Portfolio 2014

Page 1

LE HAVRE

The Value of In-between Space Landscape + Urbanism Portfolio


Xiaofen Lu MA Landscape + Urbanism Kingston University K1273743 Tutors: Assoc Prof. Pat Brow Honore van Rijswijk

Image right is map of Le Havre, 2013, from https://maps.google.co.uk/


Map of Le Havre


Contents Introduction

01

Chapter One: Context Waterways City Components Public Transportation & Road Hierachy Urban Sprawl: Then and Now

04

Chapter Two: In-between Space Location & Site Photos

14

Chapter Three:The Green Gene Strategy Introduction ForĂŞt de Montgeon - Natural Landscape Vertical Interrelation and Existing Urban Structure Sketch: Southern District Strategy Plan Through Times Design Principles

18

Chapter Four: Testing In-between Space : Winston Churchill Block Testing Block Winston Churchill Testing Community Amerigo Vespucci Testing Community: Timeline Strategy

30


Spatial Strategy Vision of the Testing Land: Master Plan Master Plan: Spatial Functions Cross Section & Perspectives Allotment Plan Allotment Visions Vision of the Test Land: Overall Airview Study Model Planting Strategy: Tree Planting Strategy: Perennial Image of Parish Re-used Material for Hardscape Chapter Five: The Green Corridor - Rue de Jemmapes The Main Landscape Elements CAD Plan of Green Corridor Typical Cross Sections Model Perennial Plan Perennial Selection Phasing Waterfront Port Strategy South District Strategy Vision of Green Corridor

66

Reference & Bibliography

80


4


Introduction:

Le Havre, a port city, located at the mouth of Seine Estuary of north France is transforming. Like many European cities, today’s Le Havre is losing its population despite its growing economy. This once prosperous and industrial based city is facing the challenge of maintaining its own urban function due to decline. To contend and manage this, local government has initiated many regeneration projects. More public facilities are funded and completed in order to elevate the city image.( DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective:2011) This strategic plan is clearly focused on the main city body. With its UNESCO site on the west, both northern and southern districts have been renewed by modern buildings and networked by public transportation systems such as tram, bus and cycle routes. My aim is to explore what happens to the in-between space in Le Havre. Known as a port city, Le Havre is divided by a long strip of cliff into two main areas, the northern and the southern district. The port and industrial spaces take up most of southern Le Havre. The in-between space is bordered by the Boulevard Winston Churchill in the north and Vetillarton Basin in the south. This space is a fusion of ongoing port activities, old industrial heritage, vacant land with possible chemical residue from disposed factories, and amongst it all are the inhabitants - the families of dock workers - immigrants and the poor. The historic map (Le Havre Archives Municipales n.d.) indicates that it once was an important transitional area connecting both port activities and urban life. Through time, the city structure has not changed dramatically, especially, those along the Boulevard Winston Churchill. However today this in-between space has started to lose its magnetism. The physical location limits its developing opportunities. The tram lines have no direct connection. Buses are infrequent with limited stops. People drive everywhere, the land is treated as a car park. Residential and industrial are side by side but many old warehouses and factories are left abandoned discouraging interest. Considering the existing limitations, it is seen as an opportunity to re-evaluating such a dilapidated space. As landscape contributes to dealing with transforming land, the main principles of this project is to advance the quality of the environment; improve internal social interaction; provide better access and raise the value of the waterfront. In conclusion, a multilayered landscape design is adopted to re-magnetize such an in-between space. This model can be replicated as a long term strategy in other locations which share similar urban conditions.

1


Le Havre Rouen

2

Key City Ferry to Portsmouth, UK River Seine Railway Autoroute Cycle route to Paris

0

10

20km

Modified Map of Waterway from Le Havre to Paris, 2013


Introduction

3

Paris


01 4

Context

Placed amongst 82 ports and 2 harbors along the English Channel ((http://www.worldportsource.com/waterways/ English_Channel_23.php#top), Le Havre is situated at the mouth of Seine Estuary in North France. A gateway at the end of the withering River Seine as well as the beginning of a journey toward Paris and beyond.

The city components exhibit particular geographic features such as the cliff and water ways. It also contextualizes today’s city patterns formed by its historic and economic importance.

