Whizz Pop Bang Science Magazine for Kids! Issue 93: DINO DISASTER! by Whizz Pop Bang

ISSN 2399 -2840

THE AWESOME SCIENCE MAGAZINE FOR KIDS!

ERUPT A NO A C L O V

Take a look at T. rex

Make a fossil-filled strata sandwich

A C A S TI C A R E P LSS I L FO

What happened to all the dinosaurs?

CR EATE A CR AT ER WHIZZPOPBANG.COM ISSUE 93

EXPERIMENTS PUZZLES AMAZING FACTS SCIENCE NEWS

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Have you ever imagined what it would be lik e to me et a re al-life dinosaur? Pret ty te rr animals ruled the world for ma ifying, I re ck on! These epic ny mi for us none of them are alive llions of ye ars, but luckily investigating the disappe aran today. This issue we’ll be ce of expe riments to try along the the dinos, with some fun way – you’ll ge t to eat a fossil-filled st rata sandwich , erupt a fizzling volcano and make your own re plica fo ssils!

Editor-in-Chief: Jenny Inglis Editor: Tammy Osborne Assistant Editor: Tara Pardo Designers: Rachael Fisher and Simon Oliver Illustrator: Clive Goodyer Staff writer: Joanna Tubbs Contributors: Sarah Bearchell, Anna Claybourne, Joe Inglis, Owen Inglis and Kirsty Williams

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Who wants a bite of my strata sandwich? Where you see this symbol, use a QR code reader on a phone or tablet to visit a relevant web page.

Riley

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GET IN TOUCH

ISSN 2399-2840

Gakk

Emmi

Welcome to Earth, 66 million years ago… This issue, we’re saying goodbye to dinosaurs!

CONTENTS

AWESOME NEWS AND AMAZING FACTS A painting robot, some cheesy science and insects with super-speedy wee.

DISAPPEARING DINOSAURS

Make a fossil-filled strata sandwich, create a crater and find out what happened to all the dinosaurs.

ANIMAL ANTICS

Take a look at T. rex – the massive meat eater with a seriously powerful bite!

te r

st oc

k.c om

SILLY SCIENCE

Did frilled sharks, turtles and ammonites survive the extinction event? Put your knowledge to the test!

Atom

PULLOUT

Make a strata-inspired plant pot and a mini greenhouse, then get growing!

Dr Emily Bamforth is an extinction expert who works in a dinosaur museum.

HOW STUFF WORKS

Find out how the dinosaur models you see in museums are made, then cast a replica fossil.

Weird extinction ideas! Did dinos fart themselves to death?! Find out here…

Tim

Toka ry k

SENSATIONAL SCIENTISTS

Meet William Smith, a scientist who turned his discoveries about fossils and strata into an amazing map.

Y’S WONDER CLUB

Ask our robot, Y, your burning science questions and share all of your adventures in science with the club.

I’d love to see pictures of your experiments! Send them to 32 Y@whizzpopbang.com and ask an adult to tag us on social media 34 @whizzpopbangmag

INTERVIEW WITH A SCIENCE HERO

TEN AWESOMELY AMAZING…

o k.c oc

EMMI’S ECO CLUB

Use chemistry to erupt a volcano and solve some sneaky riddles!

st © Shutter

QUIZ POP BANG AND COMPETITION

Test your knowledge with our super-duper science quiz and win a moveable model T. rex!

JOKES AND ANSWERS

Laugh out loud at some awesome jokes and find the answers to all of our quizzes, puzzles and riddles.

SPECTACULAR SCIENCE

Discover an asteroid that NASA deliberately smashed a spaceship into!

FIND THE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT Hidden on each double page is a piece of science equipment. Tick each one to find the complete kit!

s Awesome New cts and Amazing Fa Cheese is just fermented milk – so why do cheeses all taste so different? It’s all down to bacteria, and now scientists are working out which ones create which flavours. Starter bacteria are added to milk to ferment it. After that, loads of other bacteria join the party, helping the cheese to ripen and develop different flavours. Scientists from Tokyo University of Agriculture in Japan added each microbe to its own sample of cheese and recorded which flavour chemicals it produced. They found that some bacteria were responsible for fruity flavours, some for mouldy flavours and some for oniony flavours.

Meet FRIDA, a robotic arm that can create art. FRIDA, named after the artist Frida Kahlo, uses artificial intelligence (AI) to collaborate with humans. Give it a text description of what you want, show it other artworks to inspire it, or upload a photograph and it will paint a picture based on these directions. FRIDA has an overhead camera that captures images of the picture it’s painting and uses these to evaluate its progress as it works. Rather than taking over from human artists, FRIDA has been designed to help them to express their ideas in painting.

READY‚ AIM‚ FIRE! Sharpshooter insects feed on plant sap, which is 95% water – this means they need to wee A LOT. In fact, they need to get rid of 300 times their body weight in waste every day! Constantly weeing would use too much energy, so these little insects have evolved a better way of doing it. They make big droplets of wee and catapult them at extremely high speeds using superpropulsion. Using high-speed videos and microscopy, the researchers discovered that the insects have an anal stylus, which they nicknamed the ‘butt flicker’, that launches the droplet of wee like the flippers on a pinball machine – but 10 times faster than the fastest sports car!

You can watch them in action here: bit.ly/3mJY9DL

CHEESY SCIENCE

ROBOT ART

DID DINOSAURS ROAR – OR CHIRP?

Scientists have reported the discovery of a fossilised ankylosaur larynx. The larynx, or voice box, is the part of the throat that produces sound.

This is the first time the larynx of a non-avian dinosaur (all the ones that went extinct) has been seen – and it looks like a cross between those of reptiles and birds. The researchers say this could mean that these dinosaurs cooed and chirped rather than roared! © Shutterstock.com © Shutterstock.com

Place your fingers over the bump in the middle of your throat (your ‘Adam’s apple’) and hum – you’ll be able to feel your larynx vibrating. Sing high then low to feel it move up and down!

