RISHIKESH REGIONAL STUDY_3_12_2016 by Landscape Perspectives_Academics

REGI ONALLANDSCAPESTUDY-RI SHI KESH,UTTARAKHAND MASTERSPROGRAM I NLANDSCAPE201517ICEPTUNI VERSI TY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere thanks to The Government of Uttarakhand and several other institutions for sharing resourceful data, which helped us, complete the analysis of the delineated study area. • The Forest Survey of India • Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology • The Indian Institute of soil and water conservation (ICAR) • Indian Institute of Wildlife • Survey of India • The Uttarakhand development board • Central ground water board, Dehradun • Uttarakhand Tourism • Forest research institute • Krishi Bhavan We would also like to thank Prof. Deepa Maheshwari, Prof.Sandip Patil, Prof Madhukara Pai, Prof Srigiriraju Srihari Rao and Ar Tapan Modi for guiding us through the study.

CONTENTS AIM, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 01 : INTRODUCTION

1.1. 1.2. 1.3.

Religious tourism in north india Deliniating the study area Physical features defining the region

3 3 3

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

2.1. 2.1.1. 2.1.2. 2.1.3. 2.1.4. 2.1.5. 2.1.6. 2.1.7. 2.1.8. 2.1.9. 2.1.10. 2.1.11. 2.1.12.

Natural layers Climate Geology Elevation map Aspect map Slope analysis Soil River system of Uttarakhand Watershed of the region Hydrogeology Ground water Flora of the region Fauna study

5 5 10 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 23 26

2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.2.6.

Human intervention study Culture Demographics History of the town City landuse Town development Tourism

27 27 30 33 34 36 38

CHAPTER 03 : PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION

3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11.

Ground water recharge potential Measures for soil and water conservation Erosion suseptibility Landslide vulnerability Ecozone map Watershed management plan Landuse vulnerability Land suitability Altenatives for economy generation Visual assessment for the region Tourist circuits

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 60 62

CHAPTER 04 : PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6.

Masterplan Old city of Rishikesh City morphology Open spaces in the city Visual assesment for the city Tourist linkages and amenities

66 68 70 72 73 78

CONCLUSION

6. APPENDIX

AIM, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY Aim: To study in detail, understand and analyse the region of Rishikesh keeping the natural resources of the area as a primary priority. To look into issues associated with the region and attempting at addressing it with appropriate solutions. Objectives: • • • • •

To study the natural resources in the region defined around the city of Rishikesh To study and understand the landscape character of the region To study and understand the culture and lifestyle of the people in the region To identify critical areas in the region To evaluate ecological values and strengthen the same for sustainable development of the region.

Methodology: • • • • • •

The delineated study region was studied in terms of the natural layers that exist in it, the socio-cultural and economic aspects of the region were documented. The demography of the city of Rishikesh was studied and the existing activites were mapped. Various literature studies of similar areas documented, were studied to analyse the region furher On the regional level a set of composite maps incoporating the data of two or more maps were made to define issues in the area. Guidelines on the regional level were proposed based on the issues identified. Guidelines for the city were proposed based on the issues identified.

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CHAPTER 01 : INTRODUCTION

1.1. 1.2. 1.3.

Religious tourism in north India Deliniating the study area Physical features defining the region

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION (Refer maps on plate 01)

1.Introduction 1.1 Religious tourism in North India In mythical narratives, evil is said to lie below the earth and heavens are seen above the skies. A respect to such an altitude of terrain and a source of the sacred waters gave rise to ‘an abode of the gods’, the holy land of present day Uttarakhand. The Chardam Yatra is a pilgrim route that is defined around the River Ganga, within which it includes, Gangotri , Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath. Having a meandered path with several pause points, it is also a route that celebrates the unique landscape of the region.

The Chardam is one oof the principal pilgrimages in North India and occurs between March and November every year, in Uttarakhand. The entire journey being on higher altitudes initiates in Haridwar a lower plain acting as the gateway to all these nodes. It also is the last point for public transport access. Rishikesh is a city adjacent to Haridwar but on a higher altitude than it. It is not only a transit node in the several pilgrim routes, but is also a city that attracts huge number of people owing to its religious importance, adventure sports activities and wildlife treks. The town of Rishikesh is located in north west part of Garhwal district, close to the towns of Dehradun and Haridwar. It is bordered by Haridwar district to the south west and Dehradun on north west. Rishikesh is located at the foothills of Shiwalik mountains. From the town the road winds upwards into the mountains towards the northern districts of Tehri Garhwal, Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi, high up in the mountains, which have the important pilgrim places like Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath etc. Therefore Rishikesh is an important node from which roads fan into the hostile Himalayas.

Map 1 : Map of India SOURCE : www.wikipedia.com

Map 2 : Chardam Yatra SOURCE : www.mapsof india.com

Map 3 : Districts of Uttarakhand SOURCE : www.mapsof india.com

Map 4 : River system of Uttarakhand SOURCE : www.mapsof india.com

1.2 Delineating the study area Rishikesh lies in a region which is the transition zone between shiwalik Himalayas and the alluvial plains. The selected region is predominantly the flatter river basin of river song and its tributaries flanked by the Motichur mountain range on South, Southwest and the edge of steeply rising Siwalik range on the North and Northeast. 1.3 Physical features defining the region The average elevation of the river basins of Ganga and Song is 250 m above sea level. The Motichur range rises upto 900 m, while the Siiwalik range is at 1900 m. With the presence of streams and rivers, fertile alluvium and forest cover, this region is rich in natural resources.

Map 5 : Watersheds used to define the region`

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CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

2.1. Natural layers 2.1.1. Climate 2.1.2. Geology 2.1.3. Elevation map 2.1.4. Slope analysis 2.1.5. Aspect map 2.1.6. Soil 2.1.7. River system of Uttarakhand 2.1.8. Watershed of the region 2.1.9. Hydrogeology 2.1.10. Ground water 2.1.11. Flora of the region 2.1.12. Fauna study 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.2.6.

Human intervention study Culture Demographics History of the town City landuse Town development Tourism

CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 02)

2.1 Natural layers

According to the Invdian Meteorological Department classification, climate of Rishikesh season is divided as 1. Winter (December to February)

2.1.1 Climate

2. Summer (March to May)

2.1.1.1 Introduction Rishikesh - The holy city of Rishikesh lies on the bank of river Ganga. The region is surrounded not from all sides by the Himalayas and falls under the climatic conditions of the Himalayas. The day remains pleasant and sunny with comparatively cold evenings. The winters are very cold and the summers are mild and moderate followed by a good rainfall, as its location is in the hilly terrains. According to the data received, Rishikesh is one such tourist spot that can be visited any time of the year. Distance from the sea give it a continental climate (a relatively dry climate with very hot summers and very cold winters, characteristic of the central parts of Asia) with the prevalence of continental air through major parts of the year.

3. Monsoon (June to September) 4. Post-monsoon (October-November). Summer duration from March to June. The maximum temperature that you can expect during the summer is around Summer 19O C to 31O C. Monsoon is from July to September and during this time most activities are suspended due to the heavy blast of rains. Rainfall is highest in the month of August. During the month of October and November the conditions are pleasant and temperate. The annual mean rainfall in Rishikesh is about 2136.7 mm. Winter can be cold in the town and the average temperatures can be expected to around 22°C. Woollen clothing is essential during this period. • Mainly during the three monsoon months of July, August and September does the air of oceanic origin penetrate to this region and causes increased humidity, cloudiness and rain. • Most of the annual rainfall is received in the months from June to September with July and August being are rainiest. • The rainfall and temperature variations within the city are quite considerable due to altitudinal variation and local geography with presence of high Mussoorie hills.

Map 6 : India map of Koppen climate classification source: en.wikipedia.org

Rishikesh is at 30.10°N 78.29°E. It has an average elevation of 372 metres (1,745 feet). According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, its climate is humid subtropical. A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot, usually humid summers and mild to cool winters. The maximum temperature recorded through out the year so far is 30.7O C and the minimum temperature of Rishikesh is 14.6O C. Maximum and minimum temperature:

Table 1 : Maximum and mimimum temperature source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

The maximun and minimun temperature of Rishikesh 25O C 5O C Winter (December, January, February) 55O C 25O C Summer (March, April, May) 35O C 20O C Monsoon (June, Jult, August, September) 30O C 10O C Post monsoon (October, November) REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 02)

2.1.1.2 Relative Humidity:

Table 2 : Relative humidity source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

The maximum and minimum relative humidity % of Rishikesh 87% 70% 92% 82%

43% 32% 30% 62%

Winter (December, January, February) Summer (March, April, May) Monsoon (June, Jult, August, September) Post monsoon (October, November)

2.1.1.3 Annual rainfall and Precipitation:

Table 3 : Rainfall and Precipitation source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

Rainfall in winter occurs in association with eastward moving midlatitude weather systems (known as Western Disturbances). Most of the rainfall in summer is caused by the eastward moving western disturbances and is associated with thunderstorms on most of the days. Post monsoon is not completely devoid of rain/ thundershower activity as they occur in association with eastward moving midlatitude weather systems and the westward moving tropical disturbances which cause incursion of moisture in the northern India. The maximum and minimum rainfall of Rishikesh 5mm 8mm 43mm 7mm

0mm 2mm 2mm 0mm

Winter (December, January, February) Summer (March, April, May) Monsoon (June, Jult, August, September) Post monsoon (October, November)

Table 3 : Rainfall and Precipitation soruce: Meteoblue weather

The graph shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and precipitation days. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are considered as sunny, with 20-80% cloud cover as partly cloudy and with more than 80% as overcast. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 02)

2.1.1.4 Thunder and storm, Fog: Winter

Summer

Table 4 : Thunder and storm, Fog source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

Thunderstorm activity is not very high during the winter season with an average of only 0.8, 2.0 and 3.4 days of thunderstorm during December, January and February, respectively. However, there is large inter-annual variation in the number of days with thunderstorms ranging from zero during some years to maximum of 2 in December (2003), 9 in January (2005) and 10 in February (2007).

The summer season is characterized by severe weather phenomena such as dust storm, thunderstorm, hail and squall. These phenomena are associated with tall cumulonimbus clouds which form in the field of upper air divergence ahead of the eastward moving troughs in middle and upper tropospheric westerlies. Post monsoon

Monsoon

Table 4 : Thunder and storm, Fog source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

Most probable time for occurrence of thunderstorms during June to September with 45-63 % of the thunderstorms occurring during these periods.

As the normal rainfall activity is less, thunderstorm activity is also not very pronounced during the season. The average number of thunderstorms is 2.3 for October and 0.6 for November.

Fog: Any drop in temperatures leads to the saturation of the air near the ground leading to Fog. Winter season: Poor visibility is one of the major weather phenomena of winter season. The prime reason for reduced visibility during the season is fog. Dense and prolonged fog during the season causes severe disruption of air, rail and road traffic.

Table 4 : Thunder and storm, Fog source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 02)

2.1.1.5 Heavy rain: Winter season:

Summer season:

Heavy rains are normally not experienced during winter season. The heaviest 24 hours rainfall of winter months (19712010) indicates that rainfall of 3-4 cm in 24 hours is not uncommon during the season.

Summers does not normally experience heavy rains but more than winter. The heaviest 24 hours rainfall during different months of the season indicates that the most frequently occurring heaviest 24 hours rain of the season is 2-3 cm.

month December January

month March April

rainfall mm 60mm 47mm

rainfall mm 200mm 50mm

Monsoon season:

Post monsoon season:

The heavy rains are caused by eastward moving monsoon disturbances (cyclonic circulations, low pressure areas or monsoon depressions) which move west-northwestwards along the monsoon trough. The heaviest 24 hours rainfall during different months in the season indicates that the most frequently occurring heaviest 24 hours rain in the season is 4-9 cm. However, rainfall of 10-15 cm also occurs on quite a few occasions during the season.

Heavy rains are not experienced during the season. The heaviest rainfall of 24 hours during October and November for the period 1971-2010 given in Figure 51 indicates that it is less than 1 cm in majority of years. However, a 24 hour rainfall amount of 1-2 cm is not uncommon.

month June July August

month October November

rainfall mm 165mm 375mm 230mm

rainfall mm 128mm 65mm

2.1.1.6 Average Number of days with different weather phenomena in Rishikesh from 1971-2010. The table below shows average rainfall, hail, thunder, dust storm and fog for all 12 months of the year along with the annual data added at the end and also the data is compared simultaneously acoording to different months. Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual

Rain 4.8 5.9 5.9 4.5 7.2 13.6 24.5 25.3 16.1 3.1 1.3 2.2 114.4

Hail 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.5

Weather phenomena Thunder Dust Storm 2.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 4.3 0.0 4.8 0.2 9.4 0.3 12.4 0.3 14.4 0.1 14.4 0.0 10.9 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.0 79.7 0.9

Fog 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.1

Table 5 : Average weather phenomena soruce: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 02)

2.1.1.7 Wind:

Table 6 : Wind source: Indian Meteorological Department Government of India

Winter Winter is not a very windy season for Dehra Dun. The mean monthly wind roses for morning and evening show that the most prominent wind direction during the season is northeast in the morning and west to westnorthwest in the evening. Summer Increased insolation and, on occasions, steep pressure gradient over northwest India makes summer a relatively windy season for Rishikesh. Most prominent wind direction is northeast and in the evening northwest. Where as in the month of April, most prominent wind direction is northwest in the morning and southwest in the evening whereas in the month of May both morning and evening wind directions are south easterly. Monsoon The average wind speed decreases in the monsoon season compared to the summer season. This decrease continues as the season progresses. The average winds are the strongest in June and fall progressively till the end of August. The mean monthly wind roses for morning and evening indicates that for the month of June in the morning most prominent wind direction is northeast and in the evening southeast, in the month of July & August, most prominent wind direction is southeast in the morning and northwest in the evening and in the month of September most prominent wind direction is northeast and northwest in the evening. Post monsoon Winds generally are not very strong during the season. Inferences: Rishikesh - has a pleasant climate for many months of the year as its location is in the hilly terrains. Distance from the sea give it a continental climate (a relatively dry climate with very hot summers and very cold winters) with the prevalence of continental air through major parts of the year. Rishikesh is at 30.10°N 78.29°E. It has an average elevation of 372 metres (1,745 feet). According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, its climate is humid subtropical. A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot, usually humid summers and mild to cool winters. The maximum temperature recorded so far is 30.7O C and the minimum temperature of Rishikesh is 14.6O C. The weather of Rishikesh often becomes unpredictable. There are frequent precipitation that takes place. The annual mean rainfall in Rishikesh is about 2136.7 mm. Haridwar - district, covering an area of about 2360 km², is in the south-western part of Uttarakhand state of India. Haridwar is situated at height of 314 metres from the sea level. The maximum temperature recorded so far is 40O C and the minimum temperature of Haridwar is 5O C. The annual mean rainfall in Haridwar is about 2374 mm. Mussoorie - has an average elevation of about 2005.5 metres (6580 ft). The maximum temperature recorded so far is 33 O C and the minimum temperature of Haridwar is 2O C. The annual mean rainfall in Mussoorie is about 2127 mm. [Note: This climatic data contains information about Dehradun available from Indian Meteorological epartment, and can be used as reference data for Rishikesh.]

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

2.1.2 Geology 2.1.2.1 Introduction The region of study is a part of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt. The Himalayas originated as a result of continental collision tectonics and under thrust of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. The Southern Boundary of the Himalayan range is the Main Frontal Thrust that marks the northern limit of the Indo-Gangetic depression. The Regional tectonic setting, and the main lithological characteristics, are described below:

DETAILS/ INFERENCES INTRODUCTION:

DETAILS/ INFERENCES Our region of study is a part of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt. The Himalayas originated as a result of continental collision tectonics and under thrust of the Indian Plate beneath the EurINTRODUCTION: asian Plate. The Southern Boundary of the Himalayan range is the Main Frontal Thrust that marks the northern limit of the Indo-Gangetic depression. Our region of study is a part of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt. The Himalayas originated as a result of continental collision tectonics and under thrust of the Indian Plate beneath the Eur-

The Regional tectonic setting, and the main lithological characteristics, is described below: asian Plate. The Southern Boundary of the Himalayan range is the Main Frontal Thrust that marks the northern limit of the Indo-Gangetic depression.

Regional Tectonic Setting

The Regional tectonic setting, and theMain main lithological characteristics, Central Thrust (MCT) is described below:

Precambrian Lesser Himalaya Sequence

Low Grade Metamorphic, Sedimentary

Regional Tectonic Setting and Volcanic Main Central Thrust (MCT) Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Precambrian Lesser Himalaya Sequence Low Grade Metamorphic, Sedimentary Tertiary Sub-Himalayan Sequence and Volcanic Shallow marine and continental Sequence Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Main Frontal Thrustmarine (MFT) Tertiary Sub-Himalayan Sequence Shallow and continental Sequence Continental Sequence Quaternary Indo-Gangetic plain Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) The principle groups and formations outcropping alongSequence the project area are reported in the Quaternary Indo-Gangetic plain Continental

table below:

The principle groups and formations outcropping along the project area are reported in the Super Lithology Age table below: Group

Group

Super Group

Group

Alluvium

Lithology

Alluvium

Age

Polycyclic sequence of oxidised khaki to brown siltclay with kankar and brown to grey, fine to medium

Quaternary

Polycyclic sequence of oxidised khaki to brown silt- Quaternary micaceous sand and clay with kankar and brown to grey, fine to medium gravel sand (divisible micaceous and into silt-clay, sandy and rudaceous facies) gravel (divisible into silt-clay, sandy and rudaceous Upper facies) Coarse sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay and Pleistocene Siwalik Coarse grit sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay and Pleistocene Upper Siwalik Middle grit Grey micaceous sandstone, gravel, shale and clay Miocene Siwalik Middle Siwalik Grey micaceous sandstone, gravel, shale and clay Miocene - Pliocene Siwalik Siwalik Lower Red sandstone, purple clay and mudstone Pliocene with Miocene Lower sandstone, purple clay and mudstone with Miocene Siwalik Redferruginous concretions Siwalik ferruginous concretions Tal Quartzite, grit, silicified limestone and conglomerEarly CamTal Quartzite, grit, silicified limestone and conglomerEarly CamShale, limestone, chert with phosphorite. brian ate. ate. Shale, limestone, chert with phosphorite. brian Krol crystalline limestone, Neo-Pro- Neo-ProKrol BlueBlue crystalline limestone, dolomiticdolomitic limestonelimestone (cherty atplaces) interbedded with shale, siltstone terozoic terozoic (cherty atplaces) interbedded with shale, siltstone quartz arenite,and argillaceous and and quartz arenite,and argillaceous limestonelimestone Mussoorie interbedded with calcareous shale and Ediacaran Mussoorie interbedded with calcareous shale and Ediacaran fossils. Purple and greenish shale with lenticles fossils. Purple and greenish shale withoflenticles of limestone. Argillaceous limestone with interbeds limestone. Argillaceous limestone with of interbeds of calcareous shale shale and massive limestone. calcareous and massive limestone. Blaini Carbonaceous shale, slate and phyllite. Diamictite, Blaini Carbonaceous shale, slate and phyllite. Diamictite, shaly slate and boulder bed. shaly slate and boulder bed. Nagthat - Greyish white quartzite, shale, phyllite and occaNagthat -sional Greyish white quartzite, shale, and occaBerinag conglomerate. quartzite, slate withphyllite associatBerinag ed basic sional conglomerate. quartzite, slate with associatmetavolcanics Jaunsar ed basicshale, metavolcanics Jaunsar Chandpur Greywacke, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite Meso-ProChandpurwithGreywacke, shale, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite Meso-Probasic intrusives terozoic with basic intrusives terozoic Damtha Chakrata Greywacke, shale, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite basic intrusives Damtha Chakrata withGreywacke, shale, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite Almora GumaCarbonaceous slate with with basicphyllite, intrusives likhet quartzite interbeds and schist Almora GumaCarbonaceous phyllite, slate with Vaikrita Joshimath Gneiss is a high-grade, foliated metamorphic rock. Proterozoic likhet quartzite interbeds and schist It differs from lower grade foliated metamorphics, Vaikrita JoshimathsuchGneiss a high-grade, foliated metamorphic rock. Proterozoic as slate,isphyllite, and schist, by having alIt differs from lower foliatedMetametamorphics, ternating bands of light andgrade dark minerals. such as phyllite, having almorphism hasslate, been so intenseand that schist, mineralsby have ternating ofzones. light and minerals. segregated intobands discrete Mostdark gneisses form Metamorphism has been so by metamorphism of schists or intense granites. that minerals have

segregated into discrete zones. Most gneisses form by metamorphism of schists or granites.

LEGEND Regional Boundary LEGEND Anticlinal Axis Synclinal Axis Dips of Beds Thrust Lines Anticlinal Axis

Fault lines Lithological Boundaries

Synclinal Axis Dips of Beds

Alluvium

Blaini Formation Thrust Lines

Upper Siwalik Middle Siwalik

Fault lines

Nagthat - Berinag Formation

Chandpur Formation Lithological Boundaries

Lower Siwalik

Chakrata Formation Krol Formation

Tal Formation

Gumalikhet Formation Blaini Formation

Alluvium

Nagthat - Berinag Formation

Upper Siwalik

Chandpur Formation

Krol Formation

Joshimath Formation

MAP SOURCE- The map is made after referring to following documents Chakrata Formation

Middle Siwalik

1. 2. 3.

Map 7 : Geology map

MAP SOURCE- The map is made after referring to following documents

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE

GEOLOGY

SECTION SHOWING TERRACE MORPHOLOGY OBSERVED IN THIS REGION

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND

2.1.2.2 Regional Tectonic Setting

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND

Precambrian Tertiary Quaternary

Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya - K. S. Valdiya Lower Siwalik Gumalikhet Formation http://www.mapsofindia.org - Uttarakhand Geology map Formation http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/ - Geological SurveyJoshimath of India Tal Formation

1. Geology of2.5km Kumaun Lesser Himalaya - K. S. Valdiya 5km 2. 0km http://www.mapsofindia.org - Uttarakhand Geology map 3. http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/ - Geological Survey of India

GEOLOGY

0km

2.5km

5km

Regional Tectonic Setting Main Central Thrust (MCT) Lesser Himalaya Sequence Low Grade Metamorphic, Sedimentary and Volcanic Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Sub-Himalayan Sequence Shallow marine and continental Sequence Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) Indo-Gangetic plain Continental Sequence

10km

06 10km

Source: New Rail Link Between Rishikesh and Karanprayag via Devprayag in the State of Uttarakhand, India. Geological Mapping report Rev. B

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

2.1.2.3 Geological Formations in the Area: Super Group

Group

Lithology

Age

Alluvium Polycyclic sequence of oxidised khaki to brown silt-clay with kankar and brown to grey, Quaternary fine to medium micaceous sand and gravel (divisible into silt-clay, sandy and rudaceous facies) Upper Coarse sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay and grit Pleistocene Siwalik Middle Grey micaceous sandstone, gravel, shale and clay Miocene Siwalik Siwalik Pliocene Lower Red sandstone, purple clay and mudstone with ferruginous concretions Miocene Siwalik Tal Quartzite, grit, silicified limestone and conglomerate. Shale, limestone, chert with phos- Early Cambrian phorite. Krol Blue crystalline limestone, dolomitic limestone (cherty atplaces) interbedded with shale, Neo-Proterozoic Mussiltstone and quartz arenite,and argillaceous limestone interbedded with calcareous soorie shale and Ediacaran fossils. Purple and greenish shale with lenticles of limestone. Argillaceous limestone with interbeds of calcareous shale and massive limestone. Blaini Carbonaceous shale, slate and phyllite. Diamictite, shaly slate and boulder bed. Nagthat Greyish white quartzite, shale, phyllite and occasional conglomerate. quartzite, slate - Beriwith associated basic metavolcanics Jaunsar nag Chand- Greywacke, shale, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite with basic intrusives Meso-Proteropur zoic Damtha Chakra- Greywacke, shale, dolomite, phyllite and quartzite with basic intrusives ta Almora Guma- Carbonaceous phyllite, slate with likhet quartzite interbeds and schist Vaikrita JoshiGneiss is a high-grade, foliated metamorphic rock. It differs from lower grade foliated Proterozoic math metamorphics, such as slate, phyllite, and schist, by having alternating bands of light and dark minerals. Metamorphism has been so intense that minerals have segregated into discrete zones. Most gneisses form by metamorphism of schists or granites.

Source: New Rail Link Between Rishikesh and Karanprayag via Devprayag in the State of Uttarakhand, India. Geological Mapping report Rev. B

STUDY REGION

REGION BETWEEN NEELKANTH AND SIWALIK FOREST RANGE

Fig 7: SECTION SHOWING TERRACE MORPHOLOGY OBSERVED IN THIS REGION

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 03)

2.1.2.5 Inferences: The major geological hazards in the study region are as follows: • Active Faults: An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. It commonly considers faults to be active, if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years. • Tectonically disturbed zones: These are areas of folds and faults. These zones have high probability of movement of water and debris. The circulation of water can also trigger the process of weathering in highly fractured rock masses. • Karstic phenomena: It is associated with carbonate type rocks types (limestone and dolomitic limestone). Such can be observed in the Krol formation. The bedrock has numerous voids, cavities and sinkholes due to this topography. • River dynamics and slope instability: Terrace morphology is observed in the study region. Stream dynamic have incised the ancient terrace sediments and the underlying bedrock giving the landform observed on site. The fluvial terraces, the loose quaternary deposits generated by old rock falls, landslides, glacial, periglacial and hilly slope scree process generally cover the middle valley slopes. The thickness of these deposits ranges from 2m-15m, which depends upon the slope angle, aspect and bedding plane of parent rock. Slope instability issues in the project have to be related to the on-going tectonic activity that implies a high-energy-geomorphological configuration for the area. These dynamics have also affected rock masses causing jointing, cracking and fracturing, contributing to the Formation of large sectors where the rock masses present poor to very poor geomechanical conditions. The following are factors primarily causing instability in the region: o Landslides induced due to seismic activity. o Landslides induced due to rainfall and cloud bursts. These can be large or small landslides taking place at various locations. o Landslides due to weathering process of the rocks. Weathering renders the rocks weak and prone to disintegration. o Landslides induced due to anthropogenic development activities. Thus, human intervention for developmental activities, such as, construction, deforestation, terracing, and agricultural activities can increase the possibility of slope failures. Based on the above factors, the following conclusions can be derived for the development of the region: • Architectural constraints: o Seismicity: The geology of the study region is good for structures. However, the limiting factor is the seismicity of the region since the region falls under seismic zone IV and V. Therefore, construction on steep slopes should be avoided. o Construction material: Most of the rocks have slab type of strata (jointing) and hence, can be used as construction material. o Site Selection and Zoning: Selection of the sites should be based on the depth at which the bedrocks are available. Ideally, bedrocks should be available at shallow depths. The depths of the bedrocks can be found by localized geological investigation. Foundations can affect structures down slope hence adequate buffers should be maintained in landslide susceptible zones. o Foundations: Safety and stability of super-structures can be ensured if their foundations rest physically on structurally stable bedrocks. Poorly cemented sandstones and limestones shall be undesirable to serve as foundation rocks. Shale, Limestone and Sandstone are considered as incompetent bedrocks for foundations. Gneisses are considered as competent bedrock for laying foundations. • Infrastructural constraints: o Sewage of the region needs to be well managed. Lying of the sewage should be in the direction opposite to the direction of the dip. o River pollution is noted in the region due to diffusion. • Groundwater recharge: o Water recharge will occur due to  Primary Percolation: due to the porosity of the rocks.  Secondary Percolation: percolation will happen at faults, fractures and strikes of the bedrocks. o Flatter region having alluvial deposits will have maximum groundwater. o Recharge structures based on geological understanding:  Percolation tank be located on highly fractured and weathered rock for speedy recharge. In case of alluvium, the bouldary formations are ideal for locating Percolation Tanks.  Check dams are constructed across small streams having gentle slope and are feasible both in hard rock as well as alluvial formation. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer Maps on Plate no.4 and no.6)

2.1.3. Elevation

2.1.4. Aspect

• In the region, the elevation varies from 100m to 2224m. • The highest elevation is seen in the north eastern part of the region while the lowest elevation is in the southern side of the region. • The city of Rishikesh has an average elevation of 372m. • The general slope is from northeast to southwest, where the hilly areas with highest elevations are found on the northeast and flat plains are found towards the southwest and south of the study region. • Ganga river, Chandrabhaga river and Song river are the major rivers which flow through the study region. Rajaji national park lies at an elevational range between 400-900m.

• The region has major slopes facing the north-east, southeast and south-east side. • The east, south and north-east facing slopes cover up around 10 to 12% of the region. • The north and east slopes occupy least area in the region. Rishikesh city lies on the south-west aspect.

Table 7 : Aspect

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer Map on Plate no.5)

2.1.5. Slope analysis • Slope is important because it influences hydrology, soil and its erosion and vegetation. • Slope determines the kind of activity possible on the land and kind of measures required for conservation. • Slope has been divided into categories for the purpose of analysis. • In the study region, slopes are in the range of above 100% (highly steep), 25% - 33% (very Steep), 15%- 25% (Steep slope), 5%-15% (moderate), 2% - 5% (gentle slope), 0% - 2% (flat- gentle slope). • Almost 50% of the area has a slope ranging from 0-10%, which is flat-gentle slope, which is suitable for establishment of vegetation. • Flat areas are in valley regions and on main ridges top. Approx. 25% area is suitable for agriculture and settlements. • Moderate slope ranging from 10-25% covers almost 25% of the region, the slopes can be stabilized by growing grasses and groundcovers. • 20% of the region falls in the slope category ranging from 33% and above, which is difficult for the establishment of vegetation and also unsafe for development. • North-western sides of the region consist of slopes ranging from 5% to 100%, which is from moderate to very steep, while on the south-eastern side slopes are ranging from 0% to above 100%.