The public transport map helps to understand how the daily commute flows throughout the city. The distribution of clusThe maps of the English Channel and of the River Seine ters of stations is indicative of the hubs of economic activity. (on the following pages) illustrates the port features of Le Havre. The map of the waterway along River Seine shows The historic maps show how the city grew over five hundred the scope of the port railway, which stands out significantly years. With the rise in world industry, the city expanded at the mouth of the estuary. It reflects the port economy’s supplanting the surrounding forest. There is an imbalance influence on the shaping of the city. of open green spaces to developed land. It also highlights questions related to today’s development of future ecologic, social and economic values.


Context: Waterway

Map of Water Network Along the Channel

London Dover

Weymouth

Poole

Portsmouth

Newheaven

Calais

Dieppe Cherbourg Harbour

Le Havre

Cean

Paris

5

0

25 50

100km

Key: Waterway

Boundary

River Seine

Capital Cities

Port along English Channel

Modified Map of Waterway along English Channel, 2013


6

Key: 0

1

5

10km

Map of Waterway Along River Seine, 2013

Seine Eustuary

Primary Road

Railway

Secondar


ry Road

Context: Waterway

Map of Waterway Along River Seine

7

Neighbouring Cities


City Components

Topography of City Compononts: Cross Section 150

Port

100

Centre Ville reconstruit

Old City Centre

Cliff

Sanvic

Quartiers en terrasses de la Cavee verte

50 0

150

Port

Entree de ville sud

Old City Centre

Quartiers en terrasses de la Cliff Cavee verte

Sanvic

100 50 0

150

Port

100

Quartiers sud

Southern City Entrance

Cliff

Aplemont

50 0

0

8 Geographically, the city is divided by a cliff into northern and southern districts. The ground level can vary up to 100 meters in places. The topography provides opportunity for port development. From economic perspective, Le Havre consists of three major parts: The UNESCO site which acts as a city center in the west; the suburban residential in the up-town and commercial port in the lower-town; with a transitional district between the latter two.

Modified Image of Topography, 2013

100

500m


City Components

Map of City Functions Based on Economic Structure

9

0

1km

Key Surburb

Cliff

City & UNESCO Site

Port Site

Boundary

Modified map of Functions Based on Economic Structure, 2013


Public Transportation This map of public transportation in Le Havre shows the bus and tramway network. The modernized tramway system runs between the UNESCO site in the west and northern part of the city. It can be seen that the southern district, below the cliff has an under developed bus network, which stagnates growth in these areas.

Public transport map

Key Tramway system Public bus network Station / stops Station / stops Southern district

10

The map of stations reflects the density of public transport use. It also indicates the level of urban activity. The interchanges show that the primary centers of human activity focus on the city center/ UNESCO site and the northern residential areas. The southern area below the cliff has much fewer transitional interchanges.

Key Station / bus stops >2 lines interchange >4 lines interchange Southern district

Transportation map, 2013

The density of station


Road Hierachy

11

0

1km

Key Urban Figure ground

Railway

Primary Road

Secondary Road

Boundary

Modified Map of Road Hierarchy of Le Havre, 2013


Urban Sprawl: what happened?

The development of Le Havre 1530 - 1992

1530

1790

1900

1936

1944

1960

1975

1992

Key Urban Expansion

12

Forest / Green Area

These historic maps indicate that it wasn’t until the early 1900s that the port area started expanding eastwards dramatically. As the port of Le Havre became the core of the city’s economy, the surrounding suburbs moved north. This expansion caused the forest and other green areas to shrink in size. Today’s Le Havre is shrinking in population. To reverse the shrinkage, the Le Grand Project de Ville (G.P.V. ) helped to promote social and urban renewal districts in north-east Cauciauville and Mont-Gaillard; Mare and Red Wood for the west. The Urban II Community Initiative Programme (PIC) is helping to complete rejuvenation policy in the South District. The modernization of public facilities such as the tramway system and public bus network; improvement of the Jennet tunnel; and increasing educational institutes and housing development is demonstrative that the city is transforming. (DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective:2011)

Modified Historic map sources, 2013


Urban Sprawl: what’s happening?

