Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 82: VICTORIAN INVENTIONS! by Whizz Pop Bang

Take our spaghetti engineering challenge

Find out how steam engines work!

e of g a n e d l o g a V i s it i ng r e e n i g n e d n s c ie n c e a C re a t e a time capsule

ISSN 2399 -2840

THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

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MAKE A SPINNING ELECTRIC MOTOR

WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 82

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WELCOME!

We’re heading back in time to the Victorian era!

WHIZZ POP BANG is made by:

It must have been super excit ing to live in Victorian times with new things being invented all the time, from telephones to light bulbs and stea – the Victorians were an impr m engines to bicycles essively inventive bunch! Bring some Victorian science into your home this month by creating a spinning batterypowe teeteringly tall tower and craf red motor, engineering a ting some Victor toys with clever moving parts ian paper .

Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Esther Barron, Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Joe Inglis, Poppy Inglis, Kate Powell and Kirsty Williams

EXPERT SCIENCE ADVISERS

I’ve been building with spaghetti and marshmallows! Where you see this symbol, use a QR code reader on a phone or tablet to visit a relevant web page.

Riley

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CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

Shackleton’s lost ship, how to speak manatee and drones that test whale snot

THE GREAT AGE OF INVENTIONS!

Find out how the Victorians changed the world, make a spinning electric motor and take our spaghetti engineering challenge!

ANIMAL ANTICS

Meet super-smart ravens, the birds who can use tools, plan ahead and even hold grudges!

SILLY SCIENCE

See some crazy Victorian inventions that didn’t catch on, from a rolling bridge to a rocking bath!

EMMI’S ECO CLUB

Create a terrific time capsule that’s all about you!

17 22

k. c toc te r s © Shut

PULLOUT

Recreate some Victorian paper toys by crafting these flapping and pecking birds.

INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

Steam turbines aren’t just a thing of the past – meet an engineer who works with them every day.

HOW STUFF WORKS

The Victorians were mad about steam trains, trains but how do these large locomotives work?

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

…Victorian inventions – from Christmas cards and X-rays to Easter eggs and Jelly Babies!

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SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

Alexander Graham Bell invented lots of things, but his most famous idea was the telephone!

Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION

I’d love to see pictures of your experiments! Send them to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an JOKES AND ANSWERS adult to tag us on social media Laugh out loud at some awesome jokes and find @whizzpopbangmag the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

Test your knowledge with our super-duper science quiz and win a brilliant K’NEX building set!

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

The Forth Bridge was a pioneering project – and it’s still going strong today!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa SHACKLETON’S LOST SHIP FOUND © Falk lands Maritim e Heritage Trus t

Scientists have discovered The Endurance, the lost ship of the polar explorer Ernest Shackleton, at the bottom of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. The ship sank in 1915 when it was crushed by sea ice. Shackleton and the rest of the crew survived and managed to escape in small boats to a nearby island. Despite being underwater for over a century, the shipwreck is in surprisingly good condition and has even become home to a whole host of deep-sea life, from sponges and sea anemones to sea squirts and brittlestars – the polar biologists studying the wreck even spotted what looks like a new species of squat lobster!

Flying drones are being used to collect snot from whales. Why? To keep an eye on their health and make sure their immune systems aren’t being damaged by pollution. Whales breathe through blowholes (modified nostrils) on top of their heads. SnotBot®, a toaster-sized drone, flies through the plume of spray coming out of the blowhole and collects samples on the petri dishes attached to it – without the whale even knowing it’s there! The whale snot can then be taken to a lab where scientists will analyse the DNA, stress hormones and bacteria it contains. These provide an indication of the animal’s health.

Watch Endurance get crushed by sea ice:

SNOTBOT® TO THE RESCUE!

bit.ly/3jlVafL

Wikimedia Commons

This May, environmental group Greenpeace is asking you to count all the plastic packaging your family throws away for one week, 16-22 May. Knowing how much plastic we all use (and how much we recycle or throw in the bin) can help us understand how bad the UK’s plastic problem is. This will then help to persuade the government and businesses to reduce the amount of plastic packaging produced and used in supermarkets and shops. When you’ve signed up online, you’ll be sent everything you need for the count. After submitting your results on the website, you’ll be shown your household’s plastic footprint and learn what happens to your plastic waste. Find out more and sign up here:

thebigplasticcount.com/ how-it-works

DIAMONDS FROM THIN AIR © Shutterstock.com

The growing build-up of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in Earth’s atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. Scientists have developed carbon capture technologies to catch this greenhouse gas before it reaches the atmosphere, though storing it safely has proved tricky. But now, researchers have come up with a neat way of converting the CO2 gas produced by factories into solid carbon, which can be used to make stuff – from batteries and building materials to diamonds. One day, we might even be able to pull the CO2 straight out of the atmosphere and turn it into useful products.

Schools can take part too! thebigplasticcount.com/schools

DO YOU SPEAK MANATEE? After seven years of listening to the sounds made by wild manatees, also known as sea cows, researchers in Florida, USA, have begun to understand what they mean. The squeaks and squeals the manatees made fell into three categories: a high squeak was used for communication between mothers and their calves, a low squeak was used when they were stressed, and a squeal was used when the manatees were playing together. The researchers hope that being able to ‘speak manatee’ might help them to protect these gentle animals.

ry) / Wikimedia Commons

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The Great Age Of Inventions You might think of the Victorians as fusty, dusty people from the past, with long dresses, silly moustaches and no TV. But there s much more to them than that! The Victorian era brought huge advances in science and engineering and hundreds of incredible inventions.

