Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 102: BRRRRR! The Science of Keeping Warm by Whizz Pop Bang

Make your own thermometer

ISSN 2399 -2840

THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS! Howos m thersks fla k wor

e c n e i c s m e r Th a w g n i p e e Make upcycled of k hand warmers

CRAFT WADDLING PENGUINS

CREATE A SNOW GLOBE WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 102

EXPERIMENTS PUZZLES AMAZING FACTS SCIENCE NEWS

WELCOME!

Brrr! Let’s wrap up and discover the science of keeping out the cold! Emmi

WHIZZ POP BANG is made by:

Wint er can be a magical tim e of snowflake s, sledging and snowball fights, but it’s impo and warm in the cold. In this rtant to stay snug cosy wint er edition of Whizz Pop Bang, we’ll discove staying toasty! Mak e your ow r the science be hind n hand warmers, investigat e ins thermome te r, se w cosy ulation and then snuggle up with some de licious mulled ap ple juice! I’ve made a tasty warming drink!

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Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Joe Inglis and Owen Inglis

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As well as our writers, we also have a team of science advisers who help to ensure that our content is accurate, up-to-date and relevant. Our advisers include: palaeontologist Steve Brusatte; molecular microbiologist Matt Hutchings; robotics engineer Abbie Hutty; mechanical engineer Aimee Morgans; GP Dr Cathy Scott; astronomer Mark Thompson; physicist Dr Jess Wade; child psychologist Dr Naira Wilson. To find out more, go to whizzpopbang.com/about

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Welcome to WHIZZ POP BANG – the magazine bursting with enticing articles, mind-boggling facts and hands-on experiments to get your child hooked on science! Whizz Pop Bang is a gender-neutral magazine with plenty of inspirational male and female scientists and content that appeals to all children.

The magazine is ideal for home educators and it’s linked to the national curriculum too, for use in schools. Whizz Pop Bang will help with literacy development as well. Transform science teaching in your school with our hands-on science and reading resources. Our downloadable lesson packs link fun science experiments and reading with key curriculum topics for years 2-6. Subscribe at whizzpopbang.com/schools

All experiments have been tried and tested by our team. The activities should be done under close adult supervision and are done at your own risk. Launchpad Publishing Ltd cannot accept liability for damage done.

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© 2024 Launchpad Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of WHIZZ POP BANG without written permission is prohibited. Illustrations: © 2024 Clive Goodyer

CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

Read about playful bumblebees, a mysterious cosmic ray from space and some good news for blue whales. ge

KEEPING OUT THE COLD

ive rsi ty/R

12 ©

SILLY SCIENCE

Fill in the gaps to star in your own ridiculous snowy adventure story!

EMMI’S ECO CLUB er © Shutt

c sto

o k. c

17 Atom

Make upcycled hand warmers to pop in your pocket on chilly days.

t yo /K ity s r e etrop olitan Univ

PULLOUT

Craft waddling penguins and create a snow globe featuring a toy on a snowy day!

Dr Sirpa Rasmus is a geophysicist who studies snow and the people and animals that live in it.

HOW STUFF WORKS

Discover the secret of keeping hot chocolate warm for hours with a Thermos flask. flask

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

Ways that animals survive the cold, from super-thick fur to huddling for warmth.

I’d love to see pictures of your experiments! Send them to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag

Meet Louise Arner Boyd – the fearless explorer who filmed and photographed the snowy Arctic.

Y’S WONDER CLUB

rst oc k.c om

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

32 34

SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

28 te

INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

Sh ut

Read about the adaptations that help beautiful Arctic foxes thrive in the chilliest conditions.

ANIMAL ANTICS

yuunosuke Take

shi

Make your own thermometer and take an ice cube challenge as you discover the science of staying warm.

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION

Test your knowledge with our super-duper science quiz and win a window bird feeder.

JOKES AND ANSWERS

Laugh out loud at some awesome jokes and find the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

Have a look at a hotel room carved entirely from ice!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa

WINNER

An otter ballerina © Shutterstock.com

ife 2023

Check out the hilarious winners of the latest Comedy W ildlife Photography Awards. These awards aim to help people to better understand animals and their lives. The competition is free to enter and it’s open to kids – so grab a camera and head outside in search of some comical critters!

edy Wildlife 2023

Air Guitar Roo

ife 2023

Dispute

This year’s competition opens in March, with the deadline in July. Find out more here: bit.ly/3GoFkfW

BEE BALL CHAMPS

We often think of bees as hardworking, serious types, but new research suggests that bumblebees enjoy playing with balls like carefree kids! Researchers from the UK observed the bees rolling balls around a tray for no apparent reason other than fun. When given a choice between taking a clear route towards a treat or detouring into a play area full of balls, they opted to play ball. This research adds to mounting evidence that these insects have more complex minds and emotions than we realised. The team has previously shown that bumblebees can be taught to score a goal in exchange for a sweet treat.

Boing!

edy Wildlife 2023

Unexpected Plunge

edy Wildlife 2023

tle The Happy Tur

Watch the bumblebees playing here: bit.ly/480tDI5 © Tzahi Finkelstein / Comedy

Wildlife 2023

Snowball

Wildlife 2023

WHALES!

