Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 77: FIZZ, BUBBLE, BOOM! by Whizz Pop Bang

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Have an enchanting Christmas!

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THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

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EXPERIMENTS PUZZLES AMAZING FACTS SCIENCE NEWS

WELCOME!

Let’s get mixing some spellbinding science!

WHIZZ POP BANG is made by:

Use science wizardry to conju re up Create a crazy colour-changin 12 peculiar potions! fizz-popping powder that sets g concoction, mix some your mouth, send colours flying off chemical reactions inside across the surface of milk an explore what appear to be inv isible kraken eggs! There’s als d pop-up card to make, some co o lour-changing animals to meet a and an interview with a food scien tist who specialises in weird and wonderful taste sensation s – loa Fizz, Bubble, Booming festive ds of fun!

Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Claire Cock-Starkey Joe Inglis, Poppy Inglis and Kirsty Williams

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Welcome to WHIZZ POP BANG – the magazine bursting with enticing articles, mind-boggling facts and hands-on experiments to get your child hooked on science! Whizz Pop Bang is a gender-neutral magazine with plenty of inspirational male and female scientists and content that appeals to all children.

The magazine is ideal for home educators and it’s linked to the national curriculum too, for use in schools. Whizz Pop Bang will help with literacy development as well. Transform science teaching in your school with our hands-on science and reading resources. Our downloadable lesson packs link fun science experiments and reading with key curriculum topics for years 2-6. Subscribe at whizzpopbang.com/schools

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As well as our writers, we also have a team of science advisers who help to ensure that our content is accurate, up-to-date and relevant. Our advisers include: palaeontologist Steve Brusatte; molecular microbiologist Matt Hutchings; robotics engineer Abbie Hutty; mechanical engineer Amiee Morgans; GP Dr Cathy Scott; astronomer Mark Thompson; physicist Dr Jess Wade; child psychologist Dr Naira Wilson. To find out more, go to whizzpopbang.com/about

I’ve made some super-smelling bath salts to give as gifts!

Gakk

Riley

CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

COP26, singing seals and how to have a green Christmas.

THE ENCHANTING SCIENCE OF POTIONS

Mix 12 magical science potions, including a starry ‘crystal ball’, gurgling gloop, a liquid rainbow, a magic chocolate shell and lots more.

ANIMAL ANTICS

Hold your nose and get ready for a close-up look at skunks.

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Anyone for snail slime and sour milk?! Find out about some medical potions that are better left in the past.

16 Sh

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EMMI’S ECO CLUB

Create magical bath salts and give them as gifts to friends and family!

PULLOUT

Craft an explosive pop-up Christmas card with a chemistry twist!

INTERVIEW

Meet flavour expert Dr Rachel Edwards-Stuart, who mixes her two favourite things – science and cooking! © c Ra

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HOW STUFF WORKS

Find out how smoke alarms use some very cool science to keep us safe from fires.

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

Colour-changing animals, from camouflaged chameleons and communicating cuttlefish to fluffy foxes!

SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

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Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

Robert Boyle’s pioneered experiments paved the way for modern chemistry.

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QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION

Test your knowledge with our super-duper science quiz and win a cool chemistry set!

JOKES AND ANSWERS

Laugh out loud at some awesome jokes and find the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

Take a look at the magical swirling fog created by dry ice!

I’d love to see pictures of your experiments! Send them to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag FIND THE CHRISTMAS PICTURES Hidden on each double page is a Christmas picture. Tick each one to find them all!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa I’M DREAMING OF A GREEN

CHRISTMAS GET CRAFTING! Instead of buying presents, try making your own. Here are a few ideas: Christmas cookies in a reusable tin or jar A framed painting or drawing Tickets to a play or concert (starring you!) Bath salts (see page 16) Soaps (see Issue 40)

Bath bombs (see Issue 52) A plant in a decorated pot (see Issue 68) Homemade jams and chutneys in recycled jars Draft excluders (see Issue 33) Mini notebooks (see Issue 53)

PASS IT ON! Don’t buy a new Christmas jumper that you might only wear for a week – instead, hold a Christmas jumper swap shop at your school.

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For many people, Christmas is a time for celebrating with family and friends – but this can be bad news for the planet. Buying and wrapping piles of presents, wasting food and travelling around the country all take their toll on the environment. But there are plenty of fun things YOU can do to help make this Christmas your greenest one yet…

ALL I WANT FOR CHRISTMAS… Limit your Christmas list to a few things that you really want. Try to avoid plastic toys that you might not play with for long. Consider asking to adopt an endangered animal instead. bit.ly/31v18oR

PRE-LOVED PRESSIES Check out your local charity shops for second-hand gifts, like books, toys and pottery. Give any toys you no longer play with to younger friends and relatives.

GET CREATIVE!

Instead of single-use wrapping paper, package presents in gift bags or fabric that can be reused. Try making your own gift bows from scraps of old wrapping paper (see Issue 41).

GET COOKING!

Try out some new vegan or vegetarian recipes this Christmas. Cutting down on red meat and dairy will reduce your family’s carbon footprint. Instead of throwing away leftovers, try turning them into soups or curries. Leftover Christmas pudding can be mixed into softened vanilla ice cream to create a yummy new ice cream flavour!

We love the smell of Christmas trees, but did you know that what you’re actually smelling is chemical weaponry? That festive piney smell is caused by chemical compounds called terpenes. Pine trees evolved these chemicals to keep away bark beetles and other herbivores which feed on and damage the trees and to stop fungi growing on them.

