Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 90: SUPERCHARGED SCIENCE by Whizz Pop Bang

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THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

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SNAKE WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 90

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Calling all bright sparks! This issue is about incredible electricity.

Static ele ct ricity powe rs th unde clingy and se ts our hair on en rstorms, make s clingfilm clothing. Find out how it work d when we take of f woolly s and then harness its powe r to charm a pape r snak e, roll a can, spin an umbrella, sail a boat, be nd a st re am of wate r and make a jellyfish fly!

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WHIZZ POP BANG is made by: Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Joe Inglis, Owen Inglis and Kirsty Williams

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WHIZZ POP BANG is only available by subscription. If you haven’t subscribed yet, simply go to whizzpopbang.com and sign up for as little as £3.99 per magazine, including UK delivery. Back issues are available to purchase at whizzpopbang.com/shop With the help of Whizz Pop Bang magazine, just imagine what your child might one day discover!

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Welcome to WHIZZ POP BANG – the magazine bursting with enticing articles, mind-boggling facts and hands-on experiments to get your child hooked on science! Whizz Pop Bang is a gender-neutral magazine with plenty of inspirational male and female scientists and content that appeals to all children.

The magazine is ideal for home educators and it’s linked to the national curriculum too, for use in schools. Whizz Pop Bang will help with literacy development as well. Transform science teaching in your school with our hands-on science and reading resources. Our downloadable lesson packs link fun science experiments and reading with key curriculum topics for years 2-6. Subscribe at whizzpopbang.com/schools

All experiments have been tried and tested by our team. The activities should be done under close adult supervision and are done at your own risk. Launchpad Publishing Ltd cannot accept liability for damage done.

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As well as our writers, we also have a team of science advisers who help to ensure that our content is accurate, up-to-date and relevant. Our advisers include: palaeontologist Steve Brusatte; molecular microbiologist Matt Hutchings; robotics engineer Abbie Hutty; mechanical engineer Amiee Morgans; GP Dr Cathy Scott; astronomer Mark Thompson; physicist Dr Jess Wade; child psychologist Dr Naira Wilson. To find out more, go to whizzpopbang.com/about

Try not to tie permanent knots in the balloons you use for the activities so you can reuse them to make juggling balls!

EXPERT SCIENCE ADVISERS

CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS

Dancing rats, Shaun the Sheep’s Moon mission and what makes poos float!

DRAMATIC STATIC

Investigate shocking science as you float a jellyfish, create lightning in your mouth and become a paper snake charmer!

ANIMAL ANTICS

Discover the incredible ways that electric eels stun their prey and navigate – zzzap!

SILLY SCIENCE

Race around this thunderous game – just try to avoid the lightning!

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sto

ck . com

Turn the balloons used in this issue’s experiments into a set of juggling balls.

PULLOUT

Make a static-powered spinning umbrella and a floating boat, then solve some riddles.

rdm

Atom

INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

Karen Kosiba is a scientist who chases electric storms as part of her job!

HOW STUFF WORKS

Find out how LEDs help light up our homes.

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

Electric animals! Discover the shocking truth about sharks, echidnas and more…

ES A/ Aa

EMMI’S ECO CLUB

hu t

k . co m

.c om

be do .a k c st o

SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

Meet the Founding Father of America who also made some important scientific discoveries: Benjamin Franklin.

Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION I’d love to see pictures of your knowledge with our super-duper 32 Test your experiments! Send them to science quiz and win a plasma ball. Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media JOKES AND ANSWERS out loud at some awesome jokes and find the 34 Laugh @whizzpopbangmag answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

Take a closer look at the electrifying light show inside a plasma ball!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa © Shutterstock.com

DANCING RATS!

SINGING BATS!

Researchers in Denmark have found that bats have a better vocal range than famous human singers. Most people can only cover three octaves (an octave is eight musical notes), while singers like Mariah Carey and Prince are famous for being able to cover five. Bats, however, have a vocal range of seven octaves! Some of the very low frequency sounds bats make when they’re annoyed with each other are only used by humans in some kinds of heavy metal music and Tuvan throat singing. By filming inside the bats’ voice boxes, the researchers discovered that, like humans, bats make these low sounds using special folds located above their vocal cords.

Dancing was once thought to be something only humans did, but new research has found that rats instinctively move in time to rhythmic music. Ten rats fitted with equipment to measure their head movements were played piano music at different speeds. The results showed that the rats synchronised their movements to the music – and they did this best when listening to music with a similar tempo to the classical music enjoyed by humans.

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BEES BUZZ WITH STATIC ELECTRICITY

Orion approaches the Moon

Snoopy

Honeybee swarms produce more electricity than a thundercloud. Researcher Ellard Hunting made the discovery by chance – he was out studying the weather when he noticed an increase in atmospheric electric charge on his monitors. There were no storm clouds around, but there was a swarm of honeybees from a nearby hive, out looking for a new home. Dr Hunting already knew that bees carry a positive electric charge – static electricity is what makes negatively charged pollen stick to them. But the voltage generated by a whole swarm of bees was a big surprise! We still don’t know if the swarms use this electric charge in some way or if it’s just the result of friction between the bees’ wings and the air.

During its journey, Orion broke the record for the furthest a human-carrying spacecraft had travelled from Earth – a whopping 434,500 miles!

