Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 79: WILD WEATHER! by Whizz Pop Bang

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D L I W TH ER A E W

ISSN 2399 -2840

THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

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WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 79

EXPERIMENTS PUZZLES AMAZING FACTS SCIENCE NEWS

WELCOME!

Grab a brolly and get your wellies on for this wet and wild issue! WHIZZ POP BANG is made by:

We’re braving the storms to explore some of the world’s whackiest weather in this br eezy edition of Whizz Pop Ba ng! From hurricanes to blizzards and heatwaves to flooding, th weather can get pretty inten e se at times. Find out what ca uses such wild weather patterns, and then get busy recording the weather wherever you live with ou r ha nd y we at he r station to cut out and make on page 17. You can also make a mini tornado and lightning bolt at home too!

Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Esther Barron, Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Claire Cock-Starkey, Joe Inglis, Poppy Inglis and Kirsty Williams

EXPERT SCIENCE ADVISERS

I’ve made a weather station and anemometer! Where you see this symbol, use a QR code reader on a phone or tablet to visit a relevant web page.

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WHIZZ POP BANG is only available by subscription. If you haven’t subscribed yet, simply go to whizzpopbang.com and sign up for as little as £3.33 per magazine, including UK delivery. Back issues are available to purchase at whizzpopbang.com/shop With the help of Whizz Pop Bang magazine, just imagine what your child might one day discover!

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Welcome to WHIZZ POP BANG – the magazine bursting with enticing articles, mind-boggling facts and hands-on experiments to get your child hooked on science! Whizz Pop Bang is a gender-neutral magazine with plenty of inspirational male and female scientists and content that appeals to all children.

The magazine is ideal for home educators and it’s linked to the national curriculum too, for use in schools. Whizz Pop Bang will help with literacy development as well. Transform science teaching in your school with our hands-on science and reading resources. Our downloadable lesson packs link fun science experiments and reading with key curriculum topics for years 2-6. Subscribe at whizzpopbang.com/schools

All experiments have been tried and tested by our team. The activities should be done under close adult supervision and are done at your own risk. Launchpad Publishing Ltd cannot accept liability for damage done.

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As well as our writers, we also have a team of science advisers who help to ensure that our content is accurate, up-to-date and relevant. Our advisers include: palaeontologist Steve Brusatte; molecular microbiologist Matt Hutchings; robotics engineer Abbie Hutty; mechanical engineer Amiee Morgans; GP Dr Cathy Scott; astronomer Mark Thompson; physicist Dr Jess Wade; child psychologist Dr Naira Wilson. To find out more, go to whizzpopbang.com/about

ISSN 2399-2840

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CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

Read about NASA’s awesome new space telescope, the physics of finger clicking and flesh-eating bees!

WILD WEATHER SCIENCE LAB

Find out what makes the weather, create a tornado in a bottle and make a mini lightning bolt! bolt

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ANIMAL ANTICS

Nice weather for ducks! Get quacking and take a look at these waddling, waterproof birds.

SILLY SCIENCE

Weather wisdoms and mad myths! What does red sky at night mean? Can it be too cold to snow?

EMMI’S ECO CLUB

Use old packaging to make an awesome anemometer to measure wind speed.

PULLOUT

Create your own weather station, station then solve a wonderful welly puzzle!

Meteorologist John Law works in the Antarctic, finding out how the Earth’s climate is changing.

HOW STUFF WORKS

Take a look at brilliant brollies, brollies the clever invention that keeps the rain off our heads!

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Weird Weather Events vents, from raining frogs to spinning waterspouts and giant hailstones!

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TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

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INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

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SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

Dr Joanne Simpson found out how storm clouds work and became NASA’s top weather scientist.

Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION

I’d love to see pictures of your experiments! Send them to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an JOKES AND ANSWERS adult to tag us on social media Laugh out loud at some awesome jokes and find @whizzpopbangmag the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

Test your knowledge with our super-duper science quiz and win a wonderful weather station!

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

See an enormous swirling hurricane, including the 50-km-wide eye of the storm!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa

FLESH-EATING BEES

EYE IN THE SKY

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In December, NASA’s awesome new telescope launched into space. The James Webb Space Telescope – known as Webb for short – is 100 times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope. Webb is BIG news for space scientists, who say it will revolutionise astronomy. By capturing the light emitted by some of the first stars to form in the universe some 13 billion years ago, Webb will allow us to look further back in time than ever before. The telescope features a 6.5-metre-wide mirror, which had to be folded up like origami during launch and unfolded in space, and a tennis-court-sized sunshield to protect the telescope from the Sun’s heat. Webb will also allow astronomers to study the atmosphere of planets in faraway solar systems, looking for signs of extra-terrestrial life.

The bees hav evolved a spe e c tooth for bit ial in through flesh g !

Most bees are vegetarian – but not all of them. Some, like the ‘vulture bees’ of Central and South America, prefer rotting flesh to flower nectar. Entomologists (insect scientists) studying these bees in Costa Rica have found that their guts contain bacteria that allow them to eat rotting meat without becoming unwell, like we would. These bacteria are also found in the guts of carnivores like hyenas and the bees’ namesakes – vultures. When humans eat rotten meat, toxin-producing bacteria in the meat makes us ill, but the bacteria in the guts of animals that feed on rotting meat produce acids that kill the toxin-producing bacteria.

SIT!