MOON TIME Earth is divided into 24 different

time zones using imaginary lines called meridians that run from the North Pole to

the South Pole. But what about the Moon? The European Space Agency (ESA) has suggested that the Moon should have its own time zone so that different countries can work together on lunar missions. The question is, should Moon time be linked to Earth time – and if so, which time zone? Because the Moon has weaker gravity, clocks on the Moon run slightly faster than clocks on Earth, making lunar timekeeping even trickier! With several big missions to the Moon coming up, and plans to eventually build a base there, a Moon time agreed by space agencies across the world will become increasingly important.

Meridians

whizzpopbang.com 5

DISAPPEARING DINOSAURS By Anna Claybourne

Millions of years ago, the world was home to dinosaurs – lizard-like reptiles that could grow to huge sizes. Meat-eating monsters and plant-munching giants roamed the planet, along with other fearsome reptiles of the seas and skies.

...But they’re not here now!

Where did they go?

THE AGE OF THE DINOSAURS

Dinosaurs lived on Earth for a LONG time – much longer than humans have existed for!

They first evolved, or developed, about 240 million years ago (or ‘mya’).

Triassic Period 252 mya

They were around for more than 160 MILLION YEARS!

Jurassic Period

Cretaceous Period 145 mya

201 mya

Different dino species lived at different times. By 66 million years ago, many dinosaurs had already died out and new ones had evolved. But many familiar faces were still around, such as:

Then, around 66 million years ago, all the dinosaurs died out and became extinct

T. rex

66 mya

T. rex lived closer in time to smartphones than to Stegosaurs Answer on page 34

Why can’t a T. rex clap? Because it’s extinct!

Pachycephalosaurus

(say pack-ee-sef-a-low-saw-rus)

Ankylosaurus

(say an-kee-low-saw-rus)

Triceratops

(say try-serra-tops)

Besides dinosaurs, many other living things died out too. In fact, 70% of all living species went extinct at the same time! It’s now known as the K-Pg mass extinction, because it happened between the Cretaceous (abbreviated K) and Paleogene (abbreviated Pg) periods. It was goodbye to…

Make your own edible roc k strata sandwich, complete with fossils an d a K-Pg boundary! You can use whatever ing redients you can find at home.

Bye!

Yo u will need

• the last pterosaurs (flying reptiles), such as Quetzalcoatlus (say ket-zal-co-at-lus)

-8 slices of bread (different types if you 6 have them) Jam, peanut butter, chocolate spread, margarine or other spreads Brown sugar, cocoa powder, cinnamon or cake sprinkles Fruit, nuts, chocolate drops or buttons, sweets, biscuits, raisins or cereal shapes

• large marine reptiles including plesiosaurs (say plee-see-uh-saws) • ammonites, relatives of octopuses with spiral-shaped shells.

Farewell, cruel world!

Nice knowing Around 66 million years ago, dinosaurs and many other you! the living things died out in the

2. Cover with spread, and a thin layer of powder or sprinkles to add colour and texture.

K-Pg mass extinction.

HOW DO WE KNOW? tr

av elw

3. Add some fruit, sweets, raisins or cereal pieces to represent fossils.

Because of fossils! Fossils can form when living things die and get buried by mud or sand, which gradually flattens down and hardens into stone. More and more layers, called strata, build up over time – so the deeper the layer, the older the fossils are.

ayo

f li f e /

m om ia C Wikimed

More recent fossils s Rock

The K-Pg boundary, 66 million years ago

trata

Older fossils

What you do

1. Put a slice of bread on a plate.

STRATA SANDWICH!

MASS EXTINCTION

In rocks older than 66 million years, there are lots of dinosaur fossils. But in the upper strata, above the K-Pg boundary layer, there aren’t any – so we know dinosaurs died out around this time.

4. Put another piece of bread on top and repeat, using different ingredients each time. 5. For the K-Pg boundary layer, use a layer of biscuits or a thicker layer of dark spread or powder. Only include a few smaller fossils in the layers above. 6. Press down on the finished sandwich to simulate the weight of the rocks (and to make sure it holds together!). 7. Cut through your strata sandwich to reveal the layers in cross section! Have the fossils left any impressions?

K-Pg boundary layer

whizzpopbang.com 7

DINO

oes a ? d t a h W sit on s p o t a r Trice ottom! b a r e c i Its Tr

DISASTER! So, what caused the mass extinction? It must have been something BIG... and there are two main theories.

THEORY 1: ENORMOUS ASTEROID An enormous asteroid hit the Earth, causing a natural disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs and many other creatures. While studying a layer of clay at the K-Pg boundary in 1980, scientists Luis and Walter Alvarez found that it contains iridium, an element rarely found on Earth – but present in asteroids. Then, in 1990, a huge impact crater on the coast of Mexico was identified – it was thought to date from 66 million years ago.

Now known as the Chicxulub crater, it could only have been made by a ginormous asteroid – about 10 km across – hitting the Earth.

An asteroid caused the mass extinction!

USA Chicxulub crater Mexico

Scientists have calculated that the asteroid must have been about 10 km across – taller than Mount Everest!

asteroid

O NOOO

Mount Everest

THEORY 2: VIOLENT VOLCANOES

CREATE A CRATER!

A series of huge volcanic eruptions, in what is now India, was to blame.

When an asteroid or me teorite lands, it throws rock, dust and ash into the air all around the impact. This leaves a big round hollow calle d a crater. To see how it works, ma ke your own mini craters in a tray of flour.