FLOATERS AND SINKERS

The age-old mystery of why some poos float and other poos sink has been solved – by accident! In the past, it was thought that ‘floaters’ contained more fat than ‘sinkers’. Then, in the 1970s, a scientist experimenting on his own floating poo found that gas was responsible for its buoyancy, but he didn’t know where the gas came from. Fast forward to 2022, and scientists studying germ-free mice (that have no bacteria in their guts) noticed that the poos of these mice always sank, whereas in normal mice about half the poos floated. When they put normal gut bacteria into the stomachs of the germ-free mice, they started producing floating poos – proving that the gas that makes floaters float is produced by gut bacteria.

NASA’s Orion spacecraft has completed its 26-day journey around the Moon – and sent back some amazing photos! Part of the Artemis Moon mission, the Orion capsule is designed to carry people, but this was an uncrewed test flight. Humans haven’t visited the Moon for 50 years, but NASA plans to send the next astronauts there in a few years’ time. On this voyage, the spacecraft’s only occupants were three ‘moonikins’ (fake astronaut mannequins designed to measure the environment of the capsule), NASA’s mascot Snoopy (a small stuffed toy whose job was to float around as an indicator of zero gravity) and CBBC’s Shaun the Sheep!

MOON MISSION

ZZZAPPP! Ouch!

Have you ever had an electric shock when you touched a shopping trolley or car door or taken off a woolly hat to find your hair standing on end?

By Anna

Claybourne

These things are all caused by

static electricity . So, what’s happening?

Owwww!

It all starts with… ATOMS! Everything is made of teeny tiny atoms. Each atom is made of even smaller parts, or particles.

Protons have

a positive charge, written as

Neutrons

have no charge.

WE’RE FREE!

Sometimes, electrons can break free from atoms. When electricity flows along a wire, that’s actually a flow of free electrons. We call it an electric current.

Electrons have

a negative charge, written as Positive and negative charges pull towards each other, which helps to hold atoms together.

flowing electrons

Static electricity

doesn’t do this. Instead of flowing, electrons build up in an object. copper wire

GETTING ZAPPED!

Here’s how you get a static shock from a door handle. As you move on a carpet, electrons rub off onto you. Now you have extra electrons, and a negative charge. Particles with opposite charges attract (pull together). Particles with the same charges repel (push apart). So, when you reach towards the door, your extra electrons push the electrons in the door away, leaving a positive charge nearest to you. This attracts your extra electrons, and they JUMP across the gap very fast. They go so fast, they heat up the air, creating a tiny spark.

Arrrgh! Ouch!

Z A P!

HAIR IN THE AIR!

SEE FOR YOURSELF!

So why does static electricity make your hair stick up?

Want to see static electr

Opposite charges attract

Like charges repel

Water bending

Charge a blown-up balloon* or plastic ruler by rubbing it on some woolly fabric for 30 seconds. Hold it near a thin stream of water from a tap or showerhead, and the water should bend towards it.

When your hair rubs on a hat, it loses electrons and gets a positive charge. As all your hairs have the same kind of charge they repel each other – and that makes them stand on end!

What’s an electron’s favourite kind of music? Shock ’n’ roll!

The hat collects electrons, and gets a

icity in action?

Let’s go!

*Instead of tying your balloon, hold it shut or secure with a food clip or elastic band. Then you can reuse it for the Eco Club activity!

Electrons have rubbed off onto the balloon, giving it a negative charge.

Make a dan cing snake

Cut out a circle of tissue paper, then cut it into a spiral to make a snake. Use a charged plastic ruler or balloon to make the snake dance!

negative charge. So if you hold it above your head, it will attract your hair, and pull it up!

The ro lling can Lie a clean, empty drink can on its side and hold a charged balloon near the can. It should pull it along!

Static electricity

happens when electrons build up in an object.

A cat helped a scientist to discover static electricity! Answer on page 34

THEY ’VE ESCAPED!

How many loose electrons like this can you find hiding on this page? Check your answer on page 34.

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Luckily, a static shock from a door handle is pretty small. But there are much bigger static shocks out there: lightning strikes! That’s right, lightning is a massive, incredibly powerful static electric spark.

In a thundercloud, strong winds blow ice crystals up and down They rub together and gather static charges

Negative charge collects at the bottom of the cloud Positive charges collect on the ground below the cloud The electrons jump across the gap as a giant spark – lightning!

Lightning is a kind of static electricity.

you ch a

If you get caught in a thunderstorm, here’s how to stay safe:

STRUCK BY LIGHTNING!

The lightning jumps across the smallest possible gap, so it often hits tall objects like buildings or trees. The powerful electricity can crack them apart or set them on fire. Or, if it strikes a person or animal, it can be HORRIBLY dangerous – even deadly.

Shelter inside a building or vehicle as soon as you can. Avoid hilltops and flat, open areas. Don’t stand under a tree. Avoid water.

Don’t wave objects like umbrellas or golf clubs in the air! imedia Commons

CONDUCTOR TEST TO FLOW OR NOT TO FLOW?

Some materials, called conductors, let electricity flow through them easily. Others don’t – they’re called insulators. Metals are good conductors, whereas plastic, rubber and glass are insulators. Static electricity builds up when an insulator stops electricity from flowing easily. Instead of moving, the electrons are static (still).

What do you call London when the electricity stops working? Londoff!