Like what? All kinds of things! Telephones, sound recordings, bikes, underground trains, light bulbs, cameras and cars all first appeared in Victorian times. Engineers and scientists came up with all sorts of new materials, machines, medicines and household gadgets.

Meet Her Majesty!

Where was Queen Victoria crowned? On her head!

So, who was Victoria? This long-reigning ruler was Queen of Britain and Ireland for over 63 years, from 1837 to 1901. (Only our current queen, Elizabeth II, who began her reign in 1952, beat Queen Victoria’s record!) Victoria’s reign was a golden age of science and technology. Not just in Britain, but in many other countries too.

The Industrial Revolution From the mid-1700s onwards, a big change known as The Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Instead of mostly making things in small workshops, people built factories with big machines. Steam engines burned fuel to power machines and vehicles. Cities grew, and so did science.

This led to even more inventions!

In 1786, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, an automated machine for weaving cloth.

On the move Transport inventions helped people travel faster and further.

1839 The first pedal bicycle,

built by Scottish inventor

1863 The London

Underground, the world’s first underground railway.

Kirkpatrick Macmillan.

Look out!

Engine

Chug!

1886 The first car, the Benz

Motorwagen, invented by Carl Benz. His wife Bertha Benz helped to design it, and took it for a test drive!

The Industrial Revolution brought amazing advances, but there was a downside. All those machines and engines burned lots of fuel, leading to air pollution – and eventually, global warming.

Build it better! There was a building boom too, with new building materials and methods.

What did the tower say when it toppled over? Eiffel!

B rilliant engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed new railways, bridges, tunnels and ships. The 300-metre-tall Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, named after engineer Gustave Eiffel, was completed in 1889. It was the world’s tallest building at the time.

Building with triangle shapes makes steel towers and bridges extra strong.

The Eiffel Tower grows taller in summer.

Engineering challenge Engineer like Eiffel and aim for the sky!

You will need: • A pack of dried spaghetti • A bag of marshmallows

What you do: 1. Identify the problem You need to build a tower, but all you have is spaghetti and marshmallows! Experiment with using marshmallows to hold spaghetti pieces together and make basic shapes. 2. Solve the problem Think about the best way to make a tall tower that won’t fall down. Look at the Eiffel Tower for inspiration. It’s wider and heavier at the bottom, narrow at the top, and uses triangle shapes to make it sturdy. Sketch your design ideas. 3. Start building Prepare your materials, then see how high you can make your tower! 4. Improve and refine If something goes wrong, try out solutions. Falling over? Maybe you need to change your design, or just use more marshmallows. Spaghetti breaking? Try using shorter pieces or bundling several pieces together.

Triangle teaser How many triangles can you count in this tower? Tip: Look for bigger ones as well as smaller ones! Check your answer on page 34.

When you’ve made the tallest tower you can, take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

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Electric world

This is how early light bulbs worked...

Not long before the Victorian era, scientists invented the first batteries, and found out how to make electricity flow along wires. This paved the way for a whole bunch of electrical inventions…

Electricity flowed through a thin wire or filament, making it glow

Seeing the light

Bright idea! Light bulbs were such a clever invention, they’re still used as a symbol for having a brilliant brainwave!

Clear glass bulb

One of the most famous was the light bulb. Several different inventors worked on ways to make electric lights, resulting in the first easy-to-use, long-lasting light bulbs in 1878.

The bulb had a special gas or a vacuum inside to stop the filament from burning away

Ping!! !

Electricity everywhere

Check out our new electric lights!!

I’ve got it!

Make it spin! The electric motor, first demonstrated by Victorian science whizz Michael Faraday in 1821, made many electrical inventions work. Try making your own super-simple version.

You will need:

Oooh, fancy!

• Pliers • A paperclip • A strong neodymium magnet (keep strong magnets away from young children and pets) • An AA battery • Copper wire

What you do: 1. Bend the closed end of the paperclip at 90 degrees using the pliers, as shown.

Before long, inventors were using electricity for all kinds of other new inventions too. Electric railway 1875 Electric drill – the first power tool! 1889 Electric fan 1886

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Electric lift 1880

Electric tram 1882

2. Stand the paperclip on the magnet so it rises up from the centre, then hang the paperclip and magnet from the positive pip of the battery. 3. Use the copper wire to complete the electric circuit by holding one end on the negative end of the battery and briefly touching the side of the magnet with the other end. Only connect the circuit for a few seconds at a time to prevent the battery from overheating.

You should find: The flowing current creates a magnetic field that repels the magnetic field of the magnet, making the paperclip spin!

If you want light bulbs in your home, however, you need an electricity supply to make them work. Inventors such as Thomas Edison, one of the inventors of the light bulb, began setting up electric power stations to supply streets and homes in the 1880s. At first, only the richest people could afford their own electricity supply.

