Editorial samples

r j ia

g t y m o p e u

(editorial)

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For any National Geographic Project, photography must triumph. Image retouch and treatment have to be performed with exellent quality. These crisp images must be accompanied by beautiful and clear use of typography.

My work on this project includes Page/Layout design, Photoshop work on photography, design of titles, quotes and text call outs.

Explorer Series

National Geographic Learning

The Spectacle of

John Grotzinger is a researcher at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the chief scientist for the mission of NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity. In this article, he describes the challenges and excitement of directing Curiosity’s fieldwork on Mars.

SELFIE ON MARS Curiosity used a camera mounted on its seven-foot robot arm to take a self-portrait.

the size of a pea. First we drilled scores of real rocks. But we were worried that the rocks might “There is no foreign land; it is the traveller be different on Mars, so we made fake rocks and only that is foreign.” The writer Robert Louis drilled those, too.

Stevenson expressed this thought while exploring We were certain the weather would be California in 1880 with his new bride. I’m a type different. Daily temperatures on Mars can vary of traveler myself. I’m one of a team of more than greatly, as much as 180°F depending on location 500 people exploring Mars from California. We and time of day. We knew swings in temperature are using Curiosity, the most sophisticated robot would cause the whole rover, including the drill ever sent to another planet. bit, to expand and contract, so we needed a plan As I write in July of 2013, Curiosity is to keep it from getting stuck. We also feared the pounding a hole into a rock in Gale crater, on powder produced by drilling would clump and Mars. That primitive feat may not seem like clog the tiny tubes of our onboard chemical lab. proof of the Curiosity’s sophistication, but it is.

Getting Curiosity safely settled on the surface It took us ten years of engineering on Earth and of Mars was a complex, anxiety-producing six months of preparation on Mars to get to that process. Once the rover was on the ground, we rock. Drilling a two-inch-deep had to go easy with our hole into it and extracting brand-new $2.5 billion an aspirin-size piece will take There is no foreign land; vehicle. When I swing my weeks more. We’re doing it in hammer on Earth, sometimes it is the traveller only search of chemical evidence I miss and hit my hand. that Mars is not so different Bandages and time usually that is foreign. from Earth. We want to learn solve the problem. But if Mars was once hospitable —Robert Louis Stevenson we can’t send doctors or to life. technicians to Mars. That I’m a geologist, and I do my means we don’t want the drill or hammer to hit work on Earth. When I want to sample a rock, I the rover, not even once. reach into my backpack, grab my rock hammer, The arm was built with as little slack as and knock off a piece. On Mars the process is not possible in the joints, and those computer nearly so simple. programs were checked and checked again.

On Earth as well as on Mars, fieldwork takes a Until we tried it, however, we didn’t know great deal of practice, but on Mars, it’s at a whole exactly how the arm would work on Mars. For different level. For starters, we need brilliant one thing, Martian gravity is about one-third as engineers just to figure out how to wield the strong as Earth’s. And so we repeated on Mars hammer or the drill. At Caltech’s Jet Propulsion the dozens of activities we had already practiced Laboratory they practiced for years on Curiosity’s in California. Only, on Mars, we practiced them twin sister. They tested complex computer very carefully, in very small steps. programs that controlled the seven-foot robotic Finally, after six months of practice we were arm. We wanted to make sure the arm could ready to drill a rock. If working on Mars weren’t perform the hundreds of motions needed to place so amazing, it would be enough to make you a 65-pound drill as gently as a feather on a target scream sometimes.

EARTH TO MARS

Field Trip on

Mars

BY JOHN GROTZINGER

Adapted from “Field Trip on Mars,” by John Grotzinger, in National Geographic, July 2013

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“

COSMOS

”

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COSMIC EXPLORER Astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson guides viewers on a 13-episode voyage across the universe.

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IC CIRCLE ARCT

Explorer series

National Geographic Learning North Pole

IC CIRCLE ARCT

ICE

BY SUSAN McGRATH

Adapted from “Polar Bears on Thin Ice,” by Susan McGrath, in National Geographic, July 2011

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North Pole

Sea-ice extent, summer minimum

The minimum extent, or range, of sea ice in summer has declined by about 30 percent since regular satellite monitoring began in 1979. Even in the winter the ice does not fully recover. In some areas, when females return in autumn to the sites where they make their dens, they face daunting expanses of open water. The Canadian high Arctic and northern Greenland could be the last refuges for polar bears, and even in these areas the ice will disappear if greenhouse gases are not reduced.

