Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 84: SUPER SWIMMERS! by Whizz Pop Bang

D ive down withs s u b ma r i n e

s e - u p lo o l c A kil ler wha o k le at s

SUPER SWIMMERS Science that makes a splash! Make a swimming stick figure

Experiment wit h a bottle diver

ISSN 2399 -2840

THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

Craft a fa nt a s t ic fi s h m o bi le

WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 84

EXPERIMENTS PUZZLES AMAZING FACTS SCIENCE NEWS

Emmi

WELCOME!

We’re taking the plunge into the wonderful world of swimming!

Unlike many animals, swimming doesn’t come naturally to us, but it’s brilliant fun and a valuable life saver once you’ve learnt how to do it. So this issue, we’re investig ating the science of swimming , from super slick swimmers of the animal kingdom to huge cumbersome submarines! Of course, there’s bucketloads of watery fun to be had as yo u paddle along – experiment with wate r resistance, craft a funky fis h mobile and cut out a spinning diver wheel. Plus, you can draw a swimming stick figure and th en make it float!

I’ve been finding out about some awesome water-loving animals! Where you see this symbol, use a QR code reader on a phone or tablet to visit a relevant web page.

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Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Esther Barron, Joe Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Joe Inglis, Owen Inglis, Kate Powell and Kirsty Williams

EXPERT SCIENCE ADVISERS

As well as our writers, we also have a team of science advisers who help to ensure that our content is accurate, up-to-date and relevant. Our advisers include: palaeontologist Steve Brusatte; molecular microbiologist Matt Hutchings; robotics engineer Abbie Hutty; mechanical engineer Amiee Morgans; GP Dr Cathy Scott; astronomer Mark Thompson; physicist Dr Jess Wade; child psychologist Dr Naira Wilson. To find out more, go to whizzpopbang.com/about

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WHIZZ POP BANG is only available by subscription. If you haven’t subscribed yet, simply go to whizzpopbang.com and sign up for as little as £3.99 per magazine, including UK delivery. Back issues are available to purchase at whizzpopbang.com/shop With the help of Whizz Pop Bang magazine, just imagine what your child might one day discover!

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Welcome to WHIZZ POP BANG – the magazine bursting with enticing articles, mind-boggling facts and hands-on experiments to get your child hooked on science! Whizz Pop Bang is a gender-neutral magazine with plenty of inspirational male and female scientists and content that appeals to all children.

The magazine is ideal for home educators and it’s linked to the national curriculum too, for use in schools. Whizz Pop Bang will help with literacy development as well. Transform science teaching in your school with our hands-on science and reading resources. Our downloadable lesson packs link fun science experiments and reading with key curriculum topics for years 2-6. Subscribe at whizzpopbang.com/schools

All experiments have been tried and tested by our team. The activities should be done under close adult supervision and are done at your own risk. Launchpad Publishing Ltd cannot accept liability for damage done.

Indicates content linked to the National Curriculum

Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ Printed in the UK by The Magazine Printing Company using only paper from FSC/PEFC suppliers www.magprint.co.uk

© 2022 Launchpad Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of WHIZZ POP BANG without written permission is prohibited. Illustrations: © 2022 Clive Goodyer

CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

Scuba-diving lizards, a super jumping robot and why dolphins taste their friends’ wee!

THE SCIENCE OF SWIMMING!

Find out how we swim and why fish don’t sink, experiment with a bottle diver and make a swimming stick figure!

ANIMAL ANTICS

Take a close-up look at orcas, orcas those super swimming, jumping and hunting mammals.

SILLY SCIENCE

Can you work out which of our fun swimming and diving facts are true and which are false?

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k sey Swier

EMMI’S ECO CLUB

Craft a fantastic fish mobile from old cardboard tubes!

PULLOUT

Spin the wheel to see the Whizz Pop Bang friends make a splash in our diving scene.

Atom

INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

Jump into the underwater world of marine biologist and conservationist Kelly Forsythe.

HOW STUFF WORKS

Dive, dive, dive! Head down into the deep with a submarine submarine.

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

…animal swimmers, from snorkelling elephants to beach-loving pigs and underwater spiders!

28 © Will yam Bradberr

oc rst tt e u h y/S

SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

Jacques Cousteau helped develop the first scuba gear and made many amazing films about marine life!

Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION I’d love to see pictures of your knowledge with our super-duper 32 Test your experiments! Send them to science quiz and win a shark anatomy model! Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media JOKES AND ANSWERS out loud at some awesome jokes and find 34 Laugh @whizzpopbangmag the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

See a swirling, silvery shoal of synchronised swimmers – sardines!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa ! G N I BO

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Lots of schools are having ‘Meat-free Mondays’ – why not suggest it to yours, or try having ‘Meat-free Mondays’ at home!

bit.ly/3MTlxqh

Watch it in action here:

Eating one-fifth less beef could halve deforestation, according to a new study. Rainforests are cleared for cattle grazing, which increases carbon emissions because trees take carbon out of the atmosphere. Cows also contribute to global warming by burping out methane, which is an even worse greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Researchers in Germany used computer modelling to show that swapping one-fifth of the beef consumed globally for a vegan meat substitute (Quorn) could halve deforestation and help reduce global warming.

Engineers at the University of California, Santa Barbara, have designed a robot capable of jumping three times higher than any animal or machine. Lots of jumping robots take inspiration from nature, copying amazing animal jumpers like kangaroos and frogs, but this new lightweight robot uses a tiny motor to multiply the amount of energy it can store in its spring, allowing it to jump 30 metres in the air – about the height of a 10-storey building! Jumping technology like this could be used as a way of moving about in space. The researchers estimate that on the Moon their robot would be able to reach heights of 125 metres while jumping half a kilometre forward because of the lack of air resistance and weaker gravity.