CHRISTMAS IN SPACE

The Expedit ion 50 crew in 2016

LOOK WHO’S TALKING

Very few mammals can imitate speech, but scientists in the Netherlands have found that baby seals just a few weeks old can change the pitch of their voices to make themselves heard above other noises. Their research suggests that seals may be the best species to help us understand the mystery of speech. Recently, researchers at St Andrew’s University taught a seal to sing the Star Wars theme tune! bit.ly/3qloM1j

COP26 In November, world leaders from almost 200 countries across the planet got together in Glasgow, Scotland, for COP26 – the 26th United Nations climate change conference. After two weeks of discussions, a deal called the Glasgow Climate Pact was made. This is the first time in history that countries have agreed to reduce their use of coal, one of the main sources of carbon emissions which cause global warming. More than 100 countries also promised to stop cutting down forests by 2030, and many also pledged to reduce their emissions of methane, a damaging greenhouse gas. The goal of COP26 was to limit global warming to 1.5 ˚C. Many people are worried that the promises made might not be enough to achieve this, but the good news is that next year, at COP27 in Egypt, world leaders have another opportunity to improve on the plans and promises agreed this year.

“In my lifetime I’ve witnessed a terrible decline. In yours, you could and should witness a wonderful recovery.” David Attenborough, speaking at COP26

While you’re planning your festive feast, spare a thought for the astronauts aboard the International Space Station, who will be eating their Christmas dinner from plastic pouches. But what might they be eating? Previous Christmas dinners have included turkey with cranberry sauce, green beans and mashed potatoes. Or perhaps they will go for something spicy this year, making use of the microgravity-grown chilli peppers that they harvested in October as part of an experiment. Astronauts can also take a ‘bonus box’ into space with them, containing festive favourites like Christmas cookies or sweets – though they have to be careful not to make any crumbs!

Oh Christmas tree!

By A

OT IONS P You’ve just discovered an old potions book full of amazing recipes. Now’s your chance to polish your potions skills and amaze your family and friends!

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There’s some spellbinding science behind these potions!

W ITCHES’ B RE W

Bubble, bubble, toil and trouble! The perfect bubbling potion for a spell-casting session.

You will need: • • • • • • •

Large bowl (or cauldron!) Warm water A squirt of washing-up liquid 1 cup (about 250 ml) white vinegar 1 teaspoon green food colouring 2 teaspoons bicarbonate of soda Toy spiders, worms, eyeballs, etc. (optional)

What you do:

Half-fill your cauldron with warm water, then stir in the washing-up liquid, vinegar and food colouring.

Mix in the bicarbonate of soda and watch it bubble!

Throw in some toy spiders, eyeballs or other spooky ingredients as you cast your spells.

You should f ind: Bicarbonate of soda is alkaline. Vinegar is acidic (the opposite of alkaline). When they mix, they undergo a chemical reaction that produces bubbles of carbon dioxide gas in your witches’ brew.

G URGLING G LOOP

Gaze in amazement at this gloopy gunk as the bubbles pop their way to the top!

You will need: • • • • •

A clear bottle or vase Cooking oil Water Food colouring Alka-Seltzer or fizzing vitamin tablets (don’t put these in your mouth!)

What’s a witch’s favourite subject? Spelling! 6 whizzpopbang.com

What you do: 1. Pour water into your bottle until it’s about ¼ full. 2. Add several drops of food colouring. 3. Add cooking oil until the bottle is about ¾ full. 4. Finally, drop in half a fizzy tablet.

You should f ind: Oil is less dense than water, so it floats on top of it. The fizzy tablet reacts with the water, releasing carbon dioxide gas. The gas bubbles push their way up through the liquid, carrying colourful water with them. When the bubbles pop, the denser water sinks back to the bottom. Shine a light through the gloop from behind for a spooky effect!

C OLOUR-CH A NGING C ONCOCT ION

Make a magical potion that changes colour before your very eyes!

You will need: • • • • •

A small red cabbage Heatproof jug or pan Sieve Small clear jars or glasses The magic ingredients: lemon juice, vinegar and bicarbonate of soda

Cabbage water

What you do: 1.

Pull about eight leaves off your cabbage, tear them into small pieces and put them in the jug or pan.

Ask an adult to boil some water and pour it onto the cabbage until it’s covered.

Leave it to soak and cool down for about 40 minutes. Pour the mixture through the sieve into the smaller containers, so that each one is about half full.

4. Now for the ‘magic’! Add a different ingredient to each container to see the liquid change colour!

You should f ind:

Lemon juice added

The cabbage water is acting as an indicator – it contains chemicals that change colour when they are mixed with acids or alkalis. Lemon juice and other acids turn it pink, while alkalis such as bicarbonate of soda turn it blue or bluish-green.

Bicarbonate of soda

Test out other substances to see if they are acid or alkali. You could try laundry detergent, fizzy drinks, milk, cold tea, orange juice, toothpaste, etc.

O UT ER S PACE C R YSTAL B ALL

Peer into the depths of this mysterious galaxy-inspired potion…

You will need: • • • •

Clear jar with a tight-fitting lid, such as a jam jar – a spherical one would be best Cotton wool balls Black, purple and dark blue food colouring or runny paint Silver or multicoloured eco glitter

What you do: 1.

Tear the cotton balls into pieces and stretch them out to make wispy strands.

2. 3.

Put about 20 cotton wool strands in the bottom of the jar. Drip water onto the cotton wool until it’s soaked, then add paint or food colouring until the cotton wool soaks it up and changes colour.

4. Add a generous sprinkling of glitter around the sides of the jar. 5. Repeat, using a different colour each time, until the jar is full. 6. Put the lid on tightly. our

You should f ind: It looks like you’re gazing into outer space! The glitter makes the stars, while the strands of cotton wool look like swirling galaxies and nebulae – ginormous glowing clouds of dust and gas.

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Be sure to wash your hands first!

C H A NGING C HOCOL AT E S AUCE

Top your ice cream with this chocolate creation for an instant transformation!

You will need: • • • •

What you do:

65 g chocolate chips 1 tablespoon coconut oil A microwave and a microwaveable bowl Ice cream!

Put the chocolate and coconut oil in the bowl and stir.

Microwave the mixture on full power for 20 seconds and stir again.

