A self-sufficient community
INFRA-SPACE_LAURA TOTH
Content Studio 1 connections Studio 1 summary Introduction
GOODS
Brexit impact on food exchange Brexit control points & Food production Food imports and exports
LAND
United Kingdom farming Agriculture in United Kingdom Productivity in agriculture Land use Food banks How can transportation be minimised and food production maximised? Benefits of locally sourced food Eating sustainably Environment impact
TECHNOLOGY
Traditional vs vertical farming Advanced agricultural technology Robotic farming The benefits of Smart Agriculture Horizontal, greenhouse and vertical farming Why grow vertically?
VALUE
Food chain Obesity, food hunger and food waste Food lose and waste Problems in the supply chain Solutions for the supply chain Sustainable food and agriculture Transforming food and agriculture to achieve sustainable development Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables
PROPOSAL
Summery Circular Programme Sustainable approach Proposal Aspects to be researched in Studio 3 Bibliography Appendix
WHATAFFECT IS THEOFAFFECT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE WHATWHAT IS THE THE INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE IS THE AFFECT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE THROUGHT M58 THROUGHT SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE M58 THROUGHT TIME?TIME?TIME? SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE M58 STUDIO 1
£ £ £ TIME TIMEtime TIME
TECH TECH TECH tech
LAND land LANDLAND
£
value VALUEVALUE VALUE goods
what connections can land can uncover what can be understood through the through INCREMENTAL Technological what is the value ofvalue land through landcan uncover what can be through the what connections land uncover what canunderstood be understood through the what connections through INCREMENTAL Technological what is the landvalue through through INCREMENTAL Technological what isofthe of land through in regards to people, nature & time? exploration of land, technology & DEVELOPMENT are we DESIGNING ecological, social & technological to people, nature &nature time? & time? DEVELOPMENT exploration of land, technology & in regards to people, are we DESIGNING exploration of land, technology & in regards & technological DEVELOPMENT are we DESIGNING ecological, social ecological, social & technological value through time? TOWARDS ATOWARDS FINITE POSITION NEVERBUT NEVER perspective? valuevalue through time? time? ATOWARDS FINITE BUT POSITION perspective? through A FINITE POSITION BUT NEVER perspective? REALISED?REALISED? REALISED?
STUDIO 2
scale scale scale AGRICULTURE
FARMING
SOCIAL
How does agricultures look in the future? How can productivity maximized while waste and pollution is minimised?
FOOD COMMODITIES
How is Brexit influencing food industry in the United Kingdom?
How can food shortage be eliminated?
How can food shortage be eliminated?
How can productivity maximized while waste and pollution is minimised?
How can agriculture influence the social life?
How can a community be selfsustaining?
SUSTAINABLE FREIGHT
SUPPLY CHAIN
LONG DISTANCE
INLAND
OFFSHORE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
ZERO EMISSION SHIPPING
IMPORT & EXPORT
MANUFACTURING
SHORT SEA
PASSENGER
MANY INDUSTRIES WILL BE AFFECTED BY BREXIT FERRIES
38% non-UK work force
63% meat industry personnel from EU
50% extorts of total agrifood production
POSSIBLE POSITIVE IMPACTS
Electric train
Zero emission Heavy Weight Vehicles & vans
Rail reduces Co2 emission by 76% compared to road increase in regional food production
Businesses can increase customer base deliver
With the removal of EU import restrictions, possibility to source from non EU
co2
Offshore Ship power with Liquid Natural Gas
of UK greenhouse gas is 9% produced by rail and road transport
Introduction
Site
The M58 corridor which connects Liverpool docks with M6 motorway.
Context
Studio 1 revealed gaps in the transportation system and the long mileage required for good to reach customers, impacting the environment and time. In particular, the supply chain was affected by Brexit, with like possibility to increase the food price, and create shortage due no-deal and pandemic context. The virus affected inhabitance economy, numerous not having access to sufficient food.
Brief
This project is to explore the food movement conditions in the social, land, value, and technological context to achieve a self-sufficient community. The aim is to explore the limitations and possibilities of agriculture and food production in Post Brexit and Covid society.
GOODS
Brexit impact on food exchange In the United Kingdom, freight transport is a private sector activity which has wider economic, social and environmental impacts. With Brexit taking place in Spring 2021, numerous discussions have been addressed on the topic of trade and transport of goods, as target prioritisation could exponentially improve freight network in the United Kingdom. As part of the European Union, the UK has benefited from the free trade market that exists between the 28 state members. This benefit will be lost after leaving the EU, resulting in an increase in trade tariffs and more complex custom procedures. This could cause a reduction in the UK/EU trade volume, negatively impacting the shipping industry.
79% EU import
9% via bilateral agreements
12% other
The impact will vary across a different range of products and depends on factors such as how dependent the UK is on imports of that item rather than domestic supply, and the import tariffs that will be applied. The government confidence in the food industry is not shared by the industry itself. In October, the chair of Tesco warned of fresh food shortages for “a few weeks, possibly a few months” after 1 January. The UK imports 62% of its fresh food, much of it from Europe. UK relays on European trade for a critical portion of many vegetables and fruits. In the dead of winter, with trucks stuck at the border, possible tariffs, a weaker pound and no warehouse space, the price of fresh produce could go through the roof. If you can find it at all. The largest manufacturing sector in the country is food and drink, and they are one of the largest retail sector employers, with over 410,000 workers. Brexit impacted on food storage, numerous restaurants, fast foods, and shops trying to stock up before the country is leaving the union. However, numerous perishable fruits and vegetables cannot be stored, 85% of these being imported from the EU. During the winter and spring seasons, Britain is dependent on fresh fruit and vegetable imported from warmer climates.
More paperwork
5% Trade traffic jam
A survey by the UK Warehousing Association found that there is less than 3% spare capacity nationwide. Most of this consists of small corners, useless for major wholesalers. The association believes “the situation will quickly become critical”. While the government has spent £1.4bn this year on border arrangements that would usually be made by the private sector, it has done nothing to ensure there is sufficient storage space, or that food is prioritised. Such issues, it believes, are best left to business. Under a schedule of traffics, approximately 85% of food imported from the EU will face traffic of more than 5%. Similarly, a study by researchers at Imperial College London has found that extra few minutes spent at the control points would impact the traffic at peak time with nearly five hours traffic delay. There are possible positive impacts, concentrating on local food production and manufacturing, a customer-based delivery, and trade with countries outside the EU restrictions. Based on the farm-gate value of unprocessed food in 2019, the UK supplied just over half (55%) of the food consumed in the UK.
references: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-UK-border-preparedness-for-the-end-of-the-transition-period.pdf https://www.gov.uk/transition https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/features/impact-of-brexit-on-the-foodservice-industry/ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/17/british-government-food-shortage-uk-fresh-europe-ports-storage-space
Economic imbalance
Food shortage
Bexit control points
Food production
The introduction of import control will be realised in three stages. The phases are in the proposal state, final agreements may change the way goods will be moved in the spring.
In 2019, exports rose by 4.3% on the previous year, reaching a total of £23.6bn. The UK is now exporting 8.7% more (in value terms) to non-EU countries, lifting the share of total food and drink exports going to non-EU countries.
