THE PRICE OF MODERNISM LARRY TEO 1204151C PEARL LIM 1204226C
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
LARRY TEO Larry is currently an Interior Architecture & Design student at Temasek Polytechnic Design school.
Having a highly enthusiastic attitude and driven to achieve, Larry is willing to learn and explore new things everyday even beyond the classroom, and travels frequently during the holidays. He believes that architecture and interior design is the middleman of the relationship between a user and the built environment, and that all spaces should seek to evoke positivity in its users.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Pg. No.
1.0 Thesis Statement 2.0 Introduction
1 2
3.0 : Findings & Analysis 3.1 : Tearing down the past 3.1.1 : Loss of heritage buildings – Do you remember these places?
3
3.1.2 : Loss of heritage buildings – More recent examples
4
3.1.3 : Loss of heritage buildings Preservation but not conservation?
5
3.1.4 : Analysis – Is it just physical loss?
6
3.1.5 : Analysis – A pitiable future generation
7
3.2 : Loss of Architectural Identity 3.2.1 : Uniquely Singapore?
8
3.2.2 : Possible impacts on tourism industry
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3.3 : Singapore’s challenges 3.3.1 : Singapore’s challenges analysed
10
3.3.2 : Singapore’s dilemma
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3.3.3 : Objectives – Economy or heritage?
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4.0 : Recommendations 4.1 : Proposed recommendations 4.1.1 : Why should heritage be preserved? 4.1.2 : Proposed recommendations for Singapore
13 13
4.2 : Case Studies 4.2.1 : Overseas Case Study - London, United Kingdom 4.2.2 : Overseas Case Study - Analysis 4.2.3 : Local case study – Successful integration of heritage buildings
14 16 17
5.0 : Conclusion 6.0 : References
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THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
Abstract Due to Singapore’s extremely limited land space and the inevitable need for economic growth to support her survival as a tiny independent city state, heritage preservation is often not held in high regard by Singapore’s urban planners. This could lead to serious future consequences pertaining to the national and cultural identity of Singaporeans, and the city’s identity as a whole. These issues are addressed in this paper with recommendations such as the reuse of heritage buildings to create a better Singapore, where the shared memories and roots of the people or what is still left, are safeguarded for future generations to come, and to allow for economic development to be unhindered in the process.
LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
1. Thesis statement Due to the drive for economic growth and the need to present itself as a new & hip city to remain relevant, Singapore is rapidly demolishing its heritage buildings to meet new demands for living & commercial space. With a population set to increase from the current 5.39million to 6.9 million(“A sustainable population for a dynamic Singapore : Population white paper�, 2013, pg.46) within the next 2 decades, the island nation may soon find itself losing its unique character and cultural heritage which currently sets it apart from other cosmopolitan cities.
More Tourism
SINGAPORE : IN 5-20 YEARS
More People
Economic Growth More Buildings
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
2. Introduction
1920s
1980s
1930s
1990s
1950s
2010
1970s
2013
From the visual evidence from the 1920s, when Singapore was still a British colony to its present day as an independent nation, its skyline has rapidly evolved and now consists of mostly gleaming skyscrapers built of glass and steel, holding much similarity to any other financial trading hub in the world. These buildings now stand in the place of what was once a variety of architectural styles from our forefathers, which are no less charming than what the skyline consists of today. The physical aspect of a city’s history and culture is what defines its identity, of which information and stories about its people and ancestors are stored(Dematio,2012). As Singapore continues to progress economically, the need to preserve buildings of heritage also becomes evident as they create a special sense of belonging and location, holding individual memories for every person(Sharrocks, 2014).