The Modernised Public Facility New housing project, 2013

Northern expansion

Tramway system, 2013

Cliff

Image of Stadium, 2014 Image of Swimming Pool, 2014

In-between area

City Center/ UNESCO site Le Havre Port City, 2011

Port

Le Havre Port City, 2011

Shopping centre Dock Vauban, 2014 Institut Supérieur d’Etudes Logistiques, 2014

Port of Le Havre, 2014,

13


02 14

The In-between Space

The area between Boulevard Winston Churchill in the north and Vetillarton basin in the south is what I call an ‘In between space’. Sandwiched amid the port and major urban residential area, land usage is an extreme mixture of working and abandoned industry, community and residential buildings, and waste land. The urban context indicates that this land doesn’t pay as much civic attention as the rest of Le Havre, which has lead to the imbalance of development. Yet, this lack of interest is also an opportunity to build more creative projects compared to those already planned. This project will focus on the redevelopment of such a piece of waste land, to bring together the inhabitants and workers who share this in between space.


15


In-between Space - Location

16

Key:

Edge of Space

Area between Port and City

Modified map of Le Havre, 2014

Port Basin


In-between Space - Site Photos Bd Winston Churchill,2014

Rue des Briquetiers, 2014

Rue Amerigo Vespucci,2014

17

Vetillart Basin,2014


03 18

The Green Gene Strategy

Situated above the cliff, Forêt de Montgeon, with a coverage of 270 ha enjoys its popularity as the largest and most important public park in Le Havre. As the city has grown, the forest has shrunk. Today the remaining woodland is preserved as natural heritage. The impact of Forêt de Montgeon is significant due to it’s historical value, rich natural landscape, and sport-related culture; socially benefiting to all citizens. The vertical contrast between uptown and lower town reveals the imbalance of social welfare. To gain equal treatment, the people from the south have to invest more than those from north. And regardless of this investment, the fundamental problem of the southern district including the In-between space will remain and be unsolved.

The Green Gene concept is initiated from this public park in a hope of transforming its energy into poorer areas. Like a healthy single cell, Forêt de Montgeon is expected to be a new member of the body of In-between space, which will replace the negative parts and improve the quality of future districts.


19

The image is captured when a cell is being initiated with injection or taken by a tube. I use this photo to represent action as inspiration of my concept.


The Green Gene

Forêt de Montgeon - Natural Landscdape

20

Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014


The Green Gene

Forêt de Montgeon - Plan

21

Map of Forêt de Montgeon, 2011


The Green Gene

Vertical Interrelation - Urban Feagure Ground with Existing Condition

Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014

Images of Cliff, 2014

22

Images of In-between Space, 2014

Key:

Image of Port, 2014 Vertical City Block Between Forêt de Montgeon and Port

Surrounding City Blocks

Modified map of Vertical Interrelation, 2014

Port Basin

Contour Line


The Green Gene

Vertical Interrelation - Existin Urban Structure

23

Key: Vertical City Block Between ForĂŞt de Montgeon and Port

Port Basin

Primary Road

Port Railway

Secondary Route

Modified from http://www.openstreetmap.org/


The Green Gene

Sketch: Critical Urban Nodes and Interrelationship

Park de Motgeon

Cliff Major transport junction

24

City / UNESCO site

Port


The Green Gene

Sketch: Soutthern District Strategy

Park de Motgeon

In-between space

25

City / UNESCO site

Port


26

The blue cell is in process of reproduction. I use this image to represent the power of influence of the public green can be continuesly reproduced to benefit all society.

Existing Codition

Key:

ForĂŞt de Montgeon as Green Gene becoming a new member of southern district.

Phase 1

Plan


n Direction

The Green Gene

Plan Through Time

27

Phase 2

Newly Developed Area

The In-between Area

Phase 3

Port


Design Principles Advance the quality of environment

To realize the concept of the Green Gene strategy, it is important to understand what urban assets the area has. Like many other European cities, Le Havre is facing economic, social and environmental challenges derived from a post-industrial world. People, as the most valuable urban assets are leaving, thus weakening the power of the whole city. The contribution of landscape architecture is to re-strengthen the depleted land and space in order to improve people’s daily lives. Therefore, the priority of the actions is to find what can be revalued in such an environment.