COSMIC MYSTERY Astronomers are baffled by the discovery of an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray coming from an apparently empty region of space. Cosmic rays with extremely high energy are exceptionally rare. This one – named the Amaterasu particle after the Sun goddess in Japanese mythology – has a million times more energy than particles produced in the Large Hadron Collider, the most powerful particle accelerator ever built. These kinds of particles can only be produced in extremely powerful cosmic events – something like a super-massive black hole – but when scientists traced where it came from, they found an empty area of space. “That’s the mystery of this,” said Professor John Matthews from the University of Utah. “What the heck is going on?” The Amaterasu particle was detected by the huge Telescope Array observatory in Utah’s West Desert in the US. Scientists hope that expanding the Telescope Array might help to solve this cosmic puzzle.

Watch the whales enjoying their new home here:

bbc.in/40Z9EHp

SNAIL-INSPIRED ROBOT TO CLEAN UP OCEANS Scientists from Cornell University in New York, USA, have developed a robot that could one day scoop plastic pollution out of the oceans. The robot’s design was inspired by the motion of the small aquatic Hawaiian apple snail, which collects food particles from the surface of the water. Most plastic collection devices are unable to remove microplastics from water. These tiny particles of plastic end up being eaten by animals and can enter the food chain, causing health problems in humans. The researchers hope their robot could be scaled up for use in oceans, seas and lakes.

whizzpopbang.com 5

Good news! Blue whales have returned to a part of the Indian Ocean where they were previously wiped out. These enormous mammals – the biggest creatures to have ever lived – were hunted for their meat, blubber and other body parts until there were none left in the area. But now, by using underwater microphones to record whale song, researchers have discovered that they’re back – and may even be breeding there. While blue whales are still an endangered species, global populations have been increasing since whaling (whale hunting) was banned.

WELCOME BACK,

KEEPING OUT THE COLD By Anna Claybourne

We all know that feeling of being all nice and warm – tucked up in a cosy bed or snuggled on the sofa...

What IS warmth – and why are some things hot while others are cold?

...but have you ever wondered how warmth actually works?

Prepare for some MICRO-SIZED SCIENCE!

W HAT M A K ES T H IN G S WA R M ? To understand temperat ure, we need to zoom do wn to the teeny-tiny little atoms tha t everything is made of.

Atoms are full of energy,

and are always jiggling and movin g.

Brrrrrr!

JIGGLE!

WIGGLE!

Heat energy

In colder things, atoms have less energy and move less.

Everything is made of tiny atoms. In hotter things, atoms have more energy and move around more. 6 whizzpopbang.com

In hotter things, they have more energy and move more.

oms? Why can’t you trust at Because they make up everything!

Heat is a type of energy that’s stored in atoms. The more they move, the more energy they have and the warmer the material becomes.

Warming up!

If you touch something that’s warmer than you, it warms you up!

So how does that work?

Pass it on! When something warm touches something colder, the atoms pass on their energy.

Hot choc mug Cold hands The faster, hotter atoms hit the colder ones

and make them move more too, so they warm up.

MAKE A THERMOMETER A thermometer measures temperature. It works because things get bigger as they warm up (heat expansion).

Yo u will need

small, clear plastic or glass bottle A Hand sanitiser Food colouring A clear reusable straw or a clear straw from a drink carton Plasticine, sticky tack or modelling clay A bowl of hot water

What you do 1. Fill the bottle to about a third full with equal parts hand sanitiser and water. 2. Add a few drops of food colouring.

Then they hit the atoms next to them, and the heat spreads across both objects.

Ahhh! Thanks! The warmer thing passes some of its energy to the colder thing, and they both end up the same temperature!

Warmer = bigger! What’s more, being warmer makes most things GROW. It’s called heat expansion.

As the atoms move more, they

PUSH against each other more, and move a bit further apart.

There are more than a million atoms in a grain of sand. Answer on page 34

3. With your hand over the top, shake to mix the liquids together. 4. Put the straw in, then press a big lump of Plasticine or clay around the top to hold the straw in place and make an airtight seal. The straw should be in the liquid, but not touching the bottom. 5. Stand the thermometer in the bowl of hot water and see what happens!

You should find

As the liquid warms up, it expands and gets bigger – and rises up the straw!

The warmer the liquid is, the higher it will rise

Try standing it outside on warm and cold days too.

Creature comforts

We humans have to keep warm to survive – and so do other living things, especially animals. But most animals don’t have warm houses or cosy clothes!

WARM BLOOD COLD BLOOD Endotherms (warm-

Ectotherms (coldblooded animals) don’t

blooded animals) make

their own heat inside their bodies. Mammals and birds are warm-blooded.

make their own body heat. They depend on their surroundings to control their temperature. They include most fish, reptiles and amphibians, as well as invertebrates like worms and insects. © valleyboi63 / Shutterstock.com

A warm-blooded polar bear makes heat inside its body. It stays warmer than its chilly surroundings.

So how do they do it?!

A cold-blooded lizard will bask in the sunshine to keep its body warm.

Soaking up the rays!

Hmm… so which are humans?

Warm-blooded – because we’re mammals!

Warm-blooded

animals make heat inside their bodies, while cold-blooded animals don’t. 8 whizzpopbang.com

Waiter, what’s this fly doing in my ice cream? Shivering, sir!

Can you sort these animals into endotherms and ectotherms? Colour the box red for warm-blooded and blue for cold-blooded. Check your answers on page 34.

THE WARMTH WITHIN

WINTER WARMER

The human body has to stay at around 37 °C. If we get much colder (or hotter), our organs won’t work properly.

And that would be BAD news!

