TABLE OF CONTENTS
Printing Juggernaught Cryptocurency Artificial Intelligence Virtual Reality Audio Technology
Letter from the Editors My name is Brandt. For my article I chose to focus on crypto. I have had a huge interest in all sub categories of crypto and I would love to show you what I have learned over our semester! I hope to one day become a engineer in computer science so that I can start a crypto firm.
Miles Bellee is a student at LASA who really likes all things techonology, He is a avid soccer player and is a great photographer. He said that hes not sure what he wants to do in the future but has always had na intrest in astronomy and phatography so maybe something in either of those areas.
Alex Hersh is an AI enthusiast, who can code proficiently in python. He wants to learn as much as possible about AI and machine learning. Some of his favorite pastimes are roller skating at Playland Skate Center and reading.
David Choi is very passionate about 3D printing even though he has no experience and isn’t reat at it. Some of his favorite hobbies are fishing and skiing when he is on vacation. His favorite food is South Korean blood sausage. When he is older he wants to become a software engineer.
Jonah Beaman is a student who goes to LASA and loves technology, he plays baseball and piano. In the future he wants to be hella rich because that sounds funs and he wants to eat loads of yummy food.
Cryptocurrency
A Step Into The Future of Our Digital World
By Brandt D.
You’re a business manager with tons of cryptocurrency in your bank account. If you mess up one investment you will lose a large chunk of your fortune. Many people are counting on you to make the right decisions before the timer collapses and the value of your crypto drops.
Cryptocurrency and its effects “I got into it more because of the on the human population. Many fact that Bitcoin was money backed people who contributed and are by math and energy, it wasn’t ruled currently contributing to crypto by any politicians. And, as you will be the main focus of this know a young guy in high school, article. This then ties into conI was like Oh, this is perfect, no cepts stated in this article and rules, money, and no one can tell will be focused on the modern me what to do with it,” - JP Baric. century era. Since cryptocurrency is a global topic the currency, Bitcoin. What exactly topics addressed is Bitcoin and how is it useful? will be across all Well to begin, cryptocurrency countries. opens a new world of possibilThe Beginning: ities when it comes to money “There are many exchange. More companies are speculations accepting cryptocurrency as a about the creform of currency as there isn’t ator of cryptoa specific cryptocurrency for currency” but a country, meaning that every many people say country that allows crypto to that Satoshi Nabe a form of currency can be kamoto invented able to make a universal trans the first crypto-
GPU Mining Rig courtesey of Mining Store
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Crypto Coins By Art Rachen Unsplashed
action of the same currency. Cryptocurrency isn’t managed by any government agency but rather the people in the country which encourages more and more people to join. Jp Baric, a full time crypto mining manager says that he got into mining at a young age which significantly gave him a boost into the industry as said here. It is backed up by investors who put real USD(or any other form of official currency) that holds real world value.. This is how crypto prices sky rocket, an example of this includes Bitcoin which held a whopping $60,000 value! Now, this was amazing but with all this power comes responsibility, when people don’t invest or take out too much the market for such coins can change and as of now Bitcoin’s value has dropped to a low value of just $20,000. This is mainly because many people are discontinuing their crypto collection and there is a lot less of a demand for crypto. Crypto today: Since the beginning of crypto, many people have gained an interest in the market. But as we know today crypto may not be here forever. Crypto doesn’t hold any intrinsic value in the real world but as people constantly invest into the market we see that the value fluctuates from time to time. Types of Cryptocurrencies: We have mentioned Bitcoin a few
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times, but how many different types of cryptocurrency are there? There are more than 9,000 as of 2021! Although there are so many different coins, most have a very low value as many people aren’t investing in them and will unfortunately decline in value. There are three big cryptocurrency that you have probably heard of, Bitcoin, Etherum, and Tether coin. These are the coins that you hear many people got
different cryptocurrencies together in order to transfer their crypto into real pocketable money. Cryptocurrency is a relatively new concept and with that in mind most people cannot just pay with crypto but have to instead trade in their crypto and make real USD. This is the main step people earn money from. Although this is a great way to make money, it is a way to lose a tremendous amount of money, as most cryptocurrency isn’t stable in pricing unlike the USD, meaning that the value of the crypto can fluctuate drastically. This is mostly caused by inflation in the crypto market. This is the main reason for the sudden drop of people not wanting to buy or sell their cryptocurrency JP Baric setting up his a mining rig and immediately depositing their money for as they hold the fortunes if they have money in most value. crypto. Buying, Selling, and Trading: If you want to fully understand how crypto works, we need to address how to get started. Let’s start by addressing a few terms that are used frequently. Buying cryptocurrency means going onto a specific net app or website and investing real USD or any form of “true” currency into the cryptocurrency that you want. After you buy the cryptocurrency that you wanted, you can then sell it at any time to specific people or the app. Lastly, trading is what you do when people exchange
“As fun and easy as mining is, there are so many factors that lead to an increase or higher demand for such currencies. We can’t be sure as to which is the best crypto to mine but we can be sure that we can make it profitable.”