First stage beginning in January 2021, traders importing standard goods will need to prepare for basic customs requirements, in particular by keeping records of imported goods, and will have up to six months to complete customs declarations.
All of the top nine products have seen an increase in value over the year, with pork and salmon seeing particularly high growth (exceeding 25%). In volume terms, wine is the only product to decline in 2019, while salmon and beef were significant sources of growth.
The first mention of food was in the second phase, where all the edible products of animal and plants origin will require pre-notification and relevant health documentation.
The UK’s food and drink trade deficit continued to shrink last year, and is now 3.0% smaller than it was in 2019, signalling a relative decline in dependence on imports.
The last transition phase will be implemented from July 2021, traders moving all goods will have to make declarations at the point of importation and pay relevant tariffs. Full Safety and Security declarations will be required for all imports and there will be an increase in physical checks and the taking of samples in relation to animals, plants and their products: checks taking place at GB Border Control Posts.
Key impactors on UK food and drink exports include retaliatory tariffs imposed by the US in 2019, and the growing importance of Saudi Arabia as a market for branded good exports. Scotland remains the largest exporter of food and drink among the UK’s regions and nations.
The three-staged good movement will imply a long transportation time, creating several issues. Fresh vegetables and meats will have to prioritise at the control points, as well as the frozen and lactose products. Dry food and non-perishable food may be held longer until a system will be implied to accelerate all the new paperwork and testing at the border control.
Top 9 products, 2019
£5.9b Whisky
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
£832,6m Salmon
£775,7m Chocolate references: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fresh-fruit-and-vegetable-marketing-standards-from-1-january-2021
£707,7m Cheese
£674,9m Gin
£661,0m Wine
£584,7m Beef meat
£583,1m Pork meat
£500,1m Beer references: https://www.fdf.org.uk/exports-2019-q4.aspx#item1
Food imports sand exports In 2019, exports rose by 4.3% on the previous year, reaching a total of £23.6 billion. The UK is now exporting 8.7% more (in value terms) to non-EU countries. Despite that the country used 17,5 million hectares for farming in 2019, the amount of meat and vegetables import is very large. While overall food and drink exports to the EU saw positive growth last year, branded goods exports declined. All of the UK’s top 10 markets for branded goods within the EU saw a decline over 2019, reinforcing anecdotal evidence that key buyers were starting to look elsewhere due to Brexit uncertainty. The Northern regions of England (North East, North West, and Yorkshire and the Humber) account for approximately 15% of the UK’s food and drink exports. While the majority of regions saw export value growth in 2019, food and drink continues to be one of the lower value export sectors. According to a new research, the majority of consumers would be willing to pay more for food they knew had been produced in the UK.
Exports 2019
Beverages
Beverages
Diary products
Meat and edible meat offal
Meat and edible meat offal
Bakery products
Bakery products
Diary products
Fresh vegetables
Fresh vegetables
£47.9 b
£23.6 b
food, feed and drink exports
food, feed and drink imports
The research, conducted by food buying company Beacon amongst over 2,000 consumers, found that a quarter would be willing to spend as much as 25% more for food if they knew it contained British produce, with some even prepared to spend up to 50%. The research found that in some cases, UK-based food producers were facing price hikes of up to 33%, largely caused by soaring import costs following Brexit votes. The importance of British produce was most prevalent amongst young people, with two thirds of 25 to 34 year old revealing they’d be happy to pay more for British produces and food.
1/4 people choose UK products
17,5 mil ha
utilised agricultural area
One of the largest discrepancy between import and export is between the exported (195,977) fresh vegetables and imported (1,930,341). Despite that the country used 17,5 million hectares for farming in 2019, the amount of meat and vegetables import is very large.
Fresh vegetables exported (£195,977)
Fresh vegetables imported (£1,930,341) references: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/food-statistics-pocketbook/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-food-chain https://www.fdf.org.uk/exports-2019-q4.aspx#item1
Imports 2019
LAND
United Kingdom farming
National
Based on the farm-gate value of unprocessed food in 2019, the UK supplied just over half (55%) of the food consumed in the UK. The leading foreign supplier of food consumed in the UK were countries from the EU (26%). Africa, Asia, North and South America each provided a 4% share of the food consumed in the UK. The three largest value imported commodity groups (at 2019 prices) were fruit & vegetables, meat and beverages. Domestic production of fresh fruit as a percentage of total new supply for use in the UK fell to 16% in 2019 from 17% in 2018. Income from Farming is estimated to have risen between 2018 and 2019 by 6.2% (£309 million) in real terms after adjustment for the effect of inflation, to £5.3 billion. The North West region investigates were Cumbria, Chester, Lancashire, Blackburn, Great Manchester, Merseyside, Wirral, Halton and Warrington. The average farm size in 2018 was 78 hectares. This is smaller than the English average of 86 hectares. Total Income from Farming decreased by 54% between 2014 and 2018 to £108 million.
Vegetables
Oats
Wheat
1st
EU producer of sheep (24 m)
Rapes Barley Potatoes
3rd cattle (9.5 m)
EU producer of
Regional Vegetables
Oats
Rapes
Wheat
Potatoes
£5.3 billion farming income
Barley
£108 million farming income
33,098 NW labour force
981 thousand hectares total agricultural land
references: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/port-and-domestic-waterborne-freight-statistics-port https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/domestic-waterborne-freight-2017
~4 million total labour force in food industry
7th
EU cereal producer (9m ha)
18,8 million hectares total agricultural land
Agriculture in the United Kingdom Value: £3,667 million Domestic production as a percentage of total new supply to the UK for all fresh vegetables was 53% compared to 54% in 2018. Domestic production of fresh fruit as a percentage of total new supply for use in the UK fell to 16% in 2019 from 17% in 2018.
96% for UK use
CEREALS
Area: 4,211 thousand hectares
Domestic use: 24,051 t
Agriculture typically has an aging workforce. In the United Kingdom, around a third of all holders were over the typical retirement age of 65 years while the proportion of young people aged less than 35 years was around 3%. EU exports: 2,793 thousands tonnes
Within England nearly half of all organic land falls within the South West region. The organically farmed area represents 2.7% of the total farmed area on agricultural holdings.
81,000 hectares average area
219 agricultural
17,652 thousand hectares area on holdings
holdings
64,000 hectares average croppable area
Non-EU exports: 377 thousand tonnes
Value: £1,481 million 53% for UK use
6,132 thousand hectares croppable area
467 thousands
total labour force
299,000 farmers, business partners, directors and spouses
Non-EU exports: 21 thousand tonnes
155,000 part time
Value: £875 million 16% for UK use
FRESH FRUITS
EU exports: 158 thousands tonnes
£ 57,000 cereal farm
£ 99,000
general cropping
£ 48,000 mixed farm
Grown in open: 115.thousand ha
EU exports: 120 thousands tonnes
60 media holders age
177,000 regular employees, salaried managers & casual workers
Area: 115 thousand hectares
Organic farming: 485,000 ha
3,000 under 35 year
144,000 full time
FRESH VEGETABLES
Non-EU exports: 3 thousand tonnes
Area: 35 thousand hectares Orchard fruit: 24,000 ha
Productivity in agriculture Total factor productivity of UK agriculture increased by 4.0% between 2018 and 2019. This increase was driven by an increase in production volumes combined with a small decrease in volumes of inputs.
