LE HAVRE
The Value of In-between Space Landscape + Urbanism Portfolio
Xiaofen Lu MA Landscape + Urbanism Kingston University K1273743 Tutors: Assoc Prof. Pat Brow Honore van Rijswijk
Image right is map of Le Havre, 2013, from https://maps.google.co.uk/
Map of Le Havre
Contents Introduction
01
Chapter One: Context Waterways City Components Public Transportation & Road Hierachy Urban Sprawl: Then and Now
04
Chapter Two: In-between Space Location & Site Photos
14
Chapter Three:The Green Gene Strategy Introduction ForĂŞt de Montgeon - Natural Landscape Vertical Interrelation and Existing Urban Structure Sketch: Southern District Strategy Plan Through Times Design Principles
18
Chapter Four: Testing In-between Space : Winston Churchill Block Testing Block Winston Churchill Testing Community Amerigo Vespucci Testing Community: Timeline Strategy
30
Spatial Strategy Vision of the Testing Land: Master Plan Master Plan: Spatial Functions Cross Section & Perspectives Allotment Plan Allotment Visions Vision of the Test Land: Overall Airview Study Model Planting Strategy: Tree Planting Strategy: Perennial Image of Parish Re-used Material for Hardscape Chapter Five: The Green Corridor - Rue de Jemmapes The Main Landscape Elements CAD Plan of Green Corridor Typical Cross Sections Model Perennial Plan Perennial Selection Phasing Waterfront Port Strategy South District Strategy Vision of Green Corridor
66
Reference & Bibliography
80
4
Introduction:
Le Havre, a port city, located at the mouth of Seine Estuary of north France is transforming. Like many European cities, today’s Le Havre is losing its population despite its growing economy. This once prosperous and industrial based city is facing the challenge of maintaining its own urban function due to decline. To contend and manage this, local government has initiated many regeneration projects. More public facilities are funded and completed in order to elevate the city image.( DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective:2011) This strategic plan is clearly focused on the main city body. With its UNESCO site on the west, both northern and southern districts have been renewed by modern buildings and networked by public transportation systems such as tram, bus and cycle routes. My aim is to explore what happens to the in-between space in Le Havre. Known as a port city, Le Havre is divided by a long strip of cliff into two main areas, the northern and the southern district. The port and industrial spaces take up most of southern Le Havre. The in-between space is bordered by the Boulevard Winston Churchill in the north and Vetillarton Basin in the south. This space is a fusion of ongoing port activities, old industrial heritage, vacant land with possible chemical residue from disposed factories, and amongst it all are the inhabitants - the families of dock workers - immigrants and the poor. The historic map (Le Havre Archives Municipales n.d.) indicates that it once was an important transitional area connecting both port activities and urban life. Through time, the city structure has not changed dramatically, especially, those along the Boulevard Winston Churchill. However today this in-between space has started to lose its magnetism. The physical location limits its developing opportunities. The tram lines have no direct connection. Buses are infrequent with limited stops. People drive everywhere, the land is treated as a car park. Residential and industrial are side by side but many old warehouses and factories are left abandoned discouraging interest. Considering the existing limitations, it is seen as an opportunity to re-evaluating such a dilapidated space. As landscape contributes to dealing with transforming land, the main principles of this project is to advance the quality of the environment; improve internal social interaction; provide better access and raise the value of the waterfront. In conclusion, a multilayered landscape design is adopted to re-magnetize such an in-between space. This model can be replicated as a long term strategy in other locations which share similar urban conditions.
1
Le Havre Rouen
2
Key City Ferry to Portsmouth, UK River Seine Railway Autoroute Cycle route to Paris
0
10
20km
Modified Map of Waterway from Le Havre to Paris, 2013
Introduction
3
Paris
01 4
Context
Placed amongst 82 ports and 2 harbors along the English Channel ((http://www.worldportsource.com/waterways/ English_Channel_23.php#top), Le Havre is situated at the mouth of Seine Estuary in North France. A gateway at the end of the withering River Seine as well as the beginning of a journey toward Paris and beyond.
The city components exhibit particular geographic features such as the cliff and water ways. It also contextualizes today’s city patterns formed by its historic and economic importance.