Mining Cryptocurrency: When you think of Bitcoin or any other cryptocurrency, you probably think of small apps and how everything is digital. However most of the so-called “digital world” can only be
backed up by hardware. This is where GPUs or Graphics Card Mining comes into place. In order to make sure that a transaction is real, we need people who can verify purchases made in the blockchain (transaction history of crypto). We use graphics cards to help verify these purchases by putting a software on the motherboard and then starting the machine! Softwares include but are not limited to, CGMiner, BFGMiner and finally, MultiMiner. After starting the machine you would then go to and load up the softwarel, create an account with your banking information in order to make profit and after that you will start to mine the crypto of your choice. When all the machines line up, then the purchase is complete and the transaction is successful. Now, there are so many different machines that people use for mining. JP Baric who is a full time Bitcoin miner manager says that he uses ASIC miners for mining Bitcoin in his warehouse. Now, GPU mining is very hard to set up, but once your mining rig is up then you are good to go as stated by Irmoon Batbayar here: “As fun and easy as mining is, there are so many factors that lead to an increase or higher demand for such currencies. We can’t be sure as to which is the best crypto to mine but we can be sure that we can make it profitable.” Once your rig is fully set up many people assume that even more work is needed which is a common misconception and Chris Lee states here: “ If you have a dedicated mining rig, then not a lot of maintenance is needed. You just need to check up on it every once in a while. But if you’re
Technology 11
using your laptop then you will definitely need maintenance. As it doubles as a mining rig, then a little bit more maintenance is required.” Many common graphics cards for mining include the RTX 3090, GTX 1660 and Radeon 6600XT. By verifying purchases made in the blockchain, the machine owner will receive a small portion of the crypto currency that they are currently mining as a sort of thank you. Although GPU Mining is still profitable at the time this article is being published, we are seeing a sharp decline in total GPUs mining cryptocurrency. This has caused as mining to be alot less profitable in the industry as this ties into buying and selling. If one goes down then the other one is prone to going down. NFTs: One of the most famous subsections of cryptocurrency are
NFT Digital Art example NFTs. NFTs are what is known as “digital art”. Users would create digital artwork to sell on large scale websites that are attuned with cryptocurrency. NFTs or non-fungible tokens, as the name states, was a solution to the problem with physical artwork. They are here to make owning items more easier and convenient for the buyer.
How much do NFTs cost to buy typically? Well, there are several NFTs that sell for a penny and upwards to nearly 50 million! Some NFTS have even sold for close to 100 million dollars! Inside these masterpieces contain a hidden message of beauty throughout the artwork. As said by Christie’s “the individual pieces are organized in loose chronological order: zooming in reveals pictures by turn abstract, fantastical, grotesque or absurd, deeply personal or representative of current events. Recurring themes include society’s obsession with and fear of technology; the desire for and resentment of wealth; and America’s recent political turbulence.” As briefly stated in this quote, NFTs became a large hit with tons of mass producers trying to make them to later sell on the market. Some companies that had already sold some NFTs started coding and making robots who would then make more and more. Though this would soon lead to the downfall of NFTs as more and more people put less time in the NFTS and less people felt as though they held lots of value leading to the crash of NFTs. Summary: What originally started as an idea and concept later turned into a reality shortly after. We have heard several good things about crypto and its market. But like everything good, there always comes an end. Crypto isn’t like it was 3 years ago but I believe with enough determination, we will be able to get the industry back and running. To what will open our world to a whole new digital era.
#1 Nvidia RTX 3090 Ti Release Date 3/29/22 MSRP: $1,099 128.50 MH/s
<5MH/s Higher is Better
#5 Nvidia RTX 3080 Release Date 9/17/20 MSRP: $399 85.47 MH/s
#3 Nvidia RTX 3080 TI Release Date 6/3/21 MSRP: $1,199 119.80 MH/s
Top 6 Graphics Cards For Mining 2022 Edition
By Brandt Desikan
GPU or graphics card mining, is the ability to use large scale devices to verify transations made in the ain. The block chain is the main database that stores cryptocaurrency just like banks do. Paraphrased from Adam Hayes, 9/22 Investopedia
#2 Nvidia RTX 3090 Release Date 9/24/20 MSRP: $999 122.15 MH/s
#4 AMD Radeon VII Release Date 2 /7/19 MSRP: $699 108.50MH/S
>130MH/s Higher is Better
MegaHash(MH/s), is the speed the machine takes to process and send information. Newer devices usually have a higher megahash because their architecture is better. Paraphrased from Alyssa Hertig, Ollie Leech, 2/21 coindesk
#6 Nvidia GTX 1050 Ti Release Date 8/25/16 MSRP: $139 21.14 MH/s
“3D Printed Gun” Courtesy of 3D Print General
The Printing Juggernaut y
The useful aspects and overviews of the 3D printer
ou watch as a great carpenter of plastic weaves a fine tapestry of geometrical congruence. You carefully tiptoe towards the machine as not to disturb it even as that would ruin the tapestry of which you greatly yearn. You extend your arm and take a great thrust towards the tapestry. You’ve sacrificed your health and mind to get this far, you can’t risk another mess. 3D printers allow for the creation of many things which are only limited by your imagination and will to strive for your goals. They have been used by many companies to manufacture parts as well as 3D print whole homes
Technology 14
By David Choi
which are fully functional. People who wish to own 3D printers must save up at least $300 in order to purchase a decent one. The 3D printer as a concept is quite alien, as it is something that layers 2D prints in order to create an object that resembles something 3 dimensional. In recent years, many people have gained interest in 3D printers thanks to its DIY nature as well as the boost from the pandemic. 3D Print General, also known as Sean, is a professional content creator that covers content on 3D printing including but not limited to
3D printed firearms. When asked why he likes 3D printers and how he found an interest in 3D printers he states that “watching something that you saw on your computer come into real life really is amazing.” Juwon Lee is an avid consumer of 3D printers who has been using them for over 2 years and owns the Ender 3 printer. He has printed out massive prints in that time period and 3D prints religiously everyday. When asked what the reason for him to gain an interest in 3D printers was, he agreed that watching the process is an important part of 3D print Technology 15
ers, however he believes that there are other factors that make it more alluring.
to make computer chassis, maybe like housing for computers.”
“I enjoyed the process of creation, more than actually playing with them afterwards,” Juwon Lee said. “Due to the fact that I was just interested in 3d printing. It looked cool. So when a 3D printer came on sale on Amazon, I bought it.”
Sean, who is the 3D Print General, gained an interest in 3D printing when he worked for his old company which used 3D printers. He made videos which were directed to bring in more customers for his company and to boost sales.