0%-2%

100% and above 33%-100%

2%-5% 25%-33%

15%-25% 5%-10% 10%-15% Table 8 : Relative area of each slope percentage category in the watershed

Issues •Most of the slopes on hilly track are very steep ranging above 33%, which is also angle of repose of the soil. •Slope above 33% would require soil conservation measures to prevent the soil erosion by water. •Some of the hill tops are also vulnerable to soil erosion as the soil cover is very shallow and depletion of vegetation cover on them. •Degraded vegetation on the hills result in speeding flow of water in monsoon resulting in massive soil erosion. •Once the soil is eroded, it is difficult to establish degraded hill slopes. This causes a threat to the existing forest cover which is also in some stage of degradation.

2.1.5.1. Inferences

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CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 07)

2.1.6. Soil In Rishikesh region soils are of both coarse and fine texturural types, indicating differences in kinds of parent materials deposited by the rivers coming from different source areas of the Himalaya and the Siwaliks. Soils of Summits and Ridge Tops: The soils are shallow to moderately shallow, excessively drained, slighty acidic. Gravelly / Shallow-loam /loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion Soils of Steep Slopes: The steep slopes are dominantly occupied with soils that are moderately shallow to moderately deep, excessively drained. slighlty acidic, Light-Ioamy/ loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion Soils of Moderately steep to Moderate Slopes: The moderately steep to moderate slopes soils consists of moderately deep to deep, somewhat excessively drained, slightly acidic, lightloamy .They are slightly eroded and mostly under cultivation. Soils of Fluvial Valleys (Fluvial is a term which refer to the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.) : The soils are well drained, slightly acidic Red clayey. The lower river terraces are dominantly occupied with deep, well drained. slightly acidic, Silt loam over fragmental soils. These are slightly eroded and cultivated to wheat. maize and rice etc.

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CHAPTER 02:: Analysis of the region Refer maps on plate

UTTARAKHAND: RIVER SYSTEM er Riv ga Jadgan

River

(W ve r Dhau li Ri

GANGA

er Gunkh a Riv

NAYAR

Meh ar

Riv er

River

Kho h

SARJU

UPPER KALI r ive li R Ka

Gag as

Charma Gad

Kalpani Gad Suyal Gad

KOSI

(W )

RAMGANGA

r Pana

Rive r

River

LOWER KALI Lo ha wat

Ka l

Gaula River

Kaman River r

GAULA

Kailash River

Rive r

Dabk a

Riv er

Rive

740271.26 632551.12 301174.57 515720.86 190043.05 196013.48 2575774.34 542118.09 462448.03 232879.92 451305.88 1688751.92 218734.85 162175.16 97449.04 136961.08 246080.43 110407.82 130672.56 1102480.94

RAMGANGA (W)

Ram ga nga

Ba khra

Area in Hectare

Gad

DHAULI (E)

SARDA RAMGANGA (E)

Geographical Area

Area in Sq. Km. Bhagirathi 7402.7126 Alaknanda 6325.5112 Dhauliganga 3011.7457 Ganga 5157.2086 Pindar 1900.4305 Nayar 1960.1348 Total 25757.7434 YAMUNA Yamuna 5421.1809 RAMGANGA Ramganga (W) 4624.4803 Kosi 2328.7992 Gaula 4513.0588 Total 16887.5192 SARDA Gori 2187.3485 Dhauli (E) 1621.7516 Upper Kali 974.4904 Ramganga (E) 1369.6108 Sarju 2460.8043 Lower Kali 1104.0782 Sarda 1306.7256 Total 11024.8094 Area is calculated using GIS tools Sub Watershed

GORI

(E)

PINDAR

r ndho Na

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Riv er

r Rive

MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

Song River

Rivers Watershed Name Major Watershed GANGA

iR iver

Ladhiya

River

SARDA

MAP 8 :RIVERS OF UTTARAKHAND

Fig 2: RIVER GANGA

Fig 3 :RIVER CHANDRABHAGHA

Fig: 4 RIVER SONG

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND

So lani Rive r

Sub-Watershed Boundary

Nan da kini

r Rive

er Riv ga d igan atri Ga Gor Bhojp

YAMUNA

da an

Not only are the rivers of Uttarakhand revered by the devout, but they are also playgrounds for the adventure-bent. Crazy rapids and waterfalls in the upper reaches of the rivers make for exhilarating white water rafting. For the less adventurous, activities like sailing, boating, fishing and angling can be enjoyed whilst soaking in all that Nature has to offer. Treks and riverside camps are other ways one can experience the rivers of Uttarakhand in all their glory.

GANGA hn Alak

er Riv

Other famous rivers in the region include the Yamuna, the Bhagirathi and many other tributaries and distributaries such as Dhauli Ganga, Kali Ganga, Girthi Ganga, Rishi Ganga, Bal Ganga, Bhilangna River, Tons River, Alaknanda, Nandakini, Pindar, Kosi and Mandakini. These rivers, along with their tributaries, are vital for irrigation and power-generation for the state. The banks of these venerated rivers are speckled with shrines and temples and are often teeming with devout pilgrims at different times of the year, celebrating big and small festivals, anniversaries and special occasions.

SARDA

Riv er

er RIv

ga an G

If the mountains of Uttarakhand are home to the gods and the goddesses, it is only natural for the rivers rising in the lap of these mountains to carry a lot of religious significance. Many of the rivers therefore borrow names from Hinduism. The holiest of all Hindu rivers, the Ganga, gushes from Gaumukh in the Gangotri Glacier and flows on to nourish the soils of the Indo-Gangetic plain, whilst bringing people closer. A dip in the holy waters of the Ganga promises to wipe the soul’s slate clean of all sin. The confluences of rivers are considered to be extremely important sacred places to which millions of devotees flock every year.

RAMGANGA

a nd na kh Ala

Ramganga River

ALAKNANDA

Sar dh aR iver

)

Bhagira thi Riv Riv er Ja lku r

Major Watersheds

Girt hi

DHAULIGANGA (W)

er Riv

GANGA

The rivers of Uttarakhand are no exception in the wholesome bounty they bestow as they flow down mountainous slopes, into narrow gorges and widening into the plains. Born in the deep glacial chambers of the magnificent Himalayas, the mighty rivers of Uttarakhand have brought people together and nurtured their way of life.

Bal ga ng aR iver

BHAGIRATHI

ganga

Legend

Vishnu

YAMUNA

er riv

Bhagirathi River

All civilizations have been located at the banksof rivers. Rivers have played the most important part in the survival and prosperity of all civilizations in human history.

a un m Ya

Mana Gad

ga Jadgan

ra Rwesa

pin Ru

Riv

er Riv ar bb Pa

Bh ila ng an a

2.1.7 River System of Uttarakhand

source:www.uttaranchal.com

source:www.uttaranchal.

CHAPTER 03: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 08)

2.1.8 Watershed of the Region: The major rivers that flow through the region are river song, chandrabhaga and Ganga. The catchment area can be further divided into five as follows. 1. Watershed A - River Song watershed. 2. Water shed B - River Song watershed. 3. Water shed C - River Chandrabhaga watershed 4. Water shed D - River Ganga watershed 5. Water shed E - River Ganga watershed

Map 9 : Watershed of the region

DISTRIBUTION OF RUNOFF (MCM) BASED ON CN-SCN METHOD

DISTRIBUTION OF AREAS BASED ON WATERSHED

WATERSHED A (228.5Sq.km)

WATERSHED B (107Sq.km)

C D

WATERSHED C (145.1Sq.km)

WATERSHED D (322.1Sq.km) Table 10 : Distrubtion of areas based on watershed

Table 9 : Distrubtion of Runoff

WATERSHED E (207Sq.km)

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 9)

2.1.9 Hydrogeology Age group Quaternary

Miocene to Pliocene

Lithology

Formation Alluvium

Sedimentaries

Porous formation

Clay, calcareous concretions, silt, sand,gravel, boulders etc

Extensive aquifers

Gravel, grit , sand and clays

Localised aquifers

Sandstone , claystone conglomeratem boulder beds

Discontinuous aquifers

Unclassified Mesozoic, Sedimentaries Paleozoic and Upper and metasedimentaries Proterozoic

Shale, quartzite, slate, phyllite, sandstone, dolomite, limestone etc

Crystalline and meta- sedimentraies

Gneissic complex and associated intrusives

Lower Proterozoic Azoic

Aquifer characteristics

Fissured formation Discontinuous aquifers Localised aquifers

Hydrogeology

This region has deep wells located at a medium depth of <80m from the ground level which tells that confined aquifer is 1) According to geology the western part has sandstone present much below the ground level. and according to geomorphology it is highly dissected due 3) Medium yield of 100-200 lpm is found in a region of to erosion,so the nature of this zone is porous and it has confluence of the 3 tributaries and discontinuous aquifers. along the fault line, where deep wells are located at a least depth of <30m from the 2) The midde zone has alluvium deposit over limestone as ground level. a result of which aquifers are formed at various level-one at 4) Minimum yield of 30-50 lpm is present along the slopes, the alluviym fan and the anothe at limestone level where there is minimum depth of water underground (0-5m), due to the direction of 3)The eastern part consists maily of shales,phyllite and ground water flow down the slope. schist and they are highly and moderately dissected and as This zone falls under the National park and due to the a result of this discontinuos aquifers are found throughout presence of metamorphic rocks, the percolation is more and the region. this region has mainly confined aquifer, as a result of which transmissivity is low.

2.1.10 Ground water Ground water prospects 1) Snow covered and glacial valley is present in the North Eastern part of our region. It has steep slopes, has high run off and hardly any ground water recharge takes place. 2) Maximum yield of 800 lpm is present in the valley due to the alluvial plain and where there is maximum depth of underground water (10-15m). A part of this zone has the highly dissected hills but it has more run off. Hence withdrawing ground water from this part of the zone is tougher, than the other where agriculture is practised.

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer map 10)

Ground water fluctuation

Due to the direction of flow of ground water, there is a rise in the ground water table, in the valley, as compared to the slopes. The East range comprises of metamorphic rocks, such as Shale, Phyllite and Schist, which are fissured, due to which there is comparitively lesser percolation of ground water, leading to a fall in the ground water table.

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Map 10

Fluctuation levels Rise (m) 0-2 Fall (m) 0-2

CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer map 11)

Ground water levels

Map 11

Maximum depth is found in the valley due to the direction of flow of ground water down the slopes. It is also due to the sparse vegetation in the slopes which increases the run off and hence lesser percolation of ground water in the slopes. Beneath the surface of the Earth, Pressure is higher beneath the hills and lower beneath the valleys and water moves from high pressure to low pressure zones. This is another factor determining the depth of water underground.

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Depth of water (In m) 0-5 5-10 10-15

CHAPTER 03: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 08)

Estimation of direct run off from rainfall In this method of runoff estimation, the effects of the surface conditions of a watershed area are evaluated by means of land use and treatment classes. Land use is the watershed cover and it includes every kind of vegetation, litter and mulch, and fallow as well as non-agricultural uses such as water surfaces (lakes, swamps, etc) and impervious surfaces (roads, roofs, etc.). The following tables below deiscribe the surface area under each category with varying soil groups and the amount of water discharged.

Table 11: Method to do SCS-CN method

CN-Curve number varies with soil groups (which depends on the slope of the area).

Table 12 .1 : Area wise catchment calculations using CN-SCN Table 12 : Area wise catchment calculations using CN-SCN & CIA Method.

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CHAPTER 03: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 08)

Table 12 .1 : Area wise catchment calculations using CN-SCN

Conclusion: Total area of watershed = 1009.6 sq.Km Yearly discharge (Q) = 103018124.8 Cu.m/s = 1030 annual mcm

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 10

2.1.11. FLORA OF THE REGION 2.1.11.1 Introduction Topographically, Uttrakhand is divided into three zones, Himalayas, Siwaliks and the Terai region. The region of study primarily falls under the Siwalik region of Uttrakhand. The region houses some of the richest forests and biodiversity in India. A forest type is defined as a unit of vegetation which possess broad characteristics in physiognomy and structure sufficiently pronounced to permit of its differentiation from other such units. The following forest types have been delianed on the basis of parameters listed below: a) Nature and composition b)Prevailing climatic conditions c)Altitude d)Aspect

Fig 5 : Sal forest

fig 6 dry deciduous forest

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Forest type: Mosit Siwalik Sal forest Occurence: Thano and Barkot Soil type: Nahan sandstone with light loamy soils. Slopes: Moderate to precipitous The sal trees a height of 40mts. they are semi-evergreen to evergreen in nature. Associated species: Balki (Anogeissus latifolia) , Sain( Terminalia tomentosa) Other species: Haldu (Adina cordifolia) , bahera ( Terminalia belerica) , jhingan ( Lannea coromandelica) , Kharpat ( Garuga Pinnata) Underwood: light or often absent. If Present consists of rohini (Melilotus phillipinensis) , amaltas ( Cassia fistula) , Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) Undergrowth: Usually light with Karaunda ( Cassia opace) , gandhela ( Murraya koenigii) , bindu ( Colabrookia opposititolia) Forest type: West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduos forest Occurence: Rishikesh , kansrao, barkot, Motichur, Thano Soil type: Alluvial soil Slopes: alluvial terraces along banks and streams The height of the forest is up to 30M. It includes a number of evergreen species and has a heavy growth of climbers Associated species: Balki (Anogeissus latifolia) , Sain( Terminalia tomentosa), Haldu (Adina cordifolia) , bahera ( Terminalia belerica) , jhingan ( Lannea coromandelica) , Kharpat ( Garuga Pinnata) Underwood: light or often absent. If Present consists of rohini (Melilotus phillipinensis) , amaltas ( Cassia fistula) , Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) Undergrowth: Usually light with Karaunda ( cassia opace) , gandhela ( Murraya koenigii) , bindu ( Colabrookia opposititolia) Grasses such as munj ( Erianthus munja) , Goria ( Chrysopogon fulvus) and Khas ( Vetiveria zizanoides) Forest type: Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous forest Occurence: upper dry slopes along shivalik and merges with shiwalik chir pine forest in the higher slopes. Soil type: ferruginous clay on the exposed surfaces of the hills Slopes: higher slopes Associated species: Balki (Anogeissus latifolia) , bahera ( Terminalia belerica) , Bauhinia retusa, Khair ( Acacia catechu) , Dhaula (Woodfordia fruticosa), Khinni ( Sapium insigne) Underwood: Admixture of rather smaller moist deciduous type. Undergrowth: Usually light with some evergreen xerophytic species. Most common are Vasinga ( Adhatoda vasica), Bindu (Colebrookia opposittifolia). Some common grasses found are Goria ( Chryosopogon fulus), Kumeri ( Heteropogon contortus)

CHAPTER 02: ANALYIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 10

Forest type: Khair Sissoo forest Occurence: Rishikesh and Basins of song river. Soil type: sandy or gravelly alluvium deviod of humus and is highly porous Slopes: alluvial plains The height of the forest is abouth 15mts. A faily dense deciduous undergrowth of shrubs is found. Associated species: Khair ( Acacia catechu) and Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo) are the dominant species. Undergrowth: Consists of Vasinga ( Adhatoda vasica), gandhela ( Murraya koenigii), Ber ( Zezyphus mauritiana ) , Cassia tora. Forest type: Dry Deciduous Scrub Occurrence: In areas of extensive grazing , lopping, felling and forest fires. Years of maltreatment and neglect have let to stunted growth of trees. Also soil erosion by rivers and nalas have let to exposure of underlying poor gravelly and boulder base soil. Soil type: gravelly boulder based soil due to erosion The height of forest is about 3-6M. It generally has shrubs occasionally small trees and bamboos are also found. Slopes: lower plains Associated species: jhingan ( Lannea coromandelica) , Khinni ( Sapium insigne), Modara ( Erythrina suberosa) , Amaltas ( Cassia fistula). Underwood: Harsingar ( Nyctanthes Arboritristis), Dhaula (Woodfordia fruticosa), Ber ( Ziziphus mauritiana ) Surai ( Euphorbia royleana).

Occurence: Found on the higher slopes of shiwalik in south western and north- eastern belt. Soil type: found on hard red clayey soil subjected to severe erosoin. Slopes: moderate to precipitous Associated species: Sal (Shorea Robusta) is predominatly found but in stunted state. Balki (Anogeissus latifolia) , Sain( Terminalia tomentosa) , bahera ( Terminalia belerica), Pain (Buchanaria lanzen), Kachnar ( Philiostinia malabaricum), Gujral ( Bauhinia purpurea), Padal (Sterospermum suaveolens) are some of the associated species found along with sal. Underwood: Sandan(ougenia oojeinensis), Dhaman (Grevia elastica), Chamror (Ehretia laevis) form the undercover.

Forest type: Shiwalik chir pine Occurence: Occurs along with Nothern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forest. Soil type: shallow soil on gravelly slopes. Slopes: steeper slopes Associated species: The pines stand in group or singly scattered. They are more in depressions and cool aspects. Quercus leucotrichophora being dominant species followed by Pyrus Pashia. Underwood: Syzygium cumini, Lannea grandis, Malotus philippinensis and Myrica esculata , form the understorey. Forest type: Ban Oak Forest Occurence: Occurs along with Nothern Dry Deciduous Mixed Forest. Soil type: deep loam to shallow loam Slopes: moderate to precipitous Associated species: Qrercus incana occurs alomst pure forming open canopy. The forest suffres from over grazing . Species such as Phododendron arboretum and Lyonia ovalifolia are also found in this forest type. Underwood: Pyres pashia is the only surviving understorey owing to its thorniness. Forest type: Dry Siwalik Sal Forest REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 02: ANALYIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 10

2.1.11.2 Analysis The vegetation in the region differs due to the following parameters : Climate: Since climate and rainfall in the entire region is similar not much of a change is found in the forest primarily due to rainfall Aspect: Aspect is the direction towards which a slope faces. It is important to consider aspect while discussing forests as wind sun and rain differ due to aspects, and the aforementioned factors are essential in determining vegetation in an area. The northern slopes are the cooler as they receive lesser sun and there is distinct temperature difference between north and south slopes. It is observed that Chir pine forests are found more the northern aspects as they require cooler zones. The west facing slope is warmer than the east, this changes the type of forests on the slopes as certain species require large quantities of moisture. Moist Siwalik Sal forests grow on northern slopes of Siwalik hills. There is adverse desiccating influence of the hot and dry winds from the plains of Northern Indian plains giving rise to Northern Dry deciduous forests are found on the warmers slopes. Ban oak forests are seen to grow best in the sheltered and shady aspects.

2.1.11.3 Degradation of forests in the region: Degradation reasons: Uncontrollable and excessive grazing of cattles, which belongs to gujjar ,shephards and forest labours. There are total 2,98,179cattles in forest division. They gain 70% fodder from the forest. Trampling causes: the soil gets hard to the detriment of germination of seeds. Grassy lands planted by exotic species. Demand of fire wood, industrial wood and fuel wood Migration movement of elephants from Rajaji tiger Reserve to Barkot range causes the major damage to trees. Settlement encroachments in forest areas and on fringes.

Elevation: Vegetation is affected by solar radiation , temperature and rainfall and these aspects change with change in elevation. Greatest amount of rainfall is expected at mid-altitudes and above a certain elevation the air is dry and cold this discourages vegetation growth. For every 1000 feet there is a 4 degree Celsius drop in temperature affecting the species composition. For instance up to 100 meter height pure Siwalik sal forests occur and above that it occurs in association with Chir pine. Slopes: Slopes affect vegetation in terms of run-off and drainage. Steeper slopes have greater run-offs and better drainage resulting in difference in vegetation type. Different forest types are found in different slopes percentages according to the soil moisture required for their growth.

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CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer Map on Plate no.11)

2.1.12. Fauna study • The region has an interesting habitat for fauna because of its location of Shiwalik ranges and the vast Indo-Gangetic plains. The Dehradun forest division region and The Rajaji Tiger Reserve has a large population of Asian Elephants and Leopards because of the ideal habitat and forest types. The Rajaji Tiger reserve has populations of Bengal tigers. The park is the north-western limit of distribution for both elephants and tigers in India. Amongst the herbivorous, Spotted deer is common specie in the region. Major animals like Spotted deer, barking deer, sambar, goral, wild pig, Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, Leopard, Jungle cat, jackal, Himalayan yellow throated martin, Sloth bear are found in the park. The primates include the Rhesus Macaque and the Hanuman Langur. The Indian Hare and the Indian Porcupine are among some of the small mammals found in the park. Rajaji is habitat for one of the largest Pythons, King Cobra, Common Krait, Indian Cobra and the Monitor Lizard. There are 315 bird species in the park in which pea fowl, vultures, woodpeckers, pheasants, kingfishers and barbets are the most prominent avian species and some migratory species during the winter months. The park is habitat of the great pied hornbill, pied kingfisher and the fire tailed sunbird. Major species documented:

Fig 7 : Asian Elephant

source: google search engine

1. Asian Elephant Common names: Haathi, tusker Scientific name: Elephas maximus Status: IUCN - Endangered (EN) Geographic location: South East Asia Forest type: grasslands, tropical evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests Elevation: sea level to 3000m Threats: primarily threatened by degradation, fragmentation and loss of habitat, and poaching.

Fig 8 : Leopard

source: google search engine

2. Leopard Common names: tendua, panther Scientific name: Panthera pardus Status: IUCN – Vulnerable (VU) Geographic location: sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Forest type: savannah, rainforest, dry mixed forest Elevation: upto 5200m Threats: Habitat fragmentation, reduced prey base and conflict with livestock, illegal trade in skins and bones, changing land-use, direct mortality from humans and rise in human-dominated landscapes.

Fig 9 : Bengal Tiger

source: google search engine

3. Bengal Tiger Common name: baagh Scientific name: Panthera tigris tigris Status: IUCN - Endangered (EN) Geographic location: Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Parts of India Forest type: tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands Elevation: 200m - 4100m Threats: Poaching for illegal trade in high-value Tiger products including skins, bones, meat and tonics. Conversion of forest land to agriculture and silviculture, commercial logging, and encroached human settlement, reduced prey base and conflict with livestock.

4. Spotted Deer Fig 10 : Spotted Deer Common name: Chital, haran source: google search engine Scientific name: Cervus axis Status: IUCN – Least concern (LC) Geographic location: Indian subcontinent, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh Forest type: Moist and dry deciduous forest areas, dry thorn scrub or grasslands, Short grasslands of the terai, swampy meadows, coastal dry evergreen forests, mixed forests or plantations with Teak Tectona grandis and Sal Shorea robusta Elevation: upto 1500m Threats: no major global-level threats to Chital

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CHAPTER 02: HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDY (Refer maps on plate 13)

2.2.Introduction The state of Uttarakhand has been divided into two distinct regions, Kumaon and Garhwal. The regions of Kumaon and Garhwal are known for their rich tradition and unique customs. Garhwal, on the other hand has been a region that has seen many rulers and thus many battles. The very word ‘Garh’ otherwise known as fort bears testimony to the various struggles that have taken place to wrest control of the province. Garhwal is also home to the sacred and divine Ganga. The Alaknanda River that originates in the hills of Garhwal meets the Bhagirathi at Devprayag and thence continues its journey as the unified Ganga. The population of Garhwal is primarily Hindu and consists of Rajputs, Brahmins and Shilpkaars. The surnames of Garhwalis like Semwal, Nautiyal, Pant etc. indicate that they belong the respective villages. Garhwalis also get their surnames from the profession that they have been in for several generations like Joshi, Bisht, Rawat, Bagiyal etc. The community of Shilpkaars has been designated as schedule caste in the Indian Gazette. The language spoken in the region from Pauri Garhwal to Uttara Kashi is Garhwali. This falls among those 300 and odd languages in India that does not follow any script.

2.2.1.Culture Paintings • The first phase of the Garhwal style began in the 17th century by a Mughal Prince named Suleman Shikoh came to Garhwal. •The second phase began in the mid 18th century with Molarams paintings. Essentially, there are 4 styles of paintings: •Aipana •Dekara •Bar Boond •Patta

walls. 2.Chowkis- Ritual seats painted for occasions like naming ceremony, thread ceremony, weddings. Auspicious motifs like svastik, mandala, tribhuja, fish, aprrot, conch. 3.Pattas: Depicting mythological scenes. Dekara •Clay models of Gods and Goddesses. •The soil found in the Garhwal region was used to make these models. •They are meant solely for worshipping. •Prepared from fine clay mixed with colour. •During Kartik Sankranti, Lord Shiva’s images are made which are known as Dekaras and these depict the marriage of Shiva with Parvati. Baar Boond •Play of dots and dashes. •Can be compared to pointillism. •Every pattern starts wih a dot and various dots are joined together to form lines to create elaborate designs.

Society Major Scheduled Castes of Garhwal •Shilpkar (49.1%) •Chamar (28.9%) •Balmiki (5.9%) •Pasi, Dhobi and Kol (1%, 0.9%, 0.6%) •Kori (2.1%) •Bajgi (1.2%) Major Scheduled Tribe

Aipana

Jaunsari:

•Technique of floor painting using rice paste to etch out a symbol on a background of red oxide. •The abundance of rice growth in this region lead to use rice paste. •Aipana is mainly divided into three main groups. 1.Ornamental motifs- no ritual association. Floral, geometrical and scroll ornamentations on door sills, floors and entrance

Reside in Dehradun district. •Divided into Koltas and Khasa. •Khasas comrpise of Brahmins and Rajputs. They follow a polyandrous matrimony. •Koltas are at a lower level of Jaunsari. •Khasas are traditional land owners while Koltas are restricted from owning land.

Fig 11 : Aipana Painting Fig 12 : Patta Painting Source : http://www.exoticindia.com/madhu- Source : http://artpaintings.in/wp-content/ ban/sarvanga_alpana_df44.jpg uploads/2015/09/Patta_Chitra.jpg

Fig 13 : Buksa Tribe Fig 14 : Jaunsari Tribe Source : https://bholibhali.files.wordSource : apnojaunsar.blogspot.com press.com/2008/09/buksa-harshil-388.gif

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 02: HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDY (Refer maps on plate 13)

•Jaunsaris live in multistoreyed homes made from wood.’ •Agriculture and Craft are their main sources of income. Buksa •They are from Mongoloid race and claim Rajput origin. •They are original inhabitant of Tarai belt. •They are followers of Lord Rama and Krishna. •Widow remmariage and polygamy are found amongst Buksas. Tehri Garhwal and Pauri Garhwal comprise of only 0.14% and 0.32% of the total tribal community.

Dance

•Woollen Handlooms •Cotton Handlooms •Silk, natural fibres and combinations. Uttarakhand produces more than 40 varieties of natural fibres. These fibres are amenable to work on handloom. Angora Rabbit Wool •Superior to sheep wool. •Woollen products like Pankhi (unique gents shawl), Tweed (cloth for coats), muffler and caps are made. •Thulma and Chatka are very special products for cold climates.

Main occupations in Uttarakhand

Thadya Performed in a courtyard (Thad). •Before the dance begins, Gods and trees are worshipped •Similar to ‘rauf’ of Kashmir and ‘Bihu’ of Assam Chauphula Performed to herald arrival of spring •Religious and social matters are the themes of this dance •Usually performed in village fairs. •Similar to ‘garba’ of Gujarat. Chanchari Based on singing •There is a playful competition between performing men and women who reply to each other by singing songs. •Love forms the main theme of this song.

•Mineral Resources Quartzite, marble, and various types of schist and gneiss. The southern division contains rocks such as gneiss, limestone, phyllites, quartzite, sericite-biotite schist and slate. •Industries Uttarakhand nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas, houses a lot of mineral resources which largely contribute towards the industrial development of the State. •Fishing Many regions of Uttarakhand have ample number of lakes that largely contributes towards the fishing industries. •Tourism The scope of tourism is considerable in this state, whether it is nature, wildlife, adventure or pilgrimage.

Jagar Literal meaning of the word is ‘invoke the deity’ •Dance ceremony to propitiate.

Handlooms

Sowing window for major crops in Garhwal

Crops in Rishikesh

Handloom products industry can be divided into the following main categories: Table 13 : Water requirements for various crops

•Agriculture

Fig 15 : Chauhula Dance Source : http://uttarakhanddevbhumi. blogspot.in/2012/04/folk-dances-of-uttarakhand.htmlf

Fig 16 : Angora Rabbit Wool Source : angorarabbits.co.za

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Agriculture takes place in the river valleys of Uttarakhand. Over time, several slopes have been shaped into field terraces, a common trend in mountain agriculture everywhere. The Uttarakhand farmers have also developed advanced manure, crop rotation, and inter-cropping practices. Most land along the slopes remains unirrigated.

CHAPTER 02: HUMAN INTERVENTION STUDY (Refer maps on plate 13)

•Terrace farming is practised in the Uttarakhand district of the middle Himalayas. “Fasal Chakra” or Crop Circles is a method of farming adapted to the climatic conditions. Modern agriculture has tried but not succeeded in destroying this tradition of mixed cropping.

Resources

•The outer ranges of the hills are covere d with forests which have been formally reserved and are administered by the forest officers. •Bamboos and sal are the chief products, and firewood and grass are also extracted. •The Bamboo is used to make musical instruments like Flute and is also used in handicrafts. •There is an extraction from copper and iron from the forests.

Fisheries •Plain areas of Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar and Dehradun district s are suitable for culture operations of Indian major carps (catla, rohu and mrigal) as well as exotic carps (silver carp, grass carp and common carp).

Fig 18 : Sericulture Source : hillspots.in

Fig 19 : Sugarcane cultivation Source : http://www.lakshmisugar.com/

Bee Keeping •The species of honeybee reared in the state are Apismellifera in the plains and Apisceranaindica in the hills. •The major feed plants are apple, litchi, peach, plum, mustard, etc. The months of July and August are the major dearth months of foraging. •The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is the nodal agency to promote beekeeping. •A vision to produce at least 1000 million tonne per district per annum will generate enormous amount of job opportunities and income apart from increasing productivity of crops. •A long term programme for beekeeping should be launched as a primary and supplementary activity which will create necessity for emergence of other ancillary units i.e. bee boxes, wax processing and packing material.