HELP SAVE THE RAINFORESTS

SPINOSAURUS HUNTED UNDERWATER

Spinosaurus was the largest predatory dinosaur – over two metres longer than T. rex – but scientists weren’t certain where it lived or how it hunted. Now, new research supports the idea that Spinosaurus was a ‘river monster’ that spent most of its time underwater where it actively hunted its prey. The researchers compared the density of Spinosaurus bones to those of other animals – both land-dwelling and water-dwelling. They found that Spinosaurus bones were similar to those of water-dwelling animals like penguins, whose bones are almost completely solid, allowing them to stay submerged underwater.

MISSION TO EXPLORE METAL ASTEROID

This August, a spacecraft will blast off on a journey to a huge metal asteroid called Psyche. The asteroid is thought to be the core of a planet – all that remains after a violent collision in the past. All rocky planets are thought to contain a metallic core buried beneath layers of rock and molten mantle. This mission will allow scientists to directly examine a planet’s core for the first time.

DOLPHINS RECOGNISE FRIENDS BY TASTING THEIR WEE!

SCUBA-DIVING LIZARDS

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This anole lizard has evolved a clever way of breathing underwater while hiding from predators. By making a bubble of exhaled air that clings to its snout, the lizard is able to rebreathe the air, allowing it to hide underwater for up to 16 minutes!

How do you find your friends in the playground? You might spot their jacket or recognise their face or hair. Dolphins often find their friends by listening for their unique whistles. But new research has shown that they also use the taste of their wee! Scientists from America found that dolphins spent three times longer tasting water containing their friends’ wee, compared with unfamiliar dolphin wee, suggesting that they recognised the taste.

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SPLOSH! There’s nothing like SPLOSH! leaping into a cool swimming pool on a hot day and enjoying the feeling of the water lifting you up as you swim or jump around.

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By A

The Science of Swimming Why do we swim? We swim for lots of reasons – for fun, for exercise and as a sport. Being able to swim can save your life if you fall into a river or off a boat. But humans are not naturally able to swim. Most people can learn to do it, but it takes a bit of effort to get it right. Understanding the science of swimming can make it easier!

Woohoo!

SP LA SH !

SWIM SCIENCE: Staying afloat Humans breathe air, so we have to stay afloat and swim at the surface. To float, an object must be less dense than water (that means less heavy for its size).

Drag

Propulsion

Gravity pulls you down.

SWIM SCIENCE: Moving through water We use our arms and legs like paddles to push back on the water. This pushes us forward, and it’s called propulsion. As you move along, the water slows you down with a force called drag. That’s why we swim lying flat. It gives you a more streamlined shape and makes it easier for your body to slip through the water.

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But if you are less dense than water, the water can support you. A force called buoyancy pushes you up and makes you float.

Humans are almost as dense as water, so we only just float!

Top sports swimmers use swimming science to go as fast as possible. • They point their toes as they dive in, to make themselves more streamlined. • They keep their head in line with their body, lifting it only to take a quick breath. • They spread their fingers slightly apart, which increases the area of their hands.

Drag race What is the most streamlined shape for moving through water? Try this experiment to find out.

You will need:

It’s easier to float in the sea than in a swimming pool.

• Two tall vases (or large, clear plastic bottles with the tops cut off. Or you could use a large bucket or sink full of water) • Plasticine or other modelling clay

What you do: 1. Fill the vases or bottles with water to the same level. 2. Break off several lumps of modelling clay, all the same size (about the size of a grape – you could weigh them to make sure they’re the same).

How many anchors can you see in this picture? Write your answer here and check it on page 34.

3. Make the lumps into a variety of different shapes. You could try some of these: Pointy torpedo shape

Flat disc Smooth ball

Cross

Bowl

Ring 4. Choose two shapes and drop them into the two vases or bottles at the same moment, from the same height. Which hits the bottom first? 5. Keep comparing shapes until you find the fastest. What shape is it?

You should find: Long, smooth, streamlined shapes move through the water fastest. Wider or bumpy shapes get slowed down more. Why do you think that is?

What does Cinderella wear to go swimming? Glass flippers!

Photo finish! If you have a smartphone or digital camera with a slow-motion video setting, you could film the objects sinking and watch them in slow motion. Scientists do this to study things that happen very fast.

If the gap is small – up to about 8 mm – it doesn’t let much water through, so your hand works like a larger paddle.

Swimming with your fingers slightly apart can make you go faster!

Make a drawing float! Using a dry-erase (whiteboard) marker with non-soluble ink, draw a swimming stick figure onto a smooth, shiny plate (test it on the back first to make sure it doesn’t stain the plate!). After about 10 seconds, pour water onto the plate VERY slowly (away from the drawing) – and your swimmer should lift off the plate and swim around! The drawing floats because the ink is less dense than the water. Watch a video of it here: bit.ly/3yAwo4h

Born to swim! Unlike humans, a lot of animals are brilliant natural swimmers. And they don’t just have one way of swimming. Different species have evolved and changed over time to have an amazing variety of swimming methods, and special body parts to help them.

Check these out!

Water birds, such as ducks, use their big, flat feet to paddle underwater while they float on the surface.

Most fish swim by flipping their tails back and forth, pushing against the water and propelling them forward.

Crocodiles

Dolphins also use

use their huge, powerful tails to swim.

their tails to swim.

Plesiosaurs (prehistoric marine reptiles) had flippers too!

Some animals have evolved flat, oar-like flippers in place of legs or wings. They use them to swim and steer at the same time.

