Binary and Beyond

1 And

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Hello! My name is Landon Cox and I am a freshman at the Liberal Arts and Science Academy. I play soccer, baseball, spikeball, reading, and enjoy playing computer games like Rainbow Six Siege. As our world becomes more and more technologically advanced, computers and consoles have to continually improve to fit in and sell in the growing market of technology. I am interested in computers and what makes them work, so for my article I chose to write about electrical engineering and different aspects of the job. When I grow up I would like to be an electrical engineer because I love solving problems and creating things.

Hi! My name is Zephyr Yellman and I am a student at LASA high school. I enjoy fencing, playing violin, and collecting fossils. I am interested in what lies beyond our planet and the possibility that we might be able to go there in the conceivable future. Rockets and other aerospace technology have become incredibly advanced compared to the machines of the 20th century. In this magazine, my article will cover what these advancements are and how the aerospace industry has been modernizing. These innovations are sending us flying into the future, and our world could soon look like something out of a sci fi novel.

C 0 0 3 T M A

Greetings! I’m Joaquin Castillo. I am a Freshman student of the Liberal Arts and Science Academy. I like to play video games, such as League of Legends and World of Warcraft.

I also like to make music and have composed a few pieces by now. I wrote about computer programming for the magazine, including information about the languages that are used for computer programming. In the future, I hope to either compose music, become a programmer, or help to make video games.

Hola, my name is Nikhil Jayakumar and I am currently a freshman at LASA High School. Some of my hobbies are taekwondo, tennis, and videogames. I am interested in what we can find in the future of the world. The future of dark matter is also one of my interests because it is such an interesting and mysterious topic. My magazine is on the advancements in space exploration.

I will be covering topics such as dark matter, the future of the planet, problems affecting the earth, etc.

Bonjour, mes amies, I am Adam Fisher! Like the rest of the kids here, and what you’ve read about 4 times now, I am a LASA freshmen and I like swimming and all things science. I worked on this Ezine for 4½ months with my good friends, Nikhil, Landon, Joaquin, and Zephyr. We did some really good work, and I’m happy with how the magazine turned out. It’s amazing what some goofy kids can do with a keyboard in their hands and determination in their eyes. Enjoy.

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5. An Electrifying Career 11. Library of Languages 17. Over the Moon 23. Farther than Before Graphics by Adam Fisher and Joaquin Castillo. Layout by Joaquin Castillo.

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29. Tech of our Imagination 34. Games and More 36. Thank You 38. Advertisments 5 - Extra Pages

Enginerring

Exploring the wonders of Electrical Engineering

By Landon Cox

6 - Computers

Circuit board from inside a computer. You can see all the different components that make a computer work. (photo courtesy of Miguel Padrinan)

Every time someone boots up a console like Playstation or Xbox, or turns on a computer, they should remember that this is all possible because of electrical engineers (EE).

They are all over the world, working day in and day out to produce new computers and new technology to fit into the economy of the 21st century.

Electrical engineering is a technical discipline concerned with the study, design and application of electrical equipment, which uses electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. it emerged as a craft in the latter half of the 19th century with the invention of Edward Torres is the validation site lead at Intel. Intel is a company that the electric telegraph, then later, the makes microprocessors. (photo courtesy of Chad Cox) telephone and the electrical power never a dull moment according generator. This occupation has to Torres. Every day on the evolved from primitive experiments job they learn something with batteries to a group of electrical new, whether it be about the “ There’s always some new engineers spending years working project they are working on an advanced microprocessor that technology, some new on or some new innovative can complete complex tasks and technology that has just popped functions to fit into the 21st century. features... There’s just never up in the industry. any shortage of learning.”

Electrical engineering is divided - Edward Torres, validation site “I love learning, there’s never into a wide range of fields from lead at Intel. any lack of something to learn,” computer engineering to electronics.

Torres said. “There’s always These different fields work together some new technology, some to create the electronic world new features. Or even like learning as we know it today. Electrical multitude of tasks according to what a customer is doing. There’s engineering is a diverse occupation Edward Torres, the overall site just never any shortage of learning.” with many people completed a lead for the validation lab at Intel, Throughout an electrical engineer’s “It’s amazing how versatile it is time at a company, they move even within this building, there’s around a lot, and as time goes on they people that work on so many things, might move from designing chips because there are so many things on to managing a group of engineers a computer chip, on a CPU, there’s designing a chip to make sure they the things that do the math,’’ Torres are doing their job correctly. EE’s said. “There’s the electrical aspects, move around constantly and do a you know, how do you get power variety of tasks necessary to make a into such a tiny little thing? How microprocessor. Chris Nuegebauer, do you dissipate heat, I mean, all the chief engineer on the Xbox these different engineering aspects.”

Top of an AMD microprocessor. (photo by Landon Cox)

Being an electrical engineer, there’s

7 - Computers

career path and requires an interest throughout your education. Most electrical engineers today have either a bachelor’s or master’s degree in electrical engineering, though it is not impossible to become an electrical engineer with no degree.

and sell it. Eric Shyu, a product manager at AMD, talks about some of the many steps involved in creating a microprocessor.

“There’s parts where you’re writing code. And then there’s parts where you’re turning that code into circuits, you know, actual circuits,” said Shyu. “And then there’s parts of the job where you’re testing those circuits to make sure that they’re working properly.

And then there’s another part where you’re actually doing your testing on silicon in the labs here.”

“I only have a bachelor’s degree, a four year degree…

Most of the people on my team have a master’s Underside of a microprocessor. The balls connect degree,” Torres said. the chip to the rest of the computer. (photo by “But, generally going to Landon Cox) college to get a bachelor’s chip at Advanced Micro Devices degree in engineering is the easiest EE’s face challenges daily ranging (AMD), explains how he has moved way to get a job. It’s a lot harder from problems with customers, around throughout his time at AMD. to get one without a degree.” to being time pressed to finish a presentation in time for a “I’ve done physical design, I’ve done The production of a microprocessor meeting. But one of the biggest architecture, product test, I’ve done contains many complicated steps and most annoying challenges, validation, and I’ve done silicon and procedures that have to be in Nuegebauer’s personal debug,” Nuegebauer said. “So over followed. Microprocessors can take experience, is money and finding the course of my career, I’ve worked many years and hundreds, if not creative solutions to fit within their in a bunch of different areas.” thousands, of people in the process budget. Problems with customers of making a chip, and many more and fitting within the budget can According to most electrical to get the final package to market sometimes be very stressful, engineers, their job is a challenging especially if it creates problems with a microprocessor design.