28

Advance the quality of environment: the green patches are industrial brownfield that indicate potential land to be improved in environmental quality. Improve internal social interaction: the orange lines are roads, connecting those isolated green patches and integrating their space as a whole internal network.

Improve internal social interaction

Providing better access

Providing acess: the red routes indicate the possibility to open up and join the larger urban landscape. Raising the value of the waterfront: the blue routes provide access to the basins which in turn will allow new development. This will enhance the image and raise value of not only the waterfront but also adjacent areas.

Raising the value of the waterfront


Design Principles Project North Greenwich, London,UK, 2014

Project Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, Germany, 2014

Waterfront along Thames barrier idustrial area, 2014

Project Southport Broadwater Parklands, Australia, 2014

29


04 30

Testing In-between Space : Winston Churchill Block

The site I choose to test my proposal is situated below Blvd. Winston Churchill, west to Rue Marceau and next to Vauban and Paul Vatine Basins. Along those basins new development has already emerged. The new shopping centre, Dock Vauban; new housing development with Fluvial Park having been recently completed on the edge of Fluvial Basin. This economic boom is considered a successful starting point for the southern district. Therefore, the Winston Churchill Block is the most logical to re-develop within the rejuvenation strategy of the southern district. To understand how the In-between space has the potential to fulfill its purpose, the city is looked at in ever increasing detail. By examining existing spatial characteristics at different scales we will see the interrelationship of the current landscape, and so re-evaluate the legacy of post-industrial development.

Alan Berger, from his essay of Drosscape (2006, p203), says that “Cities are not static objects, but active arenas marked by continuous energy flows and transformations of which landscapes and buildings and other hard parts are not permanent structures but transitional manifestations...” On exploration of the area, it was discovered that a large percentage of land was left vacant, used as car parks or contained old industrial buildings; all intermixed with old and new residential blocks. As Berger points out these ‘hard parts’ need not be permanent; they are potential valuable assets by not only cultural and historical remembrance of a city, but also new public opportunity committed by multifaceted and multilayered disciplines.


Le Havre

31 5km

Test Block Winston Churchill

400m

400m

1km

3km

1000km

1km

In-between Space

Test Site Community

Map of Le Havre, 2014


Testing Block Winston Churchill

Existing Surroundings

Land Use Potential

Industrial Vacant Land

Parking Lots

Key: Testing Land

Industrial Buildings

New Commercial Development Railway Line Major Motorway Shipping Basin

32

In-between Space, 2014

Existing Land


Testing Community Amerigo Vespucci Existing Circulation

Land Use

Potentials

Industrial and Commercial

Key:

Primary Road

Residential

Secondary Road Industrial & Commercial Buildings Residential Buildings

Block Winston Churchill, 2014

Base land

Community Amerigo vespucci, 2014

33


Testing Community: Timeline Strategy Le Havre has an issue with seasonal rainfall flooding. To realize my design principles, firstly my approach requires the protection of the surface of the In between space from being damaged by rainfall as well as surface flow. To solve this, there will be a topological rearrangement to improve imbalanced ground level and collection and channeling of overflow. Secondly, there is a concern of contaminated land due to historic industrial use. Following the legacy of the London Olympic Park in Stratford (2011), approaches such as soil treatment and planting strategy will be used to increase natural biodiversity in a hope to enhance the quality of the land, and so its value. Meanwhile, social interaction will be improved during the development of the land and space.Local inhabitants will be invited to look after participate in the renewal. First Five years

34 Existing Testing Community


Testing Community: Timeline Strategy

Ten year project

Twenty year project

35

Image of Existing Testing Community, 2014


Spatial Stratergy: Exising Site Map

36

Map of Testing Community, 2014


Spatial Stratergy Linear Spaces within Community

Linear Spaces Extend to Waterfront

Attention Spaces for Public

Attention Spaces for Community

37

More Potential Chances

New Collective Housing Development

Outdoor Activity, Parks, Nusery


Vision of the Testing Land: Master Plan

The master plan focuses around three existing urban features: a cluster of commercial and industrial buildings in the north; a residential community with bus garage in the middle and a part of Quie de la Gironde on the embankment of Vetillarton basin in the south.