Yo u will need

! p l e e Hee

metal or plastic baking tray or similar A Marbles, small pebbles, or both A small bag of flour Cocoa powder or drinking chocolate A sieve (optional)

There’s evidence for huge volcanic eruptions at around that time too: layers of lava over a large area of India, now called the Deccan Traps. © Shutterstock.com

India

What you do 1. Put enough flour into your tray or container to make a layer about 2 cm deep. Shake or tap the tray to make the surface flat and level. 2. Sprinkle or sieve a thin layer of cocoa powder or drinking chocolate on top. This makes the craters easier to see. 3. Hold a marble or pebble about 30 cm above the tray and… DROP! 4. Your mini-meteorite should make a crater!

Deccan Traps

Most scientists now think that the asteroid

caused the great dino disaster , though it could also have made volcanic eruptions more powerful as it hit and shook the planet.

How many words can you make out of the letters in the word ‘asteroid’? Check your answers on page 34.

Try this

Try different shapes and sizes of meteorite, dropped from different heights and angles. If you have a smartphone or video camera handy, film the impact, then watch it in slow motion!

whizzpopbang.com 9

AFTER THEIMPACT

The asteroid would definitely have been deadly, but it didn’t kill the dinosaurs all at once. Instead, the impact led to a series of events that changed the climate and caused problems for living things.

BOOOM!

Arrrrgggh!

Some unlucky dinos may have been squashed immediately by the asteroid – or killed by burning hot volcanic lava.

FRAZZLE!

The asteroid impact changed the climate by blocking out sunlight.

Heat from the asteroid and volcanic lava caused forest fires, killing trees and forest species. Rock, dust and ash went into orbit and encircled the world, blocking out most of the sunlight for several years.

WHO SURVIVED?

Some species did survive though, including several small mammals, insects and birds. Over time, they went on to evolve into all the species that are living today.

With less sunlight, many plants died. Many planteating animals starved and died out, leading to meat-eaters starving too. This affected bigger animals more, as they needed to eat the most!

Birds are the only dinosaurs we have left! They evolved from small, feathered dinosaurs about 150 million years ago. Some bird species did die out in the K-Pg extinction, but others survived – probably grounddwelling birds, similar to this prehistoric bird, nicknamed the ‘Wonderchicken’!

The mammals that survived were mostly small, like this one, Purgatorius. But without large dinosaurs eating all the food, these small mammals were able to evolve into many new larger species, such as elephants and whales – as well as us humans!

PLANTS IN THE DARK

SPLOSH! The asteroid impact caused giant tsunami waves, some over 100 m high, which would have washed many creatures away. Ash and dust in the sky caused acid rain, making acid seawater, which was bad for ammonites as it damaged their shells.

When dust and ash in the sky blocked out the sunlight, plants couldn’t get as much lig ht. Try this experiment to see wh y this was a problem…

Yo u will need

our small plant pots or F washed-out yoghurt pots A packet of seeds, such as basil or tomato seeds A small bag of compost or some garden soil

What you do

1. Fill the pots with compost and put three seeds in each one. 2. Sprinkle more compost over the seeds, then sprinkle them with water. 3. Leave all the pots on a bright or sunny windowsill, watering them a bit when necessary to keep the compost damp, until small shoots have grown in all the pots (if more than one seed has grown, gently pull out the smaller ones so that there’s just one in each pot). 4. Now take two of the pots and put them in a dark, closed cupboard or box.

Meet some more survivors on page 14!

Humans Cats Bats Whales

erstock © Shutt

Who was here first?

What order do you think these modern mammals evolved in? Check your answer on page 34.

Do plants need light to grow well?

.com

5. Keep watering all the plants in the same way and see what happens!

Is there a difference in how the plants grow in the light and in the dark? whizzpopbang.com 11

AL ANIM S TIC

Tyrannosaurus rex

Our vet Joe Inglis looks back in time to discover one of the most famous – and fearsome – dinosaurs.

Tyrannosaurus rex was a species of giant carnivorous dinosaur that lived in the late Cretaceous Period, just before the mass extinction event that wiped out almost all of the dinosaurs.

King of the dinosaurs The first T. rex fossils were found in America in the late 19th century, and the species was named Tyrannosaurus rex – which means ‘tyrant lizard king’ – because of how big and scary the animals would have been when they were alive.

Bite sized Weighing up to about 9 tonnes (the same as about five cars!) and measuring as much as 13 metres long, tyrannosaurs were some of the largest land carnivores of all time. Their heads were massive, up to 1.5 metres long, and packed with 60 razor-sharp curved teeth as long as kitchen knives. Super-strong jaw muscles gave T. rex the most powerful bite of any land carnivore in history, allowing them to crush through the armour plating and bones of their prey.

12 whizzpopbang.com

17 mph

The maximum speed T. rex is thought to have run (although some scientists believe that they were too heavy to run that fast).

Scavenger hunt Although T. rex is usually thought of as a fearsome predator, they may have spent more time scavenging the carcasses of already dead animals than chasing live prey. Scientists think they probably had an amazing sense of smell, which helped them sniff out rotting carcasses from miles away, much like modern-day vultures.

Find the answers on these pages to write into the grid. What extra word is revealed in the white boxes? Check your answers on page 34. T. rex had an amazing sense of... T. rex had this many teeth in its mouth The name Tyrannosaurus rex means ‘… lizard king’ Where the first T. rex fossils were discovered This word means ‘meat eater’ The name of the time period that T. rex lived in Their super-strong jaws gave T. rex a powerful…

Family ties T. rex was one species in a large family of dinosaurs called the Tyrannosauroidea (say ty-RAN-o-sore-ROY-dee-uh), which had been around for 100 million years by the time T. rex evolved. Until around 90 million years ago, most Tyrannosauroids were small dinosaurs, but the fossil record shows that in the last 20 million years of the dinosaurs’ reign, they evolved into a range of massive meat eaters, including T. rex.