“Oftentimes, there’s what you would like to do, and there’s what you can afford to do. And those are two different things and [the] people who control the money, you’ve heard the term bean counters, right?

It’s a term, somebody who’s counting all the pennies that you’re spending in the process of making a chip and the cost of a chip,” Nuegebauer said. “And sometimes your life would be a whole lot easier if they would pay one more bean, one more Eric Shyu is a product manager at AMD. AMD makes microprocessors for computers penny. But because they won’t, you’re restricted to what you can and consoles. (photo courtesy of Chad Cox) do and sometimes it becomes 8 - Computers much more difficult to do.”

Electrical engineers have to not only find ways to work around their budget and with customers, but also have to find ways to manage stress.

One of the easiest ways to relieve stress is to find something that takes the mind off of the source of the stress and lets you relax. Since exercise reduces stress hormones and produces endorphins for the body, one way to relax is to exercise.

“I run, that’s my that’s my relaxation.

Every morning I am out on the roads running seven to 10 miles.”

Nuegebauer said, ”Sometimes I’m even doing it in the dark.”

While some engineers like Nuegebauer relieve stress through exercise, some take their mind off of work by spending time with Chris Nuegebauer is the Chief Engineer on the Xbox chip at AMD. their family. Spending time with (photo by Landon Cox) loved ones is a great way to relieve so you’re not always focused on it,” being an electrical engineer stress and can also improve moral.

Shyu said. “I think it’s important that doesn’t always mean fancy “I spend time with my family. I you have something like a hobby parties or living the high life, mean, that’s the number one thing or some kind of ritual that you do. electrical engineers celebrate I do,” Torres said. “Just this month, People say you can meditate too.” their success in different ways.

At the end of the day, electrical you know, I volunteered to coach Being an EE is versatile, since they engineers can look back and my kids soccer team. Just, again, work on things both big and small take pride in their achievements. it’s a challenge, a different kind of depending on where they are working. challenge, but I also wanted to force While some electrical engineers “You’re not going to get wowed by myself to commit to spend time, work on tiny microprocessors, fancy parties or a lavish lifestyle or even more time with my family.” some engineers work on bigger getting your name and big lights,” Edward Torres’s Neugebauer said. “That’s not the Others simply find relaxing rituals projects. brother is an electrical engineer kind of job this is, this is you’re to do that take their mind off of the problem at hand. One of these at a refinery in Corpus Christi. working as part of a bigger team to solve problems. But you know, rituals is meditating. Meditation is “He does something totally different, at the end of the day, when you used to achieve a mentally clear and everything I deal with is tiny little solve those problems, you can tell emotionally calm and stable state. microchips,” Torres said. “He’s people ‘Yeah, that PS4, that has a It has been used for thousands of the site electrical engineer for a chip that I worked on in it’ right, years as a way of reducing stress, refinery down in Corpus Christi. ‘that laptop there has a chip that I anxiety, depression, and pain.

And he’s always sending me pictures helped design and If I haven’t con“I was just listening to a podcast of things that are bigger than an tributed to that, that chip wouldn’t where the guy was saying that you’re 18 Wheeler, these giant motors work.’” actually better suited, like you’re and things he works on and giant better at your job if you have a hobby cables that are six inches across.” that takes your mind off your job, 9 - Computers According to Nuegebauer, while

Xeon

Microprocessor

The Xeon Intel Microprocessor was designed, manufactured, and marketed by Intel as a CPU that has advanced features compared to Intel’s previous CPU’s.

Fabric: Connects

PCIe 3.0: Peripheral Component

the pieces of the chip Interconnect Express is a high-speed serial together, electrically, computer expansion bus standard, in other so they can talk to each words it moves information between the other internal hardware of a computer system.

DMI: Direct Media Interface is Intel’s

proprietary link between the northbridge and southbridge on a computer motherboard.

Fabric

PCIe*3.0 IMC Core

IMC: The integrated

memory channel connects the chip to the external memory

Core: A core is part of a CPU that

receives instructions and performs calculations, or actions, based on those instructions.

* * *

DMI

System Agent LLC

* * *

Intel*UPI Intel UPI: The Intel Ultra Path Interconnect is a point-to-point processor interconnect developed

by Intel. the UPI provides high-speed, point-topoint links inside and outside of the processor.

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Designed by Landon Cox

System Agent: Also called

Uncore by Intel, this is a term used to describe the functions of a microprocessor that are not in the core. Ex: including QPI controllers, L3 cache, etc..

LLC: Last level cache refers

to the highest-level cache. A cache is a small amount of memory which operates more quickly than main memory.

Data is moved from the main memory to the cache, so that it can be accessed faster. The cache memory performance is the most significant factor in achieving high processor performance.

Scorpio Engine (Microprocessor)

The AMD Scorpio Engine was a microprocessor designed by AMD for Microsoft’s Xbox One X, a gaming console.

CU: A compute

unit is the smallest organization of registers and instructions capable of working at once.

A group of compute units is called a

shader array

GDDR5 PHY: Graphics double data rate

type five synchronous dynamic random-access memory, is a modern type of synchronous graphics random-access memory with a high bandwidth interface designed for use in graphics cards, game consoles, and high-performance computing

L2 Interface: The level two memory interface exists to provide a high-bandwidth interface to second level caches, on-chip RAM, and peripherals. It is a key feature in ensuring high system performance and providing a higher bandwidth mechanism for filling the caches

GDDR5 PHY L2 Interface

Compute Unit (CU)

Shader Array

CPU Core: A core is

part of a CPU that receives instructions and performs calculations, or actions, based on those instructions.

CPU CORE

Render (ROPs) L2C

Render: The render output unit, sometimes

called raster operations pipeline, is a hardware component in modern graphics processing units and one of the final steps in the rendering process of modern graphics cards.