Farmers’ share of the value of basket of food items 2017
Farmer product Retailer product
Weight in basket
Apples
Dessert apple per kg
38
Total volume of all crops increased by 7.8% compared to 2018. Cereal volumes increased by 24% almost reaching the highest levels ever recorded for the country. This was due to favourable growing conditions and high yields. Oilseed rape saw decreases of 13% compared to 2018, with both area and yields falling.
Carrots
Carrots per kg
54
Cabbages
Cabbage, hearts per kg
45
Onions
Onions per kg
47
Potatoes
Old loose white potatoes per kg
25
Partial productivity shows the impact key inputs have on productivity. It measures total outputs against a part of the inputs. Labour is the key input in driving productivity gains. Productivity by labour shows a steady increase over the whole period. Labour volumes are now approximately half of what they were in 1973. However, over the last few years growth in labour productivity is due to increased output rather than a reduction in labour number.
Tomatoes
Tomatoes per kg
53
Iceberg lettuce
Iceberg lettuce each
75
Dessert pears
Dessert pears per kg
32
Cucumber
Cucumber each
35
Cauliflower
Cauliflower each
70
Wheat
White loaf sliced, 800g
8
Sugar beet
Sugar per kg
25
While farmers are the primary producers of food goods, these are rarely sold directly to the consumer. More usually, goods are processed to a greater or lesser extent before they reach the retail market. As a result, the retail price paid is shared between farmers and various other processors, distributors and retailers By comparing the farmgate price and the retail price, it is possible to estimate the farmer’s share of the individual items, as well as the overall farmgate share of a weighted basket of common food items.
Total factor productivity volume indices
PRODUCTIVITY INCREASED 4% in 2019
FARMER
Increase in production volume Decrease in volume input Volume of all crops increased to 7.8%
Processed 3rd party
Farmer product
2018
2019
Output of cereals
80.5
100
Output of oilseed rape
79.1
68.8
Cereal increased with 24%
Output of vegetables and horticultural products
96.9
97.8
Decrease in oilseed rape 13%
Fresh vegetables
92.1
91.5
Output of potatoes
80.2
92.9
Output of fruit
103.3
102.7
Energy
96.9
95.5
Fertilizers
89.5
87.8
Plant protection products
85.7
77.2
Total maintenance (materials & buildings
103.4
102.6
Other processors
All labour
100.7
100.8
Distributors
All inputs & entrepreneurial labour
85.7
77.2
Retail market Farmers PRICE shared by
Retailers
Land use
There are no connections between food banks and constrained/ hard pressed living; between factories and field, or cereal crops with mills.
Boundary M58 Food production factories Windmill Food banks Golf Courses Urbanities Suburbanites Rural dwellers Multicultural metropolitans Constrained city dwellers Hard-pressed living Winter wheat Spring wheat Winter barley Spring barley Winter oats Field beans Potatoes Oilseed rape Maize Other crops Grassland Green belt references: https://urbanistarchitecture.co.uk/green-belt-map/
Food banks The 2000+ food banks in the UK, of which 1,200 are run by the Trussell Trust and over 900 are independent. In Trussell Trust figures food parcel distribution statistics including the 18% rise from April 2019 to March 2020, this could be interpreted in the Brexit and pandemic context. Regional data; the North West being the part of the UK where the highest number of Trussell Trust food parcels are distributed.
2
Food aid provision during the COVID-19 crisis, including data for 2020 and projections into 2021. 44% of independent food banks imposed no restriction on how often people could receive food parcels, and an additional 17.5% allowed access to food parcels 18 or more times in a 12-month period. Over 30%, however, restricted access to food parcels to 6 or fewer times in a 12-month period.
5 5
A a new approach towards a self-sustaining country could offer more unlimited support for food parcels.
33
20
3
12
5
6 33
30 10
55
4
46
30
90 7
12 13 Food banks
references: https://www.trusselltrust.org/get-help/find-a-foodbank/ https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8585/
6
How can transportation be minimised and food production maximized?
Locally sourced vegetables
Create a system to support locally sourced seasonal vegetables to reduce the import and create a self-sustainable community.
Post Brexit & Covid19 society
Post brexit-covid19 several changes will be occur at the society level. More home work balance, food safety will be important (know from where and in how many people interacted with the produces bought), there are opportunities to use national agricultural products
Technological advancement
The tech advancement allows growing numerous plants in a controlled environment and artificial climate, making available vegetables and fruits which were not possible to grow due to the climate unsuitability.
Benefits of locally sourced food Health benefits
Biodiversity
Support farmers
Preserve farmland
Social benefits
Transportation
Our food may travel thousands of miles before it ends up on our tables. That can mean high delivery costs and increased CO2 emissions due to transportation from where food is grown and harvested, packaged, and sold. There is also a large amount of energy used to store the food along the route, in the store and in homes. Buying locally-grown drastically shortens the amount of needed food travel.
Farmers who sell directly to consumers do not need to focus on packing, shipping and issues regarding shelf life. Instead, they can focus on the quality of their produce and prioritize freshness, nutrition and taste, with minimal use of chemicals and pesticides. Seasonal food supports what the body needs, for example, summer foods such as stone fruits help protect against sun damage, winter vegetables are good for warming healthy stews and soups.
Small, local farms grow a variety of fruits and vegetables, while larger corporate farms grow less variety and usually focus on only one crop. Having variety in your crops is an important sustainability practice, as it protects against diseases, creates balance and protects the biodiversity of the land and soil. Additionally, it preserves a large agricultural gene pool, which is important for the long-term life of crops.
Buying local food supports people in the community. Farmers often only receive a portion of the money made on their crops. Their profits go to a variety of external sources such as transportation, processing, packaging, refrigeration and marketing. Farmers who sell directly to local consumers receive a fuller monetary value for their produce.
The environmental question of where your food comes from is bigger than its carbon footprint. By buying foods grown and raised close to where you live, you help maintain farmland and green space in your area.
Knowing where your food is from connects you to the people who raise and grow it. Instead of having a single relationship with a big supermarket, you develop smaller connections to more food sources. All of the sudden, you know vendors at the farmers market, the buying manager at the local cheese shop, the butcher at your favorite meat counter, the workers at the co-op that sells local eggs, the roaster, and barista at the local café. For some people, the benefit of this is social and psychological. The impact on the environment is, for some, the number one reason to buy local. Using produce that is grown or reared in the UK on local farms reduces the number of ‘food miles’ and brings down the associated CO2 emissions. There is less transportation, refrigeration and fewer hot houses, all of which helps to reduce air pollution. Not only is it environmentally friendly, using seasonal produce supports regional farms and communities, helping to grow the local economy.
Eating sustainably
Eat seasonal fruits and veggies
Shop at farmers markets
Grow your own food
Join a Community supported agriculture for weekly fresh deliveries
Environment impact As well as being vital for food production, agriculture helps to shape the landscape, providing important recreational, spiritual and other cultural benefits. This can be viewed in terms of delivering vital ecosystems services, with food production being a provisioning service whilst other environmental and societal benefits are delivered by, for example, cultural and regulating services. Agricultural production and the associated land use and management are key drivers of the environmental impacts from the sector. A key challenge is to decouple production from environmental impact so that production can be increased whilst reducing the overall environmental footprint. This is sometimes referred to as sustainable intensification.