The public transport map helps to understand how the daily commute flows throughout the city. The distribution of clusThe maps of the English Channel and of the River Seine ters of stations is indicative of the hubs of economic activity. (on the following pages) illustrates the port features of Le Havre. The map of the waterway along River Seine shows The historic maps show how the city grew over five hundred the scope of the port railway, which stands out significantly years. With the rise in world industry, the city expanded at the mouth of the estuary. It reflects the port economy’s supplanting the surrounding forest. There is an imbalance influence on the shaping of the city. of open green spaces to developed land. It also highlights questions related to today’s development of future ecologic, social and economic values.
Context: Waterway
Map of Water Network Along the Channel
London Dover
Weymouth
Poole
Portsmouth
Newheaven
Calais
Dieppe Cherbourg Harbour
Le Havre
Cean
Paris
5
0
25 50
100km
Key: Waterway
Boundary
River Seine
Capital Cities
Port along English Channel
Modified Map of Waterway along English Channel, 2013
6
Key: 0
1
5
10km
Map of Waterway Along River Seine, 2013
Seine Eustuary
Primary Road
Railway
Secondar
ry Road
Context: Waterway
Map of Waterway Along River Seine
7
Neighbouring Cities
City Components
Topography of City Compononts: Cross Section 150
Port
100
Centre Ville reconstruit
Old City Centre
Cliff
Sanvic
Quartiers en terrasses de la Cavee verte
50 0
150
Port
Entree de ville sud
Old City Centre
Quartiers en terrasses de la Cliff Cavee verte
Sanvic
100 50 0
150
Port
100
Quartiers sud
Southern City Entrance
Cliff
Aplemont
50 0
0
8 Geographically, the city is divided by a cliff into northern and southern districts. The ground level can vary up to 100 meters in places. The topography provides opportunity for port development. From economic perspective, Le Havre consists of three major parts: The UNESCO site which acts as a city center in the west; the suburban residential in the up-town and commercial port in the lower-town; with a transitional district between the latter two.
Modified Image of Topography, 2013
100
500m
City Components
Map of City Functions Based on Economic Structure
9
0
1km
Key Surburb
Cliff
City & UNESCO Site
Port Site
Boundary
Modified map of Functions Based on Economic Structure, 2013
Public Transportation This map of public transportation in Le Havre shows the bus and tramway network. The modernized tramway system runs between the UNESCO site in the west and northern part of the city. It can be seen that the southern district, below the cliff has an under developed bus network, which stagnates growth in these areas.
Public transport map
Key Tramway system Public bus network Station / stops Station / stops Southern district
10
The map of stations reflects the density of public transport use. It also indicates the level of urban activity. The interchanges show that the primary centers of human activity focus on the city center/ UNESCO site and the northern residential areas. The southern area below the cliff has much fewer transitional interchanges.
Key Station / bus stops >2 lines interchange >4 lines interchange Southern district
Transportation map, 2013
The density of station
Road Hierachy
11
0
1km
Key Urban Figure ground
Railway
Primary Road
Secondary Road
Boundary
Modified Map of Road Hierarchy of Le Havre, 2013
Urban Sprawl: what happened?
The development of Le Havre 1530 - 1992
1530
1790
1900
1936
1944
1960
1975
1992
Key Urban Expansion
12
Forest / Green Area
These historic maps indicate that it wasn’t until the early 1900s that the port area started expanding eastwards dramatically. As the port of Le Havre became the core of the city’s economy, the surrounding suburbs moved north. This expansion caused the forest and other green areas to shrink in size. Today’s Le Havre is shrinking in population. To reverse the shrinkage, the Le Grand Project de Ville (G.P.V. ) helped to promote social and urban renewal districts in north-east Cauciauville and Mont-Gaillard; Mare and Red Wood for the west. The Urban II Community Initiative Programme (PIC) is helping to complete rejuvenation policy in the South District. The modernization of public facilities such as the tramway system and public bus network; improvement of the Jennet tunnel; and increasing educational institutes and housing development is demonstrative that the city is transforming. (DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective:2011)
Modified Historic map sources, 2013
Urban Sprawl: what’s happening?