Sending messages Before Victorian times, if you wanted to send a message to someone far away, you had to write them a letter. It could take days or weeks to get there. But as they experimented with electricity, inventors realised it could make message-sending MUCH faster! The transmitter sends the signals along the wire (which Pushing this could be many miles long!) down makes the contacts Spring tap together, generating an electric signal

In the 1830s, American inventor Samuel Morse found a way to send signals along an electric wire by switching the current (the flow of electricity) on and off. His patterns of short and long signals, called dots and dashes, became known as Morse code. The coded Iron piece message comes out here Pen tip

Battery

Morse called his system the © Shutterstock.com

In 1844, Morse demonstrated the telegraph by sending a message along a 65-km cable between the American cities of Washington and Baltimore.

Samuel Morse

Before the telegraph, people set their clocks by the Sun, so the time depended on where you lived. This made railway timetables very confusing! The telegraph solved this problem, allowing the whole country to set their clocks to ‘railway time’ – the time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.

telegraph

When electric current reaches the receiver, it flows through a coil, creating a magnetic field. This attracts the iron piece towards it, causing the pen to mark the paper strip. Messages arrive at the other end almost instantly

LONDON TIME is kept at all the stations on the railway, which is about 4 minutes earlier than READING time; 5½ minutes before STEVENTON time; 7½ minutes before CIRENCESTER time; 8 minutes before CHIPPENHAM time; 11 minutes before BATH and BRISTOL time; and 14 minutes before BRIDGEWATER time.

What happened to the man who took the evening train home? He had to give it back!

Morse code message

Morse code uses patterns of dots and dashes to stand for letters of the alphabet.

Try writing your own message in Morse code, using this key. r, Write down the code for each lette . like this, leaving spaces in between

See how long it takes a friend to decode it!

The Victorians also invented an electric toilet.

Modern life is so easy!

Everyday life The Victorians used their inventing skills to come up with all kinds of household gadgets and everyday items to make life easier. Did you know we have them to thank for…

The electric toaster

The electric kettle

Victorian toast

The electric hairdryer

Vacuum cleaners

Light and sound Victorian scientists found out a lot about different kinds of energy and how they worked, especially light and sound. Sound happens when things vibrate – and a sound can make an object vibrate too. Using this knowledge, in 1877 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, the first machine that could record sound and play it back.

Rotating

You speak into here

Mary had a little lamb…

cylinder covered in foil

The first words Edison recorded and played back!

Your voice makes a needle vibrate as it scratches a groove into the foil

Feel the vibrations! To show how sound makes patterns of vibrations, blow up a balloon and hold it next to a radio or speaker. You’ll feel the vibrations in your fingers!

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The needle running through the groove picks up the pattern of vibrations, passes them to a speaker, and plays back the sound

From cameras to film

Cheese!

Through the Victorian era, photography developed from the first simple cameras to the first moving pictures (movies!). The first people to ever be captured on camera and on film were Victorians – including Queen Victoria herself, and the great scientists and inventors of the age.

When famous naturalist Charles Darwin was born in 1809, photos didn’t exist – but by the time he was an old man, he could have his photo taken and even use photos in his books.

s Homemade photoem ht icals change when lig

that some ch The Victorians found raphy. You can make this to invent photog ed us ey Th m. the s hit jects (leaves, keys, os by placing flat ob your own simple phot red sugar paper pieces of dark colou on .) etc s, ce pie w sa jig few days. The dye bright sunlight for a and leaving them in e in sunlight. Where r break down and fad pe pa the in ls ica em ch ains darker. sunlight, the paper rem the objects block the

Stinky sewers In the early 1800s, most people didn’t have flushing toilets. Instead, wee and poo mostly ended up being poured into the street or the nearest river. As cities grew bigger, this made them very smelly – and it spread germs and diseases too. To solve the problem, the Victorians built a huge network of sewers – underground tunnels that carried the stinky sewage away from the city.

Eeeewww! Gross!

The summer of 1858 in London was named

the Great Stink

Sewer map maze

as it was so smelly!

sewers of You’re a rat lost in the stin ky d your way to the Victorian London. Can you fin page 34. river? Check your answer on

Keeping clean The Victorians also discovered how germs cause diseases. They came up with inventions to improve people’s health, such as pasteurisation (heating food to a high temperature to kill germs) and antiseptics, used to clean hospital equipment and doctors’ hands so they didn’t spread germs.

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AL ANIM S TIC

Ravens

Ravens are members of a large family of birds called corvids that also includes crows, rooks, jackdaws, jays and magpies. They can be found almost everywhere on Earth, except the very southern tip of South America and the polar ice caps.

It looks like our vet Joe Inglis has met his match this month, as he investigates a group of super-smart birds who can plot, plan and trick!

Mixed menu Like other corvids, ravens are omnivores, which means they eat lots of different things. Sometimes they will hunt for small rodents, amphibians or reptiles. Sometimes they feast on leftovers from other predators. They also enjoy tucking into grains, berries and fruit.

Raven mad! © Arm001 / Shutterstock.com

The Victorians were obsessed with ravens, hunting them and keeping them as pets until they almost became extinct in the UK in the 19th century. The Victorians are also thought to have come up with the myth that if all the ravens at the Tower of London leave, the monarchy will fall!

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40 year s

The lifespan of some of the captive ravens at the Tower of London. Most wild ravens live between 10 and 15 years.