11% decrease of methane emission since 2018
contributes less than 1% to the UK economy
AGRICULTURE
provides 3/4 of the indigenous consumed food
12% decrease of nitrous oxide emission 50% decrease bird index on farmland since 1970
70% predominat form of land use
fertilisers and pesticides pollute air, water, soil, humans and animals
Farm practices and the use of inputs (particularly fertilisers and pesticides) directly influence the environmental pressures from farming including the quality, composition and availability of habitats and impact on air, water and soils. Plant protection products are used to regulate growth and to manage pests and diseases in crops. They play a major role in maintaining high crop yields and therefore greater production from agricultural land. However, they can have detrimental impacts on the environment, particularly on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. Agriculture contributes to the pollution of water bodies through fertilisers and manure (nutrients), pesticides, sediments and faecal bacteria. Rainfall may wash a proportion of fertiliser off fields into local water bodies or cause soluble nutrients to filter into groundwater. Pesticides can be washed into water bodies by rainwater or may enter them directly if sprayed close to water. Pesticides can also enter groundwater via soil infiltration. In addition, erosion can wash topsoil into water bodies and these soils can carry large amounts of phosphates and agri-chemicals bonded to clay particles. Agriculture provides valuable resources in terms of winter food, spring forage and nesting habitats for farmland bird populations. The largest declines in farmland bird populations occurred between the late 1970s and early 1990s due to the impact of rapid changes in farmland management. Whilst agrienvironment schemes offer specific measures designed to help stabilise and recover farmland bird populations, the situation is complex with other pressures such as weather effects and disease pressures adversely impacting on some species.
Globally, food industry environmental impact Greenhouse gas
Land use
Freshwater use
Biodiversity 22%
30% 50% 74%
78% 70% 50% 26%
Non-food
Forest, urban area, freshwater
Industry & households
Wild animals
Food
Agriculture
Agriculture
Livestock
TECHNOLOGY
references:
Traditional agriculture
80% LAND arable land already
IN USE
Vertical agriculture
0% LAND 0.4 ha vertical farming
4-8 ha landbased traditional farm depending on crop
50% NOT HARVESTED
90% HARVESTED
70% GLOBAL
70-95% LESS
FRESH WATER USED FOR SOIL-BASED FARMING
FRESH WATER USED FOR SOIL-BASED FARMING
50-80% of water is lost to evaporation and runoff
using special technology for indoor farming (aquaponics or aeroponics)
FOOD DISTANCE
LOCALLY SOURCED
On average food travels from 2,400 to 4,800 kilometre on its way to the customers
Sourcing locally plants reduced the transport distance, fuel and CO2, and ensures freshness and quality
of crops planted are
of crops planted are
Advanced agricultural technology BIOTECHNOLOGY
Agricultural technologies are developed to increase production, resolve chemo-physical, biological, and socio-economic constraints related to crop production. During the past three decades, there has been an increasing realization that technologies need to be tailored to the circumstances of farmers as well as to future sustainability goals including climate change projections. One of the challenges that farmers face nowadays is the need for qualified labour. There is an increasing cost of labour, which calls for better approach to ensure less cost. The introduction of GPS operated agricultural machines simplifies the processes. Production and time are some of the most important elements in agriculture.
genetic engineering has made it possible to grow crops in places where was not possible, and adapt different crops to climates
AUTOPILOT TRACTOR GPS tractors, combines, sprayers and more can accurately drive themselves through the field
GPS technology have been in the development of autopilot sprayers and tractors that do not require any driver. Such technology is important in this field because it promotes better and more efficient farming practice. The use of crop sensor can make it easy for farmers to effectively apply fertilizers and pesticides just as much as the crops need. Such technology gives the opportunity to sense how your plants are feeling and subsequently help to reduce the probability of leaching or surface runoff.
EFFICIENCY
ACCURACY
SWATCH CONTROL AND VARIABLE RATE TECHNOLOGY the farmer is controlling the size of the swath, a given piece of equipment takes through the field
TELEMATICS this technology allows equipment to talk to farmers, and even other equipment
PRODUCTIVITY
SOLVES LABOUR SHORTAGE
IRRIGATION VIA SMARTPHONE farmer can control irrigation systems from a phone or computer instead of driving to each field
PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
REDUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND RUNOFF
CROP SENSOR help farmers apply fertilizer in a very effective manner, maximizing uptake and reducing potential leaching and runoff into ground water
Robotic farming
CROP-HARVESTING ROBOTS Picking crops also requires manual dexterity and a delicate touch.
Robots pick apples, gather strawberries, harvest lettuce and strip away weeds. Drones gather aerial images that help farmers quickly assess crop health. And robotic greenhouses are sprouting up thousands of miles away from traditional farmland regions, growing vegetables in the backyards of high-consumption urban markets.
WEEDING ROBOTS weed-management robots, including ones that incorporate advanced AI to help distinguish between crops and weeds
ROBOTICS: CARBON NEUTRAL OPPORTUNITY
ROBOTIC GREENHOUSES/ ROBOT FARMING used for monitoring the crops, do heavy lifting, transport pods, analyse and picks the individual plants.
8
seconds
To pick a single strawberry plant
1.5
seconds To move on to the next plant
AERIAL IMAGERY DRONES
8
acres
Picked by a single harvester in a day
30+ pickerss
bird’s eye view of crops: quickly get a sense of vegetation’s health, insect issues, irrigation layouts and weed growth
Replaced by a single harvester
A strawberry picking robot will save farmers money on labour, improve the quality of berries picked, reduce energy usage, and increase strawberry yields.
SEED PLANTING DRONES drones that spread seed and fertilizer
references: https://builtin.com/robotics/farming-agricultural-robots
The benefits of Smart Agriculture
INCREASES PRODUCTION
REAL-TIME DATA & PRODUCTION INFORMATION
IMPROVED QUALITY
LOWER WATER CONSUMPTION
Optimised planting, treatment application and harvesting improve yields
Real-time access to information about soil moisture, sunlight intensity, markets and more, provides for better and faster decision making for farmers.
Accurate information about production processes and quality helps farmers adjust and increase the specificities of the products as well as nutritional value.
Lover water consumption due to soil moisture sensors and more accurate weather forecasting.
LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS
ACCURATE FARM AND FIELD EVALUATION
REDUCED ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND CLIMATE FOOTPRINT
Better resource efficiency through automatised processes in crop and livestock management, leading to lower production costs.
Data about historical yields help farmers plan and predict future crop yields as will as the value of their land.
Increased resource efficiency reduces the environment and climate footprint and food production.
