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©
The ancie nt Gree ks are famo us for be ing fantastic philosophers, but lots of them we re also incredible inventors and supe r scientists too. In this issue of Whizz Pop Bang we’re looking at some of their , greate st ac hie ve me nts, along side some of their whackie st ide as – so me Gr ee ks re ally be lie ve our eyes shoot out be ams of light! As always, there’s loa d ds make and do, lik e enginee rin g a wate r clock, making a ma to rble ma ze and crafting a Gree k theatre.
Gakk
Emmi
CONTENTS
AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS
4
Meet octopuses armed with shells and discover the science behind skimming stones.
SCIENCE IN ANCIENT GREECE
6
Discover terrifying war machines, test Parthenon pillars and find out how to see behind your own back!
ANIMAL ANTICS ©
u Sh
From Burmese mountain dogs to miniature dachshunds, find out why paw-some pups make the perfect pets.
t
te rs to ck .co m
12 ©
S
Have you ever wondered whether lambs grow on trees or the Earth is flat?! The Greeks did!
EMMI’S ECO CLUB
Make a magnificent marble maze.
16
Craft a cardboard theatre and tell the story of Heracles and the Hydra.
17
Meet a ssssuper snake expert who works at London Zoo!
30
r
Find out how an alarm clock works, then create your own water clock!
ancient Greek inventions, including an early steam engine, the Olympic Games and the yo-yo!
28
©
te ut Sh
HOW STUFF WORKS
TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…
© Shutterstoc
om
INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO
24
k . co m
k .c o m
Atom
PULLOUT
22
tte rst oc
st oc k.c
14
hu
SILLY SCIENCE
26
SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS
Aristotle was a free thinker who wandered around as he thought and taught about the world.
Y’S WONDER CLUB
Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.
QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION I’d love to see pictures of your knowledge with our super-duper 32 Test your experiments! Send them to science quiz and win an engineering kit. Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media JOKES AND ANSWERS out loud at some awesome jokes and find the 34 Laugh @whizzpopbangmag answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.
35
SPECTACULAR SCIENCE
Take a close look at The Antikythera mechanism – also known as the world’s first computer!
FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!
s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa NUCLEAR FUSION BREAKTHROUGH
© Lawrence Livermore National Labor
atory
After 60 years of nuclear fusion research and experiments, scientists in California have finally succeeded in setting up a controlled nuclear fusion reaction on Earth that has generated more energy than was put into it. It’s very early days; the lasers needed a lot of energy to start up, and the experiment only produced a small amount of energy, but in the coming decades the hope is that nuclear fusion might eventually provide us with a clean source of energy and a carbon-neutral future.
Target chamber, where laser beams delivered more than 2 million joules of ultraviolet energy to a tiny fuel pellet to create fusion ignition
oCTopus WaRS!
Not many animals can throw objects, and even fewer have been seen aiming their shots towards each other. However, thanks to hours of ocean-floor filming, we now know that one species, called gloomy octopuses (Octopus tetricus), sometimes throw objects at each other! Octopuses are normally antisocial animals, but in Jervis Bay, Australia, there’s a limited patch of suitable habitat, so they are forced to live together. The underwater footage shows octopuses gathering shells, silt and algae and using their arms, along with jets of water from their siphons, to propel them away. Often the octopuses were simply throwing away empty shells, but at times it seems they were throwing things at each other. The researchers think that the octopuses may have been trying to defend their personal space.
Wat ch the octo pus es in acti on here : bit.l y/3 CDd b2T
Yeet!
What is nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fusion happens wh en two lightweight nuclei combin e into one heavier nucleus, releasing huge amounts of energy in the process. Nuclear fusion is how the Sun produces its energy.
4 whizzpopbang.com
© PLOS is a nonprofit 501
ISS CAPSULE SPRINGS A LEAK
A HOP, SKIP AND A JUMP!
RECORD-BREAKING © Shutterstock .com
HEAT
Do you remember the blistering heatwave last summer and the unseasonably warm weeks in November? Meteorologists have confirmed that 2022 was the hottest year on record in the UK, with an average annual temperature of over 10 °C for the first time ever. Such a warm year would previously have only been expected once every 500 years, but scientists calculate that because of the climate crisis, this kind of record-breaking weather may now occur every three to four years. The hotter weather is already contributing to severe heatwaves, droughts and wildfires, as well as intense rainfall and flooding, which is why it’s important to stabilise temperatures by cutting global carbon emissions to net zero as soon as possible.
© Shutterstock.com
501
Have you ever tried skimming stones to get them to bounce along the surface of water? Two applied mathematicians at University College London have developed a mathematical model to investigate how the shape and mass of objects affects the way they behave when they hit the surface of water. The pair suggests that instead of selecting thin, flat stones, you could try skimming potato-shaped pebbles. Their model shows that the curved surface of these heavier stones presses into the water more deeply and for longer, pushing the stone upwards and producing a single and very satisfying ‘mega-bounce’! Aside from the important improvements to the fun of stone skimming, the research could also help to calculate the forces involved when aeroplanes land on water.
© NASA
Scientists are investigating how a coolant line of the Soyuz space capsule has developed a tiny puncture whilst docked at the International Space Station (ISS). The capsule began spraying cooling fluid into outer space in December. Astronauts currently on board the ISS would normally travel back to Earth in the capsule, so scientists are calculating whether it would be safer to bring them home in the leaking capsule or to send an uncrewed capsule to the space station to rescue them. Officials have said they have no fears for the safety of the crew on the space station because the temperature in the capsule is being stabilised by ventilators.