Another way to warm up is to have a hot drink, like this delicious mulled apple juice for two.

Luckily, if you start getting too cold, your body has some clever ways of warming you up…

Yo u will need

Shiver me timbers!

00 ml (about two 5 mugfuls) of apple juice A cinnamon stick, or half a teaspoon of ground cinnamon A few pieces of torn-up fresh orange peel 3 cloves 1 teaspoon of honey or sugar A small saucepan A wooden spoon Two mugs

When you’re really cold, you shiver and your teeth ch-ch-chatter! Why? Doing this makes your muscles move a lot, and that generates heat!

Cold hands, warm heart! This old saying is really true! When it’s cold, your body narrows the blood vessels in your hands and feet, so they get less blood. Instead, the blood stays mostly in your torso and head, where your vital organs are, to keep them warm.

What you do 1. Put all the ingredients in a small saucepan and ask an adult to warm them gently on a hob for 5-10 minutes.

Getting goosebumps! Goosebumps happen when tiny muscles pull on the hairs all over your body, making them stand on end. Goosebump

Muscle

What’s white, furry and has wheels? A roller bear!

Animals get goosebumps too! Their fur sticks out, trapping a layer of air close to their skin. The still air gets warmed up by the body and acts like a blanket. Sadly, it doesn’t work as well for us, as humans have evolved to be less hairy. All photographs © Shutterstock.com

2. Stir a few times and then pour into mugs.

Check it’s not too hot before you drink it!

Wrap up warm!

Another way to keep warm is to stop heat from escaping. This is called insulation. Think about when you get under a cosy duvet…

Trapped air is a good insulator.

! E R NO

The duvet isn’t actually warm to start with.

Fluffy blankets and woolly jumpers contain lots of trapped air.

But it traps your body’s heat in, so it warms up inside… And you’re all toasty and snug!

Good insulators

Duvets can do this because they are good insulators. That means they are not good at conducting (or carrying) heat through them. That’s why the heat gets trapped!

Duvets and woolly jumpers keep you warm by stopping heat from escaping. We insulate our homes too, to keep them warm.

Plastic and wood are good insulators too.

That’s why metal pans often have plastic or wooden handles.

10 whizzpopbang.com

Loft insulation is like a thick blanket to stop heat going through the roof.

The metal isn’t a good insulator. It conducts heat well, so the whole pan gets hot quickly. The insulating handle stops you from getting burned.

Double-glazed windows have a layer of air in them to stop heat escaping. Some houses have insulation in the walls too.

ir d .

SAVE THE ICE CUBES! Snow is a good insulator. Answer on page 34

Insulated animals

Your mission is to stop ice cubes from melting. But which material is the best insulator?

You will need

Digital kitchen scales A small jug of water An ice cube tray and a freezer Four identical small plates or bowls Scissors

Warm-blooded animals often have their own natural insulation, especially if they live somewhere cold. Penguins’ feathers are oily and waterproof on the outside and soft and fluffy underneath to trap air and keep the heat in.

Whales, polar bears and seals have a thick layer of insulation inside their bodies.

What you do 1. First make your ice cubes. Pour water into the tray, making sure all the sections are filled to the top. Carefully place it in the freezer. 2. Cut a 20-cm-square piece of each material. They have to be the same size so it’s a fair test.

none

It’s called blubber, and it’s made of fat that acts like a blanket.

ool

gc Keepin

Insulation can keep things cool as well! Think of a picnic cool bag. You put your cold drinks and food inside.

The insulation stops heat from outside from spreading into the food and your picnic stays cool and fresh!

A ruler Three different materials, e.g. bubble wrap, clear food wrap, kitchen roll, newspaper or fabric

paper

bubble wrap

clear food wrap

3. When the ice cubes are frozen (this should take a few hours), take four of them out and find four that weigh the same. Quickly wrap three of them up neatly in the different materials. Which material do you think will keep the ice cube coldest? Leave one unwrapped to compare. 4. Put the ice cubes in the four bowls and leave until the unwrapped ice cube looks about half its original size. 5. Unwrap the ice cubes and quickly weigh them to compare how much they’ve warmed up and melted. Write down your results in this chart.

Material

F inishing weight

None

The heavier the ice cube, the less it has melted, so the better its insulation. Which material was best at stopping the ice cube from melting? This is the best insulator.

Arctic foxes

AL ANIM S TIC

This month, our vet Joe Inglis is heading north to get some tips on staying warm from an animal with some of the best fur in the world.

-70 °C The temperature at which Arctic foxes start shivering!

Arctic foxes (which are also known as white, polar or ice foxes) live in the icy tundra of the far north, an extreme environment where temperatures can drop as low as -70 °C. Weighing an average of 3.5 kg, Arctic foxes are similar in size to domestic cats, but their thick coats and super-fluffy tails make them look bigger.

3,500 km

The distance travelled by a female Arctic fox in 2018, from Norway to Ellesmere Island in Canada – the journey took just 76 days.

Circle the snowflake that’s identical in shape to this snowflake. Check your answer on page 34.

Meaty menu Arctic foxes are mainly carnivorous, which means they eat a very meaty diet. Their favourite food is a small rodent called a lemming – a family of foxes can eat 10 or more lemmings in a day! They also hunt voles, Arctic hares, fish and birds, and they steal eggs too. They even snack on seaweed or berries if times are tough.