38

A conjunction of different urban functions, this In-between space is typical in its multitude of different users. This project is to bring together a fractured community; to cater for their different requirements. So there will need to be several different focal points in this design to address such a multifunctional community. A spacious square for workers to take a break, meet and chat; A community garden with a pond. The pond in the first instance is created as a natural water treatment mechanism (as discussed on page 34) and secondly as an overflow channel. The community garden will be available to local residences to promote social interaction through the growing of their own vegetables and plants as well as creating an educational facility for local children; To take advantage of the waterfront, some of the existing disused warehouses will be converted into community led cafes, restaurants, boutique shops, galleries and other local commerce to kick start the area’s economic regeneration. A herbaceous garden will also be constructed here to soften the surrounding industrial views.


39


Master Plan: Spatial Functions

40

Key: Waterfeature Community Square Neighbourhood Backyard Community Allotment Community Entrance Green Corridor Waterfront Local Nusery

0

50m


Mater Plan: Spatial Functions Waterfeature

Birch Tree Woods

Backyard Garden

Community Square

Allotment

Community Center/Cafe

Playground

Waterfront Hebaceous Garden/Nursery

Green Corridor

Waterfront Steps

41


Cross Sections

Warehouse / office

Warehouse / office

Waterfeature

Waterfeature

Community Square

Community Pond Community Back Garden

42

Bus Centre

Bus Centre

Green Corridor / Swale

Green Corridor / Swale

Birch Tree

Community Pond

Lo


Perspectives

ocal Pub

Part of Community Square

43

Allotment

View from Green Corridor Allotment


Cross Sections

Canal Waterfront

44

Canal Waterfront


Perspectives

Lawn Herbaceous Garden on the bank of basin

45

Herbaceous Garden on the bank of basin


Lighting Plan

46


Allotment Plan

47


Allotment Plan: Visions

View through Community Allotment

48

View from Green Corridor


Allotment Plan: Visions

View from Community Square

49

A Pathway through Mini Woods


50


Vision for the Testing Land:Overall Airview

51


Vision for the Testing Land: Study Model

52


53


The Planting Strategy

54

Planting native trees is the most efficient and economical way to form the landscape. To improve the quality of space; trees like plane, birch, and poplar, which are fast growing and protect soil from overflow, will be added to the existing native plane and lime trees already growing on site. Additionally, some slow growing trees like oak will be planted amongst the other trees. In the future these will replace the fast-growing species and continue to enrich the natural environment. All the trees are chosen from native sources. Semi-matured trees, of all types will be chosen to line the “green corridorâ€?. On the south and west side, young trees are arranged closely for a future wooded area, reminiscent of ForĂŞt de Montgeon. It is the intention for this to be a small tree nursery to sell the trees. Another layer of the strategy is species-rich meadow and turf that is combined by perennials that all are suitable for coastal and post-industrial land.


The Planting Strategy

55


Planting Strategy - Tree

56

Key: Tilia cordata (Small-leaved lime) Platanus acerifolia (London Plane) Alnus spaethii (Alder) Betula pendula (Sliver birch) Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash) Populus alba Salix alba Acer platanoides

0

60m


Planting Strategy - Tree Tree

Acer platanoides, 2014

Alnus spaethii (Alder), 2014

Platanus acerifolia (London Plane), Populus alba, 2014 2014

Betula pendula (Sliver birch), 2014 Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash), 2014

Salix alba, 2014

Tilia cordata (Small-leaved lime), 2014

Small Tree / Shrub

Ilex aquifolium cvs, 2014

Aralia elata, 2014

Salix exigua (Coyote Willow), 2014 Cornus alba ‘Elegantissima’ , 2014

Escallonia ‘Peach Blossom’, 2014

Buxus sempervirens, 2014

Rhus typhina (Stag’s horn sumach), Ulex europaeus (Common gorse), 2014 2014

57


Planting Strategy - Perennial

58

Key: Perennial Area

0

60m


Planting Strategy - Perennial

Achnatherum calamagrostis, 2014 Campanula lactiflora ‘Prichard’s Varie,2014

Allium sphaerocephalon,2014

Trollius europaeus, 2014

Molinia caerulea ‘Moorhexe’, 2014 Geranium sylvaticum, 2014

Sanguisorba officinalis, 2014

Euphorbia palustris, 2014

59

Cephalaria dipsacoides, 2014

Lythrum virgatum, 2014

Centaurea dealbata ‘Steenbergii’