L2C: A level 2 cache is a CPU cache

memory that is located outside and separate from the microprocessor chip core 11 - Computers

The computer languages of today

By Joaquin Castillo

Code written in Java, a popular object-oriented language. Programmers choose languages based on their needs and experience.(Screenshot by Joaquin Castillo)

Computer programming has

become one of the most important industries during the 20th and 21st centuries, and programming languages have developed with the field. These languages define how the programmer will write, what limitations they have, and where they can run that code.

According to the Computer History Museum(CMH), computer programming has been around since the early 20th century, and by the 21st century, a variety of programming languages have been made.

They 12 - Computers

each have their own strengths and weaknesses, and are each used in different applications, such as web design, or embedded systems. According to Technopedia, embedded systems have one or two functions, and are part of electrical or mechanical hardware. One of the other aspects of a language is what functionality it has. Some languages are object oriented, where the whole language is based on objects, which are independent parts of the code with properties and functions.

In other words, the class is like a recipe, with all of the ingredients

and steps to make it, and the object is the actual dish mader.

Java is an object oriented programming language that is simple to pick up according to Eric Chapman, a computer programmer who works at Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).

“Java is probably the easiest language from a syntax perspective and from an object oriented perspective,” Chapman said. “If you’re wanting to learn object oriented, Java is probably your best starting point.”

According to the CMH, Java 1.0 was released in 1995, and has since released many different versions, and is used for the development of Android applications, according to Javarevisited, among other usual uses, such as desktop apps and games.

“To a computer programmer ...solving a problem...has some sort of artistic means to it.”

- Eric Chapman, programmer

at AMD

Another aspect of coding languages is their syntax, or how one needs to write the code in order for the language to be able to read.

One language that took off during the 2010’s is Python, which, according to Medium, has a robust collection of libraries with an open source community that has made frameworks, libraries, and development tools. It’s syntax is comparably simple, and a great quantity of public libraries have been created. Daniel Inglish, a programmer for the Austin Independent School District (AISD), recommended to learn Python.

“I would definitely recommend anyone starting out in programming to learn Python, because that is a language that is just exploding,” Inglish said. “Python’s a really cool language that’s coming up and gotten real popular.”

According to Stackify, Python has gotten popular due to its functionality, including use in game

Code written in Python, another object-oriented language. (Photo by Joaquin Castillo)

design, Artificial intelligence (AI), web development, data analysis, and more.

“Not only can you do what people would consider typical everyday programming,” Inglish said.

“You can now start doing data analysis, you can get into artificial intelligence, business intelligence.

It’s a very powerful language.”

Many companies in the 2010’s have used Python for a variety of applications, like Enthought, a software company that has also taught Python. They have worked with AI in Python. An employee at Entought, Correy Harris, enjoys Python.

“Here we mostly work with Python.” Harris said, “That’s also what we teach. I really like that Python is very flexible. It’s also very readable.”

Some programming languages are not as easy to pick up. Some have syntax that is more difficult to grasp, one being C.

“If you try to write a program in C…” said Harris “it’s often the case that you end up having to use symbols that you might be able to describe in words,” Another difficult concept with C is pointers, which, according to Technopedia, retrieve the address, or location, of a variable in the code.

“C and C++ are more lower level and they introduce a lot like pointers.” said Chapman. “Pointers are sometimes a concept that people have trouble grasping.”

If used incorrectly, pointers can cause memory corruption, according to A Coder’s Journey. As an example, if a pointer is assigned to an uninitialized variable, the program will have logic errors.

Think of it like if the pointer was a sign and the variable was a road.

If there is a sign pointing to a road that doesn’t exist, the driver will get confused, just as the program would when a pointer is used on a variable that doesn’t exist.

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I tend to write...applications a lot faster in Ruby.”

Many different companies have used Ruby, including AirBnB, Twitch, GitHub, and Twitter. It has an incredibly simple syntax, and getting a web application up and running is comparatively easy, according to Stackify.

“Ruby has a lot of shorthand, things you can do in one line.” said Chapman. “The code almost reads a little easier where you can squeeze things into one line that makes sense to be in one line.”

A game coded in Python where a knight runs from monsters. (Screenshot by Joaquin Castillo.)

Despite its difficult learning curve, C is still a language that is in wide use according to Stackify. It has been around since 1972, and has since become one of the most influential programming languages. It is used in embedded systems, like cell phones, alarm clocks, robotics, and in compilers, which check the code for errors, and translates the code into something the machine can read. It is used by the biggest tech brands in the 2010’s, such as Microsoft, Apple, Linux, and Oracle. It also has many languages that are based on it, one of the biggest being C++, which is used for web browsers, database access, and applications, for example many Adobe applications. Another language based on C is Objective-C, which is an object oriented language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS. Chapman has used C, C++, and Objective C to make embedded systems.

Despite Ruby’s strengths, it also has notable drawbacks according to Chapman. It tends to eat up computing resources, making the program slower, and identifying errors in the code becomes harder and harder as the code becomes larger. This is problematic for big companies, and, according to Stackify, is why Twitter switched from Ruby to Java back in 2008.

them I did was a smart card credit card reader that plugged into the audio jack of your phone, where I actually had to write code for both sides that would send data across the audio port,” said Chapman.

“This is where the multi languages and environments it becomes a necessity. On the embedded device on coding and C on the iOS device, “I recently worked on an application I was coding in Objective C at the for someone where we did it time, but I was also using C++ in the originally in Ruby,” said Chapman. embedded device to reuse code.”

“However, there’s a certain piece Another language Chapman of the application that needs to commonly works in is Ruby, an parse a lot of data very quickly. open source language that is popular And that piece in Ruby is very slow, especially in Ruby-On-Rails.There’s among tech startups. a lot of overhead running code with “I typically gravitate towards Ruby, such as, especially in Rails... writing larger programs in Ruby, it’s got a lot of things built in that only because I have more experience make it easier. However, those come with it. I, you know, I know a lot in at cost. And that cost is usually of libraries in the open source memory consumption, CPU cycles, community that are available for things like that.” it.” said Chapman “Ruby, I’ve been Another prominent language in the “I’ve also done code for interface doing it a lot longer, so I just tend 2010’s is JavaScript, which, along with embedded devices One of to naturally gravitate towards that. with HTML and CSS, is used for 14 - Computers

web design. HTML is used for the layout of the page, CSS is used to decorate and JavaScript is used to add functionality. However, it has become more common for web pages to be written entirely in JavaScript.