Penguin

Sea lion Green sea turtle

Frogs swim by

kicking their legs

back, then together – just like humans doing breast stroke! siphon

If you’re an octopus, squid or cuttlefish, you can use a water jet! These animals suck water into their bodies then squirt it out through a funnel-shaped siphon to push themselves along.

Their big webbed feet help too

These animals live in different watery environments, but they’re all evolved to swim!

Why don’t fish sink? Fish use their tails to swim forward, and sometimes their fins too. But they don’t all sink down onto the seabed like rocks or bob up to the surface like corks. How do they stay in the middle?

Sharks have a large liver (a type of body organ) full of oil. Oil is less dense than water, so it makes the shark’s body less dense, which stops it from sinking.

Other fish have a special organ called a swim bladder. They can inflate it like a balloon, using oxygen gas collected from the water. This controls how dense the fish is, so it can move up and down in the water.

Balloon buoyancy See for yourself how these organs help fish to float! Get three balloons. Using a funnel, pour 100 ml of water into one and 100 ml of cooking oil into another (ask an adult first!). Tie them closed, making sure there’s no air trapped inside. Blow some air into the third one, until it’s the same size as the other two, then tie it closed too. Next put all three balloons into a bowl of water. What happens? Afterwards, the vegetable oil can be added to a garden compost bin (in small amounts) or put into a food waste collection bin.

Tell-tail! Sharks and dolphins have evolved matching streamlined shapes to help them swim fast, but they are very different animals. Sharks are fish and dolphins are mammals. To tell them apart, look at their tails!

I hate swimming! Some seeds can swim!

Why is it easy for elephants to go swimming? They always have their trunks with them!

Like other fish, a shark’s tail is upright and flips from side to side

Dolphins and whales have flat tails, which flip up and down

I’ll swim if I have to! Many other animals can swim too. Even pet cats can swim by paddling with their feet, while their head stays above water. It’s not very fast, but it can get them out of danger if necessary.

Did you know? Apes (including humans, chimps and gorillas) are among the few mammals that cannot swim naturally. A chimpanzee named Cooper and an orangutan named Suryia have both learned to swim in swimming pools – but they were taught by humans!

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Going under! We humans mostly live on land and we’re used to breathing air, so it’s hard for us to swim underwater for long. But these water creatures have cracked it with some brilliant breathing adaptations….

We use our lungs to breathe in air and take the oxygen we need from it. Fish, and many other water animals like octopuses and lobsters, have gills instead. They take oxygen out of the water as it flows past them. Water flows in through the mouth…

flip …and out through the

gills

Why did the chicken cross the sea? To get to the other tide!

But what do whales and dolphins do? Like us, they are air-breathing mammals, but they live in water. So, over time, their nostrils have evolved to be on the tops of their heads! They’re known as blowholes, and they can use them to breathe easily when they come to the surface.

Air-breathing water animals often hold their breath for a long time to go on deep dives. How long do you think they can do it for? • A Cuvier’s beaked whale can hold its breath for over 2 hours. • A loggerhead turtle can go 10 HOURS without taking a breath. • But the winners are snapping turtles and other freshwater turtles. They hibernate at the bottom of frozen ponds and lakes ALL WINTER without breathing! But they do cheat a bit – by taking in a small amount of oxygen from the water, through their bottoms!

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Just blowing my nose! Blowhole

Some turtles can breathe through their bottoms!

Pardon me!

Diving gear Humans can breathe underwater too – we just need special equipment!

A snorkel is a tube that lets you breathe air from the surface, so you can swim along face-down to explore in shallow water.

To dive deeper, you can use SCUBA gear – short for Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. Air tank contains compressed air Divers often wear flippers to help them swim

Tube carries air to your mouth

Bottle diver This straw diver in a bottle will dive down and back up. It looks like magic, but it’s really science!

You will need: • A large plastic drinks bottle with a tight-fitting lid • A paper drinking straw

• Scissors • A metal paperclip • A jug

How low can you go? Draw lines to match these deep divers to their deepest depths! Check your answers on page 34. Cuvier’s beaked whale

210 m

What you do: 1. Cut a piece of straw about 6 cm long and fold it in half. Clip the paperclip onto the open ends of the straw to hold them together, leaving the ends open. 2. Stand the bottle in a sink or bath, and fill it with water using the jug, until it’s full to the brim. 3. Lower the straw into it, paperclip-end down. It should just float, with only a tiny bit sticking out. (If it doesn’t, experiment with different lengths of straw until it does.) 4. Screw the lid on tightly. Then hold the bottle in your hands and SQUEEZE it!

Leatherback turtle

Elephant seal

2,388 m

You should find: As you squeeze the bottle, the diver dives down! When you let go, it heads back up! This happens because squeezing the bottle pushes a bit of water into the straw, squishing the air inside into a smaller space. This makes the diver more dense overall, so it sinks. When you let go, the air in the straw pushes the water back out, and up it goes!

1,280 m

Guillemot

2,992 m

AL ANIM S TIC

Orcas

Orcas, which are also known as killer whales, are large carnivorous whales related to dolphins, porpoises and sperm whales. They are found in almost all of the world’s oceans, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. They are most common in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans and around the coast of Antarctica.

With swimming trunks at the ready, our vet Joe Inglis is diving in to find out about these masters of sea swimming.

8 metres The length of the largest male orcas, which can weigh more than 6,000 kg

Super-swimmers Orcas are awesome swimmers. They power themselves through the water using their tails, which act like wings as they are pushed up and down through the water.

When orcas lose a tooth, they just grow a new one

Black and WHITE... AND bite! © Tory Kallman / Shutterstock.com

Orcas’ distinctive black and white colouring makes them one of the most recognisable species on the planet. However, this bold pattern actually evolved to help them sneak up on their prey. Their black upper bodies blend into the deep ocean when seen from above, while their white undersides make them hard to spot when seen from below.