12 whizzpopbang.com

Kings of the cold Arctic foxes have to cope with temperatures as much as 100 °C lower than their body temperature (which is around 37 °C, the same as ours). Surviving such extreme cold requires some very clever adaptations.

Fabulous fat – to survive the worst of the

winter cold, Arctic foxes fatten themselves up as much as possible in the autumn; body fat is a great insulator and a thick layer under the skin keeps them warm.

W inter woollies – Arctic

foxes have amazingly dense fur, which traps a layer of insulating air around their body to stop their body heat escaping. The thickness of their fur more than doubles in the winter to protect them from the very coldest Arctic temperatures.

Great balls of fur! –

when it gets really cold, Arctic foxes curl up into a tight ball, wrapping their furry tails around themselves like thick woolly scarves. © SHIROFOTO / Shutterstock.com

Why do Arctic foxes chase hares? We like fast food!

Less is more – Arctic foxes have

Keeping toe-sty – Arctic

foxes even have fur on the pads of their feet to keep their toes warm when they trot across the snow and ice. They can also change the flow of blood to their feet so they never freeze, even when walking on ice for hours on end.

evolved short limbs, small noses and little ears to keep the area of skin exposed to the cold as small as possible.

Going underground – when they’re not out hunting, Arctic foxes spend as much time as possible deep underground in their dens, where the temperature never gets super-cold.

Chills & thrills

s to create Fill in the blank y story a super snow

Without peeking at the story, fill in the word list, then write the words from your list into the numbered spaces in the story. We hope you have a chuckle as you read it out!

Unscramble these words, which can all be added to the word ‘snow’ to make a new word. Check your answers on page 34.

AMN TIRDF ESOH MOTSR ARDOB LBLA KLAFE AFLL 14 whizzpopbang.com

Your first name ��

An item of clothing (plural) ��

A moving verb �� (ending in ing)

A body part ��

An animal (plural) ��

A food (plural) ��

Where you live ��

Another moving verb �� (not ending in ing)

Another word for tired ��

Log cabins are nice, but igloos are cooler!

AND EMMI’S SNOWY ADVENTURE!

(1) ……………………………………………

“It’s been snow much fun staying in this log cabin in Alaska, but our trip is nearly over,” says Emmi. “I’ve got one last surprise,” says Y. “Today we’re going to build an igloo!” Excitedly, Emmi and (1) ………………………………… bundle up in warm (2) ……………………………… . They start (3) …………………………… across the snowy landscape to find the perfect spot. “Are we nearly there yet?” asks Emmi. “My (4) ……………………………… is freezing!” “This snow looks good,” says Y. “Not too powdery or too hard.” Y gets to work cutting blocks of snow, while Emmi and (1) ……………………………… put them in place. “We need to work fast,” says Emmi, “it gets dark early at this time of year.” “No problem, it’s easy freezy,” says (1) ………………………………… . Suddenly, a distant howl fills the air. “Y, are there (5) ………………………………… around here?” asks Emmi. “Yes, but don’t worry, they leave people alone.” Finally, they put the last blocks of snow in place and crawl through the entrance into their igloo. They put a blanket down to sit on and Y takes out a flask of hot chocolate and some (6) ………………………………… . “Yum!” says Emmi. “It’s much warmer in here than outside,” says (1) ………………………………… , tucking in. “That’s because snow is a really good insulator,” says Y. “It traps your body heat inside the igloo. Well, it’s time to go.” (1) …………………………………

is the first to scramble outside and says: “Look, someone in

town must be putting on a laser light show!” “That’s not lasers, that’s the Northern Lights,” says Emmi. “Wow, everyone back in (7) ………………………………………………………………… won’t believe it!” As they (8) ………………………………… back to the cabin, they all marvel at the spectacular green and purple lights dancing across the sky. Emmi starts to feel (9) ……………………………… . She says: “We leave tomorrow but that’s OK, there’s snow place like home!”

b... clu O C E

Emmi’s

POCKET HAND WARMER

Make a cosy bundle to pop in your pocket on chilly mornings!

Yo u will need

ome soft, thick fabric that S won’t fray (e.g. a sweatshirt or pair of joggers, a piece of fleece or felt) A pencil or felt tip A plate (about 24 cm diameter) A plate (about 19 cm diameter)

harp fabric scissors S A safety pin or a paper clip A piece of cord (or ribbon, yarn, string or strip of fabric about 1 cm wide) 28 cm long Two or more beads One clean, old sock (not a holey one!) 1/2 cup rice or oats

1 2

Place the large plate onto the fabric and draw around it with a pencil or pen, then ask an adult to help you cut it out. Place the smaller plate in the middle of the fabric circle and draw around it.

16 whizzpopbang.com

Tie a safety pin or paper clip onto one end of the length of cord. Thread a bead onto the other end and tie a knot large enough to stop it from falling off.

Cut a slit measuring about 1 cm roughly every 3 cm around the smaller circle.

With the bead on the outside of the fabric circle, thread the cord through the slits. The safety pin or paper clip will act as a needle. Weave in and out of the slits, ending on the outside. Remove the safety pin or paper clip and tie a bead onto the other end of the cord.

Continued on page 21 ➜

Spoon 1/2 cup of rice or oats into the sock.