MONKEY BRIDGE

The endangered golden lion tamarin is now only found in the wild in the rainforests of south-eastern Brazil, having lost more than 95% of its habitat through deforestation. With less than 3,000 of the monkeys left in the wild, and the population in decline, conservationists have built a bridge across a busy motorway that runs through their habitat, cutting it in half. The bridge is covered with jungle trees and plants, creating a natural corridor to help the monkeys safely cross the road. © vvvita / Shutterstock .com

Most pet dogs understand the command to sit, but researchers in Canada have found that many can respond to an average of 89 different words or phrases. While some had a vocabulary of just 15 words, others responded to 215! Of all the dogs in the study, herding dogs like collies and shepherds recognised the most words, probably because they were bred to interact with humans. Next, the researchers plan to investigate whether a dog’s vocabulary is linked to its intelligence or ability to learn.

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SNAPPY SCIENCE

After watching the Marvel movie Avengers: Infinity War, scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology in the US were debating whether it would be possible to click your fingers with a metal glove on, like one of the characters in the film does. Their curiosity led them to research the science of finger clicking. They used high-speed imaging and force sensors to watch the process in slow motion and found out that it does depend on the friction of skin, and it didn’t work with gloves on. They also found that when you click your fingers, your finger moves 20 times faster than the blink of an eye!

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WILD WEATHER SCIENCE LAB

What makes the weather happen? Step into our weather lab to find out how weather works...

What makes the weather?

Don’t forget your raincoat!

Although weather can do many different things, it has just three main ingredients: WATER The ingredient that falls on your head when it rains!

Mix them together, and you’ve got weather!

SUNSHINE Heat energy from the Sun powers the weather

AIR Air makes up the atmosphere, the layer of gas all around the Earth

Moving air Why is the weather always changing? It’s because the Sun’s heat makes the atmosphere move. This makes wind, which blows clouds and storms around.

4. Where clouds block the Sun, the land is colder and so is the air

3. The hot air rises up, just like in a hot air balloon

5. The cold air sinks down 2. The ground heats the air

1. The Sun heats the ground

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6. Sinking air spreads out along the ground, replacing the rising air – and the moving air is what we call wind!

What’s the wind’s favourite colour? Blew!

The water cycle As the air moves around, it carries water with it – also thanks to the Sun! So, water is always moving around too. We call this the water cycle.

5. Winds blow clouds over the land

6. As they get colder, the water droplets join together and fall as rain or snow (this process is called precipitation)

4. It condenses back into tiny water droplets, forming clouds 3. It rises up into the sky and gets cooler

2. This makes some of the water evaporate (change from a liquid into a gas)

1. The Sun heats up water in seas and rivers

8. …rivers flow back into the sea… 9. ...and it starts all over again!

Water cycle in a jar Make your own miniature water cycle in a jar!

7. Water on the ground flows into streams and rivers…

The water cycle has been happening for billions of years! The water you drink could have once been drunk by a dinosaur!

You will need: • • • • •

A clean jam jar Warm water Ice Pens, paper and glue (optional) Blue food colouring (optional)

What you do: 1. If you like, you can draw and cut out the parts of the water cycle and glue them to the jar, as in the picture. 2. Put some warm tap water in the bottom of the jar (mixing in some blue food colouring if you like) and put the lid on top, upside down. 3. The warm water will start to evaporate and form a mini cloud. 4. Now put some ice cubes on the upside-down lid. They’ll make the cloud extra cold, and it will start to condense and form water drops. Eventually, they’ll fall back down as rain!

All the world’s water would fit inside the Moon

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WHEN WEATHER GETS WILD!

1. The top of the cloud is so high that it’s very cold and ice crystals form

You’ve probably seen news stories about huge hurricanes, whirling tornadoes, floods and other extreme weather. But what causes them?

Usually, the answer is extra heat – from the Sun!

3. The static charge is attracted to the opposite charge on the ground, creating a giant spark – lightning!

2. As ice crystals rub together, a static electric charge builds up

When there’s a lot of sunshine or hot weather, there’s more heat energy. This means the air moves more and contains more water, leading to powerful storms.

4. The lightning heats up the air suddenly, making the booming sound of thunder

Thunderstorms Have you ever wondered why thunderstorms happen more in summer? Hot sunny weather makes lots of water evaporate quickly. It piles up into a tall, towering cumulonimbus (say kyoo-myu-low-nim-bus) cloud, with warm and cold air swirling around inside it.

Make lightning! This homemade lightning works just like the real thing.

You will need: • A balloon • A woollen jumper or blanket • A dark room with a metal fitting, such as a tap or door handle

What you do: 1. Blow up the balloon and tie it. 2. Go into the dark room (be careful not to trip!) and rub the balloon on the jumper or blanket for about 30 seconds. 3. Hold the balloon near the metal object and move it slowly closer.

5. The water and ice in the cloud fall as heavy rain and hail

You should find: A little spark should jump between the balloon and the metal, just like tiny lightning! Rubbing the balloon builds up a static electric charge. The electrons are attracted to the metal and jump across to it.

Don’t worry, it’s harmless!

Where’s the thunderstorm?

Twisty tornadoes

When you see lightning, you often hear thunder slightly later. That’s because light travels much faster than sound. The light from the lightning reaches your eyes almost straight away, but the sound takes longer to reach you. Next time there’s a thunderstorm outside, try this:

A tornado is a powerful, whirling funnel of wind. It can form below a big thunderstorm or storm cloud when hot and cold air spiral around each other. Tornado winds are so strong, they can sometimes blow away houses or lift cars into the air.

• After a lightning flash, measure how many seconds go by until you hear the thunder. • Divide the number by 3 (sound travels 1 km in about 3 seconds). • The answer will tell you how far away (in kilometres) the storm is. (To work out the distance in miles, divide by 5 instead of 3.)