As Jufri (2009) points out, a globally recognized city is much more than just what it is offered on a superficial level. A strong modern skyline, shopping and dining experience can be found anywhere else in the world. With places like New York, Paris and London as good examples of keeping their unique identity, It can be said that the successful juxtaposition between a city’s history, present and future is what makes it truly distinctive.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
3.1 Tearing down the past 3.1.1 Loss of heritage buildings – Do you remember these places? Buildings of heritage and important emotional value to the people of Singapore are being torn down once they are deemed to be inefficient or stand in the way of a new development. These examples below illustrate our point.
Old National Library Building, Stamford Road
Now Singapore management University
Completed in 1960, the Old national library building was once a landmark. It was demolished in the year 2004 to make way for the new Fort Canning Tunnel, and Singapore Management University now stands in its place. Member of parliament Siew Kum Hong has referred to the building as a place many Singaporeans were fond of, and called the demolition of the building by the LTA to make way for the new tunnel to reduce 5 minutes of driving time “unjustified”(“Old national Library”, 2007)
The Satay Club, Esplanade Demolished in 1995
Now Theatres on the Bay
Once a popular spot for many Singaporeans to enjoy traditional malay cuisine such as satay, The Satay Club was demolished to accommodate the new, cutting-edge “Theatres on the bay”, also known today as The Esplanade.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.1.2 Loss of heritage buildings – Recent examples A temple at Sims Drive with more than 140 years of Heritage - now in danger of being demolished for upcoming developments in the area by the Housing Development Board(HDB). The building once served as sanctuary for the now non-existent “Sar Kong Village”, and as a school for children before World War 2. The redevelopment plans has caused much concern amongst devotees and heritage enthusiasts (Zaccheus, 2014). Mun San Fook Tuck Chee temple 19th Century Cantonese temple Slated for redevelopment
Built in the 1920s for use by former Singapore Methodist Girl’s School, the building was reused as an arts centre for various arts and cultural organizations and renamed ‘Old School’ in 2007(Ee, 2011).
Old School at Mt. Sophia Road School built in the 1920s Officially demolished, 2014
5 of the 6 buildings which make up the premise of the historic site slated for redevelopment in 2012 have been demolished as of 2013 despite appeals and campaigns (Chin, 2013).
Built in 1989 as an exhibition site to promote the malay culture through various interactive activities, Geylang Serai Malay Village was closed down in 2011 when its lease expired, and the Urban Redevelopment Authority(URA) sealed its fate – it was slated to be demolished. This was after many failed attempts to save the site through petitions and Appeals(“Geylang Serai Malay Village”, 2011) Geylang Serai Malay Viillage Built in 1989 Demolished in 2011 despite appeals
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.1.3 Loss of heritage buildings – Preservation but not conservation?
Chinatown 1970s
1980s
2013
As inferred from the pictures, the architecture of Chinatown, although preserved, has had drastic changes in appearance from what was once consisting of plain colors to what is it today – bright and colorful. “Is the real Chinatown dead, replaced by a plastic imitation created for tourism and other present day concerns? Chinatown certainly still exists as a name on the map, but is it just a collection of buildings with activities around those buildings that have little resemblance to the Chinatown of the past, even that of the early 1980s. What about the activities of the people there before its redevelopment in the early 1980s?” (“Chinatown as Built Heritage”, n.d) It is a pity - that a place full of traditions like Chinatown has had its architecture changed to become a collection of pretty façades without souls. As a result, the original character of Chinatown and what it was remembered for has eroded dramatically. Once a bastion of Singapore’s vibrant Chinese cultural identity, Chinatown is now just a cliché symbolism of China targeted at tourists, and before what is still left is gone, something needs to be done to salvage the situation. (Kwan, 2011)
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.1.4 Loss of heritage sites – Is it just physical loss? When we lose a heritage site, we lose more than just a physical aspect. Every time a building , or place of which carries historical value is torn down, we lose valuable information – information of our past generation, how they lived, how they worked, how things in Singapore were once like.