To heat

t off Tie a tight knot and cu put w No . ck the end of the so ic br fa e the sock on top of th and circle. Pull the cord tight e ends tie it in a knot. Wrap th pouch e th of the cords around w. and tie them in a bo

ECO

e or Take the sock of ric and h uc po oats out of the e av ow heat it in the micr it for 20 seconds. Take back out carefully, put it up it tie h, into the pouc et ck po and pop it in your t ou just before you go y! da ld co on a

ideas...

Keeping warm without using your home’s heating system too much is one way to save energy. Here are a few things you can try: Wear mittens! Did you know that they keep your hands warmer than gloves? Mittens allow your fingers to share their warmth with each other and they have a smaller surface area for heat to escape.

Continued from page 16

I’d love to see your hand warmer! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

We can all help to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Wearing several layers of thin clothing keeps you warmer than wearing one thick layer, as air is trapped between the layers. Make an alternative option to a hot water bottle by adding about four cups of rice or oats to a sock. Slip it inside a sleeve or leg that you’ve cut off an old piece of clothing after you’ve heated it in the microwave.

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

Yo u should find

What yo u do

1. Cut out the templates. 2. Fold template 2 along the dotted line. Add glue to the grey part of the template and stick it to the back of template 1. 3. Stick on the penguin’s wings and beak. 4. Add a pea-sized blob of sticky tack to the circle on the back of the penguin. 5. Repeat steps 1-4 with the penguin chick templates. 6. Stand your penguins up. To start them rocking, simply push the top to one side and let go.

Riddles

Check your answers on page 34.

1. What can go up and down without moving?

GLUE

2. You can hold me and shake me, but I’m easy to break. I have lots of snow, but it’s all fake! What am I?

Your penguins waddle from side to side! Some species of penguins have to walk long distances from their nesting sites to the sea to find food. But a penguin’s walk is inefficient – in other words, it uses up far more energy than other birds of a similar size walking the same distance. At first, scientists thought that their side-to-side waddling might be to blame, but research has shown that the opposite is true! Their waddling makes them act like a pendulum, saving them energy. The real problem is their short legs, which means they have to take smaller, quicker strides. Shorter legs make them better swimmers and divers and reduce heat loss when incubating eggs.

3. When you see it’s snowy, don’t fall like Jack and Jill, instead use this dashing device to help you slide downhill. What is it?

PULL OUT pages 17-20 and get making! What did the icy road say to the car? Want to go for a spin ?

WADDLING PENGUINS! Make two super-cool penguins that waddle from side to side!

Yo u will need The templates below and over the page Glue Scissors Sticky tack Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3uQQpUa

TEMPLATE 1

WINGS BEAK

TEMPLATE 2

What yo u do

1. Cut out the template. 2. Make a large mound of modelling clay on the inside of the jar lid. Make sure it is stuck firmly in place and then press your model into it. 3. Use the hole punch to cut out some aluminium foil circles. 4. Put the foil circles and the glycerine (if using) into your jar, then fill to the very top with cooled, boiled water. 5. With the jar in a sink or tray, carefully screw on the lid. Water will overflow as you do this! 6. Turn the jar upside down and dry it. Stick the snow scene onto the outside with sticky tape, with the picture facing inwards. 7. Give your snow globe a shake! (If you get any leaks, dry the jar and then seal it up with strong tape.)

20 whizzpopbang.com

Yo u should find

The glittery ‘snow’ should swirl around and fall. If you have used glycerine, it makes the water more viscous, or gloopy, so that the snow falls more slowly.

We’d love to see your penguins and snow globes! Send your photos to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag Turn the entire triangle upside down by moving only three snowballs.

SNOW GLOBE

Create a snowy wonderland in a jar!

Yo u will need

A clean, empty jar with a lid Modelling clay (e.g. Plasticine) or sticky tack A toy figure Aluminium foil A hole punch 2-3 tsp glycerine, the sort used for cake decorating (optional) The snowy scene below Sticky tape Scissors

What’s the biggest problem with snow boots? They melt!

GLUE

whizzpopbang.com 19

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... investigate life in the Arctic

pponen

Sirpa specialises in studying northern snow conditions and climate, and how northern people cope in these conditions. If you have any questions of your own for Sirpa, you can email her on

“

Dr Sirpa Rasm us snow researcher, , Geophysicist and University of La pland

“

Sirpa.Rasmus@ulapland.fi

In Finland, schools never close because of snow!

”

It can be as cold as -25 ºC where I live, but kids play outside every day. We have very good winter clothes so it’s easy to have fun playing in the snow. Buildings are well insulated and warm.

I have always been curious about nature and weather.

”

I loved exploring the forests that surrounded my home when I was little. As a teenager, I had a great physics teacher and at university, I learned about geophysics, studying ice, avalanches and ocean currents.

“

My job is to try to understand snow!

”

22 whizzpopbang.com

I use geophysics to find out when and how snow forms, and how it behaves during different weather conditions. I dig snow pits then examine the snow using brushes and measuring tools. I also use complicated computer programs to model snow. I’m extremely fascinated by ‘sugar snow’ which doesn’t fall from the sky – it grows in pyramid-shaped crystals when it’s very cold and the snow cover is thin. It’s fragile and easy for animals to dig through.

Examining snow crystals

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

warm April day in Digging a snow pit on a very north-western Finland

“

Reindeer are well adapted to cold and snowy environments.

”

Their fur is dense with plenty of air between the hairs (and even inside some of them). They have an efficient blood circulation system in their feet so they don’t freeze, even at -50 ºC. To survive this kind of cold, they need to eat a lot and keep still to save their energy. As the climate gets warmer, snow can become icy, making it hard for reindeer to dig through to find food. In summer, they try to find cool places like lake shores, wetlands or late-melting snow patches in high places.