Repeat the microwaving and stirring 2-3 times until you have a smooth, runny mixture.

4. Spoon the mixture onto ice cream.

You should f ind: Chocolate and coconut oil are both liquid when they are warm, but they become solid when they get cold – just like when water freezes into ice. When the potion touches the chilly ice cream, it turns into a hard shell.

F IZZ P OP B A NG P OW DER

With this perplexing potion, the magic happens in your mouth!

You will need: • • • • • •

3 teaspoons icing sugar 1 teaspoon food-grade citric acid (from a supermarket or pharmacist) Half a teaspoon bicarbonate of soda 1 teaspoon coloured sprinkles (optional) 1 teaspoon powdered juice drink or jelly mix to add flavour (optional) Bowl

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What you do: 1. 2.

Mix all the ingredients together in the bowl. Dip in your finger and have a taste!

You should f ind: When the citric acid and bicarbonate of soda (an alkali) get wet, they react together and make fizzy bubbles of carbon dioxide gas – giving you a supernatural sensation in your mouth!

V A MPIRE’S D ELIGHT

Delicious!

Anytime you want to dress up as a vampire, complete the look with a glass of fang-tastic edible fake blood!

You will need: • • • •

What you do:

2 tablespoons runny honey 1-2 pinches of cocoa powder Red and blue food colouring 8 tablespoons of water or red juice, such as cranberry juice (optional)

Also perfect for drizzling on creepy cupcakes!

Mix red food colouring into the honey a drop at a time until it looks blood coloured. Adding a drop of blue food colouring will make it even more realistic, but be careful you don’t make it purple!

2. 3.

Mix in a pinch of cocoa powder. Add a drop or two of water if it needs thinning out. If you’d like to turn your fake blood into a drink, stir in 8 tablespoons of red juice or water.

You should f ind: Blood is a dark red colour, and it’s quite thick because it contains lots of blood cells, as well as proteins and fats. The honey, colourings and cocoa powder in this recipe give it the perfect colour and thickness.

M AGICAL R A INBOW P OT ION

Try making this spectacular density column with magically stripey layers!

You will need: • • • • • • • •

5 mugs Notepaper Caster sugar Food colourings Boiling water 1 tall glass Spoon Jug

What you do: 1.

Place your mugs on pieces of notepaper labelled 1 to 5 and add the following quantities of sugar into each mug: Mug 1 (bottom layer): 6 tbsp Mug 2: 4 ½ tbsp Mug 3: 3 tbsp Mug 4: 1 ½ tbsp Mug 5 (top layer): no sugar

• • • • • 2.

Put a few drops of food colouring into each mug. You can choose the colours you’d like for each layer.

Ask an adult to pour 100 ml of boiling water into each mug. Stir well until all the sugar has dissolved. Leave to cool.

4. Pour the contents of mug 1 into the tall glass until you have a

good-sized layer. Tip the contents of mug 2 into a jug. Tilt the glass and hold a spoon against the side of it, just above the surface of the liquid. Slowly dribble the liquid from mug 2 down the back of the curved part of the spoon, continually moving the spoon so that it stays just above the surface. Repeat with the other coloured liquids.

You should f ind: The more sugar you dissolve into the water, the denser (heavier) it becomes. The less dense layers float on the denser ones below, forming a rainbow of coloured liquids!

M ythical Beast s D R AGON S NOT

Ah-CHOO!

An essential ingredient in many magic spells!

You will need: • • • • •

What you do:

250 ml water Gelling agent (gelatine or agar-agar) 2 tablespoons runny honey 1 tablespoon cornflour Green food colouring

Ask an adult to boil the water in a pan, then take it off the heat.

Check the packaging to see how much gelling agent you need and stir that amount into the water. Leave to dissolve for 20 minutes.

Stir in the honey and cornflour, then a few drops of green food colouring until it looks like snot.

4. Let it cool completely for a truly snotty texture!

You should f ind:

Spot 5 differences between the two salamanders on this page. Check your answer on page 34.

Gelatine and agar-agar both contain long, chain-like molecules called polymers. As they heat up and dissolve, the chains spread out through the other ingredients. As they cool, they lock together again and give your dragon snot its gloopy texture.

S AL A M A NDER S PAW N S LIME The most disgusting slime you’ll ever see – or touch!

You will need: • • • •

2 tablespoons chia seeds (from a supermarket or health food shop) 250 ml water Food colouring Cornflour

What you do: 1.

First, put the chia seeds in a bowl, add the water, and leave to soak overnight so the seeds can release their slime!

Add a few drops of your favourite food colouring to the slimy seed mixture.

Stir in a tablespoon or more of cornflour to make the mixture gloopier. The more cornflour you add, the thicker it will get.

You should f ind: The seeds create their own slime – it’s called mucilage, and many plant seeds release it when they get wet. It helps the seed stick to the soil and start to grow.

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Slime time!

C REEP Y K R AKE N E GGS

The kraken is a mythical sea monster and its invisible eggs are notoriously hard to find. Luckily, we have a secret way to reveal them!

You will need: • • • •

Transparent gel water beads, available at garden centres or online Water A clear plastic or glass bowl Food colouring

What you do: 1. 2.

Put a large pinch of water beads in the bowl and half fill it with water. Leave for several hours (or overnight) to let the beads soak up water and expand into transparent jelly balls (your kraken eggs).

3. Where are they? When they’re in the water, the eggs are invisible! 4. To reveal them, add a few drops of food colouring to the water.

You should f ind: Like gelatine, water beads contain polymer chains. As the dried beads soak up water, the polymers make a jelly-like substance. The beads are invisible in water because they are mostly made of water. You can see clear objects because light bends, or refracts, as it travels through them. But, because light doesn’t bend very much as it passes between the water and the water beads, you can’t see anything! Food colouring makes them easier to see because it mixes with the water but not the beads.

