know that Agamemnon is dead? Ulysses Alas, I have been lost all since the fall of Troy on wayward journeys. I know nothing. How then did Agamemnon meet his end? Demodochos Alas, my friend, that’s the direst tragedy of them all. For ten years he had been away from home and in the meantime had one mistress after another in a constantly increasing number. His daughter Iphigeneia he had sacrificed at Aulis to please the gods to get a favourable wind for Troy, and that could of course his queen Clytamnestra never forgive him. Ulysses Iphigeneia was saved. It was the priest Kalkhas who demanded the sacrifice to create problems for Agamemonon and his enterprise. Demodochos There are different opinions about that, but Clytamnestra never saw her daughter again and brooded on vengeance for ten years. Of course she knew about all Agamemnon’s mistresses, she kept well informed of everything that went on at Troy, so that when her husband at last came home and brought the priestess Cassandra with him on his own chariot, Clytamnestra had enough. She prepared a bath for him in which she butchered him to death with an axe and with some help of Aigisthos, the son of Thyestes, who during ten years had induced her to become the instrument of his own revenge on his royal cousin. Alcinous (to Ulysses) You are crying, my friend. Ulysses This is too much. Who else are dead? Demodochos Aias the great went mad and was struck with berserk rage when he felt wronged by Agamemnon and Menelaos, but in his madness he vented his rage on a flock of sheep. When he discovered he had slaughtered sheep instead of Greeks he realized his own madness and took his own life. Ulysses And Menelaos? Demodochos Menelaos arrived home after seven years’ wayward journeys during which he went stuck for a long time in Egypt, but he is home now with Helen.

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Ulysses Nestor? Demodochos Nestor and Diomedes arrived home safely, the only ones to do so. Ulysses And what do you know about Ulysses? Demodochos Without him Troy would never have fallen. His trick was to construct a great wooden horse, in which he himself with Menelaos and as many as could find place in there concealed themselves while the Greek navy weighed anchor and pretended to depart while the horse was left on the shore. Some Trojans feared some wicked scheme, but most of them wanted to save it as a memory of the Greek defeat and departure and therefore tore down part of the wall to let it be dragged into the city, as Ulysses had foreseen that they probably would. During the night after much partying and when the entire city was asleep the horse was opened from the inside and let out the warriors, who opened the main gate to the city. Everything was perfectly planned and organized, and the city of Troy was taken after ten years and was left in ruins, while Agamemnon at last had his monopoly on the trade through the Dardanelles, which however he couldn’t enjoy much. Ulysses And you don’t know anything about the fate of Ulysses? Demodochos He is the greatest mystery and question mark. He disappeared with his ship and his men and was never again heard of. No one knows if he is alive or dead. Ulysses Alas, my friend, then I can tell you, that he is buried alive, and alive against his will although he should have been dead long ago. Demodochos So you know something about Ulysses. Who are you? Alcinous Know, Demodochos, that it is Ulysses himself you are speaking with. Demodochos Ulysses himself? Back after ten years? Where have you been then all this time? With the dead? Ulysses Among other places, my friend. I know the dead better than the living and have many times survived myself against my will. I should be dead but am still alive to my own misfortune. Demodochos Why misfortune? What is better than life? Life is love and the only positive thing in existence. Everything else is worthless. Ulysses Alas, my friend, you should have seen how many I have seen dying with my own eyes, sacrifices on my own responsibility, both at Troy and during my journeys, and then even you would question life’s meaning and worth like me and your own right of existence. Demodochos I think you have much to teach us, Ulysses. Alcinous Isn’t it time, Ulysses, that we at last may know something about your journeys? During ten years of wayward journeys you must have collected inexhaustible experiences. Ulysses I would gladly recount a few episodes, which are so strange, that I will never be able to understand them myself. But if I may discuss them with you maybe we could arrive at some clarity concerning their wonders. Alcinous We are all ears and attention, Ulysses. Demodochos Here, Ulysses, take my lyre, for now you have the word. (yields his lyre)

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Ulysses I am no singer, my language is poor and without embellishing details and circumstances, but to me the truth is all that matters. I beg you therefore to forbear that much of what I have to tell might seem brutal. Arete Thanks for the warning, Ulysses. Carry on. Ulysses I would then first of all like to tell you about the witch Circe. We arrived at a flourishing and lonesome island that seemed rich of wild life and inhabited, since we saw a small string of smoke at a distance. There the beautiful witch Circe lived, sister of Aietes, who cordially received all sea-faring guests and entertained them well, until they felt so well that they were transformed into animals. We stayed long with her, since I couldn’t go on until my men had become normal again, and she was a very interesting and profound woman, since she not only could rule and manipulate with all men as she pleased but also had a prophetic clairvoyance and second sight. Circe Your trials have only just begun, Ulysses. All your worst tribulations remain ahead. If you wish to come back home to Ithaca at all you must first visit the realm of the dead to there find the prophet Teiresias to be counselled by him, the only one of the great spirits of the dead who still from the other side has perfect control of reality and who rules it better as dead than when he was alive, for he sees and knows everything. Ulysses But how could I find the realm of the dead? Circe You only have to trust me. Follow my instructions exactly, and nothing can go wrong. Ulysses How could I trust you, Circe, who seduced my men and turned them into animals by drugs to keep them enslaved forever, like you also tried to capture me and make me your slave? Is this a new trick of yours to get me in your power? Circe I didn’t know who you were when you came. When you resisted me and proved to be Ulysses an old prophecy was verified, that I would once meet you, and that you were the only one that I could never get in my power and be able to manipulate as I wanted. I feared you all my life, and when you finally arrived I did not recognize you but took you for an ordinary lusty man. But you were the very essence of slyness, which went deeper than even the most accomplished women’s cleverness. Ulysses But please answer my question. How would it be possible to reach the dead? Circe You must enter yourself so deeply that you get out of yourself. There are aids. Ulysses More drugs? Witchcraft and magic spells? Circe No, better than that. I can put you to sleep, but you must do everything yourself. If you are not willing yourself, I cannot help you. Ulysses And if I am not interested? If I prefer to let the dead remain in peace and undisturbed by us? Circe Then you will never reach home. Ulysses You know that for sure? Circe Teiresias is the only one who can help you. Ulysses So the real issue is just whether I want to go home or not.

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Circe Stay here, Ulysses. Stay with me and live happily with me in nature in this paradise for all your living days. That would be the best thing for you. Forget about the dead and your home. Your wife has probably long since been taken care of by others. Ulysses No, she is fidelity itself. Circe How can you be so sure? Ulysses I just know it. Circe And even if you get home with the help of Teiresias, worse trials will wait for you there than any you endured on your journeys. Stay here, Ulysses, and you won’t have to suffer any more. Ulysses No, Circe, I am the king of my island and bear responsibility for my people and for the future of the Greeks. That was the only reason why I followed Agamemnon to Troy against my will and helped him sack the city just because he as the leader of the Hellenes demanded of me to fulfill my duty. It might sound foolish and senseless to a wise woman like you, but between men of honour, standing by your word is sacred and must be strictly and consistently observed. Everyone proposed to Helen, the most beautiful woman ever born, so there were so many kings that courted her that we finally agreed to draw lots about her to evade a general civil war. We agreed to the lottery on the condition, that whoever won her, all her suitors would stand up to her and her husband’s help if she ever got into trouble. Then came Paris from Troy as a guest to Menelaos and abducted Helen to Troy. Our oath gave us no choice. We all had to join up in the war against Troy no matter how reluctant we were. We had all sworn Helen and Helen’s husband an oath that couldn’t be broken. That was the only reason why the fall of Troy was brought on. And I have no choice, for I am still married. I swore my wife an oath of fidelity that never could be broken until one of us was dead. Therefore I have no other option than to return home whatever may expect me there. And if I have no other way to go than through the realm of death, so be it, and I’ll just have to go through with it. Circe Your fidelity is the secret behind your courage, Ulysses, and for that I must respect you. I will do what I can for you, but you must believe that I only want what’s best for you. Or else I cannot help you. Ulysses Then, Circe, I have no other choice than to put my trust in you. Circe Come with me then, and I will show you exactly what to do. Ulysses And she showed me the way to the realm of the dead, and it was a trip that I would never like to go through again. It was horrible. Elpenor Have you come to let yourself be haunted by us, Ulysses? Ulysses Elpenor! Are you dead? Elpenor Yes, poor me, but it was my own fault. Many are the men you already lost, Ulysses, and partly because of your own foolhardiness. You never had to visit the cave of the cyclops or to go ashore at the Laistrygonians for example, but I laid myself down to sleep off my intoxication up on the roof after too much good food and drink at Circe’s, and when I woke up and had forgotten where I was, I fell down and broke my neck. It was entirely my own fault.