The Modernised Public Facility New housing project, 2013
Northern expansion
Tramway system, 2013
Cliff
Image of Stadium, 2014 Image of Swimming Pool, 2014
In-between area
City Center/ UNESCO site Le Havre Port City, 2011
Port
Le Havre Port City, 2011
Shopping centre Dock Vauban, 2014 Institut Supérieur d’Etudes Logistiques, 2014
Port of Le Havre, 2014,
13
02 14
The In-between Space
The area between Boulevard Winston Churchill in the north and Vetillarton basin in the south is what I call an ‘In between space’. Sandwiched amid the port and major urban residential area, land usage is an extreme mixture of working and abandoned industry, community and residential buildings, and waste land. The urban context indicates that this land doesn’t pay as much civic attention as the rest of Le Havre, which has lead to the imbalance of development. Yet, this lack of interest is also an opportunity to build more creative projects compared to those already planned. This project will focus on the redevelopment of such a piece of waste land, to bring together the inhabitants and workers who share this in between space.
15
In-between Space - Location
16
Key:
Edge of Space
Area between Port and City
Modified map of Le Havre, 2014
Port Basin
In-between Space - Site Photos Bd Winston Churchill,2014
Rue des Briquetiers, 2014
Rue Amerigo Vespucci,2014
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Vetillart Basin,2014
03 18
The Green Gene Strategy
Situated above the cliff, Forêt de Montgeon, with a coverage of 270 ha enjoys its popularity as the largest and most important public park in Le Havre. As the city has grown, the forest has shrunk. Today the remaining woodland is preserved as natural heritage. The impact of Forêt de Montgeon is significant due to it’s historical value, rich natural landscape, and sport-related culture; socially benefiting to all citizens. The vertical contrast between uptown and lower town reveals the imbalance of social welfare. To gain equal treatment, the people from the south have to invest more than those from north. And regardless of this investment, the fundamental problem of the southern district including the In-between space will remain and be unsolved.
The Green Gene concept is initiated from this public park in a hope of transforming its energy into poorer areas. Like a healthy single cell, Forêt de Montgeon is expected to be a new member of the body of In-between space, which will replace the negative parts and improve the quality of future districts.
19
The image is captured when a cell is being initiated with injection or taken by a tube. I use this photo to represent action as inspiration of my concept.
The Green Gene
Forêt de Montgeon - Natural Landscdape
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Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014
The Green Gene
Forêt de Montgeon - Plan
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Map of Forêt de Montgeon, 2011
The Green Gene
Vertical Interrelation - Urban Feagure Ground with Existing Condition
Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014
Images of Cliff, 2014
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Images of In-between Space, 2014
Key:
Image of Port, 2014 Vertical City Block Between Forêt de Montgeon and Port
Surrounding City Blocks
Modified map of Vertical Interrelation, 2014
Port Basin
Contour Line
The Green Gene
Vertical Interrelation - Existin Urban Structure
23
Key: Vertical City Block Between ForĂŞt de Montgeon and Port
Port Basin
Primary Road
Port Railway
Secondary Route
Modified from http://www.openstreetmap.org/
The Green Gene
Sketch: Critical Urban Nodes and Interrelationship
Park de Motgeon
Cliff Major transport junction
24
City / UNESCO site
Port
The Green Gene
Sketch: Soutthern District Strategy
Park de Motgeon
In-between space
25
City / UNESCO site
Port
26
The blue cell is in process of reproduction. I use this image to represent the power of influence of the public green can be continuesly reproduced to benefit all society.
Existing Codition
Key:
ForĂŞt de Montgeon as Green Gene becoming a new member of southern district.
Phase 1
Plan
n Direction
The Green Gene
Plan Through Time
27
Phase 2
Newly Developed Area
The In-between Area
Phase 3
Port
Design Principles Advance the quality of environment
To realize the concept of the Green Gene strategy, it is important to understand what urban assets the area has. Like many other European cities, Le Havre is facing economic, social and environmental challenges derived from a post-industrial world. People, as the most valuable urban assets are leaving, thus weakening the power of the whole city. The contribution of landscape architecture is to re-strengthen the depleted land and space in order to improve people’s daily lives. Therefore, the priority of the actions is to find what can be revalued in such an environment.
28
Advance the quality of environment: the green patches are industrial brownfield that indicate potential land to be improved in environmental quality. Improve internal social interaction: the orange lines are roads, connecting those isolated green patches and integrating their space as a whole internal network.