M AGICAL U NICOR N M ILK

Unicorn milk is apparently colourful, magical and very mysterious, a bit like this potion…

You will need: • • • •

Milk or milk alternative A plate or flat dish Food colourings Washing-up liquid

What you do: 1.

Carefully pour milk onto the plate or dish until it covers the bottom.

Add a few drops of food colouring into the middle of the milk.

Put a drop of washing-up liquid right in the middle of the food colouring.

You should f ind: You should see the colours dart out towards the edges of the milk. It works because of surface tension, a force that makes the molecules at the surface of the milk pull tightly together. The washing-up liquid breaks the surface tension, so the molecules around it pull away, taking the colours with them.

AL ANIM S TIC

Skunks

There’s a whiff of something unpleasant about our vet Joe Inglis this month, as he’s been on the trail of the ultimate animal stinker.

Skunks are small mammals related to weasels, badgers and otters. They are found across most of North America, from northern Mexico up to Canada. They mainly live in woodland but can also be found on farmland and even in cities.

Short ’n’ stumpy

Dinner time!

Skunks range in size from the rat-sized spotted skunk up to the hog-nosed skunk, which can be nearly a metre long and weigh as much as a large pet cat. They have long bodies with short legs and their long fur is usually black and white, although some skunks are brown or grey.

Skunks are omnivores, which means they eat plants and animals. They have varied diets, depending on where they live and the time of year. Some of their favourite foods include insects, worms, small animals (such as rodents, lizards and snakes), berries, roots, grasses, mushrooms and nuts. Skunks also eat honeybees, with their thick fur protecting them from stings.

Cat burglars

As humans have taken over much of the wild countryside where skunks used to live, these resourceful animals have adapted and become expert scavengers in towns and cities. As well as tucking into scraps they find in household rubbish, they have also been known to steal cat and dog food from unsuspecting pets!

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What is unusual about this sentence? Check your answer on page 34.

Was it a cat I saw?

Dawn patrol The best times of day to spot a skunk are early in the morning or around sunset. This is because skunks are crepuscular, which means they are most active at twilight. They rest during most of the day and night in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws.

Skunks can spray their musk more than three metres away.

Spray away With lots of predators to hunt them, skunks have evolved an amazing defence mechanism – a super-smelly squirty spray from their bottoms! This foul liquid is strong enough to deter bears, foxes and other predators from attacking and can even cause temporary blindness.

Smell, what smell?

Pet potions

Some of the only predators that manage to eat skunks are great horned owls, possibly because birds don’t have a very good sense of smell!

Dogs sometimes get sprayed by skunks that are raiding their food bowls. Getting the foul smell out of a dog’s fur is quite a challenge! Some skunks’ sprays have compounds in them that can become even stinkier when exposed to water! The Humane Society of America recommends creating a dog-cleaning potion from a mixture of dilute hydrogen peroxide, baking soda and washing-up liquid!

5.6 km The distance that humans can smell skunk spray floating downwind!

Smell ya later! whizzpopbang.com 13

You might not love taking medicine when you need it, but children throughout history have had it much worse! Take a look at these radical ‘remedies’ through the ages. 17th cen tury

Diagnosis: Rabies Prescription: Grind some 20 liverwort together with into x mi grains of pepper and some half a pint of milk. Drink cold a e each morning and tak bath every other day.

t t o P potions! 400

Diagnosis: Sk in rash Prescription: Crush some juicy snai ls to release their sl ime and mix with sour milk. Apply to the ra sh.

1 8 th ce n tu ry

You can still buy face and ey e creams that cont ain snail slime toda y! Studies have sh own that it contains anti microbial and soothing ingredients.

Diagnosis: Insomnia (ca n’t sleep)

Prescription: Comb the hair upwards and stroke the head with vinegar and nutmeg .

An cie nt Eg yp tia ns

Diagnosis: Blindness Prescription: Mash up some pigs’ eyes until smooth, stir together with honey and red ochre and pour the mixture into the ear.

ntury 16th ce

20th cen tury

Diagnosis: Warts Prescription: Allow a slug to move over the wart, leaving its slime, then stab the slug with a thorn.

14 whizzpopbang.com

Smoking is very dangerous, especially for people with asthma. But asthma cigarettes containing these toxic ingredients were still in use in the 1970s!

ult) Diagnosis: Asthma (ad ning Asthma cigarettes, contai the stramonium (leaves from donna devil’s snare plant), bella ), and (deadly nightshade plant r tobacco, to be smoked fou times per day.

Which bandage is tied in a knot when you pull the ends? Check your answer on page 34.

ntury 17th ce

Diagnosis:

What’s the difference between bird flu and swine flu? For one you get tweetment, for the other you get oinkment!

Burns

er : Mash togeth Prescription me very fresh so , g n u d e os o g boar, g, fat from a chicken’s dun weed) groundsel (a f o l fu d n a h a of houseleek and 12 heads it lant). Strain (a succulent p pot as bag into a v n ca a h g u thro ver needed. to use whene

17th c entury

hma (child) Diagnosis: Ast Place a live Prescription: omach, puppy on the st e with cloth holding it in plac as needed.

19 th ce nt ur y

Diagnosis: Bleeding after surgery Prescription: Cover amputated limbs and other wounds with plenty of linen soaked in white lead.

This lead acetate compound is very harmful and causes lead poisoning! Doctors in the 18th century also used it for swellings, bruises, drawing out infection, and any problems you might be having with your ‘fundament’ (bottom)!

16t

This definitely wouldn’t cure your asthma but it might cheer you up!

h cen Diagnosis: Pla tury gue Prescription: Mix together fr esh wee from a you ng child, treacl e and aniseed w ater. Drink a quarter of a pi nt each morning for three da ys while fastin

whizzpopbang.com 15

b... clu O C E

Emmi's

CREATE A BATH-TIME POTION You will need:

Upcycle old jars and fill them with bath salts to create home-made Christmas presents.