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Ulysses I am sorry, Elpenor. Elpenor Shit happens. We all had it too good at Circe’s, and I died happy at least, but your onward journey home will be anything but happy, Ulysses. Ulysses It’s to be able to manage it at all that I have visited you to learn of the dangers expecting me. Do you happen to have Teiresias anywhere in the vicinity? Elpenor Yes, he should be around here somewhere. He will probably turn up when he feels that you are looking for him. The dead feel the thoughts of the living better than the living do themselves. Ulysses Thanks for your guidance, Elpenor. But who is that I see? Is it not my mother? Have you died of grief for my outrageously prolonged absence, mother? Anticleia Yes, that’s exactly what I did, my unblessed son. Ulysses How are they at home? Is father also dead? Anticleia No, he lives, but alone and in misery out in the country, for he couldn’t endure how the mob of suitors to your wife were plundering our house and property. Ulysses Is she badly beset? Is she faithful? Anticleia She is faithful but badly beset, and it’s getting worse every day. We were all faithful to you as long as we could, Ulysses. All who knew you will remain so until we die. Ulysses And my son? How is he doing? Anticleia He slowly grows up to become your equal in wisdom and ability, but he needs his father. Why did you never come home, Ulysses, while I lived? Ulysses Alas, my beloved mother, I did indeed all I could, but there were always obstacles towering up from nowhere in my way that thwarted my journey. But I never gave up, and I do intend to come back home in the end. Anticleia Yes, you are no loser, for you never give up. No one is ever a loser until he gives up, no matter how much he loses on the way, and you will lose everything, Ulysses. Your victory over Troy and your accountability for its ruin will cost you more than you can pay in all your life, no matter how long you will live. Ulysses What god is persecuting me? Anticleia Don’t think it’s just Poseidon. He is only playing with you and hazzling with you but just for kicks because you outwitted his abominable son the cyclops Polyphemus, and as soon as you go out at sea again he will go on forcing you out of any direction. But all that is just petty sabotage. No, your real enemy is Apollo, who can never forgive you the fall of Troy with all its unnecessary and outrageous tragedies. Ulysses Apollo! Then I am lost! Anticleia Never completely, my son. No god is more farsighted than Apollo, and he probably keeps harrassing you with new ways of tormenting trials without ever allowing you to die with some purpose. Ulysses Not even my protective goddess Athena can do anything against the power of Apollo’s beauty and wisdom. How long will he go on persecuting me with

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relentless bad luck? Ten more years? Twenty years? All the way until I die a wretched old man consumed by his overwhelming load of justified bitterness? Anticleia I don’t think so. I don’t know. My only weapon and protection against him is patience. As long as you don’t give in to the temptations of your abyssal despair to outbursts and breakdowns, you will remain safe under the proetction of Athena. But I feel Teiresias approaching. I assume he was the one you really came here to find. Ulysses Thanks, mother, for finding me and not even letting me down after death. Anticleia A mother never abandons her son, Ulysses, not even after death, not even if the son abandons her. Ulysses (sincerely, on his knees) Thank you, mother. Teiresias (has entered) You searched for me, Ulysses. What do you want? Ulysses You blind sooth-sayer, who has seen more than anyone else and who even after death seem to have more power of seeing than any living person, I was advised by the witch Circe to consult you to learn something of the dangers that I still must endure and go through before my eventual homecoming. Teiresias I have no good news for you, Ulysses. Circe was right. You should almost have stayed with her. Ulysses What is the worst you can tell me? Teiresias That nothing will be harder and more difficult for you than the very arrival home. Ulysses I have heard that before. Teiresias Why do you ask me then? Ulysses You if anyone can help me. Teiresias How? Ulysses Give me advice. Teiresias Very well. You asked for advice. I will give you advice. If you ever want to come home alive and survive your homecoming, forget who you are. Assume the identity of that No One which you said your name was at that abominable villain Polyphemus’ place. Assume anonymity when you come home, let no one know who you are, evaluate carefully the situation at home before you identify yourself to anyone, let your wife’s suitors treat you as they please, appear as a beggar and tramp, the dirtier and more miserable, the better, sleep with the swine, crawl in the dust, and you might master the situation. That’s the best advice I can give you. Ulysses That’s hard advice, Teiresias. Teiresias You asked for it. Deep wounds need hard dressings. Ulysses But as long as my wife remains faithful I can cope with anything. Teiresias She will remain faithful, Ulysses, but she above all must not recognize you, for her own sake. Ulysses I understand. Teiresias Anything else you want to know? Ulysses I learned from my mother that Apollo is against me. Is there nothing I can do to conciliate him?

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Teiresias He has the fates in his hand, and he has set them to weave against you, and their web of the threads of destiny not even gods can ever undo. Your wife has learned to weave by them, for they encourage faithfulness, and faithfulness alone enjoys the respect of the goddesses of destiny. She promises her suitors to make up her mind for one of them when she has completed her web, she weaves the whole day every day, but when the night comes she warps and tears up the whole day’s work. Thus she tries to weave her suitors out of her life by defeating them with her patience. Ulysses (laughs) I do recognize my Penelope. That’s why I love her, because we had some cunning in common. Teiresias But sooner or later the suitors must recognize her trick, and then their impatience will impose upon her endurance. At that moment, Ulysses, you should be home at the very latest, or never. Ulysses You don’t make it easy for me. Teiresias Don’t blame me. Blame the fates and Apollo. Blame Agamemnon and his destruction of Troy. Blame Helen and her willingness to commit adultery. Blame yourself, Ulysses, who launched the brilliant idea that all Helen’s suitors should swear her and her by lottery chosen husband eternal faith and support. That cost Troy its life and all its looters their happiness and bliss. Blame yourself, Ulysses, for being so romantic. Ulysses Thanks, Teiresias. I accept and appreciate your counselling. Teiresias More questions? Ulysses I am too overwhelmed to dare to ask for anything more. Teiresias You are wise in doing so, for the worst truths you can’t endure hearing, and they will always remain waiting for you. Ulysses Are there any more dead who wish to see me? Teiresias You already gave us your little finger. Many would gladly eat your arm. Ulysses Achilles? Achilles Ulysses, old chap, are you still alive? We have wondered for long whatever happened to you. You never arrived here, and no one who came here had seen you any more among the living after Troy. Ulysses As you can see, Achilles, I am still alive, to my own misfortune. Achilles Why do you say that? Life is glorious as long as you live, as long as you have something to do, and I myself deeply regret that I never got the privilege to retire as an old man to be able to enjoy myself out in the country with binding up vines in peace and quiet to crown my life with the blissful salary of being able to enjoy some good marvellous wine of my own cultivation… Ulysses Still you died at the top of your career, and your fame could not have grown any further. You harvested the joy of becoming immortal as a youth without bitterness and grey hairs and without the dishonour of having to end your life as an ugly and tottering old man. You were allowed to die young and will thereby remain immortally young forever. Achilles You just flatter me. But there are many here who wish to see you.