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tterstock.com

45 km/h

The maximum speed an orca can swim (which is about the same as a top human 100 m sprinter can run!)

Meat on the menu Orcas are meat eaters, hunting prey using their keen eyesight and amazing echolocation skills (where they make clicking sounds and listen for the echoes). Different populations of orcas hunt different prey, with some preferring fish, seabirds or turtles and others going after large mammals, such as other whales, seals and sea lions.

Air heads Although they live underwater, orcas are mammals like us, and need to come up to the surface to breathe air. Instead of opening their mouths, they suck air into their lungs through blowholes on top of their heads, which are actually their nostrils! They usually breathe every 3-5 minutes but can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes.

Mothers rule! Orcas live in groups led by older females. They are sociable and have strong relationships with their families. In some populations, male orcas stay living with their mothers their entire lives, something which is unknown in any other mammal species on the planet (except for some humans!). They communicate with each other using a complicated language of clicks and whistles.

I’m making a splash!

Under threat There are thought to be around 50,000 orcas in the world’s oceans. However, their populations are under threat due to the loss of their prey species, pollution and disturbance caused by noise and boats. Plastic waste is also a growing danger. In 2020, the first orca found dead in England and Wales for nearly 20 years was found to have a large fragment of plastic in its stomach.

One orca is not like the others! Can you find it? Circle your answer and check it on page 34.

You’ll gasp at these swimming, diving and breath-holding feats! Which ones do you think are true and which are false? Tick the boxes and check your answers on page 15.

An Olympic swimmer can swim faster than a black marlin fish.

TRUE

FALSE

How do scuba divers communicate? With speech bubbles!

The longest single scuba dive lasted almost six days!

TRUE

Y R T T ’ N DO T A S I H T HOME!

FALSE

The first woman to swim across the English Channel did it faster than any man had swum it.

TRUE

No one has ever swum in the Antarctic without a wetsuit.

TRUE

8 3

The highest ever dive into water was almost 52 m – that’s as tall as Nelson’s column in London!

TRUE

The slowest 100 m freestyle at the Olympics was almost 2 minutes.

TRUE

FALSE

The deepest a person can dive on one breath is 50 m, because after that the pressure is too great.

TRUE

FALSE

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FALSE

The furthest single swim in open water is 250 km.

TRUE

FALSE

4. TRUE:

2. TRUE:

At the Sydney In 2016, Turkish E Olympics in 2000, Eric ‘the 1. FALSE: diver Cem Karabay SW eel’ Moussambani won his 100 m The Olympic spent 142 hours, 42 Olympic freestyle heat in the slowest record for 50 m minutes and 42 seconds time ever. There were only two other (the shortest race at the underwater off Cyprus – Olympics) is just under 21 that’s almost six days! He competitors in Eric’s heat and they were both disqualified for falling off the blocks so he had seconds for a man and just under helped to pass the time to swim by himself. Eric, who only learnt to 24 seconds for a woman. That’s by playing chess with his swim about a year before the Olympics, was quick but still a lot slower than support team. struggling to finish but the crowd cheered him the fastest fish – a black on and he finished the race in just under marlin can swim the same 3. FALSE: 2 minutes. The gold medals were distance in less than It was even won in just over 48 seconds 5 seconds! higher! In 2015, Lazaro (men) and just under 54 Schaller from Switzerland seconds (women). dived 58.8 m from a platform. That’s higher than the Leaning Tower of Pisa! 5. FALSE: 9 The longest anyone He entered the water at Nicknamed has ever held their more than 120 km/h. ‘the Deepest Man on breath underwater Earth’, freediver Herbert is 19 minutes. Nitsch from Austria holds the 6. TRUE: TRUE FALSE world record for the deepest When Gertrude dive on one breath, at 214 m. Ederle became the first Herbert can hold his woman to swim across the breath for more than 10 A scuba diver has juggled English Channel in 1926, she nine minutes! underwater! did it nearly two hours faster than any man had done it. The Olympic TRUE FALSE swimming champion, who was the 7. FALSE: sixth person and first woman In 2015, British to swim the Channel, swimmer Lewis Pugh did it in 14 hours and swam for five minutes in the 39 minutes. Bay of Whales, Antarctica, wearing just swimming trunks and a swim 8. TRUE: cap! The water temperature was minus Pablo Fernandez from 1.7 °C (because the sea is salty, the Spain swam an amazing temperature can dip below 0 °C 250 km (over 155 miles) off without freezing). He did it to raise the coast of Florida, USA, in awareness of the climate crisis 2021. That’s almost as far and the melting of the as swimming from polar ice caps. London to You should never jump into icy water (Lewis trained Wales! for many months to be able to do this!)

9. FALSE:

In a swimming pool in Croatia in 2021, Budimir Šobat held his breath underwater for a staggering 24 minutes and 37 seconds. Budimir wanted to attempt the record to bring attention to the plight of his country after it was hit by a strong earthquake in 2020.

10. TRUE:

German comedian and clown Markus Just holds the world record for the longest time juggling three objects underwater. He juggled for 1 hour and 40 minutes – earning him the nickname ‘The 100-Minute Man’.

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b... clu O C E

Emmi's

Bring the underwater world to your room by making a fish mobile out of cardboard packaging.

MAKE A FISH MOBILE You will need: • One kitchen roll tube and three toilet roll tubes • Cardboard packaging, e.g. a cereal box • Pencil • Scissors

3 1.5 cm

Glue Paint String or wool A chunky needle for wool • Paperclip (optional)

1.5 cm mouth

tail

Make a big fish first. Measure the length of the tube and mark three equally spaced dots. Push a sharp pencil through the dots to make holes.

