Msc Thesis: Re-Defining the Marine by Lau_Sbn

School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction & Engeneering (AUIC)

Course of Landscape Architecture, Land Landscape Heritage

MSc Thesis A . C . 2 0 2 0 - 2 0 21

Re-Defining the Marine A Landscape project for the Marine of Lecce, aimed at reimplementing and safeguarding the natural coastal ecosystems and focusing on the promotion of sustainable tourism and local development.Concurrently creating a new identity of places through selective demolitions and reuse of waste materials.

S t u d e n t s : N i c o l e J a c o b 9 3 8121 - L a u r a S i b a n i 9 2 5 9 75

Advisor: Federico Zanfi

Co-Advisor: Francesco Curci

INDEX

PART I: FRAMING THE CONTEXT MARINE IDENTITY - Collective image and sense of place Torre Rinalda Spiaggiabella Torre Chianca Marines Landscape components

7 9 12 14 16 18

MARINE FASCINATIONS - Photographic itinerary

EXPLORING ILLEGAL HOUSING - A common phenomena

Situation up to date and state of demolitions What in Puglia

TERRITORIAL FRAMING - Overview General Context Coastline Analysis Flood Hazard Urbanization Land Use Constraints and Regulations

ATLAS - Problems and Potentialities

32 33

35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Buildings Quality Roads Quality Seaside System - Services - Attractions - Hotspots Corine biotopes Lecce Activity through seasons Marine Activity through seasons

53 57 61 65 71 73

INTERPRETATIVE IMAGE - Drawing conclusions Interpretative image Existing problems : Natural components Existing problems : Urban components Drawing the potentials

75 77 78 79 80

PART II: RESEARCH A: DEMOLITIONS & SPOLIA - Theoretical framework RECYCLE TOOLKIT - Selective demolitions Circular Economy - C&DW Tools - Methodology and processes Debris reuse possibilities and conclusions B: COASTAL DUNES - Understanding the backbone of the Coast

83 85 89 90 92 94

Coastal Dunes Functions and benefits Threat and degradation

98 99 101

ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES - Methods toolkit

103

Actions on Beaches Actions on Dunes

C: PROJECTS AND CASE STUDIES - Learning from others Debris reuse , Morphologies Debris reuse, Structures Reuse, Memory and Art Dunes - Coast, Restorations projects Dunes - Coast, Reactivation projects

104 108

113 114 116 120 124 128

PART III: STRATEGY & DESIGN STRATEGIES - For a better environement and a better living

131 133

Strategy Plan Project Phasing Demolitions Criteria Demolition Debris Calculations Process to Reuse the Waste Materials Relocations and Densifications Criteria for relocations

135 136 138 140 141 142 143

RELINK - Reconnecting the Marines with Lecce city RECLAIM - Renaturating the landscape

145 146

Beach accretion and Dunes formation Remediation of demolition soils, Wetland corridor Fringes REGENERATE - Creating a system of activities and landscape opportunities

147 148 149

151

MASTERPLAN YEAR 2050

155

ZOOM 1 ACTIVE PROMENADE - Explanation and plan

157

Sections Urban Box Modules Pathways and Flooring Asphalt Garden Views

159 160 161 162 163

ZOOM 1 THE PARADISO EXPO - Explanation and plan

167

Sections Design extrusion and design elements Event grounds and public spaces Wetland renaturation and debris reuse Views

169 170 171 172 173

BIBLIOGRAPHY

177

r a m i n g

o n t e x t

Photo © Argentovivo

? Photos © Argentovivo

+ MARINE IDENTITY COLLECTIVE IMAGE AND SENSE OF PLACE

The coast has always been an environment full of charm and fascination for human beings. Now it seems natural to consider it a popular destination, to spend our vacations under the umbrella, sipping a drink, and finally disconnect from the frenzy of every day life.

mainly of olive groves and some rare arable land and vineyards, interrupted and marked by the only other presence of dry stone walls and stone shelters (pagghiare, furnieddhi chipuri and calivaci) that are scattered in the landscape. Lecce city may seem very far from the sea, but the Marine are there for it.

But this relationship has not always been positive. Before 900, which marks the beginning of urbanization of the littorals, the coast was a wild environment.

At the beginning of the 20th century the land reclamation allowed the use of those lands, closer to the sea, where today we find a compound mosaic of cultivated fields and holiday homes overlooking the water instead of the ancient insidious swamps.

It was unhealthy and threatening, due to the presence of numerous natural obstacles (swamps, forests, coastal scrub) and given the instability of the soil, which is subjected to silting and flooding, it was impossible to cultivate on it. The coast was an unproductive territory and for this reason the settlement establishments, for a long time, kept away from it.

After the war, with the failure of agrarian reform and the absence of control and tools for urban planning, the process of rapid artificialization and construction on the coast of Lecce began.

As regards the Lecce area, in the roughly 10 km territory that separates the provincial city from the coast, there exists no real urban centers. The dominant is an agrarian landscape, consisting

Thus began the detriment of an environmental, historical and cultural heritage, made, in fact, of small scattered buildings and some rare agricultural center in the coastal hinterland. 9

Lecce,even if it does not directly overlook the sea, has therefore built over time, its “arms”,the seaside towns: the Marines. The Marines belonging to Lecce are 6. ◆ San Cataldo is the closest being 10 km from the city, and the first one that allowed the relationship with the sea. It was established in 900, following the rising fashion of bathing and was connected to the main province by an innovative electric tramway. It became possible to reach the sea in just 30 minutes. Going up the coast towards north, we then find the marinas of : ◆ Frigole, located 5km from San Cataldo; ◆ Torre Chianca (or Torricella) which takes its name from the watchtower built to defend against Saracen pirates; ◆ Spiaggiabella; ◆ Torre Rinalda, about 15km from Lecce; and ◆ Casalabate. Italy - Apulia

Our thesis, primarily focuses on the Marine of Torre Chianca, Spiaggiabella and Torre Rinalda.

Apulia

Lecce “Arms” towards the sea: The Marines ◆ Casalabate ◆ Torre Rinalda Spiaggiabella ◆

◆ Torre Chianca

◆ Frigole

◆ San Cataldo

Lecce

◆ TORRE RINALDA -

c o llec tiv e

im ag e

The symbol of Torre Rinalda is its tower. The tower is a monument that not only tells us about a historical past made of pirate raids and coastal defenses, but also shows us the degradation and neglect that Torre Rinalda suffers as a whole.

Nothing else. Yet the tower, made of blocks of carparo stone, with its two windows that peer out over the sea, still has its beauty and a certain charm and appeal. But it remains there, a forgotten ruin. Like Torre Rinalda after all.

The tower is in a state of abandonment and ruin, the fences around it are a warning to bathers, keeping them at a safe distance from potential collapse.

TOW ER WILDER NESS FA MILY HOUSES LINEA RITY NEGLECT H A RSH

The settlement has developed linearly along the coast, with a strong urbanization near the tower and lower density areas separated by fields and natural areas. Most of the buildings are single-family houses, often illegal and built in close proximity to the dunes.

streaks due to ferrous content, is subjected to the incessant erosion of wind and water.There are in fact no bays or sheltered corners. To the north, from the extreme coastal point can be seen, popping up in the dunes, the coal plant of Cerrano, 13 km away.

Like in the other marinas, the bathing establishments has ate up the coastline. The beach, characterized by gray sands with blackish

Torre Rinalda, is harsh, like the winds that furrow it incessantly, it is empty and wild.

◆ SPIAGGIABELLA -

c o llec tiv e

im ag e

Spiaggiabella is located between Torre Chianca and Torre Rinalda. The settlement consists mainly of a residential area between the provincial road and the coast. The residential complex, consisting mainly of detached houses with gardens, was built for the most part illegally and then condoned, and is in a state of neglect and abandonment especially during the winter months.

One of the problems of this place is that there are no public squares or piazzas, only the main road with its ramifications towards the houses and the sea. There is no public outdoor spaces, where to have a coffee, only an unkept playground along the provincial road.The main attraction is the beach, with the white sand dunes (which have been removed in some places to make way for bathing facilities) that descend to the crystal clear sea water.

NATUR E WILD TOURIST DESTINATION SU M M ER HOUSES NEGLECT A BSENCE OF SERVICES

For this reason the area is a popular tourist destination in summer, but it is also frequented in winter for the possibility of practicing water sports.

great ornithological interest and in the hinterland are the Regional Natural Park Forest and Marshes of Rauccio extends for 625 hectares.

Too bad, however, for the public transport connections that are almost absent, if not in summer.

But even these resources and possibilities of the territory are little highlighted. Often there are no directions to reach the places, and the overall feeling is that of a place that has been forgotten.

From the naturalistic point of view, the basin of the river Idume, on the border with Torre Chianca, is of

◆ TORRE CHIANCA -

c o llec tiv e

im ag e

Torre Chianca is about 11 km from Lecce and it’s main developments were during the 60’s and 70’s. Its built-up area begins just behind the high dunes of the beach to pass the provincial road SP133. The only square, dedicated to Giovanni Paradiso, (the founder of the town) is a huge semi-empty parking lot, used as a market on Sundays. Torre Chianca has no public green areas, no playgrounds for children, no parking areas, no services.

NATUR E TOURIST DESTINATION SU M M ER ACTIVITIES WILD NEGLECT A BA NDON M ENT

The streets, unmaintained, often lack the road surface and sidewalks and are frequently subject to flooding and silting. Many buildings are in a state of decay and neglect, even some bathing establishments, and especially in winter it appears ast a ghost town, potentially dangerous. The tower, the beach, the river basin with its canals and the sea seem to be the characteristic elements of this location.

Particularly fascinating is the area of the mouth of Idume. The expanse of sand between the basin and the sea creates a landscape of remarkable beauty as well as of great naturalistic importance.Behind the Idume, a humid area made of thick reeds extends inland.

to admire columns dating back to the first century AD. Torre Chianca has developed too quickly and therefore in a disorderly way. A unitary and general project is missing and often the precious coastal landscape and the historical and archaeological wealth present, have not been taken into account. For this reason it has been possible, and still is, to threaten and damage an incredible habitat such as that of the Idume and Fetida river basins.

The Chianca Tower is located in the southern part of the settlement and it is one of the most imposing of the Salento coast. In the stretch of water in front of it, there is a small island called “Lu squeiu”, where at a depth of only 5-7 meters, it is possible

◆ MARINES LANDSCAPE COMPONENTS - S o m e G en er a l D ata

WATER

Marine

Water forms the major component of the marine owing to its presence as the sea, wetlands, canals, freshwater lakes and private waterbodies.

NATUR E The coastal landscape is home to a wide biodiversity of flora and fauna, especially the Idume basin, Rauccio, the wetlands etc.

URBA N The urban condition is a result of people’s needs rather than an urban development plan, which resulted in the fabric that exists currently along the coastal landscape.

Rivers/Lagoons 183,196164 Km2 7%

Canals Marshlands

Water Springs

Natural Patches 7884319,74 Km2 32%

23%

Dunes Wetlands Forest

Agriculture 13954414,1 Km2 57%

Croplands

Land

Pastures

77% Olive Vineyards

Urban Fabric 954283,78 Km2 4%

Buildings Infrastructures

THE WATERS

THE SHORELINE

+ MARINE Fascinations PHOTOGRAPHIC ITINERARY

THE CONFLICT

THE BUILT

Photos © Arianna Zambelli; © Zhuwan Li; © Argentovivo; © Argentovivo

Idume Basin © Davide Simoni

THE WATERS 22

Fetida Basin © Davide Simoni

Sea © Laura Sibani

Beach Dunes © Chiara Magnini

THE SHORELINE 24

Posidonia on the Beach © Arianna Zambelli

Dune’s plants © Laura Sibani

A house on the beach, Spiaggiabella © Arianna Zambelli

THE CONFLICT 26

Flooding roads © Arianna Zambelli

Costructions in the sea © Alice Canziani

Torre Chianca bird view © Davide Simoni

THE BUILT 28

Porta Blu, Torre Rinalda © Argentovivo

From Inside, Torre Chianca © Argentovivo

Photos © Argentovivo; Wood Picture © lugitall.com

+ EXPLORING ILLEGAL HOUSING A COMMON PHENOMENA

Illegal construction is a phenomenon found all over Italy. However, it has higher levels in the central and southern regions, where it has defined urban development, especially on the coast, since the second half of the twentieth century.

This is the famous “growth” of the Mezzogiorno, which corresponds to the extensive and illegal construction of much of its territory. It can be said that in this situation, sometimes the absence, in other cases the inability to manage and - or fomulate regulatory plans, has left freedom to uncontrolled and irregular construction, and indeed, has fostered its development.