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Ulysses But isn’t that the great Aias standing over there? Is he really dead? Aias I enjoy every day that I may go on seeing you tortured, you cheeky, insolent and reckless Ulysses, who for your own perdition has voluntarily come to even the realm of death in a mad quest for the truth. Every arrow Apollo planted in your heart, Ulysses, was justified and fair, for without you, Troy with all its inhabitants would never have been massacred and given the possibility to survive only as slaves. Ulysses (on his knees) Spare me, Aias, if this is really you and not some phantom hallucination! Are you still angry with me because of Achilles’ weapons? Are you still resentful and unreasonably implacable even unto hell? Aias And don’t I have a right and reason to be? Who was a greater warrior than I except Achilles? Who killed more Trojans openly in the streets of Troy than I in its destruction? Who caused greater damage than I except Agamemnon himself with his fatal destiny, bringing us all to perdition? Did I then not deserve any honour and thanks after the fall of Troy with all the Trojans I had honestly killed in battle? But you took Achilles’ weapons away from me and claimed all the honour of the fall of Troy for yourself although we all had bled and many of us to death for that bloody cause for ten long years… Ulysses You are just a nightmare! You can’t remain angry and bitter and resentful long after death! You are a lie! Aias No, I am the truth. And there are many here besides me who will make me right. Priam So this is the accursed villain who caused the fall of Troy by the most insidious and blasphemous of all tricks! So we are to hold you accountable for all our murdered children and violated mothers and enslaved widows and raped priestesses, you wretched Ulysses, the most deceitful villain the world has ever known! History will never pardon you or forgive you, Ulysses, not even if you would be righteously assassinated on your homecoming! Woe betide you, Ulysses, forever for the sake of the Trojan holocaust! Ulysses Spare me! You are just phantoms and fleeting dreams! When I wake up I can discard you all as insidious deceits and sick hallucinations made up by the dark goddesses of the night! Agamemnon You asked for it, Ulysses. Behold, my entire family has been slaughtered! Your trickeries and my ambitions have only brought all Hellas to perdition as a righteous and natural punishment for blasphemous and inhuman presumption and recklessness! We are all condemned, Ulysses, we who went to Troy with the intention to annihilate the city and who carried through this cruellest destruction enterprise in history! We are all cursed forever, Ulysses! Behold my wife! (Clymnaestra turns up all bloody.) Murdered by her own son by premeditated intent! Behold my son! (Orestes appears hopelessly insane.) He is hopelessly insane after the deed and can never carry on my royal line with the power and glory that still was mine. Ulysses (covers his face with his hands) Spare me!

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Cassandra (appears) It all falls on you, Ulysses, for you are the only one who still is alive among the most guilty ones. Nothing can atone for the fall of Troy, and not even if you will continue living tortured to death for all your remaining life and never will find peace for your crimes and never get a break from your misfortunes, you will never cease to be persecuted by your eternal enemies. I am the priestess of Apollo, violated by Agamemnon himself and murdered in the blood of my innocence by his own adulterous wife as a punishment for his having made me his concubine. I proclaim the eternal implacability of Apollo against you, Ulysses. Be damned forever. Ulysses (in despair) Spare me! Spare me! You are just my constant nightmares! Don’t you believe that I recognize you! You keep haunting me every night, repeatedly as if each time was the first time! But you are only dreams! You don’t exist in the world of reality! In your fleeting vanity of shadows you just try to drive me out of my mind without ever understanding, that you will never succeed! (Silence. All phantoms vanish. Gradually Ulysses wakes up, like after a long torpor of exhausting attacks of fever and illness.) (looks around) Where am I? Alcinous You are in good hands, Ulysses. Take it easy. You have had a long and difficult journey. Ulysses (recovering) I met all the deceased friends, and now, good Demodochos, when you have affirmed that Agamemnon really is dead, I understand that the visions actually were all true. Aias was right. He was the truth, and I will never get rid of it. Alcinous But how did you lose all your men? Ulysses Do you wish me to continue my story? Arete We have no higher wish, for you are one of those rare people who seem to know and have insight into what no one else knows anything about. Ulysses Both Circe and Teiresias warned me especially against landing where the oxen of the sun god are grazing and thriving, the finest cattle in the world that never age, and even if we went ashore there, we had to leave the cattle in peace and never touch it on any condition. I tried to dissuade my men from anchoring there, but unfortunately they could not see the danger in doing so. Eurylochos You are only thinking of yourself, Ulysses. We all want to get home, but here we keep sailing on the open sea day and night for weeks without end, and when at last we see land you just want to bypass it from superstitious reasons. Please try to be a little human, Ulysses. Ulysses My dearest men and comrades, of course I only want the best for you, but here in this place the oxen of the sun god are grazing, and both Circe and Teiresias have insistently warned me against the temptation of touching any of the splendid beasts. If we go ashore there, that’s the last thing we may do. Eurylochos We do carry plenty of food and supplies given us by Circe. We have no need of slaughtering any animal ashore, do we, comrades? The men Of course we shall leave the oxen of the sun god in peace. All we need is to recuperate for a few days.

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Ulysses They got what they wanted, we went ashore, but already after the first day the weather turned nasty, and we couldn’t continue. There was no danger, we did have enough food and supplies indeed, but the hard weather with storms against us held us up for an entire week. There was no possibility to resume our journey. We were caught in a bay, and the wind was straight against the bay. Another week passed with the same weather, and after the third week the supplies started to dwindle, and the men began to cast eyes on the wonderful oxen of the sun god, that just walked around there doing nothing, a challenge to us by the beauty of their powerful bodies, the daintiest meat in the world, which just shamelessly boasted its pride and excellence in front of our eyes. When a month had passed and we had nothing left to eat, and the adverse tempest winds just went on blowing against us in unnatural inhuman pertinacity, I grew really disturbed and worried and went away to pray and made a sacrifice to placate the gods. When I came back I found to my horror that my men had slaughtered two of the holy oxen. Eurylochos They just went around there shining like the sun in their fleshy splendour. We had no food left, Ulysses, and there were any number of oxen. Would we then just walk around here starving and let the best beefs in the world just pass in front of our eyes in insolent arrogance without our doing anything about it? Ulysses You don’t know what you have done. That was the only thing you were forbidden to do! There are all kinds of other food around, berries and fruits and all kinds of things growing in the ground, but you just had to go slaughtering the most sacred cattle in the world and draw the wrath of the sun god upon you! Eurylochos I am not so sure, Ulysses. The wind has shifted already. Perhaps the sun god presented his oxen to us on purpose just to further our voyage and wish us good luck? You can’t know that. Ulysses No, we can’t know anything, but perhaps the wind shifted just because I went to offer a sacrifice and perhaps at last managed to placate the god who always was against us? We don’t know that either. After all, Helios and Apollo are practically the same god. Eurylochos However that may be, Ulysses, what is done is done and cannot be undone, and we had no choice. Ulysses If only you had waited just for one day! Eurylochos We only took two animals. It isn’t even noticed in the herd, no one could miss them, and they are of the best possible use as slaughtered since they fill the empty stomachs of starved and stranded sailors. Ulysses What is done is done, Eurylochos, and we can only make the best of it. But I refuse to touch the food. Eurylochos As you wish, Ulysses, but there is much of it left. Two such stupendous specimen could keep an entire regiment alive for weeks. Ulysses I will have nothing to do with it! I will have nothing to do with you! You all had warnings! You knew what you were doing but did it anyway! Eurylochos Take it easy, Ulysses. It is on our responsibility.

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Ulysses No, Eurylochos, you are all on my responsibility! I am responsible for getting you all home to Ithaca as well as myself! I have already lost all my ships except one, and even on the last one I have lost half of my men! I can’t afford to lose one single man more! And then you go blundering carelessly to commit the most stupid act that has been committed on our entire journey, and that on purpose! Eurylochos Go to bed, Ulysses, and forgive us. Ulysses I am sorry, Eurylochos, but I can’t take any more adversities! – I was utterly devastated by what they had done, and they just discarded my anxiety as superstitious exaggerations. Of course they could be right, but I feared the worst. We profited by the favourable wind and started off with good speed and soon reached the sea without any land in sight. Then came the storm and the disaster, the most infernal possible tempestuous weather with thunder and hailstorms and lightnings in such an appalling frequence that heaven itself threatened to break and dissolve in exploding chaos. One lightning hit the mast and shattered the ship, so that a shipwreck out in the middle of the sea became inevitable. All my men and I were separated in the darkness, and I only heard their cries and screams of despair that were hopelessly drowned in the deafening noise of the storm and the fury of the lashing waves, in which they drowned and disappeared. I lost them all that night. When the storm finally calmed down as the dawn started to break, everything was silent, and I was alone on the ocean, where I clung to some wreckage, which I succeeded in tying together with some ropes. In my endless despair I cried myself to unconsciousness. And in the fever of my delirium I thought I still could hear the voice of Eurylochos: Eurylochos The gods have deceived us! They fooled us into consuming their cattle just to destroy us! Damned be the gods, who instead of protecting us just have brought us to ruin and perdition and without any reason, since all we actually deserved in life was at last to get home! (His voice drowns in the aftermath of the storm.) Ulysses Thus I drifted ashore on the island of Ogygia, the home of the nymph Calypso, where I grieved for my comrades for seven years until she finally agreed to help me get home. She gave me means to build a raft, and even then, after seven years as shipwrecked, when for the first time I dared to go to sea again, I had after seventeen days barely regained my hope, reaching so close to my own Ithaca, when the storm seized me again and tore my raft asunder and cast me out naked ashore, where I had to hide in the bushes. In that supreme instance of awkwardness your daughter Nausikaa appeared and saved me. For that I owe you all my gratitude for the rest of my life. Alcinous You are not home yet, Ulysses, even if we of course will do everything to help you get there, if we would have preferred though to have you stay with us to please our daughter Nausikaa, who gladly would have served you for a husband. Ulysses Your kindness and generosity overwhelm me with emotions, for during my journeys I have constantly been served with more evil and cruelty than with anything good. One sole ray of sunlight in a massive thickness of darkness, storm