Kangaroos evolved from T. rex, which is why they have small arms and powerful back legs. What do you call an extinct dinosaur? Tyrannosaurus ex !

Answer on page 34

Dino-scientists?

whizzpopbang.com 13

Along with nearly all the other dinosaurs alive at the time, T. rex went extinct when a massive asteroid hit Earth 66 million years ago. At this time, dinosaurs were in their prime, ruling over most eco-systems across the world after hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Imagine if the asteroid hadn't hit Earth and dinosaurs had continued to evolve. Do you think there would be super-intelligent descendants of dinosaurs like T. rex running the world – and writing magazines like this one?

When the going got tough 66 million years ago, some animals survived the test of time! Which of these creatures lived alongside the dinosaurs and are still roaming the Earth today? Give a Super Survivor Award to the ones you think made it through the mass extinction by colouring in their rosettes. 1

SURVIVED OR DIED?! MADAGASCAN PTEROSAUR

COELACANTH

What is the final number in the sequence? Write your answer in the circle and check it on page 34.

14 whizzpopbang.com

CROCODILE

AMMONITE

TURTLE

HORSESHOE CRAB

MOSASAUR

1. Survived!

For decades scientists believed the coelacanth (say see-luh-kanth) went extinct with the dinosaurs until one was found alive in 1938! These rare fish, which can grow to almost 2 m long, have been around for 350-400 million years.

3. Survived!

Horseshoe crabs are one of the oldest living animals on the planet. They have stayed virtually unchanged for 445 million years and survived five mass extinctions. They’re also not crabs, but are more closely related to scorpions and spiders.

MOSQUITO

NAUTILUS

5. Survived!

Crocodilians, including crocodiles, first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria – the group that dinosaurs belonged to.

7. Survived!

The oldest known mosquito fossil is about 80 million years old, but scientists think the insects have been around for more than 200 million years.

9. Died.

FRILLED SHARK

Mosasaurs were giant carnivores with rows of fearsome teeth that swam and hunted like today’s sharks. They didn’t survive the K-Pg extinction, but Komodo dragons are distant relations!

ANSWERS

2. Died. Sadly,

there aren’t any pterosaurs alive today in Madagascar, or anywhere else. All species of these amazing flying reptiles were wiped out at the same time as the dinosaurs.

4. Survived!

Frilled sharks are the oldest species of shark alive today. They have been lurking in the deep sea for about 80 million years, where they prey on other sea creatures using their 300 sharp teeth and hinged jaw.

6. Died.

Ammonites were ocean-dwelling shelled molluscs that died out at about the same time as the dinosaurs. Fossilised ammonites are found all around the world, sometimes in huge numbers.

8. Survived!

Nautilus has been around for 500 million years. There were once 10,000 different species, but today there are just a few species living in the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Nautilus probably survived because it lives deeper in the ocean than ammonites.

10. Survived!

Turtles are a group of reptiles. The earliest turtle fossils date back to the Jurassic period, more than 170 million years ago.

b... clu O C E

Emmi’s

FOSSIL PLANT POT AND MINI GREENHOUSE Grow your own veggies in this upcycled gardening set!

lean, dry plastic C food pot (like a yoghurt pot) Paints (yellow and brown) Paintbrush

Yo u will need Pencil Scraps of paper Scissors Glue Clean pebbles

aint pens or P marker pens Compost Seeds Clean, dry, clear plastic bottle

Mix three shades of brown paint. Decorate your pot in three uneven sections, each with wavy edges so they look like strata (rock layers). You may need to do more than one layer of paint to cover the pot’s original design.

Glue them onto the pot with PVA glue, then paint another layer of glue over the top of each fossil.

16 whizzpopbang.com

Draw some fossil shapes on scraps of paper and cut them out. Add details using pencil or pen. ttle in half. Ask an adult to cut the bo rp edges. Make sure there are no sha ndpaper sa h You can remove them wit u if yo find any. or cover with sticky tape

Use this to make another mini greenhouse!

Continued on page 21 ➜

To m

a to

Fill the pot with compost and plant your seeds.

As sunlight shines into the mini greenhouse, the air and soil inside it will warm up, helping the seeds to germinate. Water will evaporate from the soil, condense onto the inner walls of the greenhouse, then trickle down, watering the seeds again!

6 I’d love to see your fossil pot and mini greenhouse! Take a photo and ask an adult to tag us on social media @whizzpopbangmag and email it to Y@whizzpopbang.com

Pop your pot onto a saucer and water it. Put the half-bottle on top of your seeds, cut side down. When your seeds have reached about 2 cm tall, remove the greenhouse and use it to germinate more seeds! Keep following the instructions on your seed packet to nurture your seedlings into fully grown plants.

ECO

ideas...

April is a great time of year to plant seeds to grow your own fruit and vegetables. Tomato and cucumber seeds would work well in this mini greenhouse. Haven’t got any packets of seeds? Scrape some seeds out of a fresh tomato, cucumber, pepper or chilli, dry them off and plant them instead!

Continued from page 16

It’s up to us to save the planet. Lots of small actions can make a BIG difference! Radishes and beetroot can be sown straight into the ground and you can pop mini bottle greenhouses into the soil over them to give them a head start!

whizzpopbang.com 21

➜

most One of the e world anoes in th active volc island Hawaii. The is K ilauea in s lava y growing a is constantl ano and of the volc t u o s w e p s ean. ls in the oc rapidly coo

The w orld’s loudes t soun made d was by a vo Krakat lcano. oa in In When dones in 1883 ia erup , the e ted xplosio heard more t n was han 4,800 km aw ay!

What did the igneous rock say to the geologist?

I was lava before it was cool!

20 whizzpopbang.com

PULL OUT pages 17-20 and get making! ERUPTING VOLCANO Make a lava-ly volcano model and then use some cool chemistry to make it erupt!