Atticus Saether is also a consumer of 3D printers who uses the Ender 3 printer and has been using it for over a year now. He has printed out amazing pieces such as armor from the Disney show Mandalorian and he believes that 3D printing is a sustainable way of doing things compared to going to shop for the pieces you need.
“I worked for my friend’s company who had a 3D print farm and I went in with zero experience so I didn’t know what to expect.” Sean said. “One of the things I was in charge of was the marketing. So a lot of my thought process was to let me make these videos to help promote the business. So I made a combination of tutorial videos, and then the materials we offer at our company and how they differ.”
“I think it’s a good way of also creating sustainable things. I know people are 3D printing houses now,” Atticus said. “I think really big 3D printers can be used by companies
Atticus first gained experience in 3D printers when his dad was given a 3D printer. He is a novice 3D printer with basic ex-
perience and skills which he gained through tinkering with the 3D printer and its various features and apps.
ferent purposes. The costs of these different types of printers cost quite a large amount and take longer.
“When my dad turned 50 for his birthday, one of my dad’s closest friends gifted him a 3D printer because he is really into those kinds of things,” Atticus mentioned. “My dad’s 3D printer was sitting on his desk, and he never used it. I decided to play around with it and see what I could do. I started getting creative and using all these different softwares exploring all these different softwares to model and print all sorts of things.”
“Plastic 3D printers are more commonly used for more mechanical use and prototyping while resin is for fine tuning and more for mechanical use, but it’s a lot more detailed,” Juwon said. “I would say such as just your standard plastic printer. It can print big parts and sturdy parts very quickly, while resin parts take a while like it takes a very long time. But the parts come out way more detailed, and it’s made of resin.”
Juwon Lee had an interest in 3D printing for many years before buying one, so when a 3D printer went on sale on Amazon; he bought it. He works with mainly PLA, a biodegradable plastic, and is a 3D printing hobbyist.
Youtube has become known for its large community of varied amounts of content, Sean is one of several examples that show how 3D printing is a very defined area even within the media. He has gained nearly 100k subscribers on the platform and owns many 3D printers, some of which are sponsored by 3D printing companies.
Juwon argues that while plastic 3D printers are the most popular and recognized, other types of 3D printers are quite useful for dif-
“I’ve worked with anywhere from Skillshare to desk companies to raid Shadow legends, I’ve worked with seven or eight different companies,” Sean said. “I have a separate channel just for 3D printed guns. And I have a holster company that sponsors all of those videos.” Sean believes that 3D printing is heading in a good direction with many developments such as auto leveling beds which help keep 3D Technology 17
prints stable. Another thing that he also thinks is revolutionizing the amount of human catering and experience required to operate a 3D printer is an AI which is currently being worked on that makes sure the 3D prints look the way they should. “I think over the next 5 - 10 years, that’ll get better. And eventually, it’ll get to the point where you know, someone like my mom will be able to use it while over the past few years, there’s no way my mom would be able to figure out how to use it,” said Sean. In the world of 3D printers, there are many kinds with many unique takes on 3D printing including UV printing and resin printing. Atticus believes that resin 3D printers are cool but that they aren’t worth it compared to their complexity. He bases his thoughts and statements on personal research and observations on all the differ-
ent forms of 3D printing such as Stereolithog-
raphy, Selective Laser Sintering, and Fused Deposition Modeling. “But in resin 3D printers I’ve never used before and the reason for this is that I’ve seen a lot about it and heard a lot of good things about them. I think they look really cool,” Atticus states. “They’re pretty complicated because there’s a lot of prep work involved for resin printers.” Resin printers contain way more steps as well as the fact that it involves resin means that the cost is much larger and the margin for error is very thin. However Juwon believes that while PLA 3D printers are better for prototyping, resin printers have more detail and can create finer products. “Plastic 3d printers are meant for prototyping for more mechanical use,” Juwon states. “resin is for fine tuning and more for mechanical use, but it’s a lot more detailed, compared to your standard plastic printer.” The effects that 3D printing has had on the world in recent years have been both revolutionizing and a need for concerns. 3D printing has opened up a gateway of possibilities such as 3D printed homes, shoes, and even forms of food. These conclusions leave us with the bright hope for an even better future with more luxuries for humans to enjoy.
The branches of 3D printing history Prices have become much more affordable due to many competing brands racing to push for cheaper products
3D printing is the action or process of making a physical object from a three-dimen sional digital model, typically by laying down many thin layers of a material in succession. There are multipel types such as Stereolithography, Multi Jet Fusion, and Fused deposition modeling. This Timeline will give a brief overview of the generalized timeline of events that have happened over the years in the development of the modern 3D printer.
Closed loop with plastic allowing for wider printing options
2020 First multi-material 3D printer (ex:resin)
2014
Dr. Adrian Bowyer created the RepRap Project, a project with the goal to 3D print 3D printers
2012 First stereoligraphy 3D printer
2009
FDM patent expired allowing for more companies to pop up
2005
1993
First 3D printer that used Inkjet
1984 First 3D printer made which uses UV exposure 1981 Info from sources at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
AI
Changing is
the
By Alex Hersh
World
You wake up another day to your automated lifestyle. Everything in life is optimally maximized and anything that can be automated has. Artificial intelligence has been implemented in the very foundation of everything in our lives. This may be a future far from now, but, even now, artificial intelligence makes a big impact in our lives. AI (artificial intelligence) is a field of computer science focused on giving machines the ability to perform actions that require intelligence. AI is used in almost every part of our lives, affecting us in ways we might not even know. This feature story will explore how AI impacts the world. The first thing to know when determining the impact of AI is what exactly AI is. A lot of technology that uses AI may not be recognized as AI by the majority of the population. “There are all these great AI systems that are impacting you in ways that you don’t think about,” said Dr. Justin Hart, who works with AI and robots at UT. “Like when predictive text guesses what the rest of your email should be, but it becomes embedded in your life so much that you start to forget that there’s AI technology there.”