A rubber balloon is an insulator, so static charge can build up.

Metals conduct electricity, so if you've built up a static charge you might get a small shock when you touch a car.

You can give a balloon or a plastic ruler a static charge by rubbing it, but does it work with everything? Try it and see…

Yo u will need

Small bits of tissue paper Woolly fabric (or use your hair!) A selection of small objects, such as • a plastic spoon • a metal spoon • a wooden ruler • a glass jar • a plastic pen • a cardboard tube

What you do

1. Rub each object on the woolly fabric for 30 seconds. 2. See if it has enough static charge to pick up bits of tissue paper. 3. Record which materials work best. Why do you think some don’t work?

M AK E LI GHTN IN G IN YO UR M OUTH ! All you need is an extra strong mint, a mirror and a dark room.

A shopping trolley has rubber wheels, which stop charge from flowing away.

Lightning never strikes the same place twice Answer on page 34

First, stand in complete darkness for five minutes to let your eyes adjust. Then, facing the mirror and keeping your mouth open, CRUNCH a mint between your teeth. You should see a brief glow! This is a kind of energy called triboluminescence (say try-bow-loom-in-ESS-unce). Crushing the sugar creates small electric charges, which make sparks, just like tiny lightning!

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HANDY STATIC!

Printers use static electricity to arrange toner (powdered ink) in the shape of whatever you’re printing.

Static electricity can cause problems, but sometimes it’s super useful. When you peel clingfilm from the roll, it picks up a static charge, and that’s what makes it cling to things!

It works on plastic and glass, as they’re insulators. But not on metal, as the charge flows away.

Static electricity is what makes clingfilm cling!

I’ll just stop here for a rest…

have Scientists ny flying invented ti t use robots tha tricity to static elec rfaces. stick to su e this Robots lik day be could one llinate used to po robotic crops like bees.

No sparks on me!

iversity

Harvard Un

Fuel pipe

TAKE CARE!

You DON’T want sparks to fly when there’s lots of flammable fuel around, like when a passenger jet is being refuelled. So airport staff use special cables to connect all their equipment to the ground so that any static charges flow away.

stitute at

What do you call deadly lightning in the sea? A great white spark!

Anti-static cable

FLYING JELLYFISH

A SPARK OF LIFE In Mary Shelley’s famous story, Dr Frankenstein uses a lightning strike to bring the monster he has created to life.

Use static electricity to ma ke a jellyfish fly through the air !

This isn’t really possible, but our bodies DO use electricity to carry signals, like the signals that zoom along our brain cells when we think.

Yo u will need

A blown-up balloon A very thin plastic bag (e.g. a veg bag from a greengrocer) Woolly fabric (or use your hair!) Scissors Marker pen (optional)

FOUL FACT Italian scientists Luigi Galvani and Lucia Galeazzi Galvani were fascinated by this ‘animal electricity’. In 1780, they discovered that the muscles in a dead frog’s leg twitched when electricity flowed through it. Their nephew Giovanni Aldini went even further and tried (unsuccessfully) to bring a hanged prisoner back to life! These experiments gave Mary Shelley the idea for Frankenstein.

W h a t y o u do

1. Cut a strip about 3 cm wide down the side of the bag.

Scientists think that long, long ago, lightning strikes could have helped to start life on Earth, by hitting rocks and releasing chemicals that were needed to make the first living cells.

2. Hold the closed end, and carefully cut the strip into tentacles, stopping before the end. 3. If you like, draw on some eyes! 4. Now charge up your balloon with static by rubbing it on the woolly fabric for 30 seconds.

What’s going on in the monster’s brain? Find a path for the electric signals, from one side to the other. Check your answer on page 34.

ZAP

5. Ask someone to hold the balloon while you charge up the jellyfish in the same way. 6. Now throw the jellyfish in the air, hold the balloon underneath, and see if you can make your jellyfish fly!

You should find

E! L Z Z

Both the balloon and the jellyfish have a negative charge, so they should repel each other.

I'M ALIVE!

I didn’t know I could fly!

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ELECTRIC EELS

AL ANIM S TIC

Wearing thick rubber boots and gloves, our vet Joe Inglis is nervously exploring the rivers of South America to find out more about these awesome natural electric batteries.

Fishy families Electric eels are not actually eels at all (even though they are long and thin like true eels). They are a type of freshwater fish called a knifefish and are from a large family that includes catfish and piranha fish. There are three species of electric eels, and they all live in the muddy rivers and swamps of northern South America.

Tail-tastic Reaching up to 2.5 metres long and over 20 kg in weight, electric eels’ bodies are mainly made up of their tails, which account for 80% of their length. A long fin running along the underside of their bodies is used to power them along in the water.

Air time Although electric eels are fish, they breathe air, taking large mouthfuls every few minutes and absorbing the oxygen into their blood through the insides of their mouths. As they don’t need water to breathe like most fish, electric eels can survive on land for several hours, provided their skins are kept moist.

12 whizzpopbang.com

Battery power Running along the sides of their tails are electric organs which the eels use to generate powerful electric currents. The main organ is made up of long chains of specialised cells called electrocytes. These are like tiny battery cells, and they are joined together one after another, which is just like connecting lots of little batteries together in series.