After the war, in the 50’s, the need to rebuild together with the economic boom and the introduction of new lifestyles inspire a general desire for change and optimism. Especially in the South, which is the poorest area of Italy, the dream of a “family home” and the possibility to move to the suburbs, less crowded than the city and less expensive, started triggering the phenomenon in the city. Meanwhile, on coastal areas, the fashion of bathing establishments and “vacations at the seaside” generates the need of having a second home by the sea where to spend the long summer vacations with the family. From here a vicious circle started, whereby the need creates demand and demand stimulates the business of speculation.

In this context in which for many years there was no control over the urbanization of the territory, the easiest solution to move out the problem was the “condono edilizio”. The ‘condono’, is an amnesty designed to grant retrospective approval of illegal construction, in order to obtain compensation for building taxes evaded until before. In order to be able to make modernizations, and renovations, moreover, the owners of a building constructed illegally must ask for an “aministia”, after the payment of certain taxes, so that what was done without authorization, is recognized.

SITUATION UP TO DATE AND STATE OF DEMOLITIONS According to the Bes report of Istat, in 2019 there is an index of illegal construction that stands at the proportion of 17.7 illegal builds for every 100 authorized. Despite the positive trend compared to previous years, the value remains very high and testifies the persistence of serious deficiencies in the government of the territory. The phenomenon of illegal building continues, infact, to withdraw every year a significant share of the building construction to the control of the authorities, with all that this entails in terms of degradation of the landscape, exposure to hydrogeological risk and illegal work. The situation is particularly critical in the South, where the proportion of unauthorized constructions reaches 45.2 per 100 authorized.

In this situation the illegal construction phenomena revolving around the beaches is one of the major causes of degradation of the coastal ecosystem. On italian coastline, infact, despite the regulations and constraints, next to the old squatting, the buildings which “escaped” demolitions, there is the new one, of those who still consider a right enjoying the sea view from their house, despite everything else. Data show that in the coastal regions, crimes related to the cycle of cement are 42.5% of the total and leading the ranking is always Campania, with 17.1%, followed by Puglia, Lazio, Calabria and Sicily. Up to now, more than five million applications for amnesty were submitted, under Laws n.47 of 1985, n.724 of 1994 and n.326 of 2003, and are still pending and being processed by municipal technical offices.

Illegal building index by geographical breakdown 2017-2019 (2019 provisional data) Istat, elaborations on Cresme data

WHAT IN PUGLIA In Puglia region, in the absence of planning tools, the need to satisfy the demand for residential tourism and summer houses has generated a settlement model characterised by high land consumption. This has led, on one hand, to the degradation of the coastal environmental system, and on the other, to urban environments lacking basic services, both for residential and tourist use, which are characterised by extreme seasonality, and remain uninhabited for many months of the year. In unauthorised settlements, in fact, the design of the “liveable” space is resolved within each individual plot, while outside there is a lack of urbanisation works, elements of street furniture and equipment for the residence.

According to the numbers provided by the technical offices of the municipalities, from 2004 to 2020, only 32.9% of the buildings affected by an administrative measure were demolished, with deep and clear differences between the northern and southern regions, which see Campania, Sicily, Puglia and Calabria (which have the highest levels of offenses) issue 14,485 demolition orders and see just 2,517 carried out, equal to 17.4%. In the meantime, while proceedings remain at a standstill and public administrations spend large amounts of money to allow the minimum functioning of these urban fabrics (e.g. asphalting of roads, sidewalks and connections to the sewerage and water systems and public lighting), the southern landscapes have been significantly modified.

This phenomenon has also dramatically altered the landscape, impoverishing the ecological value of coastal and sub-coastal spaces, and consequently also diminishing their touristic potential. In recent decades, the effects of climate change have added to this already compromised situation, leading to substantial changes in the hydro-geomorphological structure of the coast, further encouraging coastal retreat and erosion.

Confiscation Made

For this reason there is a strong need to intervene on ecological rehabilitation, regenerating degraded and compromised contexts, and on the enhancement of the landscape matrix in order to stimulate the implementation of sustainable and alternative forms of tourism, as well as to improve the perception and quality of spaces and their ecological balance.

The ranking of the illegal sea Legambiente, Law Enforcement and Harbor Master (2019 data)

+ TERRITORIAL FRAMING OVERVIEW

Our first step was to analyse in a general way the the territory of the Marines to understand the system as a whole, with its potentials and criticalities. We start our analysis from the relationship with the “mother” city Lecce, in order to figure out which are the present connections and which are the options to reach the coast.

what it must be like for them to wait every day for the bus to come to school in Lecce and to wait for it on the way back without knowing when it will pass. The next day, we intrepidly hired bikes and tandems and tackled those same 10 km on the provincial road together with the cars. The journey was tiring, and we realised that 10km on a busy, fast-flowing road with no cycle path is not for everyone. We can define ourselves as amateur cyclists, but none of us imagined that we would get so tired for 25km by bike and this is because we had not taken into account the wind which blew against us the whole way. We realised that if you are not young and fit, you will find it very difficult to reach the marinas by bike. We then analyse, in succession, the coastline in its resilience and vulnerability which are connected to the absence or presence of the dune system, the risk of flooding and landslides, the urbanised area and its spaces of abandonment and, consequently, land use. Finally, we have mapped all the constraints to which the area is subject.

We were the first ones to encounter several difficulties in reaching the Marinas while staying in Lecce during our site visit. Since we didn’t have a car to cover the 10km strip of land that separates the city from the coast, we took a bus and then a bike to get there. Getting to the marinas by bus was quite complicated. The waiting times were uncertain, the stops not all marked. Also, in the evening, we had to call the public transport company in Lecce to get an idea of whether the bus would pass or not, waiting in a desolate area in the rain. Travelling on the bus, and before it, waiting with us, were many secondary and primary school children in Lecce. We imagined

GENERAL CONTEXT Rauccio

Doline

Residential

Sea

Section : Through Doline and Rauccio Agriculure land

Residential

Idume basin

Lidi

Sea

Section : Through Idume and Agriculture lands

To understand the Marine we had to understand the connection with Lecce city. From the City to the coast, the landscape transitions into different sceneries, passing through the city environment, scattered industrial areas, a succession of vast agricultural fields, olive groves and vineyards fragmented by natural areas, coastal urban settlements, illegal and decaying buildings, wetlands, lagoons, dunes and finally the sea.

to the Coast. These are the SP93, SP131, the Lecce Frigole road and the SP364. Between the Marinas, it is possible to travel along the SP133, which runs parallel to the coast. The Bus route depends on the season, but in summer there are more runs and are connecting a larger area. The Cycle paths is not there, only some fragmented parts do exists today. Public transportation is generally hihgly inconvenient and difficult for both visitors and locals. The only simple alternative is the car.

From Lecce there are four main branches connecting

Architectural, Ecological, activities : Transect from the Lecce city centre to the Marine .

COASTLINE ANALYSIS

Evolution The Italian coastline has undergone major changes since it’s urbanisation for economic strategies since the 1950’s. Eventually this anthropogenic change has come to alter the natural ecology of the coastline. This has led to decline and constraint of natural coastal components such as vegetation and sand dunes. Coastal Resilience It refers to the ability of a coastal community to bounce back after hazardous events like coastal storms, hurricanes and flooding – rather than simply reacting to impacts. The sand dunes development and sea shore ecology plays a major role in this, and as visible from the map, it is proportional to the coastal resilience along each area. The infilteration rate on the coast is also caused due to lack of resilience.

Marine di Lecce 1997

Sand dune development The coastal urbanization has highly altered the natural sand dune formation, a very important component of coasts. Urbanization has intervened with the dune formation expanse and in turn is affected by the silting on roads, private plots, lidi etc.

Marine di Lecce 2011

Puglia coast line 2000

Coastal erosion Adding to natural processes, the urbanization on the Lecce coast, has increased occurence of coastal erosion phenomena,in return creating many problems to the urban settlements itself . The coastline is also defined by the fresh waterbodies and strong wetland systems, that influence the flora and fauna found in the landscape.Some of which has undergone critical changes due to the urbanization.

Marine di Lecce 2019

State property demarkation

FLOOD HAZARD

Flood hazard is a phenomenon of high occurence in this coastal landscape of Lecce.This can be related to many factors like global sea level rise, high water table underground, soil instability associated with the wetlands that existed in the region and unplanned settlement construction on the coast. There is visible water level rise in the inlands, during different periods, affecting the road system, playgrounds ,etc.

A.1

The future scenario of flooding in the Lecce marine is quite alarming with regards to the amount of area that will potentially go under water. This includes a large part of the urban settlements.

A.2

A.3

Schematic representation of conversion of natural wetland systems along the coast into constructed residential areas , and the flooding hazard caused due to this : A.1 Natural wetland and sand dune system on the coast A.2 Construction on wetland areas A.3 Flooding of the urbanized settlement

URBANIZATION THREATS

The strong urbanization of Lecce coastline has deeply affected the natural ecosystems causing their degradation and retreat. This has ultimately affected the urban environment itself with problems like silting and flooding which are damaging the buildings and the infrastructures. An aftermath of this declining quality of environment caused due to the urbanisation itself, is the abandonment of houses, plots and territory which are deemed uninhabitable for the people. This has led to the decline of the value of the territory, as, apart from the degrading natural environment, the uninhabited neighbourhoods evade people away from settling in these areas.

B.1

B.2

Schematic representation of Consequences of urbanization activities on the natural system and vise versa: A Hydrological hazard due to proximity to sea B.1 Construction of infrastructure on the natural sand dune C.2 Silting on infrastructre due to dune growth

LAND USE

The past landuse of the Marine of Lecce has been transformed due to the construction of coastal housing and later illegal housing, transitioning into an ‘abusive landscape’. The present landuse on the Marine of Lecce is the result of human actions on the landscape , which reflects the following distribution ; A large percentage of the land use consists of agriculutral land , including non-irrigated arable lands, olive groves, and heterogeneous agricultural areas. The wetlands includes mainly of shrub and/or herbaceous vegetation, along the coast , distributed between the artificial landscape. The uncontrolled urban settlements has changed and diminished the natural system of wetlands and sand dunes along the coast.

B.1

Woodlands, which includes the Rauccio forest, that form a part of National protected sites are scattered along the coast, in the inland of urban fabric. There are a few water bodies: the Idume basin, Fetide basin , the old water canals through the large central wetland that forms areas of high ecological biodiversity.

Landuse and landuse changes over the years : A. Urban landuse in the city of Lecce B.1 Natural forests along the coast in the past B.2 Conversion of forest lands into agriculural fields B.3 Present scenario of urbanization on the agriculural lands

B.2

B.3

COASTAL CONSTRAINTS AND REGULATIONS

Constraints and Regulation on Marine di Lecce

The constraints and regulations are established to prevent any risk associated with adverse coastal phenomena; the protection of natural vegetation and rare ecologically relevant areas of woods and water bodies and also areas under high risk of flooding associated with the sea and wetlands. The • • • • •

Torre Rinalda | Spiaggiabella

constraints on the coast includes: Hydrogeological constraint Coastal buffer zone (300m) Basin buffer zone (150m) and public watercourse buffer zone (150m) Woodland buffer zone (200m) Naturalistic importance

Covered surface

1926.4 sq m

138.83 sqm

Hydrological constraint

1926.4 sq m

100%

Coastal buffer

1000.0 sq m

34.2%

Basin Buffer

269.8 sq m

12.3%

Wetland buffer

364.231 sq m

15.9%

Torre Chianca

The figure shows the regulations on the areas of Torre Rinalda and Spiaggiabella and Torre Chianca : The first graph shows the buffer regulation associated with coast, basin, and wetland ; where it can be observed the percent of the built area is constructed on top of it. In both cases the hydrological constraints has been violated almost entirely with the construction.

The second graph shows the inhabitation of the coast 300m where the built area takes upto one third of the total area. This has massive impacts on the coastal environment in regards to the sand dunes formation, wetland that act as flood preventors, and wetland vegetation that are home to high levels of biodiversity.