researchers,” said Hart. Tools like GPS replace the need for humans to look at maps and use their brains (or intelligence) to figure out where to go. For the opposite example, think of a scientific calculator. A scientific calculator only does simple mathematical equations that don’t require human intelligence, so it wouldn’t be considered AI. When looking at the impact of AI it is also helpful to look at what exactly AI is capable of doing. Recently there has been a big boom in the field of artificial intelligence thanks to machine learning. Machine learning in the simplest sense is an AI learning how to better perform a task. Almost all AI in recent years uses machine learning because it, like human brains, will learn how to perform a task optimally. When compared to humans there are actually a lot of things that AI using machine learning is better at. An example would be a board game called go. Go is a complex strategy game where using
machine learning, AI has become able to beat the best human players. The first area to look at when determining the impact of AI is in a human’s day-to-day life. AI is a part of almost everything we do.
“AI is a part of our daily life in so many ways and you almost don’t realize it because it is in the background, in the back end, so to speak, of these websites and of various things that we use.” said a general marketer from CognitiveScale, a company who works with AI. The amount of AI that is used in AI is uncountable. There is AI in entertainment platforms like tik tok and Netflix to recommend what we are most interested in. Another example is Grammarly which helps
Artificial Intelligence can be defined as a machine that can independently perform a task usually requiring human intelligence. This is a pretty loose definition but it can be used to identify most AI. For example, think of navigation. Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay.
Technology 20
“When you use navigation on your cell phone, that’s doing a search algorithm, and a planning algorithm, which was developed by AI Technology 21
Google search suggestions
with writing by using AI. There is AI in transportation that helps people or objects get to their destination in the fastest way possible. There is AI that helps in workplaces making everybody more efficient. Google uses multiple AI in all its systems. When you search with google AI determines what results to show you, when you use google translate it is AI that translates the text, when you use google maps to search for restaurants it’s AI that finds the restaurants, and when you use youtube AI determines what videos to show you. Along with AI that is clearly visible, there is multiple AI working in the backends of programs and websites that make everything run in the best way possible. To conclude the impact of AI in our daily lives, everybody should agree that AI drastically impacts our lives. AI helps us save time in our daily lives and help with the efficiency of everything we do. Without AI we would lose a lot of the conveniences we are used to. On the opposite side of AI impact, we can look at how AI impacts the world on a large scale. Just like AI is used in our daily lives, there is no shortage of AI impacting the world Technology 22
algorithms for stock trading, so this actually influences the value of currency and the wealth of the stock in the stock market.” There are multiple other examples of AI impacting the world on a large scale but one of the most important impacts AI has is in healthcare. AI is more consistent, faster, and doesn’t require a human to be constantly monitoring it leading to several uses in healthcare, some of which save lives.
Image generated by AI on a large scale. “There are AI algorithms embedded, or at least machine learning algorithms embedded in quite a few operations,” said Hart. To give a couple of examples he said “There are already automated planning and scheduling algorithms that are used for things like selling advertising space on tv,” and “There are people who use AI
Another important part of how AI affects the world on a large scale is how AI is used within companies. Recently, a good majority of companies are looking to or have already implemented AI to help with marketing, customer service, and sales.
“It’s almost like if you’re not using AI in your enterprise, you’re possibly falling behind,” said a general marketer from CognitiveScale. Specifically, 90% of respondents from an MIT Sloan survey believe Image generated by AI
that AI could be beneficial for their companies. Over time AI is becoming an integral part of many companies which will inevitably create a, hopefully positive, change in the world. With all of these factors coming together, it’s impossible to determine just how much AI impacts the world on a large scale. But it is safe to determine that the impact of AI is nowhere near small. AI is literally saving lives and is changing almost every aspect of the world as a whole. The last thing to look at regarding AI’s impact is how AI will impact the future. As AI continues to grow, its impact continues to change. When looking at how AI will grow in the future, it’s helpful to look at the past. In the past, AI had many ups and downs. There were some periods called AI winters where there was almost no funding or progress with AI. AI winters typically came when the hype of AI died down and no significant progress was being made. Image generated by AI
There is currently a lot of hype “[Deep learning] is not going in the world of AI because of to blow the sky open, and cremachine learning (specifically ate human-like AI, but it has deep learning which is a certain portion of machine learning). In given us a lot more performance the future, if the hype were to die on problems that we thought down and another AI winter were were virtually impossible only a to occur then the impact of AI will decade ago… I don’t think it’s significantly decline. However, according to Hart, the likelihood of another AI winter is low. His logic is in the past there were only a few stakeholders and investors in the field of AI causing the system to be fragile. Also, in the past people didn’t see the economic benefits of AI causing the funds to dry up. Now, in the present, there are enormous companies focused on AI. And the biggest change is that now the return on investment in AI is great. Companies can invest in AI and receive good returns. Even though Hart believes that there is a limit to the current AI we are creating, the factors previously mentioned will cause there to be no drop-off in the growth of AI. When talking about how AI is going to grow in the future, Hart said,
going to cause an AI winter. I think that’s going to be sustained growth in AI for a long time.”
While believing that the growth of AI will not be stopped, it is also safe to assume that the impact AI will have will continue to grow proportionally. It is safe to say that in the future the impact of AI will keep growing and it will become even more embedded in our lives. AI will continue to grow as a part of our lives, but according to a general marketer from CognitiveScale, AI will not take over our lives. This is not referring to AI taking over the world, but AI taking over our jobs. said that AI will continue to grow and be used in more ways, but it will not completely take over our work as it will always be needed for a human to be in the loop to build, set up and monitor the AI.