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and cold is however enough to rekindle the hope in the fighter against hopeless adversities and even enough to put all darkness to shame and make him forget all his injuries and heart wounds. Alcinous How shall we bring him home, Arete? Arete We must lend him your most royal ship, to give him a worthy homecoming. Ulysses No, my friends, I don’t wish to seem ungrateful, but only the simplest and smallest ship is enough for me, which could put me ashore secretly on Ithaca during the night, so that I then could steal unnoticed to my humblest servants to learn by them how I should proceed with the repossession of my home. I have pondered Teiresias’ advice for seven years and found it my best help and guidance and the only wise thing to do. It is sad, but we must not forget, that I have been missed for twenty years and believed lost, and that much has changed for the worse on Ithaca in the meantime. I must under no circumstances take any risks at all. Alcinous Very well, Ulysses. It will be our great pleasure to meet and grant your wishes to the smallest detail. Ulysses And I will owe you all my thanks for that for the rest of my life. Alcinous By helping you we might even make a historical point. Ulysses I can promise you that much, that wherever and whenever my story will be told, your story shall be told with it. Alcinous So your immortality will become ours. That’s the greatest honour we can have. Ulysses My life belongs to you. If there is any honour to it, it is yours. Alcinous Enough now of flatteries and compliments. Let’s at last devote ourselves to festivities and celebrate Ulysses’ return to Hellas! Let the festive hecatombs fill my palace with sumptuous opulence and cheeriest moods, and may the libation sacrifices be prepared, accomplished and poured out in a flow of permanent riches, and may then the food be brought in to all our participants in this universal joy with dances and songs to the accompaniment of brilliant instruments all well tuned together! Let thus joy be triumphant after so much tribulations and nights of despair in the endlessness of desert misery for our long since missed and at last returned friend, so that light, mirth, hope and life may be proved to always triumph over all things negative. Let the party begin! (Great comprehensive preparations and introductions to festivities with all imaginable splendour with music and dances, exquisite costumes and an absolutely irrefutable festive gaiety.)

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Act III scene 1. The hut of the swine herd. Eumaius How you keep mucking up, you dirty little pigs! But that’s your job, you can’t do much else, and no matter how much you roll around in your dirt rooting in your filthy shit and wallowing in your precious mud, you can never get as filthy and dirty as those swine in my lord’s house, who just keep on plundering his property, so that poor lady Penelope gets burdened with such economical problems that she with time hardly will be able to stay on and keep her husband’s home. Yes, that I know for sure, my precious little pigs, that men are more dirty than any swine can ever be, and that all swine in comparison are clean. For man has a soul, that is his only important heritage, and the only meaning of life is to preserve it, manage it and keep it clean and pure, which only extreme exceptions seem capable of doing, since most people from the cradle to the grave only seem intent on wasting it and corrupting it as much as possible. So I am lucky to have you for better company, my little pigs. – But here comes another. Ulysses (unrecognizable as a beggar) God’s peace in your hut. Eumaius You seem miserable enough as a wretch indeed, and still greets me so courteously! You look as if the whole world had tortured you. What could be the business of such a wretched beggar as you with a swine herd in his dirty cabin? Ulysses For such as I a roof over his head is difficult to find. Eumaius Have you then been thrown out from all better houses since you come to the worst one? Ulysses You could say so. Eumaius Here you will att least not be thrown out without a good decent meal first. Will some pork do? Ulysses Nothing could suit me better, since you appear to be the local swine herd and consequently must be the perfect expert on how to prepare pork. Eumaius That may be my one and only art, but I know it well. Ulysses How many swine are in your care? Eumaius Three hundred and sixty, but they constantly grow less, for every day I am obliged to slaughter a number to please those swine dungs up there in the house. Ulysses The king’s house? Eumaius Yes. Ulysses At the king’s request? Eumaius You must be new here. The king has been lost for twenty years. Ulysses Yes, I am really new here. Eumaius Who are you? Ulysses I come from Crete. Eumaius Are you a sailor then? Ulysses All the best sailors come from Crete, and all who come from Crete know how to sail, but I am no sailor. I am one of those many scattered bastards who have the royal house of Crete to thank for their origin. Eumaius I see.

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Ulysses But why has the king been lost for twenty years? What kind of a king is that? Eumaius During your wanderings you must have heard of Ulysses, who took part in the siege of Troy and was helpful in the conquest of the city. That was ten years ago. Since then he has been lost. I am myself certain that he is dead. Ulysses How can you be certain? I know that he is alive and on his way home. Eumaius Don’t inspire us to wishful thinking by false illusions of mirages of hope. He must be dead. Or else he would have made himself heard of. If he lived he would not have kept lady Penelope ignorant of his fate. Ulysses So he has a wife who is expecting him since twenty years? Eumaius And who is still waiting for him. There have been impostors indeed, who made up stories and filled her with false hopes just to get into her favours and sponge on her hoping to be able to live here gratis. They all proved liars and cheats. I hope you are not one of them. Ulysses I would never dream about for example trying to pretend to be Ulysses, but I can promise you that he will be home within a month. Eumaius A dangerous promise. Ulysses Shall we make a bet? If I win you will give me better clothes, and if I lose it will be I who will have to invite you for dinner. Eumaius But even if you lose, which you must, I will try to get you some better clothes, which I am sure to be able to manage. Lady Penelope and Ulysses’ son Telemachus are particular about no visitor to Ithaca leaving without gifts. Ulysses So at least she has a son and heir? Eumaius That’s the question, for he has just left for Pylus and Sparta to make enquiries about his father. He is expected back any moment, but the suitors have laid an ambush for him in the sound with a ship. They are not interested in having him back. Ulysses And the suitors all live in the palace? Eumaius Yes, and wallow every day in the wines and dainties of the house, while lady Penelope only suffers and tries to endure them. Ulysses Yes, she can’t say no, and therefore can’t drive them out. Eumaius Do you know her? Ulysses Only by reputation. I know her by Ulysses, who spoke much about her. Eumaius When and where did you meet Ulysses? Ulysses With the Phaeacians. He was their guest and had at last reached their land after ten years of suffering wanderings at sea, during which he had lost all his men. From there he should gradually be coming here. Eumaius So he has also been as faithful to his wife as she has been to him. Ulysses Yes, so it seems. Eumaius That’s good news. I am sure lady Penelope would gladly like to hear them. You must meet her, so that she could have a close interview with you. Ulysses I would be glad to, my good friend, but discreetly. We must not disturb the suitors, and what I might have to tell her about Ulysses must not reach their ears.