Beach surface

Covered surface

1427.6 sq m

156.02 sqm

Hydrological constraint

1427.6 sq m

100%

Coastal buffer

800.0 sq m

34.2%

Basin Buffer

90.2 sq m

12.3%

Wetland buffer

46.61 sq m

15.9

Inhabited area within 300 m from coast Torre Rinalda | Spiaggiabella

Total restricted area 300m from coast : 1 sq km Unbuilt area 23 sq km Built area 77 sq km

Torre Chianca

Total restricted area 300m from coast : 0.80 sq km Unbuilt area 0.28 sq km Built area 0.52 sq km

The territory of the Marines has many constraints concerning the buffer zones (from the basins, from the coast, from the woods and from the parks), the areas of naturalistic importance but above all the areas that are subject to hydrogeological constraints. The various constraints have been superimposed and in this way it is very evident that the area of Spiaggiabella is the one subject to the most constraints. Coastal buffer zone (300m) Basin buffer zone (150m) Buffer zone for woods (200m) Public watercourse buffer (150m) Hydrogeological constraint Naturalistic importance

Hydrogeological

imposes on the owners the obligation to obtain the specific authorisation from the competent administration, in addition to the building permit, before carrying out the intervention.

Woodland

buffer zone

(200m)

According to art. 10 of Law n.16/1996, new constructions are forbidden inside woods and forest strips and within a buffer zone of 50 metres from the external limit of the same. For woods of more than 10 hectares the buffer zone is increased to 200 metres. In forests with an area of between 10,000 square metres and 10 hectares, the buffer zone referred to in the previous paragraphs is determined proportionally. The only allowed constructions in this areas are the infrastructures associated with the direct management and use of the park and infrastructures connected to the crossing of public interest service networks. No building is allowed inside nature reserves.

constraint

The hydrogeological constraint is established and regulated by Royal Decree n. 3267 of 30 December 1923. It is a tool for prevention and defence of the soil, limiting the territory to a conservative use. Its main purpose is preserving the physical environment avoiding phenomena of soil instability or the triggering of erosive phenomena, with the possibility of public damage. In land subject to hydrogeological constraints any intervention that entails a change in land use must be authorised in advance by the competent offices. Authorisations are possible in areas of soil instability only if the projects address this issue and work on its reclamation. In areas subject to hydrogeological constraint, the urban planning instrument can allow interventions which do not damage or endanger the protected environmental values. The presence of the constraint

Basin

buffer zone (150m) and public watercourse buffer zone (150m)

Naturalistic

Pursuant to Article 82, paragraph 5, letter c) of Decree No. 616/1977, rivers, streams, reservoirs and watercourses are subject to landscape restrictions. Riparian vegetation of the bufffer zones and their actual state should be compulsorily maintained . The watercourses and the relevant buffer strips must be kept intact and unbuilt to a depth of 150 metres for each part; in the case of canals and artificial collectors, the depth of the strips to be kept intact and unbuilt is reduced to 50 metres. Essentials hydraulic works, drainage works, purifications of waste waters from the settlements are also under restrictions, but can be carried out under prior authorization of competent bodies.

Coastal

buffer zone

importance

The territories which are relevant in terms of aesthetic-perceptual, environmental- ecosystemic, historical-structural and socio-cultural elements are classified as of Naturalistic Importance. They have a so called “existence value”, concerning their possibly uses by future generations; and a “use value” regarding their service as resources that allow the production of durable and sustainable wealth. For this reason areas under naturalistic importance should be preserved as territorial heritage, and are under constraint.

(300m)

Pursuant to Article 82, paragraph 5, letter a) of Law no. 616/1977, the coastal territories included in a strip of land 300 metres deep from the shoreline, including land elevated above the sea,called buffe zones are subject to a landscape restriction. The allowable structures in this area includes only works intended for small moorings, bathing facilities, camping sites and modest sanitary and/or rescue structures as well as services. Those structures however must safeguard the naturalistic pre-existence and should be removable. Moreover they can be build only in circumscribed areas, defined by regulatory plans, addressing toursim.

+ ATLAS

PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALITIES

We started analyzing the area of the project in a deeper way considering the problems that we have to deal with and the potentialities of the place that we want to enhance. As our aim is to deal with the built environment togheter with the natural resources, we tried to underline the characteristic contradiction of the Marine Towns.The maps here presented are dealing with the qualities of the buildings, the qualities of the roads, and their related problems, and the coastal system consisting in a network ( or its absence) of services and points of attractions. In general considering the build enviroment development of the Marine we can note that it has been influenced by the presence of karst phenomena, wetlands and marshes. Torre Rinalda urban area coudn’t expand inland as Torre Chianca exaclty for the presence of those natural areas.Proximity to the sea, humidity and flooding occurrance cause the buildings and roads bad quality in the area.These built-up lots alternate with abandoned agricultural plots, producing a fabric that is sometimes sparse

and sometimes more compact.Unfortunately commercial activities and places of aggregation are very few in the area, and mainly located near the sea, where the sprawl of Lidi characterize the space. In the second part, we analyzed the potentialities of the place, so the natural environments, flora and fauna and the possible activities in comparison with Lecce city. As a coastal territory, the Marine can be “read” as that portion of the territory located between the mainland and the sea where the landscape is shaped by natural forces and human actions. It is a highly dynamic ecosystem strongly subject to new adjustments and changes which see the presence of many different type of habitas worth protecting. Wetlands and marshes, dunes, but also lagoons and woodlands are some of the possibilities to visit in this areas, even though they’re lacking the attention they deserve. We value these aspects important, not only for their ecological relevance, but also cause they can stimulate and increase tourism and economical activities in the area.

BUILDINGS QUALITY

The urban fabric of the Marines is mainly characterized by private villas. Most of these unauthorized dwellings,are made with a reinforced concrete skeleton, (easier to build) and loadbearing walls of masonry, stone or cinder block. The roofs are mostly flat with waterproofing membranes on reinforced concrete and hollow clay blocks slabs.

A.1

The absence of regulation has allowed each owner to build in his own way, producing a great variety of forms, material usage, and sizes. The lack of mantenance and the harsh environmental condition of the Marines both led to widespread decay and degradation of the buildings, which in return led to their dilapidation and abandonment. We tried to map the quality of the dwellings and plot, classifying them into good, mediocre and in ruin conditions, along with the types of abandoned plots ; fenced and open ones. The diagrams show the classification of the different typologies of houses seen in the area as below.

A.2

B.1 Building classification depending on typology of : Building Storeys A.1 Single storied houses ( most common ) A.2 Two storied houses

Paving B.1 Partially paved B.2 Fully paved Sketch representation of the different fencing details of the residences along the streets. Photo collage of the different types of and conditions of built elements seen in the coast Photo © Argentovivo

B.2

ROADS QUALITY

The Road infrastrure of the area has been designed to meet the transport requirments of the inhabitants as well as the tourists to move around. But the high seasonality of the Marine has led to the uncareful and almost absent maintenance of the road system. A.1

The close proximity of the roads to the sea often led to the flooding of the system, causing many discomfort to the people living there. Another urgent problem is the silting of the roads. Being subject to constant and recurring phenomena of flooding and silting, and also adding the high temperatures reached in summer and the absence of maintenance, the asphalt roads are, in many cases, in very poor condition. As regards instead, the unpaved roads, unfortunately for the same phenomena mentioned above, are often impracticable, where, with the flooding, they become huge puddles of mud.

A.2

Road classification depending on typology of : Road covering A.1 Asphalted roads ( Good / Mediocre / Bad conditions ) A.2 Non asphalted, unpaved roads ( Good / Mediocre / Bad conditions )

Flooding on roads B Flooded roads against unflooded roads Silting on roads C Silting of sand against non-silting roads

Photo collage of the different types of and conditions of road systems seen in the coast Photo © Argentovivo

SEASIDE SYSTEM - SERVICES - ATTRACTIONS HOTSPOTS

To understand the marine coastline , it is also important to understand and analyse the many components ; both natural and artificial and their impact on the area. Being an active summer hub, and almost vacant in the winters, each component plays a very seasonal role. Most of the built components on the coast impact the natural environment in an adverse way. Apart from the building structure and the road system that has been discussed earlier , the major elements on the coastline includes : The Lidi and their services , the Heritage hotspots, the vehicle parking areas, and of course the interaction of these between themselves and the environment.

The Lidi

areas

The lidi are the most striking component of the coast of Lecce. They are the bustling hub of activities in the summer, with a large number of people occupying the spaces in and around . We can witness thousands of umbrellas occupying the coast to access the beach, the lidi and the food and sport services located along the coasts. Unlike this, in the winters they are locked and deserted and do not provide even basic services. This makes the coast a highly seasonal location. Another major impact of the lidi is on the sand dunes. Due to the close proximity of these to the shoreline, they have occupied a large area that should be naturally covered by sand dunes. Thus impacting and altering natural process, causing many consequences like flooding and coastal fragmentation. Accesses to the Lidi and beaches is also causes dunes system fragmentation leading to their degradation.

Torre Chianca Photo © Davide Simoni

Hotspots : Heritage

and attraction

The Towns of Torre Rinalda and Torre Chianca, both named after the towers that are situated along the coastline. The towers mark a history of this quintessential towns, and are very important elements of the coast. However due to the poor planning strategy , their location is often unnoticed and unreachable by tourist.

The

parking areas

Due to the lack of proper planned parking space, owing to the large number of people who arrive in vehicles during summer, instead of adapting the parking spots into the natural coastal features, the alternate has happened. The natural environment has been punctured and the parking areas are distributed scattered around the coast. The occurance of silting and flooding persists, because of this insensitive actions. The parking areas can be divided into the regular planned ones, the irregualr parking of convenience and the parking along the roads. All of which are either have pavements in bad conditions or impermeable . More often than less the accesses from these to the beach are the reason for coastal fragmentation.

Torre Rinalda Photo © Maria Alami

Kalu beach, Frigole

Photo © Maria Alami

Torre Chianca Photo © Sophie Nadeau

Parking near Kalu Lido , Torre Rinalda

CORINE BIOTOPES

Beaches Habitat Code: 16.1

Mobile Dunes Habitat Code: 16.21

Interdune Wetlands Depressions Habitat code: 16.3

Ecological Value: Ecological sensitivity: Anthropic Pressure: Fragility:

Ecological Value: Ecological Sensitivity: Anthropic Pressure: Fragility:

Description: Cakiletea maritimae Considered here are the beaches both in their aphytic portion (i.e. devoid of phanerophytic vegetation) and the first annual plant communities. These environments, often dominated by natural forces (storm surges and winds), are very dynamic. The vegetation of this category has been almost everywhere eliminated by the tourist-bathing activities and the beaches are often completely devoid of herbaceous species.

Description: Ammophiletea Represents the portion of the sandy coastal systems still directly influenced by the erosive and depositional action of the sea and sea winds. Dunes form and are first colonized by Elymus farctus and then consolidated by Ammophila arenaria. In some cases Ammophila populations are replaced by vast expanses of Spartina juncea, an adventitious species.

Description: Eriantho-Schoenetum, Phragmitetea, Isoeto-Nanocyperetea It includes the wetlands of the infradunal or retrodunal belts. These marshes are formed by groundwater and/or meteoric water input. These are complexes in which there may be true water bodies, pioneer formations with annual species, to true marshes, reed and sedge thickets and even moliniums. There is no shortage of rare willows such as Salix rosmarinifolia. Only in some favorable situations do they have enough surface area to allow their mapping.