What a shock! When an eel locates a prey fish, its brain triggers the opening of tiny channels into each electrocyte. This allows the stored energy to flow out through its skin and into the prey, stunning or even killing it. Electric eels are the most powerful of all electric fish, and their shocks have even been known to kill people, although this is very rare.

600 volts The maximum charge produced by electric eels. That’s more than twice the 240 volts we use in domestic electricity supplies!

Sixth sense Electric eels can leap out of the water to deliver electric shocks. Answer on page 34

As well as using electricity to stun their prey, electric eels also use it to find their way around. A smaller electrical organ produces around 10 volts of electricity, which the eels use to locate objects and animals close to them by sensing how they distort the electrical field.

How many eels are there in the picture? Check your answer on page 34.

Fantastic fibres Studying how electric eels generate and control their power has led scientists to come up with ideas for electrical fibres that could be woven into clothes and power devices, such as watches or LED lights (but hopefully not for shocking your friends!). © Kseniia Mnasina / Shutterstock.com

What’s an electric eel’s favourite treat? Shock-a-lot!

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Power your way to the finish in this thunderous board game, but watch out for the thunderstorm headed your way…

FINISH

Yikes, you’ve been struck by lightning! You’re zapped back to the start.

You’re under a tree, which could attract lightning. Move back two spaces to safety.

Look out – there’s a THUNDERstorm coming!

START

You get an energy boost from the Sun, like an oriental hornet! Buzz forwards two spaces.

You’ve been shocked by an electric eel! Jump back one space.

You will need

What you do

At least two players A coin The player counters on page 19

1. Cut out the player counters on page 19. Each player should choose one and then place it at the start.

2. The youngest player goes first and play moves clockwise. 3. When it’s your turn, toss the coin. If it lands on heads, move one space and if it lands on tails, move two spaces. 4. Follow any instructions on the spaces you land on.

Lightning loves water and you’re next to a lake! Move back two spaces to safety.

5. The first person to the finish is the winner!

If lightning strikes the ground, it can send an electric current up to 30 metres away, so it’s not a good idea to have your chest and head in contact with the ground. Whoops, you’re lying flat on the ground in a storm, which is risky! Go back one space.

You move to lower ground, away from open spaces. Move on two spaces.

You’re safe in a building that has a lightning conductor. Whizz on two spaces!

When thunder roars, go indoors! You’re wearing woolly socks and get a shock from a doorknob! Go back one space.

A balloon has made your hair stand on end with static. Charge on to the next space.

You invent electrostatic gloves, inspired by gecko feet. Climb forwards two spaces. whizzpopbang.com 15

b... clu O C E

Emmi’s

BALLOON JUGGLING BALLS

Turn the balloons you used in this issue’s experiments into an epic set of juggling balls!

You will need

n be used to fill these Dried grains or pulses ca rds to see if you can balls – check your cupboa ne past its ‘use by’ date. find anything that has go inoa and couscous. We used a mixture of qu

Blow up on e balloon (yo u can re-use one that's already be en blown up) and twist the n eck a few times to keep the air in. Stretch the neck o f the balloon ov er the neck of th e bottle and untwis t it.

Twist the scrap paper into a cone shape and use tape . to stick it together of Put it into the neck ur po en th the bottle, ½ cup of filling into the bottle.

16 whizzpopbang.com

A piece of scrap paper Scissors Sticky tape Balloons (two for each ball) A clean, dry bottle Filling for your ball (see purple box) A ½ cup measure A pin

Turn the bottle upside down so the filling goes into the balloon. Adjust the amount of filling in the balloon if you’d prefer it to be larger or smaller. Make a note of the final amount of filling used so that you can make more balls the same size.

Squeeze all of the air out of the balloon, then ask an adult to tie a knot in it, as close to the filling as possible. Cut the rolled end off the balloon.

Continued on page 21 ➜

Putting the ‘knot’ end in first, stretch the second balloon over the ball.

Tip

Cut the neck off another balloon in a curved shape.

If there is any air trapped in your ball, make a tiny hole with a pin and squeeze it out.

I’d love to see your juggling balls! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

Give juggl ing a go by follow ing this tutor ial: bit.ly /3TtT qRb

Learning to juggle is a great way to improve your coordination.

ECO

ideas...

Even biodegradable balloons can take a long time to break down, so it’s important that they aren’t left anywhere where they could impact the environment. Never release balloons filled with helium into the sky, as animals may try to eat them when they land.

Continued from page 16

Repeat these steps twice more to make a full set of juggling balls!

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Balloons can also be used to keep pots of slime or paint from drying out. Cut off the neck and stretch the balloon over the rim of a cup or small dish to make a lid.

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

STATIC-POWERED BOAT!

Make a floating boat and then move it around on the water using a static charge.

Yo u will need

3The boat template 3Scissors 3 A large tray of water (or a filled bath) 3 A balloon or plastic ruler 3A woolly jumper 3Margarine or butter

See a video of the boat being folded here: bit.ly/3XP0gnt

4. Fold the corners into the centre.

5. Fold flaps up on both sides.

What yo u do

1. Cut out the boat template.

2. Fold in half along 3. Fold in half

6. Put thumbs

inside and open. Flatten into a square.

line A. Open flat.

along line B.

7. Tuck corner of

8. Fold up on both sides.

flaps under the other side.

13. Cover the bottom

of your boat with butter or margarine and then float it in a large tray of water or in the bath.