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Eumaius Of course, if you bring good news. The suitors will only hear bad news, since they only live for their malicious pleasure. Ulysses I believe myself to only bring good news. Eumaius Then I will fix you a place in the house, where you can sit in peace as long as you would like to stay without anyone having any right to drive you out, even if the suitors most probably will harass you. Ulysses I am used to that. Let them beat me. I will not even react. Eumaius And when Telemachus arrives you will meet him as well, and even he might come home with some good news. Ulysses Do you think he can get through the ambush? Eumaius The suitors are all stupid, and Telemachus is not more stupid than that he can always outwit them, like lady Penelope did for years. Ulysses How? Eumaius She promised the suitors to settle for one of them when she had completed a web she kept weaving on for years. She was diligent at it every day, and the suitors decided to wait. But every night she tore up most of what she had completed in the daytime, so that the web was never finished. She kept on like that for three years until one of her servant girls, who had become the mistress of one of the abominable suitors, betrayed her trick. Ulysses Was it long ago? Eumaius No, quite recently, just before Telemachus left. Ulysses It seems that time and sand is running out for Ulysses. Eumaius You said it. Ulysses Very well, my dear friend, let’s now concentrate on your delicious dinner. It smells marvellous. Eumaius It’s just pork, but I know how to prepare it. Ulysses I believe you. (They have their dinner in friendly intimacy.) Eumaius Here I live far away fram the madding crowd in peace and loneliness with my swine, for the company of men does not please me much after having observed the development here on Ithaca, how shameless youngsters without sense or manners have taken over the king’s house in sheer arrogance and insolent hubris, taking for granted that lady Penelope sooner or later must give in to anyone of them, while the people just keep their mouths shut and look the other way and let it happen without even denouncing this reckless abuse of hospitality and the whole scandal. Ulysses Yes, it must be difficult, but people are more often than not like that all over the world. It’s only the happy or unhappy few who care who do something about it, but they are always there, and therefore there is always a better future also. Eumaius I doubt it. Can you or I do anything about it? No, for we are just dirty old men and, worst of all, even poor, and therefore we stand no chance against the corrupt world order. But I tell you, my friend, that if the finest and richest king came here and asked for shelter for the night, I would immediately turn him out, since my

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castle is only intended for such wise men who see through the whole humanity like you and me, my poor beggar brother. Ulysses I feel honoured. But – is someone coming? Eumaius I recognize those swift light steps, and the dogs don’t bark. It can only be one person. Ulysses Me they furiously scolded at once, and that was my welcome to Ithaca. Eumaius I am sorry, but they still did not touch you. Ulysses But who is coming then? Eumaius It’s the king’s own son Telemachus who has come back. Ulysses Here? Eumaius Probably to play it safe. He is as cautious as his father. He has avoided the traps of the suitors and first come to me to hear the latest news. (enter Telemachus) Telemachus Eumaius! I had hoped to find you alone. Who is with you? Eumaius An old sorely tried beggar and misanthrope like myself. He is absolutely harmless. Just come on in. Telemachus (enters) I just learned that the suitors were laying an ambush for me in the sound. That’s why I stole my way back to Ithaca the other way. Eumaius That was wisely done. Did you learn any news on the way? Telemachus (suspicious against Ulysses) Who is he? Ulysses A wanderer from Crete who has known your father very well and knows that he will soon be back. Telemachus Your notice, stranger, matches what I heard from Menelaos and Helen in Sparta. You are then privy to the situation. You are welcome to Ithaca, stranger. Have you met my mother? Ulysses Not yet, but our friend Eumaius has promised to present me to her. Eumaius She will be glad to see you alive, Telemachus. Telemachus I would beg you to immediately hurry up to her and tell her about my return, so that she may learn about it as soon as possible and doesn’t have to worry, so that I may talk a little with the stranger here about what we both have heard about my father. Could you do that, Eumaius? Eumaius I will hurry there at once, for my only joy left in life is to make lady Penelope happy. Take what you want of the ready meal in the meantime, Telemachus, and enjoy it. Telemachus Thank you, Eumaius. (He leaves.) Stranger, your appearance conceals many secrets and many unknown tales. You give almost the impression of some hungry wolf who threatens to lose control any moment, not of hunger but of the urge to relieve your heart of what’s on your mind. Is that correct? Ulysses I have been to Ithaca before. Telemachus Yes, there is something familiar about you, as if I might have known you before but early in my childhood very long ago. Have you served in my mother’s house? Ulysses Yes, I have served your mother before. But that was long ago.

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Telemachus It fits. I recognize your voice. But who are you? Ulysses Go back in time as far as you can. Who is the first person you then come to think of? Telemachus Naturally my father immediately comes first to my mind, but only vaguely like a faint dream, for I have no clear memory of him, just a hint of a feeling of his being, like a fragment of a forgotten memory. Did you have anything to do with him? Ulysses I was here twenty years ago, Telemachus. Not until now have I returned. Telemachus Could you then be… Ulysses Yes, no matter how bad it looks, I am your own father. Telemachus Returned as a shipwrecked beggar to his own plundered house crowded by invading parasites… it is too sad but still too good to be true. Ulysses Come in my arms, Telemachus. (He doesn’t hesitate.) We will beat them all, Telemachus. I managed everything in the world so far – why should I then not also manage my own home? For twenty years I have only lived to dream about both of you and the day when I at last would see you again, and that exile, Telemachus, my beloved, fullgrown, manly son, has been crueller than any enforced divorce. Only hope kept me alive during all these years, the last thing to leave man in his ordeals, and after twenty years the miracle has occurred that the hope in spite of all has been realized, at least to some extent, but we have a long way still to go. Telemachus Is that why you are dressed in this disguise of a beggar, so that no one should recognize you to enable you to contrive a secret stratagem? Ulysses Exactly, my son, but not in secret, but in peace and calm. Everything will happen naturally in due time, nothing can damage the web of the fates, but it will just go on being created by itself by the enigmatic mechanisms of fate itself, and we are all threads in its creation that are being used and contained in the reckoning until the ball of our life has run out. But how is your mother? Telemachus She is the bravest of all women. She never loses faith. But how did you get here? Your heart must be brimming over from the yearning of the testimony of your fate to find an expression. Ulysses We will have to let that wait until later, Telemachus. First we must accomplish the most important work of our life. How many are the suitors? Telemachus They are more than a hundred. Ulysses That many? Telemachus Most of them are from the mainland. Ulysses The more important then that no one learns who I am, neither your mother nor my father or even our faithful swineherd. We will plan a safe strategy which must not fail in any smallest detail. – But here is now our faithful herd. Eumaius (enters) But you haven’t touched the food, Telemachus! Telemachus We had so much to talk about. The stranger from Crete here knows a great deal about the Trojan war. What did my mother say? Eumaius She feels relieved by your cautious return, and she is hoping to see both of you up in her rooms tomorrow.

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Telemachus That should suit us well, shouldn’t it, my father’s oldest friend? Ulysses I feel honoured. Eumaius So let’s just take it easy then, at last finish this frugal festive meal and then sleep well until tomorrow till the dawn breaks and we can start living again. What about that, you old man, and you, my good and gallant youth? Ulysses My dear friend, you are wisest of all. (They eat and drink quietly together.)

Act IV scene 1. The home of Ulysses. (like in the later part of Act I scene 1.) Antinous Now tell me the worst. So Telemachus slipped away without your managing to stop him? Eurymachus He stole away in the darkness without giving us any time to mobilize any counter action, as quietly and stealthily as Ulysses himself would have done. Antinous You incompetent imbecile worthless dullards! And then you lay an ambush to have him sunk when he got back, and he slipped through your network? Leiocritus Someone must have warned him. He didn’t return by the ordinary route but sailed on the back side of the islands. Antinous Of course, you incompetent bastards! He probably got all the warnings in the world from both Nestor and Menelaos and maybe even from still more old ghosts on the way. He maybe even got some news of his old man, and in that case, my friends, we face a crisis. Leiocritus Wouldn’t the simplest thing to do to just liquidate Telemachus once and for all? Antinous Leiocritus, we have discussed this before. We can’t murder Telemachus just because we court his mother. You must understand that. That would turn all Hellas against us. Leiocritus Don’t we have that already? Antinous No, we have the situation under control. Penelope (from above) I hear you too well, you infamous abusers of our hospitality! So you wish to murder my son Telemachus just because he might bring some news home about my living husband? Would you then try to murder him as well if he came home to his own? With what right, if I may ask? Eurymachus My lady Penelope, don’t take these undisciplined rogues for serious. During the three last years they often talked about getting Telemachus out of the way, but they can never touch a hair on his head. We are after all Hellenes and respect human laws, which all people have to obey whether they like it or not. Penelope But you would without doubt try to murder Ulysses himself if he suddenly came home. I know you well enough. I ask you, Eurymachus, to immediately send Telemachus up to me when he comes. Eurymachus Of course, my respected lady.