Guiding Species Cakile maritima, Euphorbia peplis, Euphorbia paralias, Salsola kali, Polygonum maritimum, Raphanus maritimus subsp. maritimus, Cyperus capitatus, Bassia hirsuta, Beta maritima

Guiding Species Ammophila arenaria, Anthemis maritima, Elymus farctus (syn. Agropyron junceum), Calystegia soldanella, Echinophora spinosa, Eryngium maritimus, Euphorbia terracina, Medicago marina, Rostraria litorea (syn. Lophochloa pubescens), Medicago marina, Pancratium maritimum, Sporobolus arenarius

Guiding Species Erianthus ravennae, Schoenus nigricans, Callitriche truncata, Phragmites australis, Imperata cylindrica, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Isolepis setacea, Isoetes durieui, Isoetes velata, Isoetes histrix, Juncus bufonius, Juncus capitatus, Juncus tenageja, Juncus pygmaeus, Samolus valerandi

M editerranean

brackish environments with

perennial herbaceous halophilous vegetation

Habitat

code:

Lagoons Habitat

Reed code:

15.5

Ecological Value: Ecological Sensitivity: Anthropic Pressure: Fragility: Description: Juncetalia maritimi These are salt meadows dominated by hemicryptophytes. They develop in the internal portions of the lagoon systems with moderate salinity and imbibition mostly by capillarity. Different species can dominate depending on the edaphic conditions: Juncus maritimus in the grasslands on silty soils mostly flooded, Juncus gerardii and Carex extensa on subsalted sandy soils, Juncus acutus and Juncus littoralis in subsalted backdune situations and in contact between dunes and lagoons. Guiding Species Artemisia caerulescens, Aeluropus litoralis, Carex extensa, Elymus athericus ,Juncus maritimus, Juncus acutus, Juncus gerardii, Juncus litoralis, Juncus subulatus, Limonium narbonense, Puccinellia festuciformis, Sonchus maritimus, Spartina versicolor

thickets with

Phragmites

australis and

other elophytes

Habitat Ecological Value: Ecological Sensitivity: Anthropic Pressure: Fragility: Description:Ruppietea, Zoosteretea In this habitat are considered the overall lagoon systems, that is, those portions of the sea that in more or less recent times have been separated from the direct action of the sea by consolidated banks of sands and silts. They can have very different dimensions, from the big North-Adriatic and Sardinian lagoons to reduced systems. The waters may be saline or in the northern systems brackish. Distinction with category 23 not straightforward (as the types included occupy the bottoms of some lagoons). Guiding Species Species of the genera Ruppia, Zostera, Juncus, Salsola, Limonium, Salicornia, Sarcocornia are common in Italian lagoons.

code:

53.1

Ecological Value: Ecological Sensitivity: Anthropic Pressure: Fragility: Description : Phragmition Included here are all the formations dominated by elophytes of different sizes that colonize marshy areas and the edges of streams and lakes. They are usually dominated by a few species. The species alternate on the basis of the level of water availability or of chemical and physical characteristics of the soil. The most widespread coenosis are those of the reeds where Phragmites australis is able to tolerate different trophic levels, Schoenoplectus lacustris is able to colonize even some meters deep waters, while Typha latifolia tolerates well high trophic levels. Guiding Species Alisma plantago-aquatica, Equisetum fluviatile, Oenanthe fistulosa, Phalaris arundinacea , Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Sparganium erectum, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia

LECCE ACTIVITY THROUGH SEASONS Lecce is mainly a historical site which tourist visit for archeological and cultural reason. For it’s artistic beauty the city is visited all years long, however, the majority of fluxes are in the summer. Infact, many people during their seaside vacations in the Salento coast (which is a very popular destination among itaians and europeans) decide to spend some days visiting the beautiful cities in the region. For the people living in Lecce, however, except the few “sagre”, mainly carried out in the summer, and the theatre season, there is very little to do.

MARINE ACTIVITY THROUGH SEASONS The Marine’s main attraction is the sea, that can be lived also in the winter as acquatic sports like Kite and Surf can be carried out, more or less, all year long. The Marine have great potentialities linked to the natural environment’s beauty and related activities, like trekking and birdwatching, which are not so well percepted and expressed right now. The tourist fluxes made us undestand that the area is mainly visited by locals, people from Lecce or nearby locations. While we were there we saw many old people taking the bus to get here just to enjoy the sea breeze and the sun in a good day. However, we noticed that except the natural related activities, and the acquatica sports , which both are not fully expressed at the moment, there is very little which might interest the youngsters.

Photos © Argentovivo

+ INTERPRETATIVE IMAGE DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

Now that we have studied the city of Lecce and understood the Marine better,it is time to draw the image of the Lecce we perceived. This becomes one of the important steps, which helps in understanding the areas of conflict we want to focus on. From the studies it was possible to read the marine in all it’s good and bad. Our interpretive image breaks down this overview of the marine into two main categories. The problems and the potentialities. The problems are further divided into the natural ones and urban ones, considering how merged these two components are in the coastline. The natural problems mostly came from ignorance and lack of awareness of the natural cycle of a coastline and the wetlands. This has led to frequent occurrence of silting and flooding in the streets and other interference of the natural elements in the everyday activities. The urban problems tackle with the major issue of illegal housing and abusive landscape.These play a major role in the alteration of the coastline, resulting in land wastage and hydrological risks. The

lack of a proper transportation network, especially in the winters, reduced connectivity and lack of services like biking lane, makes the accessibility of the coastline inconvenient for the visitors. Thus we arrive at the potential of the area. We start of by dividing it into three categories, that has the most impact for change. The connectivity that can alter the accessibility and can make the coastline active even in the off seasons. The natural resources that play a major role in both the environmental aspects as well as the aesthetics of the coastline. Design that respects the natural elements while creating public spaces and services areas is an important criteria in such a sensitive biosystem. And finally repurposing the abandoned; this includes giving a new definition and purpose to the vast amount of abandoned, illegal and abusive structures on the coast, but doing the same while respecting the rich history it holds.

INTERPRETATIVE IMAGE

EXISTING PROBLEMS : NATURAL COMPONENTS

Flooding hazard | Instability

Residential

Farmlands

Infrastructure

Lack of respect to natural system

Soil instability

Unplanned urbanisation

Coastal fragmentation Natural vs Urban

EXISTING PROBLEMS : URBAN COMPONENTS

Illegal housing

Hydrological hazard

Lack of bike lanes

Accessibility issue

Land wastage

High seasonality of services Mobility and service facilities

Lack of awareness of surrounding environment

High discontinuity of transportation system

DRAWING THE POTENTIALS Reviving and relinking

Improving connectivity

All season services

Public Spaces

Natural resources

Dunes

Wetlands

One of the biggest potential of the Marine of Lecce is the plausibility of proper design interventions, which can result in the creation of a new landscape that takes into consideration both the historic, artificial , and natural landscapes. We derived three general criteria by which the problems can be transformed into potentials :

Reviving and relinking One of the major drawbacks of the Marine is the lack of connections, in between the transportation systems, within the same mode of transportation and also frequency , especially in the seasons other than summer.The revival and relinking also is in regard to the natural environment that has been put on the back seat in the past years.

Natural Resources Any design intervention on the Marine of Lecce should be carried out with deep consideration for the natural resources, after understanding and being aware of their behaviours. The marine is rich with a myraid of natural features, but they have not been fitted into the growing urban fabric.In most cases they have been growing on their own, just exisitng in close proximity. Now we have a chance to create a landscape that uses their actual potential.

Repurposing After carrying out the research, we have found the need for demolition, relocation and collection of large amound of materials,in terms of demolition debris,open areas of land, abandoned buildings, etc. These have the potential to be trasformed into something of a new or better purpose, leading to a sustainable design and also create a feeling of the idea od spolia.

Woods

Repurposing

New functions

New materials

Reusing abandoned

Photo © Zang Kenny © Laura Sibani

+ DEMOLITIONS & SPOLIA THEORETHICAL FRAMEWORK

At the beginning of our search, we wondered if there could be a broader meaning to the act of demolition and if this destructive gesture could generate something good apart from the “waste”, in its negative meaning. We know, infact that the “new” does not arise on a tabula rasa, where there is nothing and there has never been anything, but it makes space in the rubble of something that was and is no longer there. Thinking about our cities, we know that they are built in strata, on top of the cities of past eras, over layers of previous histories and rubble of which we now see a glimpse that we call “ruins”. Thus, trying to understand the traces of the “ waste” from the past in our modern world, we came across the term “spolia” and it is from it that we would like to start our research on demolitions and reuse of waste materials.

What it describes is simply the reuse of elements from earlier buildings in more recent ones. While walking around in our city we keep coming across spolia, because in the Eastern Mediterranean, (but not only here, even in the rest of the world it is same) they are found on every ancient site that was used or inhabited for long enough. This is because “spolia” have always been a tool to be used by the people who inhabited the same places over the centuries. The more successful a site was, that is, the longer it lasted as a center for human activity, the more likely it was that there would be spolia. There are,infact,two basic reasons for the occurrence of spolia. The first one is almost intuitive and it is the need of materials to build something new. If there were unused, abandoned, ruined, or undesirable older structures around, they made for wonderful quarries, providing good quality pre-cut stone slabs, thresholds, lintels and so on.

The term is used in archaeology and art history. It is derived from Latin “spolium” (plural: “spolia”), meaning “spoils”.

Why go to the effort of sourcing, cutting and transporting new building materials when they were available locally?

The second form of spolia is more complex and much more varied. It is the deliberate and visible use of part of other buildings, structures, pieces of art, and so on, in the making of a new object.

This is probably the underlying process behind the vast majority of all spolia. One example of this, might be the Middle Ages urban tissue, which was built by plundering and demolishing the pre-existing buildings and constructions, reusing their cutted stone and their materials which were better than what the people at that time could produce, made, and find.

The underlying notions form a broad spectrum: material can be reused for aesthetic reasons, choosing pieces for their beauty saving them from neglect, or for ideological reasons, to enhance the new building, demean the previous one or to convey meaning from one to the other, even reinterpreting the material in that process.

Acropolis pathway, Athen, D.Pikionis , 1954 57

Campanile della pietrasanta, Napoli, © Francesco Pio Ferreri

In our present, however, spolia are in many ways a controversial concept,and we usually forget to link them to the topic of waste even though, as they are a form of “reuse” of materials, they’re broadly connected.

Plus, the question, what it is that we define heritage, what it is that has to remain as it was, and what can be altered? We still have dissonant ways to approach this questions. We think however that the concept of spolia, if understood in its deepest meaning of reusing, saving and repurposing, help us drawing a line between a virtually untouchable static “heritage” and the dynamic present that we live that requires constant changes and modifications.

The controversy lay down in the fact that we consider the despoliation of earlier structures more or less a sacrilege. We are, infact, the generation that strive to protect “heritage” in its many forms, and so often this label makes it impossible to change, touch, approach the inherited past.

Casa dei Crescenzi, Rome

Qutb complex, India

Photo © Divya Gupta

+ RECYCLE TOOLKIT SELECTIVE DEMOLITIONS

Demolition is an activity in which the construction process is reversed; that is, the structure, or parts of the structure, are disassembled and removed. There are six main criteria and several sub-criteria that affect the choice of demolition techniques. The main criteria are :Structural characteristics; Site conditions;Demolition cost; Past experience; Time; Reuse and recycling.

There are three main types of structural demolitions: • Progressive Demolition: Controlled removal of sections of the structure while retaining the stability of the remainder, avoiding collapse of all or part of the buiding.Progressive demolition is very practical in confined and restricted areas. • Deliberate Collapse Mechanisms: Removal of key structures causing complete collapse of all or part of a building.This method is usually employed on detached, isolated, fairly level sites, where the whole structure is to be demolished. • Deconstruction or selective demolition : Dismantling of a structure, usually carried out in the reverse order of construction. It is also known as a topdown technique ,the demolition proceeds from the roof to the ground. The demolition contractors considers reuse of materials such as bricks, roof tiles, timber, and fixtures and fittings, when using this technique.

The methods of the demolition in construction depends on: • the type of construction material - stones and bricks connected by the mortar - concrete and reinforced concrete • the type of construction - scale of construction - location of building • range of demolition - condition of building existence of local structures and restrictions • existing environmental requirements - specific accident risk - permitted noise, vibration, dust.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY - C&DW According to the Guidelines for the Waste audits before demolitions and renovation works of buildings, 2018, European Commission, Selective demolitions are defined as the “removal of materials from a demolition site in a pre-defined sequence in order to maximize recovery and recycling performance”

When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. These can be productively used again and again, thereby creating further value. Contrary to the linear economic model, based on a take-make-consume-throw away pattern, circular economy aims to redefine growth, focusing on positive society-wide benefits. It results in gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and designing waste out of the system. It is based on three principles: • Design out waste and pollution • Keep products and materials in use • Regenerate natural systems

Selective demoltions are, thus, a tool to improve the management of constructions and demolitions waste (C&DW) in the frame of circular economy. The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended. In practice, it implies reducing waste to a minimum.

MAKE RECYCLE

TAKE

USE

MAKE

POLLUTE USE

REMAKE

DISPOSE

REUSE Scheme showing the difference between Linear economy and Circular economy

Even though the concept of circular economy is not really new, (as we’ve already seen in ancient times it was normal and wise to reuse and recycle), at present it is essential to apply this model into every aspect of production, to address climate change,pollution, CO2 emissions and scarsicity of resources issues. Regarding the construction sector, EU introduces a Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) to target the recycle of 70% of non hazardous C&DW by 2020. This contributed in making a shift among the construction stakeholders towards more sustainable processing and reusing of materials and products.

Construction and Demolitions Waste is, infact, one of the heaviest and more volumious waste flow. It accounts from 25% to 30% of all waste which is generated only within European Union, and if we consider this at a global level the numbers are even higher. Demolition Waste consist of many different materials. It includes a mixture of inertes and non inertes, of which: concrete,wood (buildings), asphalt (roads and roofing shingles),gypsum (the main component of drywall),metals,bricks,glass,plastics building components (doors, windows, and plumbing fixtures),trees, stumps, earth, and rocks.