Phlomis russeliana, 2014

Leucanthemum x superbum ‘TE Killin’ , 2014

Lavandula, 2014

Lychnis chalcedonica, 2014

Allium Bulgaricum, 2014

The perennial species is referenced from London Olympic Park planting strategy All images are taken from Google Images


60


Image of Parish

61


Re-used Materials for Hardscape Paving Proposal Plan

62

0

60m


Re-used Materials for Hardscape

On-site Materials

Natural StonePaving

63

Old Indutrial Containers and Railways

Disused and Weathered Metal and Timber from Port


05 64

The Green Corridor - Rue de Jemmapes


65


The Green Corridor

Permeable Surface

Water

66

The Green Corridor is a linear space situated on the eastern edge of the Community Amerigo Vespucci. Starting at the junction of Bvd. Smiral Mouchez and Rue Marcel Toulouzan, it ends to the bank of Vetillart Basin via Rue Ameriigo Vespucci. It connects the different environments of the In-between space. Regarding the design approach, there are three landscape elements which are important throughout the whole Green Corridor space; water, trees and permeable surfaces.

Trees

Primary Uses

Trees provide shelter from wind,rain and sun; the permeable surface absorbs and filters overflow and channels it to the pond and basin. The pond is designed to be reminiscent of Le Havre’s historic water channels.

Master Plan


The Green Corridor

The Main Landscape Elements

67




Typical paving and tree pit

70

Typical slope with


h avenue tree along the Green Corridor

Concep three landscape elements

The Green Corridor

Typical Detail Dsign

71


The Green Corridor Model Perennial Plan 10m

2m

72

1m 0

0

1m

2m

3m

13m


The Green Corridor

Perennial Selection

Sporobolus heterolepis, 2014

Schizachyrium scoparium, 2014

Calamagrostis brachytricha

73

Crinum × powellii, 2014

Sedum matrona, 2014 Stachys byzantina, 2014

Panicum ‘Heiliger Hain’, 2014

Piet Oudolf & Noel Kingsbury, Planting: a new perspective,Timber Press, 2013 All images are taken from Google Images


Phase 1: Improve and expand existing route

Phase 2:

Rue de Jemmapes

74

The Green Corridor is built upon the existing Rue de Jemmapes, a cul-de-sac and is surrounded by a mixture of building types. Currently its main purpose is for car parking serving the surrounding area. By improving Rue de Jemmapes, it will create an area for social interaction such as meeting, resting, having lunch break, etc. The proposed allotment links to this extension, and will be serving the nearby residents in the future. All the trees are chosen from native sources. Semi-matured trees, of all types will be chosen to line the “green corridor”. On the south and west side, young trees are arranged closely for a future wooded area, reminiscent of Forêt de Montgeon.

Key: Existing Route

Existin

Existing Residents

Propo

Existing Industrial Blocks and Warehouses

Propo

Distan


The Green Corridor

Phasing

Extend route towards waterfronts

Phase 3: Surrounding areas are developed

100m

75

ng Route

Existing Route

osed Path - The Green Corridor

Proposed Path - The Green Corridor

osed Allotment

Proposed Allotment

nce

Distance New Development


The Green Corridor- Waterfront Port Strategy Potential Linear Space Towards the Basins

76

Modified from Google Earth


The Green Corridor- South District Strategy

The Impace on In-between Space

Existing Facilities Key: Surrounding Parks Sports Facilities Family Centre & Nusery The Green Corridor Jadin Fluial

Proposed Green Corridors Key: Public Facility Cluster The Green Corridor Proposed Routes Proposed Quay Path

77 Bassin Fluvial

Bassin Vetillart Garage de Graville Bassin Marcel Despujols

The green corridor will link the urban facilities to the waterfront. The existing Jadin Fluial on the western Quie de la Cironde has already elevated the surrounding area with new developments of apartments and public facilities. A connecting path from Jadin Fluial to the green corridor will invigorate the spread of new development towards the waterfront. Eventually the waterfront will be networked to the whole southern district and slowly merge into the rest of the city.