Continuous ice

IC CIRCLE ARCT

Fragmented ice

2008–2010

North Pole

Sea-ice extent, 2008–2010 Summer minimum

Polar bear denning area

Winter maximum

Polar bear range

ARCTIC CIRCLE

RUSSIA

90°E Novaya Zemlya New Siberian Is. Bear Is.

ARCTIC O CE A N

Wrangel I. hi Sea ukc Ch

Bering Sea

Barents Sea

North Land

FINLAND SWEDEN

Svalbard

(NORWAY)

North Pole

NORWAY

Offshore polar bear denning area

DENMARK

GR EENLAND

Point Barrow

ICELAND

(DENMARK)

ALASKA

(UNITED STATES)

Beaufort Sea

UNITED KINGDOM

IC CIRCLE ARCT

Canadian Arctic Island s

ATLANTIC O CE A N

PA C I F I C O CE A N

0°N

6 CANADA Churchill SCALE VARIES IN THIS PERSPECTIVE.

90°W

North Pole

°

THIN

at Sea

180°

In August 1881, naturalist John Muir was sailing off Alaska, searching for three ships that had gone missing in the Arctic. Off Point Barrow he spotted three polar bears, “magnificent fellows, fat and hearty, rejoicing in their strength out here in the icy wilderness.”

If Muir were sailing off Point Barrow today, any polar bears he’d see would not be living in a wilderness of ice. They’d be swimming through open water, burning their precious fat reserves.

That’s because the bears’ sea-ice habitat is disappearing, and it’s going fast.

Polar bears live in the Arctic where air, ice, and water come together. Superbly adapted to this harsh environment, most spend their entire lives on the sea ice. They hunt year-round, visiting land only to build birthing dens. They prey mainly on ringed and bearded seals. Sometimes they catch walruses and even beluga whales.

Sea ice is the foundation of the Arctic marine environment. A surprising variety of organisms live underneath and within the ice itself. The ice is not solid but pierced with channels and tunnels large, small, and smaller. Trillions of tiny sea creatures pepper the ice. In spring, sunlight penetrates the ice. Algae begin to bloom. The algae then sink to the bottom, and in shallow areas they sustain a food web that includes clams, sea stars, arctic cod, seals, walruses—and polar bears.

Experts estimate the world’s polar bear numbers at 20,000 to 25,000. Bears in the Norwegian islands, the Beaufort Sea, and Hudson Bay have been studied the longest. In western Hudson Bay, where ice melts in the summer and freezes back to shore in the fall, the creatures’ predicament first came to light.

Ian Stirling, now retired from the Canadian Wildlife Service, has monitored polar bears in Canada since the late 1970s. He found that they

gorged on seals in the spring and early summer, before the ice broke up. They then retreated to land as the ice melted. In a good year, when the ice started to break up, the bears had a thick layer of fat. Once on shore, the bears entered a state known as walking hibernation. Their metabolisms slowed down to hoard the fat stored in their bodies. “Until about the early 1990s at Hudson Bay,” Stirling says, “bears were able to fast through the open-water season of summer and fall because hunting on the spring sea ice was so good.”

During their years of bear watching, Stirling and his colleague Andrew Derocher began to notice an alarming pattern. They observed that the polar bears’ population held steady, but the animals were getting thinner. The western Hudson Bay bears were missing weeks of peak seal hunting. In addition, the later winter freezeup was extending their fasting time. By 1999 Stirling and Derocher had connected a steady decline in polar bear health with a decline in sea ice. Bears didn’t grow as large, and some came ashore notably skinnier. Females gave birth less often and had fewer cubs. Fewer cubs survived.

Within a few years, scientists in other parts of the Arctic began to see similar changes in sea ice and the polar bear populations.

The world didn’t know it yet, but during the summer in the Arctic Ocean, sea ice had been melting earlier and faster. The winter freeze had been coming later. In the three decades since 1979 the extent of summer ice has declined by about 30 percent. The lengthening period of summer melt threatens to destroy the whole Arctic food web.

Data now support the early warning signs.

Since Muir sailed in the waters off Alaska, the Earth has warmed about 1ºF due in part to greenhouse gases. This may not seem like much, but even one degree of warming can disrupt an environment of ice and snow.

1979–1981

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THEN AND NOW

Bears

0°

ON

THE ARCTIC IS warming fast. By 2050 it may be largely ice-free in summer. Without their frozen hunting platform, how will polar bears survive?