Scheme showing the construction and demolition waste in circular economy

Scheme © The Danish Transport and Construction Authority

TOOLS

- METHODOLOGY AND PROCESSES

Selective demolition (deconstruction) uses carefully planned sequenced activities that separate and sort the materials within a building. It is an alternative to demolition in order to maximise the reuse and recycling of recovered materials. Whereas the demolition of a building often leads to the mixing of various materials and contamination of non-hazardous components, deconstruction aims at separating materials at source. According to the Europena Guidelines the first step in order to address selective demolitions is the Waste Audit. The Waste Audit aims to understand the type and amount of elements and materials that will be deconstructed and/or demolished, and to issue recommendations on their further handling. During the Audit, an assessment of the viable recovery routes for materials can also be given (including reuse and the potential reuse value, recycling on and offsite and the associated cost savings and energy recovery).

Diagram of waste audits Scheme © Guidelines for the Waste audits before demolitions and renovation works of buildings, 2018, European Commission

After the Waste audit, the further operational steps are this ones: •

•

• • •

Yard project (safety, logistics, tools), to program yard operations and activities: typological and material analysis of the building parts Reduction of the environmental impacts, to reclaim pollutant materials: (asbestos, tanks, plant supply circuits, insulating material, etc.) Dissassemblying dry components ‘Strip out’ (fixtures, electrical and hydraulic systems, floating floors, suspended ceilings, etc) Demolition of non structural elements (top-down direction)

Demolition of structural elements Storage and transport of materials and components Regulatory Compliance

Many buildings during selective demolition retain their main operative functions. Before removing building components with demolition equipment: • •

specialists ensure the safety of the project, preparing materials for removal and recycling the supportive shoring or bracing to prevent movement, settlements or collapses may be also installed. Because of the quantity of debris that demolition projects create, extensive sorting is required.

Operational steps of selective demolition, disassembly and sorting of materials.

DEBRIS REUSE POSSIBILITIES AND CONCLUSIONS Regarding the construction product, “ waste”, resulting from selective demolitions, it can be reused in many different ways. Generally, we can say that the buildings components can be reused mantaining the same functions or taking on new ones, while, the secondary raw materials can be recycled guaranteeing a performance which can be same or lower than that of the original building.

•

Recycled products based on their specific characteristics can be reused to create:

• •

•

construction elements (raised, foundations and foundations,fills and drains); incoming materials for the production of mixed cement,concrete and bituminous conglomerates Concrete crushers turn concrete into gravel that a client can recycle or use for the building’s renovation. Powerful magnets separate scrap metal that a client can sell. Road works Environmental works and landscape reclamations.

As we are studying landscape architecture our main interest is into the reuse of the debris involving landscape reclamations and the possible innovative uses related to the natural environment.

of spolia, and that of memory so that the debris is not only “reused” to be recycled, but it remains to be recognized and to give meaning and identity to the place.

However as in our project we are envisaging selective demolitions of the the “illegal” buildings on the coastline which can be considered, and actually are, a form of “heritage” even in their lacklustre and abandon, we also want to recover the concept

“ W A ST E I S A M AT E R I A L WITHOUT IDENTITY” T. M . R a u

+ COASTAL DUNES

UNDERSTANDING THE BACKBONE OF THE COAST

Depending on the characteristics and availability of the sediment supply, dominant wind velocity and direction, moisture and vegetation present, and the geomorphology of the nearshore and beach face, dunes of various size and morphology are formed . The effect of sand deposition, accretion, and erosion result in the development of a variety of dune morphologies but in general we can have a distinction between Primary and Secondary Formations. Primary dunes are composed of sand blown directly from the beach face (active beach), while secondary dunes develop following the changes and modifications of primary dunes. In primary dunes we have a part in which the sand is supplied primarily from the beach and a following part in which the sand is mainly trapped by vegetation

( impeded dunes).Primary dunes are closest to the shoreline and dynamically linked to beach processes. They are also significantly influenced by wave action which can act both as a constructional and erosional force. Foredunes develop at the rear of the backshore environments and generally comprise shore-parallel, convex, symmetrical to asymmetrical dune ridges. The morphology of foredunes is varied but they can be classified into three main types: incipient foredunes, established foredunes, and relict foredunes (Short & Hesp 1982, Hesp 2002).

COASTAL DUNES Near the shoreline, there is the so-called “aphitic zone” where there is no vegetation but dead vegetal material transported by the sea can be conspicuous. In the next stretch of the emerged beach, there are pioneer species, with an extremely short life cycle. The first embryo dunes that form on the beach, free from the direct influence of the sea, are represented by the association called Agropyreth.The agropyrus has long creeping rhizomes in which it harnesses the sand carried by the wind, thus forming the first dunes. After the embryonal dunes are the mobile dunes. This habitat develops in the strip not affected by storm surges an it presents the highest, but still mobile, dunes located behind of the agroforest. This habitat called Ammophiletum, gets its name from the sandstone amophila. The dunes are built by the tufts of this robust plant, where it harnesses a certain amount of sand. This hemophile develops horizontally but also vertically, whenever it is covered by sand. In this way, the dune, year after

Aphitic area + deposit area

Embryo dunes

year, grows, reaching even to several meters high, until it establishes a dynamic balance between accumulation and wind erosion. Behind those, there is a sheltered area, stabilized by Ammophila arenaria,with more modest reliefs. Here the substrate is still sandy but with a certain component of organic matter and therefore more compact. Finally the backdune is usually characterized by the presence of Mediterranean scrub and woods. Here the vegetation of the sandy coasts reaches its most complex form which is constituted by the so-called “fixed dunes”. The first stretch of those is generally characterized by a low pioneer scrub, which in central Italy is often dominated by the Juniperus oxycedrus that protects the dunes from the salty winds and their abrasive action. This community, called Juniperus, constitutes the first woody stage in sandy areas and strongly contributes to the consolidation of the dune.

Mobiles dunes

Stabilized dunes

Juniperus Shrubland

Scheme of typical chain succession of microhabitats present in the italian Mediterranean Scheme © Edoardo Biondi

FUNCTIONS AND BENEFITS The coastal dunes carry out many critical functions related to the ecosystemic equilibrium of the coastline environment and provides many benefits for the urban settlements nearby. Firstly, coastal beaches and dunes can prevent flooding because they dissipate wave energy (USACE 2021; Silva et al. 2016; Hanley et al. 2014). Their ability to attenuate waves depends on their geomorphology and factors including the slope,height, width, the presence of vegetation, and the volume of sand (Carter 1991; Short 1999; Hesp 1989; Hacker et al. 2012). They also protect coastal areas from storm and flood

damage, and can mitigate the effects of climate change by trapping sediment and growing to keep pace with sea level rise and other changes in environmental conditions (Cunniff and Schwartz 2015; Silva et al. 2016). Dunes buffer storm erosion and help the shoreline recover by naturally nourishing it during extreme events, serving as reserves of sand. The vegetation in dunes help prevent erosion and recover from the impact of storms (Silva et al. 2016)) and at the same time, it is important to trap and store sand that allows dunes to grow and create additional storm protection (Cunniff and Schwartz 2015).

Scheme showing functions of the sand dunes on the coastal system Scheme © A catalogue of Nature-based SOLUTIONSsolutions for Urban Resilience, World Bank’s Global Program on Nature-based Solutions (GPNBS) and the City Resilience Program (CRP) 2021

In addition to this beach and dune systems provide habitats for marine, amphibian and terrestrial animals, and indigenous plant species (Nehren et al. 2016). Considering their benefit for us, they increase the economic value of coastal regions providing recreational opportunities for the local community and for tourism. Coastal environments, if in good conditions can also have a positive influence on social aspects of human wellbeing (Cox et al. 2004). Scenic coastal zones, infact, can create a strong sense of place, forging a meaningful relationship between people and their surroundings (Jorgensen and Stedman 2001). A strong bond between the community and its environment helps build social cohesion and deliver multiple public health benefits (Shamai 1991). Beaches and dunes are a proven source of aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for scientific research, cultural production, and art. Sites of international and national importance,can serve as settings for cultural, social, and educational events (Nehren et al. 2016), and are an important part of the local cultural and environmental heritage (Pérez- Maqueo et al. 2013).

Scheme of functions of coastal system and erosion and sediment management Scheme © Scheme © A catalogue of Nature-based solutions for Urban Resilience, World Bank’s Global Program on Nature-based Solutions (GPNBS) and the City Resilience Program (CRP) 2021

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THREAT AND DEGRADATION Sandy coastlines and dune ecosystems are fragile environments currently exposed to several pressures and particularly threatened at a global, European and national scale. Although the degradation and loss of dune systems affect many countries all over the world, it is particularly intense along the Mediterranean coasts. The Mediterranean basin is one of the world biodiversity hotspots, but, at the same time, it is one of the regions of the world subjected to the highest level of historical anthropic pressure. The high population density along the Mediterranean shorelines represents a major threat to coastal sand

dunes, which suffer from : • Unregulated urbanization • Intensive farming • Infrastructures • Massive bathing tourism • Pollution • Biological invasions • Over-exploitation of the natural resources In Italy, previous studies reported that coastal sand dunes are among the habitats with the worst conservation status, therefore, the unique biodiversity heritage along the Italian coasts needs to be preserved for the future generations and its protection should represent a priority both at national and European level.

Tabular scheme of the activites on the beach that causes the coastal erosion Scheme © Reference portal for reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive , Eionet.eu

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+ ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES RESTORATION OF DUNAL SYSTEMS TOOLS

Considering the importance of the dunal system for the coastal ecosystems and its many benefits and functions both or humans and nature, in this part of our research we decided to investigate the tools to restore this compromised environment. In general there are four ways to approaches dune restoriation due to erosion ( both natural and antrophic). •

Non-interference, allowing natural processes to continue while accepting losses or taking appropriate action to relocate any backshore assets at risk.

•

Delay erosion using small scale, short term (5–10year life) schemes that can be implemented at relatively low cost and that will have a minimum impact on the coastal environment.

•

Defend the frontage selectively using methods that may require the involvement of specialist consultants and may have a high impact on the immediate environment and coastal landscape; these may be short term, but ore more likely to have a longer life expectancy (5–30-year life).

•

Establish a fixed shoreline using large scale, long term (20–50-year life) defences that will require the involvement of specialist consultants and will significantly alter the coastal environment, landscape, and recreational use of the beach.

Here follows a slideshow of different techniques used for dunes and beaches restoration.

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ACTIONS ON BEACH - ACCRETION AND NOURISHMENT -

SUBMERGED AND NON SUBMERGED STRUCTURES

GROYNES Groynes are cross-shore structures designed to reduce longshore transport or to deflect nearshore currents within an estuary. On open beaches they are built in a series to influence a long section of shoreline. Rock is mostly favoured as the construction material, They are used in combination with revetments to provide a high level of erosion protection. Groynes along a duned beach must have at least a short ‘T’ section of revetment of their landward end to prevent outflanking during storm events. Plan and cross section of Groynes

BEACH NOURISHMENT

Beach nourishment is the importing of sand or gravel to make good losses due to erosion. It provides erosion protection without hard structures where all the natural beach processes are retained. The imported material is placed on the intertidal foreshore where it helps to protect the dunes by increasing wave energy dissipation across the beach. Alternatively, the material may be placed directly at the dune face to form on artificial foredune.

Cross section of beach nourishment

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ARTIFICIAL REEFS Artificial reefs are shore parallel rock mound structures constructed down the beach edge. They are either long single structures or a series of reefs extending for some distance along shore. They are submerged for at least part of the tidal cycle, and are therefore less intrusive on the coastal landscape, have less impact on upper beach longshore processes and add a new intertidal habitat to sandy foreshores. Reefs dissipate part of the incident wave energy before it reaches the dune face, protecting the beach from erosion and encouraging deposition. Plan of Artificial reefs

Cross section of Artificial reefs

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NEARSHORE BREAKWATERS Nearshore breakwaters are segmented, shore parallel structures built along the upper beach at approximately high-water mark. They are either built of rock, or concrete armour units. At maximum tide levels their crests ore still visible, but they may be separated from the shoreline. The gaps allow some wave energy lo reach the upper beach and even the dune face. Breakwaters reduce the energy of waves reaching the shoreline, but do not completely isolate dunes from the natural beach processes.Even though this form of defence is intended to give only partial protection to the shoreline, their impacts on shoreline processes, intertidal habitats and landscape will be high and unacceptable in environmentally sensitive areas.