SCIENCE IN
ANCIENT
GREECE By Anna Claybourne
PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is about the BIG questions in life – the ones that are really hard to answer! What’s everything made of? Why do things exist? What makes something good or bad? There were lots of Greek philosophers, including…
SCIENCE
Many ancient Greeks studied the natural world and did science experiments.
Thales
The ancient Greeks are famous for asking interesting questions, discovering all kinds of science stuff and coming up with cool inventions and ideas. Here are a few of the things they were good at…
Socrates
Plato
(say thay-lees)
(say sock-ruh-teez)
(say play-toe)
Everything comes from water!
Everyone must look inside themselves and think about the best way to live a good life.
Our world is like a shadow of true reality.
Thales studied static electricity. He
found that amber rubbed with cat fur attracted bits of leaf and straw.
Amazing
Democritus (say
duh-mock-ruh-tuhs) and Leucippus (say loo-sippus) said everything was made of tiny atoms. They were right!
Aristarchus
(say arris-tar-kus) realised that the Earth circles around the Sun.
Aristotle
(say a-ruh-sto-tl) carefully observed living things and how they worked.
Read more about Aristotle on page 28.
ARCHITECTURE
MATHS
The ancient Greeks made many important maths discoveries. One of their most famous maths boffins was Pythagoras (say pie-thag-uh-rus), who studied triangles and 3D shapes.
The Greeks built amazing buildings, including temples, theatres and sports stadiums. They often used huge columns, which came in three main styles. Plain
Fancy
Even fancier!
Pythagoras refused to eat beans.
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
16
9
3
1. Roll one piece of paper into a tube about 4 cm wide. Use sticky tape to fix it in place.
3. Stand both columns on a flat surface, such as a table top.
5 16 + 9 = 25
(say eh-ruh-tos-thuh-neez) calculated the size of planet Earth – and got it right (over 2,000 years ago)! He figured it out from the way sticks in different places cast different shadows.
2 sheets of paper or thin card Sticky tape A ruler A pile of books
2. Fold the other piece every 4 cm to make a square column, like this, and tape it in place.
25
Eratosthenes
Yo u will need
Some Greek build ings like the Parthenon are still there today, temple in Athens.
Pythagoras theorem 4
Test different column sh apes to see which stand up be st!
What you do
Answer on page 34
Pythagoras found that in a right-angled triangle, the squares of the two shorter sides add up to the square of the longest side.
COLUMN CHALLENGE
MEDICINE
4. Find two books the same size and balance one on each column. Then add two more matching books… and keep going…
Ancient Greek doctor H ippocrates (say hip-pok-ruh-teez) is now called ‘the father of Which shape medicine’. He realised collapses first? that diseases had real Why do you think causes and weren’t just the result of curses that is? or magic.
Who was the ancient Greeks’ favourite pop star? Hip-hop-rates!
The ancient Greeks were great at science!
whizzpopbang.com 7
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS
Archimedes (say ar-kuh-mee-deez), who lived from
287-212 BC, was probably the most famous ancient Greek inventor. Here are some of his greatest hits!
The Greeks also invented flushing toilets.
EUREKA!
Answer on page 34
The king of Syracuse, where Archimedes lived, asked him to find out if his golden crown had the cheaper metal silver mixed into it. For this, Archimedes needed to know its weight and volume. The weight was easy, but the crown was a complex shape. How could he measure its volume?
THE ARCHIMEDES SCREW This invention carried water uphill. It could be used for pumping out a leaky ship or collecting water from a river to water crops.
Tube
According to legend, as Archimedes got into his bath, he noticed the water rising. He’s said to have yelled “EUREKA!” (meaning ‘I’ve got it!’) as he realised that all he had to do was put the crown into a full container of water. The amount of water it displaced (pushed over the edge) would be its volume!
This handle turned the screw and the moving thread pulled water up through the tube.
Screw
How did Archimedes keep his machines well oiled? With ancient grease!
Water
WAR MACHINES
Archimedes also designed several war machines to defend Syracuse from Roman ships. According to historians who wrote about them, these terrifying devices included…
Aaarrrggghhh!
The Heat Ray! Used polished metal mirrors to focus the Sun’s heat and set ships on fire
The Claw!
Lift and
lived in the first century AD (around 2,000 years ago). He invented all kinds of things – automatic moving toys, self-filling cups, a wind-powered musical organ, an early steam engine, the first vending machine and a robot!
Hero invented the first robot!
Measure the volume of an unusual shape, using the method Archimedes came up with.
Yo u will need
I just can’t stop inventing! The weight pulled on two strings wound around the wheel axles Early steam engine
A measuring jug A tall glass that can stand inside the jug A teaspoon An object to measure the volume of (it must be able to fit inside the glass and not float!) Water
What you do
es s
The strings wrapped around pegs, making them change direction as they unwound
se!
w!
HAVE A EUREKA MOMENT!
Hero of Alexandria
Using different patterns of pegs, you could program the cart to turn corners and follow any path
Turn to page 26 for some bonkers Greek inventions!
Look out!