Mining Fig 17 : Fisheries Source : http://uttarakhanddevbhumi. blogspot.in

Sericulture

Fig 17 : Fisheries Source : sevanidhi.org/livelyhood_fisheries. html

•There are 1-4 sericulture societies, 9 research stations/units of Central Silk Board including 2 Technology Dissemination Centers and 1 Silk Seed Production Centre and Regional Sericulture Research Station in the state. •The production of mulberry silk cocoons is around 110 million tonne by nearly 4,000 families. The oak tasar cocoon production was around 31 lakh and raw silk production was 13 million tonne during 2009-10. •There are 4 cocoon markets with an installed cocoon storage capacity of 130 million tonne and 7 reeling units (70 basins) in the private sector in the state. •A growth centre of 5 units with 30 basins is also set up at Dehradun to encourage reeling activity. Nearly 80 percent of cocoon production is concentrated in Dehradun district.

Sugarcane Cultivation •According to Dehradun district sugarcane department the district has a total 94,000 ha of cultivable land. Out of it, 48,607 ha of land is under sugarcane cultivation. Last year, only 46,200 ha of land was under sugarcane cultivation. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

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•Under the new policy, UFDC has been mandated to carry out the mining at 7,000 hectares in the reserved forest. Outside the reserve forest, 1,000 hectares of area had been allocated to GMVN while KMVN has been given the right to mine only at 250 hectares. •Sand mining, riverbed mining, sandstone, coal mining prevalent.

Fig 20 : Mining Source : www.tehelka.com

Fig 20 : Mining Source : www.wikiwand.com

Fairs and Festival The religious, social and cultural urges of the people of Uttarakhand find an expression in various fairs, which are in turn closely linked to the economic activities of the region. The fairs and folk festivals are very colourful and distinctive and are the blend of various natural, social and cultural factors.

19.17 20.41

Uttarakhand -1.51 Pauri Garhwal

3.91

Dehradun 1.93

Tehri Garhwal -5

32.48

16.24 5

Population Growth Rate 2011

Population Growth Rate 2001

CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

2.2.3 Town History Rishikesh is starting point to Chardham Yatra. It is located on west direction of Ganga river, also Chandrabhaga flows through Munni-Ki-Reti. Near by major cities are 42 kms from Dehradun city, 142 kms from Pauri district. It is also known for being a ancient hindu spiritual centre. 30’6’ N latitude, 78’18’E longitude. NH45 connects Rishikesh to national capital Delhi, Meerut, Haridwar, Devprayag, Chamoli, Srinagar, Dehradun, Saharanpur. The climate is affected by the plains (Rishikesh/Doon valley) and mountains (Himalayas). 356CHAPTER M above the Level. AND GROWTH OF THE TOWN 03:Sea HISTORY Max Temp: 41.1 C and Min Temp: 1.3 C. Average Rainfall: 218.35cm

1800 1815

Before 1815, Rishikesh was a part of Garhwal district Establishment of the British rule, spurred the development in Rishikesh as permanent infrastructure was built in the region

1850

1880

Swami Danaraj Giri established Kailash Ashram 1900

1908

Rishikesh town area committee established

1925 1927 1936

Laxman Jhula rebuilt Railway line introduced, connecting with major cities, pilgrims increased and thus ashrams. Swami Shivananda established “ Divine Life Society” in city, roads connected through Narendranagar.

1950 1954

Electricity was provided to the town Water supply system was set up

1968

IDPL (Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited) was established near Virbhadhra, The Beatles visited the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram Ram Jhula built, near Shivanand ashram

1986

2000 2007

2007 Uttranchal was named as Uttarakhand

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Rishikesh is starting point to Chardham Yatra. It is located on west direction of Ganga river, also Chandrabhaga flows through Munni-Ki-Reti. Near by major cities are 42 kms from Dehradun city, 142 kms from Pauri district. It is also known for being a ancient hindu spiritual centre. 30’6’ N latitude, 78’18’E longitude. NH45 connects Rishikesh to national capital Delhi, Meerut, Haridwar, Devprayag,

CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on Plate 23)

2.2 Human intervention study

2.2.4.2 Issues

2.2.4 City landuse

- Issues like congestion, conflict between local and tourist activities due to crowd influx at tourist spots and pollution persists in Rishikesh. - Largely all the tourist spots are located near the old city area which has the maximun population density which leads to conflicts between the local and tourist routes. - Tourism and pilgrimage services form the major source of income for the locals in these areas.

Rishikesh is divided into 8 sectors: 1. Sector 1- Haripur Kalan 2. Sector 2- Raiwala 3. Sector 3- Shyampur 4. Sector 4- IDPL and Pashulok 5. Sector 5- Virbhadra 6. Sector 6- Rishikesh Old City 7. Sector 7- Dhalwala (Old City) 8. Sector 8- Muni-Ki-Reti and Tapovan

1%1% 11%

Cropland Vegetation

- There is only one major instituition in Rishikesh i.e. All India Institute of Medical Science. - There are three major industries in Rishikesh viz. IDPL which is non-functional now, JG Glass which manufactures glass bottles and Stadia chemicals which produces lime.

Population density in sectors

70000

Total sector area (Ha)

Sector 1

Sector 4

Sector 5

Sector 7

211

206

11206 Sector 6

336

210

843

864

13271 Sector 3

1139

18172 1189

Sector 2

10000

265

20000

10367

30000

16351

Density (Persons/Ha)

16613

50000 27194

60000

40000

Low Urban Density

22%

52%

High Urban Density Insitituitional Industrial

10% 3% Current landuse-2016

Population (2011)(Persons)

Area (Ha), Population (Persons)

80000

70499

As per census-2011, the local population of each sector and the population density is represented in the graph below

Barren land

Sector 8

Sectors

Table 26: Population density per hectare

2.2.4.1 Analysis - It is observed from the graph above that the population densities in sector- 1,2,3,4 and 5 is less and can be further densified to accomodate the increase in population (upto 3,00,000) as projected for 2031. - Rishikesh also being a religious center, observes huge influx of crowd annually due to Kawad yatra and Chardham Yatra. - Also, Kumbh Mela takes place every 3 years, Ardh-Kumbh every 6 years and a Maha-Kumbh every 12 years in Haridwar and thus Rishikesh observes a huge spillover of Pilgrims. - It is observed in the pie chart above that a significant area is under agriculture. - It forms the predominant occupation of locals in Rishikesh beside others involved in tourism.

Table 27: Distribution of landuse in Rishikesh

2.2.4.3 Recommendations/ Suggested Measures - Also, 10% of the total area is open/barren lands which potentially can be occupied for temporary settlements during kumbh mela and kavad yatras annually. - About 25% of area is sparsely occupied (low urban density) which could be further densified to form a compact development. - Hence, the city can be further densified and given a form of ‘compact city’ which may help in confining the city to it’s present limits. - Further encroachment in the forest areas can be avoided. - The landuse can be regulated so as to accomodate large scale activities of temporal nature i.e. The kumbh mela, kawad yatra and the crowd influx from chardham yatra to avoid congestion in the old city area (sector-4).

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Sivananda Charitable Hospital

OIMT

Dhalwala

CHAPTER 02: ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

Mateshwari General Hospital

MIT Darshan Sanskrit

Rama Palace Mahavidyalay

CHAPTER 03: CITY DEVELOPMENT 2.2.5 Town Development

Prasad Hospital

Pt LMS Sivananda Charitable Hospital

Shri Krishna Sewa Ashram

Nirmal Ashram Hospital Rishikesh Public school/SBM Intercollege Bhardwaj Hospital OIMT

Dhalwala

Mateshwari General Hospital

MIT Darshan Sanskrit

Rama Palace Mahavidyalay

Prasad Hospital

Pt LMS

AIIMS

Shri Krishna Sewa Ashram

Nirmal Ashram Hospital Rishikesh Public school/SBM IntercollegeSeema IDPL Bhardwaj Hospital Dental Neelkanth Wedding Hall College Shyampur

AIIMS

RISHIKESH AMENITIES

Shyampur

IDPL Major industrial areas: 1. IDPL Neelkanth colony Wedding Hall 2. Dhalwala 3. Shyampur

Source: www.google.com Rishikesh Dp Report 1991

Seema Dental College

Major institutions: 1. OIMT- Omkarananda Institute of Management and Technology 2. Modern Institute of Technology 3. Darshan Sanskrit Mahavidyalay RISHIKESH AMENITIES RISHIKESH AMENITIES 4. Pt LMS- Pt Lalit Mohan Sharma Government Post Major industrial areas: Graduate College 1. IDPL colony 5. AIIMS- All India Institute of Medical Sciences Major industrial areas: 2. Dhalwala 6. Seema Dental College 1.IDPL colony 3. Shyampur 7. Rishikesh Public school/SBM Intercollege 2.Dhalwala Major institutions: Major hospitals: 3.Shyampur 1. OIMTOmkarananda Institute of Management and 1. AIIMS Hospital Major institutions: Technology 2. Shri Krishna Sewa Ashram 1.OIMTOmkarananda Institute of Management and Technology 2. Modern Institute of Technology 3. Bhardwaj Hospital 3. Darshan Sanskrit Mahavidyalay 2.Modern Institute of Technology 4. Nirmal Ashram Hospital 4. Pt LMSPt LalitSanskrit Mohan Sharma Government Post 3.Darshan Mahavidyalay 5. Seema Dental college and Hospital Graduate College 4.Pt LMS- Pt Lalit Mohan Sharma 6. Prasad Hospital Government Post Graduate College 5. AIIMSAll India of Medical SciencesSciences 5.AIIMSAllInstitute India of Medical 7. Institute Mateshwari General Hospital 6. Seema Dental College 6.Seema Dental8.College Sivananda Charitable Hospital 7. Rishikesh Public school/SBM Intercollege

Industries Institutions Hospitals Community halls/ Cinema Kumbh mela kshetra Source: www.google.com Source: www.google.com Rishikesh Dp Rishikesh DpReport Report1991 1991

Industries Institutions Hospitals Community halls/ Cinema Kumbh mela kshetra

7.Rishikesh Public school/SBM Intercollege Major hospitals: hospitals: Major 1. AIIMS Hospital 1.AIIMS Hospital 2. Shri2.Krishna Sewa Ashram Shri Krishna Sewa Ashram 3. Bhardwaj Hospital 3.Bhardwaj Hospital 4. Nirmal Ashram Hospital 4.Nirmal Ashram 5. Seema Dental college Hospital and Hospital 5.Seema Dental college and Hospital 6. Prasad Hospital 6.PrasadGeneral Hospital 7. Mateshwari Hospital 7.Mateshwari General Hospital 8. Sivananda Charitable Hospital 8.Sivananda Charitable Hospital

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CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 14)

2.2 : Human intervention study 2.2.6 : Tourism

283 kms 227 kms

220 kms

296 kms

Map 16 : Map showing Char Dham Routes from Rishikesh

Hemkund Sahib

Source: www.snazzymaps.com

2.2.6.1 : Char Dham of Uttarakhand

Fig 21 : Yamunotri

Fig 22 : Gangotri

Fig 23 : Kedarnath

Fig 24 : Badrinath

Destination

Nearest

Farther

Farthest

Yamunotri

Uttarkashi (50 km)

Mussoorie (138 km)

Dehradun (180 km)

Gangotri

Uttarkashi (102 km)

Mussoorie (213 km)

Dehradun (243 km)

Kedarnath

Rudraprayag (72 km)

Srinagar (110km)

Rishikesh (220 km)

Badrinath

Joshimath (45 km)

Srinagar (190km)

Rishikesh (296 km)

Hemkunt Sahib

Joshimath (35 km)

Srinagar (180km)

Rishikesh (290 km)

Rishikesh Rishikesh Chardham routes Char Dham Routes Major cities along the route Major towns along the route REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

facilities MedicalMedical facilities Source: www.googlempas.com www.pintrest.in

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION 2.2.6.2 : Pilgrimage Tourism in Uttarakhand

Map 17 : Tourist map of pilgrim route in Uttarakhand

2.2.6.3 : Leisure Tourism in Uttarakhand

Map 18 : Tourist map of leisure spots in Uttarakhand

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION 2.2.6.4 : Adventure Tourism in Uttarakhand

Map 19 : Tourist map of adventure routes in Uttarakhand

2.2.6.5 : Wildlife Tourism in Uttarakhand

Map 20 : Tourist map of wildlife trek routes in Uttarakhand

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION

(Refer images on plate 14)

2.2.6.6 : Tourist spots in Rishikesh

Fig 25 : Ram Jhula

Fig 26 : Laxman Jhula

Fig 27 : Triveni Ghat

Made over river Ganges to cross the river is a landmark. The fresh air and sound of flowing water, the scenic beauty of the region is seen

It is said that Lakshman crossed Ganges on jute ropes between the place where this bridge is built. views from the bridge.is spectac-

A kilometre-long bathing ghat,must witness the evening aarti at the ghat, when the convergence turns into a picturesque view of lamps

Tourist influx: High

Fig 28 : Trambkeshwar Temple

Fig 29 : Parmarth Niketan

Fig 30 : Bharat Temple

On the east bank of the Ganges at Lakshman Jhula Bridge, is 13 stories high, with different deities throughout.

Centre for Vedic Education. Must Visit in Evening for the Pooja/Aarti.

Built by Adiguru Shankra Charya around 12th century, Bharat Mandir is situated in the heart of the old town on the Ganga banks.

Tourist influx: High

Tourist influx: Medium

Fig 31 : Neelkanth Mahadev Temple

Fig 32 : Garud Chatti

Fig 33 : Beatles Ashram

is a revered temple, known as ‘Nilkanth Mahadeo’. Perched on top of a hill, at a height of around 1675 m, the temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

This waterfall is one of the hot spots, mainly among foreign tourists. The waterfall is very small, not many people visit.

The world-famous musical band Beatles stayed here made it a tourist destination and changed the world’s opinion about Indian spirituality.

Tourist influx: High

Tourist influx: Low

Tourist influx: Medium

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

Image source: www.pintrest.in Image source: www.uttarakhandtourism.in 41

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer images on plate 14)

2.2.6.6 : Tourist spots in Rishikesh

Fig 34 : Neer Garh Waterfall

Fig 35 : Patna Waterfall

Fig 36 : Vashishta Gufa

Trekking through forest and passing by shallow pools provides genuine leisure. The shorter walk through the forest is beautiful.

Patna waterfall is a beautiful place. There are small limestone caves near the waterfall. The little sowers will welcome you closer.

Famous saint vasishtha meditaed in this gufa near banks of the Ganges. The cave is very peaceful and is a perfect place for meditation.

Tourist influx: Medium

Tourist influx: Low

Fig 37 : Shivpuri Camps

Fig 38 : Rafting at Byasi

Fig 39 : Kaudiyala Camps

The tranquil town of Shivpuri is much popular with tourists for its Shiva temples, Yoga Camps and host of Adventure Sports Activities

Due to apt topography and consistent flow of river Ganga, The Place is simply ideal for river rafting.

Kaudiyala Is famous for Its magnificent Landscapes & hosts activities like River rafting, Rock climbing, trekking, beach volleyball.

Tourist influx: High

Fig 40 : New Tehri

Fig 41 : Chamba

Fig 42 : Devprayag

Tehri attracts tourists for mountaineering. New Tehri can be looked at as a future tourist spot where a spectacular view of Tehri Lake can be seen.

Chamba is another of those destinations yet unknown to most tourists and therefore unspoilt.There are pleasant forests with good views.

It is one of the five sacred confluences in the hills and is an important place of pilgrimage for devotee Hindus.

Tourist influx: Medium

Tourist influx: Low

Tourist influx: Medium

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

Image source: www.pintrest.in Image source: www.uttarakhandtourism.in 42

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer images on plate 14)

2.2.6.7 : Tourist spots in Rishikesh

Himalayan Yog Ashram Omkarnanda Laxman Temple Ashram Madhuban Ashram Kailash Ashram Raghunath Temple Pushkar Temple

Neergarh Anand Ashram Waterfall Trayambkeshwar Temple Laxman Jhula

Ram Jhula Muni Ki Reti Swarg Ashram

Phool Chatti Ashram

Venkteshwara Temple Beatles Ashram Bharat Temple

Patna Waterfall

Nirmal Ashram Triveni Ghat

Sri Neelkanth Mahadev Temple

Source: www.snazzymaps.com

Map 21 : Tourist map of important nodes in Rishikesh city

Parmarth Aarti Ghat

Fig. 43

Aastha Path, Triveni Sangam

Fig. 44

Views of the river Ganges

Fig. 45

Parmarth Niketan

Fig. 46

Swarg Ashram

Fig. 47

Bungee Jumping

Fig. 48

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

Image source: www.pintrest.in 43

CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer tables on plate 14)

20,84,728

2500000

21,67,417

No. of Tourists to Chradham Yatra Yamnotri Gangotri Kedarnath Badrinath Total

2011

Log. (Total)

12,94,509 2013 Year

2014

366455

160192

154385

122926

2,81,752

150942

51594

40922

38294

497386

8,03,958

2012

333774

210239

253110

445922 101817

125951

573045

996043 483757

1000000

500000

1046633

1500000

478977

No. of Tourists

2000000

2015

Table 30 : Number of tourists for Chardham Yatra

No. of Tourists in Rishikesh 1997267

1987113

Total

437756

4994

5160

10154

4052

3723

500000

434033

328936

332988

805578

810738

1186529

1000000

International Tourists

Log. (Total)

1181535

No. of Tourists

2000000

1500000

National Tourists

Kumbh mela

2500000

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Table 31 : Number of tourists in Rishikesh

Year

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CHAPTER 02 : ANALYSIS OF THE REGION (Refer plate 14)

No. of Tourists

2.2.6.8 : Kavad yatra: The festival takes place every year in July and August and it takes about a month. During the festival, several million followers of Shiva travel to Haridwar, Rishikesh and cities through which the Ganges river flows. They take some water from Ganges and put it into two bottles, which then hung on a stick. They carry bottles on their shoulder. They walk barefoot and bring water from the Ganges to the temple where they pour water to the Shiva statue. Followers are mostly men who travel in groups; they wear orange clothing and during marching usually shout Bol Bam. There are big traffic restrictions on the road between Rishikesh and New Delhi during this festival.

(Year) Table 32 : Number of tourists in Kavad Yatra

2.2.6.9 : Inferences -Chardham Yatra is observed from April to November, while in June, July , August the monsoon season is an off season in Rishikesh thus observes less no. of tourists. -Even then, the supplies and goods for Chradham Yatra and to the upper hilly regions of Garhawal are supplied via Rishikesh between April to November when the routes are accessible. -Thus implies that there is an increased need of infrastructure to support the tourists activities in Rishikesh during the Chradham Yatra period. Moreover, incase of any natural calamity that takes place during the Chradham Yatra on the upper hilly regions, Rishikesh observes a heavy footfall from tourists as well as for supply of goods and services. -Natural calamities like cloud burst occurs every 5 years in upper hilly regions of Uttarakhand and thus the trend line shows a decreased no. of tourists to Rishikesh. -High no. of tourists are observed in the years when the kumbh-mela takes place.

-Maximum number of tourists are from May-April and JulyAugust. -Kumbh mela in Haridwar every 12 years -Ardh-Kumbh mela in Haridwar every 6 years -Kavad yatra attracts millions of people for one month during July-August to the festival of holy Ganges water and lord Shiva. -Peak tourist population observed in Rishikesh on the day of Baisakhi as people come to take a dip in Ganga 2.2.6.10 : Tourists accomodation -Total no. of Dharamshalas and Ashrams in Rishikesh- 74 Low/middle income tourists stay here -Total no. of hotels and Lodges in Rishikesh-Tourist Bungalow set upon by government at Muni-ki-Reti spread over 2 acres of land: High income tourists stay here.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND M A S T E R S P R O G R A M I N L A N D S C A P E - 2 0 1 5 - 1 7 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 03 : PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION

3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11.

Ground water recharge potential Measures for soil and water conservation Erosion suseptibility Landslide vulnerability Ecozone map Watershed management plan Landuse vernerability Land suitability Altenatives for economy generation Visual assessment for the region Tourist circuits

CHAPTER 03:Proposals for the region Refer maps on plate 16

3.1 Ground Water Recharge Potential To study and comprehend the area for understanding the ground water recharge potential. Based on the overlay of various layers connected to ground water recharge,the following categories were identified in order to get the maximum potential areas.

Based on dips on strikes the catchment areas of the springs have been considered as areas most suitable for recharge. Even though some regions have high recharge potential areas and can be considered as a source,the presence of cracks leads to eruption of water on a lower level making it as springs and converting them as surface runoff. Streams and their spill over influence areas are not considered for recharge potential because of the velocity of the water and terrain of the site. Very steep slope despite of having vegetation cover and deep soil depth have not been considered for recharge potential. Recharge potential map has been derived by laying over slope map,soil map,geology map and landuse map.

Doon Gravels are highly porous and they have a significant permeability. Groundwater occurs under unconfined and semi confined conditions. The saturated granular zones occur in a depth range between 35.50 and 138.68 m bgl. The piezometric head ranges from 20.0 to 125.0 mbgl. Transmissivity varies from 1648.0 to 3500.0 m²/day while the field permeability ranges from 5.86 to 104.0 m/day. The discharge from the tubewell varies from 600 to 3000 lpm for a tapped thickness of 30 to 50 m with a drawdown of 2 to 7 m. The hydraulic conductivity, in the district, varies from 13 to 583 m/day. The groundwater development is going on at a faster rate and management practices are required for the sustainability of this resource. The Central Ground Water Board, Dehradun constructed four gabion structures on Medawala Khala in Thano Forest Range. It is observed that the Doon Gravels are highly receptive to the artificially recharged water. The structures suitable in high reaches and foot hill zones are gabion, check dam, gully plug and brushwood check dam. In the valley portion rain water may be harvested for the use other than drinking. Roof top rainwater harvesting and recharge well are suitable in the plain areas of the valley. Technical guidance has been provided to the state government departments for designing artificial recharge structures.

Annual replenish able Groundwater resources=115541.30 MLD Projected demand for Domestic and industrial Uses up to 2025=17565.98 MLD Sub surface water is developed through tubewells. There are 118 functional Irrigation tubewells in District Dehradun (as on 31.3.2009). Most of these tubewells are located in the Intermentane Doon Valley tapping the Doon Gravels. Besides the canals and tubewells, there are other irrigation practices like pump sets, hydrum, hauz, tanks etc.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 03:Proposals for the region Refer maps on plate 16

3.2 Soil and Water Conservation Methods

Ground Water is an important factor in Soil Conservation Service operations. In the study region large amounts of water are being lost by runoff and evaporation in the same areas where ground-water supplies are being depleted. Added emphasis is needed on the conservation and use of excessrunoff where there are possibilities for increased underground storage. Ground-water recharge is but one phase in the management of a groundwater basin in the study region. In some areas, long-term withdrawal has led to a depletion of ground water level. Without proper management to obtain a sustained yield, the region will degrade further. It may be possible to manage a ground-water reservoir like a surface reservoir. That is, water is placed in storage in periods of excess and withdrawn in periods of shortage. The artificial recharge to ground water aims at augmentation of ground water reservoir by modifying the natural movement of surface water utilizing suitable civil construction techniques. Artificial recharge techniques proposed in the region normally address to following issues – (i)To enhance the sustainable yield in areas where over-development has depleted the aquifer. (ii)Conservation and storage of excess surface water for future requirements, since these requirements often changes within a season or a period. (iiiTo improve the quality of existing ground water through dilution. (iv)To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage and waste water so that water is suitable for re-use. The basic purpose of artificial recharge of ground water is to restore supplies from aquifers depleted due to excessive ground water development. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TECHNIQUES AND DESIGNS A wide spectrum of techniques are in vogue to recharge ground water reservoir. Similar to the variations in hydrogeological framework, the artificial recharge techniques too vary widely. The artificial recharge techniques can be broadly categorised as follows:a. Direct surface techniques • Flooding • Basins or percolation tanks • Stream augmentation • Ditch and furrow system • Over irrigation b. Direct sub surface techniques • Injection wells or recharge wells • Recharge pits and shafts • Dug well recharge • Bore hole flooding • Natural openings, cavity fillings.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

c. Combination surface – sub-surface techniques • Basin or percolation tanks with pit shaft or wells. d. Indirect Techniques • Induced recharge from surface water source. • Aquifer modification. Proposals; Vegetation establishment; grasses and native fast growing ground covers and legumes and shrubs planted in the region Gully plugs, stone check dams, gabion check dams, nalla plugs were introduced in suitable locations in the area Contour trenching and earthen bunds, field bunds and farm ponds were introduced as methods for water conservation in the area. The site was divided into several zones based on the issues present in each zone and respective proposals were given to each of the zone classified. TYPICAL SECTIONS OF CONTOUR BUNDING

Present condition of the slopes of the hills

Typical section of the contour bunding

The hills have very low vegetation leading to the high runoff thus increzse in erosion. Fig 49: Typical sections of contour bunding

STAGES OF RIPARIAN SUCCESSION

Fig 50: Typical sections of contour bunding

48 (a)

CHAPTER 03:Proposals for the region

TYPICAL SECTIONS OF SWALES

Zone 2- Foothills 1, Recharge trenches for water conservation, 2. Contour Bunding. 3. Making provosions for check dams.

Fig 51: Typical sections of swales

GROUND WATER RECHARGE PROPOSALS Vegetation establishment; grasses and native fast growing ground covers and legumes and shrubs planted in the region Gully plugs, stone check dams, gabion check dams, nalla plugs were introduced in suitable locations in the area Contour trenching and earthen bunds, field bunds and farm ponds were introduced as methods for water conservation in the area. The site was divided into several zones based on the issues present in each zone and respective proposals were given to each of the zone classified

Zone 3-Agricultural Zones Over irrigation due to untimely wate supply leads to water problem in this zone. Loss of Riparian Vegetation leads to the bank erosion and thus siltation of river bed. 1.Contour bunds,check dams,field bunds. 2. Swales for irrifation purpose. 3. Fiels Bunds and good riparian vegetation will slow down run off and allow ground water recharge.It also helps in caoturing silt before it gets into the river. 4. Use of injection wells to ensure ground water recharge.

Fig 52: Types of injection wells

Zone 1- Steep Slopes with Sparse Vegetation High runoff and soil ersion-loss of vegetation on moderately Fig 54: Contour Bunding steep to steep slopes is generating high volume of Zone 4- Areas having excellent Groundwater Recharge runoff causing soil erosion. Potential 1.Continuous contour trenching 2 Conservation of existing forests and afforestation to strengthen open forests. 3. Replant the deforested areas. 4. Grazing banned in reserved forests.

1. To slow down the velocity of river and also to avoid flood check dams need to be built

Fig 55: Agricultural Zones

Fig 53: Artificial aquifer recharge

Fig 54: Contour Trenching

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48 (b)

CHAPTER 03 : PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 17)

3.3.Erosion Susceptibilty The Erosion susceptiblty map is an overlap of Soil Depth, Forest density map and Slope. Regions of high erosion susceptiblty: The soils are shallow to moderately shallow, excessively drained, slighty acidic. Gravelly / Shallow-loam /loamy-skeletal and severe to erosion Regions of medium erosion susceptiblty: The steep slopes are dominantly occupied with soils that are moderately shallow to moderately deep, excessively drained. slighlty acidic, Light-Ioamy/loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion. Regions of low erosion susceptiblty: The moderately steep to moderate slopes soils consists of moderately deep to deep, somewhat excessively drained, slightly acidic, light-loamy .They are slightly eroded and mostly under cultivation. Regions of no erosion susceptiblty: The soils are well drained, slightly acidic Red clayey. The lower river terraces are dominantly occupied with deep, well drained. slightly acidic, Silt loam over fragmental soils. These are slightly eroded and cultivated to wheat. maize and rice etc.

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 18)

3.4 Landslide vulnerability Landslide vulnerability map is an overlap of the following natural layers. Geology map, Flora degradation map and slope. The rainfall is also a cause for landslides, which remains a constant factor throughout the entire study region. In Geology, the considerations were that, the areas where the dip lies in the direction of the contour lines, is more prone to Landslides. In Flora degradation map, the areas which have minimum vegetation cover are more prone to Landslides. Similarly in the slope map, the steep slopes are considerably more prone to Landslides. An overlap of these three layers, gives the Landslide vulnerability map in various shades of grey. The darkest zone depicts the region which is more prone to landslides, where there are steep slopes, minimum vegetation cover and the dips in the direction of the contours. The lightest grey is the zone where there are no landslides. Hence in the darkest zone, anthropogenic activities such as developmental activities, construction, deforestation, terracing should be stopped to prevent landslides.

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 19)

3.5 Eco zone map The study region has been divided into four ecozones after overlaping layers such as slope,Landslide vulnerablity and erosion susceptiblity. These zones are further divided based on the similar characteristics and the degree of conservation for each of the zones is noted.