Improve internal social interaction
Providing better access
Providing acess: the red routes indicate the possibility to open up and join the larger urban landscape. Raising the value of the waterfront: the blue routes provide access to the basins which in turn will allow new development. This will enhance the image and raise value of not only the waterfront but also adjacent areas.
Raising the value of the waterfront
Design Principles Project North Greenwich, London,UK, 2014
Project Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, Germany, 2014
Waterfront along Thames barrier idustrial area, 2014
Project Southport Broadwater Parklands, Australia, 2014
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04 30
Testing In-between Space : Winston Churchill Block
The site I choose to test my proposal is situated below Blvd. Winston Churchill, west to Rue Marceau and next to Vauban and Paul Vatine Basins. Along those basins new development has already emerged. The new shopping centre, Dock Vauban; new housing development with Fluvial Park having been recently completed on the edge of Fluvial Basin. This economic boom is considered a successful starting point for the southern district. Therefore, the Winston Churchill Block is the most logical to re-develop within the rejuvenation strategy of the southern district. To understand how the In-between space has the potential to fulfill its purpose, the city is looked at in ever increasing detail. By examining existing spatial characteristics at different scales we will see the interrelationship of the current landscape, and so re-evaluate the legacy of post-industrial development.
Alan Berger, from his essay of Drosscape (2006, p203), says that “Cities are not static objects, but active arenas marked by continuous energy flows and transformations of which landscapes and buildings and other hard parts are not permanent structures but transitional manifestations...” On exploration of the area, it was discovered that a large percentage of land was left vacant, used as car parks or contained old industrial buildings; all intermixed with old and new residential blocks. As Berger points out these ‘hard parts’ need not be permanent; they are potential valuable assets by not only cultural and historical remembrance of a city, but also new public opportunity committed by multifaceted and multilayered disciplines.
Le Havre
31 5km
Test Block Winston Churchill
400m
400m
1km
3km
1000km
1km
In-between Space
Test Site Community
Map of Le Havre, 2014
Testing Block Winston Churchill
Existing Surroundings
Land Use Potential
Industrial Vacant Land
Parking Lots
Key: Testing Land
Industrial Buildings
New Commercial Development Railway Line Major Motorway Shipping Basin
32
In-between Space, 2014
Existing Land
Testing Community Amerigo Vespucci Existing Circulation
Land Use
Potentials
Industrial and Commercial
Key:
Primary Road
Residential
Secondary Road Industrial & Commercial Buildings Residential Buildings
Block Winston Churchill, 2014
Base land
Community Amerigo vespucci, 2014
33
Testing Community: Timeline Strategy Le Havre has an issue with seasonal rainfall flooding. To realize my design principles, firstly my approach requires the protection of the surface of the In between space from being damaged by rainfall as well as surface flow. To solve this, there will be a topological rearrangement to improve imbalanced ground level and collection and channeling of overflow. Secondly, there is a concern of contaminated land due to historic industrial use. Following the legacy of the London Olympic Park in Stratford (2011), approaches such as soil treatment and planting strategy will be used to increase natural biodiversity in a hope to enhance the quality of the land, and so its value. Meanwhile, social interaction will be improved during the development of the land and space.Local inhabitants will be invited to look after participate in the renewal. First Five years
34 Existing Testing Community
Testing Community: Timeline Strategy
Ten year project
Twenty year project
35
Image of Existing Testing Community, 2014
Spatial Stratergy: Exising Site Map
36
Map of Testing Community, 2014
Spatial Stratergy Linear Spaces within Community
Linear Spaces Extend to Waterfront
Attention Spaces for Public
Attention Spaces for Community
37
More Potential Chances
New Collective Housing Development
Outdoor Activity, Parks, Nusery
Vision of the Testing Land: Master Plan
The master plan focuses around three existing urban features: a cluster of commercial and industrial buildings in the north; a residential community with bus garage in the middle and a part of Quie de la Gironde on the embankment of Vetillarton basin in the south.