HORIZONTAL FARMING
Low setup costs
Higher setup costs
Low running costs
Higher running costs
Large footprint
Lower footprint
Weather dependence
Controlled environment
Large use of pesticides Wasteful use of natural resources
GREENHOUSE FARMING
Minimum use of pesticides Efficient use of natural resources
Pesticides & herbicides requirements
Tedious to maintain ideal environment
Seasonal growth
All-year growth
Pre & post-harvest losses
Low loss
VERTICAL FARMING
Greens growing costs £1
Greens growing cost £4.5
Greens growing cost £6
Greens growing costs £1
Greens growing cost £4.5
Greens growing cost £6
£2 Delivery/transport cost
£4 Delivery/transport cost
£4 Delivery/transport cost
Local farming reduces transportation & labour
Technological advancement
Overall costs will decreased
Affordable greenhouse & vertical farming on a local scale
Greenhouse or vertical farm growing, or a combination of the two, can get farmers close to meeting the needs of today’s consumer (competitive price, year around availability, fresh and nutritious, availability at local shops). Efficient deployment of further technology and capital into each of these growing structures will allow the farms to get ever closer to fulfilling consumer demands.
The all-in costs of growing in a greenhouse or vertical farm today are relatively close, yet each is still multiples of the all-in cost of growing on a conventional outdoor farm. Technological innovation is happening in all areas of farming and will bring down all costs and improve the quality of product over time.
Although greenhouse or vertical farming is three to five times more expensive than growing on a conventional outdoor farm, it still allows for competitive pricing to the consumer with other vegetables and sides. Greenhouses and vertical farms each have different benefits that should be prioritized based on location, product type, access to capital, human resources and other requirements.
With today’s technology it is possible to deliver locally grown greens to the mass market at a price that is competitive with other offerings through all seasons of the year.
Why grow vertically?
Maximizing space use
Helps in proper utilization of space
Maximize the use of natural resources
Causes fewer pests & diseases
Reduces transportations costs
Co2 reduction
Local supply: meets demand need without sacrificing quality
Year around growing
Can boost local jobs and local economy
Conserve water
By 2050, the world’s population is expected to grow to 9.7 billion people, and feeding it will be a huge challenge. Due to industrial development and urbanization, we are losing arable lands every day. In 2015, scientists reported that the Earth had lost a third of its arable lands over the previous 40 years.
We don’t know how much more we are going to lose in the next 40 years. Increasing food demand due to a growing population along with ever decreasing arable lands poses one of the greatest challenges facing us. Many believe that vertical farming can be the answer to this challenge.
VALUE
references:
Food chain UK Population 67.8 million people
Total factor productivity of the United Kingdom food chain beyond the farmgate rose by 0.8% between 2017 and 2018. Productivity in the wider economy fell by 0.2% in 2018. Benchmarking against a wider economy measure shows that the average annual growth in the food chain between 2008 and 2018 was 0.3% compared to 0.2% in the wider economy. Excluding the effect of price rises, consumers’ expenditure increased 1.8% in 2019 and was 16% higher than in 2009. Expenditure on food eaten out increased 6.1% in 2019, whilst expenditure on household food decreased by 2.1%. In 2018, the agri-food sector contributed £120 billion to the economy, 6.3% of the national GVA. Within this, retailing and non-residential catering accounted for over one quarter each. Food manufacturing covered just under one quarter and wholesaling covered 12% of the sector. Agriculture made the smallest contribution at 8.1%. The key points on food production to supply ratio and food security : - Diversity enhances security. The United Kingdom sources foods from diverse stable countries, mainly European countries, and imports can make up for domestic supply shortages - A high food production to supply ratio fails to insulate a country against many possible disruptions to its supply chain - Production potential is more relevant at European Union level than United Kingdom level and the European Union as a whole has a food production to supply ratio of around 90%.
Expenditure of total Consumers 234,4 bn food, drink & catering services
Consumers’ expenditure £106.2bn Catering services
Household Expenditure £128.2 bn Catering service
Caterers (restaurants, cafés, etc) £36,9 bn
Food & Drink Retailers £30,6 bn
Exports £23,6 bn
Food & Drink Wholesalers £14,5 bn
Food & Drink Manufacturing £28,6 bn
Agricultural Wholesalers £2,7 bn
Food & Drink Supply Industry £377 m
AGRICULTURE £9.8 billion
UK Farmers & Primary Producers £9,8 bn
Gross value added of agri-food sector
Agriculture Gross Value Added £7,5 bn
AGRICULTURE 0.4 million
Agri-food sector employees and self employed farmers
Agricultural Supply Industry £1,2 bn
Fishing & Aquaculture £1,2 bn
UK Protection to supply ratio 64% All food 77% Indigenous
Imports £47,9 bn
Obesity, food hunger and food waste Worldwide, we waste a lot of food in all food categories. Meanwhile, hunger coexists with obesity due to a lack of food, as well as a lack of access to a good, nutritious diet. The lack of access to high-quality calories in fresh fruits and vegetables is of particular concern. A recent study by the McKinsey Global Institute notes that 30% of the world’s population is now overweight or obese (with that figure soon to be 50%, doubled since 1980). In the same time, globally are over 800 million hungry humans.
Obesity: over 1.9 billion people
Food hunger: over 800 million people
A recent study, by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, estimates that between 30% and 50% of all food produced is lost before human consumption, ranging between 1.2 and 2 billion tons. ‘‘Some people are eating too much, some are eating too little and a lot of food is wasted every day.’’ (Right Food Right 2015, online). The issue is generated by all humans, as we are the ones who buy and consumes the food. This system is driven by us and our habits. The choices we make determine the price of the food, the type and amount of food produced, as well as where it goes. Our buy choices and criteria are causing the global issue. The situation could be improved and have a positive impact on the problem, by only changing our food choices. Alternating our choices is difficult in an environment where we what we learn is controversial from what we face daily. We are thought how to eat healthy, avoid obesity and wood waste, wherein the everyday life we are surrounded by precedents of fast foods, junk foods in shops, unhealthy food advertisement on social media. All there are pushing buyers to pick highcalorie low-nutrient food, leading to overconsumption of energy and micro-nutrient deficiency at the same time. In the same time, because of the large use of unhealthy, ready meals, in numerous cases to eat healthy is more expensive and unaffordable for people with low income. To reduce food waste on a wider scale, all key stakeholders need to participate to diminish the waste and create a systematic approach to solve this issue. Capturing and redirecting high-quality calories in food that is currently going to waste can help to reduce hunger, improve nutrition, and reduce obesity and diet-related illness. It can also improve the environment, enhance the sense of community, improve food security, and save money. references: https://foodforthoughtfulaction.com/2015/03/30/linking-food-waste-hunger-and-obesity/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/obesity-hunger-and-food-waste/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/06/02/obesity-is-not-a-personal-choice/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/25/obesity-evolution/
152 million unemployed workers are not covered
Only 45% of the global population is effectively covered by at least one social protection benefit
22% of the global urban population lack health coverage
?
Food waste: 1.2-2billion tones per year
56% of the global rural population lack health coverage
Food lose and waste Studies show that the average UK household throws away £355.68 worth of food every year, equating to a startling £9.7billion across the country annually. We buy food from the market and the market is driven by our demand. Farmers are throwing away thousands of tones of vegetables and plants just because consumers only buy good looking plants from the supermarkets. The buying behaviour at the local supermarket is affecting the farmers thousand of kilometres away. Farmers are forced to throw away the 100% edible fruits and vegetables because consumers think they are not perfect. What’s the point of shipping them thousands of miles if nobody buys them? All because we are picky on the appearance of the food that has nothing to do with its nutrition or taste. Shifting away from the culture of abundance which allows us to discard such vast amounts of extra food at all levels of the supply chain and implementing steps to put that food to higher-value use. Retailers can challenge accepted levels of waste and actively work to repurpose food items that are currently discarded. They can push change through the supply chain by challenging suppliers to do the same. Growers can seek partnerships with food recovery operation, to aggressively redistribute the vast quantities of fresh fruits and vegetables that do not make it to market for myriad reasons (size, shape, shelf life, market conditions, etc.).