Physical links to the past
Memories
Emotional Attachments
We also lose precious memories and the emotional attachments of our people. When there is no more left to remember, the people’s sense of belonging and identity to the country is adversely affected. After all, what defines the Singaporean culture & spirit? Is it only shopping and food? Or is it the harmonious, multi-cultural aspect in which people of all races and cultures carry the same respect and regard for one another – which brought Singapore to where it is today, that deserves to be remembered?
History
Culture
Identity
Failure to remember roots and origins will then lead to a loss of cultural identity. Afterall, it is the quaint shophouses and vibrance of Chinatown & Little India which still reminds Singaporeans that Singapore is a country that is extremely rich and diverse in culture, even co-existing harmoniously. Sadly, the culture is slowly being eroded away with the current strategy of dealing with heritage.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.1.5 Loss of heritage sites – A pitiable future generation
With the recent examples(refer to 3.1.1 - 3.1.2) in which buildings of heritage and cultural value are being knocked down, there might come a day when the Singapore landscape consists of only buildings such as those depicted in the above images – A city that feels like it was only built yesterday. Youth
Parents
Heritage is more than just memories. Photos and old anecdotes from the past are definitely insufficient to be considered as tangible preservations of ‘heritage’. (“Protecting our shared cultural heritage is Singapore’s psychological defence”, 2012) What will the youth of tomorrow learn about Singapore’s past, if nothing Is left? What will the parents of tomorrow show their children, when they are curious about what Singapore was once like? How do they experience and learn how the Singapore of today actually came to be? Textbooks, pictures and museums only show the intangible. If the current generation itself sets a bad example by erasing what is still left for the sake of economic growth, are we breeding a new generation of people who do not remember their roots and origins?
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.2 Loss of architectural identity 3.2.1 Uniquely Singapore?
Singapore - residential area
Singapore CBD
Hong Kong – Residential area
Sydney CBD
“Spaces are not activated by human initiative beyond shopping and eating. Culture has to be mobilised. Everything is artificial. Singapore is truly the paragon of the Asian dream of development. It wonders what’s next?” (“Reflections on New Architecture in Asia from the Perspective of a Singapore Architect”, 2010) Singapore’s architectural identity is not very distinguishable from other major cities today, as the photos above suggest. With the continued rise in population over the years, population density has also greatly increased, leading to new demands for high-rise buildings which spring up to accommodate as many people as possible on Singapore’s limited land space. “Modern man is undergoing a modern identity crisis. He does not know how to balance the emotional and spiritual needs against materialism and systematic production needs. He needs both”(Soon, 1983) As a result of the continuous drive for development, the architecture of Singapore today consists of mostly modern and post-modernism styles, while an endless amount of slab-blocks shape Singapore’s public housing estates. This brings up a concern – Is Singapore even unique anymore?
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.2.2 Loss of architectural identity – Possible impact on the tourism industry
Singapore’s infamous tourism slogan – “Uniquely Singapore” has been replaced with “YourSingapore” as of the year 2010. Is the sudden change to imply that Singapore is no longer unique, but now just another generic city for tourists?
18.8 Billion SGD
15.5 Billion SGD
23.5 Billion SGD
2011
2012 Based on Singstats 2013*
2013
Singapore’s tourism revenue hit 57.8 Billion SGD in the last 3 years The tourism revenue of Singapore accumulated 57.8billion SGD in the last 3 years, making it one of the most important industries contributing to Singapore’s economy. Singapore’s status as a tourist hub is however, fragile. Named the most “expensive city in the world” by recent statistics(Gordon,2014) and “10th most expensive city in the world for tourists”(Weiner, 2012), Singapore is at a disadvantaged position as compared to its neighbours, or other cities which are comparatively cheaper and have more to offer. Lacking in natural scenery and having extremely limited land space, tourists may instead choose to forgo Singapore from their itinerary if there is nothing unique in character to differentiate the city from the rest. Thus, Singapore needs to place preservation of heritage in high priority – A city that feels like it was built yesterday with no unique character to call its own, and also extremely expensive won’t be popular for long.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.3 Singapore’s challenges 3.3.1 Singapore’s challenges analysed 1st Challenge Limited land space With a limited land area of only 700sq. km and a population of around 5million people which is projected to grow to 6.9million by the year 2030, many heritage buildings which are deemed to be insufficient to meet demands for more living space will have to be sacrificed to make way for more new buildings. (Tham, 2011)
PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH 8 6 4 2 0 Mil.