1. Fill the glass to the brim with water and stand it in the measuring jug. 2. Use the teaspoon to add a few more drops of water to make sure the glass is completely full. 3. Carefully lower your object into the glass. This will make water spill over into the jug. 4. Now carefully lift the glass out of the jug, without spilling any more water.
You should find
Lifted enemy ships up and tipped them over
The Catapult! Fired heavy rocks at Roman ships
The volume of water in the jug is equal to the volume of your object.
whizzpopbang.com 9
GREEK MYTHS CREATING THE
The ancient Greeks are also known for their myths and legends, thrilling tales of gods, supernatural heroes and ordinary humans. As you might expect from the Greeks, these fictional stories often contain some interesting science too.
CONSTELLATIONS
Some Greek myths describe how constellations of stars supposedly ended up in the sky... Andromeda was a beautiful princess who married Perseus. When she died, the goddess Athena placed her in the sky as the constellation Andromeda.
PERSEUS AND THE GORGON
In this story, the hero Perseus was sent to fetch the head of the gorgon Medusa. She had venomous snakes for hair, and anyone who looked her in the eyes instantly turned to stone. Luckily for Perseus, the goddess Athena gave him something to help him defeat the gorgon – a shield with a shiny, reflective back.
Hey! That’s cheating!
What was Medusa’s favourite cheese? Gorgon- zola!
Perseus used the mirror shield to look at Medusa’s reflection, so he could see where she was without looking at her – and chopped her head off!
DAEDALUS AND ICARUS
When the inventor Daedalus fell out with King Minos of Crete, Minos imprisoned him and his son Icarus in the Labyrinth, an elaborate maze. To escape, Daedalus built two sets of wings from willow and feathers, held together with wax. Daedalus and Icarus put the wings on and flew away over the sea.
START
ns
LOOK BEHIND YOU!
In a battle between the gods and the giants, the giants threw a dragon at Athena. But she caught it and threw it into the sky, where it became the constellation Draco.
Pegasus was a magical winged
horse who became a servant of the gods. When he died, Zeus, king of the gods, put him into the sky to become an everlasting constellation.
Copy Perseus and use a mirror to see something you’re not looking at. Yo u’ll need a friend or family member to be Medusa!
Yo u will need
A small hand-held mirror A room
What you do 1. Ask the other person to go into the room and choose a place to stand.
Daedalus told Icarus not to fly too low or too high. But Icarus loved flying so much, he flew higher and higher. He went too near the Sun and the heat melted the wax in his wings. They broke apart and Icarus fell down into the sea.
2. Now slowly walk into the room backwards, holding the mirror up in front of you. (BE CAREFUL!) Can you use the mirror to help you see the person and walk up to them? (Make sure you don’t look directly at them, so you don’t turn to stone!)
D’oh!
© Shutterstock.com
Help Icarus find a way out of the Labyrinth! Check your answer on page 34.
Icarus couldn’t really have used the wings to fly, and even if he could, he couldn’t have got near the Sun (it’s much too far away)! But wax does melt when it gets hot and hardens as it cools, as you can see when a candle burns.
You should find
You see things because light bounces off them and travels to your eyes in straight lines. When light hits a mirror, it can bounce off that into your eyes – meaning that you can see behind you!
whizzpopbang.com 11
AL ANIM S TIC
AN
DOGS
With his loyal pup Pip at his heels, our vet Joe Inglis is on a mission to find out why dogs have been our most faithful companions for thousands of years.
Wild wolves Domestic dogs are descended from an ancient species of wolf. It is thought they first began to live with people about 15,000 years ago, guarding them from wild animals and helping them hunt prey in exchange for food and warmth around the campfire.
Designer dogs Modern dogs have been shaped by thousands of years of selective breeding, in which humans only breed from the friendliest, most obedient or best-looking individuals. Over many generations, this process of artificial selection is as powerful as natural evolution (but much faster!). It has created all the different dog breeds we know today, from the tiny chihuahua to the massive Great Dane!
Breeding trouble © Kseniia Mnasina / Shutterstock.com
While selective breeding has created all the dogs we know and love, intensive breeding can also cause problems. Many breeds have health issues, such as breathing or walking difficulties caused by the way they have been bred to look. Many also suffer from inherited genetic conditions, such as eye or joint diseases.
12 whizzpopbang.com
What do you get when you cross a sheepdog with jelly? The collie wobbles!
360 The number of different dog breeds recognised in the world.
What do you get when you cross a dog and a calculator? A friend you can count on!
Some dogs in ancient Greece had more than one head Answer on page 34
Guarding the Greeks By the time of the ancient Greeks, dogs had become common companions, as guard dogs and as loved household pets. The spiked dog collar we know today was invented at this time to protect treasured guard dogs from wolves.
Dog memorials Many tombs and gravestones have been found for ancient Greek dogs, with engravings such as, ‘This is the tomb of the dog Stephanos, who perished, Whom Rhodope shed tears for and buried like a human’. These tell us how important dogs were to the ancient Greeks.
Naming a new dog was very important for the ancient Greeks, as they believed the name of their dog reflected on their own personal character. Which of these names do you think were popular in ancient Greece? Tick as many as you like and check your answers on page 34.
Lurcher
Max
W illow
Yelp
Luna
Hurry
Blue
Teddy
Storm
Dagger
M ilo
Crafty
Cooper
Daisy whizzpopbang.com 13
The ancient Greeks were pioneers of science, but they also had some pretty wild ideas! Here are some theories that were way off the mark…
1
Aristotle believed the brain was a cooling device! He said the heart was the centre of logic and knowledge in the human body, and the brain was just an organ for cooling the heart.