“The webpage is laid out as an HTML document and that’s what gets rendered by that web browser.” said Harris. “But if you want to have cool stuff happen, like when I click on a button something should change on the page, you need to have some logic...HTML doesn’t know how to do anything, it just knows how to lay out the objects. So JavaScript is one way to help the user interact with the webpage.”

“I like JavaScript, JavaScript’s fun.

You can do a lot of cool stuff if you’ve got some time to sit down and just really plug along with it.” said Inglish. “You just gotta remember if you’ve typed

something with a different case... it’s all case sensitive, so you can mess up a variable.”

There are even more programming languages. Some are older, such as BASIC or FORTRAN. Others like Scratch have only recently come up in the early 2000’s, according to the CHM. which is a block coding language, where the user places blocks that run commands, instead of typing them in. Block coding is more popular among less experienced programmers, since learning syntax is not as important, said Inglish.

“I think for someone who doesn’t know anything about programming, it is a good first step to show you the constructs on ‘this is how you create a loop’, and ‘this is how you make things do stuff’.” said Inglish “Once you start stepping beyond that kind of coding, you gotta worry about syntax.”

Despite its usefulness, some people have problems with JavaScript, especially with its syntax, according to Why it Sucks. It has errors when handling large numbers.

Many people have also complained about it’s reliance on global variables, or variables that Programming is like an art. It are always there in the program when declared, taking computing (Top) The manual for an old programming requires a large amount of resources and making the program language called FORTRAN. FORTRAN is mastery to be good at it, and slower. Although is has flaws, a very old programming language. (Photo there are a wide variety of ideas plenty of people like Inglish still courtesy of IBM.) (Bottom) A game made in to explore. The languages are Scratch. Scratch is a block coding language. like different palettes of which to enjoy JavaScript.

(Screenshot by Joaquin Castillo.) paint.

“It’s almost another form of being artistic.” said Chapman, “To an artist, they can make a painting. To a computer programmer, the way you approach solving a problem by using your available computing resources, has some sort of artistic means to it.”

15 - Computers

Desgin By Joaquin Castillo

1941

Konrad Zuse created the first programmable computer, Plan Calculus, in 1941. Seven years earlier, he had developed the world’s first binary computer. He completed the first fully functional program.

Computers and programming have both come a long way over the years. See some of the impotant dates of programming.

1952

Grace Hopper completed A-0, a program that allows for inputs via english like words instead of numbers, in 1952. It possessed several features of a modern day compiler.

It was written for the UNIVAC 1, the first commercial computer system in the U.S.

1957

In 1957, John Backus developed FORTRAN, a computing language that used English like statements. Over the decades, it became used for scientific and technical computing.

It is still in use today in those fields.

1964

BASIC was created by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemey in 1964. They developed it for their students at Dartmouth College as an easy to learn programming experience. It spread widely to schools all over the world, and soon most personal computers came with BASIC on them.

1972

In 1972, Dennis Ritchie and his team created the language C. It was based on a language called B. It is still in use today, and has been the base for other languages such as C++ and C#.

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1995

In 1995, Sun Microsystems made Java 1.0.

It was able to run a program on any system.

It is still in use today, and is one of the most popular programming languages.

Sources: computerhistory.org,

There are a wide variety of programming languages.

javaworld.com, theserverside. com, medium.com, skillcrush.com, thesoftwareguild.com, guru99.com

Python is a general purpose programming language. Many different fields, such as machine learning, rely on Python.

It is well known for being easy to use, and contains Java is one of the most popular many open source tools. programming languages. It’s name was originally Oak, but that was copyrighted by another company. It is the most popular language for Android smartphone apps.

C

C is an older programming language that is still in use today. It is one of the most popular programming languages, and is used by many big software companies.

It is used in embedded systems and in desktop applications.

JavaScript is a scripting language that is used for web design, among other things. It is part of the web design trio of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

Despite its name relationship to Java, the two are not related at all.

Ruby is a popular language among tech startups due to its simple syntax and its ease to get a web application running.

Unfortunately, Ruby does not scale well into larger programs. Twitter started on Ruby, but later switched to Java.

17 - Computers

Advancements in aerospace technology

By Zephyr Yellman

NASA’s Orbital ATK Antares rocket, carrying the Cygnus Spacecraft, blasts off from the Wallops Flight facility in Virginia.

The rocket is carrying over 5,000 pounds of cargo to the International Space Sation. (photo courtesy of NASA)

18 - Aero-Space

land on Mars by 2024, says Business insider, and with space flight approaching commercialization, the interplanetary dream is closer than ever before. There have been many incredible advancements and innovations in technology as a whole, and the field of aerospace is no exception.

Ron Sparks, an electrical and aerospace engineer who helped to develop the F-22 fighter jet, supports the claim that aerospace technology has advanced extremely fast over the past several decades.

“One of the biggest advancements has been miniaturization,” Sparks said.

“Everything is being miniaturized.”

Engineers from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory work on a Mars rover at NASA’s facility in Pasadena, California. This car-sized rover will be launched in 2020 to further explore the surface of Mars. (photo courtesy of NASA)

5...4...3...2...1... Blast Off!

Static flickers across the television screen as the rocket leaps away from the earth, and the children watch captivated as it flies through space. “I want to go to the moon too,” one says.

It is no more than a distant dream to someday travel among the stars, however, and none ever accomplish it, but with space technology rapidly advancing and commercializing, future people from all around the

The miniaturization of spacecraft has happened exponentially since the 1950s. As the components of spacecraft and the computers they use get smaller, the craft themselves become more compact. Todd Barber, an engineer from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory who works with the Voyager spacecraft believes that the miniaturization of these components may allow future spacecraft to be more powerful than anyone previously believed possible.