• • • •

1.5 cm

g the Gently flatten the tube with the dots alon g the alon cm 1.5 bottom edge. At one end, measure the to lines top and bottom folded edges, then draw . gles trian open end of the tube to make two small both sides Cut along the lines, making sure you cut ) will be (tail fin dal of the tube. This is where the cau two draw , attached. At the other end of the tube e the mouth. curved lines and cut along them to mak

4 1 cm

Caudal fin

Lay the tube on some cardboard. Draw the caud al fin to match the size of your tube. Now move the tube 1.5 cm along so you Anal fin can add a rectangular tab . Cut it out. Put glue on bo th sides of the tab, slide it inside the tail end of the Tip: Use a tube and hold it together paperclip to until it is stuck in place. h old it togeth er until the glue is dry.

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Dorsal fin

Pectoral fin pelv ic fin

Lay the tube on the cardboard and draw a dorsal fin. Add a 1 cm rectangle along the bottom. Cut it out, apply glue to the tab and stick it to the top of the tube (remember, the holes are at the bottom of the tube). Draw, cut and stick on two pectoral fins, two pelvic fins and one anal fin, as shown in the following photos.

Continued on page 21 ➜

PULLOUT SWIMMING WATER WHEEL

PULL OUT PAGES 17-20 AND GET MAKING!

Make this fun paper toy and then spin the wheel to see the Whizz Pop Bang friends making a splash!

You will need: • Scissors • A split pin • Sticky tack (optional)

What you do: 1. Cut out the picture and the wheel on pages 18 and 19. 2. Cut out the pink shaded area of the picture to create an opening. 3. Draw your own diving figures opposite each other on the back of the wheel, or take photos of yourself and a friend or a family member in diving poses and stick them on!

When does the Atlantic Ocean have no water? When it’s on a map!

4. Make a hole through the black dots on the picture and in the centre of the wheel. 5. With the wheel behind the picture, line up the holes and push a split pin through from the front to the back. Open up the pin to secure the picture and wheel together. 6. Now spin the wheel anticlockwise! You can remove the pin, turn the wheel over and reattach the pin to see the other diving figures. 7. If you like, you could stick your scene to a wall with sticky tack.

You should find: As you spin the wheel, the friends appear to be diving into the sea! Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3llsDI5

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Which one of these views from above could be the inflatable obstacle course? Circle your answer and check it on page 34.

whizzpopbang.com 19

Riddles

Check your answers on page 34.

1. What can you swallow that can also swallow you? 2. What gets wetter the more it dries? 3. What watery action word written in capital letters looks the same upside down? can 4. What kind of coat ? only be put on when wet

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When you dive into water, it slows you down. This is because water is more dense than air – its molecules are more tightly packed together. The surface of the water slows you down the most because of surface tension. The water molecules at the surface are attracted more strongly to the water molecules next to them and below them than to the air molecules above them. The water surface is pulled inwards like a stretchy skin. In a race, swimmers want to slow down as little as possible as they dive into the water, so they try to touch as little of the surface as possible. The best way to do that is to break the surface with the tips of their fingers and go through that same ‘hole’ with their entire body.

Pho

to s

enn

illia

using the Make three smaller fish glue is dry, toilet roll tubes. Once the t colours. paint all the fish in brigh and gills so Remember to add eyes they can breathe!

Finally, loop a long piece of string through the mouth of the large fish and out through the open part of the tail. Tie the ends together to make a loop so you can hang it up.

I’d love to see your fish mobile! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

On each little fish, make a small hole through the top of its dorsal fin. Thread stri ng or wool onto the needle and push it through the hole. Tie the end of the string around the dorsal fin and then push the needle through one of the holes in the larger fish. Pull the needle out through the fish’s mouth, take the needle off the string and tie a knot in the end. Now you can pull the string bac k down so the knot is inside the fish. Repeat until all three small fish are attached.

ECO

ideas...

Add some more marine wildlife to your mobile, such as a shark, seahorse or dolphin! You could try using other types of packaging.

Continued from page 16

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! It is important to protect your skin from the Sun, but some sunscreens release chemicals into the sea that can damage wildlife and their habitats. Ask your parents to choose a brand that has the Protect Land + Sea symbol on it. This shows it is free of harmful chemicals and is safe to use while swimming in the sea.

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... swim in the ocean!

Kelly is a marine biologist and grant manager for the UK government’s Biodiversity Challenge Funds. If you have any questions of your own for Kelly, you can contact her on kelly-forsythe@ltsi.co.uk

“

I grew up on a small island in the Caribbean.

Kelly Forsythe marine biologist

“

I decided I wanted to be a marine biologist when I was sixteen, after I learnt to scuba dive.

”

I’m originally from the island of Grand Cayman. I literally had the sea right on my doorstep throughout my childhood and had access to some of the most stunning beaches and coral reefs in the Caribbean. The more time I spent in the sea, the more curious I became.

influence on Growing up on an island had a big biologist. I was my decision to become a marine l the ocean is, able to see first-hand how magica I wasn’t going to but also how fragile it is. I decided come along and wait around for someone else to high school and save it! I studied marine biology at ree in marine university, followed by a second deg tly grant manager systems and policies. I am curren y Challenge for the UK government’s Biodiversit jects around pro n Fund, which supports conservatio biodiversity. the world to protect wildlife and

”

No two dives are the same and you never know what you’re going to see! Marine animals all have their own personalities; some are shy and others are bold and curious. Some animals avoid moving a lot and only swim when they absolutely have to. Others are fast swimmers and move with precision to catch their prey. There are even some animals that really don’t swim at all and just move with the motion of the ocean.