38
A conjunction of different urban functions, this In-between space is typical in its multitude of different users. This project is to bring together a fractured community; to cater for their different requirements. So there will need to be several different focal points in this design to address such a multifunctional community. A spacious square for workers to take a break, meet and chat; A community garden with a pond. The pond in the first instance is created as a natural water treatment mechanism (as discussed on page 34) and secondly as an overflow channel. The community garden will be available to local residences to promote social interaction through the growing of their own vegetables and plants as well as creating an educational facility for local children; To take advantage of the waterfront, some of the existing disused warehouses will be converted into community led cafes, restaurants, boutique shops, galleries and other local commerce to kick start the area’s economic regeneration. A herbaceous garden will also be constructed here to soften the surrounding industrial views.
39
Master Plan: Spatial Functions
40
Key: Waterfeature Community Square Neighbourhood Backyard Community Allotment Community Entrance Green Corridor Waterfront Local Nusery
0
50m
Mater Plan: Spatial Functions Waterfeature
Birch Tree Woods
Backyard Garden
Community Square
Allotment
Community Center/Cafe
Playground
Waterfront Hebaceous Garden/Nursery
Green Corridor
Waterfront Steps
41
Cross Sections
Warehouse / office
Warehouse / office
Waterfeature
Waterfeature
Community Square
Community Pond Community Back Garden
42
Bus Centre
Bus Centre
Green Corridor / Swale
Green Corridor / Swale
Birch Tree
Community Pond
Lo
Perspectives
ocal Pub
Part of Community Square
43
Allotment
View from Green Corridor Allotment
Cross Sections
Canal Waterfront
44
Canal Waterfront
Perspectives
Lawn Herbaceous Garden on the bank of basin
45
Herbaceous Garden on the bank of basin
Lighting Plan
46
Allotment Plan
47
Allotment Plan: Visions
View through Community Allotment
48
View from Green Corridor
Allotment Plan: Visions
View from Community Square
49
A Pathway through Mini Woods
50
Vision for the Testing Land:Overall Airview
51
Vision for the Testing Land: Study Model
52
53
The Planting Strategy
54
Planting native trees is the most efficient and economical way to form the landscape. To improve the quality of space; trees like plane, birch, and poplar, which are fast growing and protect soil from overflow, will be added to the existing native plane and lime trees already growing on site. Additionally, some slow growing trees like oak will be planted amongst the other trees. In the future these will replace the fast-growing species and continue to enrich the natural environment. All the trees are chosen from native sources. Semi-matured trees, of all types will be chosen to line the “green corridorâ€?. On the south and west side, young trees are arranged closely for a future wooded area, reminiscent of ForĂŞt de Montgeon. It is the intention for this to be a small tree nursery to sell the trees. Another layer of the strategy is species-rich meadow and turf that is combined by perennials that all are suitable for coastal and post-industrial land.
The Planting Strategy
55
Planting Strategy - Tree
56
Key: Tilia cordata (Small-leaved lime) Platanus acerifolia (London Plane) Alnus spaethii (Alder) Betula pendula (Sliver birch) Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash) Populus alba Salix alba Acer platanoides
0
60m
Planting Strategy - Tree Tree
Acer platanoides, 2014
Alnus spaethii (Alder), 2014
Platanus acerifolia (London Plane), Populus alba, 2014 2014
Betula pendula (Sliver birch), 2014 Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash), 2014
Salix alba, 2014
Tilia cordata (Small-leaved lime), 2014
Small Tree / Shrub
Ilex aquifolium cvs, 2014
Aralia elata, 2014
Salix exigua (Coyote Willow), 2014 Cornus alba ‘Elegantissima’ , 2014
Escallonia ‘Peach Blossom’, 2014
Buxus sempervirens, 2014
Rhus typhina (Stag’s horn sumach), Ulex europaeus (Common gorse), 2014 2014
57
Planting Strategy - Perennial
58
Key: Perennial Area
0
60m
Planting Strategy - Perennial
Achnatherum calamagrostis, 2014 Campanula lactiflora ‘Prichard’s Varie,2014
Allium sphaerocephalon,2014
Trollius europaeus, 2014
Molinia caerulea ‘Moorhexe’, 2014 Geranium sylvaticum, 2014
Sanguisorba officinalis, 2014
Euphorbia palustris, 2014
59
Cephalaria dipsacoides, 2014
Lythrum virgatum, 2014
Centaurea dealbata ‘Steenbergii’
Phlomis russeliana, 2014
Leucanthemum x superbum ‘TE Killin’ , 2014
Lavandula, 2014
Lychnis chalcedonica, 2014
Allium Bulgaricum, 2014
The perennial species is referenced from London Olympic Park planting strategy All images are taken from Google Images
60
Image of Parish
61
Re-used Materials for Hardscape Paving Proposal Plan
62
0
60m
Re-used Materials for Hardscape
On-site Materials
Natural StonePaving
63
Old Indutrial Containers and Railways
Disused and Weathered Metal and Timber from Port
05 64
The Green Corridor - Rue de Jemmapes
65
The Green Corridor
Permeable Surface
Water
66
The Green Corridor is a linear space situated on the eastern edge of the Community Amerigo Vespucci. Starting at the junction of Bvd. Smiral Mouchez and Rue Marcel Toulouzan, it ends to the bank of Vetillart Basin via Rue Ameriigo Vespucci. It connects the different environments of the In-between space. Regarding the design approach, there are three landscape elements which are important throughout the whole Green Corridor space; water, trees and permeable surfaces.