“Modern spacecraft tend to use world could achieve this dream. modern electronics, large computers, solid state recorders, digital cameras, Rockets and other aerospace etc.,” Barber said. “The incredible technology have gone from crude miniaturization of electronic machines barely capable of making components has been an enormous orbit to advanced technology that boon to the spacecraft business, can explore the vast reaches of since we are always constrained deep space in only 70 years. That in mass, volume, and power.” may seem like a long time, but it is really incredibly short considering The miniaturization of electric parts the amount of progress that has could allow spacecraft to be more been made. Humans are hoped to 19 - Aero-Space

powerful and explore farther than ever before. In addition, spacecraft are now able to give much more exact measurements. The increase in the measurement capabilities correlates with recent miniaturization. Srinivas Bettadpur, an aerospace professor at the University of Texas, uses satellites to measure the dynamics of Earth.

“The precision of tracking of satellites have gone from meters to millimeters in a relatively short time,” Bettadpur said. “Over short distances, the accuracy has grown to micrometers.”

Not only spacecraft have been improving and advancing. Fighter jets like the F-22 Raptor have become extremely advanced in both the way they fly and their fighting capabilities.

The F-22, partly engineered by Ron Sparks, was one of the last of the great generation of fighter jets.

“It has thrust vectoring, so it has two engines side by side,” Sparks said.

“One can turn a nozzle up, one plane can actually fly vertically.” can turn a nozzle down, and you can spin on a rope, whereas most The F-22 Raptor was undoubtedly planes have to bank and roll, so the an advancement in maneuverability and power for fighter jets. In addition to his work on the F-22, Sparks also worked with killer “Every time you’re able satellites, satellites capable of taking out enemy communications, to commercialize some spy bots, and other machinery.

advancements in the aerospace industry, it pushes for more innovation, faster innovation.”

- Ron Sparks

Electical and Aerospace Engineer

“At that time, Russia was putting satellites into space, we were putting satellites into space, and China was putting satellites in space,” Sparks said. “So you had to identify if it was friendly or if it was a foe, and if it was a foe, you had the luxury of whether or not to take out the other satellite.”

Killer satellites are powerful machines, and have advanced along with the rest of the aerospace industry over the past several decades. Probes have also been launched to explore and collect data far away from our planet. Recently, craft such as the Voyager probes have been making news for reaching deep space.

“Voyager 1... is currently 13 billion miles from Earth,” Barber said.

“That’s about five times further than Pluto, and it gets further away every day. In theory, we could go much further, and will.”

An F-22 Raptor fighter jet flies overhead at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in the World Space Expo aerial salute. The Expo was to commemorate mankind’s first 50 years of spaceflight. (photo courtesy of NASA)

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Spacecraft can now travel extreme distances from our planet. In the future, commercial spaceflight will even allow people who are not astronauts to travel to the moon or beyond, says abc news. A product might be first used in the aerospace industry, and then commercialized for use by the general public.

“A lot of the space vehicles that I dealt with, they worked on the ceramics on reentry vehicles,” Sparks said. “Those kinds of ceramics, now, a lot of things have been commercialized. Like in some of your grills, you can have ceramic tiles for heating, because they hold heat, they’re a good insulator.”

If innovation continues to move forward this fast, it is highly possible that we could have people on Mars in the foreseeable future. As spacecraft have improved, they have collected a great deal of information about the solar system and beyond.

“Even just limiting to Voyager,” Barber said, “we have discovered

The Voyager proof test model sits in the space simulator chamber in NASA’s facility in Pasadena, California. This model never went to space, but was used to test Voyager’s machinery. (photo courtesy of NASA)

In the future, the same thing may happen with spaceflight.

Commercialization also creates a race between competing companies, which means that technological advancements could happen faster.

“Every time you’re able to commercialize some advancements in the aerospace industry ...it pushes for more innovation, faster innovation,” said Sparks.

Craft like Voyager have discovered a lot about the workings of our solar system and what lies beyond it. However, spacecraft can also be used to study our own planet as well as others. Bettadpur’s satellites have discovered a lot about the Earth’s dynamics.

The ISS Destiny laboratory, as seen through the aft flight deck of NASA’s space shuttle Endeavor, flies in orbit around the earth. (Photo courtesy of NASA)

dozens of new moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, the likelihood of subsurface liquid water ocean on Jupiter’s moon Europa, volcanoes on [Jupiter’s moon] Io, ancient ice quakes on Ganymede, the most heavily cratered body in the solar system at Callisto, dark rings at Jupiter, detailed storm clouds in the Jupiter atmosphere, spokes in the Saturn rings...and now the properties of interstellar space itself.

“We have improved our understanding of what drives the mechanics of the Earth, including the weather, climate, and related geophysical processes,” Bettadpur said.

With advancements and discoveries such as these, spaceflight will soon be more than a childhood dream.

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1959

The satellite Explorer 6 is launched by NASA, and takes the first pictures of the earth from space.

1969

The United States launches the Appollo 11 mission, landing three astronauts on the moon.

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1957

The U. S. S. R. launches the first satellite, Sputnik 1. The Space Race begins.

1961

The U. S. S. R. launches Vostok 1, and Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space.

Graphic by Zephyr Yellman 22 - Aero-Space

Background image courtesy of NASA

1986

The spacecraft voyager 1 becomes the first probe to fly past the planet Uranus.

1976

The American probe Viking 1 lands on the surface of Mars, becoming the first successful Mars lander.

2007

NASA launches the International Space Station through its space shuttle endeavour.

1990

The Hubble Space Telescope is released into earth orbit.

Source: Space.com 23 - Aero-Space

Jupiter’s South Pole taken by the JunoCam Instrument on Dec. 16, 2017. The JunoCam instrument was to take pictures of Jupiter while orbiting it. (photo courtesy of NASA) 24 - Aero-Space

Many looked up at the

starry night thinking about how enormous the universe is, but a lot of people do not know how much humanity has come in conquering this astounding universe. Space exploration is an important part of the future of humanity, and with the competition between companies, planets such as Mars might be colonized by 2030.

The space industry is going to provide some of the best information for the future of the world. The history of the planet will show how greatly humanity has increased with the rate of space exploration.

Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are fighting for the next big step in space exploration, making

space exploration an even more important industry. Topics such as Dark Matter are important in understanding how new exploration contributes to Newton’s Universal Laws, and also contribute with how companies decide to balance competition and cooperation. With up-and-coming new ways to make money in space, the space industry will thrive with new, innovative people contributing to the future of humanity.

landmarks with space. One very important historical landmark is the Hubble Space Telescope.