2012
2020
2030
*Based on The Straits Times, 2013
2nd Challenge Economic developmentOther than building new housing estates and high-rise apartments, heritage buildings and monuments are also being cleared to make space for new skyscrapers and office buildings to support the industries and economic growth of Singapore.
Both factors are interlinked. As limited land space and rapid economic development are intermittent, the government of Singapore has only two options – keeping the heritage sites & buildings which preserve the physical links to our past OR building new buildings over them to accommodate for living and commericial spaces for Singaporeans.(Tham,2011)
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C PEARL LIM , 1204226C
THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
3.3.2 3rd Challenge - Singapore’s Dilemma SURVEY : How much do Singaporeans care about heritage? A survey was conducted to find out the sentiments of Singaporeans towards heritage preservation. A total of 25 respondants were interviewed with a standard questionnaire. From the survey :
54% think that too little is being done to preserve heritage buildings
54%
Based on the survey results, it can be implied that there is a dilemma between Singaporeans on the issue of heritage preservation. 54% think that not enough is being done to preserve Singapore’s heritage, while the other 46% do not feel any urgency or concern.
42% think that heritage preservation is of utmost importance
16% 42%
Prefer Economic Growth
Want a Balance
Once again, there is an almost equal split. 42% of people prioritize heritage preservation, and those who prioritize both heritage and economic growth also stand at 42%. This implies that both are equally important for the people, and there should be a solution that addresses both needs.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
3.3.3 Objectives – Economic growth or heritage preservation? Economic development and preservation of heritage should be of equal priority. Currently, Singapore is concentrating on its economy, continuously building new landmarks and attractions to “shed off its unexciting image”(Adam, 2011).
If Singapore continues to concentrate only on its economy, as it does now, by demolishing buildings and places of heritage without any regard to the emotional attachments of the people to make way for new condominiums and malls and only keeping a select few areas for tourism’s sake, this will cause serious future consequences. One example of such consequences, as described previously, would be a loss of national identity and a future generation of Singaporeans who have no knowledge or interest in Singapore’s history (Tham, 2011). The strategy for economic growth through tourism may instead backfire in the long run as the city suffers from rising costs of living and accommodation, and in the near future, maybe even failing to set itself apart(refer to 3.2.2 ) from other cities in the world. On the other side of the coin, if Singapore begins to prioritize heritage above everything else by methods like enforcing strict laws to extensively protect all places which carry personal nostalgia for the people, the tiny island state may soon find itself becoming a ‘backwater’, where economic progress and development is severely hindered and constraint. From this, we conclude that the objectives of our proposed recommendations would have to address and cater to both sides equally – Harmonizing economic growth and heritage preservation on a tiny 700sq. km island.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
4.0 : Recommendations 4.1.1 Why should heritage buildings be preserved? 1.Buildings which were a part of history are an invaluable part of the cityscape. Buildings belonging to a specific era, such as the pre-WW II period are actually built of different standards, and also better materials such as hardwoods like heart pine which cannot be found today(Rocchi, 2014). Preserving them also means preserving extinct materials of the ecosystem. 2.Heritage buildings increase real-estate values. Buildings of historical value are differentiated from other sites, and carry a higher real-estate value.(Dimatteo, 2014). A study in London also revealed that areas designated as historical conservation areas had a higher premium of 23.1%, and areas prior to become designated as conservation sites had a higher premium of 16.5% as compared to other areas which are not.(Ahlfeldt, Holman & Wendland, 2012, pg.5) 3.There is no room for regret. A historically significant building, once demolished can never be brought back or renovated ever again. It will be lost forever – Hence there needs to be more caution when dealing with heritage sites, as today’s decisions affects the people of tomorrow.