Kelly holding an invasive lionfish

“

Working underwater is one of my favourite things.

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

You can often tell how a fish swims by the shape of its body.

A juvenile hawksbill turtle © Kelly Forsythe

”

Parrotfish play a key role in tropical seas around the world by eating algae that grow on coral. If parrotfish are removed, the algae can quickly smother and kill the coral. When they graze, their strong beak-like teeth also bite off bits of coral, which get ground up in their guts and pooed out as sand. One parrotfish can produce 400 kg of sand each year! So you can thank parrotfish for the white sand on tropical beaches.

If it’s long, thin and streamlined, it's likely to be a fast swimmer and hunt for its food, like the great barracuda. Fish have special organs called swim bladders that help them to control their depth. Marine mammals are incredible swimmers, and some of them, like the Cuvier’s beaked whale, are able to control their swimming so well that they are currently the world record holders for deep diving!

Parrotfish come in all colours and sizes

“

Our planet and oceans need our help now more than ever.

Horticulturists combine their understanding of plant science with practical gardening skills.

“

Parrotfish produce sand as poo!

Kelly measuring the length of reef fish using a T-bar © CCMI

Being a marine biologist has allowed me to travel.

”

I’ve been to some impressive places, met some incredible people and seen some amazing sea creatures! I worked with green sea turtles and staghorn coral back home in the Cayman Islands to help increase their numbers in the wild. I researched parrotfish and their populations in Jamaica to see whether artificial reefs were able to work as well as the real thing in providing a home for fish. I have also collected data on whales and dolphins, and I got to swim with juvenile whale sharks in the Maldives.

”

The best thing about my job is having the opportunity to make a difference – that is what drove me to become a marine biologist and that is what still gets me out of bed every morning. I believe that you really have to be the change you want to see and encourage others to do the same. If I can make a difference, no matter how small, I know it will have been worth it.

“

If you are interested in becoming a marine biologist, go for it!

”

rine biologist The journey to becoming a ma e, hard work isn’t straightforward. It takes tim p going – stay and lots of volunteering. But kee curious. Get dedicated, focused and forever nd time by the acquainted with the ocean, spe ’re protecting. seaside and learn about what you really opens up Learn how to scuba dive! Diving estly a lifehon a world of exploration and is – I have never felt more erience changing expFind out more about xxxxxx en I’m diving. connected to the ocean than wh

whizzpopbang.com 23

HOW STUFF

WORKS 1

Submarines Gliding along, deep under the surface of the sea, submarines are the ultimate human-made swimming machines. Here’s how these super-submersibles work…

Modern submarines have an

outer hull made from super-strong steel. This prevents the pressure of the sea water above the submarine from crushing it when it dives deep underwater.

At the back of the submarine is the propeller, which powers the boat forwards through the water.

the outer and inner hulls and are used to make the submarine float or sink in the water.

The submarine is steered through the water using a rudder.

All of these words can be made from the letters in the word SUBMARINE. Write down your answers in the spaces and check them on page 34. How many more words can you make? A shaft of light from the Sun is a _ _ _b_ _ m If you bump your shin, you might get a colourful _ _ _ _ _ _ The scientific name for wee is _ _ _ _ _ You have two of these, one on each side of your head _ _ _ _ When you’ve got a cold, your nose might _ _ _ How I refer to myself _ _

24 whizzpopbang.com

Buoyancy tanks lie between

The propeller is driven by a diesel, electric or nuclear power plant located towards the rear (or stern) of the submarine. Nuclear engines are often used by military submarines as they are very quiet and allow the submarine to stay submerged for months at a time without refuelling.

How submarines sink and rise

Compressed air tanks

To dive down, flood ports are opened, which allow sea water to rush into the buoyancy tanks, forcing out the air through vents at the top of the tanks.

Compressed air valves open — air forced into ballast tank

Valves

Ballast tank

Air valves open — air expelled from ballast tank

Sinking Water valves open — water enters ballast tank

To resurface, compressed air is blown into the buoyancy tanks, forcing the water out. This reduces the weight and density of the submarine so it is pushed up by the water around it.

Water valves open — water expelled from ballast tank

As more water enters the buoyancy tanks, the weight of the submarine increases until it is heavier, or denser, than the same volume of water, and it starts to sink.

Rising

The descent of the submarine is controlled by four horizontal fins called planes. By changing the angle of the planes, the pilot of the submarine can control how steeply they dive down as they move through the water.

a suggestion of Moderninclude submarines are amazing the ocean surface packed with underwater machines with waves and maybe fewthe very cutting-edge technology, abut fish swimming around? first submarines were much more basic. One of the earliest was built in the 1620s by Cornelius van Drebbel, a Dutch engineer. His submarine was built from leather stretched over a wooden frame and was powered by oars poking out through the sides!

g... in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1

M M I W S L A NI M A

n for living Some are better know ese animals on land, but all of th tic abilities… have surprising aqua

They might move slowly on land and spend most of their time hanging upside down in trees, but sloths can swim three times faster than they can walk!

2 3

You might think an elephant would sink like a stone, but they can actually swim for hours! They use their trunks like a snorkel to breathe underwater.

Tigers are very strong swimmers. Their muscular bodies and webbed paws help them swim long distances across rivers and lakes.

26 whizzpopbang.com

4 5

Salmon swim upstream from the ocean to fresh water rivers so that they can breed. Some salmon can travel up to 3,200 km on this long journey.

Sea snakes have a flat tail

that acts like a paddle and helps them swim quickly. They are found in the warm waters of the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

! S R E M M

A group of swimming pigs have made their home on an island called Big Major Cay (nicknamed ‘Pig Island’) in the Bahamas! Tourists like to watch the pigs swimming in the ocean.