• 1 cup Epsom bath salts (enough for one bath) • Orange food flavouring (or essential oils) • Gel food colourings • A cup • An organic orange • A vegetable peeler • A sharp knife • A chopping board • A clean jar or bottle with a lid and without the label

• Baking paper • A baking tray • A bowl • A spoon Optional: • Cinnamon stick or star anise

Cut a piece of baking paper to fit your tray. Spread the orange peel on it and then pop it into the oven for ten minutes or until it is dry and crispy.

Put a cupful of Epsom salts into a bowl. Add 4 drops of gel food colouring and mix tho roughly until all the salt is coloured. Add ½ a teaspo on of orange food flavouring, or you can add a few drops of essential oils instead. Give it one last mix .

16 whizzpopbang.com

Spread the bath salts out on dry. some baking paper and leave to rs. hou of This can take a couple

Continued on page 21 ➜

Photography © Jenna Williams

Heat your oven to 100 ˚C. Peel the orange with the vegetable peeler. Ask an adult to help you cut the peel into tiny pieces, about 1 cm long.

PULLOUT POTIONS POP-UP FESTIVE CARD Craft a chemistry-style festive card with some extra Whizz, Pop and Bang!

PULL OUT PAGES 17-20 AND GET MAKING!

You will need: • The templates 1-5 • Glue • Scissors Template 1

whizzpopbang.com 17

R Use all of the letters in the circle once to make a seven-letter word. What is it? Write your answer here and check it on page 34.

R C

Folding instructions

Valley fold

1. Cut out templates 1-5. 2. Fold the card (template 1) in half and unfold.

E C

What you do:

Mountain fold

3. Turn template 2 over and then mountain fold it in half vertically. Mountain fold tabs A and B too.

H o p e yo u r s ea so n is filled with fizzin g fe stive fu n!

G F

18 whizzpopbang.com

8. Add glue to tab F and stick it into place in the card where shown.

4. Valley fold along the red dashed lines on template 2. (The bottom part of the central fold will turn inside out, becoming a valley fold.)

9. Mountain fold the conical flask (template 3) in half and curl tabs G and H backwards.

5. Fold templates 4 and 5 into Z shapes, as shown.

10. A dd glue to tab G and stick it into place on the card where shown.

6. Add glue to tabs C and D on templates 4 and 5 and stick them to the back of the explosion, as shown.

ow add glue to tabs A, E and H. 11. N Make sure that tab H is on top of the explosion mechanism and then fold the card flat so that tabs A, E and H get stuck into position inside the card.

7. Add glue to tab B and stick it into place on the card where shown.

12. W rite a message on the back of your finished card!

Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3cdm71A

Soothing elixir

Labels for bath salts on page 16

Template 2

Relaxing orange infusion for a magical bathtime! Make up your own!

Te mp la

Template 3

You should find: Your conical flask pops out of the card, complete with a cool chemistry explosion! Conical flasks have lots of uses in laboratories. They are better than straight beakers for mixing chemicals because the contents can be swirled around without any risk of spilling over the top.

How may triangles are there in this picture? Look carefully, some might be overlapping! Check your answer on page 34.

They are also useful for boiling liquids, as the hot vapour condenses on the flask’s sloping sides, reducing the amount lost out into the air.

Riddles

Check your answers on page 34.

1. In the northern hemisphere, 2. What do you have in December that a person gets up 180 times you don’t have in any other month? in one night and sleeps for at least 7 hours at a time. 3. What can go up a chimney down, but cannot go down a chimney up? Where do they live?

te 2

la Temp

pla m Te 4

Template 3

la mp e T 5

6 Carefully pour the salts into your jar and top with the orange peel, or you can alternate layers of salts and peel. Add a cinnamon stick or some star anise to give it an extra sprinkle of Christmas!

Now you’re ready to add your label from page 19 and write your gift tag! You could add a dried orange slice (simply bake for an hour at 120°C, turning once), and a scroll listing the ingredients – see below.

I’d love to see your bath salt gifts! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

Photos © Jenna Williams

ECO

ideas...

Make more jars of bath salts using different ingredients to make them smell magical. Add 1 tablespoon of cocoa powder and ½ tablespoon of coconut oil and you will have a chocolate mud bath! Fruit tea, ground cinnamon, dried lavender and dried rose petals work well too. Use the extra labels on page 19.

Continued from page 16

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Make a scroll for each jar with instructions and a list of ingredients on it. Use an old envelope and stain it with tea. Leave it to dry and then cut it into a rectangle measuring 10 cm by 6 cm. Write on the paper ‘How to use: empty the whole container into a warm bath’ and add a list of the ingredients. Now roll up the paper, tie it with a little piece of string and attach it to your potion!

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... create exciting flavours!

wards-Stuar

Rachel is a biochemist who teaches science to chefs. If you have any questions of your own for Rachel, you can contact her on

“

Dr Rachel Edw Food scientist a ards-Stuart nd flavour expe rt

I was keen to combine my love of science with my passion for cooking.

”

My passion for food science stemmed from the fact that science was my favourite subject at school, and cooking was my favourite hobby! My main interest was in culinary science (the science of what happens when you cook and process ingredients in the kitchen). I studied natural sciences at university, specialising in biochemistry.

“

Rachel@racheledwardsstuart.com

Every time someone cooks, chemistry, physics and biology are happening in the kitchen.

”

Understanding what is happening scientifically when they cook can help chefs solve problems and control the cooking process better. It can also help them come up with new methods, equipment and technologies and teach them how to experiment in the kitchen. I spend some of my time training chefs in culinary science and I also spend time talking to mixologists and food and drink companies about how they can use flavour science to improve their products. Understanding how something like changing colour can have a big effect on the flavour of a food or drink is fascinating!

I want to use science to inspire chefs and help them create exciting new dishes.