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Antinous Speaking about the goblins… (Telemachus arrives with Ulysses and Eumaius.) What on earth is that kind of shabby beggars you dare to bring in here, Telemachus? Telemachus Good Antinous, is this not my own home? May I not bring with me anyone I please? You abuse our hospitality to absurdity and consider yourselves having the right to do so, but you will not let those who every day provide you with their swine for your food to come in your sight and even refuse a beggar to pick a breadcrumb from the floor which you sully with your drivel and those leftovers you spat out? Eurymachus It’s Telemachus, Antinous. He has the right to bring home anyone he likes. And it’s just the swineherd with a beggar. Don’t be more stupid and meaner than usual. Antinous But keep them at least as far away from us as possible, so that they don’t contaminate us with their stench of plague and reeking footsweat, not mentioning their disgusting vermin. Ulysses Gentlemen, I come here in poorest humility with my beggar’s bowl in a pathetic effort to maintain life for one more day, since I notice that you live in such affluence and therefore believe myself to be able to save a few breadcrumbs and scraps of flesh with your good will. Is that too pretentious? Antinous (throws a stool at Ulysses) Shut up, you insolent parasite! If you want to stay here with your beggar’s bowl, then stick to your corner and don’t disturb our gay company with any abject whimpering! Keep quiet, or go to hell! Eurymachus Calm down, Antinous. Telemachus Antinous, you have no right to insult any guest in my father’s house no matter how miserable he may seem. My servants, make sure the beggar and the swineherd immediately get a good meal, and let that be an end to this discussion. Penelope (from above) Telemachus, come up here to me. Telemachus Yes, mother. (goes up to Penelope) Antinous I don’t like that dismal beggar. Why the devil should such a bloke turn up here? What is his business here? He just ruins the atmosphere and disturbs the rhythm of our indulgences. Eurymachus Let him be, Antinous. You will gain nothing by persecuting beggars. Antinous He is the one who persecutes us by his mere presence here casting a wet blanket over us! Eurymachus You are just nervous, Antinous, and totally without reason. Antinous He gives me the creeps, and I can’t get rid of the bad taste of him. Penelope Well, Telemachus, welcome back! Did you learn anything? Telemachus Mother, Ulysses lives. I know it for certain. And he might come home any moment. Penelope Where did you hear this? Telemachus From Menelaos himself, who heard it from an old man in Egypt, that father was kept prisoner by a nymph on a desert island but might get away from

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there at any moment. But still more important is the information from the Cretan beggar down there, who suddenly turned up at Eumaius’ place. Penelope Yes, Eumaius told me about him, and I would like to meet him. What has he got to tell? Telemachus He knows for certain that father could turn up any time and thereby almost serves as a harbinger for him. Penelope Eumaius told me that he had promised that Ulysses would be home within a month at most. Is that true? Telemachus Yes, that is correct, mother. Penelope In that case at best we will only need to keep the suitors on edge for another month at most. Do you think we can make it without their resorting to violence? Telemachus Mother, they have been violating our house and household for three years, and we have endured them with patience and honour. Then we could surely make it a few weeks more. Penelope But they are impatient and getting desperate. Telemachus Yes, mother, but Ulysses could also turn up sooner than expected. Penelope I am curious about that beggar. Can you bring him up to me? Telemachus Yes, mother. Iros (has entered the hall and turns with fury on Ulysses) What kind of a gutter swine is it who has had the audacity to steal my place? Antinous (merry) You have got competiton, Iros. He is a worse beggar than you. Iros But that is my place, and he has no right to usurp it! Ulysses I did not know that beggars had place reservations here in the house of Ulysses. Iros I always had that place! Antinous That’s right, Iros! Get on to him! Put him in his place! He is still just a piece of shit and disgrace to all Ithaca but even worse as such than you! Ìros Move over, old fool, or I will teach you a lesson! Penelope What’s the quarrel down there? Melanto It’s just the beggars fighting each other. Penelope Go down and see to it that there will be no fight again, Telemachus. Telemachus I will do my best, mother. (goes down) Iros You filthy upstart, you have no right to come here making pretensions and robbing me of my begging corner! Ulysses If I have done anything naughty it was perfectly unintentional, my dear colleague, and the last thing I wished to do was to vex anyone. Iros He even pretends to be innocent, the impertinent piece of shit! Ulysses You have no right to insult me for nothing. Iros Nothing! You stole my place, you shitbag! I am the only one here with a licence to beg! Antinous That’s right! Let him have it, Iros! (The suitors are delighted.) Ulysses I didn’t come here to make any trouble.

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Iros Why are you making trouble then, you sweat-stinking snot-driveller? Ulysses My good man, your merry efforts don’t amuse me. Ìros They are not intended to, you bag of trash and filth! Antinous Get settled then at last! Don’t just stand there arguing! Iros Come on, you miserable wretch, if you don’t prefer to run away, you wobbly old carcass! Ulysses I did not deserve any of your jeers, my dear colleague. (Iros aggressively attacks him. Ulysses immediately sends him bleeding to the floor.) Get up and get out of here and find your place outside the gate and content yourself with keeping swine and stray dogs away from your master’s gate in the future! (Iros escapes in terror. The suitors laugh their sides off.) Eurymachus There you won an honest fight, my friend, and for that you will never lack food or a place in this house. Telemachus What are you up to? Who dares to attack our guest from Crete? Eurymachus It was just that beggar wretch Iros who was in a bad mood, Telemachus, nothing serious. Your beggar threw him out and has now rightly taken over Iros’ place. Telemachus My friend from Crete, my mother wishes to speak with you. Could you have a break in your fights and come upstairs? Ulysses My master, your mother’s word is my law. (rises and goes up to Penelope with Telemachus.) (on his way up, to Telemachus) Remove all weapons from the house. Bring them up to the attic and seal it. If anyone asks any questions, just explain they will not be needed any more, they need to be polished and are only in the way. Telemachus Yes, father. (shows him in to Penelope) Here is the beggar, mother. Penelope Come in, my friend. You have caused much stir and raised much attention since you came here, especially as you threw out the intolerable beggar Iros, who thought he was the only beggar here and claimed some monopoly on that business. But most of all you interest us by your contact with Ulysses. Come in, and let my old servant wash your tired old feet after all their wanderings. Ulysses I already once refused to let a younger servant girl do this for her condescending unkindness, but an old servant of yours I can’t refuse anything. Penelope Right you are, my good man. Now rest and make yourself comfortable, relax and tell me first of all who you are. Ulysses Alas, my lady, allow me to refrain from speaking about myself, for all that is contained in me is just overwhleming sorrows and melancholy despair after all the misfortunes I have experienced. Penelope Still you have met Ulysses and know at least something about him. They say that you have asserted that he is on his way home. What do you know about him? (In the meantime Eurycleia has started washing Ulysses’ feet and immediately discovered a scar that only could be Ulysses’ own.)

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Eurycleia (both aghast and upset by joy, spills the washing basin, with a low voice) My lord! You are home! Ulysses (cautioning her with the same lowered voice) Quiet, Eurycleia! Don’t give me away! We have an entire house to cleanse from lethal parasites, wherefore I must remain unknown. Do you understand? Eurycleia (bends down) Yes, father dear. (is overhwlmed by emotions though and hurries out) Penelope What was the matter with Eurycleia? Ulysses She had finished washing. Penelope That was fast. Ulysses She was efficient. Penelope But tell me now what you know about Ulysses. Ulysses I know that he is on his way home, my lady. He spent a few days with the Phaeacians and was handsomely treated there like a prince, and they promised to help him with a ship to get home. Penelope When will he come? Ulysses Time will show. Penelope Your words fill me with joy. Then perhaps I might at last see an end to my own sufferings as well as his. May your words come true and soon! Ulysses It’s only a matter of time, my lady. Have patience. Penelope With these terrible suitors who only sully mine and my husband’s house by only littering and consuming our supplies and filling it with irresponsible selfindulgent youths and their disgust? What is needed here is a thorough, efficient and bloody spring-cleaning. Ulysses If anyone is good at cleaning up, it’s Ulysses. Penelope Yes, he should be if he came home. I owe you many thanks, my good man. You will always have a place in my heart and my home, until Ulysses arrives home, when he most probably will find a position for you for life, if you want it. Ulysses I am more than grateful, my lady. (retires and disappears back downstairs) Penelope But what was the matter with Eurycleia? She has never made such a fool of herself before. Here are some ghosts lurking behind the curtains threatening with some active interference. The suitors must be read some lecture once and for all. Now I know. (goes down) Antinous (sees her coming down) Behold, Penelope! The queen herself pleases to enlighten our existence, the delightful atmosphere of which has been so nastily threatened by some pathetic old men in rags. Has she finally made up her mind at last? Will it be you or me, Eurymachus, or someone even less worthy? Eurymachus Let’s hear what she has on her mind. Antinous Speak to us, Penelope, and lift us up to your level with the bright power of your love by your mere presence! Penelope Gentlemen, you are right. I have made up my mind. You will pass a test, that in olden times was practised as a sport here in the house. We have eleven axes here with loops above the shaft, which when placed in a row a good shot could send