Super-smart

A cunning plan…

Despite only weighing around a kilogram, ravens are one of the cleverest animals on the planet. They have similar levels of brain power to the great apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees. It’s thought that ravens have similar problem-solving skills to seven-year-old children – so they may be as clever as you!

As well as being clever enough to solve puzzles, ravens can also plan for the future. In an experiment, the birds chose a token over a food treat if they thought the token would give them more food later on. Most animals wouldn’t be able to resist (think about how a dog would react!) and would snap up the treat on offer now rather than playing the waiting game.

A group of ravens is called a school (because they’re so clever)

Where do ravens hang out? At a crow-bar!

Cool tools Like apes and some other animals (e.g. octopuses, elephants and dolphins), ravens can use tools, such as sticks. They can even make tools, fashioning hooks from twigs to get hard-to-reach food from crevices in rocks.

Grudge match Ravens also have excellent memories. Researchers have found they can remember how different people have treated them and hold grudges for up to a month against those they didn’t like!

Bad press Ravens have been used as a symbol of death, pestilence and disease around the world, which is quite unfair, given how tough and resourceful they are.

Find two identical ravens. Circle them and then check your answer on page 34.

C u r i o u s AND c Not all Victorian inventions changed the world. Here are a few ideas that didn’t catch on!

Madame Rowley’s ‘toilet mask’ (or face glove) claimed to permanently

remove blemishes and wrinkles from the skin! The Toilet Mask Company promised the cloth face covering would save customers lots of money in cosmetics and lotions. However, it didn’t live up to its claims and never became fashionable.

Parasol spectacles. These were

glass ‘eyesights’ (small lenses) fitted into a parasol or umbrella canopy to allow the user to see where they were going. The inventor said “one, two, three or more of these can be used according to fancy or convenience”!

When did queen Victoria give a royal pardon? After she burped!

The fence cycle (or bicycle railway) involved

pedalling a kind of upside-down bicycle along a single rail on a wooden fence. It was designed by an American inventor to help people commute to work, while getting some exercise. It meant even people who had never learned to ride a bike didn’t have to worry about falling off! But the idea wasn’t very popular and all the tracks were soon demolished.

I’m sitting on the fence about this idea!

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In 1856, Alexander Parkes invented Parkesine, the first ever plastic. (It was made from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent.) He described it as “hard as horn, but as flexible as leather”. However, Parkesine was very flammable and could explode at high temperatures! Alexander quickly went out of business, but other companies improved on his invention to create celluloid, which was used as photographic and movie film until the mid 20th century.

D c r a z y Victorian creations 5

The aerial steam carriage

I think we're running out of steam!

was an aeroplane powered by a steam engine! It had two vertical fans on the wings that were rotated by a lightweight steam engine, but the design was still too heavy to be useful and never became popular.

This invention is making waves!

BIG IDEAS!

Which of these do you think were invented in the Victorian era? Tick as many boxes as you like and then check your answers on page 34.

Electric corset Bowler hat camera

Meowing machine Fillings for tooth cavities

The Niagara rocking bath was invented to offer people the experience of “the seaside at home”! It claimed there would be “absolutely no water sploshing in the room” and that you only needed to add three pails of hot or cold (brrrrr!) water.

Fork scissors Grenade fire extinguisher

Cuckoo clock Electric hairbrush

We’re on a roll!

The rolling bridge. The idea was that a raised platform would roll along on underwater rails between two points. But the invention didn't take off because it was much more difficult to build than an ordinary bridge and turned out to be dangerous in stormy weather!

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b... clu O C E

Emmi's

Decorate an old container to create a memory box all about you, to open in five years’ time!

MAKE A TIME CAPSULE! You will need: • • • •

• Newspaper • Pens • Paper

2 How much will you grow in five ngths years? Stick le p of newspa er the together until e strip is the sam ll ro , ht ig as your he to it d it up and ad sule. your time cap Write down a hat prediction of w be ill w your height . in five years

3 © liveostockimages / Shutterstock.com

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An old container Glue Coloured paper Paint

Feet and hands grow too! Make a footprint and a handprint with paint, leave them to dry and cut them out. Write the measurement of your handspan and your current shoe size on the back.

Draw or paint a self-portrait or take a selfie and print it out. You could also include a pictur e of your pet!

about you. Write some information things; for List some of your favourite music and s, toy example, food, games, what you e activities. You could includ w up. Don't want to do when you gro as well. forget to write the date

Continued on page 21 ➜

PULLOUT VICTORIANS FLAPPING BIRD TOY

PULL OUT PAGES 17-20 AND GET MAKING!

You will need: Templates 1-7 Scissors Glue stick Strong glue or a hot glue gun and an adult to help • A narrow cotton reel (or some card to roll up) • 2 split pins (paper fasteners) • Some cardboard • • • •

The Victorians loved paper engineering and invented lots of moving paper toys, including these fantastic flapping and pecking birds. Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/36ZqNZL

Template 6 B

Template 4

Template 5

Template 7 B

The fastest a bird has been recorded flapping its wings is about 80 beats per second (this was done by an amethyst woodstar hummingbird).