”

After I graduated from university, I studied with a renowned food chemist, Dr Hervé This, in his laboratory in Paris. I spent a lot of time working on how to develop and build relationships between chefs and scientists. To understand how a scientist could help a chef, I needed to understand how chefs are taught and what life is like for chefs in a busy kitchen, so I decided to train to become a chef.

22 whizzpopbang.com

Rachel’s experiments show how our five senses . affect what we think about different flavours

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

What you see, hear, touch, smell and taste can affect the flavour of what you eat or drink.

The chocolate waterfall that Rachel helped to create.

“

”

As part of my studies, I created new concepts for famous chef Heston Blumenthal to use in his restaurant. These included a hot gel that melted in the mouth and a drink that changed flavour as you drank it. One of Heston’s famous dishes is egg and bacon ice cream! This ice cream not only had a surprising flavour, but it had the most amazing texture because it was made with liquid nitrogen, which is an extremely cold liquid that is very effective at freezing things. Since it is so cold (-196 °C – much colder than your freezer!), it freezes things really quickly so the ice crystals in the ice cream stay really small.

I once helped to create a 6-tonne chocolate waterfall.

” © Rachel Edwards-Stuart

My job was to make sure it was stable and that the chocolate liquid didn’t separate out over time. For another project, I used flavour science to come up with three different popcorn flavours: pineapple and chilli, anchovy and rosemary and banana and coffee. I also worked on drinks that changed flavour as you drank them, like a ripening banana drink that went from unripe to ripe.

Understanding food science can help people improve their cooking.

“ e new drinks.

“

Rachel uses science to creat

uar t

It’s possible to make a drink that’s hot and cold at the same time.

There are so many flavours out there!

”

I tend to prefer flavours that are based on salty and sour tastes rather than sweet ones. I would much rather munch on an olive, a gherkin, or a really good piece of cheese than chocolate or cake.

”

This concept was developed by Heston Blumenthal’s restaurant, The Fat Duck. This drink uses fluid gels: half of the cup contains a hot fluid gel and the other half contains a cold fluid gel. The gels are added to the cup using a divider, which is then carefully removed. Fluid gels have really interesting properties because they behave like a solid when they are left untouched, so once the hot liquid and cold liquid have been added they will not mix. But the minute you add some kind of force to them (like picking up the cup and starting to drink), they behave more like a liquid, allowing you to drink the contents and experience a hot and cold Find outsame moretime! about xxxxxx at the liquid

whizzpopbang.com 23

Smoke Alarms

HOW STUFF

WORKS

Smoke alarms are essential safety devices that give people early warning of fires and allow them to escape the blaze – whether caused by faulty wiring or a potion gone wrong! There are two main types of smoke alarms. Here’s how these life-saving devices work…

Optical smoke alarms

The alarm is made from a plastic case surrounding the electronics inside.

A battery (or sometimes a mains electricity connection) powers the alarm.

light-emitting diode fires a beam of infrared light.

Most smoke alarms have

a test button which allows people to check that they are working properly.

Inside the smoke detection chamber, a

The circuit board sends a signal to the electronic alarm which makes a loud and piercing noise to alert everyone to the fire.

The photocell generates an electrical current that flows to the circuit board.

24 whizzpopbang.com

5 6

On the other side of the unit is a photocell, which is an electronic component which generates electricity when light shines onto it. It is positioned so that the beam of light from the lightemitting diode can’t directly shine onto it.

In a fire, smoke enters the alarm through slits in the outer casing.

Inside the detection chamber, smoke particles in the air scatter the infrared light from the light-emitting diode so that some of it reaches the photocell.

Ionisation smoke alarms

These smoke alarms use an ionisation chamber instead of light to detect smoke.

Can you move three matchsticks to make three equal squares? Check your answer on page 34.

The circuit board detects the change in current, and triggers the

electronic alarm to sound.

When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the ionisation process, meaning there is less electrical current flowing between the electrodes.

The ions and electrons are pulled towards TWO ELECTRODES positioned on either side of the ionisation chamber. The moving particles produce an electric current that flows around a circuit in the smoke detector.

Which is best? Optical alarms are generally faster at spotting smouldering fires, whereas ionisation alarms are better at detecting fierce flaming fires. It’s best to have both types in your home if possible.

Inside this chamber, a tiny amount of a radioactive element called americium emits alpha radiation.

The alpha radiation hits air molecules, breaking them apart to create positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.

whizzpopbang.com 25

g... in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1

I G N A H C COLOUR d change colour to blen n ca s al im an le ib ed These incr r mood! s or even match thei ng di un rro su r ei th ith in w

Chameleons can quickly change colour to match their mood or even control their temperature, turning darker to absorb more heat or paler to reflect the heat of the Sun.

Camouflaged

To scare off predators, the amazing mimic octopus changes colour from sandy beige to stripy brown and white. It also changes shape to impersonate deadly marine animals like lionfish and sea snakes!

Impersonating a poisonous flatfish

Male and female seahorses often dance together, changing colour as they move around. They also change colour to hide from predators and communicate with each other.

During winter, the snowshoe hare’s fur changes to white to blend in with its surroundings. In the spring, it turns brown, taking up to ten weeks to completely change colour.

26 whizzpopbang.com

Pacific tree frogs change colour according to the season, turning green when it’s warmer and brown in cooler climates.

S L A M I N G ING A

6 7

Squid can produce beautiful rainbow colours in just seconds! Scientists think the skin itself might be able to sense the colour of the squid’s surroundings.

The crab spider waits on flowers to catch insects, switching the colour of its body from white to yellow to match the flower that it’s on.

Golden tortoise beetles change colour rapidly when they are disturbed, from shiny bright gold to reddish-brown.

9 10

For camouflage, Arctic foxes’ fur changes colour with the seasons. In the summer they are a brownish grey colour and in the winter their fur is snowy white.

Cuttlefish change their skin colour to match their surroundings, to hunt and to communicate with one another. They can display many different body patterns of yellow, pink, blue, green or silver.