Launched on April 24, 2019, the Hubble Space Telescope has made millions of observations about our galaxy.

Rod Pyle, an author of many books such as “Mission to the Moon” and “Space 2.0” explains how the Hubble Space Telescope has inspired the future of space exploration.

Historical events in space exploration are an important part of the future because they can show us how fast and how far the field of astronomy has advanced.

NASA, one of the top government corporations in the space industry, have had many important historical

“In astronomy, the Hubble Space Telescope, still operating after more than two decades, has been a boon to both science and the human imagination,” Pyle said.

“The images that have come from Hubble have inspired tens of millions of people to not just think about the great beyond, but many of them have been drawn to STEM fields because of it as well, which is good for their countries and the species as a whole.”

SpaceX’s Starship Before Its Launch on Aug. 27, 2019. This test rocket was a success while it was launched in South Texas. (photo courtesy of Joe Pappalardo)

Another important part of the history of space exploration is dark matter, but dark matter is just as confusing and mysterious as it was 40 years ago. Discovered in 1922, dark matter is a topic in space exploration that has been researched for a long time. Dark matter seems to be something that is currently too complicated for humans to understand. Richard Panek, the author of the books “The 4 Percent Dark Matter” and “The Trouble With Gravity” explains the complexity and mysteriousness of dark matter.

“Dark matter is something that astronomers think probably exists because when we look at the 25 - Aero-Space

motions of galaxies within themselves or even when they clump together they seem to not be obeying Newton’s universal law of gravitation and they seem to be

“This planet is a dead end. If you can’t get off your planet, you’re a dinosaur.”

- Joe Papplardo Author of Spaceport Earth

Dark matter is the matter that we can not see. Because dark matter is currently undetectable by humans, scientists have given the name “dark” to the matter. Even if dark matter is something that humanity found out decades ago, they have done nothing more in the past 40 years. Humanity always thought that they would be able to do something with the type of matter after a certain period of time, but even after 40 years humanity has never accomplished anything more than finding it.

known to humans is dark energy.

An additional term used with the term dark because it is relatively mysterious, scientists today do not know much more than the fact that it exists.

Dark matter is confusing and twisted in a way that contradicts Newton’s Laws, so predictions about when we can find a way to use or understand it are almost impossible.

Space innovation is going to affect the future of the planet, and with rockets and discoveries about our universe are being made faster than ever before, humans might be able to multi-planetary soon.

“If you go back in history you see that people would just keep saying in the next five years, in the next five years and finally people just stop saying that because it was just taking so long, “ said Panek. If you went 20 years ago to year 1999 everybody would have saying, ‘oh of course in 20 years, gosh in 5 years’ I don’t moving too fast based on the amount think anybody can make those kinds of visible matter, the matter that we of predictions anymore.” can see,” Panek said.

One more mysterious “dark” object First Image Of A Black Hole taken by NASA. The black hole image was released to the public on Apr. 10, 2019 (photo courtesy of NASA)

“Dark energy is something mysterious that seems to be accelerating the expansion of the universe, “ said Panek. “Again those are very loose terms because we don’t really know what we are talking about.”

“In the next 20 years, I see industrial operations taking place in low Earth orbit--the storing of fuel and life support supplies, construction of habitats and interplanetary spacecraft, routine transit operations between LEO and the moon, and some travel to Mars, “ Pyle said. “The needed infrastructure will form, likely initially as a partnership between NASA, American and some international entrepreneurs, and eventually the nascent space powers such as China and India.”

The competition between companies will affect the increasing innovation involving space exploration. With more opportunities for money to be made in space, people are rapidly entering the aerospace industry.

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Joe Pappalardo, a contributing editor at the Popular Mechanics and author of the book “Spaceport Earth” gives his opinion on the

future of space exploration and the Earth.

“There wasn’t enough competition,” Pappalardo said. “Everyone was working together and there was a limited budget and no one saw ways to make money in space. Now they do. There are a lot more options. The more competition there is the more new rockets and new spacecraft will be designed and that is exactly what happened when SpaceX came on the scene. Everyone’s got a new rocket, everyones got a new thing to put on the markets of launching things into space around the whole world.”

One important component of space exploration is where humans are going to live after Earth is no longer sustainable for humans.

“Another thing I think, and a lot of other people say this, this planet is a dead end,” Pappalardo said. “If you can’t get off your planet, your a dinosaur.”

Although Earth is not going to be able to support humans forever, it will be a long time before people will have to rely on transferring onto other planets for survival. If humans can use the Earth sparingly and thoughtfully, our planet will last for a long time before it becomes uninhabitable.

exploration, then the space industry is not going to succeed. One aspect of space exploration that has become very controversial is how humans should focus their time and money regarding the survival of mankind.

Some people believe that Earth could potentially be habitable far into the future if humans can avoid destroying it through reducing plastic pollution, and creating sustainable agriculture. Others believe that it is time for people to start searching for other planets as soon as possible, as Earth is too far down the rabbit hole. Pappalardo explains how spending money on Earth is compared to spending money on other planets.

“They are not exclusive,” Pappalardo said. “You can do things in space that can help the planet a lot. Making space launch cheaper, and making small satellites that are cheaper launch you can open up a

lot more scientific investigations about the planet, the atmosphere, global warming, everything.”

Space exploration is greatly advancing. Companies have their own ambitious goals for how they want to be the best in the space industry, while the public have their own opinions about what is going to fail and what imaginations are going to become a reality.

“We’ll need a lot of hardware and infrastructure to accomplish this--it won’t be cheap or easy--but the potential is vast,” Pyle said. “Even conservative investment firms have called space the home of the first trillion-dollar economy within the next two decades. We’re that close.”

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Hubble Space Telescope Before Being Launched. An important part of space history, the telescope was launched on Apr. 24, 1900. (photo courtesy of NASA)

“It will be quite some time before people live off-Earth in my opinion,” Pyle said. “Even undersea colonies make more immediate sense for environmental conditions and the related engineering needed to support human life. “ Making humanity leave Earth because of the environmental factors is one big task, and one of the most important parts of these tasks is money. If money is not well spent on human

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S PAC E 1969 - Neil Armstrong is the first person on the moon

1966 - Luna 10 is the first satellite to orbit the moon.