1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 4A 4B

Ecozones

Degree of conservation

None

Low

Medium

Landslide vulnerability

High

None

Low

Medium

Settlement

Agriculture

River

High density

Moderate density

High

Erosion susceptibility

Forest Density Minimum density

Deep

Moderately Deep

Moderately Shallow

Shallow

Soil Depth

Flat

Gentle

Moderate

Very steep

Steep

Slope

Ecozones

High

Medium Low Least

Degree of conservation

Ecozone 1

High

Ecozone 2

Medium

Ecozone 3

Low

Ecozone 4

Least

Conservation Measures Needs Conservation No Biotic pressure and no development National Park should be preserved No Biotic pressure Reserved forest with high forest density should be preserved and with minimum density biotic pressure should be controlled Agriculture and low density settlement is allowed

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015 - 17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 03:Proposals for the region Refer maps on plate 19

3.6 Watershed Management Plan Measures and Proposals The development of land and water resources together is essential for sustainable natural resource management. Conservation and management of rainwater holds the key for sustainable agriculture. Similarly water is the most crucial input which acts as a catalyst to bring in ecological, social and economic revolution. Water, agriculture, forestry and energy, among other issues, are central to the State’s inclusive strategy for future growth. Most of the people of this state are dependent on their natural environment, with over three-fourths of the total population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. . The hill districts of this region are of great ecological importance, not only to hills but also to the plains area of the state. The flows of water in the river systems that originate from these hills affect the large plains of the country. Proper management of the catchment areas of these river systems is of high importance for flood control, hydro- power generation, irrigation and overall land resource management. Therefore, the ecological stability of the hills is tied up with the interest and life support system of the population living in hill districts as well as plains of the region. The objectives of the watershed development plan can be defined as: I. To increase infiltration into soil. II. To control damaging excess runoff. III. To manage and utilize rainfall/runoff for useful purposes Useful purpose a. Sustained production of grain, fodder, fruit, fuel, fibre, plantation and cash crops. b. Development of industries as per potential of the watershed. c. Proper and sound health of the habitant of the watershed. d. Prolonged life of reservoirs,lakes, ponds and other water bodies. e. Maintaining the carrying capacity of the natural drainage network. Main interventions/works/activities of Watershed Development Plan: 1. Water resources development (Water harvesting - Soil moisture improvement, storage for irrigation, storage for augmenting ground water recharge rejuvenation of spring , increasing flow days and discharge rate of streams and roof water harvesting, 2. Vegetation improvement programme for sustain production ( Field crops, orchards/plantation crops/spices/cash crops, agro-forestry) 3. Live stock based programme (water for live stock, pasture/ grass land development programme, shade trees, dewarming) 4. Erosion control measures (for arable lands, non arable lands, stream bank erosion, landslide/landslips) REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

Fig 56: Contour Trenching and Crest Bunding

Fig 57: Process of resource degradation and their measures

PROPOSALS FOR VARIOUS ECOZONES Ecozone 1- The area needs to be conserved.This could be done by soil and water conservation measures like building check dams or contour bund resulting in the upgradation of the vegetation. No biotic pressure and development is allowed.

Fig 58: Soil and water conservation measures

CHAPTER 03:Proposals for the region

Ecozone Zone 2 and Ecozone 3- This zone is mainly conserved National Park. In certain parts, degradation of forest has taken place.The proposals for this zone can be as follows: 1. Upgardation of forest by improving the soil moisture content by constructing small bunds. 2. Introduction of water holes which not only will act as a method of ground water recharge but also can be used by the animals to drink water. 3..No biotic pressure. Ecozone 4A- Over irrigation due to untimely water supply leads to water problem in this zone. Loss of Riparian Vegetation leads to the bank erosion and thus siltation of river bed. 1.Contour bunds,check dams,field bunds. 2. Swales for irrifation purpose. 3. Field Bunds and good riparian vegetation will slow down run off and allow ground water recharge.It also helps in capturing silt before it gets into the river. 4. Use of injection wells to ensure ground water recharge. 5.Agriculture and low density settlement can be allowed. Use of Vegetation: Crops and vegetables which cover the ground surface well and have extensive root system reduce soil erosion. Plant canopy protect the soil from the adverse effect of rainfall. The grasses and legumes produce dense sod which helps in reducing soil erosion. The vegetation provides organic matter to the soil. As a result, the fertility of soil increases and the physical condition of soil is improved. Following cropping systems help in controlling soil erosion Crop rotation: Crop rotation is planned sequence of cropping. Rotation of crop is an important method for checking erosion and maintaining productivity of soil. A good rotation should include densely planted small grain crops, spreading legume crop etc. which may check soil erosion. Strip Cropping: It consists of growing erosion permitting crop (e.g. Jowar, Bajra, Maize etc.) in alternate strips with erosion checking close growing crops (e.g. grasses, pulses etc.). Strip cropping employs several good farming practices including crop rotation, contour cultivation, proper tillage, stubbles mulching, cover cropping etc. It is very effective and practical means for controlling soil erosion, specially for gently slopping land. It may be of different types as follows: Contour strip Cropping: Contour strip cropping is the growing of erosion permitting and erosion resisting crops alternately in strips across the slope and on the contour line. This practice is useful because it checks the fast flow of run-off water increases the infiltration of water in the soil and prevents soil erosion. Field Strip Cropping: Strips of crop are parallel to the general slope of the land. Wind Strip Cropping: Strips of crop are across the direction of wind regardless of contour. Buffer Strip Cropping: In this, the severally eroded portion of land is permanently kept under grass and contour strip cropping is practices in the rest

Fig 59: WATER HOLES

source: www.wikipedia.com

Fig 60:CHECK DAM

Fig 61: RIPARIAN ZONE

Fig 62: STRIP FARMING

Fig 63:SOIL EROSION

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

source: www.wikipedia.com

CHAPTER 03: PROPOSAL FOR THE REGION (Refer Map on Plate no.20)

3.8.Land suitability • The Land suitability map has been derived by overlaying ecozone map, ground water reacharge potential map

and landuse map.

Table 34 : Land suitabilty

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 21)

3.9 Alternatives for Economy Generation of Rural Settlements 3.9.1 Introduction: • Conservation and restoration of settlements, which have been migrating towards the city leaving behind their culture and working towards revenue generation by the tourism activity which somehow would lead to the loss of identity to the place over the years. If not addressed, it shall not only lose its rich cultural identity but also lead towards building a city with tourism as its only concern. • The tourist’s number has been rising over the recent years, which have created an havoc in the serenity of the place in terms of urbanization and the local people have moved away from the occupation which they have been practicing over generations towards accommodating the huge number of tourists every year. This has lead to imbalance between the actual serenity of the place to the rising numbers of urbanization. • The methodology involved in bringing back the identity could be to solve the common issues faced by the people living in the settlements around which include lack of basic facilities so that they are not forced to leave their settlements and movetowards the city causing urban sprawl, which has already established its roots. 3.9.2 Issues: • Low productivity from agricultural field • Poor quality of soil • Attack of wild animals damage their agricultural crops • Degradation of forest due to human intervention for fodder, fuel and food. 3.9.3 Methodology:

• Studying the land suitablilty map to understand the character of the settlements and then they were classified under the following categories: 1. Devlopment zone 2. Restricted Devlopment zone 3. Conservation zone 4. No devlopment zone • Forest Degradation and Landuse - Agricultural fields and village boundaries were studied and a plan for devlopment of the first two categories (i.e devlopment and restricted devlopment zone) was derived.

Fig. 65: System chart - Forest degrdation and land use

3.9.4 Objectives: • A buffer area of 250-300 meters along the man-animal conflict areas falling under the degraded landuse type is being used to regenrate the forest. • Trees that can be planted on degraded lands and buffer areas to the forest which will help to reduce the impact on the forest with a detailed understanding how it can benefit the rural people in the settlements and also how it can help to reinforce the idea of conservation of Forests. • Social Forestry Social forestry as a wide-spread land-use adaptation may potentially support livelihoods improvement through simultaneous production of food, fodder and firewood as well as mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

• Problem Analysis: (Refer Plate no 19 & 20)

• Agrotourism Agri tourism involves agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a fields. Agri tourism was a concept evolved to achieve income, employment and economic stability in rural communities in India, help boosting a range of activities, services and amenities provided by farmers. •Bee keeping Bee keeping helps the villagers to keep the elephants away from attacking their fields and also at the same time help the revenue genration of the settlements.

Fig. 64: System chart - Problem analysis

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 21)

3.9.5 AgroForestry

Table 35: Agroforestry

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 21)

Table 35: Agroforestry

Source: Vishwapati Bhatt, Vijay Kant Purohit, Vineeta Negi. Multipurpose Tree Species Of Western Himalaya With An Agroforestry Prospective For Rural Needs . Marsland : Journal of American Science 2010, n.d.

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 21)

3.9.6 Social Forestry LIST OF FRUIT TREES FOR SOCIAL FORESTRY S.no Name 1 Syzygium cumini

Climate and soil Streams, dams and swampy locations Alll types of soil

Culitivation Can be planted at 8m - 10 m distance

Harvesting and yield 1 Tree -100 Kg Jamun per year

2 Aegle marmelos

Common on drier slopes Avoid water logged areas

Can be planted at 2m x 2m grid

50-200 fruits per year per tree

3 Terminalia bellirica

Avoid saline soils Fire hardy plant

10m t0 10 m spacing

20-100 kgs fruit

4 Terminallia chebula

Fire hardy and slow growing species

4m - 6m spacing

7 - 50 kg per tree per annum

5 Moringa oleifera

Grows on variety of soils

3m x 3m distance (1100 plants/ha)

200 fruits min ( 4 year tree)

6 Emblica officinalis

Grows upto 1800m elevation grows on poor soils like dry sandy tract

5m spacing

10,000 kg per Ha

7 Grewia asiatica L. Vern idela for loamy soils

2m x 2m grid

10kg per person fruit if irrigigated and 4kg if rainfed

8 Cordia dichotoma

much benefited if water is provided

5m x 5m

each tree yields 50 kgs (8000 kg /ha )

9 Terminalia arjuna

Water loving plant , swampy locations

2m x 2m

2 kg of dry bark

10 Strychnos potatorum

annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm

5m x 5m

3000 kg of seeds per Ha

Table 36: List of Fruit trees for social forestry

LIST OF UNDERSTOREY PLANTS FOR SOCIAL FORESTRY S.no Name 1 Aloe vera

Type Climate and soil Medicinal Plant Does not tolerate water logging Prefers sandy soils

Culitivation 60 cm x 60 cm spacing

Harvesting and yield 5 leaves every year. 1.25 lakhs per hectare

2 Angelica root

Medicinal Plant Fertile soil with rich humus content 1m x 50 cm spacing Heavy rainfall areas suitable for cultivation

3 Withania somnifera

Medicinal Plant Not browsed by cattle dry tracts with average rainfall

50 - 60 cms spacing

4 Embelia tsjeriam

Medicinal Plant comes up on all types of soil

Pits are dug at 2m x 2m spacing 3000 kg per hectare

5000 plants per hectare 2000kg per hectare

5 Thysonolena maxima Medicinal Plant It grows in all types of soil with moisture retentive capacity it needs acidic soils It does not flourish in saline soils

1m x 1m spacing

50,000 flowering stalks per hectare

6 Carum carvi

Medicinal Plant Soils with good organic matter

30 cm x 30 cms spacing

1000 kg fruits per hectare

7 Cassia abus

Medicinal Plant Sandy and sandy loamy soils

50 cms apart

1500 kg of seed per hectare

8 Ocimum gratissicum

Medicinal Plant soils must have good drainage it cannot take water logging

60 cms apart

400-700 Quintals of leaves per Ha

9 Anethium graveolens Medicinal Plant It can be grown on clayey soils with moisture retentive capacity

1500 kg of seeds per Ha

10 Peganum harmala

Medicinal Plant All types of soil with drainage

10 kgs per one ha

4000kgs of seed per Ha

11 Hyoscyamus niger

Medicinal Plant soil rich in lime Sandy laom soil

60 x 60 cms spacing

700 kg dried leaves from 1 Ha

12 Centella asiatica

Medicinal Plant Thrives best on clayey and loamy soils Moisture retaining capacity

2.5 m x 4m spacing

6500 kg ( dried leaves ) per 1 ha

Table 37: List of understorey plants for social forestry

Source: Paparao, K. Some Non - Wood Agro- Forestry Crops- Cultivation Practices . Forest department, Gujarat.

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plate 21)

PROPOSAL There are two models proposed i.e, social forestry model and joint forest manangement which have designed with the idea of upgradation of degraded forest land and as alternatives for economy genration of the people in these settlements. • Social Forestry Social Forestry can be proposed for the land which is in close proxmity to the forest site where the cattle can easily graze and basic needs for the rural people like fuel wood and food is easily availabe.

Table 38: Model for social forestry

• Joint Forest Managment Model designed for Joint forest Managment is for the land which is away from the settlements where rural people depend on the forest for timber and medicene plants majorly for economic genration.

Table 39: Model for Joint forest managment

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CHAPTER 3: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer plate 22)

3.10 Visual assessment for region 3.10.1 A case study from the region- Mazari Grant Mazari Grant lies approximately in the centre of the region between Lachhiwala range to the north and reserved forest to the east. River Song flows on the west. The busy Haridwar-Dehradun highway that otherwise passes through the reserved forest, passes through the centre of the Mazari Grant. The tourists coming from Haridwar and going to Mussorie or the chardham via Mussorie take this highway. Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand is accessible by this road for rest of the country lying south of Haridwar. 3.10.2 Salient visual character of the Mazari Grant farm lands • Flat terrain with tree less agricultural fields. There are houses doting the landscape here and there. The Shiwalik mountain ranges, Lachchiwala range and the Rajaji national forest mountain range form the horizons on the periphery. • The tree less landscape looks barren. There is glare from the sky. • The random houses in the fields are ground or G+1,RCC frame structure with cement plastered walls. They lack any vernacular or regional character and look jarring. • Absence of tree cover aggravates summer heat. • The overall harshness is in sharp contrast to the experience of driving through the lush forest. 3.10.3 Salient visual character of the way through forest range. • Broad leaved indigenous Sal forests that look like hall of identical pillars under a green porous canopy. • Inhabited by indigenous fauna like elephants, leopards, types of deer who at times step out of forest to travel to adjacent forest ranges. They are spotted on the fringes of human settlements. • The forests are pleasant to drive through and are loved by the tourists. On coming out of forests, the open, stark farm fields are a visual shock. 3.10.4 Proposal • The field edges to be lined with trees which can have commercial value (timber/resin/gum/fruits/leaves/flowers etc) to the farmers. They can continue farming on the main square plot. • It will also secure the bunds on field edges, provide shade for resting on edges and reduce the overall glare from the sky. • By varying the spacing between trees for North-south or east-west rows the amount of sunlight reaching the ground can be modulated. This can help in ensuring that crops in the fields will continue to receive sunlight. • They will create vertical planes of foliage with varying porosity, criss crossing the landscape. • Trees with high branching will ensure clear sight lines across this flat terrain. This can greatly aid the drivers on the highway to spot any wild animal approaching the REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND

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Fig 66- Plan of a typical settlement in the region

Fig 67- View of road passing through reserved forest

Fig 68- View of a typical farmland and settlement in the

CHAPTER 3: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer plate 22)

3.10.5 Part A- Highway passing through Mazari Grant • Tree groves around the settlements protect them from the sight and sound of highway. At the same time they can provide fresher, cleaner air and improve the micro climate by countering the heat build up of the large hardscape of settlement clusters. They can be a visual and mental relief. • The highway needs to have both of its sides cleared of all encroachments. • It has to be tree lined. Tree belts are avoided abuting the highway when it is passing through the heart of Mazari Grant for following reasons; • To offer clear sight lines upto a long distance into the landscape. This can hint at the presence of settlements sheltered behind their tree belts, without exposing any of them in a stark way. • Clear sightlines will offer safety to both the drivers as well as cattle and the villagers approaching the highway. • The land along the highway has commercial value and can be used for buildings in future.

Fig 71- Conceptual view of proposal

Fig 72- Conceptual sketch for spacing of trees B

Tree grove Settlements Haridwar-Dehradun highway

Before

After

Fig 69- Proposal for road passing through the settlements 3.10.6 Part B- Highway passing along the forest • The tree belt is kept closer to the highway to avoid direct exposure of settlements to the highway passengers. It gives a visual harmony to the person travelling on the highway by growing tree belts of vertical character on both sides of the highway. • The areas around the settlements are kept more free of dense plantation. In the past there have been incidents of wild animals, especially leopard, walking into human areas inciting a conflict. To avoid the threat of leopard attack, the settlements close to forest need to have clear visibility in immediate surroundings.

Before

Rows of trees along field boundaries Plan of Mazari Grant

Fig 73- Satellite image of Mazari Grant with proposal marked on it.

After

Fig 70- Proposal for road passing along the forest REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND

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CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 36)

3.11 TOURIST CIRCUITS

Rishikesh is a hub for religious tourism due to its deep roots in Hindu mythology and it is also a gateway to the Chardham Yatra .But today Rishikesh is not all spirituality, it’s now a popular white-water rafting centre, backpacker hangout, and gateway to treks in the Himalaya. Lakhs of people come to Rishikesh with varied interests such as wildlife tourism, Adventure tourism and pilgrimage, it is necessary to bifurcate diffrent tourist with different interests inorder to avoid congestion in the city and provide them with basic tourist circuits they can take in the city with details of places of interest. Though the city of Rishikesh has places of interest that can be visited in a span of one day, people tend to stay for few more days inorder to visit nearby locations as well.

Tourist circuit map- Regional scale

The 22 most visited tourist destinations have been selected for re routing and connecting via circuits. First these destinations we analyzed according to the type of destination, whether it is pilgrimage, leisure, meditation, Adventure or wildlife. According to the type of tourist destinations circuits were made made to avoid conejestion the city of rishikesh due to hapazard tourist routes. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 36)

The proposed tourist circuits cater to different kinds of tourist destinations such as pilgrimage, adventure, leisure and wildlife inorder to decongest the tourist and bifurcate them. The tourists have been divided into five routes connecting the various important destinations in and around Rishikesh

circuit 1: connects the new proposed transit hub directly to rajaji national park diverting the nature enthusiasts to their main destination without entering the main city.

circuit 2: connects all the prime tourist destinations of the city that are visited by majority of the tourists. the circuit connects destinations that can be visited in a day in rishikesh. ram jhoola, lakshman jhoola nad triveni ghat are the landmarks of rishikesh town. the circuit connects other few destinations that are frequently visited by the tourists. most destinations in this circuit are pilgrim sites.this is the busiest tourist circuit with high influx of people.

circuit 3: an alternative tourist route is proposed for neelkanth mahadev temple rather than the one usually taken for tourist in circuit 3. the circuit proposed avoids unnessary conjestion in the city. the devotees willing to go specifically to neelkanth mahadev mandir can take circuit 3 .

circuit 4: connects all the adventure tourist destinations with river rafting camping sites, bungee jumping from the proposed transit hub via the by pass route avoiding conjestion in the city. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 03: PROPOSALS FOR THE REGION (Refer maps on plates 36)

circuit 5: connects destinations that are frequently travelled by tourist for one day drives to enjoy the scenic beauty of uttrakhand.

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CHAPTER 04 : PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5.

Masterplan Old city of rishikesh City morphology Open spaces in the city Visual assesment for the city

4.6.

Tourist linkages and amenities

CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 23)

4.1 Master plan Analyzing the basic character and growth of the city, one can infer that city is sprawling having high density in the old areas and sparse density in the new areas. Therefore, the aim of the proposal is to balance the growth in order to achieve a compact development scheme for the city as a whole. At the estimated growth rate of 2.66% and the present population of the city being 2.07 lacs, the estimated population in the year 2031 shall be 3.36 lac persons. Keeping in mind the rate at which the city is growing, it is important to regulate the growth of the city. The methodology adopted for preparing the master plan was to refer to the growth pattern of the city, to understand the socio-economic structure, to understand the culture-pilgrim and tourist relationships and support them by decentralizing the activities over the city. The topography, land suitability analysis, potential regions of man-animal conflicts, natural drains present in the site and other factors like Master plan 2011 regulations and state bye-laws were referred to prepare a complete structure of the masterplan for the city. The master plan was proposed in layers. The primary and the core layer of the masterplan proposes to integrate natural features with the residential land use and open spaces. The next layer was that of understanding the relationships between the locals, tourists and the pilgrims that visit the city. This layer tries to identify the potential areas that can decongest the site and important nodes in the city. Thus, the two fabrics were overlayed and then the land uses to support these were provided. The development of the city is based on the compact development principle to optimize the use of resources at the same time to decongest the excessively used spaces. These layers put together gave a development proposal for the city in 2031.

Map 23: PROPOSED MASTER PLAN - RISHIKESH CITY

Residential

Commercial Centres

Open spaces

Existing Built up Areas

Tourism

Offices

Khumb kshetra

Crop Lands

Industrial

Transport and Communication

Community facilities

385

18%

30%

17%

Population density 150 pp/Ha

142

as per URDPFI Standards

3% 16%

100

93 75

Sector 2

Sector 3

4 Sector 1

Sector 4

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 7

Sector 8

Population density SECTOR WISE PROPOSED DENSITIES

Fig 79: PROPOSED MASTER PLAN LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 23)

4.4 Open Spaces Abstarct:

In land use planning, an urban open space is an open space areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access. As the counterpart of development, urban open space is a natural and cultural resource for the local people. The benefits that urban open space provides to citizens can be broken into three basic forms; recreation, ecology, and aesthetic value. Open space is land area with its surface open to the sky, consciously acquired or publicly regulated to serve conservation and urban shaping function in addition to providing recreational opportunities. Currently in Rishikesh town, there are 2 maidans, 1 small park and 1 promenade of 1.6kms on the banks of river Ganga which are not enough for the current or projected population. Historic evolution analysis reveals that many public spaces were destroyed as urban redevelopment occurred. In many places, the original fine-grained and human-scaled fabric of blocks, sidewalks and squares were replaced with something much coarsely grained. Few open spaces are encroached and edges of river has slum development. Identifying existing open spaces and finding new potential open spaces in new development of Rishikesh will help enhance and shape physical character of existing city’s morphology. It also improves physical and social inclusion and reinforces local identity.

In Rishikesh open spaces are required forRecreational Riverfront Development Circus(twice a year for 10 days) Cultural Ramayan Fair(Sep-Oct,10days) Makarsankranti (Jan, 7 days) Economical & Social Local Fair(Nov,15days) Daily/Weekly Markets Play grounds Green Buffer Edges of the river and streams. As open spaces falls under social infrastructure of a city, it includes housing parks, neighborhood parks, city parks and play grounds, cultural gathering grounds and exhibition areas which also has potential for tourists and recreational spaces of all sizes. According to URDPFI 2014, Housing area park 0.5 to 1 Ha unit Neighborhood park 1.2 to 2 Ha unit City parks, grounds, exhibition 15Ha Recreational 10 to 20 Ha tlement Weekly/Local markets 0.1 to 4Ha

5000ppl

per

10,000ppl

per

10lakh 1 for each set4500

So, 10-12 sq.m. per person and 1 to 1.2 Ha per 1000 persons is required. Projection of Rishikesh in terms of population is 3.3lakh in 2031. Total area of open spaces required in new development of Rishikesh is 336Ha. Following categories according to scale of existing areas in town: A 0.4 to 1.2Ha Housing Area Park B 1.2 to 2 Ha Neighborhood Park C 2 to 4 Ha Markets(8) D 4 to 10 Ha Playgrounds(6) E 10 to 20Ha Recreational Area(7) F 20 Ha Cultural Gathering Ground(4)

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSAL FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plates 24,25)

4.3 Old city of rishikesh 4.3.1 Introduction The old city of rishikesh is situated at the conﬂuence where the river Chandrabhaga meets the river Ganga. The city situated at the banks of these two rivers is characterized by the density of temples and ashrams dating back to the colonial times. This part of the city thus boasts of ashrams, Dharmashalas, temples and markets with a distinct architectural character.

Map 24 : Regional map of Rishikesh

ABHAGA

CHANDR

RISHI KUND

TRIVENI GHAT BHARAT MANDIR NIRMAL ASHRAM

PUNJAB SINDH ASHRAM

BUILT FORM PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

RIVER GANGA

SEMI PUBLIC COURTYARD PRIVATE COURTYARDS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Map 25 : Map deﬁning city boundary of Rishikesh

Map 26 : Map of existing Urban form of the old city

4.3.2 Architectural character The ashrams, Dharmashalas and markets have a distinct architectural character which is intertwined with one another creating a distinct fabric of the old city. The entrances to these spaces namely the ashrams and Dharmashalas have a distinct gate with a pointed arch. The entrance arch is further enhanced by placement of three smaller arches along the depth of the façade leading towards the internal courtyard of the building. The space is thus demarcated. The exterior façade of the ashram and Dharmashala is characterized either by a blank wall with niches and other smaller entrances, or a distinct shop line which is a part of the market of the old city.

Fig 80 : Street character of old city

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015- 17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

Fig 81 : Temples in the old city

The residential buildings of the area are further characterized by a similar arrangement ranging from the shop, the main entrance gateway leading towards the internal courtyard and a private space. The exterior façade of the residential building is distinct in character with the arrangement of houses at the upper (ﬁrst ﬂoor) level and shops at the lower levels.

Fig 82 : Prominent facades in the old city

CHAPTER 04: PROPOSAL FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plates 24,25)

4.3.3 Proposal - Old city The proposal thus aims at achieving a balance between the areas of conservation, intervention and restoration taking into consideration a variety of factors ranging from the built form to the character and development of the old city. The proposal also aims at creating open spaces with in the city with a distinct bifurcation of areas and movement patterns of the visitors. Fig 83 : Gates to Ashram

The market street of the old city thus gains a distinct character. With buildings with prominent gates, balconies and shop line. The street is lined by such buildings along its entire length. The hierarchy of the built and the open spaces is balanced by the open spaces in the city in the form of the internal courtyards. While some of these courtyards are private, belonging to the residents of the building, some are semi private with no restriction on the number of people entering. These semi private to public courtyards are of the ashrams and Dharmashalas .

Fig 86 :Proposed character Internal courtyard

Fig 87 : Proposed Street character

The built form of the new and upcoming developments are addressed through guidelines in order to maintain the character and integrity of the space. The connections to the river at various points in the city needs to be addressed creating a mesh of interconnecting pathways within the dense fabric allowing pause points and thus experiencing the old city. Fig 84 : Internal private courtyard

Thus the proposal can be categorized into three categories:

Many of the buildings have now lost its use but still inherits a distinct architectural character of its own. The interweaving of the built and the open is a distinct character of the space. The space currently faces issues with the growing congestion of tourist and constant neglect to the maintenance of the architectural character of the space.

Architectural conservation and restoration: Identifying key areas of intervention with respect to architectural character. Retaining the old urban fabric - interplay of open spaces. Intervention and restoration: Alternative use of defunct spaces with respect to segregation of users contributing to the overall identity of the space. Management and organisation: Connections and segregation of pedestrian as well as management of public open spaces.

Fig 85 : Internal courtyard-proposed

The fabric of the old city though distinct faces constant pressures of urbanization. The built form which encompasses and creates the distinct identity is now in a state of neglect with buildings abandoned due to lack of facilities congestion etc. Being in the heart of the major tourist destinations in the city namely the Triveni Ghat and the Bharat temple, there is a need of management of tourists and their interaction with the old city. The inﬂux of tourists and pilgrims visiting the city hampers the daily movement of the local residents. There is a need to formulate management strategies in order to preserve the fabric and character of the city.

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Fig 88 : Extending character to the internal road

Fig 89 : Proposed restored character

CHAPTER 04: PROPOSAL FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plates 26, 27, 28)

4.3 City Morphology 4.3.1 Inference The growth of the city has an implication on the image of it. The growth patterns and densification of the built in the city not only changes the skyline and silhoutte of the streets but also visually changes the perception and spatial quality of the city in totality. The morphology of the city could be broadly classified into two types, an organic pattern of growth which uses landuse as a tool for segregation and a defined grid pattern which uses hierarchy of streets for segregation. Althought the older pattern gives a definite character to the streets, the efficiency of the grid is better than the older one.Thereby a combination of the character of the old city and the efficiency of the new city is what would be an appropriate model for futher developements in the city.

Various street sections within the existing fabric of the city were studied in detail with repect to each of the elements that form the composition in order to undertand the spartial character of the section and thereby propose guidelines for the new developement.

Fig 90 : Section 1 Character of major and minor roads in Tapovan 6m wide

Map 27 : Map of the city fabric of the old city Source : Fig 91 : Section 2 Character of market streets in Tapovan 4-6m wide

Map 28 : Grid layout in the new developments of the city

In order to reflect the character of the old city, the new interventions need to incorporate guidelines to create a seamless transition in the skyline, silhouttes and the spatial qualities. The elements that add up to make the visual character of the streets are understood in detail and an attempt is made to continue the presence of these elements in the new areas that are being proosed in the city. These new guidelines aim at arriving at a model whch derives its spartial characterictics from the old and incorporates efficient infrastructure that is applicable today.

Fig 92 : Section 3 Character of roads along Chandrabhaga 6m wide

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plates 26, 27, 28)

Fig 93 : Section 4 Character of the roads that cut across the forest 6-12m wide

Fig 96 : Section 7 Character of market streets in the old city 4-6m wide

Fig 94 : Section 5 Character of major and minor roads in the old city 4-6m wide

Fig 97 : Section 8 Character of residential streets in the new developements abutting the old city 6m wide

Fig 95 : Section 6 Character of market streets in the old city 3-6m wide

Fig 98 : Section 9 Character of residential streets in the new developements abutting the old city 6m wide

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 28)

4.3 Open Spaces in City Morphology As open spaces falls under social infrastructure of a city, it includes housing parks, neighborhood parks, city parks and play grounds, cultural gathering grounds and exhibition areas which also has potential for tourists and recreational spaces of all sizes. So, 10-12 sq.m. per person and 1 to 1.2 Ha per 1000 persons is required. Projection of Rishikesh in terms of population is 3.3lakh in 2031. Total area of open spaces required in new development of Rishikesh is 336Ha. Following categories according to scale of existing areas in town: A 0.4 to 1.2Ha Housing Area Park B 1.2 to 2 Ha Neighborhood Park C 2 to 4 Ha Markets(8) D 4 to 10 Ha Playgrounds(6) Furthermore, according to new morphology of Rishikesh: Type A between 16 units Open space-15m X 50m=750 sq.m Type B between 10 units Open space-15 X 50m=750 sq.m + Private plot-10 X 30m=1050 sq.m Type C between 8 units Open space- 30 X 10m=300sq.m Urban block 200 X 300 (A+B+C)x4 + Common Space =1350X4 + 70X70 =12,100 = 12.1Ha (Category B) Settlement of 620m X 680m A- 50mX50m=2500X4=10,000 B- 120mX50m=6000X3=18,000 A+B=1+1.8=2.8Ha Recreational=4.1Ha+2.8Ha=6.3Ha

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 30)

4.5 Visual assesment for the city

ii. Beatles Ashram

4.5.1 Potential open spaces in the city

- The Beatles Ashram was setup by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the Transcendantal Meditation Movement. The Beatles visited this ashram in 1968 and henceforth was known as the Beatles Ashram. - It is located in a setting that offers pleasant views of Ganga with mountains in the backdrop. - It also has vernacular buildings viz. caves for mediation that are in a degraded condition and thus needs restoration. - It is consideres as the core of development of Rishikesh as yoga capital of the world.

i. Open Space - The ashram holds a historical significance. - Aarti and prayers are offered every evening at Ghats along the Ashram - Ashram being one of the largest in Rishikesh observes heavy crowd influx during local festivals and International Yoga festival. - Encroachment along the roads leading to Ashram from Ram Jhula and lack of infrastructure facilities, subjugates the experience. Visual Anlaysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Masts/ poles,vernacular buildings, high density built up, river, forest, scrub, isolated trees, road, footpath, mountains, promenades, ghats. Aesthetic factors Balance- discordant, Scale- medium Enclosure- open, Texture- textured Colour- garish, Diversity- complex Movement- active, Unity- chaotic Form- straight, Security- unsettling Stimulus- boring, Pleasure- unpleasant

Visual Analysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Temples, vernacular buildings, low density built up, river, stream, forest, pathways, mountains. Aesthetic factors Balance- balanced, Scale- medium Enclosure- enclosed, Texture- textured Colour- monochrome, Diversity- simple Movement- peaceful, Unity- unified Form- curved, Security- safe Stimulus- invigorating, Pleasure- pleasant Landscape Condition- Good

Landscape Condition- Low

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Reconstruction

Landform- rolling lowland, hills, river, broad valley.