Harvesting
Transport
Storage
Processing
Shop
30%- 50%
of food is lost in supply chain What is wasted more?
Customer
Even with more conscious food purchases and preparation, it is inevitable that some waste will be unavoidable but progress is being made towards the government’s targets in eliminating food waste to landfill by 2030. The government has outlined plans to introduce separate food waste collections to every household by 2023, ensuring food waste will be effectively managed and composed. Additionally, wasting costs more than money. Because of the food production the used energy causes the Carbon Dioxide (CO2). Also, water deficiency will be increased worldwide.
references: https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/food-waste/ https://foodforthoughtfulaction.com/2015/03/30/linking-food-waste-hunger-and-obesity/ https://www.nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com/technical/article_page/Food_waste_and_obesity/104121
Food waste
SALADS 50%
MEAT & FISH 10%
FRUITS & VEGETABLES 25%
MILK & DAIRY 10%
1.2 mill tonnes Packed food
30.8% (6.7 millon tonnes)
of all food purchased in thrown away
Potatoes are the most wasted vegetable Bananas are the most wasted fruit
BREAD & BAKERY 20%
title
Harvesting 14%-21%
Storage 3%-9%
Transport 5%-10%
Processing 2%-21%
Shop 2%-20%
30%- 50% of food is lost or wasted in supply chain
Problems:
Problems:
Problems:
Problems:
Problems:
-14%-21% Agriculture and post-harvest
- Consumer choices influence imports and exports, consequently the mileage
- Lack of proper storage facilities, cold chain
- Poor food packaging
- Non-efficient marketing system
- Infrastructure and policies affect the duration of transportation
- Lack of proper food handling practice
- Waste and lost of natural resources
- The food is spoiled or expired due to poor stock management or neglect
- Losses during sorting and grading dominate in industrialized regions, probably due to discarding during grading to meet quality standards set by retailers - Produced a lot of food but the quality is decreasing and waste increasing - Food loss represents wastage of natural resources - Buyer behaviour - 100% good plants discarded because shape and size
- The resources used to produce food that is eventually lost or wasted account for approximately 4.4 gigatones of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) annually
Solutions: - On-farm storage facilities - Storage directly at the processing place
- The nut and dried fruit industry is wasting a lot in its process
Link farmers directly to market Grow locally
Reduce transportation
Harvesting
Transport
Storage
Processing
Seller
On-farm storage facilities farming + storage + processing in one place Storage at the farm Need to improve processing technologies Storage at the processing place for perishable products like fruits and vegetables
Create/improve on-farm storage facilities to reduce post-harvest losses should be coupled with proper strategies and interventions to enhance access to markets. Furthermore, improve harvest techniques, educate farmers, storage facilities and cooling chains at the farm.
The food industry has long relied on technological advances to reduce losses and increase efficiency. Updating the machines and techniques, as nut and dried fruit/vegetables facilities on farm increase efficiency and minimise loses (plants that don’t meet retailer standards could be directly processes by drying tham)..
Creating storage and processing facilities at the farm, and facilitate buying directly from the farm
Solutions:
Solutions:
Solutions:
Solutions:
Solutions:
- Higher quality - higher value
- Streamline supply chain
- Update the machineries
- Optimize food processing procedures
- Change the buyer and retail perspective on food quality over aesthetics
- New policies
- More efficient management and marketing
- Green vehicles
- Efficient food processing would reduce significantly the loss
- Educate customers on quality over aesthetics
Sustainable food and agriculture
Agriculture and food systems are unsustainable if they fail to benefit those whose livelihoods depend on it, if these systems rely on outdated approaches and technologies, if access to resources, inputs and markets is limited, and if there are no decent job opportunities.
lu rp su of e
Our current food and agriculture systems are failing to address the key challenges of our times, while millions still go hungry or malnourished. Achieving a level of production that meets our needs from an already seriously depleted natural resource base will be impossible without profound changes in our food and agriculture systems. We need to expand and accelerate the transition to sustainable food and agriculture which ensures world food security, provides economic and social opportunities, and protects the ecosystem services on which agriculture depends.
s
Fo od Re wa us st e -> of c m om at p te os r t
FOOD CONSUMPTION
us
Food and agriculture production systems worldwide are facing unprecedented challenges from an increasing demand for food for a growing population, rising hunger and malnutrition, adverse climate change effects, overexploitation of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, and food loss and waste. These challenges can undermine the world’s capacity to meet its food needs now and in the future. In other words, fewer people have adequate access to enough nutritious food.
EXPERIMENTATION + TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT = SOLUTIONS
FOOD PRODUCTION
HEALTHY DIET
O U T P U T
FOOD SURPLUS &WASTE MANAGEMENT
Re
To be sustainable, agriculture must meet the needs of present and future generations, while ensuring profitability, environmental health, and social and economic equity. Sustainable food and agriculture (SFA) contributes to all four pillars of food security – availability, access, utilization and stability – and the dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economic). The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) promotes SFA to help countries worldwide achieve Zero Hunger and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Nutrients Matters
Pillars of food security
£ Food availability
Sustainable environment references: http://www.fao.org/sustainability/en/
Food access
Sustainable society
Food utilisation
Sustainable economy
Food stability
Transforming food and agriculture to achieve sustainable development Sustainable food and agriculture can fuel positive change. Transforming food and agriculture to achieve the 2030 goals, are presented 5 actions to help countries in incorporating sustainable agriculture and rural development into their broader development goals. 1. Diversifying to increase productivity, create employment and add value in food systems: Food production systems need to respond to a fast-growing population, changing diets, greater urbanization, rising obesity and malnutrition and natural resources that are increasingly overburdened and impacted by climate change. One way to do this is by diversifying production. 2. Sustainable production in agriculture, forestry and fisheries requires specific attention to the management and use of natural resources, including soil, water, energy and biodiversity. There are many opportunities to conserve resources while also increasing agricultural productivity and improving livelihoods. Protecting pollinators, for example, is essential to our food production. Pollinators, including bees, birds and bats, are vital to global crop production, boosting outputs of 87 of the world’s leading food crops. Yet, pollinators are at risk worldwide.