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1950 1955 1960 1965 1970

EXPLORATION 1982 - Venera 13 gets first sound recordings of space.

2015 - New Horizons is the first spaceship to reach Pluto.

2012 - The Golden Record reaches interstellar space

By Nikhil Jayakumar All Images Courtesy of NASA Source: NASA , Background Image Courtesy of NASA

1975 1985 1990 2000 2010

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A Dive into the the Wonderous World of Science Fiction

By Adam Fisher

30 - Science Fiction

The Death Star, from Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope, is an easily recognisable object of Sci-fi, and is a staple of Space Ship Movies as a whole.

(Butterfly Nebula Courtesy of Nasa)

To understand sci-fi we first need to understand its origins, and sci-fi started with the creation of its base ideas. When sci-fi was born, back in the 1600s, it was used as a medium to depict other worldly events, some of which could transpire if technology advanced to levels the greeks would never reach.

This idea of the future and what technology holds is what writers, even those from the 1800s and on, capitalised on to present that fantastical entertainment, starting with arguably the first sci-fi novel A True Story.

Some even expressed futures close enough to touch, with Frankenstien and The Invisible Man telling of events that may transpire in the years they were written. These are the stories we have in the modern sci-fi industry, and it certainly helps that science has advanced rapidly, to bury any unbelievable stories in realism.

Writers can use sci-fi for more than exciting futures, with warnings of an undesirable dystopia we can avoid. Resident Evil series and the

Fallout games show us a world of distress and hurt that could all but be back in 1950. Neil clarke, main editor of ClarkesWorld, has seen many sci-fi tactics used in stories.

“I think does employ things,” Clarke said, “but as a predictive system, I think it’s more like brainstorming then it is predicting, because there’s a lot of things science fiction has gotten wrong or just plain missed, like the cell phone. We’ve figured out satellites, but we didn’t see the cell phone.”

This is the criteria we often see in older Sci-fi works, but sometime during the 2000s Sci-fi turned into a medium for storytelling, and didn’t have to be deeper than the surface, like in the Star Wars movies or the Terminator series.

Joe Haldeman, retired writer most recognized for Forever War, has been working on sci-fi books since 1974. Bill Ledbetter, Nebula award winner and Sci-fi writer, has also been working on sci-fi short

The Delorean Featured in Back to the Future One of the most famous Time Machines in sci-fi media

stories for years. Together they have an advanced idea of what scifi tends to do.

“They must be entertaining first of all, if people don’t read them, and they don’t keep on reading them, I don’t have to write them.”

Haldeman said.

“It is entertainment,” Ledbetter said, “but there’s always that little bit that you want people to stop and think about, ‘Oh I’ve never looked at this in this way before, I’ve never considered what this situation would be like for the people in it’. So, I do write mostly for entertainment, but there’s always a little bit of other stuff in there.”

Even if Sci-fi has changed over the years, it still goes back to it’s roots of discovery and wonder that amazes adults and children all around the world.

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Design By Adam Fisher

Ancient Era 100 - 1000 AD A True Story 1,001 Nights Bamboo Cutter

Golden Era 1800s and 1900s Frankenstien 1950s The Wizard of Oz I, Robot War of the Worlds Fahrenheit 451 Twenty ThousandLeagues Under the Sea Demolition Man First Men in the Moon Starship Troopers 1960s 1970s 1980s Star trek Alien E.T. Doctor Who Star Wars Terminator Dune (Book) The Forever War Blade runner Andromeda Strain Guide to the Galaxy Back to the Future 1990s MIB Matrix Stargate Jurassic Park

Modern Era

2000s Wall E Avatar District 9 Minority report

2010s Inception Avengers Interstellar The Martian

2020s Bios Dune (Movie) The New Mutants Godzilla VS Kong

These books, and other assorted media, are the pinical points in Sci-fi and some like “A True Story� were seen as the roots in the Sci-fi tree. Others like Back to the Future, and the Matrix were seen as a spotlight on a little known idea, time travel and a matrix in these cases. Some were just a big blockbuster movie, which solidified Sci-fi as a succesful and popular industry, as in the Avengers.

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Douglas Adams, Universal Pictures, Village RoadSide Pictures, 20th Century fox, LightStorm 30 - Science Fic- Courtesy of: The Public Domain, Ray Bradbury, Frank Herbert, Entertainment, and Marvel Studios. tion - Community

The Science fiction community is a mesh of people with different backgrounds, all with stories to tell. This diversity is what allows the sci-fi market to be as wide reaching and diverse as it is today.

“I guess what they say is, it’s a big tent, there’s room for everybody,” Ledbetter said, “I have a writers group and the majority of the people there write Fantasy, Urban fantasy, magical realism. There’s plenty of room, and I enjoy reading that stuff almost as much as science fiction. I think at most sci-fi conventions you’ll find people of just about every kind of genre, under this speculative fiction umbrella.

Speculative fiction covers fantasy, and horror, and all the strange mixes o f those that go together.”

Sci-fi creators don’t just home and write, they can conventions to talk to sci-fi creators and fans

sit at go to fellow alike.

“The science

As with any diverse set of people, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they tend to gather into groups with the same ideals.

“There are two branches of science fiction, there’s the hard science fiction people and they’re much more rigorous in their use of science, and they pretty much think of everybody else as the non-hard science fictions, where they take some liberties, and do some things that might not jive with there way of looking at the science,” Clarke said, “There’s an entertainment value that needs to go into that sometimes, you have to decide whether or not you’re going to break those rules.”

Issue 125, 57, and 88 of The Clarksworld Magazines (Courtesy of Neil Clarke, Head Editor) One of the Biggest Sci-fi and Fantasy magazines in the market today.

fiction community is like any other community, it’s got lots of little factions, lots of disagreements over the silliest thing, and some over very serious issues,” Clarke said, ” As a group, I think that’s

there’s an aspect for me if it’s sort of like this family of people who have the same interests as I do.