I talk with reindeer herders about coping with extreme weather.

”

Many Sàmi and Finnish people own reindeer which they use for meat and fur. Scientists can try to help people adapt to our changing climate by sharing the findings of their work. For example, people may need to find new places to cross rivers and lakes if they don’t freeze as solidly as they used to. Perhaps people need to know about new kinds of harmful insects in the area. We learn a lot from local people’s knowledge, too.

te conditions Using a tape measure to investiga in a snow pit

“

Northern people know how to keep warm!

”

In the past, they used fur from local animals to keep themselves warm, and snow to insulate their homes. They made snow caves if they had to spend the night outside (if they were on hunting trips or if the weather changed quickly). Now, almost everybody lives in a house, but snow is still used as an insulator in the far north. It is piled around the outside of homes – this can save energy (and bills!). Find out more about xxxxxx © Shutterstock

whizzpopbang.com 23

HOW STUFF

WORKS 1

Thermos flasks When the weather’s cold, there’s nothing better than a hot drink to warm you up, and thanks to these clever vacuum flasks, it’s easy to keep your hot chocolate hot when you’re out and about. Here’s how these warming wonders work…

Inside the flask is your lovely hot chocolate. It is full of heat energy, which can be lost in three ways – radiation (where it beams away as waves of infrared energy), convection (when heat is lost due to moving currents in liquids or gases) and conduction (when heat is transferred to an object it’s touching).

2 3

The hot liquid is contained within an inner layer of glass or stainless steel.

Sandwiched between the inner layer of the flask and another outer layer of glass or steel is a vacuum. This space is completely empty, with no air or other gas inside. The vacuum reduces the amount of heat energy escaping from the flask by conduction as there is nothing directly connecting the hot chocolate with the colder air outside.

Heat loss by radiation is reduced by a silver foil layer, which reflects infrared energy waves back into the flask.

A layer of foam sometimes covers the outer layer of the vacuum chamber to provide more insulation.

24 whizzpopbang.com

Vacuum flasks can also keep cold drinks icy cool in the summer! In fact, they were originally invented as a way of keeping chemicals cold during experiments.

HOT CHOC TOPPERS Fluffy, airy marshmallows are good insulators. So these cute snowman toppers will help to keep your hot chocolate warm if you don’t have a Thermos flask!

Yo u will need

Giant marshmallows Chocolate drops or raisins Orange Smarties or jelly beans

The final way of preventing heat loss is a stopper, which stops the air from carrying away heat via convection – and also stops you spilling your hot chocolate!

What you do 1. Press raisins or chocolate drops into each marshmallow to make eyes and a mouth. 2. Add an orange sweet for a carrot nose. 3. Float your snowman on top of freshly made hot chocolate. Adding a layer of insulation will help stop the heat escaping into the air via convection.

The inner and outer layers of the vacuum chamber are joined together at the neck of the flask. This is the only part of the flask where there is a direct link between the flask’s contents and the outside world, so some heat is lost through conduction across the neck of the flask.

Six people are having hot chocolate with marshmallows on top – Y, Gakk, Riley, Emmi, Riley’s dad and Emmi’s mum. Who has the most marshmallows? Put them in order and check your answer on page 34. The outside of a vacuum flask is usually made of

tough plastic or metal

to protect it from damage.

Emmi has more than Riley, but fewer than Gakk. Y has more than Riley’s dad but fewer than Riley and Emmi. Riley’s dad does not have the fewest. MOST:

SECOND: THIRD:

Plastic supports hold the

vacuum chamber in place and prevent it from moving around.

FOURTH: FIFTH: LEAST:

g.. in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1

S S L A M I N A T A H T S Y A W to taking a long From ex tra-thick fur s have developed winter sleep, animal tations to help some incredible adap e harshest winters. them live through th

It’s not just us humans who shiver when we’re cold – bumblebees do it too! They vibrate their large flight muscles to generate heat and raise their body temperature.

Many animals, including walruses, penguins and monkeys, huddle in groups to keep warm. The centre of a huddle of emperor o penguins can reach 37 C when the air temperature is below freezing!

5 Watch a vid eo abo ut how hud dlin g wo rks here!

bit .ly /3u ur SEd

26 whizzpopbang.com

Japanese macaques have a super-relaxing way of warming up during Japan’s long, snowy winters: they take a dip in a hot spring! They also have thick fur and huddle together for warmth.

Lemmings dig burrows in the snow so they can reach the moss and grass they eat. They line some parts with fur, feathers and plants to make them extra-warm, while other areas are used as toilets!

Many animals

hibernate

(go into a deep sleep where body functions slow down) to survive the coldest parts of winter. The fat-tailed dwarf lemur stores fat in its tail during warmer weather to help it survive hibernation.

D L O C E H T E S SURVIV

Some animals use kleptothermy (stealing heat) to keep warm. The blue-banded o sea krait snake’s body temperature is 5.5 C higher when it curls up in a seabird’s nest than when it’s on its own.

Penguins have LOADS of adaptations that keep out the chill, including leaning back so their feet don’t touch the ice. Their short, stiff tails help them balance in this position. Sea otters’ incredibly thick fur is the densest of any animal. They have up to a million hairs per 2.5 cm2. Human heads only have about a thousand per 2.5 cm2!