Plan of Nearshore backwaters

Cross section of Nearshore backwaters

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GEOTEXTILE TUBE - SUBMERGED AND NON SUBMERGED Geotextile tubes are water permeable, sandtight geotextile (either woven, non-woven, or composite). They are delivered as prefabricated elements to the site, with a number of inlet/ outlets for filling. The tube diameters can vary from about 1.6 to 5 m and the length may vary from 25 to 100 m depending on project specifics. When filled with sand or other granular materials the system acquires a pillow form. Geotextile tubes are typically suitable for applications above water and under water to about 6m water depth (i.e. emerged or submerged), and conveniently shall be hydraulically filled. Experience with sand-filled geosystems worldwide has shown that they can be used effectively as hidden components in coastal areas exposed to low wave energy and/or tidal regime. Geotextile tubes are a viable solution to contrast coastal erosion through a less invasive intervention that works in time, defining a progressive accretion of the beach as a result of gradual sand trapping.. The tubes are filled with sand and positioned in order to form a submerged bar that dissipates the energy coming from waves and trigger sand accumulation while allowing water to flow through the pores of the material. The geotextile used allows this structure to be colonized by vegetation in time, therefore becoming also a hotspot for marine flora and fauna.

Cross section of Geotextile tubes © Geotextile tubes as a replacement for rockfill for the polder dike in Saemangeum, South Corea - M. T. Harmsel, S. Hwang © Geotextile tube applications for constructions of the longest sea crossing bridge in Vietnam - Tack Weng Yee

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ACTIONS ON DUNES RECYCLING AND REPROFILING Recycling is the mechanical shifting of sand, shingle, or boulders from an area of accretion to an area of erosion. Reprofiling refers to the direct transfer of material from the lower to the upper beach or the transfer of sand down the dune face from crest to toe. It provides an artificial buffer between the dune face and the erosive forces of the sea. Where the beach is stable or recovering, it accelerates the development of new foredunes. This approach is enhanced combined with vegetation transplanting and dune thatching.

Cross section of recycling and reprofiling

DUNE THATCHING

Thatching of exposed dunes using waste cuttings from forestry or other low-cost materials, is a way to stabilise sand, reducing trampling and protecting vegetation. Low cost, local materials available are used.It does not require amy skills or machinery to achieve success, but continued maintenance is important. Carried out with dune gross planting to encourage dune stability.It has minimal impact on natural system.

Cross section of Dune thatching

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GABION REVETMENTS Gabions are wire mesh baskets filled with cobbles or crushed rock. Since they are flexible and porous, they absorb some wave and wind energy, and reduces the scour problems associated with impermeable sea defences. It provides short term (5-10 years) protection from backshore erosion by absorbing wave energy along the dune face. The porous structures they will allow the growth of vegetation under favourable conditions. Gabions should be placed on a smooth sloping revetment.

Cross section of recycling and reprofiling

DUNE GRASS PLANTING

Enhances the natural dune recovery. Reservoir of sand held in planted foredunes which provides a buffer to resist storm erosion. Transplanting marrom grass /Ammophila orenarial to the lace of eroded dunes enhances the natural development of dunes above the limit of direct wave. Sand couch grass /Elymus farclus or lyme gross / leymus arenarius) is transplanted to encourage growth of new foredunes along the edge of existing dunes.These species are tolerant to occasional inundation by seawater.

Cross section of Dune grass planting

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ROCK REVETMENTS Rock revetments are used to control erosion by armouring the dune face. They dissipate the energy of storm waves and prevent further recession of the backshore if well designed and maintained. The benefit of permeable revetments is to reduce the erosive power of the waves by wave energy dissipation in the interstices of the revetment. They provide long-term protection which can be extended or modified to allow for future shoreline change. They also have unlimited structure life.

Cross section of Rock revetments

SANDBAG STRUCTURES

Sandbags of various sizes and lengths are used to form temporary reefs, groynes, breakwaters, headlands, or revetments on sand beaches. Sturdy geotextile bags are filled with local beach sand and therefore have a relatively low cost. Sandbag structures can be placed without the need for costly equipment or skilled labour. They are used to form any form of shoreline structure but will have a short life expectancy due to lack of resistance to physical damage (wave borne debris impacts or vandalism) and the effects of UV sunlight.

Cross section of Sandbag structures

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DUNE FENCING

Natural dune recovery enhanced. It has limited resistance to storm erosion and can be enhanced by vegetation transplanting.It has minimal impact on natural system. Used to control public access and to improve other systems.Construction of semi-permeable fences along the seaward side of dunes will encourage the deposition of windblown sand, reduce trampling, and protect existing or transplanted vegetation.This method is used in conjunction with other management schemes to encourage dune stabilisation and reduce environmental impacts.

Cross section of Dune fencing

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+ PROJECTS AND CASE STUDIES LEARNING FROM OTHERS

In this last part, we would like to present a selection of projects, some “older”, but not for this reason, no longer valid, and others more recent, that we have found interesting and advanced in proposing solutions for the reuse of demolition materials and for the regeneration of the coastal environment and dune restoration. Many of these projects have inspired us to develop our strategies and our project in the area of the Marine of Lecce. For this reason we propose them here, as “guidelines” of good practices. The selection is divided into two parts, the first concerns the reuse of demolition waste materials. The projects that we have selected here range from reuse in the construction of new naturalistic morphologies, (landfills), reuse for creation of pavings, walls,

urban furnitures and new buildings, and finally even the “reuse” as a legacy of historical and cultural memory, reinterpreted as a canvas for new artistic and architectural forms. The second part concerns projects that affect the coastal environment, which is a fragile system and constantly threatened by erosion, both for natural and anthropogenic factors. In this sense we have selected projects that, on the one hand, try to solve the problems, proposing technical and original solutions for dune restoration and beach nourishment, and on the other hand extend the possibilities of intervention to a more general regeneration of the coast, to make it attractive also from the point of view of human activities that can be carried out there.

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Monte Stella , Milan, Italy ,1954

DEBRIS REUSE, MORPHOLOGIES

Conceived by Piero Bottoni, the construction of Monte Stella had been carefully planned about the disposal and waste management, starting from the construction of concrete steps on which waste interchanged with earth has been dumped. Step after step Monte Stella was assuming its shape following a strategic plan of the disposal of different ‘types’ of materials:

The possibility to create new «natural» environments using inertia as morphological structure of new soils The disruptive landscape role of new hills in pre-existing flat contexts

at first the ruins of the war, than earth, usually pebbly, excavated during the construction of new buildings and then for years urban undifferentiated waste, it was definitely closed at the end of the sixties.

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Northala Fields Park, London, UK, 2008

Garraf Natural Park, Barcelona, Spain, 2003-in progress

London’s largest contemporary park, made by the architects LDA Design, planned the construction of a new monumental landform on site utilizing 165,000 rubble trucks coming contruction sites from a pool of London-wide development areas such as Heathrow Terminal 5, White City and Wembley Stadium. The Northala Fields Park, 27 hectares of space open in West London once abandoned and now revived with large fishing lakes parks and four hills that have already entered the history of the urban landscape.

The architects Battleiroig, enivsage the restoration of The Vall d’en Joan waste deposit which was used as a dumping site since 1974. In this project the aim was not to imitate the nature that existed previously, and it was also impossible to do it with more than 100 m of rubble underneath. The objective was to create agricultural fields with Leguminosae (commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family) that provided hydrogen and cows and sheep that helped create life in a soil that had lost it. These fields have their terraces, slopes, water channels, and their retention ponds for irrigation. Thus, it was possible to bring life back to a place full of plastic and methane, so that it finally becomes part of the Natural Park as if it were an old agricultural area.

This approach to recycling has also significantly contributed to shrinking the ecological footprint of London by avoiding 165,000 lorry journeys several hundred miles long to outlying tips.

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DEBRIS REUSE, STRUCTURES The possibility to create new pavings and structures, like walls and furnitures, reusing waste inertia as the main medium.

Tudela-Culip, Cap de Creus, Spain, 2010

A restoration project by EMF + Ardevol comprises of: The selective demolition of 450 constructions and the paradigmatic management of 42.000m3 of residual infrastructure, recycling 100% of the material. Extraction of exotic invasive flora. Restoration of the orography and drainage to reestablish the natural dynamics of erosion and transportation of sediments. It’s for public use which highlights the values of the site: in the developing and creating a hierarchy of platforms and proposing a network of viewpoints and panels indicating rocks which are suggestive of animal forms.

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Urban Outfitters Headquarters, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011

Jardin Joyeux, La Maladrerie, Aubervilliers, France, 2016

In their design to reconfigure the shipyard landscape of Dock No.1 for Urban Outfitter’s corporate offices, D.I.R.T. studio sought to reveal the traces of previous production at the former Philadelphia Navy Yard. Innovating the usual “hog-and-haul” demolition approach, D.I.R.T. studio deployed a salvaging strategy that digests the “undesirable detritus” into a novel reuse. Large pieces of broken-up concrete were arranged into a new pattern of paving, with interspersed tree planting and stone dust filling the crevices. The technique achieved the reuse of 100% of demolition debris that typically ends up in a landfill.

An old car park was destroyed in 2015 and was considered by inhabitants as a none interest wasteland. Social landlord decided to transform this car park in a garden,offering new way of living and looking to the people around. The Wagon Landscaping project ambition was to transform a poor mineral place in a biodiversity garden, recycling materials on site with no exportation, enriching soil and planting various plants species chosen for their behaviour in extreme conditions and their self development. With more than 150 species planted, they succeded in creating an hybrid garden between wasteland and botanical gardens bringing new fertility to what is generally considered barren soil.

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Glenorchy Art and Sculpture Park (GASP!), Hobart, Australia, 2017 The site was formally used as a construction deck for the Bowen Bridge and new parts of the Tasman Bridge following its collapse in 1975. The studio McGregor Coxall together with Room 11 Architects, designed the second stage of GASP! to create a spectacular setting for art, sculpture and experience. In the project, the site’s industrial heritage has been retained through numerous design strategies including reuse of the existing concrete wharf and its supporting infrastructure and the reclamation and refinishing sea wall piers for seating. Existing finishes and materials have been complemented by reclaimed stone, new precast and in situ concrete and the wharf has been punctuated by new planting to bring colour to this incredibly exposed site.

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Regeneration of the Camí de Cabrianes, Sallent de Llobregat, Spain, 2019

Parco Giacomini, Motta di Livenza, Italy, 2019

Made by the architects estudi08014, this project is the first stage of regeneration of an old path that links the towns of Sallent and Cabrianes following the course of the Llobregat River, in an environment of riverside forests and small orchards. This project is a de-construction process: it provides the demolition of a concrete balustrade that defined an overly explicit boundary between infrastructure and landscape. A de-materialization process: to reintegrate architecture and environment through the use of local and low impact resources. An un-hiding process: to provide access to the open spaces on the path edges by cleaning them.

An abandoned area for the disposal of solid urban waste offers itself as an opportunity for the re-appropriation of an open space and the revitalization of a neglected wood. The park, made by MADE architects, has been built working through simple operations of subtraction, filling, digging, cutting,recovering the materials available on site. Portions of concrete were subtracted to make the soil permeable, and to plant new trees necessary. The vertical surfaces arranged in succession have become the space for recreational activities. Some parts freed from the concrete have been deliberately without organized planting, to allow the arrival of new seeds and the free evolution of vegetation that will want to settle here spontaneously.

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East Side Galley, Berlin, Germany, 1990

REUSE, MEMORY AND ART

After the Berlin wall was torn down in 1989, artists David Monty and Heike Stephan met with GDR (German Democratic Republic) officials to discuss creating an art piece out of the Eastern Wall. It was agreed that the Mühlenstrasse section of the wall would be kept up as a public art exhibit. Artists were invited to create art pieces on the wall, with many still being on display today. By the end of 1990, over 100 artists from around the world had created artwork on the East Wall. The East Side Gallery is the prominent modern exhibition of the Berlin Wall today. The 1.3-kilometer-long gallery is one of the world’s largest open-air art galleries and one of the premier tourist attractions of Berlin.

In this part we selected some project in which, parts of, or the entire existing abandoned structure are re-imagined to create new forms of spaces and new forms of artistical expression, and become new places of collective gatherings and attractions.

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Ha’Riviera Seaside Gallery, Bat Yam, Israel, 2011

Grindbakken, Ghent, Belgium, 2012

The abandoned nightclub, Riviera, on Bat-Yam Beach, has been transformed by Derman Verbakel Architecture, into a space for artists to live and create art on site inside and outside the gallery. The design blurs the distinction between beach life and gallery culture by opening up the façade and revealing the original colonnade and allowing for the beach sand to continue inside as a stabilized sand floor. The roughness of the interior has been kept by only painting the existing structural grid and adding light elements. The intent was to create an exhibition space you can visit in a bathing suit while eating ice cream.