9. Put thumbs inside and open up.

10. Take hold of the

two sides near the top and pull outwards.

11. Press flat.

12. Open out

to complete your boat.

14. Rub a balloon or

plastic ruler on a woolly jumper. Now hold it near the boat and watch it glide across the water!

Colour in the white boats so there is one of each of these four boats in every row, column and block of four squares.

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Check your answer on page 34.

PULL OUT pages 17-20 and get making! SPINNING UMBRELLA! Yo u will need 3 The template 3 Scissors 3 Glue 3 A pencil

3 Sticky tack or modelling clay 3 A balloon or plastic ruler 3 Woolly fabric, or your hair!

What yo u do

1. Cut out the picture of Emmi and the umbrella, snipping into the centre along the navy blue line. 2. Fold and unfold each of the lines on the umbrella. 3. Add glue to the panel marked ‘GLUE’ and stick the red panel on top of it. 4. Place a lump of sticky tack or modelling clay onto a flat surface and press the pencil into it so it stands up with the point at the top. 5. Stick Emmi onto the pencil with a bit more sticky tack. 6. Place the umbrella canopy on top of the pencil. 7. Rub the balloon or ruler on the fabric or your hair for 30 seconds. 8. Hold the balloon or ruler next to the paper and move it around the umbrella. Try stopping and moving back in the opposite direction.

Riddles

Use the power of static electricity to make a brilliant brolly!

Yo u should find

Your paper umbrella spins around! When the balloon or ruler is rubbed on the woolly fabric or hair, it picks up negative electrons and becomes negatively charged. When you bring the balloon or ruler near the paper, its negative charge pushes away the electrons in the paper. That side of the paper becomes positively charged and is attracted to the balloon or ruler, so it moves towards it. Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3XOJ8hN

1. I can be forked but I’m not a tongue, I’m bright but I’m not the Sun, I’m electric but not in a wire, If I touch a tree, you might see fire! What am I? 2. What five-letter word has six left when you take two away? 3. I only appear where there’s light, but if the light shines on me, I’ll disappear. What am I?

whizzpopbang.com 17

lly ear

Counters for page 14

Boat template

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... chase electric storms! Karen uses physics to study severe weather. If you have any questions of your own for Karen, you can email her on

“

Supercells are my favourite type of storm. I am amazed by their power!

”

They have a persistent, rotating updraft and usually produce severe weather, like es. strong winds, large hailstones and tornado ds Some people say that their rotating clou look like a spaceship or a corkscrew!

22 whizzpopbang.com

“

I used to watch lightning with my dad at night.

”

I was fascinated and a bit afraid of severe weather when I was younger. Once, my neighbour’s chimney was struck by lightning and I was amazed that it could do damage. When I was about 12, a strong tornado hit a nearby town and my interest in them grew.

“

Some supercells produce huge amounts of lightning.

”

Karen Kosiba, A tmospheric University of Illin Scientist, ois

Facility

kakosiba@illinois.edu

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

I ride around in a truck with a radar on the back, scanning storms!

DOWs are loaded with equipment, inside and out.

”

The vehicle is called a DOW (doppler on wheels) and means you can drive into storms. It’s better than waiting for the weather to come to you! My team and I look at weather forecasts to work out where a storm could form, then we head for that spot in a DOW.

This giant aerial is used for radio communications.

“ © UIUC FARM Facility

Collecting data in hurricanes is nerve-wracking – we actually go inside them!

“

”

It is very windy, but the risk of flooding and storm surges is more dangerous. I sit in a DOW for 12 hours, or as long as the hurricane lasts, and hope that we chose the right spot!

Radars allow us to see what is happening inside storms.

”

We use the data collected to make time and space maps of the wind, rain and hail. We combine this with other measurements of wind, temperature, pressure and moisture to build a more complete picture of how supercells make tornadoes.

Karen collecting data inside a DOW

“

Studying storms can help us predict when a tornado will form.

Preparing the radar to start collecting data © Miguel Ottaviano

”

I like designing ways to collect data in we storms and tornadoes – there’s still a lot a big (and fun t grea ut them. It’s don’t know aboFind out more about xxxxxx too. ct colle challenge) to analyse the data we

whizzpopbang.com 23

HOW STUFF

WORKS

LED lights Look at a light in your house, your school or even your TV screen – it may well be produced by a light-emitting diode (LED). These high-tech light sources are smaller, longer-lived and much more energy efficient than traditional light bulbs, making them ideal for all sorts of applications, from streetlights to phone screens. Here’s how they work…

Inside the anvil is a

semiconductor die. This

is a wafer-like chip made from materials that allow electricity to flow through, but only in one direction.

The top of the cathode is called the anvil.

When the power is turned on, electrons flow into the LED from the negative electrode, called the cathode.

24 whizzpopbang.com

Clive can you redraw this image from issue 17 much bigger thanks

Photon of light

Holes Junction Electrons

LED lights can be lots of different colours. Semiconductors made of different materials produce different wavelengths of light, which we see as different colours.

Starting from the loose ends, work out which string of lights will light up when you flip the switch. Write the colour here. In the middle of the semiconductor is a junction between two different layers. When electrons in one layer gain enough energy to cross this junction and drop into ‘holes’ in the other layer, light energy is released. This is called electroluminescence (say electro-loom-in-ESS-unce).