© 1. Kurit afshen / Shutterstock.com, 2. Shutterstock.com, 3. Shutterstock.com. , 4. NatureDiver / Shutterstock.com, 5. FotoRequest / Shutterstock.com, 6. Betty Wills / Wikimedia Commons, 7. Iurochkin Alexandr / Shutterstock.com, 8. yusuf kurnia / Shutterstock.com, 9. Sophia Granchinho / Shutterstock.com, 10. Shutterstock.com.

whizzpopbang.com 27

Sensational Scientists

By Claire Cock-Starkey

Robert Boyle By encouraging experiments and observation, Robert Boyle laid the foundations for modern chemistry. Robert was born into a very wealthy family, so he had lots of opportunities to develop his many interests. He was educated at Eton College and travelled around Europe with his tutor. In Italy, he learnt about the work of Galileo. Robert became interested in natural philosophy, the study of the natural world and the universe. He was invited to Oxford University where he met lots of other natural philosophers. They set up an experimental philosophy club, which often met at Robert’s house. This was an exciting time for Robert as he began to explore and share his ideas.

Like many scientists of the time, Robert also practised alchemy – the quest to create the Philosopher’s Stone, a mythical substance that could turn common metals into gold.

At the time, carrying out scientific experiments was unusual. Scholars usually just wrote down their ideas and then argued about them, much as the Ancient Greek philosophers had done. Robert pioneered the scientific method. This meant carrying out experiments and observing the results.

28 whizzpopbang.com

ROBERT BOYLE WAS BORN IN 1627 IN MUNSTER, IRELAND.

Robert’s most famous experiments investigated the nature of air. He used an air pump which allowed him to change the air pressure inside a glass dome by pumping air out of it, creating a vacuum. He could then observe the effects of air pressure on animals and plants – and on the air itself.

Robert’s most famous discovery is called Boyle’s Law. It states that as the volume of a container decreases, the pressure of the air or gas within it increases. If you decrease the volume of an empty flip-top bottle by squishing it, the air inside is squeezed into a smaller space. The air pressure increases so that it pushes the lid open!

Robert realised that gases must be made up of tiny particles that get pushed closer together when they’re squashed.

In 1660, Robert and 11 other natural philosophers set up the Royal Society, now the oldest independent scientific society in the world.

The Royal Society’s motto means ‘take nobody’s word for it’

Invention wish list

Robert wrote a list of 24 things he hoped scien ce would one day be able to accomplish. More than 300 years later, there are many we have achi eved, like “The Art of Flying” (planes!), “The Art of Continuing long under water” (SCUBA diving!) , and “Varnishes perfumable by Rubbing” (scratch and sniff!). And a few we haven’t, like “Attaining Gigantick Dimensions” and “The Cure of Wounds at a Distance”, but we’ve done surprisingly well! See the full list here bit. ly/ 3uI KY5 H

Can you find three matching pairs of potion bottles? Check your answer on page 34.

In 1668, Robert went to live with his big sister Katherine in London. Katherine was also a chemist, with expertise in concocting medical remedies. She and her brother had always discussed their scientific ideas. At the time, women couldn’t publish their own work, but Katherine’s research contributed greatly to her brother’s success. Along with fellow scientist Robert Hooke, Robert and Katherine built a laboratory in their home where they could carry out experiments together. Robert and Katherine both died in December 1691. Their work had paved the way for modern chemistry.

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg

de lov

H I, Y ! Why can’t you tickle yourself ?

Minha, aged 8

F oR

CURIoUS K I DS

We loved seeing all your different serving ideas for the edible sand from Issue 73...

To keep you safe, your body nee ds to know if the touch on your leg was done by your han d… or a hungry crocodile! Som e touches need to be acted on qui ckly, so a part of your brain called the cerebellum monito rs your movements. This means that when you tickle yourself, your brain is expecting the touch, so it cancels it out. You can’t even tickle yourself in a dream! Your body can’t predic t how it will feel if someone else tickles you – or if you use a tick le robot (that’s a real thing!). That’s why those tickles are so much more tickly!

We used the sand to top our gingerbread cupcakes!

Read any good science books recently? Done any cool experiments? Write to Y@whizzpopbang.com to tell us all about them! Ben, aged 10, sprinkled the n edible sand o e ad em m o his h cupcakes.

Luke, aged 8, made these cakes amazing cup d i ct with ca an little skulls.

William, aged 9, bites into his edible SANDwich.

Sophie, aged 8 Tom, aged 9

Y’s Wonder Club Badges Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Collectable enamel badges for you to earn! Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

D E A R Y, Did wo mammoths fart out me olly th gas like cows, heating ane up planet and causing th the e end of the Ice Age?

Thank you for all the fantastic desert scene photos you sent us. We loved seeing all your personal touches. Here are a few of them… d 5, Henry, age extra e m o s designed animals d n a plants is. for his oas

Fliss, aged 7

Elsie, aged 10

7, Willow, aged er h e ad had m desert scene ours within two h e g of receivin th magazine!

AS K Y, Why does

warm water freeze quicker than cold water? Abigail, aged 9

Sandy, aged 4, really ing enjoyed mak t er es d is th scene.

Around 13,000 years ago, there were lots of supersized herbivores on Earth, including woolly mam moths. They relied on bacteria in their intestines to brea k down tough plant material. The bacteria made methan e and 80-90% of that came out of the animals as burps – so farts are not to blame! All this methane probably did cause some environmental warming. At this time, ther e was also a massive increase in the human population, and humans hunted these giant species into extinctio n. With that, the methane level dropped, and a period of cool ing began. It seems humans might have been affectin g the climate long before we built factories and cars!

Check out these food chain tubes from Issue 73… Caitlin, aged 8, made her own food chain tubes. She didn’t have any cardboard tubes, so she improvised.