2+2=4
2
Megasthenes thought lambs grew on trees, or at least he started the idea! When he saw cotton plants in India, Megasthenes wrote about a plant ‘on which wool grows’. Another writer then described the cotton pod as a melon, which in ancient Greek can also be translated as ‘goat’ or ‘sheep’. Some people still believed lambs grew on trees right up to the 18th or even 19th century!
3
Plato thought light came from the eye. He believed that ‘a stream of light or fire’ left the eye, rebounded from an object and combined with sunlight, allowing it to be seen by the eye. He also said that an object’s colour was ‘flame particles’ coming off of it.
14 whizzpopbang.com
G rGOeNeEk s wrong!
4
What do you call lots of sheep rolling down a hill? A lamb slide!
Aristotle said eels didn’t reproduce. Because their anatomy is different to other fish, he thought eels didn’t produce larvae but were suddenly created from mud. He said flies, lice, midges, oysters and clams were spontaneously created out of other stuff too.
s 5 !
Thales believed the Earth was flat. He said it was a disc floating on an infinite ocean and that all matter in the universe came from water.
6
Unlike Thales, Aristotle realised the Earth was a sphere, but he thought the Earth was at the centre of the universe with the Sun, Moon, planets and stars revolving around it. (He also believed the planets were alive!) We now know the Sun (a star) is at the centre of our solar system, and that there are billions of other stars in our galaxy and billions of galaxies in the universe.
7
Aristotle didn’t think light could travel through empty space so he came up with the theory that the entire universe was filled with a special element called ‘ether’. In 1910, Albert Einstein proved that light didn’t need the ether with his theory of special relativity. Aristotle knew that some of his ideas would probably be proved wrong, and he was OK with that! He said when trying to understand the world, we should consider theories but that it’s facts that matter and if the facts change, our theories should too.
8
Praxagoras thought arteries in the body carried air, not blood. Although he was the first to realise that veins and arteries were different, he thought that only veins carried blood, while arteries carried air. Praxagoras explained bleeding from the arteries by saying that when they were cut, they attracted blood from nearby tissues.
Find the names of these Greek philosophers and scientists in the grid. They might be written forwards, backwards, horizontally, vertically or diagonally. Check your answer on page 34.
THALES SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE HIPPOCRATES PYTHAGORAS
ARCHIMEDES HERO ARISTARCHUS DEMOCRITUS LEUCIPPUS ERATOSTHENES
D E M O C R I T U S H B A R I S T O T L E G I L K A L W R Z J Q F H P E T T S I U H E R O Y P U Y O E O P F K M T E O C P S Q C C E G H A X C I F T V B X R A N L S R P O H P S Y G A P P V A P S E I K O V W T Z O T U I N A R C H I M E D E S G E A J T H A L E S S L Q S U H C R A T S I R A whizzpopbang.com 15
b... clu O C E
Emmi’s
Turn a shoebox into an epic toy! For a simpler project, leave out the holes mentioned in steps 3 and 5.
AMAZING MAZE GAME Yo u will need
hoe box (or similar-sized box, S with the top removed) Scraps of corrugated cardboard (the thicker, the better) Ruler Pencil Craft knife or other sharp knife
2
1
rugated Ask an adult to cut a piece of cor de of your insi cardboard the same size as the r box’s lid and box (this could be made from you and a series of will form the base of the maze) th of a ruler). long strips 3 cm wide (or the wid
ot glue gun (or PVA glue, H double-sided tape and sticky tack) Paint Scrap paper Paint pens and/or permanent markers Marbles
Draw a line 4 cm below the rim of the box. Use a hot glue gun or doublesided tape to stick a row of cardboard strips with their top edge touching the line and leave to dry.
4
3 Ask an adult to cut a hole larger than a marble at the bottom of one side of the box, close to a corner.
16 whizzpopbang.com
Decorate the maze base, the box and the remaining strips with pai nt.
Continued on page 21 ➜
6
5
Plan your maze, then draw it onto the maze base with a pencil. Ask an adult to cut out any holes with a craft knife.
Stick cardboard strips along the pencil lines. If you’re using PVA glue, you may need to hold them in place with sticky tack while the glue dries, then remove it later. Once dry, add extra decorations with paint pens or permanent markers.
I’d love to see your marble maze! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com
Put the maze into the box – it will rest on the cardboard strips you added in step 2 – then add a marble and test your maze!
ECO
More
ideas...
Once you’ve mastered your maze, try these extra challenges: Time your family to see who can
complete the maze the quickest. Add more holes and walls to
make your maze trickier.
Try to complete the maze
with two marbles at once!
Continued from page 16
It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Try reusing paper straws, twisted pieces of paper or foil to make the walls of your maze. Got a few spare boxes? Turn one into an amazing Greek theatre – find out how on page 17!
whizzpopbang.com 21
➜
GREEK PULL OUT pages 17-20 and get making! THEATRE The ancient Greeks invented theatre! The word comes from the ancient Greek word theatron (θέατρο). Engineer an awesome cardboard theatre and recreate the famous myths and legends.