Landform- Flat, river, stream, broad valley.

Ability to Accommodate change- Moderate

Ability to Accommodate change- High

Association- Historical

Association- Religious/Functional

Significance- Recreational, Meditation

Significance- Old ashrams

Suggested measures/ Potentials: - The buildings are degrading and thus government has taken steps to bring them back to glory. - As an aid to this, the surrounding degrading landscape can be restored and thus holds a huge potential to be developed as a meditaion center or precinct for eg: Matrimandir @ Auroville. - It can also form a picinc space for the locals

Suggested measures/ Potentials: - The ashrams and ghats along the bank form an identity of the town. - Many of these ashrams also have courtyards/ gardens- an open space along the river bank. Thus wherever possible the same language can be used to form public gardens and ghats for recreational and religious purpose. - Alternative routes can be developed so as to decongest the overload on the bridge. - Many significant ashrams fall along the banks near Ram Jhula and thus Ghats/ Recreational spaces for meditation can be developed. Morever, the spaces around can be further densifies to accomodate the development needs. - A riparian buffer should be maintained along the riverbanks, wherever possible.

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 31)

4.5 Visual assesment for the city

2. Triveni Sangam

4.5.2 Constants in the city

-Triveni sangam as historically recognized is the confluence of three rivers viz. Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati. It is revered sacred for a holy dip and is worshipped. - In absence of any developemnt regulations, the slums have encroached upon the Chandrabhaga river bed and thus this chaos hinders/defaces the beauty of this geographical setting. - Moreover due to absence of infrastructure facilities, the slum popoulation pollutes the water which is considered sacred.

1. Laxman Jhula -Laxman Jhula is an important element connecting the two sides of the town. -More over it has a religious/historical significance. -It also serves as a vantage point to view the town and the river banks of Ganga. -Overtime, the town has encroached upon the banks and due to absence of any organized development, the view reperesents chaos with many heritage buildings absorbed within the encroachment. Visual Analysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Masts/ poles, pylons, industry, vernacular buildings, high density built up, compound walls, river, forest, road, footpath, pathways, rocks, mountains, ghats. Aesthetic factors Balance- discordant, Scale- large Enclosure- exposed, Texture- rough Colour- muted, Diversity- diverse Movement- active, Unity- fragmented Form- angular, Security- unsettling Stimulus- interesting, Pleasure-pleasant

Visual Analysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Poles, vernacular buildings, high density built up, compound walls, river, stream, forest, isolated trees, rocks, promenades. Aesthetic factors Balance- balanced Scale- medium Enclosure- open, Texture- rough Colour- colourful, Diversity- diverse Movement- active, Unity- chaotic Form- angular, Security- unsettling Stimulus- interesting, Pleasure- offensive Landscape Condition- Low Most appropriate Management Strategy- Conservation & Reconstruction Landform- Flat, steep, vertical, plain, stream, narrow valley

Landscape Condition- Low Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration &Reconstruction Landform-Rolling, hills, scarp, river, broad valley. Ability to Accommodate change- Moderate Association- Religious, historical Significance- Vantage point to the city and river Suggested measures/ Potentials: - The development along the river banks can be regulated so as to expose to the view the rich heriatge of the city. This in turn may help in giving an identity to the town. - The river banks could be developed so as to serve as a recreational space and to open up views from the town. - Alternative routes can be developed so as to decongest the overload on the bridge. - A riparian buffer should be maintained along the riverbanks, wherever possible.

Ability to Accommodate change- Moderate Association- Religious Significance- Vantage point, geographical setting Suggested measures/ Potentials: - Encroachment on the riverbeds should be removed and the view should be opened up, to encounter the confluence from Chandrabhaga bridge. - Provision of proper infrastructure facilities may help in decreasing the pollution of the holy waters. - After the encroachment has been removed along the riverbed, the new buildings exposed to the view should be screened with raparian vegetation or opened to the view incase any buildings hold a heritage value. - The old city heritage happening in piecemeals can be connected and opened up to view/form an experience of the town. - A riparian buffer should be maintained along the riverbanks, wherever possible.

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 31)

3. Triveni Ghat

4. Ram Jhula

-Triveni sangam as historically recognized is the confluence of three rivers viz. Chandrabhaga, Ganga and Yamuna. It is revered sacred for a holy dip and is worshipped. - The Ghats forms a good vantage point to the wetland and the backdrop of Siwalik hills. - The ghats located between the old city and the river, should be critically looked at incase of redevelopment. - The influx of crowd in evening during Ganga aarti, creates a chaos and only a few can encounter the experience/ participate in the aarti. - Lack of proper infrastructure facilities eg: light poles/masts in the water, along the ghat pose a serious threat to public safety.

-Ram Jhula is an important element connecting the two sides of the town. -More over it has a religious/historical significance. -It also serves as a vantage point to view the town and the river banks of Ganga. -As compared to Laxman Jhula, developemnt around Ram Jhula is screened off with sufficient vegeatation. This renders the view better as compared to Laxman Jhula and thus any new developments should be developed on the same lines.

Visual Analysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Temples, masts/ poles, vernacular buildings, high density built up, river, forest, streets, plaza, wetland. Aesthetic factors Balance- balanced, Scale- large Enclosure- exposed, Texture- textured Colour- muted, Diversity- simple Movement- peaceful, Unity- unified Form- curved, Security- comfortable Stimulus- invigorating, Pleasure- beautiful Landscape Condition- Moderate Most appropriate Management Strategy- Conservation/Restoration Landform- Flat, steep, vertical, plain, hills, river, stream, broad valley.

Visual Analysis: Landcover and landscape elements- Temples, masts/ poles, pylons, low density built up, compound walls, river, forest, open grassland, isolated trees, road, footpath, pathways, rocks, Mountains, ghats. Aesthetic factors Balance- balanced, Scale- large Enclosure- open, Texture- textured Colour- muted, Diversity- diverse Movement- active, Unity- fragmented Form- straight, Security- unsettling Stimulus- interesting, Pleasure- pleasant Landscape Condition- Low Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration/Reconstruction Landform- Rolling, rolling lowland, hills, river, broad valley. Ability to Accommodate change- Moderate Association- Religious, historical

Ability to Accommodate change- Low

Significance- Vantage point to the city and river

Association- Religious

Suggested measures/ Potentials: - The development along the river banks can be regulated so as to expose to the view, the rich heriatge of the city. This in turn may help in giving an identity to the town. - The river banks could be developed so as to serve as a recreational space and to open up views from the town. - Alternative routes can be developed so as to decongest the overload on the bridge. - Many significant ashrams fall along the banks near Ram Jhula and thus Ghats/ Recreational spaces for meditation can be developed. Morever, the spaces around can be densified further to accomodate any new development needed. - A riparian buffer should be maintained along the riverbanks, wherever possible.

Significance- Congregation, Vantage point Suggested measures/ Potentials: - Triveni Ghat forms an open space between the dense old city fabric and the river. - It is place where people connect to the river through religious practice and acts as a recreational space for the locals and tourists. - More vantage points could be developed from with in the city/ around the Ghats so as to form a visual. More people can participate, although visually during the Ganga aarti. - Temples around the precinct of the Ghat could be enhanced through lighting or any specific intervention to enhance the experienc of the space. - Infrastructure/ services to be re-organized so as to ensure public saftey and avoid hindrance of lightpoles in the view. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17

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CHAPTER 04: PROPOSAL FOR THE CITY (if required refer page no. 32)

4.5. Visual assesment for the city 4.5.1. Abstract In order yo analyse the experiential spaces in the Rishikesh city, initially we need to figure out the character of the city scape, the language of the built it follows through out the plains and near river edge. Due to the location, alltitude and context of Rishiksh on larger scale climate, topography, landscape and changing urban growth also plays a prominent role in understanding the land use of the city. In order to study the complex character of the city, segregation of the overlapping layers of manmade and natural elements should be done. Man-made elements like ghats at the river edge, steps along the city, hilly terrain roads, plazas, narrow streets, bridges, ashrams and temples. Natural elements like fern, mose, existing boulders in city, riparian zone near river edge, fire flies, monkeys and water falls. Some of these elments are to be conserved as it is, so they should be kept as contants which can actually help to identify the character of the city. Therefore the proposal should be result of amalgation of this above mentioned elements. And also how the spatial expressions changes with the different season, resulting in the change in usage of the space.

Fig 99 : Typologies of ghats at the banks of River Ganga ; Seasonal changes along the ghats

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CHAPTER 04 : PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY 4.5 : Visual assesment for the city Abstract: Rishikesh around 28 km off Haridwar is at the base of Himalaya and the place where Ganga comes down to the plains from hills. A breathtaking experience of natural beauty and undiscovered wildlife await here. Not to mention the peace and tranquility of a landscape associated with sages and meditation. Several temples, ancient as well as new, can be found along the banks of the river in Rishikesh. The freshness of the air, and sound of flowing water, the scenic beauty of the region and the distant sound of bell chimes create an unforgettable experience for those that visit this ancient pilgrimage town. Rishikesh is the lap of Hindu philosophy and learning, with several ashrams devoted to the understanding and propagation of the faith. Signs of religious rituals can be seen all over Rishikesh – in the numerous temples lining the banks of the Ganga, the mythological tales that you hear about various spots and even the shops that sell books and religious objects. The Ganges enters Rishikesh town and this is the point where the holy Ganges crashes down in full glory onto huge boulders and creates long stretches of white sandy beaches. The natural banks of the river are a delight to contemplate. Further downstream, the edge condition on the banks change. Here the river width decreases and no sandy beaches are there.

At some places, the natural banks transform into private backyards of ashrams and hotels (those properties which have a closer proximity to Ganges). The ghats at various places are the places where human-river interation takes place, thus establishing the spiritual connection which Rishikesh inherits. Analyzing the bank visuals gives us an idea of how the town of Rishikesh is connected to the Ganges since centuries and the banks are the evidence of human invasion on the riperian buffers of Ganges. Some structures are so much encroached on the banks that their boundary touches the Ganga water. Some of these look really old and few of them are defunct spaces which break the visual continuity of the banks of Ganges. Also these structures are ecologically misfit on the banks. The proposal is suggested considering all the above existing factors in terms of ecological and visual character of the town. -The Ghats to be kept as they are. -Incompatible landuse should be deleted from the banks. -50 m buffer corridor should be left without and construction. -More areas of social interaction should be introduced and designed in a way that the River in itself becomes a cultural show window for the city. -Riperian vegetation is critical along the river banks, they should be restored at the places where the buffer is lost due to cutting or erosion. The defunct spaces which are proposed to be removed shall be replaced with a restored riperian buffer edge and a viewing deck projecting into the water over the waters of holy Ganges.

View of the other bank from the viewing deck.

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CHAPTER 04:Proposals for the city Refer maps on plate 34,35

4.6 Tourist linkages and amenities development Objective: Commercialization and haphazard crowd influx has made the city chaotic and it has lost it’s essence of identity. The first impression observed in the city was the congestion in terms of crowd and development pattern. In order to restore the city to its former glory, it is essential to look at - tourism, crowd influx and proper planning policy for decentralization of commercial activities. The proposal aims at understanding the crowd patterns, improving the connection and providing proper infrastructure.

Analysis: Rishikesh has different types of the tourist visitors. There are around 8 lacs Char dham Yatris in year visiting Rishikesh every year.The Kanvar yatris also use Rishikesh as passing route to reach Neelkanth Temple.Every 12 yrs Kumbmela is held in Rishikesh.Then a international Yoga Festival is held every year which has observed gradual influx of foreign tourists.Apart from this there are around 4.71 lac tourists that visit Rishikesh. At peak time there are large crowd influx. And major activities happen around the main centre of the city. The main city area can’t take more congestion. Same cause problems for locals residing in Rishikesh.

3. Amentities : 1) Shuttle service: Proposal for an efficient shuttle bus service could reduce the number of vehicles entering the city and improvise the connectivity between all the important tourist spots. 2) Tourist centre: Proposal for many tourist centres that will accommodate facilities like public toilets, cafe and tourist information centre along the Kavad re-route at 2km apart and also at all important tourist destinations. 3) Parking and taxi stand: Proposal for parking at all the major tourist destination with shuttle service also well connected to the parking spaces at the destinations.

Methodology: 1. Rerouting the Kava yatris : The major congestion is caused by the Kavad yatris at the peak time, so re--routing the movement of yatris can relieve the city from over crowding. 2. Transit hub: The Char dham Yatris enter the city for biometrics done by the state government at the bus terminal and to bifurcate towards their next destination.So Rishikesh city is an gateway to chardham yatris. Hence they enter the city at Rishikesh railway station which is the terminal Station and bus terminus for biometrics, and both transportation facitilities are located at the heart of the city.Therefore identification of the train station earlier then Rishikesh and developing that as a transit hub has an potential solution. In terms of relieving the city from the congestion that happens at the core of the city. This transit hub would have facilities like a railway station, intercity bus terminus and intra city shuttle system. Tranist hub will also include parking facilities for the tourist cars and development of property as major commercial hub too.Development of amenities at all the major tourist destination and all the transport stations. All the facilities provided considering the expected influx by 2031. REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY - RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE - 2015-17 I CEPT UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 34)

ISSUES: Rishikesh being an important node for the pilgrims of Char Dham Yatra and tourists for adventure activities holds a lot of pressure. There is a rapid increase in tourism activities of various kinds. This pressure not only affects the local population and the core city but also affects the natural resources. The current issues and problems that the city faces related to traffic are discussed below: •Increasing Traffic pressures on NH7 which passes through the core of the city to adventure spots in and around Rishikesh and also it leads to Char Dham. •Vehicular Congestion due to increased number of tourist vehicles highly affects the local population and affects the tranquility of the place. •There is an increase in pollution due to lack of amenities provided for the tourists. •Lack of parking areas. •Kawad Yatra which is usually in the monsoon season is a typical pedestrian yatra by the pilgrims. This pedestrian yatra takes up on the NH7 creating kiosk in the city which affects the local population the most. •Footpaths for pedestrian walking goes completely missing along the important roads. NEED OF PEDESTRIANIZATION IN RISHIKESH The city caterers’ a number of tourist every year. The town not only attracts pilgrims but also the other category of tourists like leisure, adventure, wildlife and yoga learners. Along with this one of the most important pedestrian journey is undertaken by the ‘Kanvarias’ which is known as Kawad yatra. The devotees undertake this journey barefooted of 100 km with utmost devotion and enthusiasm. This journey is done through Rishikesh. So it becomes important to facilitate a better pedestrian movement corridor for the pilgrims. PROPOSED ROUTE FOR KAWAD YATRA Rishikesh being a small city of population around one lakh people, caters 30,000 tourists per day. This naturally increases the pressure on the town affecting the traffic movement of the locals population. During the season of monsoon the Kawad Yatra which is a pedestrian journey crosses the core of the city. NH7 is the axial highway of Rishikesh city which is highly affected by the Kawad Yatra. To reduced the traffic congestion for the local’s daily movement into the city, a new road is proposed for the pedestrians of ‘Kanvarias’. This starts with the proposed temporary city for Khumbh and Kawar, the proposed transit hub, Rishikesh railway station, old bus stop and leads to Ram Jhula and Lakxman Jhula which ahead leads to Neelkanth Mahadev Temple. Also the vehicular and the pedestrain movement of the Kanvaries are redefined and segreggated in order to reduce the traffic pressure on the heart of the city.

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The new route for the Kawad Yatra measures almost the same as the previous route for the pedestrians. The older route which used to go through the city was about 9.9 kms from the proposed tent city in the area of Pashulok and the new proposed pedestrain route measures approximately 10.2 kms. The vehicular route is seggregagted that from the pedestrian route. The older route via city was about 9.9 kms where as the new proposed route for vehicular movement of Kawad yatris is about 11.5 kms. Also the pedestrian route for reaching Neelkanth Mahadev Temple was 31.5 kms where the new route measures about 32 kms. The proposed vehicular route for reaching Neelkanth Mahadev Temple measures 34 kms where it was 31.5 kms via old city. There is a marginal differences in the distances for the pilgrims coming for Kawad Yatra, whether it be vehicular or pedestrian. This will not only help to ease the pligrims but will also help to the city in reducing the traffic congestion and pressures within the city. GUIDLINES: MEASURES TO CALM TRAFFIC: Cetrain important measures can be taken up in order to calm traffic. These smaller interventions can help to achieve smooth and systematic traffic flow in to the city. •Speed restrictions. •Speed humps and rumble stripes. •Islands/Refuges for pedestrians to hold them in the median. •Raised Pedestrian Crossing and Raised Pedestrian Crossing. •Horizontal deflection measure to decrease the speed of the approaching vehicle. •Textured and colored pavements that the motorists should avoid. •Traffic circles in the intersections to force motorists not to speed and avoid the pedestrian areas. •Neck downs at kerb extensions near to intersections in approach roads. •Volume control measures by using full closure and partial closure. •Pedestrianization also helps in calming traffic. •Volume control measures by using full closure and partial closure. •Pedestrianization also helps in calming traffic. MEASURES FOR NATIONAL HIGHWAYS: •NH7 and NH 34 in Rishikesh must be provided with proper pedestrian sidewalks. •Road lane demarcations along with traffic signals and roundabouts at nodes must be provided. •Non-motorized Transport (NMT) must be encouraged. This will not only help in reducing traffic congestion but will also help in protecting the environment of the city.

CHAPTER 04: PROPOSALS FOR THE CITY (Refer maps on plate 34)

MEASURES FOR PROPOSED KAWAD ROUTE: •Walkability of the streets: It depends upon the presence or absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of-way, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others. •Shade along the streets: For better environment and comfort must be considered for designing these streets: Trees like Alstonia scholaris and Schleichera oleosa, which are evergreen can be planted on the either sides of the streets. •Lighting and resting places: To make sure the safety and ease of the pedestrians proper illumination and facilities like benches must be incorporated in the street design after certain intervals. •Public toilets and dustbin: Basic amenities like toilets and enviornmental protection measures must be considered to reduce pollution. •Zebra crossings and curb extensions: Pedestrain safety measures must be incorporated rigorously to reduce accidents and conflicts between the motorized and pedestrian movements. •Buffers along the streets: Road side plantation with tress like Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia bellirica and Schleichera oleosa can act as very good buffers along the streets. •Signage’s and way finding: These features helps to orient and navigate oneself in the physical space.

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APPENDIX

6 APPENDIX: LITERATURE STUDY

Theses relevant to the study of Rishikesh were studied along with a research paper. The topics covered are elephant and leopard habitats, tourism and pilgrim management and the impacts of human activities on natural resources and the proposed solutions

•

Name of Thesis: Ecological restoration of leopard habitat, case study- Junnar, Pune district. Author: Tanuja U Godse • Leopard is an opportunistic feeder with a prey base of wild ungulates, both deer and bovid species, monkeys, livestock (in absence of wild prey) and in extreme situations birds and reptiles. • The leopard does not favour water unlike the tiger, because it sources its water from the prey. It can survive inhospitable landscapes. • It can be found patrolling, lounging along landform edges. Its preference for edges is mostly for travelling. Herbivores are normally more on the edges than in deep interiors of forests. Therefore the carnivores come to this zone. Conservation of threatened carnivores can imply conservation and restoration of these edges. • Coves provide an essential microclimate for many herbivores in terms of shade, safety etc. so the natural edges being curvilinear is far more better than straight line. • The ungulates have a definite foraging pattern showing more preference for ephemeral grasses that come up during monsoons, twigs, bark and coarse browse during winters and fruits after winter. Thus plants producing the ungulates’ favourite forage should be planted along the forest edges.

•

Name of Thesis: Ecology of elephant corridor. A case study of north western Bengal. Author: Mahafuj Ali • Elephant corridors are important conservation tools because they ensure genetic flow between populations and maintain interbreeding which prevents loss of genetic material for wide ranging wildlife species. Shrinkage or degradation in corridor leads to human- elephant conflict. • Elephants are large mammals that wander in search of food and water, so they require large habitats or home range. They cannot survive simply through strict protection of National parks or sanctuaries and link between one habitat or patch to another are crucial for Elephants. • The dimensions of the corridor (min 600m to 1 km wide), its location in a larger landscape and its vegetation attributes are important for its success. • Elephants are considered an ‘edge’ species, the optimal habitat for whom is not an undisturbed mature forest but a landscape mosaic of secondary and regenerating forest patches and savannahs. • In the past elephant population of the north used to migrate freely from one end of the habitat to the other i.e. from Yamuna to Brahmaputra, covering a distance of 1300 km, as per their requirement. But now, most of the elephants in the forest pockets cannot use their traditional route because of barriers present in the forests.

Name of research paper: Spiritual and yoga tourism. A case study on experience of foreign tourists in Rishikesh Author: Adarsh Kumar Agarwal, Meenal Guglani, Dr Rajkumar Goel Experiences of foreign tourists in Rishikesh ashrams; • The drinking water in Rishikesh is insalubrious. The visitors chose to buy mineral water bottle. • There is a poor availability of tourist help centres in Rishikesh. • There is a poor availability of guides especially those who know foreign languages. • Most of the tourists claim to feel unsafe in the streets because of pickpockets and thieves. • The tourists were often forced to cough-up money as aids and donation at the ghats • Accomodation at hotels was substandard compared to the price. Level of cleanliness was poor.

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•

They are only restricted to move to some extent in this forest stretch. To mitigate man-elephant conflict, trenches have proved very effective in keeping elephants away. Trenches are laid around human settlements and not elephant habitats. 3m wide and 2 m deep trench is effective. Crops which are not consumed by elephants can be grown on farms surrounding elephant habitats. These include- tea, coffee, medicinal plants, spices, seasame, chilli and citrus trees etc. Forest plantations such as rubber, timber, fuel wood consisting of tree species not preferred by elephants can be used to create a monoculture belt of 500 to 600 m thickness

Name of Thesis: Methodology of conserving ecological conditions for religious place. Case study: Vaishno devi. Author: Vikas Bhola • Effect of light pollution on plants- Plants use darkness for managing their metabolism. Since the lights on the way are switched on throughout the night, plants photosynthesize nonstop and do not get rest. This affects them adversely, changing flowering timings as well. • Effects of light pollution on wildlife- Lighting can be very disorienting to animals which are trying to move in the night. They have night vision. Exposure to light can make them go blind. In the time they need to readjust to light vision they lose sense of direction and orientation. • Quick, swift movement of pilgrims is desirable by not making them stay for 2 or 3 days in Katra due to delay in darshan.

Name of research paper: A process oriented approach to waiting line management in a large pilgrimage centre in India, a case study of Tirupati Author; N. Ravichandran and I.V. Subba Rao Conversion of the physical queue to an electronic queue. • Every pilgrim on arrival at Tirumala or Tirupati would register to a registration counter and register his arrival.

6 APPENDIX: LITERATURE STUDY

• •

Several such counters would be located at several locations in the temple town. Based on the number in the system and the processing rate the application software computes the actual waiting time in the system. (if there are 40,000 people in the system and the processing rate is 2,400 per hour its expected time is 16 2/3 hours). The pilgrim is expected to arrive at the entrance 0.5 hr before the scheduled darshan time. A barcode generated at the time of registration is produced as a wristband to the pilgrim. The pilgrims’ access to darshan is decided on the condition to present the wristband for appropriate (bar code) identification and verification of darshan time.

Name of Thesis: Impact of anthopogenic activities on forest ecology. Case study- Polo forest. Author: Nidhi Parikh Jain temples, forest, wildlife, river, dam, scenic beauty etc. are major tourist attractions. Since the road passes through the centre of the forest, and the temples and camping sites are on it, it is an important factor bringing anthopogenic activities like vehicles, trekking, music speakers etc, all undesirable to the wildlife, right at the heart of the forest. The road divides the forest into two halves. Proposal • Road should be discontinued and diverted. • There should be speed limit for vehicles. At critical locations, speed breakers should be introduced. • Guidelines to protect forests from grazing pressuresPlants like Cassia tora and Cassia auriculata, which are not grazed by cattle and have medicinal value can be used as buffer plantation. Other thorny plants like Aloe vera, Agave, Jatropha, Euphorbia neriifolia can also be used as a thorny thicket to prevent cattle from entering forest area. Instead of letting cattle directly graze land, permit should be given to cattle owners to cut a quantity of grass per day. Grazing land should be shifted every 5 years, as it needs 5 years of time to regenerate. Fodder species like Echinochloa colona, Brachiara, Chloris, Cynodon dactylon, Vetiver etc have more nutrients for cattle

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LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 2 : Analysis of the region Fig 1 : Section showing terrace morphology observed in the region Fig 2 : River ganga Fig 3 : River Chandrabhanga Fig 4 : River Song Fig 5 : Sal Forest Fig 6 : Dry Deciduous Forest Fig 7 : Asian Elephant Fig 8 : Leopard Fig 9 : Bengal Tiger Fig 10 : Spotted Deer Fig 11 : Aipana Painting Fig 12 : Patta painting Fig 13 : Buksa Tribe Fig 14 : Jaunsari Tribe Fig 15 : Chauhula Dance Fig 16 : Angora Rabbit Wool Fig 17 : Fisheries Fig 18 : Sericulture Fig 19 : Sugarcane Cultivation Fig 20 : Mining Fig 21 : Yamunotri Fig 22 : Gangotri Fig 23 : Kedarnath Fig 24 : Badrinath Fig 25 : Ram Jhula Fig 26 : Laxman Jhula Fig 27 : Triveni Ghat Fig 28 : Triambareshwar Temple Fig 29 : Parmarth Niketan Fig 30 : Bharat Temple Fig 31 : Neelkanth Mahadev Temple Fig 32 : Garud Chatti Fig 33 : Beatles Ashram Fig 34 : Neer Garh Waterfall Fig 35 : Patna Waterfall Fig 36 : Vashishta Gufa Fig 37 : Shivpuri camps Fig 38 : Rafting at Byasi Fig 39 : Kaydiyala Campus Fig 40 : New Tehri Fig 41 : Chamba Fig 42 : Devprayag Fig 43 : Parmarth aarti ghat Fig 44 : Aastha Path, Triveni Sangam Fig 45 : Views of River Ganga Fig 46 : Parmarth Niketan Fig 47 : Swarg Ashram Fig 48 : Bungee jumping

11 16 16 16 23 23 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 43 43 43 43 43 43

Chapter 3 : Proposal for Region Fig 49 : Typical sections of contour bunding Fig 50 : Stages of Riparian succession Fig 51 : Typical sections of swales Fig 52 : Steep slopes on sparse vegetation Fig 53 : Aquifers Fig 54 : Contour bunding Fig 55 : Agricultural Zones Fig 56 : Contour trenching and crest bunding Fig 57 : Process of resource degradation and its driving its forces

47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 52

Fig 58 : Soil and water conservation measures Fig 59 : Water holes Fig 60 : Check dam Fig 61 : Riparian zone Fig 62 : Strip farming Fig 63 : Soil erosion Fig 64 : System Chart- Problem analysis Fig 65 : System Chart- Forest degradation and landuse Fig 66 : Plan of a typical settlement in the region Fig 67 : View of road passing through reserved forest Fig 68 : View of typical farmland and settlement in the region Fig 69 : Before and after implementation of proposal Fig 70 : Before and after implementation of proposal Fig 71 : Conceptual view of proposal Fig 72 : Conceptual sketch for spacing of trees Fig 73 : Satellite image of Mazari Grant with proposal marked on it Fig 74 : Circuit 1 Fig 75 : Circuit 2 Fig 76 : Circuit 3 Fig 77 : Circuit 4 Fig 78 : Circuit 5

52 53 53 53 53 53 55 55 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 61 63 63 63 63 64

Chapter 04 : Proposal for the city Fig 79 : Proposed Master plan landuse distribution Fig 80 : Street character of old city Fig 81 : Temples in the old city Fig 82 : Prominent facades in the old city Fig 83 : Gates to Ashram Fig 84 : Internal private courtyard Fig 85 : Internal courtyard - proposed Fig 86 : Proposed character Internal courtyard Fig 87 : Proposed Street character Fig 88 : Extending character to the internal road Fig 89 : Proposed restored character Fig 90 : Section 1-Character of major roads in tapovan Fig 91 : Section 2-Character of market streets in tapovan Fig 92 : Section 3- Character of roads along Chandrabhaga Fig 93 : Section 4- Character of roads that cut across the forest Fig 94 : Section 5- Character of major and minor roads in the old city Fig 95 : Section 6- Character of market streets in the old city Fig 96 : Section 7- Character of market streets in the old city Fig 97 : Section 8- Character of residential streets in the new devepolments abutting the old city Fig 98 : Section 9- Character of residential streets in the new devepolments abutting the old city Fig 99 : Typologies of ghats at the banks of River Ganga ; Seasonal changes along the ghats Fig 100 : View of the other bank from the viewing deck