Trees
Primary Uses
Trees provide shelter from wind,rain and sun; the permeable surface absorbs and filters overflow and channels it to the pond and basin. The pond is designed to be reminiscent of Le Havre’s historic water channels.
Master Plan
The Green Corridor
The Main Landscape Elements
67
Typical paving and tree pit
70
Typical slope with
h avenue tree along the Green Corridor
Concep three landscape elements
The Green Corridor
Typical Detail Dsign
71
The Green Corridor Model Perennial Plan 10m
2m
72
1m 0
0
1m
2m
3m
13m
The Green Corridor
Perennial Selection
Sporobolus heterolepis, 2014
Schizachyrium scoparium, 2014
Calamagrostis brachytricha
73
Crinum × powellii, 2014
Sedum matrona, 2014 Stachys byzantina, 2014
Panicum ‘Heiliger Hain’, 2014
Piet Oudolf & Noel Kingsbury, Planting: a new perspective,Timber Press, 2013 All images are taken from Google Images
Phase 1: Improve and expand existing route
Phase 2:
Rue de Jemmapes
74
The Green Corridor is built upon the existing Rue de Jemmapes, a cul-de-sac and is surrounded by a mixture of building types. Currently its main purpose is for car parking serving the surrounding area. By improving Rue de Jemmapes, it will create an area for social interaction such as meeting, resting, having lunch break, etc. The proposed allotment links to this extension, and will be serving the nearby residents in the future. All the trees are chosen from native sources. Semi-matured trees, of all types will be chosen to line the “green corridor”. On the south and west side, young trees are arranged closely for a future wooded area, reminiscent of Forêt de Montgeon.
Key: Existing Route
Existin
Existing Residents
Propo
Existing Industrial Blocks and Warehouses
Propo
Distan
The Green Corridor
Phasing
Extend route towards waterfronts
Phase 3: Surrounding areas are developed
100m
75
ng Route
Existing Route
osed Path - The Green Corridor
Proposed Path - The Green Corridor
osed Allotment
Proposed Allotment
nce
Distance New Development
The Green Corridor- Waterfront Port Strategy Potential Linear Space Towards the Basins
76
Modified from Google Earth
The Green Corridor- South District Strategy
The Impace on In-between Space
Existing Facilities Key: Surrounding Parks Sports Facilities Family Centre & Nusery The Green Corridor Jadin Fluial
Proposed Green Corridors Key: Public Facility Cluster The Green Corridor Proposed Routes Proposed Quay Path
77 Bassin Fluvial
Bassin Vetillart Garage de Graville Bassin Marcel Despujols
The green corridor will link the urban facilities to the waterfront. The existing Jadin Fluial on the western Quie de la Cironde has already elevated the surrounding area with new developments of apartments and public facilities. A connecting path from Jadin Fluial to the green corridor will invigorate the spread of new development towards the waterfront. Eventually the waterfront will be networked to the whole southern district and slowly merge into the rest of the city.