Flash… 1… 2… 3… 4… 5… 6…

BOOM!

6 divided by 3 is 2. The storm is 2 km away!

Tornado in a bottle You will need: How far away are these thunderstorms? Flash… 9 seconds…

BOOM!

Flash… 3 seconds…

BOOM!

Flash… 15 seconds…

BOOM!

Check your answers on page 34.

If thunder roars, go indoors!

Then you’ll avoid getting soaked or hit by hail – or lightning!

• 2 empty clear drinks bottles the same size • A sports bottle cap that fits the bottles (in open position!) • Strong, waterproof tape (like duct tape) • Water (with food colouring in, if you like)

What you do: 1. Stick the open cap upside down in one of the bottles and secure it with tape. 2. Fill the other bottle with the water. 3. Screw the empty bottle onto the full one. 4. Over a sink, turn the bottles upside down and move them in a circle to make the water inside swirl around.

You should find: A tornado forms in the water! This is a vortex, when gases (like air) or liquids (like water) move in a spiral around a central point. You might have seen a vortex forming in the bath when the plug’s pulled out!

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Hurricanes Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are all different names for the same thing: a huge, spiral-shaped storm. They form over warm oceans and can be up to 1,000 km across. Evaporating water creates a huge, rotating mass of cloud. When it reaches the land, it brings strong winds and lots of rain. Hurricanes spin because of the way the Earth spins. In the northern hemisphere, they turn anti-clockwise…

and in the southern hemisphere, they turn clockwise!

Hurricanes get given their own names

More wild weather! And that’s not all – there are other types of wild weather out there too! Blizzards – heavy snow combined with wind

Brrrrr! Evaporation stations

Which is the stormiest day of the week? You will need: Windsday! Three identical bowls • A waterproof ruler Find out how heat makes evaporation happen.

• • Water

• A clock, watch or timer

What you do: 1. Put cold water in each bowl to a depth of 2 cm (use the ruler to check). 2. Put the three bowls in different places, one cold, one medium and one warm. For example, you could put one in the fridge, one in the shade, and one on a sunny windowsill, in an airing cupboard or on a warm radiator.

Flooding – when lots of heavy rain covers valleys or low-lying land with water Ice storms – when rain freezes solid covering everything with ice Droughts – no rain leads to water shortages and crops dying

3. Leave the bowls for three hours, then measure the water levels. Have they gone down?

You should find: The warmer the temperature, the faster the water evaporates! The water in the warm place should have gone down the most, and the water in the coldest place the least. In a liquid, molecules zoom and jiggle around at different speeds. Fast-moving ones escape into the air and become gas. Heat gives the molecules energy to move faster, so more of them escape!

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Heatwaves – very hot, still weather that can make you overheat

Climate change The Earth’s climate is gradually getting warmer. This is because of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, which are released into the atmosphere when we burn fuel. They act like a greenhouse, trapping heat and making the Earth warmer. A warmer Earth means more extreme weather. Can you work out why?

The weather forecast It’s hard to control what the weather does. Instead, we have ways of predicting it and making weather forecasts, so we know what’s coming! This is especially important for extreme weather, as it helps people to avoid dangerous storms and floods.

All the data goes into computers, which find patterns and predict what will happen next.

To make weather forecasts, meteorologists (weather scientists) take lots of measurements all over the world.

They use weather stations and weather satellites in orbit to measure things like wind speed, temperature and cloud cover.

Under pressure!

This information is turned into weather forecasts and forecasting maps.

You might have heard weather forecasters talking about ‘highs’, ‘lows’ and ‘fronts’. They also have maps that show them, like this – but what do they mean? Where warm air is rising, you get low pressure!

L Where air is sinking down, you get high pressure.

These lines (isobars) show atmospheric pressure.

Weather symbols Weather forecasts often show symbols for different types of weather. Draw a line to match up the type of weather with its symbol. Check your answers on page 34.

A warm front

A front is the front edge of a mass of moving air, which can be warm or cold.

A cold front

High pressure tends to mean warm, dry weather and low pressure means rain and wind!

Sunny day

Overcast

Sunny intervals

Sleet

Partly cloudy (night)

Thunder shower (night)

Light snow

Heavy rain

AL ANIM S TIC

Ducks

Ducks are wild birds that live on or around water. They can be found on every continent except Antarctica and live on the sea as well as fresh water.

With an umbrella and wellies, our vet Joe Inglis is braving the wet weather this month to find out more about these water-loving birds.

Duck into dinner

3D ducks

Although ducks eat a lot of veg, such as water plants and grasses, many species also eat animals like fish, insects, amphibians, worms and small shellfish. Some ducks, such as the mergansers of South America and East Asia, can even hunt and eat large fish.

Some ducks are dabblers and use a comb-like structure called a pecten on their beak to strain food out of the water. Others are divers that can swim down under the water to find food. And dredgers suck up insects and molluscs from the mud.

WATER OFF A DUCK'S BACK

Ducks spend a lot of time preening their feathers with their beaks. They have a special gland near their tails which releases an oily substance and they rub this all over their feathers to make them waterproof.

Cut two pieces of non-shiny paper into feather shapes. Colour one feather on both sides with crayon. Drip a few drops of water onto both feathers and watch what happens. Wax is waterproof like preening oil so it should repel the water.

Loaf it out Although many wild ducks love a snack of bread, it is not a good idea to feed it to them. Bread is not healthy for them, and it can also pollute waterways.

Duck quacks don’t echo.