S TA RE R L ET T

ve You’ a won er! bind

Did you discover that for yourself, Abigail? The Mpemba effect is named after another curious kid – a Tanzanian schoolboy who noticed that a hot ice cream mixture froze faster than a cooler one. This is a paradox – the opposite to what we expect. Mpemba was helped to investigate this by a physicist who believed no question should be ridiculed. You can read the original paper they wrote together here: bit.ly/3aHlrAV Since then, scientists have found it doesn’t work every time, leading some to question whether the Mpemba effect is even real. And even if it is real, no one has discovered what causes it, though several theories have been suggested: it could happen because evaporation makes a smaller volume of liquid that cools quicker, because hot water contains less dissolved gas, because warm water cools more evenly, or something else altogether!

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Aston, aged 10

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

Freddy, aged 7, chose e, an owl, a snak d an l se ea aw a plant. Charlie, aged 5, drew a fox, a bird, a snail and lettuce.

AJ, aged 6, e tried the Shak y it iv ct it up! A in Issue 73.

We were amazed at the results of this experiment!

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQqV More badges will be launched soon... watch this space!

whizzpopbang.com 31

How much can you remember from this issue?

Test your toad Mum/Dad/

Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

what they know! to see

What is the slime created by chia seeds called? a) Seed snot

lowers a) F

ucilage b) M

b) Crabs

c) Seed spawn

c) Bumblebees

was a Which of these dren remedy for chil the with asthma in 17th century?

juggle

b) Teach a seal to sin g the Star Wars theme tu ne

rettes

l slime

pplying snai b) A to the chest

c) Teach an orangu

tan to sing Jingle Bells

ppy

c) Hugging a pu

In an optical smoke alarm, what does the light-emitting diode do?

Where do skunks spray their musk from? a) Their mouths

a) Fire a beam of infrared ligh

b) Their bottoms

b) F ire a beam of ultraviolet light

pecial glands behind c) S their ears

c) F ire a beam of X-rays

What did research ers at St Andrew’s Unive rsity recently do?

a) Teach a bear to

a) Smoking ciga

What do crab spiders mimic when they change colour?

Why do witches fly on brooms? Because vacuum cleaners are too heavy!

What happens to e boiled red cabbag add water when you lemon juice? a) It turns yellow b) I t turns blue c) It turns pink

Which of these did flavour expert Dr Rachel Edwards-Stuart help to create? a) A milk river b) A honey lake c) A chocolate waterfall

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 10 2) Page 27 3) Page 15 4) Page x 5) Page 24 6) Page 13 7) Page 7 8) Page 23

Answers on page 34.

I scored: .......... 1-3: Cool conjuror! 4-6: Super sorcerer! 7-8: Master magician!

W ! IN

Spot the difference!

I love some Christmas chemis-tree!

There’s lots going on in these labs, but can you spot 10 differences between the two pictures? Circle the differences, take a photo and send it in to be in with a chance of winning one of four awesome chemistry sets.

Chemistry set

Become a cool chemist with this fantastic set from thamesandkosmos.co.uk. Identify different chemicals using reactions, heat, evaporation and crystallisation. Examine the composition of inks and dyes with chromatography experiments, and explore the properties of water, soaps and oils. Make fizzy reactions with acids and bases to dissolve shells and extinguish candles. You can also make your own test tube racks out of plaster and learn about the chemical reaction that forms them. (Children under 8 should be supervised.) Send your answer to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Potions’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post your entry to Potions competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Deadline: January 8th 2022. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com

WINNERS

Issue 75 competition winners Thank you to all of you who sent in your entries to our leaf competition. Your creations were tree-mendous! These five lucky winners will each receive a My Living World Bug Photography kit from playmonster.co.uk:

Arya and Aditya Zisserman, 7 and 12 Grace Johnston, 6

Fernando S. Gauni, 7 Ethan Sabey, 11

Quinn and Paisley Garside, 8 and 7

whizzpopbang.com 33

S E K O J problem What’s the ches? it with twin w tell which You can’t ich! witch is wh

What do you call a three-legged reindeer? Eileen!

How much does it cost to watch Harry Potter play his favourite sport? A quid each! What do ask for a witches t hotels? Broom se rvice!

te What athle t a is warmest ? Christmas er! A long jump

Page 10 – Salamander puzzle

Page 20 – Riddles

Here are the five differences:

1) At the North Pole. During ‘polar night’, no part of the Sun rises above the horizon for six months. (Although there are some weeks of twilight during the polar night, when part of the sky is illuminated a bit by the Sun below the horizon.) 2) The letter ‘D’.

Answers Page 25 – Matchsticks puzzle One answer is:

3) An umbrella. Page 20 – Triangles puzzle There are 12 triangles. Page 29 – Matching bottles puzzle Page 12 – Sentence puzzle It’s a palindrome – it reads the same forwards and backwards! Page 13 – True/Untrue TRUE: And even though they spray it from their rear ends, they are known for having great aim! Page 15 – Bandages puzzle The bandage that would be tied in a knot is d. Page 18 – Word wheel puzzle The word is CRACKER!

Page 32 – Quiz 1) b 2) a 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) b 7) c 8) c

Dry ice

R A L U C A T C E SP

You might have seen this magical, swirling fog in action at a party or in a movie! It is made using dry ice, which is the solid form of carbon dioxide. Dry ice doesn’t melt into a liquid like water ice does. It ‘sublimes’, which means it changes directly from a solid to a gas. Solid dry ice is extremely cold – it sublimes at −78.5 °C. The swirling white wisps you see are formed when water vapour in the air condenses as it’s cooled by the carbon dioxide gas, forming tiny water droplets. In its solid form, dry ice is used as a cooling agent for lots of things, from ice cream to medical vaccines. You couldn’t touch it with your bare hands because it would instantly give you frostbite!

kimedia Comm ons

solid state Dry ice in its

Cool scien ce st N E W!

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