Image taken from Google Earth
78
The Green Corridor
79
Reference & Bibliography:
Berger, A (2006), Drosscape, The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press Brickell, C (2010), The Royal Horticultural Society - Encyclopedia of Plants & Flowers,Dorling Kindersley. Landry,C (2008), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovatiors (2nd Ed.). London Sterling, VA, Routledge. Marot, S (1999), The Reclaiming of Sites, New York, Princeton Architectural Press. Oudolf,P & Kingsbury, N (2013), Planting: a new perspective, London & Portland, Timber Press. Rice, G (2006), The Royal Horticultural Society: Encyclopedia of Perennials, London, Dorling Kindersley Limited Zimmermann, A (ed) (2008), Constructing Landscape - Materials, Techniques, Structural Components, 2nd ed, Basel, Birkhauser Verlag AG.
DEUP - Urbanisme et prospective (2011) Plan local d’urbanisme - Ville du Havre. Accessed online 06-09-14: http:// www.lehavre.fr/node/21439 Le Havre Archives Municipales (n.d.) Mapping Gallery. Accessed online 06-09-14 : http://archives.lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/archives/site/article_id-/sstopic_id-869/topic_id-868/topic_parent_id-805/fonds-numerises.html Mattinson, N; Price, S; Shepherd,P; Dunnett, N; Hitchmough J (2011), Learning Legacy - The planting strategy for the Olympic Parklands, Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/ documents/pdfs/design-and-engineering-innovation/160-planting-strategy-dei.pdf Olympic Delivery Authority (2008), Biodiversity Action Plan, Accessed online 08-09-14:http://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ documents/ke68-olympic-park-biodiversity-action-plan.pdf
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O’Hare, T (2011), Learning Legacy - Olympic Park soil strategy, Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: (http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/documents/pdfs/design-and-engineering-innovation/159-soil-strategy-dei. pdf Ports along English Channel, accessed online 08-09-14: http://www.worldportsource.com/waterways/English_Channel_23.php#top, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_the_English_Channel Shepherd, P (2011), Learning Legacy - Delivering the Olympic Park Biodiversity Acion Plan. Olympic Delivery Authority. Accessed online 08-09-14: http://learninglegacy.independent.gov.uk/publications/biodiversity-implementation-guidance-for-project-teams.php Willerby Landscape Ltd,(n.d), 2012 Olympic Gardens Plant List, Accessed online 08-09-14: willerby-landscapes.co.uk http://www.transports-lia.fr (n.d.) Accessed online 06-09-14 : http://www.transports-lia.fr/presentation/?rub_code=1004,
(The order of the image reference is accordance with the page order in portfolio)
Image map of Le Havre, 2014, from https://maps.google.co.uk/ Modified Map of Waterway from Le Havre to Paris, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/
Modified Map of Waterway along English Channel, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Map of Waterway Along River Seine, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Modified Image of Topography, 2014, avaiable at: PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME - Rapport de présentation tome 1:2011 Modified map of Functions Based on Economic Structure, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Transportation map, avaiable at http://www.transports-lia.fr/, modified Modified Map of Road Hierarchy of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Modified Historic map sources, 2014, avaiable at : PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME - Rapport de présentation tome 1:2011 Image of New Housing Project, 2014, avaiable at Google Earth Tramway system, 2014, avaiable at http://www.lemoniteur.fr/147-transport-et-infrastructures/article/actualite/19732563-le-havre-retrouve-le-tramway Le Havre Port City, 2011, avaiable at http://www.globeimages.net/img-le-havre-port-city-6348.htm Le Havre Port City, 2011, avaiable at http://www.globeimages.net/img-le-havre-port-city-6348.htm Port of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at http://www.haropaports.com/fr/le-havre Modified map of Le Havre, 2014 from http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Images of Rue Amerigo Vespucci,2014, avaiable at google earth Images of Forêt de Montgeon, 2014, available at:www.Flickr.com Map of Forêt de Montgeon, 201, avaiable at from google earth Modified map of Vertical Interrelation, 2014, avaiable at http://www.openstreetmap.org/ Image of Project Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord, Germany andSouthport Broadwater Parklands,2014, avaiable at http://www.landezine.com/ Map of Le Havre, 2014, avaiable at Google map Map of Testing Community, 2014, avaiable at Google map Alnus spaethii (Alder), 2014, avaiable at http://davisla.wordpress.com/2012/08/25/plant-of-the-week-alnus-spaethii/ Betula pendula (Sliver birch), 2014, avaiable at