What you do: 1. Cut out templates 1-7. 2. Glue templates 4, 5, 6 and 7 onto cardboard and cut around them to make them stronger. Ask an adult to make holes at points B on the wheels and on templates 6 and 7 using sharp scissors or a compass point. 3. Fold template 1 along the dotted line and stick the sides together with glue. 4. Stick the wings onto the bird at A. 5. Place the end of the cotton reel below the bird’s feet and draw around it. Cut out the circle and push the cotton reel through the hole. Make sure the reel can spin easily. (If you don’t have a cotton reel you could roll some card into a cylinder shape about 45 mm long with a diameter of about 22 mm.) Template 2

6. Ask an adult to stick the wheels onto the ends of the cotton reel with strong glue or a hot glue gun. You will need to make sure the wheels are centred and with the letters B lined up with each other. 7. Attach the strips (templates 6 and 7) to the wheels at B with split pins. Make sure they can spin easily. 8. Fold the other ends of the strips, and then use strong glue to stick them to the undersides of the bird’s wings. Allow the glue to dry thoroughly. 9. Now hold the bird by the tail and roll it along! (It will roll best on a rough surface, such as a carpet.) Tip: If it doesn’t roll well at first, try loosening the split pins a little.

Template 3

Template 1

What do you call a cockerel that wakes you up every morning? An alarm cluck!

You should find: The bird will flap its wings! As the wheels rotate, they pull the tabs down and then push them up again to make the wings flap.

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at B

g gs.

) y

PECKING COCKERELS What you do: 1. Cut out the rectangle below and stick it onto card with glue. 2. Cut out the four individual shapes. 3. Ask an adult to make holes through all of the black dots using sharp scissors or a compass point. 4. Turn one strip around, then attach the short strips to the long strips using split pins so the top strip juts out more on one side and the bottom strip juts out more on the other side, as shown. 5. Push the long strips back and forth to see the cockerels peck!

You will need: The shapes below Scissors Glue 4 split pins (paper fasteners) • Card or cardboard (an old shoe box or cereal box is ideal) • • • •

Cockerels crow for a number of reasons, such as to warn of danger and to mark their territory, but they are most well known for crowing just before sunrise. In 2013, scientists discovered this is due to a natural instinct caused by their internal body clock, called a circadian rhythm. rhythm

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Riddles

Check your answers on page 34.

1. If you think you hear an echo, That seems to repeat your words, Take a look around, It could be this colourful bird! What bird is it? 2. If you saw a bird sitting on a twig, how could you take the twig without disturbing the bird? 3. When does a cat go at exactly the same speed as a train?

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Can you work out what the missing numbers are? Write in your answers and check them on page 34.

I’d love to see your time capsules. Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

Decorate your container using paint or by collaging paper (use old magazines or other scrap paper) and add the date it should be opened. Fill it with your items, seal the lid with some tape and then find the perfect spot to hide it! The top of a cupboard or at the back of a wardrobe would work well.

ECO

ideas...

If you have a garden, plant something like a shrub or a tree. Put the label or seed packet into your time capsule and when you open it, it will remind you to look at how much the plant has grown.

Continued from page 16

Photos @ Jenna Williams

at are about 2022. Collect some items th coin with 2022 on it, You could include a ewhere you have a postcard from som e of an achievement. visited or a certificat e the wrapper of You could even includ with its current price your favourite treat think the price will written on it. Do you years? have changed in five

Design, cut out and stick a label on your time capsule.

ise written prom e! This is a into a pledg on your wall , turn them e, stick it up some ideas rate your pledg Now you have ! You might make. Deco a difference ges you will support going and make of the chan less energy, ate you to keep your diet, use ge chan and it will motiv pick, crisis. regular litter the climate plan to do a word about or spread the local wildlife

ble version Find a printa t here: of the pullou bit.ly/3i4jK3t

p le d g e

ATE ACTION CLIM

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference!

Age

ill e things I w th re a e ! es et h T v e my plan do to help sa

Name

You could make an eco-pledge to add to your capsule; this is a written promise of a change you will make to help the environment. and For example, you could decide to buy more toys by gy ener less use books second hand. You could you remembering to always switch the light off when for s leave an empty room. There are lots more idea pledges in issue 74 (page 17). Once you have opened your time capsule in five years’ time, re-use the pot to create a new one!

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... work with giant steam turbines! Suzanne is an apprentice engineer and works at a nuclear power station where massive turbines convert steam into electricity.

“

This job teaches you something new every day.

Suzanne Jones Engineer

“

I’ve been interested in engineering for as long as I can remember.

”

When I was little, I would help my dad fix his bicycle or car. I was always fascinated with taking things apart and seeing how each individual part worked. At school, my favourite subjects were product design and electronics. Because I always enjoyed doing something with my hands, I liked practical subjects where we would have to design and make something from scratch. After school, I went to college and studied electronic and electrical engineering. Now I work at a nuclear power station as a control and instrumentation technician. It’s my job to make sure that the equipment that tells people what’s going on is working properly and accurately so that all of our systems run as they’re supposed to. I’ve been doing this job for three and a half years.

”

Every day is different working at the power station. When I come in, the first thing we do is go through what’s happening on the site and work out who we will be working with and what we will be doing. That could be anything from taking a machine apart to rebuilding an electrical system, and that’s one of the reasons I enjoy this job so much! Because I’ve always been interested in understanding how things work, it’s constantly interesting and you don’t know what to expect!

One of the giant turbines 22 whizzpopbang.com

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

Steam energy can be converted to electrical energy to power homes.