Notable AI Throughout History Deep Blue Deep Blue is an AI that was designed to play chess. This was nothing new, but Deep Blue played chess at a level that couldn’t be compared to other AI at the time. In 1977 Deep Blue played against Garry Kasporv, the number one chess player at the time, and defeated him. This was the first time an AI beat the current number one chess player.
Rosenblatt’s Perceptron Rosenblatt’s Perceptron was one of the very first algorithms using neural networks (a method sometimes used to create AI). During its time Rosenblatt’s Perceptron was a great improvement. Neural networks are now the backbone of machine learning which is used in almost all the other AI in this timeline.
Neural Network Recognizes Cats In 2012 researchers developed an algorithm that was able to recognize cats. Recognizing cats is nothing special, but in the case of this particular AI it was not given any information about what a cat was. It was only given millions of random youtube thumbnails and the AI ended up recognizing patterns in the thumbnails like humans and cats.
1966 1958
Artificial intellegence is a machine with the capabilty to independently make desicions normally requiring without human help. Here is a timeline of some of the most impressive AI. (The timeline is NOT to scale) - By Alex Hersh
2011 1997
Eliza Eliza was one of the very first AI that dealt with English or any other language that humans use to communicate. This is called natural language processing and can be a very difficult challenge. Eliza was a chatbot designed to communicate with humans.
2014 2012
GAN GAN is an AI algorithm, designed in 2014, that has two different neural networks competing against each other. Using this approach many tasks can be solved, the most notable being creating artificial images. GAN is one of the leading algorithms in creating artificial images and has provided many excellent results.
IBM Watson IBM Watson is an AI capable of answering questions asked in natural language (the language humans communicate in). In 2011 IBM Watson played jeopardy against two champions and ended up winning.
GPT-3 GPT-3 is an AI made to interact with natural language. There are a countless number of tasks GPT-3 can do with natural language, and a couple examples are having conversations with humans, and responding to a prompt.
DALL·E 2 DALL·E 2 is an AI capable of taking natural language input and outputting an image. For example if you were to ask DALL·E 2 to create a painting of a cat eating a banana, it would produce a top-notch painting. DALL·E 2 can also manipulate already existing images in various ways.
AlphaGo Go is a complex game played by millions of people across the world. In 2016 AlphaGo played against the best go player of the last decade and won four out of five matches. Compared to the achievement of beating the best chess player this was much harder to achieve. Go is a much more complex game than chess making the difficulty of creating the AI to be much harder.
2015
2019 2016
AI recognizes images better than humans In 2015 in a yearly competition where AI are given the task to determine what is the subject of an image, an AI performed better than the average person. The AI achieved an error rate of just below 5% which is the average for a human.
2021 2020
2022
AlphaFold 2 AlphaFold 2 is an AI that will predict the 3D shape of a protein from only the sequence of amino acids in the protein. Typically, the only way to know the shape of a protein is to actually observe it, but AlphaFold 2 can predict the shape with high confidence. Being able to know the shape of proteins is really beneficial to many in the field of biology making AlphaFold 2’s success even more amazing.
OpenAI’s Dactyl Dactyl is an AI that has learned to manipulate physical objects with an artificial hand. Dactyl learned how to manipulate objects in a virtual environment and brought that knowledge to the real world. Image courtesy of Pixabay
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*This is not a real car brand and everything here is fake. If you are reading this then you are now being advised to stop as not I am not going to be talking about much. The image in this photo is hyper realistic drawing/sketvch of a lsamborghini. The exact model is not shown here as this is most likely a mixture of an inspiration. All images here are either created by us or they are creative common license/non-copyright.
Technology 28-29
today’s
Virtual Reality w
By Miles Bellee
henyouputonthehadsetanythingcanbecomeyoureality, absolutelyanythingcanbecratedinfrontofyou.You’lfe excited,scared,amazed,andhypnotizedbythewondersofvirtual realityandhowfarit’scome.Youcanexpricthewondersof -
beasuperhowhenyouimerseyoursirt elfnV uaea lR lity. irt V uaea lR lity(VR)andAugmentedea R lity(AR)arethe actsofcreatingiteractivelusionsforyourmindtosee andexprinc.Manycompanieshaverisenuparound theworldtoindulgeinthisnewgoldmine,andmany difernttypesofVRandARheadsetshavebn aroundtheworld.AfewsuchompaniesareOculs, HapTx,andValve. VRhascomeaverylongwaysinceitsstarting inthe190’s.SincethenVRhasevolveda considerableamount.Inthe1960’s,theonly semblanceofVRthatexistedwasalarge the“SwordofDamocles”createdbyIvan SutherlandandhisstudentsBobSprou l,Quinto inF sterandDanyCohen. TheSwordofDamoclesutilzedtwo T(ca CR thode-raytube:alsocaled elctron-raytubes,provide
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the visual display in such devices as conventional television sets, computer monitors, hospital heart monitors, and laboratory oscilloscopes. ) monitors that could show digital, wireframe visuals. The pictures were projected over the real world using a number of mirrors and prisms. The headset’s wearer could view several simple 3D models from different perspectives by turning their head. But before we talk about Ivan Sutherland’s inventions let’s talk about Sutherland himself. Ivan Sutherland was born in 1938. He made many interesting inventions but his notable works began in 1962 when he created an interactive sketch pad at MIT. While creating his computer graphics innovations it led him to think up a device that can merge the physical and virtual worlds and eventually change the way that people interacted with computers.