4.1.2 Proposed recommendations for Singapore Old buildings that are preserved have a strong role to play today, functioning as ‘reminders’ of the past. By visiting historical buildings - tourists and citizens living in the city would be able to witness and experience the cultural heritage of that particular area, and retain or bring back valuable memories. With that, we hope to address the current issue by recommending the following : 1.Integrating the old and new Create a new use for heritage buildings, retaining its entire structure as well as its original layout. E.g) A smaller-sized heritage building can be re-used as a clubhouse or supporting facility of a newly constructed residential or office estate which will encircle the existing structure when built. This will not only preserve, but make full use of the structure. 2.Reuse as cultural venues for the community. Instead of building completely new shopping malls, we advocate to preserve larger sized heritage buildings by transforming them into venues which can be used by the community for events like concerts and exhibitions, at the same time also integrating some retail space. By reusing them in this way, there will be revenue and economic gains and also, a precious building of heritage will get to stay in the cityscape. 3.Enforce stricter control over the alteration of conservation sites. As seen earlier(refer to 3.1.3), in places like Chinatown, a building may be preserved, but its original character not. We therefore advocate Singapore’s Heritage Preservation Board to enforce stricter control and limit what tenants can alter on the façade or structure of a heritage building, so that the original essence of the site and what it used to be can be felt by all. With the above mentioned, this leads us to our case studies which will illustrate our point.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
4.2 Case Studies
4.2.1 : Overseas Case Studies - London, United Kingdom
A city with an astonishing 2,000 years of heritage, London is an extremely outstanding tourist destination. Effectively blending its historical glamour with strong, youthful energy, there is more than enough for everyone to explore and experience its rich culture(Eaves, 2012). London is also one of the world’s top global financial centres, along with New York and Tokyo, with the largest industries being technology, finance and tourism(Dennys, 2014). As (Duck ,2014) once said, many heritage buildings tend to have unique architectural elements that can never be found on modernized buildings. Architects that constructed these buildings in the past focus more on creating intricate detailing on the interiors and exteriors, a stark contrast to today’s styles of architecture. In London, though, heritage buildings actually co-exist with new buildings almost seamlessly, creating a unique layering of the city’s past, present and future. How does London manage to preserve its historical grandeur and continue to progress economically, at the same time maintaining a population of 8.3million on a land area of only 1,500sq.km?(“London’s population was increasing the fastest among the regions in 2012”, 2013), and what can Singapore learn from London?
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
Examples of London’s heritage preservation strategy 1. Transforming & converting old buildings into cultural venues
Rosslyn Hill, Camden
“The restoration of St Stephen’s, one of London’s most intractable churches at risk for over a quarter of a century, is an example of how a preservation trust can secure major partnership funding” (“Saving London”, n.d, pg.35) After years of decay and structural problems since 1977, St Stephen’s Church is now a venue for the community to hold activities such as concerts, exhibitions and receptions (“Saving London”, n.d, pg.35). These activities will in turn create revenue to continue the maintenance of building in the long run, thereby preserving an important piece of heritage and creating financial gains.
2. English Heritage Organization – Granting aids & fundings
808 & 810 Tottenham High Road
Built in the 1700s, 808 & 810 Tottenham High Road is a symmetrical pair of heritage buildings in the city of London. Acquired by a preservation fund in the 80s which failed, the building was abandoned for 25 years, experiencing arson and structural damage through the years. The English Heritage organization then granted funds for its structural repairs. Today, the building has been acquired by Tottenham Hotspur F.C which will refurbish and convert it for residential use.(“Saving London”, n.d ,pg.34)
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
4.2.2 Overseas Case Studies – Analysis
Singapore old national theatre : 1963 - 1986
The previous examples of London’s heritage preservation strategy has showed how the city’s urban planners innovatively reuse old buildings and keep them for future generations through reusing them as venues for cultural activities. They have also proven their determination to preserve their city’s cultural heritage through the use of government funding to repair structurally unsound buildings, some of which are centuries old. With that, we wonder – could the same method of preservation have been applied on Singapore’s once beloved national theatre, which was demolished in 1986 due to structural issues(“Prominent landmarks in Singapore that should be conserved”, 2011)?