Water spiders (also called diving bell spiders) breathe air from a bubble that they collect from the surface using fine hairs on their abdomen. They’re the only underwater spiders.

Although they are small and spiky, hedgehogs are actually quite good swimmers. They go swimming at night in search of food and are able to float if they get tired.

Gannets are large seabirds that dive down from great heights to catch fish, hitting the water at speeds of nearly 100 km/h. They can also chase their prey underwater.

Polar bears can swim long

distances, sometimes for hours on end. They use their big paws to travel through the Arctic waters from one block of ice to another.

© 1. Martijn Smeets / Shutterstock.com, 2. Willyam Bradberry / Shutterstock.com, 3. TigerStocks / Shutterstock.com, 4. Sekar B / Shutterstock.com, 5. Nick Poling / Shutterstock.com, 6. Lisa Belle Larsen / Shutterstock.com, 7. Vladimir Chernyanskiy / Shutterstock.com, 8. D. Kucharski K. Kucharska / Shutterstock.com 9. Ray Hennessy / Shutterstock.com, 10. Junior Braz / Shutterstock.com

whizzpopbang.com 27

Jac qu e s Co u st e au

e sea? h t k n r you ow wha de ilms and t the w n Do , mos u f orl d l o o k s l i k e t of day er ousteau us d o t a To s. But C , tha n k s t o u n d e r w just es elow ure u 8 t q 0 c years ago, before Jac yb pi ilmed it, mo a l f st p e ople had no idea w h at the o cean’s surface.

Peters, Hans / Ane fo / Wikimedia Com mons

Sensational Scientists

by Kate Powell

JACQUE S-Y VE S COUSTE AU WA S BORN IN 19 10 IN SA IN T-AN DR ÉDE-CUBZAC, FR ANCE.

Jacques was four when he learned to swim. He learned to hold his breath underwater and dive to the bottom of a lake.

As he grew up, Jacques wanted an adventure and decided to become a pilot for the French navy. But one day he had a car accident and broke both his arms. To make them strong again, he swam every day in the Mediterranean Sea. Using goggles for the first time changed his life – he couldn’t believe how beautiful the rocks, plants and fish were.

He wanted to explore more and to share the beauty of the sea with others. He had a special underwater camera, but he didn’t have any breathing equipment which made filming underwater difficult.

With an engineer called Émile Gagnan, Jacques developed a device called an Aqua-Lung. It had a mask, a mouthpiece and two air tanks. A valve attached to the tanks released air to the diver when they breathed in.

In 1950, Jacques turned a ship called the Calypso into a floating laboratory with his wife and business partner Simone. Over many years, he studied coral reefs and shipwrecks in oceans around the world. He wrote books, took photographs and made films, introducing audiences to sharks, whales, dolphins, sea turtles, octopuses and jellyfish.

Jacques invented a diving saucer – like a flying saucer for exploring underwater. It could take people to a depth of 500 metres. He also tried to prove that people could be aquanauts and live and work for weeks on the sea bed. His team built submarine homes with beds, a library, a TV and a lab. It was like living in an aquarium!

How many jellyfish can you spot in this underwater scene? Check your answer on page 34.

Towards the end of his career, Jacques realised the underwater environments he had explored were dying because of pollution and climate change. He set up the Cousteau Society for marine conservation and spoke at many international meetings, asking world leaders to protect the oceans. He persuaded politicians to sign a promise to ban mining in Antarctica.

Jacques was 87 when he died in Paris in 1997. His son and grandchildren now make films and campaign for the environment.

whizzpopbang.com 29

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg

AS K Y, Do magnets los e

their magnetism over

Fiona, aged 8

F oR

Magnetism is caused by the tiny charges fro m electrons (parts of an atom). In a magnet, these char ges are all lined up in the same direc magnetic field that ca tion so that they create a n attract or repel othe r magnets. Over time, these char ges can gradually sto p being lined up and some magne tism is lost… but this happens slowly. A neodymium magnet loses less th an 1% of its power over 10 years! Magnets can lose th eir magnetism more quickly if they’re dropped so that the charges come out of line. Take care of your magnet by handling it carefully.

CURIoUS K I DS

We have had some amazing applications for Y’s Wonder Club badges….

Theo, aged 5, vy w hea found out ho gs th t differen in per are for his Su . ge ad b st ti n ie Sc

ed 8, Leo, ag hole ck did a bla ent im r e p x e Super for his adge. tb Scientis

time?

was Evie, aged 8, Atoms e th y b inspired ition ed and Elements ade this m d (Issue 80) an school’s board for her tell her science fair to ut it. o friends all ab

Esther, aged 7, made this dre am catcher for h er Eco Hero bad ge.

Y’s Wonder Club Badges Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Collectable enamel badges for you to earn! Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

DE AR Y, At the park I saw a bumblebee

flying into lots of crocuses (about 30). But it only flew into dark purple crocuses even though there were other colours. Why could that be? Do bumblebees have favourite colours?

STAR LETTE R You’ve won this book!

We loved seeing the brilliant bracelets you made from junk mail (Issue 80 Eco Club)!

From Nadia, aged 9

Bees aren’t born with a favourite colour. They can’t see red very well, but they have very good vision at the blue, indig o and violet end of the visible spectrum. They can even see ultraviolet – which we can’t. Some flowers have patterns which are only visible in ultraviolet light, to lure in pollinating bees. Over time, bees learn which flowers give them the biggest necta r reward, and those become their favourite flowers. Interesting ly, flowers in sunny spots produce more nectar and often purpl e flowers do too – which matches your observations, Nadia! Benedict, aged 7

Ellis, aged 5, cu t out this tricky tyrannosaur from Issue 65, and no w it eyes are follow s ing him round the room!