University of Wisconsin-Madison ble to feel in VR. and the University of Connecticut, developed Videoplace which I Talked to Joe Micheals at allowed users to interact with HapTx. He is the Chief revenue 😎v😎i😎r😎t😎u😎a😎l😎o😎b😎j😎e😎c😎t😎s😎f😎o😎r😎t😎h😎e😎fir😎s😎o😎t 😎f😎fic😎t 😎e😎r 😎i😎m a😎e 😎t😎. 😎H😎a😎p😎T😎x😎m😎e😎a😎n😎i😎n😎g😎h😎e😎i😎s😎 😎I😎t😎c😎r😎e😎a😎t😎e😎d😎a😎n😎a😎r😎t😎i😎fic😎i😎a😎l😎r😎e😎ain 😎l😎icharge 😎t😎y😎 of both the Sales and that surrounded its users and marketing teams inside of Hapresponded to their movements Tx. He studied English in college and actions without being enand Marketing and Entreprecumbered by the use of neurship in graduate school. To goggles or gloves. work in the VR/XR/Metaverse 😎fie😎l😎d😎,h😎e😎w😎o😎r😎k😎e😎d😎f😎o😎r😎M😎i😎c😎r😎o😎s😎o😎f😎t😎 These are for 14 years before being introjust a duced to Jake Rubin, founder and CEO of HapTx, where he was hired as The Chief Revenue 😎O😎f😎fic😎e😎r😎.
few of the world’s earliest VR innovations, little did Sutherland and Krueger know that their creations were going to become something so extraordinary that they could simulate anything people want.
When presented with the question, “what is VR to you?” Most people would describe seeing a A year later, after Sutherlands virtual world using a headset, invention, another such innova- but one company called HapTx tion was created. Myron Kruger has decided to take a different 😎c😎r😎e😎a😎t😎e😎d😎a😎n😎a😎r😎t😎i😎fic😎i😎a😎l😎r😎e😎a😎l😎iapproach 😎t😎y😎t😎h😎a😎t to😎 the concept of VR. interacted with the people in it. HapTx is in the process of develIn 1969 Krueger, working at the oping gloves that make it possiTechnology 30
limeter level” Today there are many different types of headsets, gloves, motion tracking, and treadmills for VR, but there is one such piece of equipment that seems to dwarf them all. We’ve already 😎b😎r😎i😎e😎fl😎y😎t😎a😎l😎k😎e😎d😎a😎b😎o😎u😎t😎t😎h😎e😎H😎a😎p😎T😎x😎 gloves and essentially how they work, but there is more to them. Joe Micheals, when asked what
The HapTx gloves, have been dubbed a captivating invention, allow you to feel items and things in VR to some extent. This is how Joe Micheals explained how the gloves work, “HaptX gloves generate and channel compressed air to the exact spot on your hands where you should feel contact with a virtual object. This air moves the skin of your hands to make it feel like you’re actually touching the virtual thing. We can control this air with amazing precision, with hundreds of individual points of tactile feedback across 😎t😎h😎e😎fin😎g😎e😎r😎t😎i😎p😎s😎a😎n😎d😎p😎a😎l😎m😎s😎o😎f😎y😎o😎u😎r😎 hands inside the gloves. Combined with software tools that allow a VR content creator to add touch properties to virtual 3D objects in their VR scene, these gloves allow you to just use your hands naturally in a VR scene to touch and feel everything. No game controllers needed. We also apply force feedback 😎t😎o😎y😎o😎u😎r😎fin😎g😎e😎r😎s😎s😎o😎y😎o😎u😎c😎a😎n😎f😎e😎e😎l😎 the shape, size and softness of virtual objects. Plus we track 😎y😎o😎u😎r😎fin😎g😎e😎r😎p😎o😎s😎i😎t😎i😎o😎n😎t😎o😎a😎s😎u-😎b😎-m😎i😎l
😎 😎 Employees at HapTx testing out the HapTx gloves with robotic arms. Technology 31
the purpose of the HapTx gloves were, answered, “HapTx gloves seek to be the main way people interact with their environment in VR, as well as robotics. If they function as we intend, they will become an indispensable tool for the enterprise metaverse”. Micheals also mentioned that when they are able to manufacture the gloves at a lower price, they will be released to the public, and he will become a major part of the metaverse.
one would anticipate. Even users thought about what they though the process has been can improve and if it’s missing ongoing for more than ten anything, the most important years, we are still getting ready things to look for are as follows, 😎t😎o😎r😎e😎l😎e😎a😎s😎e😎o😎u😎r😎fir😎s😎t😎s😎i😎g😎n😎i😎fic😎a😎d 😎n😎o 😎t😎n😎 😎n😎i😎n😎g😎a😎n😎d😎d😎o😎f😎fin😎g😎,h😎y😎g😎i😎e😎n😎e😎, product. They’re not mistaken weight, aesthetics, breathability, when they say that “hardware is haptic quality, software features, hard”. and so much more. The HapTx gloves are a very impressive invention but they
“When working on a project with others, it’s “It took nearly a decade to forgood to have diversity. mulate and test the technology Everyone thinks differof these gloves and to prototype them, sell them in small ently and it’s much betquantities to customers around ter to have many difthe world and incorporate the customer feedback into newer ferent opinions to base versions” Micheals said. The Idea for HapTx has been around your projects and work for a long time but has been on than one hive mind very small due to its secrecy group of people that are and the amount of planning it incapable of thinking took to actually make and start manufacturing them. any different. You will show no improvement According to Micheals, the design process is as follows, if you cannot accept “Because there are so many diversity and admit that interconnected elements in the someone may have a gloves, the design process was quite challenging. You must more logical or funccoordinate your efforts with answer to some😎t😎h😎o😎s😎e😎b😎e😎i😎n😎g😎m😎a😎d😎e😎b😎y😎m😎i😎c😎r😎o😎fl-😎u😎itional 😎d ics in order to receive feedback, thing.” track the location of your hands - Max Batres in relation to virtual objects in
VR and implement all of the wearable features. To make sure they all work properly when put are still in need of developing together, we build each system and improving as everything separately and then test it in is, there is also a process that various combinations. Building, employees and developers at 😎t😎e😎s😎t😎i😎n😎g😎,r😎e😎fin😎i😎n😎g😎,p😎r😎o😎t😎o😎t😎y😎p😎i😎nHapTx 😎g😎, implore, Micheals told us manufacturing, and shipping that when they sell their product gloves takes much longer than they listen very intently to the Technology 32