Yo u will need
The theatre background and the characters and props over the page
Scissors
A shoebox or similar cardboard box
Cardboard
Glue Sticky tack
What yo u do 1. With the long side of cardboard box facing you, cut down along the two front corners and fold the long side down towards you. Cut this extra side into a semi-circle shape – this will be part of the stage, which in Greek theatres was usually semi-circular. 2. Cut three long strips of cardboard, about 18 cm x 1 cm – you could use the lid of your box or a cereal box. These will be levers to help you move your characters around. 3. Cut out the background on page 18 and the characters, columns, masks and props on page 19. 4. Stick the background to the inside of the cardboard box. It’s OK if it doesn’t fit exactly – you
can trim it if it’s too big and if it’s too small, you could draw on the edges or add more columns. 5. Stick the columns onto cardboard and cut around them to make them stronger, then fold over the tabs and use sticky tack to stand them up in your scene. You could stick the characters onto carboard too, if you like. 6. Ask an adult to make slits in the sides of your diorama using scissors. 7. Use sticky tack to attach the characters to the levers and to stick on their masks. You can change the characters and masks during your play. 8. Now you can tell the story of Heracles and the Hydra!
Heracles (called Hercules by the Romans) is the half-human son of the Greek god Zeus, and has superhuman strength. Heracles has to complete 12 labours (tasks) in order to become immortal. One of the tasks is to kill a deadly nine-headed serpent called the Hydra, which is terrorising a town. Heracles and his nephew, Iolaus, find the beast in a swamp. Heracles throws spears at it, but the Hydra attacks. When Heracles hits its heads with a club, new ones grow in their place! After a huge battle, they finally manage to destroy the Hydra with a flaming club! You could make more characters to tell more stories, like the myth of Daedalus and Icarus (see page 10), or make up stories of your own.
No real animals can regrow a head, but a type of sea slug can regrow a whole new body after detaching its head. Scientists in Japan who discovered the amazing feat think the slugs detach their heads if their bodies are infested with parasites or to survive attacks from predators.
Riddles
Check your answers on page 34. 1. You’ll find me in Mercury, Earth, Mars and Jupiter, but not in Venus or Neptune. What am I? 2. If two’s company, and three’s a crowd, what are four and five? 3. When Nyx was eight years old, his sister Rhoda was half his age. Now Nyx is 14, how old is Rhoda? 20 whizzpopbang.com
We’d love to see your theatres! Send your photos to Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag
Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3Zygdj4
The ancient Greeks were excellent engineers and builders. The oldest theatre in the world is the theatre of Dionysus in Athens, which was built around 560-530 BC. Male actors and dancers played all the parts in ancient Greek theatre. They wore solid face masks made of wood, leather or fabric and plaster.
BROKEN VASE!
Ancient Greek theatres were sometimes built on sites called Asklepieia, which were like hospitals. Plays were performed to honour the gods, in the hope they would help people get well. Watching shows was part of the patients’ treatment!
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Find the other half of the Greek vase. Circle your answer and check it on page 34.
whizzpopbang.com 19
Interview with a SCIENCE HERO
In my job I get to... take care of snakes
Kimberley is a zoo keeper at ZSL London Zoo. Visit bit.ly/3AAYeNZ to find out about the animals she cares for at work.
“
“
I used to sneak snails and other animals into my house to keep as pets!
© ZSL
Kimberley Cart er and amphibian ex , Herpetologist (reptile pert), ZSL Lon don Zoo
Working with reptiles at London Zoo is brilliant!
”
Not only can I look after animals that I love, but I also help with research so that we can learn more about them and help with their conservation. If you'd like to be a zoo keeper, try and get lots of experience working with animals, but mostly follow your passion and enjoy learning about the animals you love!
“
”
I was fascinated with the natural world when I was young – I had dogs and all the usual pets and I always wanted to care for animals. It wasn’t until I was at university and went on a field course to study rattlesnakes that I really became interested in reptiles. Then I started studying herpetology.
Ancient sources say that Cleopatra was bitten by an as p. The word ‘asp’ is used for sev eral venomous snake species found near the Nile. It was most likely to have been an Egyptia n cobra, which is one of the largest cobras and one of the most venomous snakes in Africa. Lik e other cobras, the neck has long ribs that can be stretched out to make a distinctive hood-shap e when threatened.
22 whizzpopbang.com
” An Egyptian cobra © Shutterstock
Interview with a SCIENCE HERO
“
My favourite type of snake is the European adder.
© Shutterstock
Kim studied how the European adder's markings warn off predators
“
”
omous They’re the UK’s only native ven found cies spe snake and the only snake They le! as far north as the Arctic Circ ir back have a zigzag pattern down the dators to which acts as a warning to pre study ped hel I , stay away. At university ds of dre hun this warning signal by making h , wit and modelling clay models of adders pecked them. without zigzags, to see if birds
Handling venomous snakes is very exciting!
”
It can sometimes also be scary – you have to concentrate and be careful. I know that by using safety tools like snake hooks and tubes to keep them at a distance from me that I’m likely to be OK. If you’re lucky enough to spot a snake in the wild, never touch it – just stand back and watch it, quietly.
Kim using a snake hook to safely move an Ethiopian mountain viper
“
© ZSL
Did you know that snakes’ ancestors had legs?!