To survive frozen winters in Alaska, wood frogs produce a natural antifreeze that prevents ice crystals forming in their blood (which would damage their cells). This allows them to partially freeze, then thaw out again in spring!

When temperatures drop, alligators brumate (a state similar to hibernation). They stick their noses above water so ice forms around them and holds them in place, creating a breathing hole while they rest.

loved As a child, Louise mily’s ranch exploring her fa n countryside. in the California a businessman Her father was d a gold mine, who part-owne her brothers and Louise and portunities had plenty of op ing horses, for adventure, rid hing. camping and fis

d her parents Later, Louise an Europe, and travelled around out and took Louise wrote ab ventures along photos of her ad at d many things th the way. She di e os th r a woman in were unusual fo d buying a car an days, including , es at the United St driving all over dirt roads long bumping along . s had been built before motorway rents died, she After Louise’s pa mily fortune. In inherited the fa d y people wante the 1920s, man t f lands but mos to explore far-of to travel. couldn’t afford

In 1924, Louise travelled to Norway where she was captivated by the sight of Arctic sea ice. She was inspired to invite a group of friends to join her on an Arctic expedition to collect specimens and film the Arctic environment. She became famous – people called her ‘the girl who tamed the Arctic’.

28 whizzpopbang.com

Not long before Louise’s next trip to the Arctic, a famous Norwegian explorer called Roald Amundsen went missing while searching for other Arctic explorers (it was a dangerous business!). Louise joined the search and spent weeks looking for Roald and his crew of 22, travelling 16,000 km across the Arctic, but they were never found.

Commons 49 /Wikimedia

polar explorer who made ng eri ne pio a s wa yd Bo r ne Ar Louise r Arctic expeditions. some incredible discoveries on he

er Wilse d. 19

LOUISE ARNER BOYD

R, Anders Be

By Joanna Tubbs

LOUISE ARNER BOYD WAS BORN IN 1887 IN SAN RAFAEL, CALIFORNIA, USA

Sensational Scientists

media Comm on

During the 1930s, Louise went on many more Arctic adventures, which she paid for with her inheritance. Her ships were equipped with the best instruments and collected data that was important for the scientific study of rocks, oceans, plants, glaciers and more. During World War II, the American government asked her to lead a scientific expedition. She also spied for them, investigating possible sites that could be useful in the war and working out how to improve communication in the area. At the age of 67 she became the first woman to fly over the North Pole.

North, north, north we flew. And in a moment of happiness which I shall never forget, our instruments told me we were there. Directly below us lay the North Pole. People told me the Arctic was a place only for men. Determination and persistence brought me to the position I achieved.

Louise was a fearless adventurer who made many important discoveries about the Arctic. She was awarded many medals and had an area named after her in Greenland: Louise Boyd Land. Her films and photographs were used to map unreachable areas and are still used by scientists studying changes in Arctic ice. In a time when men dominated exploring, she proved that women can tackle difficult expeditions too.

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club!

Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our robot, adventures in science p Bang readers! Y, and other Whizz Po ce question Everyone whose scien is page gets answered on th ng wins a Whizz Pop Ba Science Joke Book, ome available in our awes at online science shop

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F oR

Dear Y, Why is sedimentary rock layered?

Holly, aged 6

CURIoUS K I DS

We loved seeing all your spaceships from the pullout section of the Aliens edition (Issue 98)! Isaac, aged 8

Junje, aged 8

Sedimentary rock is made from bits of older rocks which have been broken apart by water or wind. These pieces of gravel, sand, silt and clay settle to the bottom of rivers, lakes and oceans – sometimes trapping dead animals and plants. Very slowly, as more is added on top, the layers (strata) are squashed into solid rock. See how the layers form by adding mud and water to a jam jar – stir it fast then watch and wait. The gravel will sink to the bottom first, with sand, silt and clay forming strata as they settle.

8, Joshua, aged d ye jo really en g eg n ie al the experiment featured in Issue 98.

Alessia, aged 9

Frank, aged 6

Isaac, aged 8

Vincent, aged 8, and Fred, aged 5, had SO much fun making a creepy green alien egg!

enamel badges Y’s Wonder Club Badges Collectable for you to earn! Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

So many of you sent us brilliant watering hole scenes (Safari edition, Issue 97) that we just had to show off a few more!

Dear Y, Why does our hair go a different colour when it is wet? From Zoe, aged 13

When light shines on your hair, some of it is absorbed (soaked up) by the pigments (colour molecules) in your hair and the rest is reflected to your eyes, which you see as colour. When your hair is wet, each strand is covered in a thin film of water. Now, some of the light reflected from your hair hits the water film at the right angle to be reflected back into your hair again. That means that less light is reflected to your eyes, so your hair looks darker. It’s much more noticeable on light-coloured hair than dark.

Callum

Look at these great miniature Juice mission rockets you made (from our Aliens edition, Issue 98)!

Alec, aged 6

Joseph, aged 9 Asiya, aged 7

Torin, aged 7

Michaela Isabelle

Ronnie, aged 9, and Bram, aged 6

We thought your alien desk organisers from the Issue 98 Eco Club were out of this world!

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

Hello Y, Why do other planets in our solar system have so many moons when Earth only has one?