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an arrow through. The one who succeeds in bending Ulysses’ bow and then shoot through all the loops of the axes with just one arrow, I will accept as my new husband. Antinous That sounds easy enough. Ulysses’ bow would hardly be different or more special than others? Eurymachus You haven’t seen it. Penelope I stand by my word, gentlemen. You may begin. (retires, meets Eurycleia) Now I think I at last have given them some stone to bite. No one knows how to bend Ulysses’ bow except himself. They may try until they die. (Telemachus presents the bow, an impressing specialty.) Telemachus My mother is at your disposal if you bend and string the bow. Here it is. Eurymachus A masterpiece. I have never seen such an impressing bow. Melantius You try first, Antinous. Antinous No, no, let’s give all the others a chance first. Eurymachus Let Telemachus be the first to try. If he succeeds he may keep his beloved mother for himself, and we all pack our things and leave. Antinous A splendid idea! That’s fair, isn’t it, Telemachus? Telemachus Yes, that’s fair enough, but if I can’t bend my own father’s bow, I don’t think anyone of you will stand a chance either. Eurymachus You have the chance, Telemachus. Take it. Then it’s our turn. Telemachus Very well. (tries really his utmost to bend the bow but has to give up) As I said, no one can bend that bow. Antinous Then it’s our turn! Stand by, my friends! Who is first? Leiocritus Let me try! Antinous Every one in his turn! (All the suitors try in their turn, by they all must give up.) Antinous Eurymachus, your turn. Ulysses (to Telemachus) Make sure all the doors are closed and locked. Let no woman enter. Then be ready and armed when it’s my turn to bend the bow. (Telemachus disappears.) Eurymachus (has to give up) It grieves me sorely that we all are so far behind Ulysses in his power that we cannot even bend his bow. But there are other women both in the mainland and on other islands. We can’t manage Penelope’s test. May we then accept this and obey her and leave from here before we get too old to at all be able to propose to anyone. Here we have already wasted and lost three important years of our lives. Antinous Do you give up so easily, Eurymachus? No, let’s instead get new strength for tomorrow and then try again. Here we have all the means for refreshing ourselves, both meat and food and wine in abundance, and we have our entire future ahead of us. Give yourself a break, Eurymachus. You have a new day of your life tomorrow! Ulysses May I also give it a try? Antinous (disturbed) Does that beggar dare to open his mouth again?

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Eumaius We all have a right to give it a try. We can’t succeed anyway, we decrepit old men. Eurymachus He is right, Antinous. Let them also have a chance to play at the game, so that we may laugh when they pathetically fail. Antinous Where is Telemachus? Telemachus (shows up) He is here. The swineherd is right, Antinous. My mother’s offer includes all men. Let also the old men try. Eumaius We could but fail anyway. Antinous Very well, old fools, let us see you fail like everyone else. (The bow passes through all hands to Ulysses. He carefully examines the bow.) Eurymachus Look how carefully he examines the bow. It’s not the first time he holds a bow in his hands. Leiocritus No, it’s not impossible that he could shoot in his youth. But it sure is pathetic to see him now in his old age handle the bow of youth with melancholy regret and incompetence. (Eurycleia is within sight of Ulysses. He gives her a sign with a nod, and she retires upstairs. Suddenly Ulysses has stringed the bow, and the suitors give a cry of surprise and terror. The lower scene is immediately closed up while the upper scene continues to be open.) Penelope What are they doing down there, Eurycleia? How is the shooting test proceeding? Eurycleia (throws herself down on her knees for her) My mistress, all the suitors failed in bending the bow except Antinous, who never even tried. But another one succeeded, whom I have recognized as Ulysses himself. (The death screams of the suitors start sounding from the lower closed up part of the scene.) Penelope I hear screams of death. What is going on? Eurycleia The day has come of our liberation at last, Penelopeia! Ulysses has the bow and the quiver with the arrows, and also Telemachus is armed, but all the suitors are trapped with them and unarmed! (The death screams increase and continue incessantly.) Penelope It sounds more like a nightmare than as any reality. Has then my husband come home to make himself a mass murderer among his own? Eurycleia Did he have any choice, my good madam? During all these three years the suitors have plotted against Telemachus’ life and discussed his liquidation. You are well aware of that. For three years the suitors have abused and violated your servant girls, and twelve of them are completely corrupted. Their parasitism in your house is like a cancer that has to be operated and removed by surgery with barbersurgeon knives. Penelope But this violence is but violence, and murder is always murder. It is unlike him to go murdering about without considering the consequences. Are you sure it is really he and not just an instrumental messenger sent by him? Eurycleia I have recognized him myself, my beloved mistress. When I was commanded to wash his feet I immediately observed the deep scar on his leg which

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he received as a young man during that terrible wild boar hunt on the Mount Parnassus. Penelope Is that why you fumbled and spilled out all the water? Eurycleia I was so struck by joy and terror at the same time that I completely lost control of my senses. Penelope So it is that beggar, with whom I could have an interview with myself, who claimed to be home from Crete? And I would not have recognized my own husband? Eurycleia It is twenty years passed, my dearest! He had to disguise himself and keep anonymous to be able to spy out the suitors and make a careful evaluation of our situation here, so that he then could proceed with proper actions. Penelope And he proceeds with his proper action by an indiscriminate massacre? Eurycleia Antinous is dead already. He, the worst, the leader who wanted to make himself king instead of Ulysses, was the first one to fall, and all the others fall now with him like cones with arrows through their necks and breasts or pierced by the lance of Telemachus. Penelope So even my son takes part in the massacre. Eurycleia To the highest degree. Penelope I can’t see how this could end happily, Eurycleia. My view is that violence can only lead to more and worse violence. Couldn’t he just have driven them all out, if he really is Ulysses? Eurycleia Eurymachus, the noblest of them, tried to plead for the others when Antinous was dead. He promised to accept the responsibility for all the suitors to leave the island and restore everything they had consumed and looted during three years’ time. Ulysses responded that it was too late for repentance, that he several times as a beggar had warned them and that they still willingly had committed the mistake of staying on. Penelope So he shot him down in cold blood? Eurycleia Yes. Penelope What kind of a homecoming is this? Instead of a longed for husband and warm bosom with grace and comfort and good will I have to welcome home a bloody mass murderer who maybe has made himself impossible forever here in his own home on Ithaca! All the parents of the murdered youths and nobles will never be able to forgive him! Eurycleia My beloved mistress, he had no choice! It was their lives or his! Penelope But the result is that he is the murderer, and they are the victims! Telemachus (comes up, all bloody) Mother, I have the happy news to bring, that father has come home. Penelope How dare you show yourself here in such a bloody outfit! Telemachus It is accomplished, mother. All the suitors are gone. Penelope No, my son, they are still here and will haunt this house as long as we live. Telemachus No, mother, we are at last rid of them!

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Penelope And you profess, that your father has cleared them all out, when the entire house including yourself is dripping with blood? Telemachus He is now cleaning the house with sulphur. Penelope Do you think that will help against unblessed massacred spirits, who were forced to abandon their youth before they even had had time to live? Telemachus It was their own fault. They asked for it for three years. Penelope I don’t know, Telemachus. I don’t know if your so called father has done right or wrong. For his own sake I sincerely hope it wasn’t he who did it. Telemachus He is waiting for you down there, mother. He has come home at last. Penelope I will hardly be able to avoid the necessity of seeing him. Telemachus Are you so cold? Is that how you receive the husband you have been sighing and grieving and longing for after twenty years? Penelope I am afraid I will not be able to recognize him. Telemachus You have to, mother! You can’t refute him! Not after twenty years and everything he has been through! Penelope Very well, my son, I will try him, but I will not make it easy for him. (She rises. Telemachus leads his mother down to the hall, which is opened again displaying the scene of the massacre – everything is bloody, and the corpses lie in heaps. Ulysses and Eumaius and other simple servants keep carrying them out and trying to clean it all up.) If you are my husband, Ulysses, you certainly have created a mess for yourself and made your homecoming the most deplorable thinkable. Ulysses I am sorry, Penelope, but I am actually your husband. Penelope Prove it! Ulysses How? Who else would from love of you have made so much trouble to dispose of all these suitors, who blocked my return to you? Penelope Don’t you see what you have done? As the king of Ithaca you have slaughtered all the younger generation of the island like cattle! Ulysses I warned them in good time. They could have gone home in time. Penelope Are they all dead? Ulysses No, we spared the poet and the herald, for they never suited for you and only obeyed the suitors by compulsion. Penelope And Eurymachus, the noblest of them, who presented a decent suggestion for atonement? Ulysses I am sorry, Penelope, but he had taken part in all the dirty tricks and actions of the suitors. When he saw there was no way out he pulled his sword and attacked us. I had to shoot him or be slaughtered myself with your son. Telemachus It is true, mother. The suitors were armed and attacked us. We had to kill them in self defence. Penelope And there you stand covered in blood after a completed massacre in your own house expecting me to receive you in my arms in my own bed and claim to be my husband. Eurycleia, tell the maids to remove Ulysses’ bed out of my room. If he is Ulysses, he can lie outside.