Teaming up Male ducks are called drakes and females are hens. Ducks are social animals, often living together in groups called rafts or teams.

Like a duck to water Most ducks breed once a year in the spring or summer. They hatch their eggs in a nest before leading their little ducklings out onto the water to teach them how to feed. Mother ducks are usually very protective of their brood of ducklings.

Duck jokes quack me up!

8 million

The largest number of ducks seen in one place! In January 1940, a massive raft of ducks was seen on Louisiana’s Catahoula Lake by a biologist flying over it. He estimated there were at least eight million individual ducks on the water.

This little duckling has been left behind! Help it find a way back to its family. Check your answer on page 34.

Duck on the menu Baby ducklings – and their parents – are always in danger of being snapped up by a hungry predator, especially when they are on the water. Large fish like pike, crocodiles, birds including owls and hawks, and land-based animals like foxes are all predators with a taste for duck. When ducks are flying they are much safer – only super-fast predators such as peregrine falcons are able to hunt them in the air.

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Weath e r ' w isd o m’

Do cows know when it’s going to rain? Can it be too cold to snow? Some of these sayings are a matter of fact while others are marvellous myths! Can you forecast which is which?

'It rains more at weekends than on weekdays'

TRUE OR UNTRUE ?

'It can be too cold to snow'

Fact! Although it is possible for snow to fall in very cold temperatures, it is much less likely. This is because the colder air gets, the less water vapour there is in the air. But in the UK, it is almost never cold enough to make it less likely to snow.

Myth! It sometimes feels like weekends are a washout when we’re doing outdoor activities, so scientists put the idea to the test. Their hypothesis (prediction) was that pollution from cars and factories would build up in the atmosphere during the week, causing more rain clouds to form. Pollution contains tiny particles called aerosols. Water vapour can condense on the aerosols, creating cloud droplets. But the results showed that, because these droplets are smaller than naturally occurring ones, they are less likely to fall as rain, so the effect is cancelled out.

'Groundhogs can predict how long winter will last'

Myth! In Punxsutawney, USA, there is a ceremony every February involving ‘Phil’ the groundhog. He comes out of his burrow and if he sees his shadow, that means there will be six more weeks of wintry weather. If he doesn’t see his shadow, winter is over. (He whispers his prediction to a human helper!) Sadly, Phil doesn’t have any special powers to predict the weather – he has been right less than 40% of the time. He must have his head in the clouds!

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Why did the woman wear one ski into town? She heard there was a 50% chance of snow!

'You should lie flat on the ground during a thunderstorm'

Myth! People used to think this was a good way to avoid being struck by lightning outdoors because taller things are more likely to be struck (which is why you should never shelter under a tree). But when lightning strikes open ground, it can send an electric current up to 30 metres away, so it’s not a good idea to have your chest and head in contact with the ground. The safest position is to crouch with your head tucked down towards your knees and your hands covering your ears.

'Red sky at night, shepherds’ delight'

Fact! This saying, which means that a colourful sunset will be followed by fair weather the next day, is often true in the UK. This is because weather systems mostly come from the west, the same direction as the sunset. A red sunset means high pressure is moving in from the west, and high pressure tends to bring dry and pleasant weather.

'You can tell the temperature by listening to crickets'

Fact! Crickets are so sensitive to changes in temperature, you can use them as a thermometer! To find out the temperature in Celsius, count the number of times a field cricket chirps in eight seconds and then add five (it works best for temperatures between about 13 °C and 22 °C). This calculation is based on Dolbear’s law, after Amos Dolbear who wrote about the phenomenon in 1897.

'Lightning never strikes twice in the same place'

Myth! Lightning can strike the same place repeatedly. Tall, pointy objects are most likely to be struck. The Empire State Building in New York, USA, can be hit more than 25 times a year and is known to have been hit several times during a single storm. Tall buildings use lightning rods – pointed metal rods attached to the roof – to conduct the electric current safely to the ground through a wire. Some people have also been struck by lightning more than once. An American park worker was struck seven times over 35 years. Amazingly, he survived every time!

'Cows lie down when it’s about to rain'

Myth! There is no scientific evidence to show that cows can predict when it’s going to rain. Come rain or shine, cows spend up to half of their time lying down, to rest and to chew the cud. So, whenever it’s about to rain, there’s a 50:50 chance they’ll be lying down!

How many cows are lying down? Write your answer here and check it on page 34.

b... clu O C E

Emmi's

MAKE AN ANEMOMETER An anemometer measures wind speed. Reuse some packaging to make your own and then count how many times the cups spin to measure the speed of the wind.

You will need: • A plastic bottle • 4 small plastic pots of the same size • Thick cardboard • A stapler • A nut and bolt and a washer or a split pin (paper fastener) • A ruler

• • • • • •

A pencil Scissors Masking tape Glue Two colours of paint Something to weigh down the bottle; for example, marbles, sand or gravel

Cut out two strips of cardboard measuring 6 cm wide and 30 cm long.

Mark the middle of each strip of cardboard and lay one on top of the other to make a cross. Make a hole through both pieces of cardbo ard using a sharp pencil. Glue the strips tog ether around the hole so they can’t mo ve.

Score down the length of the middle of each d piece of cardboar and then fold it. Add masking tape to the edges.

4 Push the pe ncil through the lid of the plastic b ottle. Now fill the bottle with marble s, or something else that will weigh it down just enough that it won't blow over.

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ur bolt and Put the washer on yo the hole in the then push it through ttle top. Screw cardboard and the bo a gap so that the on the nut but leave rotate easily. If cardboard strips can t and bolt, you you don’t have a nu could use a split pin.