”

If you look inside your kettle, you’ll see the metal element that heats the water. In the same way, our nuclear reactor heats water and turns it to steam, which we pipe through to move the turbine blades that are connected to electrical generators. This then creates the electricity that powers your homes.

“

Suzanne working on

a turbine

When you stand next to the turbines, you can feel the floor moving from the power.

”

The turbines are very loud, hot pieces of equipment. Part of the turbines (the inlet temperature where the steam comes in) is around 282 °C! They’re very powerful, and if you touch the casing around the blades, you can feel the vibrations. The steam is fed through one high pressure unit and then three low pressure turbines so we can make as much electricity as possible. We generate enough energy to power 2.3 million homes.

’s turbine hall Suzanne in the power station

“

More women are working in engineering.

”

When I was studying for my apprenticeship, I was pleased to see lots of women in my class because it felt like I belonged there. Since joining the company, the number of women working in these engineering jobs has gone up.

“

Engineering is for everyone.

The nuclear power station where Suzanne works Unlike power generated from burning fossil fuels, nuclear power does not produce harmful greenhouse gas emissions. However, it does create radioactive waste that has to be recycled or stored for many years.

”

If you are interested in practical subjects, then just have a go! Have a look at how things work at home and think how you could build your own piece of engineering. I built my little sister a fitness tracker for her hamster so we could work out how far she travelled in her wheel every day. There are so many different types of engineering jobs that will suit different sorts of people – and Find out more about xxxxxx we are always going to need engineers!

All photos © EDF

whizzpopbang.com 23

HOW STUFF

WORKS 2

Steam Engines In Victorian times, steam engines powered the world. They were used to pull trains, run factories and even power ships at sea.

3 The water boils and turns into steam which is collected at the top of the boiler and in the dome.

As more heat energy is transferred from the fire to the steam, the pressure inside the boiler increases. If the pressure in the boiler gets too high, a safety valve lets steam escape to prevent the boiler from exploding!

STEAM

A fire burning coal (but sometimes wood, oil or gas) heats up water in the boiler surrounding the firebox.

6 24 whizzpopbang.com

Connecting rods link the pistons with the wheels so that, as the pistons move back and forth, the wheels are pushed round and the engine moves forwards.

s 4

To make the engine go, the driver opens the throttle valve, which allows high-pressure steam to rush into the cylinders.

Just like petrol and diesel engines, steam engines get their energy from fossil fuels – so they’re not very environmentally friendly. And because of the enormous amount of heat lost by steam engines, they are much less efficient than other engines, converting only around 5% of the energy in the fuel into useful power. Petrol and diesel engines convert 30% or more.

Waste steam is pushed out of the cylinders and up into the chimney where it combines with smoke from the fire. It is the steam being pushed out of the cylinders and up the chimney that makes the ‘chuff chuff’ noise that you hear when steam engines are moving.

Smoke

In the cylinders, the steam pushes a piston back and forth, with a sliding valve directing the steam so that it goes into each end of the cylinders in turn.

whizzpopbang.com 25

g... in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1

R O T C I V E I NC R E D I B L ed lots of The Victorians invent e today… things that we still us

Agnes Marshall, known as the ‘Queen of Ices’, invented an ice cream maker in 1885 which could freeze a pint of ice cream in just five minutes.

In 1886, pharmacist Dr John S. Pemberton launched a new drink called ‘Coca-Cola’ in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. During its first year, the company sold an average of nine drinks a day. (Nowadays it’s almost 2 billion a day!)

2 4

The first successful sewing machines were invented in Victorian times. The technology made manufacturing and sewing clothes at home much faster.

In 1864, an Austrian sweet maker in Lancashire was trying to make jelly bears. But the treats came out of the mould looking like babies – and this is how Jelly Babies were invented!

‘Penny Black’ stamps were invented in 1840 and meant you could send a letter any distance for one penny. It was the world’s first stick-on postage stamp.

Lockstitch sewing machines were invented soon after

S N O I T N E V N I N A I R O

6 8

Easter eggs

X-rays were

discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. His discovery made the invisible visible! X-rays pass through flesh but not bone, so they can be used to see inside the body.

arrived in Britain in 1873 when Fry’s made the first chocolate eggs, inspired by the French and German tradition.

The first

moving pictures

were developed by the Victorians. The technology was inspired by photos of a galloping horse taken by Eadweard Muybridge which, when viewed through a zoetrope, seemed to move.

Lots of Christmas traditions were invented in the Victorian era. The first Christmas card was designed and sent in 1843.

The world’s first Christmas card!

Christmas trees were unheard of in Britain until Queen Victoria made them popular. She got the idea from German members of the royal family.

© 1. Robin Weir: Mrs. A. B. Marshall, Ice-Creammonger Extraordinary / Wikimedia Commons, 2. General Post Office / Wikimedia Commons, 3. ferdyboy / Shutterstock.com, 4. Frank Puterbaugh Bachman / Wikimedia Commons, 5. chrisbrignell / Shutterstock.com, 6. Natali Zakharova / Shutterstock.com, 7. LuYago / Shutterstock.com, 8. ArtWell / Shutterstock.com 9. Sir Henry Cole / Wikimedia Commons, 10. www.webstermuseum.org/christmas.php / Wikimedia Commons.

whizzpopbang.com 27

Sensational Scientists

by Kate Powell

ALEXANDER BELL

Mobile telephones are everywhere, BRRING-BRRIIIIING! but what about the first-ever telephone and the person who invented it? Alexander loved learning about the world, but he didn’t always enjoy the subjects he had to study at school. At home, he liked to solve problems. His best friend’s family worked in a flour mill and when he was 12, he invented a machine to remove the husks from wheat.