5 key principles of sustainability for food and agriculture
3. Promoting inclusive growth to improve livelihoods and foster participatory economies: Inclusive growth means turning economic expansion into better living standards for all, creating opportunities and improving livelihoods across and within societies. 4. Enhancing the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems: Resilience is a major factor in ensuring sustainable agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Phenomena, such as extreme natural hazards, market volatility, civil strife, political instability or disease epidemics impair the productivity and stability of agriculture. Nearly 25% of the total damage and loss caused by natural hazards and disasters in developing countries are in agriculture. 5. The transition to more sustainable agriculture and food systems requires a multidimensional approach. Actions should not only focus on promoting changes in practice but should also build political alliances with actors both within and beyond the food and agriculture sectors. Mainstreaming sustainable food and agriculture into national development strategies and action plans requires integrated programmes and policies, interlinked goals and targets and regularly monitored progress. This publication offers decisionmakers the elements to forge ahead in meeting the world’s goals and achieving #ZeroHunger by 2030.
references: http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1184363/
Increase productivity; employment and value addition in food system
Protect and enhance natural resources
Improve livelihoods and foster inclusive economic growth
Enhance the resilience of people, communities and ecosystems
Adapt governance to new challenges
Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables The diagrams refer to the frequency of eating fruit (excluding nonfresh juice) and vegetables (excluding potatoes and non-fresh juice) as well as the number of portions of fruit and vegetables or salad consumed on a daily basis. With reference to the consumption of fruit and vegetables and its relation to level of income, it is observed that, on average, the frequency of a daily intake of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables increased with increasing income and education level. Until 2014, for a healthy diet was recommended Five A Day Portions of fruits and vegetables, where since changed to Seven A Day. The University Collage London demonstrated the benefits of this increase, with numerous health improvements. Although only half of the population is consuming on a daily basis vegetables and fruits, changing the eating habits and increasing the number of people eating healthier, the demand would dramatically rise.
59%
68%
60%
70%
Top 10 purchased fruits in UK: 1. Apples 2. Oranges 3. Kiwi 4. Bananas 5. Grapefruit 6. Lemons 7. Pears 8. Melons 9. Strawberries 10. Peaches
Top 10 purchased vegetables in UK: 1. Potato 2. Onion 3. Cucumber 4. Peppers 5. Cauliflower 6. Cabbage 7. Lettuce 8. Tomatoes 9. Broccoli 10. Garlic
References: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Fruit_and_vegetable_consumption_statistics#General_overview https://www.statista.com/statistics/300799/annual-expenditure-on-fruit-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/
Fruit consumption
Vegetable consumption
61% at least once a day
65% at least once a day
18% eat from 1 to 3 times a week
10% eat from 1 to 3 times a week
12% eat from 4 to 6 times a week
24% eat from 4 to 6 times a week
9% never or occasionally
1% never or occasionally
until 2014 NHS 5 Portions/day
after 2014 NHS 7 Portions/day
HIGHER DEMAND OF FRUIT & VEGETABLES
PROPOSAL
references:
Summary Vertical farming doest make economic sense yet but has greater cultural and environmental value
UK Protection to supply ratio 64% All food 77% Indigenous
17,5 mil ha
0%land use, 90% of crops are harvested, 70%-90% less water usage, locally sourced food, less transport, more opportunities
utilised agricultural area
Fresh vegetables exported (£195,977)
59%
68%
60%
70%
Link farmers directly to market Grow locally
Reduce transportation
1/4 people choose UK products
Fresh vegetables imported (£1,930,341)
Harvesting
Transport
Storage
Processing
Seller
On-farm storage facilities
FARMER
Processed 3rd party
Retail market Farmers PRICE shared by
Other processors Distributors
farming + storage + processing in one place Storage at the farm Need to improve processing technologies Storage at the processing place for perishable products like fruits and vegetables
Advanced agricultural technology
Retailers
Obesity: over 1.9 billion people
Food hunger: over 800 million people
?
Food waste: 1.2-2billion tones per year
EFFICIENCY & PRODUCTIVITY
PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
REDUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND RUNOFF
ACCURACY
ROBOTICS: CARBON NEUTRAL OPPORTUNITY
The benefits of Smart Agriculture
30%- 50%
of food is lost in supply chain
SOLVES LABOUR SHORTAGE
INCREASES PRODUCTION
IMPROVED QUALITY
LOWER WATER CONSUMPTION
REDUCED ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY AND CLIMATE FOOTPRINT
LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS
Circular Programme
PLANT GROWING
HOUSEHOLD Predicted population growth
STORAGE
Food Demand increase
Circular system allows to use at the fully all the plants and products to reach zero food lose and waste. Combining indoor & outdoor farming will permit to grow all the vegetables and fruits required for a healthy diet, as well as, undertake sustainable agriculture. Building all facilities in one place will boost the local economy, create job opportunities and relay on local support.
COMPOST
PROCESSING
STORAGE -Crops -Processing -Market -Restaurant -Delivery
SHOP -Provide local shops locally sourced plants and products -Collect food waste for compost
RESTAURANT -Cook food for employees -Cook food for visitors -Cook food for delivery -Leftover distributed -Cut-offs from meal preparation transformed into compost
MARKET -Sells the crops and processed products -Leftovers are processed to eliminate waste -Plants which went off are transformed into compost -Product exchange between producers
SHOP
RESTAURANT
MARKET
Sustainable approach SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL
Zero Food Waste
Self-sufficient- circular economy
Sustainable agriculture
£ In order to achieve zero food waste, the programme was established so that the fresh products or other food supply left either unsold at the market/ restaurant / shop will be reorganized in delivered to those in need, and brought to the processing facility. Any unsuitable for human use, will be transformed into compost.
Growing and producing local food will bring economic value on the market and offer numerous job opportunities on each line. Although robotics and other technologies will be used to ensure minimal environmental footprint, human force is essential.
Introducing a combined system of food production, capitalisation, process and reuse, eliminates transportation (time, costs, Co2 emission), combines vertical and horizontal / indoor & outdoor farming to achieve a efficient and environmentally friend production. The technological advancement enables to reduce and use of pesticides and reduce the usage of natural resources, while protecting the air/soil/water and biodiversity.
The programme, in this way, benefits among the environment by avoinding food lose and waste by donating food for people and process them.
Renewable energy
The programme outlines a heavy use of energy. For reducing the environmental impact and costs, the system shell use green energy and capture the lost energy in the process. Alternative system as photovoltaic panels, wind mills, algae technology shall be used in combination to ensure green supply.
Local Farming
Local farming represents the key of the programme, allowing affordable access to healthy and nutritious food in row or cooked form. Furthermore, social and cultural aspects as cooking school, experimentation, community involvement in the farming process would educate people and encourage to have a healthy diet and appreciate food.
“Urban centres should strive to become food producers, and not just consumers” (Paul Teng)
As the world becomes increasingly urban, food demand will come mainly from people living in cities, while there will be fewer rural farmers producing food on less land with less water. Furthermore, the locus of poverty is likely to shift from rural to urban areas. Urban and peri-urban areas can and will have to play a bigger role in food security. But to accomplish this requires supportive enablers such as new farming approaches and technologies, new thinking and policies by policymakers, politicians and consumers willing to accept new food types and unconventional ways of food production.
Aspects to be researched in Studio 3
How can a system offer full self-sufficiency to a community?