So when I go to a convention it’s sort of like going to see this these distant relatives who I never see, and get to talk about things I don’t talk about maybe around town.”

These Sci-fi conventions can be in any country around the world, with people from all around the globe being able to see new cultures and ways other people see and adapt sci-fi “I go to sci-fi conventions, and one of the main reasons I go is to meet new people, and to meet other people in the industry, writers, fans, editors, agents, and other people who are into Sci-fi,” Ledbetter said, “I go to some of the regional conventions, like in texas I go to Armadillo con in Austin, I go to Fincon in dallas, and one in oklahoma city called Skinner con, but I go to some bigger conventions around the country, and interrational like the big one for Sci-fi writers which is called World Con. It’s actually not the largest convention, but it’s focused mostly on written Scifi, so if your a writer that’s one of the ones to go to. They have that every year, they move it around, it’s been in the US quite a few times, this year it was in Dublin, New Ireland. It’s been in Hellaswinky, I enjoyed that, London. Next year its suppose to be in New Zealand, I’ve never been to New Zealand, so I intend to try to go to 33 -Science Fiction

that one. I love to go to these about factual things and fiction conventions to meet writers land. They’re very generous from all around the world, but and very intelligent people.”

I also love the Sightseeing.”

“It’s really a worldwide Community, These community sessions can although quite often we tend to expand the attendee’s knowledge overlook what happened outside of what sci-fi can do, and of our particular sphere,” Clarke can also help create lifelong said, “In November, I’m going to friendships in the industry. China to attend two science fiction conventions that are there, and they have a very young and growing science fiction community, and we’ve been publishing a lot “I’ve always been of Chinese authors through a

a huge sci-fi reader, but being able to write it also came along with being part of a writers community” - Bill LedBetter Nebula award winner and Sci-fi writer

“I’ve always been a huge sci-fi reader, but being able to write it also came along with being part of a writers community, and I think that is what impacted my life the most is being part of this community,” Ledbetter said, “Most of my best friends are all sci-fi writers, it didn’t start out that way, but that’s the way it has developed over the years. We have a lot of stuff in common, we’ve had some very interesting conversations 34 - Science Fiction

translation project, same thing with Korea. This is a worldwide thing, it’s just that we tend to look at it very narrowly at times I have some of that is just the factor of the industry featuring mostly American or English language speaking people.”

Whether science fiction fans are from China or Canada, Sci-fi can be an international medium for travel and discovery of other places, and their thoughts on technology.

Design By Adam Fisher

Klaatu’s Ship and UFOs The Day the Earth Stood Still, and Area 51

The Delorean

The Invaders

Back to the Future I, II, and III

War of the Worlds

The Sanctuary II Avengers Endgame

Mars

The Borg Cube

Featured in countless stories

Star Trek: First Contact

The Enterprise Star Trek: the Motion Picture

The Tartis

The T-Rex Jurassic Park

Doctor Who

Tie Fighters Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope

(Butterfly Nebula Courtesy of Nasa)

The Death Star Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope

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Sci-fi, by nature, is an inspirational machine. With warnings or hopes of our future being written on a page or projected on a screen. Those who once inspired, now aspire and direct that energy into stopping a disaster of our own making, or being a big step in a new age of technology.

“A lot of people at NASA, for example, read science fiction, and went into that field because of Scifi.” Clarke said, “So if it inspires somebody to do something, I think that means a lot to the people in this community.”

It’s amazing what science fiction can do to help the scientific community, but the interaction goes both ways.

Scientific discoveries can affect the fiction market for years to come,

like in 1881 with the confirmation Sci-fi doesn’t only affect the person but also as a whole. Sci-fi can leak of supposed “canals” on mars. into society and affect mainstream “The two are interconnected, I events, ones of which seem to know a lot of people who work have no connection to sci-fi at first in the aerospace industry, my day glance. job, like Nasa and Aeronautical engineering, they got into that Haldeman said, “When you say specifically because they were Sci-fi that’s a huge enterprise, and Sci-fi Fans.” Ledbetter said, “And it doesn’t mean the same thing to of course, science influences one person as it does to another.

Sci-fi too. A lot of people were But, Sci-fi as a huge financial influenced by Sci-fi to go into the enterprise has had a great effect business… I do a lot of research, on Civilisation, not completely types of sciences, I’ve talked to a positive, maybe not even more lot of scientists in a lot of different positive than negative it’s hard to fields, neuroscientists, astronauts, say, but it’s helped in the cheaping designing rocket propulsion of american society, its helped in systems. I love talking to them, its commercialization, and the crash fascinating, I learn so much, and in civil american society. But from of course that ends up in my Sci-fi. my point of view, it keeps America It can add a level of realism to it, more free and more easy going, and of authenticity to it, you can’t just looking towards the future than the past, which I think is important”. make everything up.”

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A Portrail of our Society and Science Evolving throught the years (Graphic By Adam.F)

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Special Thanks First, we would like to thank our teacher, Kevin Garcia, who guided us through the entire process of making this magazine. Without him, this magazine would never even have been made, and we are very grateful for his help guiding us through the process.

Also, special thanks to all of our willing interviewees: Joe Pappalardo Rod Pyle Richard Panek Neil Clarke Joe Haldman Bill Ledbetter Ron Sparks Srinivas Bettadpur Tod Barber Edward Torres Eric Shyu Chris Neugebauer Daniel Inglish Correy Harris Eric Chapman

We are very grateful for the chance to interview these amazing people. None of this would have been possible without them. Lastly, thanks to all of our readers, who have had the patience to read this far. Thank you for supporting us and allowing us to share these stories with you. We hope you enjoyed it!

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Credits MAIN AND INSIDE COVER ART Adam Fisher

TABLE OF CONTENTS Joaquin Castillo

EDITOR’S NOTE AND BIOS Landon Cox

GAME PAGES Nikhil Jayakumar

SPECIAL THANKS PAGE Zephyr Yellman

EDITING Copy Editor: Zephyr Yellman Graphics Editor: Adam Fisher Content Editor: Joaquin Castillo Layout Editor: Landon Cox Features Editor: Nikhil Jayakumar Graphics by Adam Fisher

(Front and back cover images Courtesy of Nasa)

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