Why do some diseases change y the (like coronavirus) and some sta u. k yo same (like chickenpox)? Than

H I, Y !

Eva, aged 8

Jacob, aged 7

n of ‘instruction manual’ know Living things contain a kind n ma hu the e (lik e npox genom as the genome. The chicke kes ma s Thi . A DN d le-strande genome) is made from doub s ion at ut m led cal lf, so changes really accurate copies of itse the ys sta ses cau s disease the viru happen very slowly and the A e a single-stranded RN hav es same. The coronavirus – so you y tel ura acc y ver ickly but not genome, which is copied qu virus e of these changes mean the get lots of mutations. Som ead spr it ke ma t gh mi , but others can’t infect as well as before y it wa the and e eas dis illness, so the more easily or cause worse r period of time. spreads change over a shorte ses – by getting vaccines, Reducing the spread of viru ll and wearing masks – isolating when you’re unwe ies to mutate. gives them fewer opportunit

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

7, Darcie, aged 3, ed ag and Jack, el d o m is made th of t u o m o at of an . ay modelling cl

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your m h to dad/goldfis

see what they know!

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

What is the rear en d of a submarine called?

The world record for a person holding their breath underwater is…

a) The heel

a) 12 minutes and 4 seconds

b) The tail

b) 24 minutes and 37 seconds

c) T he stern

c) 31 minutes and 15 seconds

Why are parrotfish good for coral reefs?

a) They squawk to alert other fish to danger y

b) When they feel cold c) W hen they want to

her animals can

a) So ot see them coming

to b) It’s camouflage up help them sneak on their prey to c) I t helps them swim faster

a) They store air in their shells b) Through their bottoms

b) Aqua-Lung

Why have orcas ack evolved to be bl and white?

have fun!

How do snapping turtles ? breathe when they hibernate

a) Calypso

c) Diving saucer

tened

by a predator

ey keep the coral c) Th healthy by eating algae

When do sardines swim in a tight ball?

a) When they are threa

hey are beautiful so the b) T attract lots of tourists

What was Jacques Cousteau’s floating laboratory called?

What do you catch when you go fishing at night? Star-fish!

hey grow gills c) T

Why is an island in the Bahamas nicknamed Pig Island? a) There’s a type of fish

there that has a snout

b) T here are lots of pig farms on the island

c) I t is home to a group of pigs that swim in

the sea

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 24 2) Page 15 3) Page 23 4) Page 35 5) Page 29 6) Page 10 7) Page 12 8) Page 27

Answers on page 34.

I scored: .......... 1-3: Doggie paddle! 4-6: Super swimmer! 7-8: Olympic champion!

To be in with a chance of winning one of five super shark model kits, we want you to draw or paint a picture of a swimming sea creature. It could be anything from a tiny shrimp or a wobbly jellyfish to a whale or a giant squid!

! IN

Ocean art

Great White Shark Anatomy Model With this fantastic kit from thamesandkosmos.co.uk, you can piece together a model of a great white shark. Find out about this awesome predator and how its organs work together!

WINNERS

Issue 82 competition winners Thank you to everyone who sent in their entries to our Victorians competition. You could change trains twice to get from A to B. These four lucky winners will each receive a K’NEX City Builders Set from knex.co.uk: Toby Koizumi, 8 Lara Robinson-Kaye, 11 William Marsh, 7 Ruby Bircher, 6

Send a photo of your picture to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘swimming competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post your picture to swimming competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Sorry, we are unable to return any post. Deadline: August 8th 2022. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.

whizzpopbang.com 33

JOKES

What did you think of our swimmin g edition? Tell us your views here: bit.ly/3wSHlM3

Each month, readers who fill in the survey will be entered into a prize draw to win an awesome Whizz Pop Bang Science Scrapbook

Why don’t mice like swimming? They are afraid of catfish!

How does a of dolphins m pod ak a decision? e They flipper coin!

oes it How much d with cost to swimrks? hungry sha d a leg! n a m r a n A

Why were the elephants asked to leave the swimming pool? They couldn’t keep their trunks up!

Page 7 – True/Untrue

Page 13 – Odd one out orca puzzle

TRUE: The salt in seawater makes the water more dense, so you float slightly higher up in it.

This is the odd one out:

Sunbeam Bruise Urine Ears Run Me

There are 23 anchors in the picture. Page 9 – True/Untrue UNTRUE: Seeds can’t swim but some, such as coconuts, can float. If they fall into the sea, they can float far away to grow somewhere else. Guillemot

210 m

Leatherback turtle

1,280 m

Elephant seal

2,388 m

Cuvier’s beaked whale

2,992 m

Page 12 – True/Untrue UNTRUE: Like other toothed whales, orcas get only one set of teeth which are not replaced once lost.

Answers Page 24 – Submarine word puzzle

Page 7 – Anchors puzzle

Page 11 – How low can you go puzzle

I failed my scuba diving test… the pressure was too much!

Page 29 – Jellyfish puzzle There are 11 jellyfish in the scene. Page 19 – Obstacle course puzzle The view of the inflatable obstacle course from above is d. Page 20 – Riddles 1) Water. 2) A towel. 3) SWIMS. 4) A coat of paint.

Page 32 – Quiz 1) c 2) b 3) c 4) a 5) a 6) b 7) b 8) c

R A L U C A T C E SP

e c n e i c s

This shimmering shoal of sardines in the Pacific Ocean is being hunted by a striped marlin fish. The sardines form a tight ball like this when they are threatened. Swimming so close together leaves a smaller number of fish exposed to danger. It also makes it harder for a predator to target a single fish. A sardine group can be up to 20 metres across!

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