Yo u will need The volcano template

Two tablespoons of vinegar

Sticky tape

Red and yellow food colouring

A small bottle or jar with a narrow neck, such as a spice jar I tablespoon of bicarbonate of soda or baking powder

Uncoloured soap or washing-up liquid Tray to contain the mess (or do this experiment outside)

What yo u do 1. Cut out the volcano template. 2. Curve it around to make a cone shape and adjust the opening at the top so that it fits neatly around the top of your small container. You might need to trim the paper to size. Fix the cone to the top of your container with sticky tape all around.

3. Pour several drops of red and yellow food colouring into the container. Add the vinegar and a squirt of soap or washing-up liquid and then stir. 4. Put the volcano on a tray or take it outside. 5. Tip the bicarbonate of soda or baking powder into your volcano. Give it a quick stir and watch what happens!

Yo u should find Your volcano erupts! The acidic vinegar reacts with the bicarbonate of soda, which is an alkali. The reaction produces a gas called carbon dioxide. This gas gets trapped inside bubbles, which are held together with the help of the soap. The bubbles force themselves up to the surface, along with some of the liquid, mimicking the way that lava erupts from a volcano. Find a printable version of the pullout here: bit.ly/3kADHnU

whizzpopbang.com 17

These words are all related to volcanoes. Find them in the grid, then write the leftover letters in the spaces to reveal the name of the largest active volcano in the world! The words might be written forwards, backwards, horizontally or vertically. Check your answer on page 34.

ASH CLOUD CRATER

E W M A A R O S S F R T U L U H L S

ERUPTION

E A P F M C A A

FLANK

S T O T A M L N G U

GAS

I A R I V I O K N A

LAVA FLOW MAGMA CHAMBER PIPE SILL

L L R H O A T U E P I P O L C T N L A D V E N T R E B M A H C A M G A M

SUMMIT THROAT VENT

Riddles Check your answers on page 34.

1. I don’t have lungs, but I need air. I’m not alive, but I grow. I don’t have a mouth, but I need to be fed. What am I? 18 whizzpopbang.com

2. My first is in light, but not in heat, My second is in magma, but not in glow, My third is in devour, but not in eat, My fourth is in ocean, but not in flow. What am I?

3. What can you always find in the middle of magma?

Underneath the Earth’s crust is hot liquid rock called magma. In some places, it can escape through the crust to the surface as lava. Sometimes, it explodes out, along with ash and gases. Over time, a cone-shaped mountain called a volcano is formed as the hot rock cools and solidifies. Make your own volcanic eruption with the help of a chemical reaction.

Deception Island the in Antarctica is de un rwater tip of an active d om undergroun volcano. Heat fr k the blac magma warms causing s, sand beache steam to rise.

Volcano template

Why are volcanoes naughty? Because they erupt to no good!

In 2010, the Eyja volcano fjalla jok ull in Icelan d ejecte high up in d fine as to the at h mosphe was the re, whic n blown h towards can be a Europe. risk to je A sh t engine flights h s so 100 ,000 ad to be cancelle d.

whizzpopbang.com 19

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

In my job I get to... use fossils to study prehistoric life Emily is a curator at the Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum and a professor at the University of Saskatchewan, both in Canada. If you have any questions of your own for her, you can contact her on curator@dinomuseum.ca h

t was Being a palaeontologis b. my childhood dream jo

“

Dr Emily Bamfo rth, and Museum Cur Palaeontologist ator (manager)

Some kids take a teddy bear to bed – I took a plastic dinosaur!

”

I fell in love with dinosaurs when I was four. My parents took me to see an exhibition of Chinese dinosaurs at a local museum and I was captivated by the skeleton of a Mamenchisaurus, a long-necked dinosaur. It was love at first sight.

“

”

come collector – I used to I have always been a d ll of rocks, feathers an home with pockets fu mers l frog. Spending sum the occasional roadkil ce ien Sc saur Country at a camp called Dino in rk that I wanted to wo Camp made me sure y I do! I love sharing m a museum – and now oa th the public. I’m als passion for fossils wi th wi rk rsity, where I wo professor at a unive d an ad scientific papers students, write and re give lectures.

Ever since I was a child, I was fascinated by the question ‘what killed the dinosaurs?’

22 whizzpopbang.com

”

Science was my favourite subject in school. At university, I studied evolutionary biology and bizarre 565-million-year-old fossils of ‘soft squishy things’ from Newfoundland, Canada. Most recently, I studied the dinosaur mass extinction. During my lifetime, the idea that an asteroid impact was to blame went from an interesting but far-fetched concept to an accepted theory. The end-Cretaceous extinction also helps us to understand the current biodiversity crisis, and how ecosystems respond to (and hopefully recover from) catastrophic climate change.

Talking to the public about the dinosaur mass extinction boundary (the K-Pg boundary)

Interview with a SCIENCE HERO

“

Each summer, my team and I look for, excavate and collect fossils.

“

rld’s largest T. rex

Emily with ‘Scotty’, the wo

”

in northern Alberta, The summer is short where I live most of it! The Canada, so we have to make the catalogue fossils rest of the year, we prepare and p with school in our preparation lab. I also hel help run our groups that visit the museum and aeontology. pal on public education programmes

Dinosaurs were part of complex ecosystems, just like any animal today.

”

Emily pointing out the K-Pg boundary

“

I study the ways in which ancient ecosystems adapted to change, evolved over time, or – in the case of the dinosaur mass extinction – collapsed. I look at microvertebrates (small fossils including fish scales, turtle shell bits, salamander vertebrae, bird bones, lizard jaws, dinosaur teeth, small bone fragments and more). These give us information about a range of animals in an ecosystem, from the very large to the very small. I also study fossil plants to help understand how climate and changes in vegetation may have driven changes in animal communities.