Continued on page 21 ➜

PULLOUT WILD WEATHER WEATHER STATION

PULL OUT PAGES 17-20 AND GET MAKING!

You will need: • • • • • • •

The poster, labels and templates over the page Scissors Glue Sticky tape Find a printable version of the pullout here: Sticky tack bit.ly/3G4vQoj A paper fastener (split pin) Cotton wool (optional)

What you do: 1. Cut out the weather station poster and templates over the page. 2. Cut along the dashed red lines on the poster. 3. Attach template 1 to the poster using a paper fastener.

4. Cut along the dashed red lines on template 2 and slot it over the ‘wind conditions’ strip on the poster as shown. Use sticky tape to secure the template together at the back. 5. Use sticky tack to attach template 3 to the ‘cloud conditions’ section of the poster. If you like, you could stick cotton wool onto the clouds. Try to make the cotton wool look like the different types of clouds – keep it big and bumpy for cumulonimbus clouds but stretch it out thin for altostratus. 6. Push template 4 through the slits next to the ‘temperature’ section. First push the end through from the back of the poster to the front and then through the next slit from front to back. The arrow should be showing. 7. Attach the extra seasons and ‘today’s weather’ labels to the space at the bottom of the poster with sticky tack to use whenever you need them. 8. Now take a look outside and record the weather on your poster!

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CALM

We’d love to see your weather stations! Send your photos to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag

WINDY VERY WINDY GALES

WIND CONDITIONS

BREEZY

TODAY’S WEATHER

SEASON PRECIPITATION

Weather station

You should find: You can observe the weather and record it on your poster. Keep a weather journal to record your daily findings. Do you spot any patterns over time? What types of clouds do you usually see on warm days? Does it rain more at weekends? (Or take a peek at page 14 to find out!) Come up with your own questions to answer and test them using your weather chart and journal. After a while, you might be able to spot signs of changing weather and predict what’s coming!

Nimbostratus

Cumulonimbus

Stratocumulus

Altocumulus

Cumulus

Altostratus Freezing

Very cold

Cold

Mild

Warm

Hot

Very hot

TEMPERATURE

SUMMER WINTER CLOUDY SUNNY FOGGY HAIL

Stratus

Cirrus

Cirrocumulus

Cirrostratus

CLOUD CONDITIONS SPRING AUTUMN SNOWY STORMY ICY RAINY

Template 4 Template 3

Template 2

Template 1

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Riddles

Check your answers on page 34. 1. I always come second but finish sooner than the rest. What am I? 2. What can clap without any hands? 3. What blooms lik e rains and shrivels a flower when it up when it stops?

One welly has lost its pair! Which welly is the odd one out? Check your answer on page 34.

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An average-sized cumulus cloud (the fluffy-looking kind you see on a sunny day) weighs about the same as 100 elephants! Researchers calculated it weighs around 500,000 kg, based on an average size of 1 km wide x 1 km long x 1 km high and an average density of water droplets. Some other types of clouds are much more dense and weigh even more! Clouds stay up in the air because they are buoyant, meaning they are less dense than the surrounding dry air, and also because of warm air rising upwards from the ground.

With the bottle lid facing up, sta ple the plastic pots onto the ends of the cardbo ard strips. Make sure they are pointing in the dire ctions shown in the photo. Screw the lid onto the bottle. Now it’s time to paint your pots. Paint one pot a different colour to the rest – this is so you can count the number of rotations to find out how fast the wind is blowing.

You can try out your anemometer indoors by creating wind with a hairdryer. Point the hairdryer at the cups and set a timer for 30 seconds. Turn on the hairdryer and count the number of rotations in that time. What happens when you alter the speed of the wind? Record your results here. Speed of hair dryer

Number of rotations in 30 seconds

Low High

I’d love to see your anemometer! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

Next, go outside and count the number of rotations your anemometer makes in the wind. You could make a chart to compare the wind on different days.

Photos @ Jenna Williams

ECO

ideas...

Recycle a plastic bottle to make a rain collector Ask an adult to help you cut a 2-litre plastic bottle in half. Press some modelling clay into the stop the bottom half and make sure it is level – this is to the turn e, bottle blowing over. Take the lid off the bottl Secure top half over and place it inside the bottom half. pen, it in place with tape. With a permanent marker you so e bottl mark a scale at 1 cm intervals up the se can measure the amount of water collected. Choo can a safe place to stand the bottle outside where it collect rain.

Continued from page 16

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Record the weather Use the poster on pages 18 & 19 to record the weather where you are. See if you can spot any patterns over time.

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... live in Antarctica! John Law is a meteorologist with the British Antarctic Survey. If you have any questions of your own for him, you can contact him on rmet@bas.ac.uk

“

I arrived at Rothera by ship just before Christmas in 2019.

John Law, Briti sh An Survey meteoro tarctic logist

”

We sailed from Harwich, in the UK, and crossed the Atlantic, a long voyage that took us almost two months. Rothera Research Station is situated on Adelaide Island just to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The station is just in the Antarctic circle – which means that for part of the year the Sun never sets and during the winter there are weeks when the Sun never rises above the horizon. I’ll be staying at the Rothera station for summer, winter and another summer, Adelaide Island which is about 15 months in Antarctica.

By keeping track of the weather over many years, we can see if there have been any changes to the climate.