Micheals also gave info about what he hopes that the HapTx gloves could be used for far in the future. Micheals said, “Someday we absolutely want HaptX gloves and other products to be used for games and entertainment. At 😎fir😎s😎t😎w😎e😎b😎e😎l😎i😎e😎v😎e😎t😎h😎e😎y😎w😎i😎l😎l😎b😎e😎f😎a😎r😎 more useful for training, design and robotics. Maybe next they will be used for theme parks and other location-based entertainment. Someday, several years from now, we hope to sell them directly to consumers, but there’s no clear timeline for that yet.” After talking with Micheals for a good bit I talked with Max Batres at Xerox PARC. Max Batres is one of the developers at Xerox PARC. He helps design smaller parts of VR headsets, one of the things he helps design is the lighting of the 😎h😎e😎a😎d😎s😎e😎t😎.S😎p😎e😎c😎i😎fic😎a😎l😎l😎y😎h😎e😎w😎o😎r😎k😎s😎 on the light engine and micro LEDs of the headset. Max graduated from MIT with a degree in Material Science and a Minor in Science, Technology, and society. According to Batres, the Light engine works as follows, “It’s just essentially a micro display, an extremely small display that is extremely bright. And these
are bright and actually have system called gallium nitride. headsets. One thing he talked a really 😎a😎b😎o😎u😎t😎w😎a😎s😎s😎o😎m😎e😎t😎h😎i😎n😎g😎m😎a-😎g😎n😎i😎fi 😎s😎p😎e😎c😎i😎fic😎 Max cent, some companies are worktechnical Batres ing to create contact lenses that sense.” 😎b😎r😎i😎e😎fl😎y😎 have millions upon millions of Max Batres talks LEDs inside of them so you can also deabout experience AR with just that. scribed AR gallium They are also working on adand VR: nitride vanced LEDs to improve Tv and “So VR, and monitor resolution. one way to what it put it is VR is. Some advice from Max Batres, is a subset “You “You can do a number of things of AR. So know, with micro LEDs,” Batres said, AR is augif you “like OLED TVs can have good mented reknow resolution. But yeah, I mean you ality you’re silicon, can make it if we go to 8k, you blending silicon can be smart. It’s actually harder the real kind to make small screens, getting world and of was the pixels to be more dense. So I a virtual 😎t😎h😎e😎fir😎s😎t😎 think, well, phones and watches world. But wave of may make the transition last to if you shut semicon- micro LEDs. But besides resoluJoe Micheals Cheif revenue officer at HapTx. out the ductors. tion, there’s also color. So there’s entire virThen this thing called a CIA diagram. tual, real there And a CIA diagram shows the world, that’s essentially virtual were other semiconductor mahuman eye’s ability to perceive reality. So VR, you know, we’ve terials. And gallium nitride was color. And the ability to render seen headsets, like Oculus and kind of invented in the 90s. And color is better for LEDs than it is all that, that’s pretty easy CCto it’s what solid state lighting is. for Oh LEDs and for you know, understand. It’s essentially a LEDs, those are going nitride. So CRT TVs and other technolocell phone type display. But I work with gallium nitride. gies, so better color, the other augmented reality, you And that can mean many is better contrast. So if you ever have to merge an different things from have a black screen on, and it’s image or create doing crystal dark out, you know that it’s not a virtual image growth in a truly black, there’s actually some with the real high temperalight being generated from that world. And ture reactor, screen. Micro LEDs would not that’s much all the way have that for the most part, they much, much, to doing, you 😎w😎o😎u😎l😎d😎b😎e😎i😎n😎fin😎i😎t😎e😎c😎o😎n😎t😎r😎a😎s😎t😎.” much harder” know, moving chips around Micro LEDs have a future that I Xerox PARC 😎t😎o😎a😎fin😎a😎l😎r😎e-😎s😎t cannot even imagine. I feel that stands for Palo ing point. So give or take a decade we the Alto Research Cenit’s a very expansive technology we know today will ter. It has existed since answer.” be gone, replaced with much the 70’s and researches many more advanced and better funcdifferent things and can take Batres also mentions that such tioning innovations. you in many different directions. micro LEDs can be used for Batres works with a material more complex things than light Technology 33
A Brief history
Virtual reality is the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that may be manipulated in a way that appears real or physical by a person using specialized electronic equipment, such as a helmet with an internal screen or gloves connected with sensors. Its development simply started in the 1960s, and this is a brief account of how it changed over time. - Miles Bellee
Artificial Reality (Myron Kruegere) - created digital environments that responded to the inhabitants. VIDEOPLACE technology was developed as a result of this. The First VR Head Mounted Display (Morton Heilig) - The first head-mounted display (HMD) was the telesphere mask, albeit it was only used for non-interactive films without motion tracking.
Sega VR headset for the Sega Genesis console (SEGA) - The prototype wraparound glasses featured stereo sound, head tracking, and LCD panels in the visor. At the time, Sega had every intention of selling the gadget for roughly $200. Despite having created four games for this product, technological development issues meant that the device would always be in the prototype stage.
1987
1961 1960 Headsight, First motion tracking HMD (Comeau & Bryan) The Headsight included a magnetic motion tracking system that was connected to a closed circuit camera, as well as a video screen for each eye.
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1969 The name “Virtual Reality” was born (Jaron Lanier) -The phrase “Vitual Reality” was created by Jaron Laneir, the founder of the Visual Programming Lab (VPL), or, in the opinion of some, popularized. Now that the research area had a name.
Formation of Linden Lab (Philip Rosedale) The company a commercial version of “The rig”, which was realised.
The first prototype of the oculous rift. The prototype, which was based on the shell of another virtual reality headset, could only track rotations.