Image taken from Google Earth


78


The Green Corridor

79


Reference & Bibliography:

Berger, A (2006), Drosscape, The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press Brickell, C (2010), The Royal Horticultural Society - Encyclopedia of Plants & Flowers,Dorling Kindersley. Landry,C (2008), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovatiors (2nd Ed.). London Sterling, VA, Routledge. Marot, S (1999), The Reclaiming of Sites, New York, Princeton Architectural Press. Oudolf,P & Kingsbury, N (2013), Planting: a new perspective, London & Portland, Timber Press. Rice, G (2006), The Royal Horticultural Society: Encyclopedia of Perennials, London, Dorling Kindersley Limited Zimmermann, A (ed) (2008), Constructing Landscape - Materials, Techniques, Structural Components, 2nd ed, Basel, Birkhauser Verlag AG.

DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective (2011) Plan local d’urbanisme - Ville du Havre. Accessed online 06-09-14: http:// www.lehavre.fr/node/21439 Le Havre Archives Municipales (n.d.) Mapping Gallery. Accessed online 06-09-14 : http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives/site/article_id-/sstopic_id-869/topic_id-868/topic_parent_id-805/fonds-numerises.html Mattinson, N; Price, S; Shepherd,P; Dunnett, N; Hitchmough J (2011), Learning Legacy - The planting strategy for the Olympic Parklands, Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/ documents/pdfs/design-and-engineering-innovation/160-planting-strategy-dei.pdf Olympic Delivery Authority (2008), Biodiversity Action Plan, Accessed online 08-09-14:http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ documents/ke68-olympic-park-biodiversity-action-plan.pdf

80

O’Hare, T (2011), Learning Legacy - Olympic Park soil strategy, Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: (http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/design-and-engineering-innovation/159-soil-strategy-dei. pdf Ports along English Channel, accessed online 08-09-14: http://www.worldportsource.com/waterways/English_Channel_23.php#top, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_the_English_Channel Shepherd, P (2011), Learning Legacy - Delivering the Olympic Park Biodiversity Acion Plan. Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/publications/biodiversity-implementation-guidance-for-project-teams.php Willerby Landscape Ltd,(n.d), 2012 Olympic Gardens Plant List, Accessed online 08-09-14: willerby-landscapes.co.uk http://www.transports-lia.fr (n.d.) Accessed online 06-09-14 : http://www.transports-lia.fr/presentation/?rub_code=1004,

(The order of the image reference is accordance with the page order in portfolio)

Image map of Le Havre, 2014, from https://maps.google.co.uk/ Modified Map of Waterway from Le Havre to Paris, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/


Modified Map of Waterway along English Channel, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Map of Waterway Along River Seine, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Modified Image of Topography, 2014, avaiable at: PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME - Rapport de présentation tome 1:2011 Modified map of Functions Based on Economic Structure, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Transportation map, avaiable at http://www.transports-lia.fr/, modified Modified Map of Road Hierarchy of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Modified Historic map sources, 2014, avaiable at : PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME - Rapport de présentation tome 1:2011 Image of New Housing Project, 2014, avaiable at Google Earth Tramway system, 2014, avaiable at http://www.lemoniteur.fr/147-transport-et-infrastructures/article/actualite/19732563-le-havre-retrouve-le-tramway Le Havre Port City, 2011, avaiable at http://www.globeimages.net/img-le-havre-port-city-6348.htm Le Havre Port City, 2011, avaiable at http://www.globeimages.net/img-le-havre-port-city-6348.htm Port of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at http://www.haropaports.com/fr/le-havre Modified map of Le Havre, 2014 from http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Images of Rue Amerigo Vespucci,2014, avaiable at google earth Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014, available at:www.Flickr.com Map of Forêt de Montgeon, 201, avaiable at from google earth Modified map of Vertical Interrelation, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Image of Project Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, Germany andSouthport Broadwater Parklands,2014, avaiable at http://www.landezine.com/ Map of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at Google map Map of Testing Community, 2014, avaiable at Google map Alnus spaethii (Alder), 2014, avaiable at http://davisla.wordpress.com/2012/08/25/plant-of-the-week-alnus-spaethii/ Betula pendula (Sliver birch), 2014, avaiable at