”

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Balleny Is

22 whizzpopbang.com

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My main job at Rothera is to make weather observations. As well as recording information about things like temperature, wind speed, clouds and snow, I also fix the weather instruments at the station. Each morning, one of the first things I do is launch the WEST ANTARCTICA weather balloon. Hanging beneath the balloon is a small box of clever electronics called a radiosonde. The radiosonde records different O C things like how cold it is and how E A N windy it is as the balloon flies through the atmosphere. Every hour in the summer, I go outside and record what the weather is doing. This information is used by the pilots who fly to and from Rothera, taking scientists further into Antarctica. I also service the automatic weather stations (AWS) that we leave in Antarctica over the winter.

180°

1000

2000

Km 400

600

800

1000

Miles

The Rothera Research Station on Adelaide Island in Antarctica © John Law

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

The weather at Rothera can change really quickly.

”

Rothera is one of the warmer spots for Antarctica, with temperatures in the summer around 2 ˚C or 3 ˚C. In the winter, the temperature can drop down as low as -30 ˚C. Storms spiralling around the Southern Ocean can often bring very windy and snowy weather. On other days, the weather at Rothera can be very settled, clear and sunny. It is a great place to be if you like watching the weather change! We only really have two seasons in Antarctica. When the weather is calmest and coldest, the sea surrounding the station can freeze solid, letting us go out for a walk on the sea ice.

lloon

John launching the weather ba

“

The Antarctic Peninsula has seen temperatures rise by almost 3 ˚C in the last 60 years.

”

That’s almost three times as much as the global average! The warming environment has had an impact on the collapse of ice shelves and the retreat of glaciers around the peninsula. Changes that we see in the atmosphere are also linked to changes that we see in things like the oceans and ice cover. These changes can also have impacts on the animals that live in different parts of Antarctica. Although it is a long way from home, changes that we see here in Antarctica can also be felt around the world.

John uses special instruments to ma ke weather observations in Antarctica © BAS

The research station where John is based is surrounded by wildlife!

“

Climate change doesn’t just happen in the Antarctic…

”

…so we should all take care to protect and enjoy the areas of nature that we have around us. Antarctica is a very special place; it is protected by an agreement called the Antarctic Treaty that ensures the continent is dedicated to peaceful scientific study. However, greenhouse gases that are released in other parts of the world are causing the Earth to warm up, and that is havin g an impact all over the planet – even in places like the Antarctic. These greenhouse gases com e from lots of different sources, like cars, planes and burning fossil fuels. By being careful about saving energy, we can help reduce the amount of gases that get released. One of the best things we can do is to enjoy nature.

whizzpopbang.com 23

Umbrellas

HOW STUFF

WORKS

When you get caught in a downpour, an umbrella is handy for keeping you dry. Here’s how these mobile rain shelters work…

Did you know… Although we mainly use umbrellas to keep the rain off, the name actually comes from the Latin word umbra, which means shade or shadow. The first umbrellas were probably invented in China more than 4,000 years ago to protect against the hot sun, before being adapted for use in rain with oil or wax for waterproofing.

A central pole made from lightweight metal such as aluminium, fibreglass or wood supports the frame of the umbrella. In pocket umbrellas, a telescopic section allows the pole to be collapsed down, making the umbrella much shorter and easier to carry around.

Which of these umbrellas seen from the side matches the umbrella viewed from the top? Write your answer here and check it on page 34.

24 whizzpopbang.com

Spring-loaded catches at the top and bottom of the pole hold the runner in position, so the umbrella stays up or collapsed.

A handle at the bottom of the pole is designed to make the umbrella easy to hold. Pocket umbrellas usually have simple straight handle grips, while larger umbrellas tend to have traditional curved handles, allowing them to be used as walking sticks when it’s not raining.

The tip of larger umbrellas has a wooden, metal or plastic tip called a ferrule which protects the top of the umbrella, especially if it is being used as a walking stick.

The runner is a central ring connected to the stretcher bars that is slid up the pole to open the umbrella.

Stretcher bars connect the main pole to the ribs. They push outwards to make the canopy taut when the umbrella is open.

The canopy fabric is supported by thin metal or fibreglass ribs that tuck into little pockets at the edge of the canopy and are held in place in the centre by a plastic ring that sits at the top of the umbrella pole. These ribs fold up in pocket umbrellas so that the canopy can collapse down into a small space.

The canopy of the umbrella is made from fabric, usually highgrade polyester which has been treated with a waterproofing chemical. There are normally eight identical panels making up the complete umbrella canopy.

whizzpopbang.com 25

g... in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1

E R E H T A E W E I RD W

very unpredic table – The weather can be nright strange! and sometimes dow

Ball lightning can appear during thunderstorms. It can move around and even set fire to things. Sometimes it gives off a smell of sulphur (a bit like rotten eggs!).

In 2005, thousands of small raining frogs were reported to have fallen from the sky in a town in Serbia. Some scientists think they were picked up and carried by a tornado.

Lenticular clouds look a bit like spaceships! They form around hills and mountains when the air is stable and winds blow across from the same directions at different heights.

Giant hailstones can wreak havoc when they suddenly start falling from the sky. During a storm in Argentina, one giant hailstone measured 23.5 cm – the size of a football!

White rainbows, sometimes called fogbows, are quite rare but can look very spooky! They appear opposite the Sun and are caused when sunlight interacts with small droplets inside fog or cloud.

S T N E V E R

Scientists are not sure what causes strange looking morning glory clouds to form. These rare clouds look like tubes and can stretch to 1,000 kilometres long.

7 8

A waterspout is a type of tornado that forms over water. It is a spinning column of moist air that looks like a funnel-shaped cloud. Waterspouts have been spotted in the UK and Europe.