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Belgian design collective Rotor interfered with the restoration of these disused dockside gravel pits to reveal traces of Ghent’s industrial past. The Grindbakken pits were formerly used to transfer sand and gravel between ships and lorries, but were being cleaned up and painted white to be used for events and exhibitions as a multi purpose public space. A painstaking process of cleaning and painting took place at 36 selected sites that are now ready as blank canvases to exhibit artwork, hold local gatherings, and serve similar social and creative purposes.

Observatory New Terbregge, Rotterdam Netherlands, 2001 Designed by Observatorium this work of art is located on the north side of the A20 in Rotterdam. After it’s construction it has become a war memorial site. It can be described as an enclosed garden with a viewpoint on a noise bund as it establish a connection between the A20 and the residential area behind it. The garden and the staircase are composed of slabs of used asphalt. The viewpoint and the pavilion are made of crash barriers. The pavilion, which is made up of crash barriers, is located in a courtyard that is walled with recycled pieces of asphalt (residual waste from an old construction road).

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Broken Circle/Spiral Hill, Emmen, The Netherlands, 1971

Ricomposizioni - Giumello, Giumelo, Italy, 2014

This work is placed in an active sand quarry located on the edge of the town Emmen in the rural province of Drenthe. In contrast to the flat polder landscapes of the Netherlands, this site complied with the artist’s preference for exposed geological strata and the disrupted appearance of post-industrial landscapes. Smithson dug into the coastline, flooding the dykes to form an interlocking canal and pier. The center of the sculpture is a single glacial boulder set against the hillside above which presents a winding spiral path. The work reiterates the irreversible impact of industry. The earth can never return to how it was before, but with its beauty and truth it invites us to re-evaluate the relationship between the natural and the built environment.

Martino Pedrozzi’s project focuses on the ruins of small stone huts located in the high mountains (above 2000m), which have been abandoned since the 1950s. Pedrozzi with his “Re-Composition” puts in place a minimal operation of rearrangement of the remains of these collapsed buildings, reorganizing them within their original perimeter.These interventions raise questions about the historic landscape which is not considered as heritage, but, stripped of all meanings, is brought back to the ancestral concept of the alpine landscape. Pedrozzi removes the “house” function of the building, which no longer has any meaning due to its abandonment, and with his intervention aims to restore and preserve its public function as geometry and volume in a context, maintaining the memory of a world that no longer exists.

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DUNES - COAST RESTORATIONS PROJECTS Creating and protecting beaches and sand dunes with natural or artificial measures.

Grand Bend Beach (North and South), Ontario, Canada The project grew the dunes sustainably while balancing the impacts of tourism. Dune restoration with marram grass planted and snow fencing installed to help the dunes grow. Snow fencing helps to protect dunes from human impact, while also collecting sand during the beginning of the dune’s formation. Dune growth at the beach has been successful, so much so that the dune grasses was transplanted from Grand Bend to other locations to reduce erosion and protect the nearby slopes.

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Sand Motor, Ter Heijde coast, Netherlands (2011 - 2021)

Living Breakwaters Project, Staten island, New york (2015 - 2024)

The Sand motor , implemented in Delfland coast , is a mega-nourishment project, commenced for the preservation of coastline and protection against flooding. It also leaves large room for marine activities and nature development and gives a better understanding of the coastal behaviour. The project includes extraction of large amount of sand from offshore, depositing it along the coastline and the natural processes redistributes the sand overtime. It is a buffer against sea level rise and mitigate impacts of storms and coastal flooding. The benefits include natural dune growth and preservation of wide beach , knowledge development and innovation for coastal maintenance and added value of leisure and nature .

The project was concieved to protect the south shore of Staten island, which is vulnerable to wave action and erosion. The area gaced serious damage in a hurricane , due high dredging and diminishing oyster reefs. The project was made to connect physical, social, ecological resilience. It is like a lace of breakwaters int he shoreline , that will work towards reducing risk, reviving ecologies, and connect the local people to the marine. It includes different projects that contribute to the benefits ; Living breakwaters, Shoreline restoration, Active oyster restoration by billion oyster project and educational and research programmes. The project aims are building physical resilience , Ecological resilience, and social resilience associated with the shore.

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Amager Beach Park , Copenhegan, Denmark, 2013 A project by Haslov and Kjaersgaard Planners and Architects it envisage a urban recreational development projects, close to the city centre of Copenhagen. The beach park has transformed the coastal landscape of the city and the island of Amager. It is a large-scale landscape that provides a contrast to the density of the Copenhagen waterfront. It not only serves recreational purposes for the local population but is also a coastal defence structure to protect the main coastline. This artificial approach is a very good example of combining ecosystem-based approaches with coastal defence aspects.

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The New Hondsbossche Dunes, Petten, Netherlands, 2015

Prince Hendrikzanddijk, Texel, Netherlands, 2019

The principle of ‘building with nature’ has been used to strengthen this formerly weak spot in the Dutch coastline. A sandy and dynamic solution instead of a hardscape approach ( in this case envisaging the construction of a dike) creates opportunities for ecological development and recreational activities. By connecting the Schoorl dunes and Pettemer, one of the longest uninterrupted dunescapes in the Netherlands has been created. A place with varied topography, overgrown with native vegetation, with young drifting dunes, wet valleys, and a generous beach attracting visitors from the wider area. A soft, natural barrier of 30 million cubic meters of dredged sand was placed on the sea side of the dike by EcoShape to create a soft, shallow foreshore with a variety of dune habitats.

The Zeedijk of the Prins Hendrikpolder is being reinforced by a new dune landscape. The dune landscape provides a safe flood defense system for the future and gives an impulse to the ecosystem. The area will gain 200 hectares of new nature: a sandy, dynamic area that gives an impulse to the nature of the Wadden system. The new dunes will connect to the existing dunes at the southern tip of Texel and gradually merge into the Wadden nature of salt marshes, mud flats and sand flats. The spatial development plan pays a lot of attention to the natural appearance of the new dune zone. Between three high dune heads are rows of dunes with smaller differences in height and micro-relief.

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DUNES - COAST REACTIVATION PROJECTS skfnduafndofsaidfaisvba efinwofnrwoeifvnrwovnwoefniwoc eifnwofnwofceovoveofvjrevcjmeo

Concrete sand dune on Rotterdam beach

Dutch artist collective Observatorium has created a concrete installation that takes cues from the surrounding sand dunes on a Rotterdam beach.The Zandwacht structure has 92 slender, concrete pieces in the same colour as the sand of the city’s Maasvlakte 2 beach. They took inspiration from how sand is blown upwards by the wind, the path it traces through the air and how it settles. And the structure, taking up an 800 sq ft spot on the beach, could eventually form a dune itself. In that way, maybe in 10, 20 or 30 years, the Zandwacht will be covered by sand.

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National Park Center Thy, Thy, Denmark, 2021

Resilient + The Beach ,Ocean and Monmouth, New Jersey, 2014

The small town of Nørre Vorupøre is shaped by the harsh condition on the Danish Westcoast. The forces of nature are ever-present here with the heavy waves of the north sea right on the doorstep, strong winds and drifting sand. A new nature centre is to be built on the town square, forming one of three gates to the nature reserve of National Park Thy. The nature reserve borders the town, and already today the town square frames the meeting between culture and nature. Our proposal is shaped by the forces of nature and adjusted to the harsh conditions here. The new nature centre preserves this experience of the dunes arriving at the town floor and utilize the meeting.

Sasaki’s proposalfocuses on resiliency for the Jersey Shore. The project goal is to protect future communities as well as the role of the beach as a cultural icon and economic driver for the Jersey Shore. To accomplish this, ecological relationships, beach infrastructure, tourism, and settlement patterns will be adapted to accommodate new modes of beach travel. Sasaki’s design explores a more organic boardwalk form. The new boardwalk provides infrastructure to capture sand and form dunes, creating protection while also serving as habitat area for beach wildlife to attract visitors. The design also improves inland lakes and green infrastructure to absorb surge and provide an improved urban character. The site for this project is Asbury Park, New Jersey.

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+ STRATEGIES

FOR A BETTER ENVIRONEMENT AND A BETTER LIVING

In this part we address the strategy and design. As regards the strategies we decided to “unpack” them in several fronts that work in synergy with each other. The first part concerns the demolitions, which in our opinion are necessary to proceed to the reappropriation of places, either to open them to the public, or to convert them to natural areas. We understand that demolishing is a destructive action and that it needs compensation for those entitled to it. For this reason, we have foreseen that a part of the demolished volumes will be rebuilt, in the chosen densification areas.Following these two steps,we have foreseen three strategies. The first, Re link, aims to reconnect the Marines both with Lecce and with each other. This is a fundamental passage because, so far, Torre Chianca, Torre Rinalda and Spiaggiabella are ‘isolated ’. They can only be reached by car or, as we already saw, by bus with uncertain times and schedules. Therefore our goal is to implement a reconnection

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system that provides both fast and slow mobility, so that the Marinas can be reached in reliable times and can truly be considered as a ‘ district ’of Lecce. The second, Reclaim, concerns renaturalization. We want to protect, implement, and where absent, rebuild the natural systems that are characteristic of the place.This is not only because of their essentiality in the maintenance of balance in the present characterised by climate change ,but also because they are a potential, yet unexpressed, of the territory, to generate economic activity. Third and last strategy, Regeneration, concerns the reactivation of the Marine creating activities and leisure opportunities. Our goal is to reverse the trend, growing slowly and steadily, of abandonment of the territory. We want the Marine to be part of the city of Lecce and at the same time to differentiate themselves from it in terms of cultural, artistic and naturalistic offer.

B us /A Fast . R .T mobility Fast m o b ilit y A.R.T.

Geotextile Submerged Tubes

Slow mobilityC iclyng Network

BeachA ccretion Zone

Public Spaces / ServiceA reas

DunesR egenerationa rea

Common Grounds

DunesB ufferA rea

Biodiversity Hub / Research and Learning activities

Reclaimed Soil Wetlands

NewL idi / Accesses to thes ea

Reclaimed Soil

Activity Landscape / Sport and Leisure

NewT rees planting Areas

Events Room / Multifunctional Spaces

Flood Hazard areas

TheT owers

WaterE lements

Open Museums

Woodlands

DensificationA reas

Wetlands

ParkingL ots Pathways Network

STRATEGY PLAN -

STRUCTURE

PROJECT PHASING

EARLY ESTABLISHMENT 2022 / 2030

2020 Selective Demolitions of Illegal houses

•

Infill of underwater geotextile tube

•

Crushing

infill of geotextile tube for hybrid dunes

Selection of materials and classifications of treatments according to the use envisioned:

•

Landfills

•

Furniture and Gabion Walls

•

Pathways

•

New constructions

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Pulverizations Recycle in Factory

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

RECLAMATION AND CONSTRUCTIONS

2050 / xxxx

2030 / 2050

2020

Accumulation of Sand and Beaches Accretions

Positioning of the Geotextile tubes for the Beach Accretion; Creation of the Dunes Protected Buffer area;

Dunes Formations and Stabilizations

Fencing of of the Dunes in mediocre conditions;

Following Natural Processess

Positioning of the Geotextile tubes for the Wetland Corridor Creation

Hybrid Dunes creation; Planting for Phytodepuration of the soils interested by demolitions

Phase 2: Improve Slow Mobility Network

Re-Link: Build Mobility Network

Finishing the works for the Public spaces

Re-Generate: Construction of the points of

Houses relocation in the Densification Areas

interest

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DEMOLITIONS Illegal construction has been an enduring phenomenon in Italy, especially on the coast of southern Italian regions, which have undergone a huge urbanization process since the 60s. Demolition of unauthorized buildings, therefore, is not only aimed at restoring legality conditions, neither is an act of mere restoration of a pre-existing environment. It has to be intended as a tool to reorganize the urban space into a more efficient, safe and beautiful settlement which reassign value to legal private assets themselves. Demolitions assests the possibility of turning a disordered and poorly infrastructured place into a more efficient and thought environment which safeguard the threatened natural spaces and the people living in it (preventing disasters like like flooding and slides). In the Marine Area unauthorized buildings are many.Torre Chianca, Spiaggiabella and Torre Rinalda born and developed as chaotic settlements without planning. For our project we envision the demolitions of the illegal constructions which are in areas of hydrogeological risk and which are breaking the continuity of natural landscapes. Houses, lidi and roads build on the sea obstructing the regular evolution the the dunal system, or build in a wetland area, fragmenting a very fragile ecosystem. These demolitions, are not only to protect natural resource but are also intended to protect the people which are living in unhealthy and unsafe conditions at risk of seeing their property flooded or collapsed ( geological instability) or covered in sand.