Isaac, aged 5

. The Sun is so big that it has a HUGE gravitational field could which stuff It pulls in distant objects, including the have made moons for nearby planets, like Mercury and Venus. That’s why they have no moons. Earth was able to hold onto its moon because it’s a little further from the Sun. The giant planets (Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune) formed far away from the pull of the Sun. Each has its own massive gravitational field, which pulls in at passing objects to form rings and moons. Saturn has other the all than s least 146 moons – that’s more moon planets put together! Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get Q qV involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your m an dad/snowm

at they know! to see wh

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

What are the three ways that heat energy can be lost? a) Radio waves, X-ra

ys and

gamma rays

Which of these fun activities do bumblebees enjoy? a) Drawing pictures b) Baking cupcakes

b) Radiation, convec

tion

and conduction

Do you like my new reversible jacket? I’m excited to see how it turns out!

c) Playing with balls

c) Raisins, currants an

d conkers

Penguins take small, quick strides when they walk because…

a) they have short legs

a) To Antarctica

b) it helps them take off

b) To Hawaii

c) their flippers make them unbalanced

c) Over the North Pole

Which of these do lemmings do to stay warm in winter?

a) Dig burrows in the snow

Where did Louise Arner Boyd fly when she was 67?

Which of the below is false?

a) Everything is made of atoms

b) Bathe in hot springs

b) Atoms move around more in cold items than in hot items

c) Sleep in a volcano

c) Heat is a type of energy

The ideal temperature for the human body is around…

Answers on page 34.

What is the word for a deep sleep in which body functions slow down?

I scored: .......... 1-3: Keep it toasty!

a) 3.7 °C

a) Hibernation

4-6: Sizzling score!

b) 370 °C

b) Hyperstation

7-8: Hot stuff!

c) 37 °C

c) Megasnuggle

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 24 2) Page 4 3) Page 18 4) Page 29 5) Page 26 6) Page 6 7) Page 9 8) Page 26

Is it chilly where you are?! Lots of layers of clothes can help you stay warm. We want you to put on as many items of clothing as you can and send in a photo. We'll pick five photos at random and the winners will each receive an awesome window bird feeder!

! IN

Wrap up warm!

Window bird feeder

Twenty-seven!

How many pieces of n clothing ca ! you put on?

This Window Bird Feeder from Playmonster, available from Hobbycraft, features a one-way mirror behind the feeding area, allowing you to study beautiful wild birds up close without disturbing them. Simply attach the Window Bird Feeder to any window with the strong suction cups and the birds will soon come to visit. The kit also includes a guide to garden birds.

WINNERS

Issue 100 competition winners Thank you to all of you who sent in your entries to our 100 competition. This is the answer to the joke – What do cats dance to at parties? Meowsic! These five lucky winners will each receive a science goody bag, including Adam Kay’s new book Kay’s Incredible Inventions, a National Geographic Volcano kit from Bandai UK, a Whizz Pop Bang science scrap book and a mystery prize. Shivani Karthikeyan, aged 10 Henry Kay, aged 9 Alexander Wright, aged 6

Elodie Burbridge, aged 8 George Gregory, aged 7

Send your entry to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Keeping warm competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post it to Keeping warm competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Deadline: February 8th 2024. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com. Sorry, we are unable to return any post.

whizzpopbang.com 33

sit Why did the elephant on the marshmallow? t to Because it didn’t wan e! at fall into the hot chocol

JOKES Which is faster, hot or cold? Hot, because you can catch a cold!

How does a sno wman make his bed? With an ice she et a a blanket of sn nd ow!

all What do you c a party in the North Pole? A snow ball!

Why do bees stay in their hiv es all winter? S’warm!

Page 7 – True/Untrue

Page 14 – Snow words puzzle

TRUE: In fact, there are a LOT more than that! Even a tiny grain of sand contains over 50 million atoms.

SNOWMAN SNOWDRIFT SNOWSHOE SNOWSTORM SNOWBOARD SNOWBALL SNOWFLAKE SNOWFALL

Page 8 – Animals puzzle Newt – cold Chicken – warm Salmon – cold Gorilla – warm Hedgehog – warm Polar bear – warm Page 11 – True/Untrue TRUE: Snow is cold, but it also has a lot of air mixed in. When a roof is covered in thick snow, it helps to trap the heat in and keep the house warm! Page 12 – Snowflake puzzle The matching snowflake is C.

What did the t re say after a lon e g, cold winter? What a re-leaf !

Answers Page 25 – Hot chocolate puzzle

Page 18 – Riddles

The person with the most marshmallows is Gakk, followed by Emmi, Riley, Y, Riley’s dad and Emmi’s mum.

1) The temperature.

Page 32 – Quiz

2) A snow globe.

1) b 2) c 3) a 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) c 8) a

3) A sledge. Page 20 – Snowballs puzzle Move the leftmost and rightmost balls from the bottom row up to either side of the row of two, and move the top ball to below the bottom line.

Brrrr-illiant bedroom! How would you like to sleep here?! This room at Icehotel in Sweden is built entirely of ice, including the beautiful jellyfish sculptures and even the bed frame. While the outside air temperature can be as low as -40 °C, the room stays at around -5 °C. This is because ice hotels are like enormous igloos. The ice and the air are good insulators, so as you lose heat from your body, it is trapped inside the room. Guests are provided with extra-warm sleeping bags so they’re comfortable sleeping at -5 °C.

R A L U C A T C E SP

e c n e i c s

You wouldn’t be able to book this exact room because every spring, the hotel melts and a new one is built the following winter, complete with new sculptures!

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