Hudson Bay

VIRGINIA W. MASON AND LISA R. RITTER, NGM STAFF; INTERNATIONAL MAPPING

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HARD TIMES

SHRINKING SPACE A polar bear stands on a melting piece of floating ice on a summer evening in Manitoba, Canada.

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The sea ice above shallower waters provides the richest food source for polar bears. Recently, though, the ice has been retreating far from those areas. This retreat has reduced the length of the summer habitat bears need most to survive.

Whether a polar bear lives in Hudson Bay or Barents Sea, it faces the same problem. Bears are forced to fast for longer periods because of less hunting time on sea ice. Also, thinner sea ice is more easily shifted by winds and currents. Bears may be swept into strange territory, where they must make longer, more difficult swims in open water to find favorable sea ice or get to land.

Polar bears are strong swimmers, but swimming long distances in open water can be fatal. In 2008 a radio-collared bear with a cub swam an astounding 427 miles to reach the ice off the northern Alaska coast. The cub didn’t make it. In September 2004, researchers spotted four dead polar bears afloat after a storm in the Beaufort Sea. As many as 27 bears may have drowned in that one storm.

Females face especially hard times. Starving males kill and eat cubs—and the cubs’ mothers.

This behavior may become more common as food diminishes. Increasingly, getting to the places on land where the bears have made their dens for generations can be an ordeal. On one island, when the sea has frozen late in the year, scientists have seen few, if any, dens the following spring. According to Jon Aars of the Norwegian Polar Institute, they would normally see 20 or more dens. Whether females find other sites or skip a year of breeding, Aars can’t say.

From childhood we create a picture of our physical world. The ocean is blue. The Arctic is white. But before this century ends—and perhaps much sooner—most of the Arctic will likely be blue water every summer. Can a blue Arctic support polar bears? Only in the short run, Stirling and others say.

Currents still cram drifting sea ice against the Canadian Arctic Islands and northern Greenland in summer. These pockets may hold enough ice to support polar bears through this century. But if the world keeps warming, not even those last refuges will be able to save the polar bear.

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POWERFUL SWIMMER A polar bear swims toward land in the icy waters off Spitsbergen Island in Norway.

T H I N K A B O U T I T! 1 Summarize In your own words, describe the impact of decreasing sea ice on the polar bear.

2 Make Inferences The article says that the polar bear stands at the top of the Arctic food web.

What does this mean?

3 Analyze Cause and Effect What difference has 1º F of Earth’s warming made in the Arctic?

BACKGROUND & VOCABULARY

fast v. to eat no food gorge v. (GORJ) to eat until completely full greenhouse gases n. the gases in the atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to global warming

habitat n. (HAB-uh-tat) the environment where an animal naturally lives or once lived hibernation n. (hy-bur-NAYshuhn) a state of deep, long rest, especially through the winter

metabolism n. (muh-TAB-uhlihz-uhm) the bodily processes involved in turning food into useful energy

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01

Explorer series

National Geographic Learning Yellowfin madtom

Red-cockaded woodpecker

12,210

5,800

Last

BY VERLYN KLINKENBORG Adapted from “Last One,” by Verlyn Klinkenborg, in National Geographic, January 2009 Photographs by Joel Sartore

Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit

0

How many are left?

The species featured on this page are endangered, near extinction, or extinct.

The numbers in the photos indicate how many of each remain.

LONE FOX This Catalina Island fox was bred in captivity as part of a program to help save the species.

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In the United States as elsewhere, stopping the countdown to extinction How many species might have vanished without the Endangered Species Act?

How many species might have vanished without the Endangered Species Act? Perhaps the best measure of the act’s value is the very conflict it causes. It gives endangered species a day in court, and it helps us see the unintended consequences of our actions. It reminds us that what look like simple decisions—to build houses or plant more corn, for example—have to be considered within the context of nature. There, many lives are in the balance.

A TEST OF PRIORITIES It’s easy to see why we take the trouble to save creatures that are cultural icons. The bald eagle was removed from the list in 2007. Its numbers in the lower 48 states have been successfully restored from fewer than 500 nesting pairs in 1963 to about 10,000 pairs in 2007. The grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park has graduated from the list. So have such impressive species as the peregrine falcon and the American alligator.

But what about the Delhi Sands flower-loving fly, an inch-long insect that now lives in only a few locations in southern California? Or the 165 remaining Salt Creek tiger beetles, which live in a few patches of salt marsh near Lincoln, Nebraska?