66 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 76 77

LIST OF TABLES Chapter 02 : Analysis for the region Table 1 : Maximum and mimimum temperature Table 2 : Relative humidity Table 3 : Precipitation Table 4 : Thunder and storm Table 5 : Average weather phenomena Table 6 : Wind Table 7 : Relative area of each slope percentage category in the watershed Table 8 : Aspect Table 9 : Distribution of run off Table 10 : Distribution of areas based on watershed Table 11 : Methods to do SCS- CN method Table 12 : Area wise catchment Table 13 : Water requirements for various crops Table 14 : Major fairs and festivals in the region Table 15 : Population change in Uttarakhand Table 16 : Regional area (Total population) Table 17 : Population distribution in the regional area Table 18 : Regional area ( total population) Table 19 : Literate population in the regional area Table 20 : Main Workers Table 21 : Marginal workers Table 22 : Migration in Uttarakhand Table 23 : Population growth rate Table 24 : Population distribution of male/ female Table 25 : Historic events of Uttarakhand Table 26 : Population density per hectare Table 27 : Distribution of landuse in Rishikesh Table 28 : Residential density 2011 Table 29 : Population density 2011 Table 30 : Number of tourists for Chardam Yatra Table 31 : Number of tourists in Rishikesh Table 32 : Number of touristsin Grah-Kavad Yatra

5 6 6 7 8 9 13 14 17 17 21 21 28 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 33 34 34 37 37 44 44 45

Chapter 03 : Proposal for the region Table 33 : Eco- zones in the region Table 34 : Land suitabilty Table 35 : Agroforestry Table 36 : List of fruit trees for social forestry Table 37 : List of understorey plants for social forestry Table 38 : Model for soical forestry Table 39 : Model for joint forest management

51 54 56 58 58 59 59

Chapter 04 : Proposal for the city Table 40 : Proposed densities sector wise

LIST OF MAPS Chapter 1 : Introduction Map 1 : Map of India with Uttarakhand marked Map 2 : Chardam yatra route Map 3 : Districts in Uttarakhand Map 4 : River system of Uttarakhand Map 5 : Watersheds used to define the region

3 3 3 3 3

Chapter 2 : Analysis of the Region Map 6 : India map of Koppen climate classification Map 7 : Geology map Map 8 : River system of Uttarakhand Map 9 : Watershed of the region Map 10 : Ground water fluctuation Map 11 : Ground water levels Map 12 : Nodes of influence during fairs and festivals Map 13 : Map of Uttarakhand showing regional study area and surrounding districts Map 14 : Map of Amenities in Rishikesh Map 15 : Map of town infrastructure of Rishikesh Map 16 : Map showing the Chardam route Map 17 : Tourist map of pilgrim route in Uttarakhand Map 18 : Tourist map of leisure spots in Uttarakhand Map 19 : Tourist map of adventure routes in Uttarakhand Map 20 : Tourist map of Wildlife trek routes in Uttarakhand Map 21 : Tourist map of important nodes in Rishikesh city

5 10 16 17 18 19 30 30 35 36 38 41 41 42 42 43

Chapter 3 : Proposals for the region Map 22 : Tourist circuit map- Regional scale

Chapter 4 : Proposals for the city Map 23 : Proposed Master Plan- Rishikesh city Map 24 : Regional map of Rishikesh Map 25 : Map defining city boundary of Rishikesh Map 26 : Map of existing Urban form of the old city Map 27 : Map of the city fabric of the old city Map 28 : Map of the grid layout of the new development in the city

66 68 68 68 70 70

LIST OF PLATES 01. INTRODUCTION 02. CLIMATE 03. GEOLOGY 04.ELEVATION MAP 05. SLOPE MAP 06. ASPECT MAP 07. EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY 08. WATERSHED MAP 09.GROUND WATER PROSPECTS 10.VEGETATION TYPE MAP 11.FAUNA HABITAT MAP 12.FOREST DEGRADATION MAP 13.SOCIETY CULTURE AND OCCUPATION 14.TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT 15.LANDUSE MAP 16.GROUND WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL 17.EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY 18.LANDSLIDE VULNERABILITY 19.ECOZONE MAP 20.LAND SUITABILITY MAP 21.FLORA UPGRADATION AND MANAGEMENT MAP 22.VISUAL ASSESSMENT FOR REGION 23.PROPOSED MASTER PLAN FOR THE CITY 24.THE OLD CITY- EXISTING 25.PROPOSAL FOR THE OLD CITY 26-28.CITY IMAGE AND MORPHOLOGY 28.GUIDELINES FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT IN THE CITY 29.KUMBH KSHETRA- TEMPORARY CITY 30.VISUAL ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL OPEN SPACES IN THE CITY 31.VISUAL ANALYSIS OF CONSTANTS IN THE CITY 32.VISUAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENTIAL WALKWAYS IN THE CITY 33.RIVER GANGA - A VISUAL DELIGHT 34.RE-ROUTING OF KAWAD YATRA 35.TOURIST LINKAGES AND AMENITIES 36.TOURIST CIRCUITS

PLATES

Yamunotri

Gangotri B Kedarnath

Badrinath Ram Jhula

Lakshman Jhula

Image source: en.wikipedia.org

MAP OF INDIA SOURCE : www.wikipedia.com

UTTARAKHAND MAP WITH CHARDAM ROUTE MARKED

In mythical narratives, evil is said to lie below the earth and heavens are seen above the skies.Arespect to such an altitude in terrain and a source of the sacred waters gave rise to ‘an abode of the gods’, the holy land of present day Uttarakhand. The chardam yatra is a pilgrim route that is defined around the river ganga, within which it includes, gangotri , yamunotri, kedarnath and badrinath. Having a meandered path with several pause points, it is also a route that celebrates the unique landscape of the region.

The chardam is a prime source of religious tourism in north India and happens between March and November every year, in Uttarakhand. The entire journey being on higher altitudes initiates in Haridwar a lower plain acting as the gateway to all these nodes. It also is the last point for public transport access. Rishikesh is a city adjacent to Haridwar but on a higher altitude than it. It is not only a transit node in the several pilgrim routes, but is also a city that attracts huge number of people owing to its adventure sports activities and wildlife treks.

Gita Bhavan

Image source: en.wikipedia.org

SOURCE : www.mapsof india.com

Triveni Ghat

Image source: en.wikipedia.org

DISTRICTS IN UTTARAKHAND

Rishikesh

The town of Rishikesh is located in north west part of Garhwal district, close to the towns of Dehradun and Haridwar. It is bordered by Haridwar district to the south west and Dehradun on north west. Rishikesh is located at the foothills of Shiwalik mountains. From the town the roads wind upwards into the mountains to go to norvthern districts of Tehri Garhwal, Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi, high up in the mountains, which have the important pilgrim places like Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath etc. Therefore Rishikesh is an important node from which roads fan into the hostile Himalayas.

Neelkanth Mahadev Temple

Image source: en.wikipedia.org

Partmarth Niketan

Image source: en.wikipedia.org

LEGEND Region Boundary City Boundary Highway Primary roads Rishikesh city Streams Dam

Canal

Source : www.mapsofindia.com

Contour 25 m

RIVER SYSTEM OF UTTARAKHAND

Contour 100m

Railway Bridge Place Villages

Rishikesh

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10KM

15KM

20KM

25KM

30KM

Section AA

Source : www.mapsofindia.com

WATERSHEDS MARKED TO DEFINE THE REGION

5KM

Watersheds of the region Rishikesh lies in a region which is the transition zone between shiwalik Himalayas and the alluvial plains. The selected region is predominantly the flatter river basin of river song and its tributaries flanked by the motichur mountain range on south, southwest and the edge of steeply rising shiwalik range on the north and northeast.

750M 0M 0KM Section BB

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Topography and elevation The average elevation of the river basins of Ganga and song is 250 m above sea level. The motichur range touches 900 m, while the shiwalik range climbs upto 1900 m. With the presence of streams and rivers, fertile alluvium and forest cover, this region is rich in natural resources.

Source : http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data, GIS

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

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Section CC

INTTRODUCTION

0m Grid size 5km x 5km

2.5m

10m

Rishikesh - The holy city of Rishikesh lies at the bank of river Ganga. The region is surrounded by the Himalayas and falls under the climatic conditions of the western part of the Himalayas. The day remains pleasant and sunny with comparatively cold evenings. The winters are very cold and the summer season is mild and moderate followed by a good rainfall in monsoon has a pleasant climate for many months of the year.

35 30 Temperature *C

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

INTRODUCTION:

Rishikesh is at 30°N 78°E. It has an average elevation of 372 metres (1,745 feet). According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, its climate is humid subtropical. A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot, usually humid summers and mild to cool winters.

COMPARISON WITH SURROUNDING CITIES:

According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, its climate is humid subtropical. A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterised by hot, usually humid summers and mild to cool winters. The maximum temperature recorded so far is 31.7º C and the minimum temperature of Rishikesh is 14.6º C. The weather of Rishikesh often becomes unpredictable. There are frequent precipitation that takes place. The annual mean rainfall in Rishikesh is about 2136.7 mm.

15 10 5

Haridwar district, covering an area of about 2360 km², is in the south-western part of Uttarakhand state of India. Haridwar is situated at height of 314 metres from the sea level. The maximum temperature recorded so far is 40º C and the minimum temperature of Haridwar is 5º C. The annual mean rainfall in Haridwar is about 2374 mm.

Relative humidity %

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

90 80

Mussoorie has an average elevation of about 2005.5 metres (6580 ft). The maximum temperature recorded so far is 33º C and the minimum temperature of Haridwar is 2º C. The annual mean rainfall in Mussoorie is about 2127 mm.

INFERENCES:

Rishikesh city is placed in the Tehri-Garhwal region of Uttar Anchal The Rishikesh Weather remains pleasant throughout the year. As its place is in the hilly terrains, the climate never becomes extreme type. Therefore Rishikesh is one such vacationer spot that can be visited any time of the year. The weather of Rishikesh can be studied with a glimpse towards its climatic conditions. The weather of Rishikesh often becomes unpredictable. There are frequent precipitation that takes place.

50 40

Rishikesh Summer Weather Condition Due to its height and geographical location, the climate of Rishikesh escapes the extremes of nature. Throughout summers, that generally start in May and lasts till the month of June/ July, the days remain hot and a bit sultry. The temperature soars to a maximum of 40º C. But the heat is mild and moderate. The temperature may fall to a minimum of around 29º C, with little rainfall during the nights.

Rishikesh Winter Weather Condition The cold season in Rishikesh is enjoyable, and generally starts during the month of November and lasts till the end of February. The maximum temperature remains around 20º C. Evenings are comparatively cooler than during the day time, with the mercury level falling to a minimum of around 5º C. Winter showers may also be experienced throughout this season, which makes the climate damp and cold.

Rainfall mm

Rishikesh Monsoon Weather Condition After the summer heat, monsoons are very welcoming in Rishikesh. They generally start in mid-July and last till autumn in September. Frequent rainfalls are experienced throughout daytime. The average rainfall is recorded at 2136.7 mm. Though the climate in Rishikesh is bracing throughout the year, the best time to visit the place is generally between the months of March and November.

25 20

ANNUAL RAINFALL

10 5

30 days 25 days 20 days

PRECIPITATION

15 days

LEGEND

10 days

Sunny

5 days

Partly Cloudy Over Cast

WIND

1.0 - 1.5 M/S

SW 1.5 - 4.5 M/S

1.5 - 4.5 M/S

January

February

March

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

1.5 - 4.5 M/S April

1.5 - 4.5 M/S May

1.5 - 4.5 M/S June

SE 1.0 - 1.5 M/S July

CLIMATE

1.0 - 1.5 M/S

1.5 - 4.5 M/S

1.0 - 1.5 M/S

August

September

October

November

December

Maximum Minimum

SOURCES - Meteorological Department of India Meteoblue

INFERENCES Understanding the Geology of the region, the major geological hazards in the study region are as follows: • Active Faults: An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of anoth-

er earthquake sometime in the future. It commonly considers faults to be active, if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years. • Tectonically disturbed zones: These are areas of folds and faults. These zones have high probability of movement of water and debris. The circulation of water can also trigger the process of weathering in highly fractured rock masses. • Karstic phenomena: It is associated with carbonate type rocks types (limestone and dolomitic limestone). Such can be observed in the Krol formation. The bedrock has numerous voids, cavities and sinkholes due to this topography. • River dynamics and slope instability: Terrace morphology is observed in the study region. Stream dynamic have incised the ancient terrace sediments and the underlying bedrock giving the landform observed on site. The fluvial terraces, the loose quaternary deposits generated by old rock falls, landslides, glacial, periglacial and hilly slope scree process generally cover the middle valley slopes. The thickness of these deposits ranges from 2m-15m, which depends upon the slope angle, aspect and bedding plane of parent rock. Slope instability issues in the project have to be related to the on-going tectonic activity that implies a high-energy-geomorphological configuration for the area. These dynamics have also affected rock masses causing jointing, cracking and fracturing, contributing to the Formation of large sectors where the rock masses present poor to very poor geomechanical conditions. The following are factors primarily causing instability in the region: o Landslides induced due to seismic activity. o Landslides induced due to rainfall and cloud bursts. These can be large or small landslides taking place at various locations. o Landslides due to weathering process of the rocks. Weathering renders the rocks weak and prone to disintegration. o Landslides induced due to anthropogenic development activities. Thus, human intervention for developmental activities, such as, construction, deforestation, terracing, and agricultural activities can increase the possibility of slope failures.

STUDY REGION

Source: Geological Mapping Report, Rail Vikas Nigam Limited.

Section showing Terrace Morphologyobserved in the region: Based on the above factors, the following conclusions can be derived for the development of the region: • Architectural constraints: o Seismicity: The geology of the study region is good for structures. However, the limiting

factor is the seismicity of the region since the region falls under seismic zone IV and V. Therefore, construction on steep slopes should be avoided. o Construction material: Most of the rocks have slab type of strata (jointing) and hence, can be used as construction material. o Site Selection and Zoning: Selection of the sites should be based on the depth at which the bedrocks are available. Ideally, bedrocks should be available at shallow depths. The depths of the bedrocks can be found by localized geological investigation. Foundations can affect structures down slope hence adequate buffers should be maintained in landslide susceptible zones. o Foundations: Safety and stability of super-structures can be ensured if their foundations rest physically on structurally stable bedrocks. Poorly cemented sandstones and limestones shall be undesirable to serve as foundation rocks. Shale, Limestone and Sandstone are considered as incompetent bedrocks for foundations. Gneisses are considered as competent bedrock for laying foundations.

• Infrastructural constraints:

o Sewage of the region needs to be well managed. Lying of the sewage should be in the direction opposite to the direction of the dip. o River pollution is noted in the region due to diffusion.

• Groundwater recharge: o Water recharge will occur due to  Primary Percolation: due to the porosity of the rocks.  Secondary Percolation: percolation will happen at faults, fractures and strikes of the bedrocks.

o Flatter region having alluvial deposits will have maximum groundwater. o Recharge structures based on geological understanding:

 Percolation tank be located on highly fractured and weathered rock for speedy recharge. In case of alluvium, the bouldary formations are ideal for locating Percolation Tanks.  Check dams are constructed across small streams having gentle slope and are feasible both in hard rock as well as alluvial formation.  Dug wells can be used in hard rock as well as alluvial formation. Induced recharge can be used in hard rock areas

LEGEND Geology

Region Boundary City Boundary

Anticlinal Axis

Highway

Synclinal Axis

Primary roads

Dips of Beds

Rishikesh city

Thrust Lines

Streams

Fault lines

Dam

Lithological Boundaries

Canal

Alluvium

Contour 25 m

Sandstone

Contour 100m

Limestone

Railway

Phyllite and Shale

Bridge

Phyllite and Schist

Place

Gneiss

Villages Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m Map prepared on the basis of - Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya - K. S. Valdiya, http://www.mapsofindia.org - Uttarakhand Geology map, http://www.portal.gsi. gov.in/ - Geological Survey of India

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

GEOLOGY

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INFERENCES In the region, the elevation varies from 100m to 2224m.The highest elevation is seen in the north eastern part of the region while the lowest elevation is in the southern side of the region. The city of Rishikesh has an average elevation of 372m. The general slope is from northeast to southwest, where the hilly areas with highest elevations are found on the northeast and flat plains are found towards the southwest and south of the study region. Ganga river, Chandrabhaga river and Song river are the major rivers which flow through the study region. Rajaji national park lies at an elevational range between 400-900m.

View of the lower plains from uphill

View from Laxman jhula

View of the farmlands

View from Triveni ghat

View from the reserved forest

View of the dry decidous forest

LEGEND Elevation in meters Region Boundary

100 - 250

City Boundary

250 - 400

Highway

400 - 650

Primary roads

650 - 900

Rishikesh city

900 - 1150

Streams

1150 - 1400

Dam

1400 - 1650

Canal

1650 - 1900

Contour 25 m

1900 - 2224

Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Generated by ARC GIS 10.3, DEM file source : Bhuvan.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

ELEVATION MAP

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INFERENCES Sr.No

Slope in percentage

Accessibility

100% & above

Extremely steep

Not possible

33% - 100%

Very steep

Vehicular access is difficult

25% - 33%

15% - 25%

10% - 15%

5% - 10%

2% - 5%

0% - 2%

Development Unsafe

Difficult to walk

Steep

Meandering roads need to planned Steps for walking

Moderate

Ramps, cutting and filling required for vehicular roads

Gentle slope

Easy vehicular and pedestrian access

Flat - gentle slope

Difficult, can be achieved

Can be achieved

Possible

Easily possible 100% and above

0% - 2% 33% - 100%

2% - 5% 25% - 33%

15% - 25% 5% - 10% 10% - 15% Relative area of each slope percentage category in the watershed Slope is important because it influences hydrology, soil and its erosion and vegetation. Slope determines the kind of activity possible on the land and kind of measures required for conservation. Slope has been divided into categories for the purpose of analysis. Most of the slopes on hilly track are very steep ranging above 33%, which is also angle of repose of the soil. Slope above 33% would require soil conservation measures to prevent the soil erosion by water. Some of the hill tops are also vulnerable to soil erosion as the soil cover is very shallow and depletion of vegetation cover on them. Degraded vegetation on the hills result in speeding the flow of water in monsoon resulting in massive soil erosion. Once the soil is eroded, it is difficult for the vegetation to establish on degraded hill slopes. This causes a threat to the existing forest cover which is also in slope of degradation.

LEGEND Slope in percentage Region Boundary

0% - 2%

City Boundary

2% - 5%

Highway

5% - 10%

Primary roads

10% - 15%

Rishikesh city

15% - 25%

Streams

25% - 33%

Dam

33% - 100%

Canal

100% and above

Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Generated by ARC GIS 10.3, DEM file source : Bhuvan.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

SLOPE MAP

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INFERENCES Aspect is the direction towards which a slope faces. Exposure is the relation of a site to weather conditions, especially sun and wind. Both determine the amount of insolation received by a hill slope. Different aspects receive insolation differently and thus different species on different aspect of a hill. Aspect map has been generated to understand the forest type with respect to the slope.

North-west (12%)

North (4%)

North-east (20%)

West (4%)

South-west (20%)

East (8%)

South-east

South

(20%)

(12%)

Almost 60% of the aspect lies in the south-west, south-east and the north-east region. Forest area in the region is almost 70%. One of the factors to determine vegetation is aspect.

LEGEND Aspect Region Boundary

North (0 - 22.5)

City Boundary

North-east (22.5 - 67.5)

Highway

East (67.5 - 112.5)

Primary roads

South-east (112.5 - 157.5) South (157.5 - 202.5)

Rishikesh city

South-west (202.5 - 247.5)

Streams

West (247.5 - 292.5)

Dam

North-west (292.5 - 337.5)

Canal

North (337.5 -360)

Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Generated by ARC GIS 10.3, DEM file source : Bhuvan.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

ASPECT MAP

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INFERENCES In Rishikesh region soils are of both coarse and fine texturural types, indicating differences in kinds of parent materials deposited by the rivers coming from different source areas of the Himalaya and the Siwaliks. Soils of Summits and Ridge Tops: The soils are shallow to moderately shallow, excessively drained, slighty acidic. Gravelly / Shallow-loam /loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion Soils of Steep Slopes: The steep slopes are dominantly occupied with soils that are moderately shallow to moderately deep, excessively drained. slighlty acidic, Light-Ioamy/loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion Soils of Moderately steep to Moderate Slopes: The moderately steep to moderate slopes soils consists of moderately deep to deep, somewhat excessively drained, slightly acidic, light-loamy .They are slightly eroded and mostly under cultivation. Soils of Fluvial Valleys (Fluvial is a term which refer to the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.) : The soils are well drained, slightly acidic Red clayey. The lower river terraces are dominantly occupied with deep, well drained. slightly acidic, Silt loam over fragmental soils. These are slightly eroded and cultivated to wheat. maize and rice etc.

LEGEND SOIL depth

SOIL TEXTURE Region Boundary

Red Clayey

Deep

city Boundary

silt Loam

Moderately Deep

Highway

Gravelly

Moderately Shallow

primary roads

light Loam

Shallow

rishikesh city

Shallow Loam

Streams

Ferruginous Clay

dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya - K. S. Valdiya , http://www.mapsofindia.org - Uttarakhand Geology map , http://www.po rtal.gsi.gov.in/ - Geological Survey of India

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

SOIL

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INFERENCES All civilizations have drawn life out of rivers. Rivers have played the most important part in the survival and prosperity of all civilizations in human history. The rivers of Uttarakhand are no exception in the wholesome bounty they bestow as they flow down mountainous slopes, into narrow gorges and widening into the plains. Born in the deep glacial chambers of the magnificent Himalayas, the mighty rivers of Uttarakhand have brought people together and nurtured their way of life. CALCULATIONS Total area of watershed = 1009.6 sq.Km Yearly discharge (Q) Q= 103018124.8 Cu.m/s = 1030 annual mcm Flash floods occur during the months of June - August Average depth of rivers in the watershed area is 339.11 m Design discharge: Peak flood discharge - 40000 Cu.m/s Average discharge - 10000 Cu.m/s INFERENCES Urbanization has affected the watershed. The removal of vegetation has made the soil loose. Tapping water for the upstream settlements will not be feasible as it will be against gravity. Hence the streams are tapped. There is a pressing need to increase the capacity of many water lines to facilitate transport of water to various water deficient areas. DISTRIBUTION OF AREAS BASED ON WATERSHED

DISTRIBUTION OF RUNOFF (MCM) BASED ON CN-SCN METHOD

LEGEND Catchment Area distrubtion: Region Boundary

WATERSHED A (228.5Sq.km)

City Boundary

WATERSHED B (107Sq.km)

Highway

WATERSHED C (145.1Sq.km)

Primary roads Rishikesh city

WATERSHED D (322.1Sq.km)

Streams

WATERSHED E (207Sq.km)

Dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Dem file - Bhuvan and watershed map genrated from GIS.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

WATERSHED MAP

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5km

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INFERENCES A forest type is defined as a unit of vegetation which possess broad characteristics in physiognomy and structure sufficiently pronounced to permit of its differentiation from other such units. The following forest types are seen in the region of study: a) Mosit siwalik sal forest soil type: nahan sandstone with light loamy soils. slopes: moderate to precipitous the sal trees a height of 40mts. they are semi-evergreen to evergreen in nature. b) West gangetic moist mixed deciduos forest soiltype: alluvial soil slopes: alluvial terraces along banks and streams c) Northern dry mixed deciduous forest soil type: ferruginous clay on the exposed surfaces of the hills slopes: higher slopes d) Khair sissoo forest soil type: sandy or gravelly alluvium deviod of humus and is highly porous slopes: alluvial plains e) Dry deciduous scrub soil type: gravelly boulder based soil due to erosion pes: lower plains f) Shiwalik chir pine soil type: shallow soil on gravelly slopes. slopes: steeper slopes g) Ban oak forest soil type: deep loam to shallow loam slopes: moderate to precipitous f) Dry siwalik sal forest soil type: found on hard red clayey soil subjected to severe erosoin. slopes: moderate to precipitous The following forest types have been delianed on the basis of parameters listed below: 1)climatic conditions 2)Elevation 3)Aspect 4)Slope Climate: Since climate and rainfall in the entire region is similar not much of a change is found in the forest primarily due to rainfall Aspect: Aspect is the direction towards which a slope faces. It is important to consider aspect while discussing forests as wind , sun and rain differ due to aspects, and the aforementioned factors are essential in determining vegetation in an area. The northern slopes are the cooler as they receive lesser sun and there is distinct temperature difference between north and south slopes. It is observed that Chir pine forests are found more the northern aspects as they require cooler zones. The west facing slope is warmer than the east, this changes the type of forests on the slopes as certain species require large quantities of moisture. Moist Siwalik Sal forests grow on northern slopes of Siwalik hills. There is adverse desiccating influence of the hot and dry winds from the plains of Northern Indian plains giving rise to Northern Dry deciduous forests are found on the warmers slopes. Ban oak forests are seen to grow best in the sheltered and shady aspects. Elevation: Vegetation is affected by solar radiation , temperature and rainfall and these aspects change with change in elevation. Greatest amount of rainfall is expected at mid-altitudes and above a certain elevation the air is dry and cold this discourages vegetation growth. For every 1000 feet there is a 4 degree Celsius drop in temperature affecting the species composition. For instance up to 100 meter height pure Siwalik sal forests occur and above that it occurs in association with Chir pine. Slopes: Slopes affect vegetation in terms of run-off and drainage. Steeper slopes have greater run-offs and better drainage resulting in difference in vegetation type. Different forest types are found in different slopes percentages according to the soil moisture required for their growth.

LEGEND VEGETATION TYPE Region Boundary

Moist sal

City Boundary

Siwalik chir pine

Highway

Dry Siwalik sal

Primary roads

West Gangetic mixed moist

Rishikesh city

Nothern mixed dry

Streams

Ban Oak

Dam

Dry deciduous scrub

Canal

Khair Sissoo

Contour 25 m

Plantation

Contour 100m

Farmland

Railway Bridge Place Villages Range boundary Tiger reserve boundary Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - Forest type map from forest survey of India, Working plan of Dehradun forest division , Siwalik circle.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

VEGETATION TYPE MAP

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DETAILS/ INFERENCES DEGRADATION REASONS: Uncontrollable and excessive grazing of cattles, which belongs to gujjar , shephards and forest labours. Total 2,98,179 cattles in forest division. They gain 70% fodder from the forest. Trampleing causes: the soil gets hard to the detriment of germination of seeds. Grassy lands planted by exotic species. Demand of fire wood, industrial wood and fuel wood migration movement of elephants frokm rajaji tiger reserve to barkot range causes the major damage to trees Settlement encroachments in forest areas and on fringes. Degradation effects: declination of wildlife due to fragmantation and large scale commercial plantations Areas of bibawala, rishikesh, baniawala, jhakan, banbaha, chandi etc are commercially planted now a days. The wildlife has moved out of these areas and the area faced major declination.

LEGEND DEGRADATION TYPE Region Boundary

Reserved Forest

City Boundary

Farmlands

Highway

Minimum Degraded forest Moderately Degraded forest

Primary roads

Highly Degraded forest

Rishikesh city

Man Animal conflict zone

Streams

VILLAGES POPULATION

Dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages Range boundry Tiger reserve boundry

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m REFERENCE - Forest survey of india -forest type map,Forest survey of india - forest density map,Google earth

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

FOREST DEGRADATION MAP

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MAIN OCCUPATION IN UTTARAKHAND:

•The first phase of the Garhwal style began in the 17th century by a Mughal Prince named Suleman Shikoh came to Garhwal. •The second phase began in the mid 18th century with Molarams paintings. Essentially, there are 4 styles of paintings: •Dekara •Aipan •Bar Boond •Patta

•Mineral Resources - Quartzite, marble, and various types of schist and gneiss. The southern division contains rocks such as gneiss, limestone, phyllites, quartzite, sericite-biotite schist and slate. •Industries - Uttarakhand nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas, houses a lot of mineral resources which largely contribute towards the industrial development of the State. •Fishing - Many regions of Uttarakhand have ample number of lakes that largely contributes towards the fishing industries. •Tourism - The scope of tourism is considerable in this state, whether it is nature, wildlife, adventure or pilgrimage. •Agriculture - Agriculture takes place in the river valleys of Uttarakhand. Over time, several slopes have been shaped into field terraces, a common trend in mountain agriculture everywhere. The Uttarakhand farmers have also developed advanced manure, crop rotation, and inter-cropping practices. Most land along the slopes remains unirrigated. •Terrace farming is practised in the Uttarakhand district of the middle Himalayas. “Fasal Chakra” or Crop Circles is a method of farming adapted to the climatic conditions. Modern agriculture has tried but not succeeded in destroying this tradition of mixed cropping.

Baar Boond •Play of dots and dashes. •Can be compared to pointillism. •Every pattern starts wih a dot and various dots are joined together to form lines to create elaborate designs.

Patta •These are drawn on wooden boards or thick sheets of paper on Janmashtami depicted various leelas of Krishna which he performed in childhood. •These wooden boards were brought from the forest and paper was made from it. •Similarly, patta drawn during Deepawali depicts Mahalakshmi.

Sowing window for major crops in Garhwal

•

crops in Rishikesh

Resources •The outer ranges of the hills are covered with forests which have been formally reserved and are administered by the forest officers. •Bamboos and sal are the chief products, and firewood and grass are also extracted. •The Bamboo is used to make musical instruments like Flute and is also used in handicrafts. •There is an extraction from copper and iron from the forests.

•

Sowing window for major crops in Garhwal

Major Scheduled Tribe Jaunsari: Reside in Dehradun district. •Divided into Koltas and Khasa. •Khasas comrpise of Brahmins and Rajputs. They follow a polyandrous matrimony. •Koltas are at a lower level of Jaunsari. •Khasas are traditional land owners while Koltas are restricted from owning land. •Jaunsaris live in multistoreyed homes made from wood.’ •Agriculture and Craft are their main sources of income.