1995 1993
PSVR sells over 1 million units
HTC Vive released Sony PSVR released Oculous rift consumer version (released)
2013 1999
VR-32, Virtual Boy (Nintendo) Despite price reductions, a 3D gaming console that was initially released in Japan and North America at a price of $180 proved to be a commercial disaster. It was touted as the first portable console to ever display real 3D graphics.
TAccording to reaerch firm SuperData, the two sold 420,000 and 243,000 units respectively by 2017.
2010 Ocukus rift DK1 released Developers and ardent VR enthusiasts were supposed to use DK1 to produce VR content.
2017 2016
Face Book Revealed the idea and production of the new Oculous Half Dome.
2018 2017
Samsung has 5 million gear VR headsets in the real world. In some locations, the headset was given away for free together with Samsung phones.
2018 HTC Vive focus production released and model released to consumers.
Info came from https://www.vrbound.com/features/history-of-virtual-reality
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Photo of Audio hardware -Carson Hoovestol
I
By Jonah Beaman
f you have ever listened to music before then the names Pink Floyd, Paul Mcartney, The Rolling Stones, the Beatles and David Bowie Might sound familiar. All of the aforementioned musicians used some synthesizer or another. In 1952, the Radio Corporation of America developed the first synthesizer, created in cooperation with Harry Olson and Herbery Belarat in Princeton,
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Music
New Jersey. Synthesizers, conveniently named, synthesize sounds by creating waveforms through methods including subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, and frequency modulation synthesis. When Making music, whether acoustically or digitally, a recording and editing software is usually used. Some of the most popular audio software include Pro Tools, Ableton, Logic Pro, Garage band,
Descript, Audacity, and Adobe Audition. Jesse Beaman, an experienced drummer who has played in over 7 bands including the Grateful Dead, explains the difference in what software to use depending on how many people are in your band, “I will say that with Ableton, most of the time is in small groups. With collectives It’s usually Logic pro”. When making music in groups, Spiece elaborates
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Photo of Muscian Jesse Beaman -Self portrait
atmosphere is important.” One of the earliest genres to use the synthesizers was Reggae. Reggae’s roots trace back to the late 1940s and 1950s when the Jamaican recording industry was in its infancy. The use of the keyboard in Reggae music diversified with the introduction of the portable synthesizer in 1971. In the early ’70s, most synths were monophonic. Only the most expensive keyboards were capable of playing multiple notes at once. They rarely used batteries, requiring them to remain tethered to an external Korg Synthesizer - Carson Hoovestol
power source. Many synths were not capable of saving presets. If you spent 30 minutes getting the perfect sound, then later
one of your buddies twists a couple
v
knobs, you couldn’t easily reload the sound. You had to have the knowledge to turn the knobs back to the way they were. They were also somewhat noisy and hissy. Probably the biggest reason artists don’t use ’70s synths today is because the signal to noise ratio isn’t that good. That and they are so expensive that they are basically collector’s items at this point. Carson Hoovestol, a musician focused on reggae and dub with nearly 30 years of experience, provides some detail on what brands are best for synthesizing, “Some effective brands for producing Reggae include Roland drum machines, Fender guitars, and
Photo of Audio hardware -Carson Hoovestol
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TEAC 80-0 - Carson Hoovestol
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Allen & Heath for the mixing boards.”
SYNTHESIZERS ARP 2500 In Direct competition with the Moog Synths, ARP introduced its first modular synthesizer, the model 2500. Notable users: The Who, David Bowie, Jean Michel Jarre, & Vince Clarke.
19691969 -1981
1969
1970 Minimoog The Minimood is one of the most popular synths to date. It’s compact, affordable and fairly simple to use. Notable users; Phil Collins, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Kraftwerk Yamaha SY-1 The SY-1 is the first compact/portable analog synthesizer produced by Yamaha, a single-VCO synth. Notable users: Phil Collin, Abba, Michael Jackson, Kraftwerk Korg PS-3100 The PS-3100 Analogue Synthesiser has one built-in VCO, VCF, VCA, and EG for each of the keys on the keyboard for a total of 49 Synthesizer circuits and Polyphony! Notable users: Kraftwerk, Tangerine Dream, Space, Aphex Twin
1973
1974
1975
1977
1979
Moog Modular 55 One of the first modular voltage controlled music synthesizers created by Robert Moog. Notable users: The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Monkees, & Eric Siday.
Roland SH-1000 The SH-1000, was the first instrument produced by Roland, and the SH-2000 was a limited edition version of the SH-1000. Notable users: Blondie, The human League, Javis cocker, Roxy Music
Korg Mono/Poly This Rarely seen monster analog synth is by far one of the fattest and nicest vintage synthesizers. The prophet 20 is Simply two glorious Prophet 5 synthesizers packed together. Notable users: Depeche Mode, New Order, Paul Mcartney, Pink Floyd
A history of influential synthesizers that have shaped a range of musicians and genres throughout musical history. - By Jonah Beaman
1980
1981
Sequential Circuits Prophet 10 This Rarely seen monster analog synth is by far one of the fattest and nicest vintage synthesizers. The prophet 20 is Simply two glorious Prophet 5 synthesizers packed together. Notable users: Depeche Mode, New Order, Paul Mcartney, Pink Floyd
Elektron Analog Four
Waldorf Blofeld
Oberheim Two Voice A popular monophonic classic from Korg. It’s got 2 analog oscillators that can be used for one fat monophonic sound. Notable users: Vince Clarke, Vangelis
Minimoog
Roland Jupiter 4 The first Jupiter synth and one of the first poly synthesizers. Best features include 8 memory locations, a pitch wheel and an arpeggiator. Notable users: Gary Numan, Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, Heaven 17 Photos curtesy of Pixabay.com
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“Technology like art is a soaring exercise of the human imagination.” – Daniel Bell
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