HAM DE R G R A A LEX A N IN N R S BO BEL L WA GH , R U B IN D 1847 IN E . D SCO T L A N

Alexander’s mother was deaf, and he would speak close to her forehead so that she could feel the vibrations of his voice. The whole family was fascinated by the science of how we learn to speak, and after moving to Canada and then the United States, Alexander became a university teacher and researcher. There he met his wife Mabel, who was also deaf.

He still loved inventing things and worked late at night on his experiments with the telegraph, a system that sent electric signals through wires and then translated them into a written message.

Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco 28 whizzpopbang.com

Alexander’s dream was to be able to transmit not just written messages but the human voice, and for friends to be able to talk to each other without leaving their homes. As with lots of amazing inventions, his breakthrough happened by accident…

He and his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, were developing telegraphs that could transmit different sounds by making metal reeds vibrate. Thomas was in one room with a transmitter and Alexander was in another with a receiver, which he put to his ear. One day in 1875, one of Thomas’s reeds stopped vibrating, so he plucked it to get it going again. Alexander got very excited because he heard the actual sound of the reed being plucked... through a wire… in the other room!

From that moment, Alexander knew that the same mechanism could be used to transmit speech using electricity, and he and Thomas started work on the telephone.

On January 25, 1915, the first official telephone call to span a continent was made.

Alexander didn’t stop with the telephone. He went on to invent a metal detector to find bullets in wounded soldiers and a wireless telephone. He even helped develop flying machines and a record-breaking speed boat.

He believed that great discoveries happen when people work together. Alexander died in 1922. During his funeral, all telephone services in the United States and Canada were stopped for one minute, in his honour.

The word telephone is from the Greek words tele meaning far off and phone meaning voice or sound.

Alexander Bell in New York

Mr Watson, please come here. I want to see you!

Make a string telephone Cut a piece of string between 5 and 20 metres long. Make a hole in the base of two paper cups using a pencil. Thread the string through the holes and tie a knot or use tape to secure it. Take a cup each, stand far enough apart so the string is tightly stretched, and test out your telephone! Your voice causes the air inside the cup to vibrate. These vibrations travel through the bottom of the cup and along the taut string to the other cup. We hear the vibrations as sound.

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg

AS K Y, what caused

the Big Bang and wher e all the energy and ma did tter in the universe come from ?

F oR

CURIoUS K I DS

Look at these amazing marble runs from the Issue 78 Eco Club… Oscar, aged 8, 6, and Ted, aged ge u h is th e mad marble run.

Flo and Niyor, both

aged 11

The short answer is ‘w e don’t know’! The Big Bang is when space and tim e suddenly expanded about 13.8 billion years ago. We do know what ha ppened 0.0000000000001 se conds after the Big Ba ng… but before that it was far too hot for our laws of physics to work, so we can’t work anything was there be out why it happened or if fore it. One idea is th at all the matter and energy of the universe was squi shed into a microscopic point, which suddenly expa nded. It’s going to take a lot of physicists a lot of ye ars to work it out. Perhaps the tw o of you could join th em! If you’d like to hear a longer answer, phys ici Dr Don Lincoln can st help: bit.

ly/3qJkSPr

Yusuf, aged 6, added some superheroes to his . construction

Isaac, aged 7, ed 4, and Rose, ag rs ei decorated th d an s with star g in ak m il silver fo of t u o k o lo them this world!

Y’s Wonder Club Badges Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Collectable enamel badges for you to earn! Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

DE AR Y, I’ve found I

can jump further forwards than backwards. Can birds jump further backwards than forwards, because their knees bend backwards?

S TA R R L ET T E

Thank you for all the pictures of your great space station scenes from Issue 78. We loved seeing how you personalised them. Here are a few examples….

e You’vhis t won k! boo

From Natasha, aged 8

Strangely, the bend halfway up a bird’s leg actually is its ankle! A bird’s foot is the equivalent of just our toes and the long bit below what looks like their knee is like the main part of a human foot. However, birds do have knees, and they bend the same way as ours, it’s just that they are usually hidden under feathers. When a bird jumps backwards, it also flaps its wings at the same time. So, it’s difficult to say for sure how much movement is due to the jump!

Nina, aged 11

Vincent, aged 7, included his guinea pig

Jia, aged 10, these am made scratch a azing rt p of some ictures of the sensatio na from the l scientists magazin e.

H I, Y !

Why are snails more active when it’s rainin g?

From Rahel, aged 10

The slime on the skin of land snails and slu gs doesn’t just help them to mov e more easily. It also protects them from injury, bacteria and the drying effec ts of the Sun. In wet conditions, slugs and snails get some of their oxygen through their skin, bu t most of their breath ing happens through a small hole on the side near their head. It’s called a pneumastome (say new-ma-stome). In dry weather, they need to conserve their water, so they op en it less and get less oxygen. That means they need to move less, often hiding somewhere da mp until it rains again !