When I discovered the jaws of a huge mosasaur, I almost did a cartwheel!

”

It’s called a Prognathodon, and it had a skull 1.5 m long and teeth as large as those of a T. rex. I was so excited! Triceratops, T. rex, and the duck-billed dinosaur Edmontosaurus are among my favourite dinosaurs. In western North America, these ‘big three’ were the very last giant dinosaurs to walk the Earth before the extinction.

Microvertebrate fossils, including fish vertebrae, turtle shell and a crocodile scute (small bony plate)

Find out more about pared xxxxxx y pre

The partiall Prognathodon jaw Emily found

HOW STUFF

WORKS

Replica Fossils When you see a massive dinosaur skeleton in a museum, like the 35-metre-long Patagotitan dinosaur that is coming to London’s Natural History Museum this spring, you are usually looking at a replica rather than the actual fossilised remains of the dinosaur. These amazingly realistic models allow visitors and scientists to see how a complete dinosaur skeleton would have looked, as many real fossils are incomplete or too delicate to move. Here’s how these 21st century fossils are made…

Most fossil replicas are made using the mould and cast technique, where a cast made from the original fossil bone is used to make a replica.

The fossil bone is laid on a bed of clay to support its weight.

The fossil bone is turned over and the process repeated for the other side.

2 Tubes

are pushed up against the fossil to leave a gap for pouring resin through later.

3 A release agent

(like a dilute soapy solution) is applied to the exposed side of the fossil so that the mould can later be peeled off easily.

Liquid rubber or silicone is painted on and allowed to dry.

24 whizzpopbang.com

The flexible rubber or silicone is reinforced with fibreglass so that it keeps its shape when it is removed from the fossil.

The two halves of the mould are then joined together to create a hollow mould that is the exact shape of the original fossil.

REPLICA FOSSILS You can use a simpli fied version of this technique to crea te your own replica fossils.

Yo u will need

Liquid resin or plaster is

poured through the tubes into the mould and allowed to harden.

What you do The mould is broken open and pulled away to leave the replica bone.

The finished bone is then

painted to make it look as realistic as possible.

If no fossil is available for a particular bone in a skeleton, sculptors create them by carving them from plaster or plastic, and these are then used to create moulds and replicas.

alt dough (mix 120 g flour, S 2 tbsp salt and 60 ml water and knead to form a dough) R olling pin Something to use as a fossil (like a plastic dinosaur toy, seashells or a clean, dry chicken bone) PVA glue

Once all the bones have been made, they are assembled using metal bars and wires to connect them together and create the finished skeleton for display.

1. Roll out the salt dough into a flat shape that is bigger than your fossil. 2. Press your fossil into the salt dough (don’t make the impression too deep as otherwise the glue will take a long time to dry). 3. Carefully pull out your fossil, leaving a detailed impression in the salt dough. Leave this mould to dry out for a couple of days. 4. Pour glue into the impression and wait for it to dry completely. 5. When dry, pull away the salt dough and you’ll be left with a replica of your original fossil.

whizzpopbang.com 25

g.. in z a m A ly e m o s e w A 0 1 Weird

I N O I T C N I T X E

nge with some very stra up e m co ve ha s ist Scient dinosaurs died out… explanations for why

In 1925, palaeontologist George Wieland claimed that hungry dinosaurs ate so many dino eggs that they wiped themselves out!

bony plates sapped their strength, leaving them weak and leading to their extinction.

Entomologist Stanley Flanders thought that hordes of hungry caterpillars ate so much vegetation that there was nothing left for herbivores to eat. And with no herbivores to eat, the carnivores died too.

dimir

2 3

Frederic Brewster Loomis suggested that the weight of Stegosaurus’s

kh /

Bolo om

ock.c

t ters Shut

4 5

A scientific study suggested that long-necked sauropod dinosaurs produced so much methane that it could have affected the prehistoric climate – but the newspapers misinterpreted the report and claimed that

dinosaurs farted themselves to death!

All images © Shutterstock.com

26 whizzpopbang.com

Fossils of faulty dinosaur eggs – some with shells too thick to function and some with dangerously thin shells – were found in France and Spain. If these problems had been widespread, they could have explained the extinction, but they have only been found in this small area.

S A E D I N

6 7

Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás introduced many strange theories about extinction. His favourite idea was that overactive glands in dinosaurs’ brains caused them to

grow so huge that they could no longer function!

In many modern reptiles, like crocodiles and turtles, temperature determines whether an embryo develops as a male or female. Doctor Sherman Silber thinks the same was true of dinosaurs, and that climate

change stopped enough females being born.

Evidence of health problems, including malaria, tooth cavities, arthritis and infections, have been found in fossilised dinos, but they probably weren’t enough to wipe them out entirely.

Aliens came to Earth and destroyed the dinosaurs! So far,

no fossils of aliens have been found, so we’re pretty confident that this one belongs to science fiction!

Ophthalmologist (eye expert) L.R. Croft suggested that the Sun damaged dinosaurs’ eyes. He thought they evolved horns and crests to shade their eyes, but that wasn’t enough and eventually damage to dinos’ sight led to their extinction.

whizzpopbang.com 27

Sensational Scientists

By Joanna Tubbs

h t i m S m a i l W il media commons scientist v 18, n 11 / Wiki © Scanned from the Geo

Meet the engineer󴱲who created the first maps of the rock layers beneath the ground and became known as ‘the father of English geology’. In 1815, William Smith published a map that changed the face of geology. This colourful map shows the strata (layers of rock) found beneath England, Wales and parts of Scotland. Astonishingly, he compiled it all on his own.

H W IL LI AM SM IT 69 WAS BORN IN 17 E. IR SH RD FO IN OX

Born into a farming family in Oxfordshire, William was from a humble background. This made him very different from many scientists of the time who were often wealthy, well-educated men. He went to a village school, collected fossils and learned about surveying (examining the features of a piece of land) from books.