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Ulysses What did you let out there across the fence of your teeth? Can the bed then be carried out of our bedchamber, when the chamber was actually constructed around that bed, which I formed and sculpted myself out of a firmly rotted olive tree? Who can saw that bed out of its roots which stretch far beneath the floor? Penelope Ulysses, you haven’t forgotten anything! You know our most private secret! Then it’s really you! (rushes in his arms. He embraces her tenderly.) It doesn’t matter, Ulysses. Just sully me with your bloody clothes and arms. After twenty years of incessant grieving I can take anything. Forgive me my boundlessly cold insensitivity, but I couldn’t feel certain. Ulysses Uncertainty has been my whole life for twenty years without you, but my greatest grief is that I had to come home in this way by a total desecration of my own house, and I am afraid it is only the beginning. You have hardly managed to come through one trial when you find even worse trials towering ahead of you, like a worse towering wave behind the one which already completed your shipwreck. Yes, Penelope, you are right in everything, and I know that I have made myself impossible to all Greece; but since I have managed everything up till now, I will also manage the last ordeal, if the worst still remains. Penelope You must speak with your father. Only he can advise you. The news is probably now spreading across all of Ithaca that you have come home and butchered all their finest youths. You don’t make it easy for yourself, Ulysses. Ulysses Take it as a challenge. But you are right. I shall visit my father. Penelope Do it incognito. Steal out of the house and let no one see you. Remove those bloody beggar rags and dress like an ordinary shepherd. Then no one will bother about you. Ulysses My life’s greatest triumph though is that I at last succeeded in reaching home to regain the wisest woman in the world. Penelope I don’t think I have changed much, Ulysses, since you left. And in spite of everything, I don’t find you much changed either. You are still the same hopelessly impossible, stubborn and foolhardy daredevil. Ulysses Perhaps all my adversities helped in keeping me young. Penelope The one who makes an effort can always go on, and you at least have never given up. The suitors made absolutely no effort for anything at all and have all perished. That’s how the easy-going pleasure works, which only disperse like morning vapours, while only striving ahead leads anywhere and always keeps you going, and that’s the secret and art of survivial. You made it, Ulysses. Welcome home. Ulysses Thank you, my love. (They go out together.) Telemachus (to Eumaius and the other servants) Let’s get the whole place cleaned up now. After all, it is a royal palace! Eumaius Imagine, Telemachus, that it actually was him, and that he at last has come home! Telemachus Yes, yes, but don’t just stand there gaping! We have much to do! Let’s get going!

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Act V scene 1. Laertes (pottering in his garden) It’s part of youth to commit mistakes of ignorance and recklessness, for youth does not understand much of life since they are too busy just living. That’s their business. Let them rave so that they can mature afterwards. Patience you can only learn the hard way, and it will take time. If you are lucky you will live long enough to be able to survive your self and outgrow your own fool’s cap, but no one is a greater fool than he who believes himself mature enough to chastise youth. It’s like curing ignorance by folly. (Ulysses approaching as a common shepherd.) There is now that knave of bad luck. How shall I now handle his obsession? – Ulysses, you incorrigible good-for-nothing, what have you done! Ulysses I am sorry, father, but at least I have come home. Laertes Yes, but to what? To a home or a kingdom that you yourself just by returning have completely smashed to pieces and laid in ruins! All Ithaca is now against you. What are you going to do about it? Ulysses Get some counsel from you first of all. Laertes And how could I counsel you, poor confused scoundrel of a senseless berserk? You alone have made yourself more abominable than all the suitors together! Ulysses Father, the whole world is accusing me. Will not even you then defend me? Laertes No one can defend you or what you have done, even less than anyone could defend the suitors. You have transformed a party gone wrong into a worse mess aggrandized a thousand times! Ulysses Will you not then even greet me and wish me welcome home, father? Laertes Of course you are welcome home, but not the problems you brought along with you. Ulysses Do you wish me to have stayed away? Laertes I don’t, but everyone else in the family does. Ulysses Shall I then go into exile again and never more come home? Is that your meaning? Is then my homecoming just a new expulsion of me out at sea? Laertes Yes, Ulysses, unless you yourself can solve the conflict which now has risen between you and your subjects, and it might not be solved by anything less than you paying the price. How many have you killed? How many parents have you bereft of their best sons? Can you pay such a debt? No, Ulysses, you can’t. You might have managed all your trials up till now, but now you definitely are to face your own final limitation. Ulysses I can’t abandon Penelope and Telemachus now, father, not after coming home at last after twenty years. Laertes I am not the one to determine your destiny, Ulysses. Only you yourself can do that.

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Ulysses But I see another old man approaching, an even older and wiser man than you and I. Laertes Yes, I see him coming. He never brings good news. He probably comes to deliver your sentence. (Enter Teiresias carrying an oar.) Ulysses Old sooth-sayer, we meet on the strangest occasions. Have you come to deliver my sentence? Teiresias I regret that I am obliged to look you up again, Ulysses, but your father is actually right. You must resume your journeys. That’s why I have brought you this oar. The decision of the gods is as follows: you must search all lands all around the world until you find a land and people that don’t know what the ocean is. The sign shall be, that a man shall ask you what kind of a particular spade you are carrying. Then you will have reached your release. You will then immediately make a sacrifice of gratitude to Poseidon and Apollo, and they will at last release you from your destiny. Ulysses But where on earth could there be any man who doesn’t know the sea? Even if mountain people and farmers never have seen it, they can’t have avoided getting to learn about it, for all people dream of it, since all life has come from there and has to return there. Teiresias Yes, Ulysses, it will be a long and tedious search and your longest journey so far. But may hope bring you to the goal, as it always did so far. And all are not always against you. (enter Mentor) Ulysses Mentor! My best friend since childhood! Mentor I will follow you, Ulysses. Together we shall make the test. Ulysses Do you really think it is possible? Mentor Nothing is ever impossible. That if anything you ought to have learned from all your journeys. Ulysses You are right. Alone you might well be exposed to all possible trials and ordeals of the world and get hacked against the sharpest rocks in the perpetual shipwreck all the world’s incessant turbulences, but one single helping hand and soul is enough for you to be able to overcome the entire world. I have lost everything but found you again, Mentor, and that is more than everything. Mentor A true friendship you can never lose, for even death is powerless against it. Ulysses So let’s then be off at once with the oar of Teiresias, Mentor, for we have a long journey ahead of us. Father, try to explain the matter to Penelope and Telemachus and the others. Without doubt the fathers of Hellas will be content with my exile for some unlimited time. Laertes No one will lift the slightest stone against you or your family, Ulysses, when they learn about your self-sacrifice. Ulysses Thank the gods, not me. Come on, Mentor, let’s go. (leaves cheerful and content with Mentor.)

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Teiresias Old Laertes, since you called me and can see me, do you think the judgement of the eternal ones was too harsh? Laertes No, Teiresias, it was only fair, absolutely fair. (They leave together, Teiresias supporting the old Laertes.)

The End

(Ladakh, August 2004, translated around Pentecost 2020.)

Other dramas of Antiquity by the same author: (only in Swedish so far) Jason and Medea Orpheus Thyestes King Croesus Atlantis (Athens and the Persian wars) Alcibiades Epaminondas Alexander the Great Lucretia The Play of Rome (Cicero) Cleopatra Herod the Great The Great Passion (Jesus) The Great Fiasco (Nero) The Secret of Marcus Aurelius

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