”
They lost them around 150 million years ago. Some snakes (like pythons and boas) still have the remains of back leg bones – they look like little spurs. There are thought to be around 3,500 different species of snakes, with new species still being discovered! Only a small proportion of these are venomous and even fewer of these are harmful to humans. Find out more about xxxxxx
Handling a Gila monster © ZSL
whizzpopbang.com 23
HOW STUFF
WORKS 1
Alarm Clocks Ever since the first mechanical alarm clock was invented by ancient Greek inventor Ctesibius more than 2,000 years ago, people have been woken up by machines. Here’s how these noisy time-keeping devices work…
Mechanical alarm clocks are powered by coiled springs – there’s a main spring that keeps the clock going and a separate one for the alarm mechanism.
2
The springs are wound up using handles on the back of the clock. This stores energy from your hand in the springs.
3 Nowadays, lots of people use digital alarm clocks, which use electronic components to keep time and a screen to display the numbers.
24 whizzpopbang.com
The release of the energy from the main spring is controlled by a special mechanism called the escapement. This makes the clock’s minute hand move a tiny amount every second with a clever arrangement of cogs, levers and a weighted balance wheel.
4
Another set of cogs turns the hour hand, ensuring it completes one full circle of the clock face every 12 hours.
6
MAKE A WATER CLOCK
When the hour hand reaches the same time as the alarm hand, a mechanism releases the alarm spring. This drives a hammer that bangs on the side of the clock body or against two bells on the top of the clock to make a loud noise – and wake you up!
Before mechanical clo cks were invented, the ancient Greeks us ed a water clock called a clepsydr a, which measured time using the flow of water from one chamber to another through a tiny hole. You can make your own at home!
Yo u will need
A large, clear plastic bottle Scissors A drawing pin 500 ml of water Food colouring (optional) A stopwatch A marker pen
What you do 1. Ask an adult to help you cut the bottle in half, then make a tiny hole in the lid using the drawing pin. 2. Turn the top half of the bottle upside down and place it inside the bottom half. 3. Mix a few drops of food colouring into the water to make it easier to see the water level inside the bottle. 4. Pour the coloured water into the top half of the bottle and start your stopwatch. 5. As each minute passes, mark the level of water on the side of the bottom chamber of the bottle using the marker pen.
5
The alarm is set by winding up the alarm spring and then turning a handle on the clock until this small ALARM DIAL is set to the time you want to wake up.
6. Once all the water has passed through into the bottom chamber, you can pour it back into the top chamber and start it again. This time, use the marks on the bottom chamber to tell you how much time has passed since you started the clock – just like a simple stopwatch!
What do you think would happen if you made the hole in the lid bigger? How would it affect the clock? All photos © Shutterstock.com
.
g.. in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1
I K E E R G T N E I C N A le w long these incredib You won’t believe ho around! inventions have been
1
Only men were allowed to compete – and they all took part naked!
Yo-yos aren’t a modern craze – this vase (from 440 BC) shows a boy playing with a yo-yo over 2,000 years ago! Have you tried this ancient toy?
2 4
The ancient Olympic Games began in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, and took place every four years until they were banned by the Romans over 1,000 years later. The modern Olympics started in 1896 and is still going strong!
3
Greek engineer Hero invented the first vending machine, which automatically dispensed holy water.
Coin in here
Coin landed on this platform, opening a valve
5
Water came out here
Greek mathematician Archytas came up with a wacky idea: a steam-powered pigeon! When connected to a lit boiler, steam pressure built up until the pigeon was forced off the boiler, flying 200 m high!
26 whizzpopbang.com
The Greeks were the first to use cranes with
winches and pulleys to lift heavy blocks of stone when building temples.
! S N O I T N E V N I K
6
Greek fire was a terrifying
weapon used to set enemy ships alight. It even burned on water – and could only be extinguished using sand, vinegar or old wee! No one’s sure how it was made, but it probably contained petroleum.
7
Hero invented the
aeolipile, an early steam engine.
Steam rose up into the ball and shot out of the holes, making the ball spin
The fire boiled water in here
VE R RI S AS I PH BLACK SEA
MEDITERRANEAN
© 1. Former in the Schloss Charlottenburg/Bibi Saint-Pol/Wikimedia Commons and Shutterstock.com, 2. Purchased from F. H. S Werry, 1856 /Wikimedia Commons, 3 and 5. Collection and Archive of Museum of Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology (www.kotsanas.com), 4. Eunostos/Wikimedia Commons, 6. Wikimedia Commons, 7. Knight’s American Mechanical Dictionary, 1876 / Wikimedia Commons, 8. Wikimedia Commons, 9. BlackMac/Shutterstock.com, 10. Bibi Saint-Pol / Wikimedia Commons
LIBYA
ASIA IVER
While earlier maps have been found, philosopher and geographer Anaximander was one of the first to create a paper map of the world. (It wasn’t very accurate, but it was over two and a half thousand years ago!)
EUROPE
OCEAN
Ancient Greek maps often showed Greece at the centre of the world.
NILE R
10
9
Ancient Greeks painted watery pigment onto wet plaster to create artworks called frescoes. This technique remained popular for thousands of years. This one, showing a banquet, was painted in about 480 BC.
OCEAN
8
The marathon is a 26-mile (42-km) running race celebrating the legend of Pheidippides, who ran from Marathon to Athens to share the news of the victory of the battle of Marathon.
whizzpopbang.com 27
Sensational Scientists
By Joanna Tubbs
ARISTOTLE Meet Aristotle, whose revolutionary ideas formed the foundation of science.