28 whizzpopbang.com

I’ve noticed that each layer contains different fossils.

After he left school, William became a surveyor’s assistant. Many canals and mines were being planned at that time and surveyors were employed to make detailed investigations into the land where they were due to be built. While digging, William noticed that rocks of a certain age contained fossils of similar types. He kept detailed notes about where various fossils and rocks appeared in different areas.

While working on a canal development project, William noticed patterns in the strata that he later saw repeated all the way to the far north of England. He observed that the different layers of rock and their particular fossils always appeared in the same order. He called this the ‘Principle of fossil succession’. He used this information to create ‘Smith’s Geological Table of British Organised Fossils’, in which he named 34 different strata, the fossils they contained and the areas in which they were found.

A belemnite! Just as I thought…

When William realised that he was the first to observe these patterns, he decided to share them in the form of a map. He spent 15 years travelling 10,000 miles per year on foot, on horse and by horse and carriage, studying strata for his map. He used different colours to represent different strata and clever shading to create a 3D look.

The map was incredibly useful to many people, but it didn’t make William rich. In fact, just a few years later he owed so much money that he was put into prison! He lost his home in London and ended up living and working in Scarborough with a group of geologists.

commons

William Smith ’s famous map: ‘A Geological Map of England and Wales and Part of Scotland’.

Reproduced courtesy of the Geological Society of London

Sketch of the Succession of Strata and their Relative Altitudes by William Smith.

Towards the end of his life, William finally received the praise he deserved for his amazing achievements. He was given the Wollaston Medal in 1931 – a great honour for geologists.

Email me at Y@whizzpopbang.com

der Club! Welcome to Y’s Won to share This page is for you ience your adventures in sc d other with our robot, Y, an zz Pop Bang readers! Whi

Dear Y, If you took a compass into space, where would it face? Would it spin around like in sci-fi movies?

F oR

Thank you! Summer, aged 11

CURIoUS K I DS

A compass needle lines up with the Earth’s

magnetic field. As you move further from

Earth, the magnetic field gets weaker, but a compass will still line up with it, even on the International Space Station! If you travelled so far that you entered the magnetic field of a new planet, the compass would point to the North Pole of that planet instead of Earth’s. Scientists think that between galaxies the compass wouldn’t point in any particular direction, but we won’t know if it spins until we’ve explored that far!

Your stained-glass

biscuits and edible lava from Issue 89 look yummy!

Mary, aged 9

, Eddie, aged 11 ng yi fl a d te ea cr e reindeer in th m ro (f m o living ro ed rk o w It )! Issue 89 y! brilliantl

Amy, aged 8

enamel badges Y’s Wonder Club Badges Collectable for you to earn! Help local wildlife to earn your Wildlife Watcher badge.

Investigate scientific questions to earn your Super Scientist badge.

Help save the planet to earn your Eco Hero badge.

Dear Y, F ish breathe in water and put water out through their gills, but do fish drink?

S TA R R L ET T E

You’veis won th ! book

Lots of you have been busy moving water with fire (from Issue 89)!

From Zoe, aged 13

An excellent question, Zoe! Water balance in fish main ly happens through osmosis. Water moves from an area of low salt to an area of high salt – balancing the water on both sides. The bodies of freshwater fish are more salty than the water they swim in, so they automatically absorb water through their gills without drinking. These fish make lots of watery urine (wee) to stay in balance. The bodies of saltwater fish are less salty than their surroundings, so they are constantly losing water acros s their gills and skin. This means they have to actively drink throu gh their mouths!

Iona, aged 8, and Callan, aged 4

Jacob, aged 6, e esom made this aw g the n si u ll u T. rex sk pe in ci re h g u o salt d ! Issue 88

Amar, aged 6

Hi Y! Why does it feel like your skin is burning when you touch something very cold? Ben, aged 7

-ick-al) heat. This is called paradoxical (say para-dox , but involves true s seem A paradox is something which Your skin has ! Ben g, ribin opposites – just as you’re desc ptors which rece re atu two different kinds of temper If you touch er. cold or er hott tell you if your skin is getting receptors cold and hot er something VERY cold, it can trigg to move you g tellin is y bod – and pain receptors too. Your ly gent to is ver reco to away from danger! The best way e Ther pits. arm your in warm your hands by putting them you n whe cold feels it re is also paradoxical cold, whe nt with either touch something hot. Please don’t experime ! hurt get of these, though, as you could

Get problem solving to earn your Epic Engineer badge.

Write a report or a review to earn your Science Reporter badge.

8, made Logan, aged inter w g in this amaz mi’s Em m o fr , wreath e su 89. Eco Club in Is bins ro f o He saw lots ting ea ts ti and blue the seeds.

Send your experiments, ideas, photos, reviews and questions to Y@whizzpopbang.com or Y, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Don’t forget to include your name, age and address. We can’t return any post, sorry.

To find out how to earn your badges, go to whizzpopbang.com/wonder-club. Schools can get involved too! Find out how here: bit.ly/39xNQ Q qV

whizzpopbang.com 31

um/ Test your m n dad/chicke

at they know! to see wh

1 3

How much can you remember from this issue? Test your knowledge with our super-duper quiz. Just tick the answers you think are correct, mark them using the answers on page 34 and then add up your score. If you need some help, check out the hints at the bottom of the page.