Queenstown Cinema, Singapore. 1977 - 2011
Could the queenstown cinema – which carries many fond memories of the people, built in 1977 and closed in 1999, also have been refurbished and reused as a venue for concerts, exhibitions and receptions(at the same time generating revenue) relevant for the community instead of being demolished?
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
4.2.3 Local Case Study – Successful integration of heritage buildings
Matilda House, Punggol
To be redeveloped into condominium clubhouse
Built in 1902 by the wealthy Cashin(Irish) family, Matilda House which sits on a forested site at Punggol is now abandoned. Another relic of Singapore’s colonial heritage, it is to be redeveloped into a clubhouse for a new condominium, keeping the original look and character of the structure.
Ex-America Ambassador’s residence
Now Spring grove condominium clubhouse
Once the American Ambassador of Singapore’s residence, this colonial styled Building at Grange Road was reused as a condominium clubhouse, with all of its original architectural features preserved. By giving an appropriate new use to such buildings, the architecture of the building remains respected, and the building continues to serve and cater to people – the very purpose of what a building is for. The standing piece of heritage will also serve as a point of admiration for the residents who use the clubhouse, feeling a sense of what the place and surroundings were like before.
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
5.0 Conclusion Although much of Singapore’s architectural heritage has already been lost in the name of economic development, not all hope is lost yet. From the crowded streets of vibrant Little India, to the peaceful and quiet rows of low-rises in Tiong Bahru Estate, there is still much left to be preserved in this cosmopolitan city for the current and future generations. By applying recommended strategies such as reusing heritage buildings for its surrounding communities and enforcing stricter control over alterations, the damage of redevelopment can be reduced to the minimum, while economic growth and financial gains at the same time remain uncompromised. Citizens of Singapore, on the other hand can continue to enjoy Singapore’s cultural diversity and rich heritage, which will remain this way for more years to come if the necessary actions are taken. Therefore, it is imperative that the steps required to preserve Singapore’s cultural heritage begins today.
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“Without Architecture, we cannot remember” - John Ruskin
LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
6.0 : References - Websites, books, news articles A sustainable population for a dynamic Singapore : Population white paper. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.nptd.gov.sg/content/NPTD/news/_jcr_content/par_content/download_98/file.res/population-whitepaper.pdf B. K.H. (2014 , February 11 ). The most expensive destinations in the world. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/travel/world-travel/the-most-expensive-destinations-in-the-world/story-e6frfqai1226823500684 B. Weiner, M. (2012, January 4). 10 most expensive places to visit. US news. Retrieved from https://travel.yahoo.com/ideas/10-most-expensive-places-to-visit.html Chow, J. (2014, Febuary 17). Tourist arrivals and spending and hit records high spending growth slowest. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/tourist-arrivals-andspending-hit-record-highs-spending-growth-slowest Chang, R. (2013, January 31). If only singaporeans stopped to think. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.sg/2013/01/population-white-paper.html Chinatown as built heritage. (2001). Retrieved from http://www.hsse.nie.edu.sg/staff/blackburn/HeritageChinatownasbuiltheritage.html Department of statistics Singapore. (2014). Singapore tourism statistics. Singapore,Singapore : Government of Singapore. Duck, C. (2014, Febuary 14). Preserving heritage makes a city interesting. Retrieved from http://www.lfpress.com/2014/02/14/preserving-heritage-makes-a-city-interesting G. Sarah. (2014 , March 5 ). Singapore name most expensive city in the world, and London takes 15th place. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2573676/The-worlds-expensive-city-named-SingaporeLondon-takes-15th-place.html Geylang serai village. (2011). Retrieved from http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/geylang-serai-malay-village/ Jufri. Z. (2009, October 22). Re: Building on the past. [web log post] Retrieved from http://is.asia-city.com/cityliving/article/building-past Kotkin, J. (2011). What is a city for? Lee Kuan Yew Centre for innovative cities, 202.65.242.11/. Retrieved from http://www.newgeography.com/files/Kotkin-What-is-a-City-For-LKYCIC.pdf Kwan, J.Y. (2011, July 3). Re: Chinatown – A Lost Treasure Trove of Chinese culture and identity [web log post.] Retrieved from http://changes-of-chinatown.blogspot.sg/ Lee, C.F. (2012,October 15). HongKong now sees merit of preserving heritage. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1061084/hong-kong-now-sees-merit-preservingheritage L. J. (2014 , March 15 ). Singapore population white paper. Retrieved from http://population.sg/ Lim, D. (2012, June 18). Tourist spending in Singapore to rise further in 2012. Biz Daily. Retrieved from http://bizdaily.com.sg/newsite/tourist-spending-in-singapore-to-rise-further-in-2012/ Lowenthal, D. (2003). The past is a foreign country. New York. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=jMqsAQZmv5IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v= onepage&q&f=false
London Heritage. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/saving-london/savinglondon.pdf
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
References - Websites, books, news articles London real estate value. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/ae/assessment-ca-value.pdf Old National Library at Stamford Road Singapore. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/historical_sites/166/old_national_library__stamford_road_si ngapore.php Old National Library, (2013). Retrieved from http://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/tag/old-national-library/ Prominent landmarks in Singapore that should be preserved. (2011). Retrieved from http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/2011/09/06/prominent-singapore-landmarks-that-should-be-conserved/ Rocchi, J. (2014, March 10). Re: Six Practical Reasons To Save Old Buildings [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.preservationnation.org/2014/03/10/six-reasons-save-old-buildings/#.U5XFtPmSzbI Sharrocks, M. (2014, April 9). Retain more heritage buildings, key spaces. The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/premium/forum-letters/story/retain-more-heritage-buildings-key-spaces-20140409 Singapore tourism revenue surges on record visitor arrivals. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.theedgesingapore.com/component/content/article/25854.html Singapore shared cultural heritage. (2012). Retrieved from http://paradoxpapers.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/3protecting-our-shared-cultural-heritage-is-singapores-psychological-defence/ Sim, F. (2013, January 29). Singapore population to hit 6 million by 2020. Yahoo!News. Retrieved from https://sg.news.yahoo.com/s%E2%80%99pore-population-to-hit-6-million-by-2020--paper-061718360.html
Statistics report. (2013). London population statistics. London, United Kingdom : Government of United Kingdom. Top ten reasons to visit London. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.travelersdigest.com/197-london-top-tenreasons-visit/
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
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LARRY TEO, 1204151C THE PRICE OF MODERNISM
PEARL LIM , 1204226C
References - Images Students Studying [Image]. (2000). Retrieved from http://3.bp.blogspot.com/02Yz5aqe_70/Twz8k3QRKII/AAAAAAAAAgg/GdFJ8fEvrOo/s1600/IMG_4444.JPG Statistics of Singapore. [Image]. (2012). Retrieved from http://static.travel.usnews.com/images/destinations/284/main_image_cropped_445x280.jpg Sydney skyline [Image]. (2000). Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/City_of_sydney_from_the_balmain_wharf_dusk_cropped2.jpg Villa [Image]. (2012). Retrieved from https://remembersingapore.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mansions-and-villasof-the-past-spring-grove.jpg?w=640&h=440
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