81


http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186225-i46762397-Cambridge_Cambridgeshire_England.html Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash), 2014, avaiable at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/british-natural-history/urban-tree-survey/identify-trees/tree-factsheets/l-to-o/manna-ash/index.html Populus alba, 2014, avaiable at http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/poal.html Ilex aquifolium cvs, 2014, avaiable at http://www.pro-faber.ro/index.php?tld=379264&language=1&producer=-1&showproducts=yes&location=5135 Salix exigua (Coyote Willow), 2014, avaiable at http://www.smmflowers.org/bloom/species/Salix_exigua_hindsiana.htm Cornus alba ‘Elegantissima’ , 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=531 Aralia elata, 2014, avaiable at http://www.instantplants.ie/categories_list_details.php?ID=35 Escallonia ‘Peach Blossom’, 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91898/Escallonia-Peach-Blossom/Details Rhus typhina (Stag’s horn sumach), 2014, avaiable at http://judithegardener.co.uk/blog/2013/11/12/rhus-typhina-laciniata/ Ulex europaeus (Common gorse), 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1976 Achnatherum calamagrostis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.highcountrygardens.com/perennial-plants/ornamental-grass/ achnatherum-calamagrostis 82

Campanula lactiflora ‘Prichard’s Varie,2014, from http://www.diggingdog.com/pages2/plantpages.php/p-0830 Allium sphaerocephalon,2014, avaiable at http://www.gardenworldimages.com/Details.aspx?ID=199437&TypeID=1 Trollius europaeus, 2014, avaiable at http://www.biopix.eu/trolle-boule-dor-trollius-europaeus_photo-37155.aspx Molinia caerulea ‘Moorhexe’, 2014, avaiable at http://deelish.ie/products-page/plants/molinia-caerulea-moorhexe-purple-moor-grass/ Geranium sylvaticum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.plant-pictures.net/1878-geranium-sylvaticum-picture.aspx Sanguisorba officinalis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.botanicalenvironmental.com/projects/rare-threatened-species/ plants/mitigation-measures-for-the-nationally-threatened-triangular-club-rush-schoenoplectus-triqueter/ Euphorbia palustris, 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7078/Marsh-spurge/Details Cephalaria dipsacoides, 2014, avaiable at from http://www.cgf.net/plants.aspx?genus=CEPHALARIA Lythrum virgatum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.crocus.co.uk/plants/_/lythrum-virgatum-dropmore-purple/classid.2000013352/


Centaurea dealbata ‘Steenbergii’ 2014, avaiable at http://jardin-botanique-saverne.org/tiki-browse_image.php?imageId=1869 Phlomis russeliana, 2014, avaiable at http://www.crocus.co.uk/plants/_/phlomis-russeliana/classid.2000005933/ Leucanthemum x superbum ‘TE Killin’ , 2014, avaiable at http://www.nigeldunnett.info/Londonolympicpark/styled2/2012gardens.html Lavandular, 2014, avaiable at http://www.kukles.com/tag/lavanda/ Lychnis chalcedonica, 2014, avaiable at http://www.gartenzauber.com/farb-und-formkontraste-im-staudenbeet/ Allium Bulgaricum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.jparkers.co.uk/plant-1000633/allium-bulgaricum/ Sporobolus heterolepis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.onlineplantguide.com/Plant-Details/2578/ Schizachyrium scoparium, 2014, avaiable at http://www.santarosagardens.com/Schizachyrium-scoparium-p/sch-sco. htm Crinum × powellii, 2014, avaiable at http://www.bulbhunter.com/2008/06/11/pink-crinum-powellii-and-a-swim/ Sedum matrona, 2014, avaiable at http://cavesfolly.com/index.php/plants-for-sale/sedum-matrona/ Stachys byzantina, 2014, avaiable at http://davisla.wordpress.com/2011/04/06/plant-of-the-week-stachys-byzantina/ Panicum ‘Heiliger Hain’, 2014, avaiable at- http://www.gapphotos.com/imagedetails.asp?imageno=164944 83


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