What about Mississippi sandhill cranes, which are down to about 25 breeding pairs? Or the Higgins’ eye pearly mussel, whose range has shrunk to a few pools in the Mississippi River and its tributaries? Most people have never heard of these creatures. They have no immediate appeal except their own beauty. They stand for nothing except their own way of life, which has been threatened by development, pollution, and the spread of invasive species.

The Endangered Species Act is really a test—and not just to see whether we can expend enough

RARE BEAR Between 1920 and 1940, only about 300 grizzly bears existed in the continental United States.

Thanks to the Endangered Species Act, their numbers have improved. National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore photographed this grizzly and other species in this article for his Photo Ark project.

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BACKGROUND & VOCABULARY

controversial adj. (kahn-truhVUR-shuhl) causing disagreement Department of the Interior n.

This government department manages land owned by the federal government, including the National Parks and Monuments

effort quickly enough to make a difference for the thousands of species at risk. The act is a test of priorities. After all the lessons we’ve learned about protecting species at risk, will the country recommit itself to the task? Will America return to the idealism of 1973?

Again and again, the battle over listing a species comes down to the choices we make in our everyday lives. Listing the greater sage grouse, for instance, would get in the way of natural gas and coal development in Wyoming. But we could offset those losses by conserving energy, something we ought to be doing anyway. Adding species to the endangered list takes the effort of scientists, lawmakers, conservationists, and ordinary citizens. What saves species, ultimately, is human restraint and the ability to balance our needs against the needs of other living beings on this planet.

We have no way of guessing how long human beings will survive, but one thing is certain. The better the chances of survival for plants, animals, and insects, the better our own chances will be.

T H I N K A B O U T I T! 1 Identify Problems and Solutions How can human behavior be changed to protect more animal species?

2 Make Predictions Do you believe the Endangered Species Act will be weakened in the future? Use details from the article and your own knowledge to make a prediction.

3 Distinguish Fact and Opinion Is the author of this article for or against the Endangered Species Act? Cite details from the article.

and the country’s natural resources. ecosystem n. (EE-koh-sihstuhm) a community of organisms interacting with their natural environment extinct adj. (ehk-STINGKT) no longer in existence

idealism n. (y-DEE-uh-lihz-uhm) an attitude that people can live up to certain high standards priorities n. (pry-OHR-uh-teez) the things that deserve or require attention before others of their kind

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means preserving healthy habitats.

This is the aim of the Endangered Species Act. WHO KILLED THE SPARROWS? The final resting place of the last dusky seaside sparrow is a glass bottle in the Florida Museum of Natural History (photo above). The bird’s eyes are heavily lidded. Its feathers have been ruffled by the alcohol that nearly fills the bottle. A paper tag states that the bird died on June 16, 1987.

Three and a half years after that sparrow’s death, a brief entry appeared in the Federal Register, the publication that contains public notices from government agencies. It announced that the dusky seaside sparrow was now extinct and had been removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife. Neither the bird nor its critical habitat—the salt marshes of 20

END OF A SPECIES This specimen is all that remains of the dusky seaside sparrow, a species that lived in Florida until its habitat was taken over by humans.

Delhi Sands flower-loving fly

Florida’s Merritt Island—would be protected any longer by the Endangered Species Act. What killed the sparrows of Merritt Island?

No one ate the dusky seaside sparrow or hunted it for sport. Its nests weren’t destroyed. Nor was it killed off by a newly introduced predator. The sparrows were victims of human action.

For example, by spraying with the chemical DDT to control mosquitoes, humans altered the delicate ecosystem of the salt marshes. Humans hoped to improve their own lives by controlling pesky mosquitoes, but discovered, too late, that the seaside sparrow was finely attuned to its home in those salt marshes. That last bottled sparrow is how a species ends up when its habitat vanishes for good.

Palos Verdes blue butterfly

1,000

Loggerhead sea turtle

90,000

4,300

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Explorer series

National Geographic Learning

Treasure he Lure of

Adapted from “The Lure of Treasure,” by Cathy Newman, in National Geographic’s Treasure, 2011

BEGUILING BLUE One of the world’s largest and most famous diamonds, the Hope Diamond is in the Smithsonian Museum.

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THE MOCHE

Ancient Artistry

People of masks, the Moche were a culture who lived in valleys along Peru’s northern coast from about a.d. 300 to 800. They constructed huge pyramids in their cities as places of political and religious power. For hundreds of years the pyramids were looted by robbers, who knew they concealed rich and beautiful treasures. Most prized of all were the elaborate masks crafted from gold, copper, turquoise, and other valuable materials.