People living in Kerala in southern India have reported seeing red rain! Scientists think the rain was coloured by airborne spores (single cells that grow into another plant) from green algae.

Raining fish have been spotted in countries across the world from the USA to Australia over the years. Scientists think waterspouts could have lifted the fish out of the water.

Spores found in red rain

They might look like giant doughnuts, but these snow rollers are formed when lumps of snow roll down a hill or are blown along the ground, gathering more snow as they move.

© 1. Joe Thomissen / Wikimedia Commons, 2. Michael Dorogovich / Shutterstock.com, 3. BBA Photography / Shutterstock.com, 4. Miresan Ciprian / Shutterstock.com, 5. Shyam chand / Shutterstock.com, 6. Mick Petroff / Wikimedia Commons, 7. Joseph Golden / NOAA, 8. Louis and Kumar’s research paper / Wikimedia Commons, 9. Freshwater and Marine Image Bank at the University of Washington / Wikimedia Commons, 10. Maria Moroz / Shutterstock.com.

whizzpopbang.com 27

Sensational Scientists

By Claire Cock-Starkey

J oa n n e S i m p so n

Dr Joanne Simpson became NASA’s top weather scientist because of her ground-breaking work on clouds. As a child, Joanne vowed that she would grow up to have a career and earn her own money. She was determined to succeed in life. Young Joanne became fascinated by the clouds she observed while sailing her small boat off Cape Cod. These outings sparked a lifelong interest in the weather. During the Second World War, Joanne trained as a pilot. This involved studying the weather. She loved the course in meteorology (weather science) at the University of Chicago so much that she decided that this should be the focus of her studies. Joanne went on to do a master’s degree, but when she applied for the PhD program she was told that no women had ever been accepted to do a PhD in meteorology, and even if they were, they would never get a job! Undeterred, she applied anyway, was accepted, and became the first woman in America to become a Doctor of Meteorology.

28 whizzpopbang.com

JOANNE SIMPSON WAS BORN IN BOSTON, USA, IN 1923.

Joanne was interested in clouds, but at the time, no one thought clouds affected the weather. Many of the other scientists researching meteorology thought studying clouds was silly, but Joanne did not give up. Her work would go on to overturn old ideas and prove that clouds could impact the weather in dramatic ways. Joanne persuaded the Office of Naval Research to let her and her team use a plane fitted out with instruments to measure things like humidity, air pressure and temperature. This meant she could make observations of cumulus clouds to try to discover how they affected tropical weather.

The theory of hot towers was really important for meteorology. It revealed that the hot towers in the tropics played an important role in circulating air around the planet. It also helped to explain how hot towers were the heat engines behind hurricanes, causing them to feed on the warm ocean air and turn it into strong winds and rain. Lower atmosphere

Hot tower Falling cold air

Joanne teamed up with fellow meteorologist Herbert Riehl and together they came up with an important new theory. They proposed that tall cumulonimbus (say kyoo-myu-low-nim-bus) clouds were so large that they reached the lower atmosphere. These clouds, which they called ‘hot towers’, worked like chimneys, sucking heat and moisture from the ocean up into the atmosphere.

Circle the two clouds below that match exactly. Check your answer on page 34.

Eyewall Eye of hurricane Rising warm air

Ocean surface

After working as a professor at several universities, Joanne got a job as NASA’s top weather scientist. She was so pleased to finally be working alongside other female scientists for the first time.

her Over the course of many career, Joanne won . The prizes and awards logical American Meteoro ed a Society even nam nour. new prize in her ho

Joanne was not only an incredible meteo rologist who made lots of important discoveries, but she was also an important role model. As the fir st female meteoro logist, she faced many barriers, but she overcam e them to becom e a great succes s and forge a path for other female scientists to follow.

whizzpopbang.com 29

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg

AS K Y,

How does get rid of the germs on soap hands when we wash our them? From George Richardson

F oR

CURIoUS K I DS

, aged 6

When you rub wet, soapy hands together , you make a lather (white, bubbly foam). It takes about 20 seconds to properly rub both hands all over. That includes each finger and fingernail – don’t forget your thumbs! The dirt and germs are lifted off your skin into the bubbles and are removed when you rinse with clean wate r. Some germs, like the coronavirus which causes Covid-19, have a fatty protective coating. Soap can strip away this coating and destroy the virus. Then you just was h it all away, safely down the sink.

We loved seeing all your family trees from our Issue 75 Emmi’s Eco Club.

6, Logan, aged ee tr is th e ad m almost all by himself.

6, Angus, aged d ye jo en y ll ia ec esp af le e doing th en rubbings wh is h d te af cr he ee family tr .

Maia, aged 7, investigated how vinegar dissolves eggshells. She tricked her friends at school with her amazing ‘snake eggs’.

Alex, aged 8, created this positive thoughts tree.

Y’s Wonder Club Badges Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Collectable enamel badges for you to earn! Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

It’s great to see that you’ve been using your tree guides from Issue 75 to identify different leaves.

Anna, aged 7, d really enjoye er making h tree guide.

DE AR Y, Yesterday I got some blue-black pen ink in my eye. When I wiped it out, it was greeny-blue. Why is that? Thank you, from Zoe, aged 12

S TA RE R L ET T

ve You’ a n wo er! bind

Black ink is usually made from red, blue and yellow inks. Mixing blue and yellow makes green, which is where your green-blue colour must have come from. You can discover the exact colours in your pen using chromatography. Cut a 2 cm by 15 cm strip of kitchen roll. Draw a 1 cm spot about 2 cm from the bottom. Tears are salty, so mix a pinch of salt into 100 ml of water. Put the tip of the inky end into the salty water and allow it to soak upwards. The colours move differently because some inks dissolve better in the salty water and travel further. Does changing the saltiness of the liquid change your results too?