Dance Forms Thadya: Performed in a courtyard (Thad). •Before the dance begins, Gods and trees are worshipped •Similar to ‘rauf’ of Kashmir and ‘Bihu’ of Assam

• Sericulture •There are 1-4 sericulture societies, 9 research stations/units of Central Silk Board including 2 Technology Dissemination Centers and 1 Silk Seed Production Centre and Regional Sericulture Research Station in the state. •The production of mulberry silk cocoons is around 110 million tonne by nearly 4,000 families. The oak tasar cocoon production was around 31 lakh and raw silk production was 13 million tonne during 2009-10. •There are 4 cocoon markets with an installed cocoon storage capacity of 130 million tonne and 7 reeling units (70 basins) in the private sector in the state. •A growth centre of 5 units with 30 basins is also set up at Dehradun to encourage reeling activity. Nearly 80 percent of cocoon production is concentrated in Dehradun district. Sugarcane Cultivation •According to Haridwar district sugarcane department the district has a total 94,000 hectatres of cultivable land. Out of it, 48,607 hectares of land is under sugarcane cultivation. Last year, only 46,200 hectares of land was under sugarcane cultivation.

Total In-migrants In-migrant (from abroad)

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

In-migrant (from other states)

Nodes of influence during fairs and festivals

%/year

Population in Thousands

Handlooms •Handloom products industry can be divided into the following main categories: •Woollen Handlooms •Cotton Handlooms •Silk, natural fibres and combinations. •Uttarakhand produces more than 40 varieties of natural fibres.

Population growth rate in Pauri Garhwal is found to be in negative (-1.51)

Out-migrants

Chanchari: Based on singing •There is a playful competition between performing men and women who reply to each other by singing songs. •Love forms the main theme of this song. Bee Keeping •The species of honeybee reared in the state are Apis mellifera in the plains and Apis cerana indica in the hills.. •The major feed plants are apple, litchi, peach, plum, mustard, etc. The months of July and August are the major dearth months of foraging. •The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is the nodal agency to promote beekeeping. •A vision to produce at least 1000 million tonne per district per annum will generate enormous amount of job opportunities and income apart from increasing productivity of crops. •A long term programme for beekeeping should be launched as a primary and supplementary activity which will create necessity for emergence of other ancillary units i.e. bee boxes, wax processing and packing material.

Major population into the category of marginal workers are found to be engaged in non- workers categories.

Net migrants

DEMOGRAPHICS • The population change in Uttarakhand is +1.74%/year [2001 → 2011] where as the population change in Rishikesh UA is found to be +2.66%/year [2001 → 2011] according to the census 2011(cf)

Chauphula: Performed to herald arrival of spring •Religious and social matters are the themes of this dance •Usually performed in village fairs. •Similar to ‘garba’ of Gujarat.

Jagar: Literal meaning of the word is ‘invoke the deity’ •Dance ceremony to propitiate

Major population into the category of main workers are found to be engaged in main workers and other workers categories.

Water requirements for various crops

Fisheries •Plain areas of Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar and Dehradun districts are suitable for culture operations of Indian major carps (catla, rohu and mrigal) as well as exotic carps (silver carp, grass carp and common carp).

Buksa •They are from Mongoloid raceand claim Rajput origin. •They are original inhabitant of Tarai belt. •They are followers of Lord Rama and Krishna. •Widow remmariage and polygamy are found amongst Buksas. Tehri Garhwal and Pauri Garhwal comprise of only 0.14% and 0.32% of the total tribal community.

The areas which have higher number of population into the study region are in Rishikesh and Dehradun (Tehsil/Villages), whereas Narendragar, Yamkeshwar and Forest CD Block regions

Number of people in Thousands

Aipana •Technique of floor painting using rice paste to etch out a symbol on a background of red oxide. •The abundance of rice growth in this region lead to use rice paste. •Aipana is mainly divided into three main groups. 1.Ornamental motifs- no ritual association. Floral, geometrical and scroll ornamentations on door sills, floors and entrance walls. 2.Chowkis- Ritual seats painted for occasions like naming ceremony, thread ceremony, weddings. Auspicious motifs like svastik, mandala, tribhuja, fish, aprrot, conch. 3.Pattas: Depicting mythological scenes.

•

Number of people in Thousands

Dekara •Clay models of Gods and Goddesses. •The soil found in the Garhwal region was used to make these models. •They are meant solely for worshipping. •Prepared from fine clay mixed with colour. •During Kartik Sankranti, Lord Shiva’s images are made which are known as Dekaras and these depict the marriage of Shiva with Parvati.

Mining •Under the new policy, UFDC has been mandated to carry out the mining at 7,000 hectares in the reserved forest. Outside the reserve forest, 1,000 hectares of area had been allocated to GMVN while KMVN has been given the right to mine only at 250 hectares. •Sand mining, riverbed mining, sandstone, coal mining prevalent.

Population in Thousands

`PAINTINGS OF GARHWAL:

•

People are Out-migrating in Uttarakhand

55.16%

44.84% Change in population

Population distribution of male / female.

SOCIETY, CULTURE AND OCCUPATION

SOURCES - Geology of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya - K. S. Valdiya , http://www.mapsofindia.org - Uttarakhand Geology map , http:// www.portal.gsi.gov.in/ - Geological Survey of India, www.Census2011.com.

DETAILS/ INFERENCES

LEGEND Region Boundary

forest

city Boundary

Agricultural land

Highway

settlements

primary roads 1,83,673

rishikesh city Streams dam

10,000 and above

Canal

5,000 - 10,000

Contour 25 m Contour 100m

0- 5,000

Railway bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES - www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in , www.googlemaps.com.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

LAND USE MAP

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

DETAILS/ INFERENCES To study and comprehend the area for understanding the ground water recharge potential. Based on the overlay of various layers connected to ground water recharge,the following categories were identified in order to get the maximum potential areas. Recharge Potential Very Good Good Fair Poor

Slope

GROUND WATER RECHARGE PROPOSALS

MEASURES OF SOIL WATER CONSERVATION

Geology

Based 0-10% on Dips 10-25% and Strike 25-33% Faults 33-100%

Hydrology Streams have been considered best for recharge potential

Vegetation establishment; grasses and native fast growing ground covers and legumes and shrubs planted in the region Gully plugs, stone check dams, gabion check dams, nalla plugs were introduced in suitable locations in the area Contour trenching and earthen bunds, field bunds and farm ponds were introduced as methods for water conservation in the area. The site was divided into several zones based on the issues present in each zone and respective proposals were given to each of the zone classified

TYPICAL SECTIONS OF SWALES

Soil Depth Deep

productive productive dry well dry well well dry well dry well well

Moderately Shallow Shallow

Legend Bedrock and Intrusion Granite & gneiss Quartz & sandstone Crystalline schist Intrusive rock

Based on dips on strikes the catchment areas of the springs have been considered as areas most suitable for recharge.

Weathered Material and Sedimentary cover

Even though some regions have high recharge potential areas and can be consid ered as a source,the presence of cracks leads to eruption of water on a lower level making it as springs and converting them as surface runoff.

Clay Sand

Streams and their spill over influence areas are not considered for recharge potential because of the velocity of the water and terrain of the site.

Fractures and limits

Gravels & Boulders

TYPICAL SECTIONS OF CONTOUR BUNDING

Aquifer

Very steep slope despite of having vegetation cover and deep soil depth have not been considered for recharge potential. Recharge potential map has been derived by laying over slope map,soil map,geology map and landuse map. GROUND WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL

Zone 1- Areas having poor Ground Water Recharge Potential High runoff and soil ersion-loss of vegetation on moderately steep to steep slopes is generating high volume of runoff causing soil erosion. 1.Continuous contour trenching 2 Conservation of existing forests and afforestation to strengthen open forests. 3. Replant the deforested areas. 4. Grazing banned in reserved forests.

Image of Contour Bunding

Vegetation on contour bunding

Annual replenish able Groundwater resources=115541.30 Projected demand for Domestic and industrial Uses up to 2025=17565.98 Stage of groundwater Development Heavy exportations of ground water from deeper aquifer in Doon Valley and its management

LEGEND

1, Recharge trenches for water conservation, 2. Contour Bunding. 3. Making provosions for check dams.

Typical section of the contour bunding

The hills have very low vegetation leading to the -high runoff thus increase in erosion.

Top width 0.6m

Bottom width 4.25-4.5m

Trench

Height 0.9

The groundwater development is going on at a faster rate and management practices are required for the sustainability of this resource. The Central Ground Water Board, Dehradun constructed four gabion structures on Medawala Khala in Thano Forest Range. It is observed that the Doon Gravels are highly receptive to the artificially recharged water. The structures suitable in high reaches and foot hill zones are gabion, check dam, gully plug and brushwood check dam. In the valley portion rain water may be harvested for the use other than drinking. Roof top rainwater harvesting and recharge well are suitable in the plain areas of the valley. Technical guidance has been provided to the state government departments for designing artificial recharge structures.

Present condition of the slopes of the hills

0.6 m

Zone 2- Areas having Good Groundwater Recharge Potential ( At Foothills)

Height 0.9

Sub surface water is developed through tubewells. There are 118 functional Irrigation tubewells in District Dehradun (as on 31.3.2009). Most of these tubewells are located in the Intermentane Doon Valley tapping the Doon Gravels. Besides the canals and tubewells, there are other irrigation practices like pump sets, hydrum, hauz, tanks etc.

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Recharge Pit

Injection Wells Zone 2-Areas having Good Groundwater Recharge Potential ( At Doon Gravels) Over irrigation due to untimely wate supply leads to water problem in this zone. Loss of Riparian Vegetation leads to the bank erosion and thus siltation of river bed. 1.Contour bunds,check dams,field bunds. 2. Swales for irrifation purpose. 3. Fiels Bunds and good riparian vegetation will slow down run off and allow ground water recharge.It also helps in caoturing silt before it gets into the river. 4. Use of injection wells to ensure ground water recharge.

Bottom width 4.25-4.5m

STAGES OF RIPARIAN SUCCESSION

Groundwater Recharge Potential Region Boundary

Poor Groundwater Recharge Potential

City Boundary

Degraded Forest Marshy and other riverine vegetation

Good Groundwater Recharge Potential

Highway

Very Good Groundwater Recharge Potential

Primary roads

Moderate Groundwater Recharge Potential

Degraded Forest Contour trenching

Rishikesh city Streams Dam

STAGE 1

Canal

Zone 4- Areas having excellent Groundwater Recharge Potential

Contour 25 m

1. To slow down the velocity of river and also to avoid flood check Crest Bunding dams need to be built

Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Minor Forest produce

Reclaimed forest

zone 1

Reclaimed forest

Minor Forest produce Contour Bunding in Slopes

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m

STAGE2

SOURCE: CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD REPORT, DEHRADUN 2011

Contour Bunding in Agricultural Fields

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

GROUND WATER RECHARGE POTENTIAL

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

SOURCE: CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD REPORT, DEHRADUN 2011 : WATERPORTAL.COM REGIONAL STUDY OF SHIRPUR WIKIOEDIA

INFERENCES The Erosion susceptiblty map is an overlap of Soil Depth, Forest density map and Slope. Regions of high erosion susceptiblty: The soils are shallow to moderately shallow, excessively drained, slighty acidic. Gravelly / Shallow-loam /loamy-skeletal and severe to erosion Regions of medium erosion susceptiblty: The steep slopes are dominantly occupied with soils that are moderately shallow to moderately deep, excessively drained. slighlty acidic, Light-Ioamy/ loamy-skeletal and moderate to severe erosion. Regions of low erosion susceptiblty: The moderately steep to moderate slopes soils consists of moderately deep to deep, somewhat excessively drained, slightly acidic, light-loamy .They are slightly eroded and mostly under cultivation. Regions of no erosion susceptiblty: The soils are well drained, slightly acidic Red clayey. The lower river terraces are dominantly occupied with deep, well drained. slightly acidic, Silt loam over fragmental soils. These are slightly eroded and cultivated to wheat. maize and rice etc.

LEGEND Region Boundary

High

city Boundary

Medium

Highway

Low

primary roads

None

rishikesh city Streams dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway bridge Place Villages

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

EROSION SUSCEPTIBILTY

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

INFERENCES Landslide vulnerability map is an overlap of the following natural layers. Geology map, Flora degradation map and slope. The rainfall is also a cause for landslides, which remains a constant factor throughout the entire study region. In Geology, the considerations were that, the areas where the dip lies in the direction of the contour lines, is more prone to Landslides. In Flora degradation map, the areas which have minimum vegetation cover are more prone to Landslides. Similarly in the slope map, the steep slopes are considerably more prone to Landslides. An overlap of these three layers, gives the Landslide vulnerability map in various shades of grey. The darkest zone depicts the region which is more prone to landslides, where there are steep slopes, minimum vegetation cover and the dips in the direction of the contours. The lightest grey is the zone where there are no landslides. Hence in the darkest zone, anthropogenic activities such as developmental activities, construction, deforestation, terracing should be stopped to prevent landslides.

LEGEND Region Boundary City Boundary

High

Highway

Medium

Primary roads

Low

Rishikesh city

None

Streams Dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

LANDSLIDE VULNERABLITY

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

INFERENCES

Table showing degree of conservation in Ecozone

Degree of conservation

None

Low

Medium

Landslide vulnerability

High

None

Low

Medium

Settlement

Agriculture

River

High density

Moderate density

High

Erosion susceptibility

Forest Density Minimum density

deep

Moderately deep

Moderately Shallow

Shallow

Soil Depth

Flat

Gentle

Very steep

Moderate

Slope

Ecozones

Steep

SLOPE

1A 1B 1C 1d 2A 2B 2C 3A 3B 4A 4B

High

Medium Low Least

EROSION SUSCEPTIBLITY MAP

Section of contour bunding Contour Trenching Contour Bunding Ecozone Zone 2 and Ecozone 3- This zone is mainly conserved National Park. In certain parts degradation of forest has taken place.The proposals for this zone can be as follows: 1. Upgardation of forest by improving the soil moisture content by constructing small bunds. 2. Intrduction of water holes which not only will act as a method of ground water recharge but also can be used by the animals to drink water.otic pressure 3..No biotic pressure.

View of Checkdams

LANDSLIDE VULNERABLITY MAP

Water Holes

Low

LEGEND

High

ECOZONES

Region Boundary

Ecozone 1

city Boundary Highway

Ecozone 2

primary roads rishikesh city

Ecozone 3

Water Holes

Ecozone Zone 4A- Over irrigation due to untimely wate supply leads to water problem in this zone. Loss of Riparian Vegetation leads to the bank erosion and thus siltation of river bed. 1.Contour bunds,check dams,field bunds. 2. Swales for irrifation purpose. 3. Fiels Bunds and good riparian vegetation will slow down run off and allow ground water recharge.It also helps in caoturing silt before it gets into the river. 4. Use of injection wells to ensure ground water recharge. 5.Agriculture and low density settlement can be allowed. Use of Vegetation: Crops and vegetables which cover the ground surface well and have extensive root system reduce soil erosion. Plant canopy protect the soil from the adverse effect of rainfall. The grasses and legumes produce dense sod which helps in reducing soil erosion. The vegetation provides organic matter to the soil. As a result, the fertility of soil increases and the physical condition of soil is improved. Following cropping systems help in controlling soil erosion Crop rotation: Crop rotation is planned sequence of cropping. Rotation of crop is an important method for checking erosion and maintaining productivity of soil. A good rotation should include densely planted small grain crops, spreading legume crop etc. which may check soil erosion. Strip Cropping: It consists of growing erosion permitting crop (e.g. Jowar, Bajra, Maize etc.) in alternate strips with erosion checking close growing crops (e.g. grasses, pulses etc.). Strip cropping employs several good farming practices including crop rotation, contour cultivation, proper tillage, stubbles mulching, cover cropping etc. It is very effective and practical means for controlling soil erosion, specially for gently slopping land. It may be of different types as follows: Contour strip Cropping: Contour strip cropping is the growing of erosion permitting and erosion resisting crops alternately in strips across the slope and on the contour line. This practice is useful because it checks the fast flow of run-off water increases the infiltration of water in the soil and prevents soil erosion. Field Strip Cropping: Strips of crop are parallel to the general slope of the land. Wind Strip Cropping: Strips of crop are across the direction of wind regardless of contour. Buffer Strip Cropping: In this, the severally eroded portion of land is permanently kept under grass and contour strip cropping is practices in the rest of the area.

Streams dam

Ecozone 4

Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway bridge Place

Typical section of a Riparian Zone

Villages

Strip Farming

Soil Erosion

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m The Ecozone map is generated by overlaying three critical layers os Slope, Erosion susceptibility and Landscape vulnerability

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

ECOZONE MAP

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

INFERENCES Development guidlines

Forest

Fair

Good

Very good

Ecozone 4

Ecozone 3

Ecozone 2

Ecozone 1

Zones

Present landuse National park

Gr - water recharge potential

Animal corridor

Ecozones

Settlement Reserved forest Conflict zone

Land suitability

This zone is most suitable for development. Agriculture practice should be minimised to prevent further degradation of forest. Grazing of animal, fuelwood collection should be stopped.

A3 -

This zone is moderately suitable for development. Settlement density should be under control as it may affect the ground water table.

A2 -

This zone is least suitable for development as the ground water potential is very good. High density development may affect the development downstream. Construction should not take place on drain channels, river bed, or other water bodies.

A1 -

B3 -

Minimal intervention such as camping, hiking, etc.

B2 -

Settlement should not be allowed. A buffer zone must be established between the agriculture zone and the surrounding forests so that grazing of animals, fuelwood collection is minimised.

B1 -

Vegetation cover should increase to increase the percolation of water. Buffer zones should be created to avoid cattle from entering the forest area. Grazing of animals, fuelwood collection should be stopped.

C1 -

C2 -

Animal corridor should be protected and no settlements should be allowed.

D-

This zone should be defined as conservation zone.

E-

All development activities on hill slopes should be stopped and no further development to be allowed.

The Land suitability map has been derived by overlaying ecozone map, ground water reacharge potential map and landuse map.

LEGEND Region Boundary City Boundary Highway Primary roads Rishikesh city Streams Dam Canal Contour 25 m Contour 100m Railway Bridge Place Villages

Grid size - 5km x 5km Contour interval - 25m SOURCES -

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

LAND SUITABILITY MAP

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

CASE STUDY- MAZARI GRANT LANDSCAPE

EXISTING VISUAL CHARACTER

PROPOSAL FOR MAZARI GRANT

PROPOSED VIEW

VIEW OF EXISTING LANDSCAPE

VIEW OF ROAD THROUGH THE FOREST

TYPICAL PLAN OF FARMLAND WITH HOUSES AND ROADS

CONCEPTUAL PROPOSAL FOR VISUAL CHARACTER

SALIENT FEATURES OF PROPOSAL • The field edges to be lined with trees which can have commercial value to the farmers. They can continue farming on the main square plot. They will create vertical planes of foliage with varying porosity, criss crossing the landscape. • Trees with high branching will ensure clear sight lines across this flat terrain. This can greatly aid the drivers on the highway to spot any wild animal approaching the road from any side, well in advance and comfortably slow down or come to a halt. Vice versa it will also aid animals to take cognizance of the speed of the vehicles from a distance. • By varying the spacing between trees for North-south or east-west rows the amount of sunlight

SETTLEMENTS EXPOSED TO ROAD TREE GROVES

RESERVED FOREST

R.SONG

ROWS OF TREES ON FIELD BOUNDARIES RESERVED FOREST

HARIDWAR DEHRADUN HIGHWAY

SATELLITE IMAGE OF MAZRI GRANT

PANORAMIC VIEW SHOWING THE ROWS OF TREES

PART B- BEFORE & AFTER

PART A- BEFORE & AFTER

PART A- EXISTING VIEW FROM ROAD

PROPOSED PLAN

PART A- PROPOSED VIEW FROM THE ROAD

PART B- EXISTING VIEW OF ROAD FROM THE SETTLEMENT

PART B- PROPOSED VIEW FROM THE SETTLEMENTS

TREE GROVE

SATELLITE IMAGE OF PART A

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

PROPOSAL FOR PART A

SATELLITE IMAGE OF PART B

VISUAL ASSESSMENT FOR REGION

PROPOSAL FOR PART B

Population Density Distribution Sector Wise Density 2011 (persons/ha)

EXISTING LAND-USE MAP Grid size - 2.5km x 2.5km Contour interval - 5m Map prepared based on - Rishikesh Dp Report- 1991, Satellite imagery- https://maps.google.com/

Density 2031 (persons/ha)

Total Sector area (Ha)

52%

1,189 1,139

22%

LEGEND:

INFERENCES:

Crop Lands

Rishikesh is divided into 8 sectors:

864

Vegetation

843

Barren Land

1. Sector 1- Haripur Kalan 2. Sector 2- Raiwala 3. Sector 3- Shyampur 4. Sector 4- IDPL and Pashulok 5. Sector 5- Virbhadra 6. Sector 6- Rishikesh Old City 7. Sector 7- Dhalwala (Old City) 8. Sector 8- Muni-Ki-Reti and Tapovan

Low Urban Density

11%

385 336

High urban Density

10%

Instituitional

265 210

As per census-2011, the local population of each sector and the population density is represented in the graph

Sector 1

Sector 2

Sector 3

Sector 4

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 7

Industrial

142 78

Roads

Sector 8

Railway line

Total Sector Area (Ha)

- It is observed from the graph that the population densities in sector- 1,2,3,4 and 5 is less and can be further densified to accomodate the increase in population (upto 3,36,000) as projected for 2031. - It is observed in the adjacent schematic area distribution diagram that a significant area is under agriculture. - It forms the predominant occupation of locals in Rishikesh beside others involved in tourism.

100

211

206

Population Density 2031 (persons/Ha)

River edge

Islands in the river

Population Density 2011 (persons/Ha)

RISHIKESH MASTER PLAN,2011 AS PROPOSED BY HRDA

Flood line

SECTOR WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION DENSITY

SCHEMATIC AREA DISTRIBUTION OF EXISTING LANDUSE

Sector boundary

47%

N.T.S.

LEGEND:

10%

Residential

Sector number

3% 2% 10%

Tourism Industrial

15%

Commercial Centres

Offices Transport and Communication

Open spaces Khumb kshetra

SCHEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF LAND-USE AS PER MASTERPLAN 2011 Sr. No.

Code

Description

Permissible Land Use

B-2

Agricultural

General building requirements related to rural activities

R - 1,2

Residential

Housing, hostels, schools, clinics, social and cultural Missions, adequate infrastructure for parking, etc., including all utilities except for yard service and storage building.

T-R

Tourism

Guest house, Dharamsala, hermitage, hotel, restaurant, temple, Satsang Bhawan and discourse building, yoga centers, motels, parks, clubs, amusement parks, temporary entertainment circus, cinema, exhibitions, museums, hotels convoys, cultural center, rickshaw, Taxi stand.

- Issues like congestion, conflict between local and tourist activities due to crowd influx at tourist spots and pollution persists in Rishikesh.

- Largely all the tourist spots are located near the old city area which has the maximun population density which leads to conflicts 0km between the local and tourist routes.

0.5km 1km

2.5km

C - 1,2,3

Commercial Centres

Industry

Harmless and odorless industry with a capacity of 50 - 100 employees. Parking, landing and offering materials relating to the isolation of the area will be the principal. Fire stations, police stations, storage, petrol pumps banks, telephone exchange, power sub-station, post office, telegraph office, bus station, labor welfare center, staff canteen and entertainment for features, janitor room.

Offices

State and central government offices, research institutions, bus and railway terminus for passengers, public utility services, local municipal facilities, which use to be independent of government offices, local and regional municipal office, radio broadcasting station, parking area for the desired course should be left .

ANALYZING THE CONGESTION AREAS AND OPEN RELATIONS WITH THE OPEN SPACES

Community Facilities

Educational and research institutions, social and cultural institutions, historic monuments, religious institutions, local municipal building and community center, hospital and related health facilities, water and power stations, orphanages, clubs, thermal power station and yard, and pipe water supply and electricity sub-station Treatment centers, sewage treatment plant, loading and landing is necessary for the provision of the desired area.

T - 1,2

Transport and Communication

Public and private bus station and depot, loading and landing stations, truck terminal, taxi stand and scooters and vehicles, Sheds for Security, parking and vehicle-related facilities.

P-1,2

Open spaces

General entertainment facilities such as playground, swimming pool, gymnasium, stadium, covered playground, camping sites, flower gardens, golf courses, zoological and botanical garden, bicycle, scooter, taxi, temporary type fun and entertainment - like the circus , exhibitions, fairs , etc. Ramlila, and sentries Chokidar accommodation, garden and nursery. Camping sites, picnic sites, zoological and botanical park , public utility.

10.

P-3

Khumb Kshetra

Produced by building materials such as temporary residential facility - tents etc , Bariketing, light and heavy vehicle parking, temporary building material produced by Government and semi-government office, police post, visitors room, inquiry office, free water for feeding and maintenance, toilets, Niamkksh urinal and bathroom, including residential facility.

2010

2003

N.T.S.

ANALYZING THE INCREASE IN THE DENSITY PATTERN THROUGH THE PAST DECADE

Retail shop, business and professional offices, service use (eg - barber, tailor shop, Laundry and dry cleaners etc.), restaurant and entertainment space, residential accommodation above shops on the first, or even the top floors of the meat, fish and flower market, such as public and semi-public entertainment cinema and theater, public facilities related to the building, all the land required for use of the parking provision is necessary. Retail shops, general trade and commerce. Hostels , boarding houses, temple, mosque, church, etc. , clinic, Meat, fish, vegetable and fruit market, hospital, petrol filling stations, warehousing and warehouse, cold storage, local and central government the office, the trade office, all necessary provision for the use of parking area

Community facilities

2016

N.T.S.

Shyampur

Gumani wala

30o5’ N, 78o15’ E Sector 6

Dudhupani

Shyampur Geeta nagar

Chalupani

Sector 7

Pashulok IDPL

Raiwala

Sector 8

Haripur Kalan Veerbhadra Niraml Baug

Kharakmafi

PROPOSED LANDUSE MAP RISHIKESH CITY

385

ABSTRACT

18%

Analyzing the basic character and growth of the city, one can infer that city is sprawling having high density in the old areas and sparse density in the new areas. Therefore, the aim of the proposal is to balance the growth in order to achieve a compact development scheme for the city as a whole. At the estimated growth rate of 2.66% and the present population of the city being 2.07 lacs, the estimated population in the year 2031 shall be 3.36 lac persons. Keeping in mind the rate at which the city is growing, it is important to regulate the growth of the city. The meth- Population density 150 pp/Ha odology adopted for preparing the master plan was to refer to the growth pattern of as per URDPFI Standards the city, to understand the socio-economic structure, to understand the culture-pil93 grim and tourist relationships and support them by decentralizing the activities over the city. The topography, land suitability analysis, potential regions of man-animal conflicts, natural drains present in the site and other factors like the previous DP 34 30 regulations and state bye-laws were referred to prepare a complete understanding of the masterplan for the city. Sector 1

The master plan was proposed in layers. The primary and the core layer of the masterplan proposes to integrate natural features with the residential land use and open spaces. The next layer was that of understanding the relationships between the locals, tourists and the pilgrims that visit the city. This layer tries to identify the potential areas that can decongest the site and important nodes in the city. Thus, the two fabrics were overlayed and then the land uses to support these were provided. The development of the city is based on the compact development principle to optimize the use of resources at the same time to decongest the excessively used spaces. These layers put together gave a development proposal for the city in 2031.

Sector 2

100

16%

4 Sector 4

Sector 5

Sector 6

Sector 7

Sector 8

Population density

SECTOR WISE PROPOSED DENSITIES LEGEND:

Residential

Offices

Community facilities

Tourism

Transport and Communication

Existing Built up Areas

Industrial

Open spaces

Crop Lands

Commercial Centres

Khumb kshetra

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

Sector 3

ABSTRACT - OPEN SPACES

30%

17%

142

Veerbhadra

SCHEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF LAND-USE FOR PROPOSED MASTERPLAN 2031

Open space is land area with its surface open to the sky, consciously acquired or publicly regulated to serve conservation and urban shaping function in addition to providing recreational opportunities. Currently in Rishikesh town, there are 2 maidans, 1 small park and 1 promenade of 1.6kms on the banks of river Ganga which are not enough for the current or projected population. Historic evolution analysis reveals that many public spaces were destroyed as urban redevelopment occurred. In many places, the original fine-grained and human-scaled fabric of blocks, sidewalks and squares were replaced with something much coarsely grained. Few open spaces are encroached and edges of river has slum development. Identifying existing open spaces and finding new potential open spaces in new development of Rishikesh will help enhance and shape physical character of existing city’s morphology. It also improves physical and social inclusion and reinforces local identity. In Rishikesh open spaces are required forRecreational Riverfront Development Circus(twice a year for 10 days)

Cultural Economical & Social Green Buffer

Ramayan Fair(Sept-Oct,10days) Makarsankranti (Jan, 7 days) Local Fair(Nov,15days & Mar, 7days) Daily/Weekly Markets Play grounds Edges of the river and streams.

As open spaces falls under social infrastructure of a city, it includes housing parks, neighborhood parks, city parks and play grounds, cultural gathering grounds and exhibition areas which also has potential for tourists and recreational spaces of all sizes. According to URDPFI 2014, Housing area park Neighborhood park City parks, grounds, exhibition Recreational Weekly/Local markets

0.5 to 1 Ha 1.2 to 2 Ha 15Ha 10lakh 10 to 20 Ha 0.1 to 4Ha

5000ppl per unit 10,000ppl per unit 1 for each settlement 4500

0km

0.5km

1km

2.5km

INTRODUCTION: The old city of rishikesh is situated at the conﬂuence where the river chandrabhaga meets the river Ganga The city situated at the banks of these two rivers is characterised by the density of temples and ashrams dating back to the colonial times. This part of the city thus boasts of ashrams, dharmashalas , temples and markets with a distinct architectural character .