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Criteria: Demolitions due to Hydrogeological risk of flood hazard

Criteria: Demolitions due to fragmentation of Dunes System & issues of coastal erosion and sea level rise

Criteria: Demolitions due to Broken Continuity of Ecological Corridors and Wetlands

DEMOLITION DEBRIS CALCULATIONS For the estimation of demolition debris, the following guideline was followed: “Fema 329 Debris Estimating Field Guide” “ITC Debris Quantification Estimation - Abruzzo Earthquake 6/04/ 2019”. For the calculation we considered Buildings of 1 floor, height 3.8m ; fences of height and thickness 1.8m and 0.2m respectively, pavings of plots and roads both thickness 0.2m; For the estimations of debris volumes we considered

the buildings as mixed structure so as a rule of thumb, the coefficient, incidences of full volumes compared to voids over solids, was set at 30% The formula used is this one: Total building volume (including air space) x 30% = Volume of the debris

Pie chart of total debris acquired

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PROCESS TO REUSE THE WASTE MATERIALS As our aim is to recycle as much as possible of the material coming from the demolitions and to reuse them on site, we tought that during the deconstruction phase the different materials should be sorted into the different categories, taking care to separate aggregates from non-inert materials and from toxic or non-recyclable materials. The sorted materials should then be collected in temporary storage areas located along the road network and on brownfield sites, so that it is more accessible for the further uses.

environmental part. In other part of the project, instead, those materials are going to be used for the construction of new paving for public spaces, for the cycle path and for urban furniture. Some parts of the existing structures are going to be kept, to be a support for new activities and functions. In this case we envisaged some actions of cutting, removing, and displacing in order to create a more livable and enjoyable environment.

In our project we envisage the reuse of inert materials in the creation of new Naturalistic Morphologies, Hybrid Dunes and Breakwaters,concernig the

Scheme of Reuse of demolition materials

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RELOCATIONS AND DENSIFICATIONS

WHO

ELIGIBLE: Homeowners who have a regularly built home or who have obtained a building permit

NOT ELIGIBLE: Owners of an illegally built house which have not received a building amnesty

COMPENSATION

NO COMPENSATION If the owner undergoes the demolitions by himself the scenario goes back to compensation.

Expropriation: the municipality purchases and becomes the owner of the plot

If the P.A. undergoes the demolitions, the plot becomes property of the municipality/ state for free.

WHERE Relocation: The eligible owner is offered a new house in a less constrained area

Unpaved lots that are not subject to constraints and suitable for construction are selected WHY

The new building interventions will include commercial activities and collective facilities in addition to the new housing. The owner of the plot will be incentivized through concessions, exchanges and also through the possibility of managing the services and activities planned on the plot itself. At the same time, as a resident, he will benefit from the use and proximity of these services.

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CRITERIA FOR RELOCATIONS

1. SAFETY The area that we have chosen for denisification is located in Torre Chianca, in a part that is not affected by the risk of flooding, and is not subject to phenomena of soil instability (sinkholes - landslides). This part of the city has numerous abandoned lots of different shapes and sizes that could be used for relocations.

2. ACCESSIBILITY We selected abandoned plots which had direct access to the main roads of Torre Chianca, and have accessibility from more sides. In some case, we have also chosen plots which don’t have direct access to the main road, in that case, anyway they should also be close to it.

3. DIMENSIONS The plots chosen might have a dimension between 1000 to 6000 m2. These big plots might be divided into smaller ones of about 500 m2, and the maximum area which can be build inside can be around 145 m2.

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RECONNECTING THE MARINES WITH LECCE CITY Our Relink Strategy acts on different layers. It foresees the reconnection of the Marine between them and with the city of Lecce with a fast mobility lane, the ART (Autonomous Rapid Transit) which is a trackless electric tram or called a bus-tram.

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The second level of the project foresees the implementation of the bus system and the creation of a cycle-pedestrian lane inside the Marine that increases slow mobility.

RENATURATING THE LANDSCAPE 1. BEACH ACCRETION AND DUNES FORMATION One of our main aim is the restoration of the Dunal system which has an essential role in making the coast resilient and which is one of the most damaged environemnt present on site, as it has been eroded and fragmented by human activities and action.We envisage 3 different methods to restore it according to the “quality” of the existing system

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2. REMEDIATION OF DEMOLITION SOILS, WETLAND CORRIDOR In the second part of our reclamations strategies we focused on the natural environment present in the Marine Area. After the dunal system, infact, we see the presence of a wetland area, (a depression that can be flooded by water), which is very rich in biodiversity and is threatened by the expansion and erosion made by urban tissue. As we envisage the demolitions of buildings which are in the flood risk area,thus in the wetland area, we will “free” a space now occupied by houses and roads. As we know that the urban soils are not fertile and are too compacted we imagined that they can undergo a reclamation process to speed up the time in which they can be colonized by the natural vegetation of the place. Our aim is to create a wetland corridor which can connect the lagoons already present on site, from Fetida Basin to Idume till Fiumicello marshland.

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3. FRINGES In our third part of the reclamation strategy, we envisage the plantation of new trees which can act as intermediate fringes, protecting on one side, the wetland environment and the dunes spaces from human distrubance, on the other side, can create a gradient of naturality so that even urban spaces have a tree-lined backdrop and are not in direct relationship with a completely natural environment. In some part, we broke this rule, creating spaces in which it is possible to direcly interact with the natural setting. The trees planted have to be resistant to a high level of salinity, ( especially the ones imagined along the dunal system, and the other ones have to be suitable to high level of water presence.

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CREATING A SYSTEM OF ACTIVITIES AND LANDSCAPE OPPORTUNITIES The Regeneration Strategy aims at creating a system of dispersed activities in the landscape, so that the area of the Marines can be lived and enjoyed all year long. We would like, infact, to change the scenario in which the Marine are abandoned for much of the time except summer. We aim to attract young people, imagining the creation of multifunctional spaces that can host festivals, outdoor events, open galleries (where local and non-local artists can express their creativity), street food events, which can take place all months of the year.

NEW CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES

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At the same time, we want to give depth to the natural uniqueness in which the Marine are immersed, giving the opportunity to both young and old to relate to the new naturalized spaces, so that they become more aware of the beauty and relevance that these places have. Third point, we thought that the Marinas could become a place to have fun, go out for a walk and play sports. We have imagined a scenario in which on sunny weekends, even in winter, this place is a space of aggregation even simply to spend a few hours with friends.

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Finally, we realise that Marines need services and commercial areas, resting places, cafés, and everything necessary to be able to live outside and not only inside one’ s home. For this reason, we thought of associating equipped public spaces with the points of interest of the project. As we can’t show everything about the activities we have imagined could be developed here, we have decided to focus our project on two interesting proposals. The first concerns the creation of a “sports promenade” leading to access to the sea, the second concerns the creation of an “openair gallery”,which could also be converted to host functions other than exhibitions and display.

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MASTERPLAN YEAR 2050

Legend

ZOOM 1: THE ACTIVE PROMENADE

After having demolished the lidos built close to the beach and the houses that prevented the formation of the dunes, we decided to develop the project as a promenade whose red thread is linked to sports activities. In the area was already present, in fact, a soccer field, which we have maintained, so we decided to implement this “vocation” by imagining the area as a meeting point for young people. We have therefore added equipped areas with ping pong tables, a tennis court (double) and a volleyball court. These elements are located in areas paved with the reuse of demolition materials. Another constituent element of the project is the module “urban box” that can perform different functions such as dining, kiosk, rest area that can be composed in different forms and creating various situations. It is a wooden structure, which can be raised and equipped with elements of street furniture. The module in question performs, in this area, the functions of kiosk, point for parking bikes, and rental of equipment for water sports (surfboards), storage and changing rooms on the beach. The promenade, in fact, provides access to the beach via a raised walkway (or a removable walkway lying on the ground, which adapts to the morphology of the dunes) which then connects with the system of urban boxes on the beach intended as a “new” lido. The car parking, made of asphalt, and not permeable, will be moved to a more internal area and in its place will be created a garden keeping pieces of the paving. Regarding the strategy of renaturation, the dunes, which are absent in some places, will be recreated from the geotextile concrete/filled (hybrid dunes) and a protected area will be created for their expansion. At the edge of this area there will be a system of elevated wooden paths, to move in the renaturation area of the wetland, intended as a corridor between the Idume and the Fetida basin.

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10m

158

DETAILED SECTIONS

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THE URBAN BOX MODULES

The module can be equipped and composed in different ways according to the function which might be provided. It is removable and more modules can be combined to create a large variety of spaces.

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THE PATHWAYS AND FLOORINGS

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THE ASPHALT GARDEN

A huge parking lot, semi abandoned, is actually present in the area. We are planning to change this great impermeable surface into a garden as the parking will be moved to another part of Torre Chianca. The asphalt flooring will be broken and fragmented into pieces, creating an irregular and permeable surface which can be slowly colonized by plants. The area will be planted in some parts creating a peculiar and characteristic garden made with demolitions materials.

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VIEW OF THE PROMENADE

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VIEW FROM THE BEACH / TODAY

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VIEW FROM THE BEACH / TMEPORARY LIDI PROJECT

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Legend

ZOOM 2: THE PARADISO EXPO

The design area for the Paradiso Expo is the Paradiso Square , situated in close proximity to the Fetida basin, which primarily functions as a large parking lot for the area , hence completely asphalted, and has a secondary function as being the venue for temporary markets. This area having undegone demolitions under the flood risk constraint and the coastal buffer constraint , seemed like an appropriate area for a design intervention, already having a function as a public venue. The design intervention began with renaturation of almost half of the parking lot, from the coast for natural dune expansion . The roads running along the parking and also the two adjacent streets going towards the coast , has been retained as walkways for the Expo project. The parking lot is divided into two parts, an asphalted ground , retaining the existing ground material, and a green area , where the asphalt is removed and replanted with grass and vegetation. These two parts, function as event spaces separately as well as extensions of each other depending on the size, requirement and quality of the events hosted . On the area adjacent to the Paradiso Square , we have retained some buildings by selective demolitions, which has a new function as open art galleries. These become symbols of the history of illegal housing along the coast, but with a new meaning and purpose by respecting the natural environment.The art galleries can host art exhibitions, art events, and performances by artists and they connect the people to the landscape in a different way. Located close to the Fetida basin, the gallery extents through a green area into the natural landscape, giving a feeling of art merged to the environment. The strategy of renaturation includes creation of hybrid dunes by geotextile tubes, creating fencing for protection. The exisiting Fetida basin area will be expanded for creating a wetland with a proper tree buffer and vegetation, to function as water retention areas, preventing flooding in the surrounding urban areas .The movement through these areas will be by elevated wooden paths which connect the people to the new coast and wetland created.

Wetland regeneration

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10m

168

DETAILED SECTIONS

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THE DESIGN EXTRUTION AND DESIGN ELEMENTS

Exisitng condition

Design extrution

The design area for the expo and art galleries are the Paradiso square and the adjacent residences, that underwent selective demolition.The project proposes the reuse of abandoned and demolished buildings into different art venues.

Reuse of abandoned buildings

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THE EVENT GROUND AND PUBLIC SPACES

Events and composition

The event space has different compositions depending on the event, where both the areas can be used togetherfor large events, as two separate venues for different activities and also for clusters of different events.

Public spaces

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THE WETLAND RENATURATION AND DEBRIS REUSE Wetland regeneration is one of the major interventions in the project, where the Fetida basin is expanded and replanted with vegetation and undulations, in order to be have a higher biodiversity and also to function as a natural sponge during flooding events.The basin has access for the people, to explore and be aware of the natural system and connect with nature.

Vegetation

Pinus pinea

Pinus pinaster

Erianthus ravennae Juncus acutus

Myrtus communis Tamarix africana Ammophilia littoralis

Juncus gerardii Phragmaties australis Plantago crassifolia

Expanded and deepened Wetlands Proposed walkway Berm : constructed to prevent water seepage

Debris Reuse

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Potamogeton pectinatus Ruppia maritima

VIEW OF THE OPEN ART GALLERIES

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VIEW FROM THE CENTRAL WALKWAY

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VIEW OF THE EXPO GROUND

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i b l i o g r a p h y

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