Tyrannosaurus rex weighed about the same as… b) five cars

he wee shoots out of c) T their mouths

ished, After his map was publ … up William Smith ended a) living in Buckingham

Palace

How big is the asteroid Dimo rphos?

b) 10 km wide

c) in prison

c) 6 6 million lig

What created the Chicxulub crater?

ht years wide

How do freshwater fish drink?

a) A huge volcanic eruption

a) By filtering water through their eyes

b) A stamping Argentinosaurus

b) Through osmosis

c) A n asteroid crashing

sing straws made c) U from pond weed

Replica fossils are made from…

a) liquid resin or plaste b) bone c) mud

a) 160 m wide

b) s pending all of his mo on bees

into Earth

a) They catapult big droplets of wee using a ‘butt flicker’ b) Wee trickles out constantly

ney

How do sharpshooter insects wee?

a) a giraffe

c) a Brachiosaurus po

What do you call a group of singing dinosaurs? A Tyranno-chorus!

What is the Wonderchicken?

Answers on page 34.

I scored: ..........

a) A chicken that lays

1-3: Keep practising, Pachycephalosaurus!

b) A chicken that can fly across the

4-6: Almost perfect, Ankylosaurus!

c) A prehistoric ground-dwelling bird

7-8: Terrific score, Triceratops!

huge eggs

Atlantic Ocean

Need a hint? Find the answers by reading these pages… 1) Page 12 2) Page 4 3) Page 29 4) Page 35 5) Page 8 6) Page 31 7) Page 25 8) Page 10

W ! IN

Dino dig!

The Whizz Pop Bang friends have been on a fossil-finding adventure! To be in with a chance of winning one of six fantastic model T. rex sets, we want you to colour in the picture and send in a photo. We don’t mind what colours you choose!

Build Your Own Dinosaur Kit Create your own moveable model T. rex with this kit from buildyourownkits.com. Slot together the pieces and use the pull-tab to move its mighty jaws! There is also a press-out fact stand so you can find out more about this heavyweight hunter. Children under 8 may need some help assembling the model.

WINNERS

Issue 91 competition winners Thank you to all of you who sent in your awesome entries to our Ancient Greece competition. We loved your magnificent mythical creatures! These five lucky winners will each receive a Geomag construction kit from geomagworld.com

Send a photo of your entry to win@whizzpopbang.com with ‘Dinosaur competition’ as the subject of your email. Alternatively, post it to Dinosaur competition, Whizz Pop Bang, Unit 7, Global Business Park, 14 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, GL7 1YZ. Please don’t forget to include your name, age and address. Sorry, we are unable to return any post. Deadline: May 8th 2023. UK residents only. Full terms and conditions available at whizzpopbang.com.

Catriona Cameron, age 7

Rachael Brewer, 9

Anya Madan, 9

Zachary Lavin, 10 Noah Harris, 9

whizzpopbang.com 33

JOKES What was the name of the fastest dinosaur? The Pronto-saurus!

osaur Why did the din ? cross the road ken! To eat the chic

Which dino sa the worst ur had vision? Tyrannosa urus specs !

Why did carnivorous dinosaurs eat raw meat? Because they didn’t know how to barbecue!

How can you tell if there’s an Allosaurus lying in your bed? The big ‘A’ on its py jamas!

Page 6 - True/Untrue

Page 13 – True/Untrue

TRUE: Stegosaurus went extinct about 80 million years before T. rex evolved, millions of years longer than the 66-million-year gap between T. rex and smartphones.

UNTRUE: Like all other mammals, kangaroos evolved quite separately from the dinosaurs and are not directly related to T. rex. The only direct descendants of the dinosaurs alive today are birds.

Page 9 – Asteroid words There are hundreds of words that can be made from the word asteroid. Here are some you might have spotted: Roasted, raised, soared, sorted, stared, stored, dates, ideas, irate, radio, roads, roast, stair, store, tired, toads, trade, tread, tried, dare, dart, date, dear, does, dots, dries, ears, oars, oats, raid, rate, rats, read, rest, rise, rose, said, seat, side, soar, sore, sort, star, stir, tear, tied, ties, toes, tore, aid, air, are, art, ate, eat, its, red, rid, rod, rot, sad, sit, tea, as, at, do, is, it, or, so, to.

The final number in the sequence is 34, because each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. This is known as the Fibonacci sequence. There are lots of examples of the sequence in nature. You can see this by drawing the sequence as squares with sides the same length as the numbers in sequence. 13

2 3

S M E

A M E

1 5 1

If you then draw a quarter circle onto each square, they connect to form a spiral that matches the ammonite.

Page 13 – T. rex word grid

Answers Page 18 – Volcano wordsearch

Page 14 – Ammonite numbers

Page 11 – Who was here first? Bats – 50-55 million years ago Whales – 45-50 million years ago Cats – 20-30 million years ago Humans – 2-2.5 million years ago

llowed What fo urs? sa the dino ils! Their ta

E W M A A R O S S F R T U L U H L S E A P F M C A A S T O T A M L N G U I A R I V I O K N A L L R H O A T U E P I P O L C T N L A D V E N T R E B M A H C A M G A M The biggest active volcano is Mauna Loa Page 18 – Riddles 1) Fire. 2) Lava, because it is made up of the first letter of ‘light’, the second letter of ‘magma’, the third letter of ‘devour’ and the fourth letter of ‘ocean’. 3) The letter ‘g’. Page 32 – Quiz

The extra word is EXTINCT.

1) b 2) a 3) c 4) a 5) c 6) b 7) a 8) c

R A L U C A T C E SP

e c n e i c s

Asteroid crash! This is a photo of a small asteroid called Dimorphos, which orbits around a larger asteroid called Didymos. At about 160 m long, it’s tiny compared to the 10 km asteroid that hit Earth 66 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs. The photo was taken by NASA’s DART spacecraft just 11 seconds before it deliberately smashed into the asteroid in September 2022. The impact pushed the asteroid onto a new course. These asteroids were never coming Earth’s way, but the mission showed that this way of redirecting asteroids works – which might come in handy if any space rocks were ever heading towards Earth in future.

Original orbit New orbit Didymos

Dimorphos

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