Check your answer on page 34.

A reflective cavity behind the semiconductor die reflects the emitted light so it shines out of the LED. Before LEDs were invented, electrical lighting used filament bulbs. This is how the earliest versions of these light bulbs worked:

A hard case made from epoxy resin protects the delicate electrical components inside and makes LED bulbs much less likely to break than traditional glass light bulbs.

Electricity flowed through a thin wire or filament, making it glow Clear glass bulb

The electrical circuit is completed when the current flows into the positive electrode, called the anode.

The bulb had a special gas or a vacuum inside to stop the filament from burning away

whizzpopbang.com 25

g.. in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1 Discover some incredible animals that can make or detect elec tricity…

A C I R T E LE C

Guiana dolphins live

in murky waters where it’s hard to spot prey. However, they have electroreceptors in pits on their snouts that can sense electrical signals from fish, helping them to hunt.

2 3

Geckos’ clever toes allow them to

climb up (and even upside down) on all sorts of surfaces. Scientists think that this is partly due to electrostatic forces, where the difference in charge between the geckos’ feet and the surface helps them cling on!

When bumblebees gather pollen, their wings move so quickly that they create an electric field! This can alter the static electricity around a flower for a short time, letting other bees know that the pollen has already been collected.

Many skates and rays have electric organs in their tails, but about 60 species of electric rays have two electric organs on the sides of their heads. Some of them use this shock power to stun large prey, which they then swallow whole!

26 whizzpopbang.com

The only known land mammal to sense the electricity produced by its prey is the echidna, which has receptors in its snout.

! S L A M I C AN

Ampullae of Lorenzini are electric sense organs found in many types of electric fish. Sharks have about 1,000 of them, mainly around their heads, which are used to detect prey.

Did you know that some spiders can fly? On sensing atmospheric electricity, they release many strands of silk which repel each other (in the same way that static makes your hair stand on end), creating a balloon-shaped sail which rises and floats on the breeze.

Watc h them take to the skie s! bit.l y/3U eoqF h

The platypus’ beak is packed with 40,000 electroreceptors! It swoops this super sensitive detector through the water as it swims, hunting for crayfish and worms.

Peter’s elephant nose fish

have trunk-like organs covered in electroreceptors. They detect nearby prey by using their tails to generate their own electric field, then detecting movement within it.

Ancient Egyptians are said to have used the shock from electric catfish to treat arthritis (painful joints)!

© 1. Marcos César de Oliveira Santos , 2. malaha / Shutterstock.com, 3. tristan tan / Shutterstock.com, 4. Kima / Shutterstock.com, 5. Laura Dts / Shutterstock.com, 6. Ramon Carretero / Shutterstock.com, 7. WanderingMogwai / Wikimedia Commons, 8. John Carnemolla / Shutterstock.com, 9. boban_nz / Shutterstock.com, 10. BLUR LIFE 1975 / Shutterstock.com

whizzpopbang.com 27

Sensational Scientists

By Joanna Tubbs

Benjamin Franklin wasn’t just a sensational scientist, he was also a successful printer, politician and inventor – as well as one of the Founding Fathers of America!

At the age of 12 , Benjamin bega n work ing w ith h is brother James , who was a printer. He learned about all sorts of th ings from read ing the books he h elped to print. W hen James fou nded a wee kly newspaper, Ben jamin secretly w rote fu n ny letters to it, pr etending to be a middleaged woman called Silence Dogood. W hen James discovered wh o was w riting them, he wasn’t happy, and Benjamin ran away.

28 whizzpopbang.com

B en j a m i n F ra n k l i n

BENJAM IN FRA NKL IN WA S BOR N IN BOSTON, MA SSACHUSET TS, IN 1706.

If you th in k th in gs ma k can get c ing cand ra z y les, in your s o B e njamin le house, ft imag ine school w what it hen he must ha was 10 t ve been o help like for B out. He s enjamin t a r t ed – inven he had 1 ting at a 6 brothe rs you and siste ng age, m rs! His ak ing father, J s o m e small wo osiah, oden d id n’t ea padd les rn a lot to help h im of money sw im fas from ter when he was ju st 11.

Benjamin spent the next few years publ ishing newspapers arou nd America and Britain. He was passionate about improving people’s lives

and helped set up a police force and fire department and founded a university and America’s first library.

When Benjamin went to a lecture about electricity he became fascinated by it. He began conducting experiments of his own, including the famous (and dangerous!) kite experiment. To test his theory that lightning was a kind of electricity, Benjamin is said to have gone out during a storm and flown a kite with a metal wire attached to the top and a key hanging down from its string. An electrical charge from the air travelled down the wet string to the key, which gave Benjamin a small shock when he touched it. No one knows for sure if Benjamin actually performed this experiment, but we do know that if the kite had been struck by lightning, he would have been killed!

Benjamin used his understanding of electricity to invent the lightning rod – a pointed rod of iron placed high on buildings at risk of being struck by lightning. In electrical storms, the lightning rod is struck and the electricity travels down a wire to the ground, protecting the building.