GATES TO THE ASHRAMS

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AND NEED FOR CONSERVATION

MARKET STREET ELEVATION

EXISTING ISSUES AND WEAKNESS FACTORS AFFECTING THE OLD CITY LIESURE TOURIST- RISHIKESH BUILT FORM -AMENITIES OPEN SPACE VEHICULAR MOVEMENT TOURIST DESTINATIONS CROWD INFLUX (Density of activites with respect to crowd inﬂux )

REGIONAL MAP P ((NTS) PILGRIMS- YATRIS ASHRAMS AND DHARMASHALAS

CHANDR

VEHICULAR MOVEMENT TEMPLES -DESTINATION

ABHAGA

RISHI KUND

TRIVENI GHAT

EXISTING STREET CHARACTER-TEMPLES

CROWD INFLUX (Density of activites with respect to crowd inﬂux )

BHARAT MANDIR

SUB REGIONAL CITY LEVEL MAP (NTS)

LOCALS

NIRMAL ASHRAM

BUILT FORM OPEN SPACE LOCAL DENSITY

EXISTING STREET CHARACTER- INFORMAL SHOPS (Density of activites with respect to crowd inﬂux )

PUNJAB SINDH ASHRAM

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AND URBAN FORM-NEED FOR CONSERVATION BUILT FORM

RIVER GANGA

BUILT FORM

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

OPEN SPACE

SEMI PUBLIC COURTYARD

HERITAGE VALUE

PRIVATE COURTYARDS TOURIST ATTRACTIONS DENSITY OF CONGESTION

EXISTING URBAN FORM OF THE OLD CITY (NTS)

The space currently faces issues with the growing congestion of tourist and constant neglect to the maintenance of the architectural character of the space. Many of the buildings have now lost its use but still inherits a distinct architectural character of its own. The inﬂux of tourists and pilgrims visiting the city hampers the daily movement of the local residents. There is a need to formulate management strategies in order to preserve the fabric and character of the city. The connections to the river at various points in the city needs to be addressed creating a mesh of interconnecting pathways within the dense fabric allowing pause points and thus experiencing the old city.

(Degree of conservation needed)

EXISTING URBAN FORM OF THE OLD CITY

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION

SCALE 1:3500 The interweaving of the built and the open is a distinct character of the space. Catering to a variety of activity ,the old city now faces issues pertaining to congestion due to overcrowding and lack of management of visitors (pilgrims and tourists). Home to the major tourist and pilgrim destination there is a need to formulate and manage these activities taking into consideration the existing fabric and its urban form.

IDENTIFYING KEY AREAS OF INTERVENTION WITH RESPECT TO ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER . RETAINING THE OLD URBAN FABRIC INTERPLAY OF OPEN SPACES.

INTERVENTION AND RESTORATION ALTERNATIVE USE OF DEFUNCT SPACES WITH RESPECT TO SEGREGATION OF USERS CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL IDENTITY OF THE SPACE.

MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATION

STREET CHARACTER EXISTING WITH PROMINENT GATES AS MARKERS

STREET CHARACTER EXISTING WITH PROMINENT GATES , SHOPS AND ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

INTERNAL PRIVATE COURTYARD

THE OLD CITY EXISTING

STREET CHARACTER EXISTING WITH PROMINENT FACADES

CONNECTIONS AND SEGREGATION OF PEDESTRAIN AS WELL AS MANAGMENT OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACES.

REFERENCES - G

PROPOSAL: The proposal thus aims at achieving a balance between the areas of conservation, intervention and restoration taking into consideration a variety of factors ranging from the built form to the character and development of the old city. The proposal also aims at creating open spaces with in the city with a distinct bifurcation of areas and movement patterns of the visitors. The built form of the new and upcoming developments are addressed through guidelines in order to maintain the character and integrity of the space. THE CITY OF GATES - PROPOSED CHARACTER AT INTERVALS

INTERNAL COURTYARD

GATE

ROAD

GATE

INTERNAL COURTYARD

SHOPS

ROAD

SHOPS

INTERNAL COURTYARD

ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION OF THE COURTYARD TYPOLOGY

DISTINCT STREET CHARACTER VIA RESTORATION OF BUILT FORM

GATES OF THE CITY AS A NODE

UNIFORM FACADE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AND NEED FOR CONSERVATION

A distinction between the tourist ,pilgrim and local character to the space elements are proposed . • The tourist nodes- shops and eataries . • The local nodes -sitout spaces with smaller shops.

GATES AS a pause points Tourist i t -T i t CHANDR

CHARACTER OF NODES

GRAFITTI WALL - TOURIST

ABHAGA

• • •

PROPOSED RESTORED CHARACTER VIEW FROM THE STREET

NODES CHARACTER

Addition of voids along the blank facade creating pause points. Spaces are created along the blanks walls to act as pause points. Restricting height at some places allowing one to see the hills as a background

SITOUT ALONG WALLS

TOURIST NODES

STREET CHARACTER

INTERNAL COURTYARD• Defunct spaces to be converted to amenities, exhibition spaces and cafes. • To add to the city form proposed use of the semi private courtyard proposed • Green space introdused to the city form

PRPOSED LOCAL NODES BUILDINGS TO BE CONSERVED AND RESTORES BUILT FORM

LOCAL SHOPS

RIVER GANGA

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE SEMI PUBLIC COURTYARD PRIVATE COURTYARDS TOURIST MOVEMENT LOCAL ACCESS TO RIVER

INTERNAL COURTYARDS

PROPOSED PLAN

CONNECTION TO THE RIVER CHANDRABHAGA

SCALE 1:3500 •

•

PROPOSED MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THE BUILT FORM

RESTRICTED HEIGHT TOWARDS RIVER EDGE

•

Proposed height restrictions towards the lower slopes to allow maximum visual connectivity to the hills and river. Uniform sight lines for new development establishing the visual connect with the river at strategic locations. Series of internal courtyads as public spaces.

RESTRICTED HEIGHT TOWARDS RIVER EDGE

STATEGIC VIEWPOINTS / ACCESS TO THE RIVER

INTERNAL COURTYARDS WITH POROUS EDGES

The exterior façade of the ashram and dharmashala is characterised either by a blank wall with niches and other smaller entrances, or a distinct shop line which is a part of the market of the old city.

RIPERIAN BUFFER ALONG R THE RIVER EDGE

The residential buildings of the area are further characterised by a similar arrangement ranging from the shop, the main entrance gateway leading towards the internal courtyard and a private space STREET CHARACTER

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

PUBLIC SPACES ALONG THE RIVER EDGE THROUGH STREETS AND POCKETS THROUGH URBAN FORM

EXTENDING THE STREET CHARACTER TO THE INTERNAL COURTYARD

PROPOSAL FOR THE OLD CITY

URBAN FORM AND THE CITY

REFERENCES - G

CONNECTION TO THE RIVER CHANDRABHAGA

INFERENCE The growth of the city has an implication on the image of it. The growth patterns and densification of the built in the city not only changes the skyline and silhoutte of the streets but also visually changes the perception and spatial quality of the city in totality. The morphology of the city could be broadly classified into two types, an organic pattern of growth which uses landuse as a tool for segregation and a defined grid pattern which uses hierarchy of streets for segregation. Althought the older pattern gives a definite character to the streets, the efficiency of the grid is better than the older one.Thereby a combination of the character of the old city and the efficiency of the new city is what would be an appropriate model for futher developements in the city.

Type A

Type B Old City fabric

Type C Grid layout

In order to reflect the character of the old city, the new interventions need to incorporate guidelines to create a seamless transition in the skyline, silhouttes and the spatial qualities. The elements that add up to make the visual character of the streets are understood in detail and an attempt is made to continue the presence of these elements in the new areas that are being proosed in the city. These new guidelines aim at arriving at a model whch derives its spartial characterictics from the old and incorporatesv efficient infrastructure that is applicable today.

Type D haphazard layout of roads and scattered settlements

Type B Organically developed pattern with defined landuse

Type C A definite grid and orientation in the road network

Type A A model that uses topograpgy as a tool to derive its street patterns

DEFINED PATTERNS IN THE CITY FABRIC

Doon Institute

IDPL

Motichur village Rainwala junction railway station area Old city

Tapovan

Neelkanth Mahadev temple area

Canal road

CHARACTER OF MAJOR NODES IN THE CITY

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

CITY IMAGE AND MORPHOLOGY

Section 3 Character of roads along Chandrabhaga 6m wide

Section 4 Character of the roads that cut across the forest 6-12m wide

Section 5 Character of major and minor roads in the old city 4-6m wide

Section 6 Character of market streets in the old city 3-6m wide

Section 7 Character of market streets in the old city 4-6m wide

Section 8 Character of residential streets in the new developements abutting the old city 6m wide

Section 3 No built along both the edges of the street

Section 4 No built along both the edges of the street

Section 5 The plinths extend on to the street

Section 6 The activities of the building extend on to the street

Section 7 The plints begin at the edge of the street

Section 8 The street on on side has a green space contrasting the density of the built

Section 3 No built along both the edges of the street

Section 4 No built along both the edges of the street

Section 5 Street and built proportion 1.5: 1

Section 6 Street and built proportion 1:1

Section 7 Street and built proportion 1.5: 1

Section 8 Street and bult proportion 1:1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 7

Section 8

Section 2 The overlaps in the signages on the facades

Section 3 The electric poles along the edges of the street

Section 4 The electric poles along the edges of the street

Section 5 The overlaps of the signages on the streets

Section 6 The overlaps of signages and electric poles on the streets

Section 7

Section 8 The electric poles and signages aligned to the building edges and sidewalks

Section 2 Bamboo, Tarpaulin, Cement plaster, Iron, Brick

Section 3 Sal Forest, Stone, Iron, Water

Section 4 Sal forest, Iron, Stone, Water

Section 5 Brick, Cement Plaster, Iron

Section 6 Brick, Stone, Cement, Concrete

Section 7 Brick, Concrete

Section 8 Brick, Cement, Sal forest

Section 2 Section 1 Character of market streets in Tapovan Character of major and minor roads in Tapovan 4-6m wide 6m wide PROMINENT STREETS OF THE CITY AND THEIR CHARACTER

Section 1 The plinths begin at the edge of the street

Section 2 The activities of the built extend on to the streets

IMPACT OF THE BUILDING DENSITIES ON THE STREET CHARACTER

Section 1 Street and built proortion - 1:1

Section 2 Street and built proportion 1.5:1

THE PROPORTIONS OF THE STREET AGAINST THE HEIGHTS OF THE BUILDINGS

Section 1 THE CONSTANT BACKGROUND OF THE STREETS

Section 1 The overlaps in the signages create confusion SIGNAGES ON THE STREETS

Section 1 Brick, Cement Plaster, Iron THE MATERIAL PALETTE OF THE STREETS

Section 6

Section 5

PROPOSALS : GUIDELINES FOR THE NEW DEVELOPEMENT

•

The cone of vision of the streets to be kept constant by maintaining a common proportion of the street

•

The varying widths of the streets could still incorporate the constant proportions by integrating trees to scale down the horizontal plane.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

•

The varying widths of the streets could still incorporate the constant proportions by varying the floor area of the G+2 blocks.

•

CITY IMAGE AND MORPHOLOGY

The density of the facades on the streets could be maintained by providing a large private open space behind the built and a lesser foreground

•

The varying silhouttes of the blocks could be acheived by having blocks that include all typologies of buildings, along with scattered open spaces.

0km

12m

24m

The urban block of Barcelona

Urban fabric of the old city of rishikesh with internal courtyards Main road

Main road

Commercial block

Secondary road

Central court size - 15m x 50m The area of each plot being 150 sqm can be used by families as a collective plot in which the heights of the building could rise upto ground plus two floors. each plot could be shared by two or more families.

Central court Plots

Central open space

Individual plot size - 15m x 10m

Buffer

Central open space

Plots

Plot type A

The urban density of Savannah

Plots

Plot type B

Plot type A

Individual plot size - 15m x 10m

Central court size - 15m x 50m

The area of each plot being 150 sqm can be used by families as a collective plot in which the heights of the building could rise upto ground plus one floors. each plot could be

The area of each plot being 150 sqm can be used by families as a collective plot in which the heights of the building could rise upto ground plus one floors. Each plot in this case would get a private garden along with the common open space

Each plot would have a single house only the common court would be shared by four units or it could be divided into four private units.

shared by two or more families.

Plot type A Common central space

Common spaces for plot type C

Main road

Common spaces for all plots

Commercial block

Common spaces for plot type B

Main road

Common spaces for plot type A

Common center for entire neighbourhood

Hierarchies in the green spaces of the module

Public amenities Common central space

Plot type C

Plot type D

Common central space

Plot type B

Plot type A Plot type A

Commercial block

All housing typologies in a block B Module with all typologies

MASTERPLAN OF PART A

LEGEND

Roads Green spaces Public amenities Section A

Private green spaces

Key Plan N.T.S

Section B

The module when incorporated on an area in the site would take into consideration • The topography of the Site • The backdrop of the Site • The major open spaces in and around the Site • The major nodes in and around the Site • Signages • Street furniture • Street Planting

CHARACTER OF THE OPEN SPACES

OPEN SPACES IN THE MODEL

OPEN SPACES IN BLOCK ON SITE

According URDPFI 2014, 10-12 sq.m. per person and 1 to 1.2 Ha per 1000 persons is required.

According to the guideline for new development in the city the classification is as follows:

Settlement of 620m X 680m

Projection of Rishikesh in terms of population is 3.3lakh in 2031. Therefore,total area of open spaces required in new development of Rishikesh is 336Ha. According to scale of existing areas in town the following categoies can be identified: A 0.4 to 1.2Ha Housing Area Park B 1.2 to 2 Ha Neighborhood Park C 2 to 4 Ha Markets(8) D 4 to 10 Ha Playgrounds(6)

Type A between 16 units Open space-15m X 50m=750 sq.m Type B between 10 units Open space-15 X 50m=750 sq.m + Private plot-10 X 30m=1050 sq.m Type C between 8 units Open space- 30 X 10m=300sq.m Urban block 200 X 300 (A+B+C)x4 + Common Space =1350X4 + 70X70 =12,100 = 12.1Ha (Category B)

Open space: A- 30X30m=900X6=5400=0.54 Ha 60X30m=1800=0.18 Ha 60X20m=1200=0.12 Ha B-70X100m=7000X2=14,000=1.4 Ha Recreational-200X220m=44000=4.4 Ha Amenities:50X150m=7500=0.75 Ha

The neighbourhood blocks that would act as fractal to build up a community

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

CITY IMAGE AND MORPHOLOGY

Rishikesh- is an identity given to the town by River Ganga. It manifolds into a complex web formed of religion, culture, nature and traditions. Religion being the center of this web, has many more attributes attached to it viz. tourism, culture, traditions, economy, and nature. These attributes hold certain aesthetic and transient values which form a part of a holistic experience and thus difficult to detach them. Religion and nature are the prime contributors upon which tourism and economy of the place sustains and thus they have been subjugated to disparage. Thus an approach that enhances certain transient and aesthetic values are needed to enhance the experience of this place as well as to form a balance between man and nature. One that brings about a change in the attitude towards resources that are affected by social, aesthetic and cultural conditions. Thus a few important nodes are recognized as constants in the city and have been analysed to form an appealing visual. The two typologies of open spaces have been recognized as: 1. Spaces that lack identity and can be put to a better use for the locals 2. Spaces that has lost its identity and can be upgraded identity of the city on the whole.

4 i G

F B D

K J

List of constants in the city: 1. Laxman jhula 2. Triveni sangam 3. Triveni Ghat 4. Ram jhula List of open spaces in the city: 1. Open space (presently used as bus stand) 2. Beatles ashram

Extent of Development Vantage Points Constants Potential open spaces Nodes of analysis in micro scale Section lines along the river bank

i. Open Space POTENTIAL OPEN SPACE

Bus Stop

CONSTANT

REGULATED DEVELOPMENT

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low

Parmarth Ashram

Landscape Condition- Low Most appropriate Management Strategy- Reconstruction Association- Religious, Functional

338 M OPEN SPACE USED AS BUS STAND AND PARKING

RIVER GANGA

Significance- Old Ashrams

MODERATE URBAN DENSITY

ii. Beatles Ashram CONSTANT

REGULATED DEVLOPMENT

RESTORATION

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low Beatles Ashram

Landscape Condition- Good 337 M

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration Association- Historical Significance-Recreational, Meditation

HIGH URBAN DENSITY

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

RIVER GANGA

FOREST/HILL

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL OPEN SPACES IN THE CITY

BEATLES ASHRAM

FOREST

50M

100M

200M

1. Laxman Jhula

RESTORATION/ RECONSTRUCTION

CONSTANT

NO DEVELOPMENT BEYOND

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low

Laxman Jhula

Landscape Condition- Low

343 M

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration &Reconstruction Association- Religious, historical HIGH URBAN DENSITY

FARMLANDS

RIVER GANGA

HIGH URBAN DENSITY

MODERATE URBAN DENSITY

Significance- Vantage point to the city and river

FOREST

2. Triveni Sangam

Chandrabhaga Bridge

CONSERVATION/ RECONSTRUCTION

NO DEVELOPMENT BEYOND

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low Landscape Condition- Low

337 M

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Conservation & Reconstruction Association- Religious

HIGH URBAN DENSITY

BRIDGE

SLUMS ENCROACHING UPON RIVERBED

RIVER BANK

CONFLUENCE OF 3 RIVERS

FOREST/ HILL

Significance- Vantage point, geographical setting

3. Triveni Ghat Triveni Ghat

CONSERVATION/ RESTORATION

NO DEVELOPMENT BEYOND

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low

Wetland

Landscape Condition- Moderate Most appropriate Management Strategy- Conservation/Restoration

336 M

Association- Religious

HIGH URBAN DENSITY/ OLD CITY

TRIVENI GHAT

RIVER GANGA

WETLAND

RIVER GANGA

Significance- Congregation, Vantage point

FOREST/ HILL

4. Ram Jhula NO DEVELOPMENT BEYOND

CONSTANT

POTENTIAL OPEN SPACE

LV- Landscape Value LC- Landscape Condition H- High M- Moderate L- Low Landscape Condition- Low

Ram Jhula

Most appropriate Management Strategy- Restoration/Reconstruction

339 M

Association- Religious, historical Significance- Vantage point to the city and river FOREST

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTRARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

MODERATE URBAN DENSITY

RIVER GANGA

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF CONSTANTS IN THE CITY

MODERATE URBAN DENSITY

OPEN SPACE

50M

100M

200M

• Marking experiential walkways along the city scape of rishikesh and measures conservin its character • Rishikesh city is constructed on hill slopes with river flowing in valley which has a spiritual importance, resulting in formation of ghats at several spaces • Due to high altitude and climate of the place vegetation also plays an important role in form of mose, ferns, shrubs, long trees that merges with the city hardscape • Amalgation of this overlaping layers of manmade ghats and existing riperian zone plays an important role in extracting the charater of rishikesh city

J A

Constants:

Section aa’

Existing G

A Tar road Earth Long avenue trees with overlapping canopy

Black & white perapete

Section bb’

Proposals:

Existing boulders Unplanned construction

Vandalism

Steps

Proposed G (Existing boulders)

(Steps)

Seasonal vegetation

Proposing plantation layers maintaining its charachter

B Concrete road Stone wall covered with mose

Exposed brick pavement

Existing H

Bench Fruit orchards

Steps along ghat Existing activities

Existing boulders

Proposed H (Steps along ghat) Installing boulders Preserving existing reperian zone

Proposed I

Existing I

C Metal railing Exposed brick retaining wall covered with mose Ficus tree grown on the edge of retaining wall

Monsoon season Fluctuating water level Rattling sound of river flowing at full pace

Submerged boulders

(Existing boulders)

Summer/Winter season Low water level Growing of seasonal vegetation along river bank

Emerged boulders New trails along river bank

Entrance covered with vegetation Texture of green

E Narrow market street with continous steps Dark corners fucntions as place for stalls in peak time

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

F Back street with green boundary Biodiersity of plants

Existing J Monsoon season Fluctuating water level Area of activities varries according to the water level

Submerged plazas

Proposed J Summer/Winter season Unseen river terrain

Fluctuating water level

VISUAL ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENTIAL WALKWAYS IN THE CITY

Emerged plazas

Existing K Setting of steps along existig boulders Biodiversity of plants

Proposed K Varrying activites along existig boulders (Biodiversity of plants)

Badrinath Camping grounds

Ganga

Tree cover

Riperian Buffer

Ganga

Ghats

Ashram

Tree cover

Road

Food Kiosks

Ghats Ghats

Highway 0

Section A Camping grounds @ Shivpuri as we go higher on the Badrinath highway. These grounds attract a lot of adventure enthusiastic tourists and offer a variety of activities like river rafting, beach volleyball and camping with bonfire. These camping grounds are seasonal (non-operational during monsoons). These grounds are to be kept as they are.

Section B Ganga banks 5 kms. ahead of Rishikesh. It is a steep climb down through jungle and few isolated ashrams downhill to the Banks. The rocks take you down to the banks, next to the Ganga waters. It is a favourite spot for peace & meditation seekers. These beautiful rocks touching the water provide one with a serene experience and are proposed to be kept as they are.

Trayambkeshvar Road

Temple

Section D: The ghats leading down to Ganga. There is provision for vehicles to reach to the ghats, thus making it accessible to specially abled as well. These ghats are proposed to be kept as they are.

Section C: Ashrams start influxing from 500 m. ahead of Lakshman jhula. It is approximately 40 m. offset from the water edge and steps from the ashram leads down to the Ganga banks. A very serene spot from visual perspsctive. This spot is to be kept as it is.

Built 0

Section E: Tryambkeshwar Temple: Popularly known as the Tera Manzil Temple, is a unique temple located in the heart of the city of Rishikesh, right next to the Lakshman Jhula. The steps leads to Ganga and act as ghats. It is a major landmark in terms of religious heritage of Rishikesh, so it is to be kept as it is.

Gabion wall

Retaining wall

Built up

Section F: Guest House: There are few guest houses which are situated right on the Ganga banks. These buildings are disturbing the riperian corridor off the river and they are a threat to the river ecology. A buffer riperian corridor of 50 m is proposed and these buildings are to be removed in the redevelopment plan.

Ganga

Defunct building

Road

Built up

Section K: Defunct Buildings: There are 3 defunct buildings (probably guest houses or ashram, functional at some point of time) identified on the river banks. They are situated around Lakshman Jhula & Ram Jhula. These are identified as spoilspots in context of visual quality of the banks and also they are creating a discontinuity in the character of the River edge.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

Section G: Promenade ahead of the Triveni Ghats: This is a newly constructed 2.5 km. walk known as aastha path. The path has a towering cliff on one side and Ganga on other side, punctuated by gazebos where you can go to get an uninterrupted view of the Ganga or to just sit there or to meditate in peace. This promenade is located on the curve of course of Ganga where the water hits so the retaining wall acts as a protection against the flash floods, thus the promenade to be kept as it is.

Ganga 0

Viewing Deck Steps

Buffer

Road

Section K: Treating these obsolete spaces as open spaces and make it available to the city for improving the visual character and act as viewing platforms projecting over the river Ganga.

Section H: Promenade adjacent to AIIMS: This is the location where the elevation drop is very marginal and Ganga flows with a steady current. The river edges on both sides are protected with gabion walls. Trees are planted on both sides of the promenade. Just ahead on the course of Ganga lies the chilla dam, so this edge condition is proposed to be retained as it is.

Section I: Ahead of Chilla dam, the steps leading to the banks act as ghats. The water is retained at the dam and the level of water ahead of the dam is very low which allows one to actually go inside Gangatic grounds.

Built up

Road

Built up

Section J: Guest house next to Triyambkeshvar temple is located approx. 35 m. offset from water edge. The egde is natural edge with lots of boulders to cater the water currents. This type of constructions which are fairly offsetted from the banks can be kept as they are.

Ghats @ Triveni sangam. It is the biggest and most famous ghat in Rishikesh at the banks of Ganga. Holy Ganga Aarti of Rishikesh takes place here. The religious and cultural context is very well contained in these ghats, thus these ghats are of great religious value and are to be kept as they are.

Built up 0

Ganga

Promenade Gabion Wall

View from the viewing platform at the proposed site (next to triyambkeshwar temple).

RIVER GANGA: THE VISUAL DELIGHT

ISSUES:

NEED OF PEDESTRIANIZATION IN RISHIKESH

Rishikesh being an important node for the pilgrims of Char Dham Yatra and tourists for adventure activities holds a lot of pressure. There is a rapid The town caterers’ a number of tourist every year. The town increase in tourism activities of various kinds. This pressure not only affects the local population and the core city but also affects the natural resources. not only attracts pilgrims but also the other category of tourists like leisure, adventure, wildlife and yoga learners. Along • Increasing Traffic pressures on NH7 which passes through the core of the city to adventure spots in and around Rishikesh and also it leads to with this one of the most important pedestrian journey is unChar Dham. dertaken by the ‘Kanvarias’ which is known as Kawad yatra. • Vehicular Congestion due to increased number of tourist vehicles highly affects the local population and affects the tranquility of the place. The devotees undertake this journey barefooted of 100 km • There is an increase in pollution due to lack of amenities provided for the tourists. with utmost devotion and enthusiasm. This journey is done • Lack of parking areas. through Rishikesh. So it becomes important to facilitate a • Kawad Yatra which is usually in the monsoon season is a typical pedestrian yatra by the pilgrims. This pedestrian yatra takes up on the NH7 better pedestrian movement corridor for the pilgrims. creating kiosk in the city which affects the local population the most.

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

PROPOSAL

Zone 1 Time

ZONE 1 Weekdays

RE-ROUTING OF KAWAD YATRA Weekends

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

DENSITY OF BUILT FORM ALONG NH 7 AND NH34

INFERENCE: • Fast traffic movement was found to

Rishikesh being a small town of population around one lakh people, caters 30,000 tourists per day. This naturally increases the pressure on the town affecting the traffic movement of the locals population. During the season of monsoon the Kawad Yatra which is a pedestrian journey crosses the core of the city. NH7 is the axial highway of Rishikesh city which is highly affected by the Kawad Yatra. To reduced the traffic congestion for the local’s daily movement into the city, a new road is proposed for the pedestrians of ‘Kanvarias’. This starts with the proposed temporary city for Khumbh and Kawar, the proposed transit hub, Rishikesh railway station, old bus stop and leads to Ram Jhula and Lakxman Jhula which ahead leads to Neelkanth Mahadev Temple. Also the vehicular and the pedestrain movement of the Kanvaries are redefined and segreggated in order to reduce the traffic pressure on the heart of the city.

be dominating in zone 1.

Zone 2 Time

ZONE 2 Weekdays

Weekends

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

INFERENCE: • Moderate fast traffic movement was found to be dominating in zone 2.

Zone 3 Time

ZONE 3 Weekdays

Weekends

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

TRAFFIC MAP ALONG NH7 AND NH34

ZONE 2

ZONE 1

INFERENCE: • Moderate slow traffic movement was found to be dominating in zone 3. ZONE 3

ZONE 4

Zone 4 Time

ZONE 4 Weekdays

Weekends

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

LEGEND INFERENCE: • Moderate fast traffic movement was found to be dominating in zone 4. GUIDLINES

FOR PROPOSED KAWAD ROUTE:

MEASURES TO CALM TRAFFIC:

• Walkability of the streets: It depends upon the presence or absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of way, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others. • Shade along the streets: For better environment and comfort must be considered for designing these streets: Trees like Alstonia scholaris and Schleichera oleosa, which are evergreen can be planted on the either sides of the streets • Lighting and resting places: To make sure the safety and ease of the pedestrians proper illumination and facilities like benches must be incorporated in the street design after certain intervals. • Public toilets and dustbin: Basic amenities like toilets and enviornmental protection measures must be considered to reduce pollution. • Zebra crossings and curb extensions: Pedestrain safety measures must be incorporated rigorously to reduce accidents and conflicts between the motorized and pedestrian movements. • Buffers along the streets: Road side plantation with tress like Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia bellirica and Schleichera oleosa can act as very good buffers along the streets. • Signage’s and way finding: These features helps to orient and navigate oneself in the physical space. • Pedestrian routes need linkages with public transport. • Police checkpoints at the major junctions. • Design factors affecting pedestrian movement: Path width, surface quality, crossing opportunities and support facilities.

• • • • • • •

Speed restrictions. Speed humps and rumble stripes. Islands/Refuges for pedestrians to hold them in the median. Raised Pedestrian Crossing and Raised Pedestrian Crossing. Horizontal deflection measure to decrease the speed of the approaching vehicle. Textured and colored pavements that the motorists should avoid. Traffic circles in the intersections to force motorists not to speed and avoid the pe destrian areas. • Neck downs at kerb extensions near to intersections in approach roads. • Volume control measures by using full closure and partial closure. • Pedestrianization also helps in calming traffic.

Rumble Stripes

Refuges for Pedestrians

Kerb Extensions and Signages

Non Motorized Transport

Roundabouts at Intersections Way-finding

Lane Demarcations and Raised Pedestrian Crossing

FOR NATIONAL HIGHWAYS: • NH7 and NH 34 in Rishikesh must be provided with proper pedestrian sidewalks. • Road lane demarcations along with traffic signals and roundabouts at nodes must be provided. • Non-motorized Transport (NMT) must be encouraged: this will not only help in reducing traffic congestion but will also help in protecting the environment of the city.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

Sidewalks with shade and resting spaces

RE-ROUTING OF KAWAD YATRA

REFERENCES - Google Maps, Google images, Thesis - Pedestrianization in the city centre : a case of Agra by Lovlesh sharma, Traffic Calming in Indian Perspective by Dr. Akil Ahmed, and Mr. Rahul Bagchi.

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE STUDY- RISHIKESH, UTTARAKHAND MASTERS PROGRAM IN LANDSCAPE 2015-17

TOURIST LINKAGES AND AMENITITES

REFERENCES - G