We are very impressed with your entries for our Eco Hero badges. Here are some examples…

Ptolemy, aged 7, went for a walk and collected a lot of lea ves that matched the pictures in his tree guide. He is going to press them.

Catherine, aged 12, upcycled her pyjamas and turned them into a pencil case.

H I, Y ! I wonder why most

people have hairs unde r their armpits when they’re an adult? From Steven Zong Hu, ag ed 8

Scientists are not exactly sure, Steven. Armpit hair might help you feel more comfortab le because it stops your skin rubbing against itself when you are moving lots. If the hair is exposed to the air, it hel ps carry sweat away from your skin, so it dries before bac teria can feast on it and produce body odour. Wearing clothes traps the sweat, so the bacteria grow, and so doe s the smell! This is why some people wear deodorant. It’s pos sible that armpit smell could have helped early humans to attract a mate, but modern humans mostly use soa p and perfumes instead!

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

Edward, aged 7, made a cushion cover from his PJs!

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your M ck Dad/pet du

what they know! to see

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

What is a waterspou t? a) A tornado that

a) About the same as a baby elephant

forms over water

b) P art of a teapot

b) About the same as 10 elephants

c) A home for incy wincy spiders

What is the ring of thunderstorms around the eye of a hurricane called? a) The eyewall

c) About the same as 100 elephants

he eyelid b) T

Where does meteorologist John Law study the weather?

b) In the Antarctic c) I n the Arctic

ic part What is the fabr called? of an umbrella a) The canopy b) The ferrule he roof c) T

a) A fine mesh of feathers on its win

c) A sieve made of leaves

a) In space

What does a dabbling duck use to strain food from the water?

b) A comb-like structure in its beak

c) The eyebrow

How much does an average-sized cumulus cloud weigh?

What is lightning? a) Light being split by a prism b) Clouds getting lighter as they rain giant spark of c) A electricity

Did you hear the story about the tornado? There’s a twist at the end! Answers on page 34.

W hat can cricket chirps tell you? a) That it’s about to rain

b) That they’re bored hat the c) W temperature is

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 27 2) Page 20 3) Page 35 4) Page 12 5) Page 22 6) Page 8 7) Page 25 8) Page 15

I scored: .......... 1-3: Right as rain! 4-6: It’s a breeze! 7-8: Bright spark of lightning!

A spectacular lightning storm is striking the skyscraper! Which bolt of lightning is hitting the lightning rod on top of the building? Send in your answer to be in with a chance of winning one of five fantastic weather station sets.

C A

! IN

Super-storm!

Weather station

Keep track of the changing weather with this awesome weather station kit from brightminds.co.uk. It measures wind speed and direction, rainfall and the temperature. You can also experiment with the greenhouse effect. When you have finished exploring, recycle the bottle to make a mini greenhouse.

INNERS W Issue 77 competition winners

Thank you to all of you who sent in your entries to our Potions competition. These four lucky winners will each receive a fantastic chemistry set from thamesandkosmos.co.uk Taliesin Sedman, 9 Rory Haugh, 7 Seamus Read, 8 Zikora Mgbor, 6 These were the 10 differences.

Send your answer to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Weather competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post your entry to Weather competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Deadline: March 8th 2022. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com

whizzpopbang.com 33

JOKES

What do you call a grizzly bear caught in the rain? A drizzly bear!

e raindrop n o id d t a h W other? say to the ny, Two’s compa d! u three’s a clo

What is the opposite of a cold front? A warm back!

Why torna don’t d move oes straig in h lines? t Beca u they’ se so di re zzy!

What did the p ira during a snows te say torm? Shiver me tim bers!

in money? When does it ra the weather! in e g n a h c ’s re When the

Page 7 – True/Untrue

Page 12 – True/Untrue

TRUE: In fact, all the world’s water would fit inside half the Moon!

UNTRUE: The long-standing myth that duck quacks don’t echo was debunked by the Acoustics Research Centre at the University of Salford in 2003 and in an episode of the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters.

Page 9 – Thunderstorms puzzle 3 km 1 km

Page 13 – Lost duckling puzzle

5 km

Answers Page 20 – Riddles 1) February 2) Thunder 3) An umbrella! Page 20 – Wellies puzzle

Page 10 – True/Untrue TRUE: Storms get given names, such as Hurricane Sally or Tropical Storm Wilfred, to make it easier to talk about them in the news and weather forecasts. Page 11 – Weather symbols puzzle

Sunny day

Overcast

Sunny intervals

Sleet

Partly cloudy (night)

Thunder shower (night)

Light snow

Heavy rain

Page 24 – Umbrellas puzzle The matching umbrella is D. Page 29 – Matching clouds

Page 15 – Cows puzzle There are 22 cows.

Page 32 – Quiz 1) a 2) c 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) c 7) a 8) c

science

SPECTACULAR

This massive spiral of swirling cloud is Hurricane Florence. Hurricanes are classified on a scale of 1-5, depending on the speed of their winds (5 is the highest). Florence was a category 4 hurricane, with wind speeds of around 215 km/h! In the middle is the ‘eye’ of the storm, which is about 50 km wide. If you were standing inside it, you would feel only light winds and see clear skies. But it is surrounded by the ‘eyewall’, a ring of towering thunderstorms and the strongest winds.

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