© Shutterstock.com
We don’t know many details about Aristotle’s life because he lived such a long time ago – but we do know that he was a bit of a brainbox who came up with some pretty groundbreaking ideas. When Aristotle was growing up, his father (who was doctor to the king of Macedonia, in northern Greece) taught him all about biology and medicine.
ARISTOTLE WAS BORN IN 384 BC IN STAGIRA, GREECE.
ARISTOTLE
THE KING NEEDS YOU! After Athens, Aristotle travelled around, studying animals. He made detailed scientific observations of loads of animals and grouped them into different categories. One day, he was summoned by the king to return to Macedonia and tutor his son, Alexander (who grew up to become the famous king and soldier Alexander the Great!).
28 whizzpopbang.com
Be a free thinker and don’t accept everything you hear as truth.
After his father died, Aristotle travelled to Athens, the Greek capital, to join Plato’s Academy. Plato was a famous teacher who taught Aristotle philosophy (how to think about the world) and logic (how to work things out in a sensible way). Aristotle stayed there for almost 20 years, first as a pupil and then as a teacher.
Later, Aristotle returned to Athens and opened his own school, the Lyceum.
He who has overcome his fears will truly be free. Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom. No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.
Life at the Lyceum There were no worksheets or Times Tables Rock Stars at the Lyceum. Instead…
❇ You would have
learned subjects like physics, public speaking, politics and philosophy.
Aristotle’s ideas
Which did he get right? Mark a tick or cross in the boxes. Check your answers on page 34. t rth is a The Ea ntre of the ce iverse! the un
Argum
ents s hould be bas ed on detaile d fact s!
Are you kidding?!
The Earth is round!
Life on E arth began in the sea! es rth do The Ea ate! t not ro
Goats can be bo rn male or female depend ing on which direction the win d blows!
Turn to page 14 for more things the Greeks got wrong!
❇ Your teacher
(Aristotle) taught outside while walking around.
❇ Asking
questions and arguing about their answers was a very important part of learning.
Crikey, I’d better start reading! In fact, Aristotle left behind more than 2,000 pages of writing – full of ideas about…
anatomy astronomy geography biology physics zoology the weather public speaking art poetry literature economics government religion psychology education foreign customs ethics and politics ... phew!
Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com
der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share your This page is for you with our adventures in science hizz Pop Bang robot, Y, and other W atured on readers! Everyone fe an this page will receive e! enamel pin badg
Dear Y, Where does malaria come from? From Rowan, aged 11
F oR
CURIoUS K I DS Loads of you have been busy earning your Y’s Wonder Club badges. Here are some of your fantastic projects…
ness. It kills hundreds Malaria causes headaches, fever and sick countries that ical of thousands of people each year in trop e) mosquito. le-ez ff-el are home to the Anopheles (say an-o organism pic osco Malaria is caused by a parasite – a micr parasite The . s itoe which lives inside Anopheles mosqu eone. But som s bite o spreads when an infected female mosquit needs she l mea d bloo don’t blame her, she’s just drinking the s and icine med g usin d to lay her eggs. Malaria can be prevente new ctive effe very a bed nets (to keep mosquitoes out), but is at hand! vaccine is in the last stage of trials. Hope
Ray, aged 5, this n co structed with e ag beetle vill orns ac , k ar b sticks, and leaves.
8, Edward, aged a t u o d carrie igation crater invest per to earn his Su . ge Scientist bad
gineer For his Epic En aged 8, r, badge, Spence h from rc to is th e mad le, a a plastic bott d an lb u b a , battery im h p el h to wires t! h ig read at n
10, Amelia, aged is th e mad use hedgehog ho fe li d for her Wil . ge ad b Watcher
enamel badges Y’s Wonder Club Badges Collectable for you to earn! Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.
Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.
Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.
E
Hi Y! When rain clouds are made out at sea and the rain falls down as clean water over land, where does all the sea salt go?
S TA R LET T E R You’ve won this book!
It looks like you had great fun with the starry experiments from Issue 87. Erin, aged 7, spooky created this e window scen s i’ m inspired by Em . b lu Eco C
From Evie, aged 9
It actually stays in the sea, Evie! Rain clouds are made from water which has evaporated from the sea, but also from rivers, plants and even the land itself. Water evaporates when it gets enough heat energy for its molecules to break free from each other – turning from a liquid into a gas. Anyth ing in it, like sea salt or mud, is left behind. Fresh rainwater is frequently added to most rivers, seas and oceans, but the Dead Sea in the Jordan Rift Valley is surrounded by deser t, so the water gradually gets saltier. It’s almost 10 times saltie r than the ocean, making it dense enough to float in easily ! © Shutterstock.com
Joe, aged 7, ng the jo en yed seei in le in ‘stars’ tw k t. en im er p this ex
Tom, aged 11, made these milk bottle ghosts.
Hi, why are tomatoes green when they’re growing, then reddish-orange, then red? Why not just start red?
It’s the Plough!
Thanks, Erin, aged 10
Luke, aged 8, ar made this st o ti constella n . from Issue 87
Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.
Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.
n from the Just like leaves, young tomato fruits are gree hesise (make their ynt tos chlorophyll which they use to pho s, the chlorophyll breaks grow own food using sunlight). As the fruit d carotenes. calle ents pigm down to reveal yellow, orange and red ases only as the seeds A bright red carotene called lycopene incre et and tasty. This swe mes become fully ripe and the tomato beco the fruit is only sure ing mak colour change is the tomato’s way of humans!) eat the g udin (incl als eaten once the seeds are ready. Anim fertiliser (poo). of pile little a whole fruit then poo out the seeds in Perfect conditions for growth! Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.
To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV
whizzpopbang.com 31
um/ Test your m ke dad/pet sna
at they know! to see wh
1
How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.
The Egyptian cobra… a) is one of the large cobras in Africa
2
st
b) has back legs
b) Sing
c) can detach its
c) Throw things at each other
4
completely new body
What was Aristotle’s school called?
from mud
a) Venomous snakes
7
stardust from the constellation Perseus
c) L ambs grow on trees
6
Mechanical alarm clocks are powered by… a) batteries
b) Dandruff goblins
b) springs
c) Head lice
c) snores
toys Which of these were popular in ancient Greece? a) Yo-yos
b) Pop-its c) Toy trains
de
b) Ponies are made of
c) The Pieceum
Which creatures were said to be found on Medusa’s head?
Which bonkers idea was started by Megasthenes?
a) Hedgehogs are ma
a) The Lybrium b) The Lyceum
5
Scientists in Australia have discovered that octopuses sometimes... a) Have pets
head and grow a
3
My lack of knowledge of Greek mythology will always be my Achilles elbow!
8
Answers on page 34.
How many different dog breeds are recognised in the world? a) 3,603 b) 36 c) 360
Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 22 2) Page 4 3) Page 29 4) Page 14 5) Page 10 6) Page 24 7) Page 26 8) Page 13
I scored: .......... 1-3: Aspiring scholar 4-6: Fledgling philosopher 7-8: You’re a legend!
W ! IN
Make a myth! We want you to design your own mythical creature! Will it be fearsome or friendly? Will it have super-strength, laser eyes or some other amazing abilities? To be in with a chance of winning one of five fantastic engineering kits, draw your creature and send in a photo.
Geomag construction kit This Geomag E-Motion kit, from geomagworld.com, includes 32 rods and spheres. Use your imagination to design and build a huge array of ingenious creations, including geometric shapes, spinning tops and suspended models. Send a photo of your entry to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Ancient Greece competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post it to Ancient Greece competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Sorry, we are unable to return any post. Deadline: March 8th 2023. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.
WINNERS
Issue 89 competition winners Thank you to everyone who sent in their entries to our Christmas competition. We loved your fantastic sculptures and pictures! These two lucky winners will feature in next issue’s comic, drawn by our awesome illustrator, Clive Goodyer! They will also both receive a Tightrope-Walking Gyrobot from thamesandkosmos.co.uk
Alba Dickinson, aged 10 Isaac Blaxland, aged 5
whizzpopbang.com 33
JOKES
arus’ Ic s a w t a Wh food? favourite ! Hot wings
What do you call a musician who looks at Medusa? A rock star!
u call o y o d t Wha k God the Gree our? of Hum Hilarios!
Have you seen the new movie a ancient Greek bout toys? It’s called Troy Story!
What did ancient Greek ? dentists study Flossophy!
What game Greek God do s birthday p play at arties? Hydra and seek!
Page 7 – True/Untrue
Page 13 – Dog names
TRUE: According to ancient Greek writings, Pythagoras believed beans had souls, so you shouldn’t eat them!
These dog names were popular with the ancient Greeks:
Page 8 – True/Untrue UNTRUE: Flushing toilets were invented even earlier, in ancient India. Page 10 – Labyrinth puzzle
START
Lurcher, Blue, Storm, Yelp, Hurry, Dagger, Crafty. Page 15 – Wordsearch D E M O C R I T U S H B A R I S T O T L E G I L K A L W R Z J Q F H P E T T S I U H E R O Y P U Y O E O P F K M T E O C P S Q C C E G H A X C I F T V B X R A N L S R P O H P S Y G A P P V A P S E I K O V W T Z O T U I N A R C H I M E D E S G E A J T H A L E S S L Q S U H C R A T S I R A
Page 19 – Broken vase puzzle Page 13 – True/Untrue
h is the other half of the vase.
UNTRUE: but in Greek mythology, Cerberus is a fearsome magical dog with three heads who guards the underworld!
Page 20 – Riddles 1) The letter ‘r’. 2) Nine!
Answers 3) Rhoda is ten. Half of eight is four, so she is four years younger than Nyx. This means when Nyx is 14, Rhoda is still four years younger, so she’s ten. Page 29 – Aristotle’s ideas The Earth is round ✔ The Earth is at the centre of the universe ✘ Life on Earth began in the sea ✔ (probably) Arguments should be based on detailed facts ✔ (though this isn’t always possible) The Earth does not rotate ✘ Goats can be born male or female depending on which direction the wind blows ✘ Page 32 – Quiz 1) a 2) c 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) c
First computer This is part of the 2,000-year-old Antikythera mechanism. It is the largest of 82 fragments found in 1901 by divers exploring an ancient shipwreck off the Greek island of Antikythera. The handheld device was originally made up of more than 30 interlocking bronze gears, which were moved by turning a handle at the side. The device could predict astronomical events, such as the phases of the Moon, the movement of the planets and stars and even lunar and solar eclipses. This has led researchers to call it the world’s first computer!
R A L U C A T C E SP
e c n e i c s
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