Scale
Lab meat
Cultural aspects
Research facility
Green energy
Social aspects
Food festival
Tourism
Bibliography https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-UK-border-preparedness-for-the-end-of-the-transition-period.pdf https://www.gov.uk/transition https://www.verdictfoodservice.com/features/impact-of-brexit-on-the-foodservice-industry/ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/17/british-government-food-shortage-uk-fresh-europeports-storage-space https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/partone/ https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/brexit-prospects-for-uk-cereals-and-oilseeds-trade https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fresh-fruit-and-vegetable-marketing-standards-from-1-january-2021 https://www.fdf.org.uk/exports-2019-q4.aspx#item1 https://www.foodware365.com/en/news/knowledge-base/2018/what-are-the-implications-of-brexit-on-the-food-industry/ https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/07/last-minute-brexit-deal-vital-uk-economy-government-farming https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47470864 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/nov/17/british-government-food-shortage-uk-fresh-europeports-storage-space https://www.tiredearth.com/articles/impacts-brexit-uk%E2%80%99s-food-and-farming https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/food-statistics-pocketbook/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-food-chain https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/food-statistics-pocketbook/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-global-and-uksupply https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/food-statistics-pocketbook-2017/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-2017-global-and-uk-supply https://www.gov.uk/guidance/export-food-and-agricultural-products-special-rules https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/agricultural-technology https://www.fdf.org.uk/fdf/business-insights-and-economics/export-statistics/#item1 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/fresh-fruit-and-vegetable-marketing-standards https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/food-statistics-pocketbook https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/food-statistics-pocketbook/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-summary https://www.fdf.org.uk/exports-2019-q4.aspx#item1 https://businessadvice.co.uk/supply-chain/sourcing-suppliers/more-than-half-of-consumers-would-pay-more-for-local-british-produce/ https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/port-and-domestic-waterborne-freight-statistics-port https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/domestic-waterborne-freight-2017 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/national-travel-attitudes-study-ntas#road-congestion-ntas04 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/agriculture-in-the-united-kingdom-2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/904024/ AUK_2019_27July2020.pdf https://urbanistarchitecture.co.uk/green-belt-map/ https://www.google.co.uk/maps/search/golf+courses/@53.5325241,-2.7986814,19784m/data=!3m1!1e3 https://www.google.co.uk/maps/search/foodbank+liverpool/@53.5390181,-2.8466126,37427m/data=!3m1!1e3 https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/3M+Scott+Safety/@53.5003439,-2.8546323,18740m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sfood+factories!3m4!1s0x0:0x19674a6590e36de3!8m2!3d53.5277454!4d-2.751689 https://www.trusselltrust.org/get-help/find-a-foodbank/ https://www.consultancy.uk/news/19140/the-largest-food-beverage-companies-in-the-uk https://wrap.org.uk/resources/guide/waste-prevention-activities/food-banks https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8585/ https://builtin.com/robotics/farming-agricultural-robots https://amhydro.com/horizontal-vs-vertical-hydroponic-farming/ https://www.atlantagardeningforum.com/vertical-farming-horizontal-plane-vs-vertical-plane-production/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuHwv_UHSbs&ab_channel=OBF https://foodforthoughtfulaction.com/2015/03/30/linking-food-waste-hunger-and-obesity/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/obesity-hunger-and-food-waste/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/06/02/obesity-is-not-a-personal-choice/ https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/25/obesity-evolution/ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-obesity-and-the-food-environment/health-matters-obesity-and-the-food-environment--2 https://rightfoodright.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/food-waste/ https://www.foodengineeringmag.com/articles/97511-food-waste-in-the-supply-chain
https://wrap.org.uk/resources/report/food-surplus-and-waste-uk-key-facts https://foodforthoughtfulaction.com/2015/03/30/linking-food-waste-hunger-and-obesity/ https://www.nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com/technical/article_page/Food_waste_and_obesity/104121 http://www.fao.org/sustainability/en/ https://www.liberis.co.uk/blog/benefits-of-local-produce https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-shows-uk-population-is-eating-toomuch-sugar-saturated-fat-and-salt https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Fruit_and_vegetable_consumption_statistics#Vegetable_consumption http://www.top-ten-10.com/recreation/food_drink/uk_veg.htm https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/7_benefits_of_eating_local_foods https://www.atalianservest.co.uk/four-benefits-of-using-fresh-in-season-and-local/ https://thewholeu.uw.edu/2016/04/29/the-benefits-of-eating-locally-grown-foods/ https://www.thespruceeats.com/reasons-to-eat-local-foods-4015507 http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1184363/ https://www.vitaminnies.com/2018/03/12/nhs-recommended-amount-of-fruit-and-veg/ https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Fruit_and_vegetable_consumption_statistics#General_overview https://www.statista.com/statistics/300799/annual-expenditure-on-fruit-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ http://www.europeanyouthvoice.eu/2012/04/the-waste-is-gone-with-the-wind/ https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/people-and-poverty/hunger-and-obesity/statistics-about-obesity/story https://leftfootforward.org/2020/10/8-shocking-facts-about-food-poverty-in-the-uk/ https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/obesity-rates-by-country http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals/goal-1/en/ http://www.top-ten-10.com/recreation/food_drink/uk_fruit.htm http://www.top-ten-10.com/recreation/food_drink/uk_veg.htm https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/food-statistics-pocketbook/food-statistics-in-your-pocket-global-and-uksupply https://morningchores.com/vegetable-garden-size/ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/868943/structure-jun2019prov-UK-28feb20.pdf
Appendix Food import sand exports UK to EU export value 2020 meat & edible meat beverage, spirits, vinegar fish & sea food
dairy products miscellaneous edible preparations
edible fruits cereals sugar
bakery products cocoa & cocoa products
edible vegetables cafe & tea
oil seeds, oleaginous fruits edible fats
UK to EU import value 2020 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants
meat & edible meat
Preparations of meat, fish or other aquatic invertebrates
fish & sea food dairy products
beverage, spirits, vinegar
edible vegetables miscellaneous edible preparations
bakery products
references:
cereals
edible fruits
cafe & tea oil seeds, oleaginous fruits edible fats sugar cocoa & cocoa products
Uk agriculture 2019
North West agriculture import: 1,220 mill tonnes (EU:668 thousands tonnes export: 1,111 mill tonnes (EU:959 thousands tonnes) domestic use: 14,4 mill tonnes
16.2 mill tonnes wheat 1,816 thousands hectares
import: 66 thousands tonnes (EU:66 thousands tonnes)
£981 thousand hectares
£108 million farming income
export: 1,8 mill tonnes (EU: 1,5 mill tonnes) domestic use: 5,9 mill tonnes
8.2 mill tonnes barley 1,1816 thousands hectares
import: 23 thousands tonnes (EU:23 thousands tonnes)
33,098 NW total labour
export: 95 thousands (EU: 93 thousands tonnes) domestic use: 862 thousands tonnes
1.8 mill tones oilseed rape 530 thousands hectares
import: 354 thousands tonnes (EU:258 thousands tonnes) export: 74 thousands (EU: 74 thousands tonnes)
1,6 mill hectares wheat
807 thousands hectares barley
180,000 tonnes oats 1162 thousand hectares
import: 2,3 mill tonnes (EU: 1,9 mill tonnes) export: 141 thousands (EU: 120 thousands tonnes)
545 thousand hectares oat
206 thousands hectares rape
115,000 tonnes vegetables and salad 163 thousands hectares
import: 2,5 mill tonnes export: 685thousands 106 thousands hectares potatoes 5,2 mill tonnes potatoes 144 thousands hectares
95 thousands hectares vegetables