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

Alexander, aged 6 Bob, aged 8

Grace, aged 9

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your m ven to dad/local ra

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

see what they know!

How tall is the Eiffel Tower?

a) 30 metres

c) 3 ,000 metres

Who invented the telephone? a) Alexander Bell

a) Forty weeks

samples from

whales

What was a penny black?

a) A liquorice chew that cost 1p

c) Forty years

b) The first stamp

rst What was the fi major building e project to be mad of steel?

a) The Forth Brid b)

a) A flying toaster

c) A drone collecting

b) Forty months

What is SnotBot®?

that wipes your nose

c) Alexander Wire

What is the longest lifespan of a captive raven?

c) Goggles to wear while parachuting

b) A robot nurse

lexander Speaker b) A

a) Glasses with tiny umbrellas attached to them b) Lenses attached to a parasol or umbrella

b) 300 metres

What were parasol spectacles?

I don’t like the troll that lives under the railway bridge. He’s my arch enemy!

he Eiffel Tower T

ce he Crystal Pala c) T

bicycle with c) A a massive front wheel

Which of these is NOT a reason that cockerels crow? a) To warn of danger b) T o mark their territory c) T o help humans get out of bed

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 7 2) Page 14 3) Page 28 4) Page 4 5) Page 12 6) Page 26 7) Page 35 8) Page 19

Answers on page 34.

I scored: .......... 1-3: Apprentice architect 4-6: Eager engineer 7-8: Ingenious Inventor

The Victorians invented the world’s first underground railway – the London Underground, also known as the Tube! Work out the answer to this underground railway map puzzle and send it in to be in with a chance of winning one of four brilliant K’NEX building sets.

! IN

Tube stop hop!

Each different colour is a separate rail line and every white circle is a station. If you wanted to travel from A to B, what is the lowest number of times you would have to change trains during your journey? You have to change trains to get on a different-coloured line but you can pass straight through stations without changing trains when you are continuing along the same-coloured line.

K’NEX City Builders Set Engineer some brilliant buildings, bridges and more with this fantastic set from www.knex.co.uk. It comes with 325 rod and connector pieces, which can be assembled into lots of different 3D models. Follow the instructions to create an arch bridge, a skyscraper, a castle, a treehouse and much more! Send your answer to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Victorians competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post your entry to Victorians competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Deadline: June 8th 2022. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.

WINNERS

Issue 80 competition winners Thank you to everyone who sent in photos to our Atom competition. We loved all of your fantastic chemistry creations! These four lucky winners will each receive a chemistry lab kit from www.trendsuk.co.uk

Harrison Brewer 9 Rose Martin 8

Eliana Damaa 9

Alexander Yeung 6

whizzpopbang.com 33

JOKES Why didn’t Queen Victoria ever go to a caf é? They didn’t a! serve royal-te

What was the firs t Queen Victoria did thing she came to the when throne? She sat down!

What do you call a train that can’t stop sneezing? Achoo-choo train!

Why did the in runaway tra of leave a trail ? steam behind To cover its tracks! What did the frog engineer say? Rivet rivet!

Train tic inspectors ket really got – you’ve to hand it to them! Page 7 – True/Untrue

Page 13 – Matching ravens

TRUE: Warmer weather makes the metal heat up and expand slightly, making the tower grow by up to 15 cm!

These are the two identical ravens.

Page 7 – Triangle teaser

Answers Page 20 – Riddles

There are 18 triangles.

1) A parrot. 2) Wait until the bird flies away.

Page 9 – True/Untrue UNTRUE: But they did improve toilet designs and installed flushing toilets in homes. Page 11 – Sewer map maze

Page 13 – True/Untrue UNTRUE: A group of ravens is known as an unkindness or a conspiracy – nice!

Page 15 – Big ideas quiz The electric corset, bowler hat camera, fork scissors, grenade fire extinguisher and electric hairbrush were all Victorian inventions. The corset (which claimed to help alleviate chills and rheumatism) and hairbrush didn’t actually use electricity; they were fitted with magnets. The scissors aimed to combine the usefulness of a knife and fork by adding prongs to one of the blades, while the grenade fire extinguisher was a glass bottle which contained poisonous toxic liquids! The meowing machine was invented in Japan in 1963 to scare away rodents. Fillings have been around for thousands of years and cuckoo clocks were invented in Germany in 1660.

3) When it is sitting on a passenger’s lap. Page 20 – Missing numbers Each egg is the sum of the two eggs below.

3 Page 32 – Quiz 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) c 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) c

This is the Forth Bridge, a railway bridge across a large estuary in Scotland. It opened in 1890 and was the first big building project in Britain to be made of steel rather than iron. Steel is much stronger than iron and doesn’t rust as easily. It is a cantilever bridge – a cantilever is a horizontal beam supported at one end (like a diving board). The bridge is made of several cantilevers, all attached to huge granite piers dug deep into the river bed. The whole structure is made even stronger with steel trusses.

R A L U C A T C E SP

e c n e i c s

In this photo from 1887, the bridge’s designers John Fowler and Benjamin Baker demonstrate how the cantilever system works by supporting the weight of engineer Kaichi Watanabe. © Wikimedia Commons © Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH / Shutterstock.com

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