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http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186225-i46762397-Cambridge_Cambridgeshire_England.html Fraxinus ornus, (Manna ash), 2014, avaiable at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/british-natural-history/urban-tree-survey/identify-trees/tree-factsheets/l-to-o/manna-ash/index.html Populus alba, 2014, avaiable at http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/poal.html Ilex aquifolium cvs, 2014, avaiable at http://www.pro-faber.ro/index.php?tld=379264&language=1&producer=-1&showproducts=yes&location=5135 Salix exigua (Coyote Willow), 2014, avaiable at http://www.smmflowers.org/bloom/species/Salix_exigua_hindsiana.htm Cornus alba ‘Elegantissima’ , 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=531 Aralia elata, 2014, avaiable at http://www.instantplants.ie/categories_list_details.php?ID=35 Escallonia ‘Peach Blossom’, 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/91898/Escallonia-Peach-Blossom/Details Rhus typhina (Stag’s horn sumach), 2014, avaiable at http://judithegardener.co.uk/blog/2013/11/12/rhus-typhina-laciniata/ Ulex europaeus (Common gorse), 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1976 Achnatherum calamagrostis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.highcountrygardens.com/perennial-plants/ornamental-grass/ achnatherum-calamagrostis 82
Campanula lactiflora ‘Prichard’s Varie,2014, from http://www.diggingdog.com/pages2/plantpages.php/p-0830 Allium sphaerocephalon,2014, avaiable at http://www.gardenworldimages.com/Details.aspx?ID=199437&TypeID=1 Trollius europaeus, 2014, avaiable at http://www.biopix.eu/trolle-boule-dor-trollius-europaeus_photo-37155.aspx Molinia caerulea ‘Moorhexe’, 2014, avaiable at http://deelish.ie/products-page/plants/molinia-caerulea-moorhexe-purple-moor-grass/ Geranium sylvaticum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.plant-pictures.net/1878-geranium-sylvaticum-picture.aspx Sanguisorba officinalis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.botanicalenvironmental.com/projects/rare-threatened-species/ plants/mitigation-measures-for-the-nationally-threatened-triangular-club-rush-schoenoplectus-triqueter/ Euphorbia palustris, 2014, avaiable at https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/7078/Marsh-spurge/Details Cephalaria dipsacoides, 2014, avaiable at from http://www.cgf.net/plants.aspx?genus=CEPHALARIA Lythrum virgatum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.crocus.co.uk/plants/_/lythrum-virgatum-dropmore-purple/classid.2000013352/
Centaurea dealbata ‘Steenbergii’ 2014, avaiable at http://jardin-botanique-saverne.org/tiki-browse_image.php?imageId=1869 Phlomis russeliana, 2014, avaiable at http://www.crocus.co.uk/plants/_/phlomis-russeliana/classid.2000005933/ Leucanthemum x superbum ‘TE Killin’ , 2014, avaiable at http://www.nigeldunnett.info/Londonolympicpark/styled2/2012gardens.html Lavandular, 2014, avaiable at http://www.kukles.com/tag/lavanda/ Lychnis chalcedonica, 2014, avaiable at http://www.gartenzauber.com/farb-und-formkontraste-im-staudenbeet/ Allium Bulgaricum, 2014, avaiable at http://www.jparkers.co.uk/plant-1000633/allium-bulgaricum/ Sporobolus heterolepis, 2014, avaiable at http://www.onlineplantguide.com/Plant-Details/2578/ Schizachyrium scoparium, 2014, avaiable at http://www.santarosagardens.com/Schizachyrium-scoparium-p/sch-sco. htm Crinum × powellii, 2014, avaiable at http://www.bulbhunter.com/2008/06/11/pink-crinum-powellii-and-a-swim/ Sedum matrona, 2014, avaiable at http://cavesfolly.com/index.php/plants-for-sale/sedum-matrona/ Stachys byzantina, 2014, avaiable at http://davisla.wordpress.com/2011/04/06/plant-of-the-week-stachys-byzantina/ Panicum ‘Heiliger Hain’, 2014, avaiable at- http://www.gapphotos.com/imagedetails.asp?imageno=164944 83