You should never fly a kite in a thunderstorm!

vented Benjamin a lso in (a way of the Franklin stove heating rooms) eter (to help • a flexible cath stones wee people with kidney more easily) ica (a glass • and the armon t). musical instrumen

•

In a word Fill in the coloured spaces with the relevant letters to complete some words related to electricity. An extra word will be revealed in this column! Check your answers on page 34.

t o

g t o i f y t i v n t

mons © Wikimedia Com

o n d u d i s n t l n

become Benjamin went on to Fathers one of the Founding , the of the United States d committee that signe n of America’s Declaratio Independence.

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg

Dear Y, Can plants feel pain or get electrocuted?

F oR

From William, aged 10 P.S. I have been a subscriber to WPB since Issue 10!

CURIoUS K I DS Thank you for sending in so many pictures of your super scented mascots (from the Issue 86 Eco Club).

It smelled amazing!

a WPB subscriber Hi William, that’s awesome that you’ve been s, nerves or a ptor rece pain Plants don’t have for so long! pain in the feel t can’ they brain to tell them they are hurt so ts believe ntis scie e som , ever same way that humans can. How cut a you If . sort e som of plants may experience sensations icals chem se relea also ht plant, it will repair the wound. It mig them ing mak ts, plan g that can be detected by neighbourin es. If you put a switch on their defences before attack strik heat the liquid can it t, plan strong electric current through a can sometimes You n! osio inside it until it boils, causing an expl e as a long strik ning light e see the healed wound of an explosiv scar down the trunk of a tree.

Julião, aged 8

Lauren, aged 9 Hannah, aged 9

11, Quenby, aged e th g in ak loved m She mini mascot! oil y used rosemar ary. m and dried rose Jess, aged 6

Imogen, aged 8

enamel badges Y’s Wonder Club Badges Collectable for you to earn! Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

Dear Y, How do scientists know what colour dinosaurs were?

Darcie, aged 8

S TA R LET T E R You’ve won this book!

It looks like you had great fun making the body poster from Issue 86 (Marvellous Medicine).

mons

They often don’t! It’s usually a scientific guess. However, a tiny number of well-preserved fossils still contain pigm ents (colour molecules). These can give a hint at colour and even show patterns like stripes. Very rarely, scientists find incredibly well-preserved fossils like this ankylosaur , which showed evidence of the same colour patterns that modern animals use for camouflage – this tells us that even enormous armoured dinosaurs like this needed to hide from predators in the Cretaceous Period!

Lucy, aged 5

Anthony, aged 10 Edward, aged 6

Scientists have also found tiny pigment-containing struc tures in fossilised dinosaur feathers that give us clues abou t what colours they were. But we still don’t know the full story. Many modern animals get their bright colours from the food they eat, and these pigments can’t yet be detected in fossil s.

We loved seeing you all practising your surgical sewing skills on a banana. Dylan, aged 8

Hello Y, Would a laser strong enough to cut through metal or wood be reflected by a mirror placed in its way, or would it go straight through it? Ben, aged 9

sounds crazy, but Cutting through wood and metal with light with a special lens to it is possible using a very powerful laser 5 mm across. This kind focus the light to a sharp point – just 0.02 so it doesn’t reflect of laser uses infrared, not visible, light ead, a lot of the off a household mirror as you’d expect. Inst making it vaporise and energy would be absorbed by the mirror, to reflect a laser beam cutting straight through it! If you wanted ctivity or dielectric of this kind, you’d need an ultra-high refle a very narrow range. mirror, which reflects nearly all light from Edward, aged 6

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your m r dad/teache

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

at they know! to see wh

What did the Ancie nt Egyptians use electr ic catfish for? a) To treat arthritis

b) To warm up cold

What makes pollen stick to bees? a) Honey b) Nectar

feet

c) Static electricity

c) T o catch electric m

ice!

How many brothers and sisters did ? Benjamin Franklin have

5 7

What does DOW stand for?

a) 2

a) Dream of wombats

b) 16

b) Dolphin or whale

c) 8

c) Doppler on wheels

What did Luigi Galvani and Lucia Galeazzi Galvani test with electric sparks?

What is the maximum charge produced by electric eels?

a) Dead frogs’ legs

a) 66 volts

b) Cling film

b) 260 volts

c) Plastic jellyfish

c) 600 volts

What does an get oriental hornet ? from the Sun

ock

a) An electric sh b)

An energy boost

c) A tan

What did the woolly hat say to the scarf ? You hang around and I’ll go on ahead!

Answers on page 34.

What is a plasma? a) A ‘sea’ of charged particles b) A biodegradable plastic c) Green ghost slime

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 27 2) Page 5 3) Page 28 4) Page 23 5) Page 11 6) Page 13 7) Page 14 8) Page 35

I scored: .......... 1-3: Powering up! 4-6: Buzzing! 7-8: Electrifying!

W ! IN

Bright spark! Solve this puzzle and send in your answer to be in with a chance of winning one of five fantastic plasma balls!

an y m

ca n

y ou

T U

m a ke u si n g a

f th ny o

r id ?

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

, ho

ANSWER:

Just for f un

If you need a clue, take a look at page 34 for some more information about plasma balls!

All of the letters in this wheel can be used to make one seven-letter word related to plasma balls. What is it?

t et

Plasma ball See colourful tendrils of light dance across this awesome plasma ball from brightminds.co.uk. Place your fingers on the glass and watch as they attract the filaments of plasma!

WINNERS

Issue 88 competition winners Thank you to everyone who sent in their entries to our pterosaur competition. The answer to the joke was A FLYING SORCERER! These six lucky winners will each receive a Build Your Own Volcano kit from Bandai (argos.co.uk): Elana Padannayil, 8 Raphaël Bakker, 10 Jessica Cafferty, 9 Caspian Holroyd, 7 Michaela Bruce, 12 Oliver McCann, 6

Send a photo of your entry to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Plasma competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post it to Plasma competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Sorry, we are unable to return any post. Deadline: February 8th 2023. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.

whizzpopbang.com 33

JOKES

First atom: “O h

no, I think I los t an electron.” Second atom: “Are you sure ?” First atom: “Y es, I’m positiv e!”

What did the proton tell the electron? Don’t be so negative!

What kind of plant generates the most electricity? A power plant!

My new jumper kept giving me electric shocks. So, I returned it to the shop and they gave me another one free of charge!

What was lightning ca lle 150 million d years ago? A Jurassic spark!

Page 7 – True/Untrue

Page 11 – Brain puzzle

TRUE: Ancient Greek scientist Thales gave a piece of amber a static charge by rubbing it on cat fur. Page 7 – Electrons puzzle

Page 18 – Boats puzzle

There are 18 electrons, not including the example one. ZZZAPPP! Ouch!

Have you ever had an electric shock when you touched a shopping trolley or car door or taken off a woolly hat to find your hair standing on end?

By Anna Claybo

urne

static electricity .

Owwww!

It all starts with… ATOMS! Everything is made of teeny tiny atoms. Each atom is made of even smaller parts, or particles.

Protons have

a positive charge, written as

Neutrons

have no charge.

Sometimes, electrons can break free from atoms. When electricity flows along a wire, that’s actually a flow of free electrons. We call it an electric current.

Opposite charges attract

Like charges repel

So, what’s happening?

WE’RE FREE!

HAIR IN THE AIR! So why does static electricity make your hair stick up?

These things are all caused by

Positive and negative charges pull towards each other, which helps to hold atoms together. The hat collects electrons, and gets a

Static electricity

doesn’t do this. Instead of flowing, electrons build up in an object. copper wire

Here’s how you get a static shock from a door handle.

What’s an electron’s favourite kind of music? Shock ’n’ roll!

Arrrgh! Ouch!

ZAP!

As you move on a carpet, electrons rub off onto you. Now you have extra electrons, and a negative charge. Particles with opposite charges attract (pull together). Particles with the same charges repel (push apart). So, when you reach towards the door, your extra electrons push the electrons in the door away, leaving a positive charge nearest to you. This attracts your extra electrons, and they JUMP across the gap very fast. They go so fast, they heat up the air, creating a tiny spark.

*Instead of tying your balloon, hold it shut or secure with a food clip or elastic band. Then you can reuse it for the Eco Club activity!

Electrons have rubbed off onto the balloon, giving it a negative charge.

Make a dancing snake

Page 13 – True/Untrue

Cut out a circle of tissue paper, then cut it into a spiral to make a snake. Use a charged plastic ruler or balloon to make the snake dance!

negative charge. So if you hold it above your head, it will attract your hair, and pull it up!

The rolling can Lie a clean, empty drink can on its side and hold a charged balloon near the can. It should pull it along!

Static electricity

happens when electrons build up in an object.

A cat helped a scientist to discover static electricity! Answer on page 34

Page 25 – Lights puzzle

in action?

Let’s go!

Charge a blown-up balloon* or plastic ruler by rubbing it on some woolly fabric for 30 seconds. Hold it near a thin stream of water from a tap or showerhead, and the water should bend towards it.

When your hair rubs on a hat, it loses electrons and gets a positive charge. As all your hairs have the same kind of charge they repel each other – and that makes them stand on end!

a negative charge, written as

flowing electrons

GETTING ZAPPED!

SEE FOR YOURSELF! Want to see static electricity

Water bending

Electrons have

Answers

THEY ’VE ESCAPED!

How many loose electrons like this can you find hiding on this page? Check your answer on page 34.

whizzpopbang.com 7

TRUE!: Electric eels have been observed leaping out of the water and shocking large animals such as horses that they see as a potential threat. Page 13 – Eels puzzle

Page 9 – True/Untrue

There are 17 eels in the picture.

UNTRUE: This is a popular saying, but it’s not true. Some tall buildings, like New York’s Empire State Building, get struck many times a year.

Page 17 – Riddles 1) Lightning 2) Sixty 3) A shadow

The green lights will switch on. Page 29 – Word grid The words are: Conductor Discharge Generator Electrify Negative Current The extra word is charge Page 32 – Quiz 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) c 7) b 8) a

Plasma ball A plasma ball is a round glass container that fills with streams of colourful light that look a bit like lightning bolts. The ball contains a mixture of gases and an electrode in the centre. A high voltage is passed through the electrode, which heats the surrounding gases, creating streaks of plasma inside the ball. Plasma is superheated matter that contains a ‘sea’ of free-moving charged particles that can conduct electricity. Electrons are conducted along streaks of plasma from the centre of the globe to its edge, towards EARTH. Your body conducts electricity and provides an easy path to Earth, so when you touch the globe, the plasma is drawn towards your fingers!

are Stars, like ou r Su n, a! m m ostly mad e of plas

R A L U C A T C E SP

e c n e i c s

Turn to page 33 for a chance to win a plasma ball!

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