Moche paintings and sculptures point to several purposes for the masks.

Some were worn during rituals, and others were placed on the faces of honored dead. Still other were used as ornamentation for coffins.

The funeral mask shown here was found at a dig in Dos Cabezas, Peru.

Gold still glimmers in this mask after more than a thousand years in an aristocrat’s tomb. The rest of the mask is made of copper, which has turned green with age.

From the time humans first saw the wink of a gemstone

or the glint of gold, they from have“Ancient desired to possess that rare Adapted Artistry,” in National Geographic’s Treasure, 2011 and costly beauty for their own.

ancient Egypt, tomb robbers would break into the Throughout history, humans have created objects of burials of wealthy people almost as soon as the value and beauty. Usually made of precious metals tombs were sealed. Armies have raided the cities they and gems, treasures can enhance a ruler’s image conquered, and pirates have roamed the high seas or impress foreign visitors. Sometimes treasures are Why should this be?

You Here can’tare eatsome a diamond, for precious cargo. treasures that have buried with a leader to ensure a rich afterlife.

THE FLASH OF PRECIOUS STONES and it won’t keeptheir youway warm. the fever the found intoYet museums for for all to enjoy. At Whatever their intended use, treasures have been In October of 2010, on a crisp fall day, you might rare human beings to least forhas now,driven they are safe from plunder. created—and stolen—since prehistoric times. Inprecious and have entered the glass doors of Christie’s auction extremes. rooms in New York City. After nodding to the “The things . . . concealed and hidden doorman, you would have turned left at the underground,” the Roman naturalist Pliny the information desk, then left again, to join a crowd Elder wrote, “are the things that destroy us and swirling around a bank of glass cases. On display drive us to the depths below.” The Greek deity were 448 lots to be offered at the New York known as Hades, after all, was god of both wealth Sale of Jewels. Rare treasures were everywhere. and the underworld.

One case held a sapphire pendant the size of Treasure, in its darkest guise, has been the a matchbox, estimated to sell for $350,000 to motive for murder, theft, and betrayal, the $500,000. Another held a glowing strand of material of plots and bribes. It has prompted natural pearls, expected to bring $60,000 to population shifts, such as the 1886 gold rush $80,000. A splendid pear-shaped diamond ring that built Johannesburg, South Africa. At other nearby was thought to be worth $1.5 million to times, it has caused the downfall of cultures. The $2 million. And there was more—much more. promise of gold drove the Spanish conquest of The star of the auction was on display in a dark the New World and the collapse of the Aztec and room, in its own theatrically lit case. The object Inca Empires. of attention was a 10.95-carat diamond, vividly blue like the Hope Diamond in the photo (left).

TREASURES WON AND LOST It was set opposite a similar white diamond in a Treasure is the winner-take-all proof of victory. gold ring. It was as blue as the ocean, scattering Often, spoils are handed from conqueror to light in all directions, winking . . . at what? The conqueror, like the Koh-i-Noor diamond. This foolishness, maybe, of the humans who coveted jewel passed from Hindu rulers to four other this one-in-ten-million chunk of crystalline Asian monarchs before it ended up in the British carbon. Estimated to bring $12 million, the blue crown jewels. diamond shining in the dark spoke a timeless For good reason, cautionary tales are often message: Treasure. stories of treasure and lost.

We are drawn to the flash of precious stones Gold won in Egypt was aMidas, divine granted substance—a EGYPT his wish, turned everything gold,The until the and noble metals such as gold and silver and birthright of thetoking. pharaoh’s gold came In 1922, when archaeologists first entered stain of greed turned food and drink—even his and Nubia platinum, not unlike the bowerbird, which from rich mines in the Eastern Desert the tomb of a young pharaoh, ancient Egypt daughter—into gathers bits of glitter for its nest to attract a mate. in thelifeless south.metal.

Artisans and skilled goldsmiths had suddenly captured the We public’s Such moral talestoare far from of Egyptians, the Our language reflects our desire. look imagination. for plenty work with.the Forminds ancient the It wasand treasure thatofdid it. The at York auction goers, for whom the offerings the silver lining the pot gold, and world great gaspedNew ultimate use of gold was for enjoyment in the the volume of silver gold, jewels, and art in the tomb, are wrapped in the language of romance.

At goal when he speakers are said to have tongues.

The afterlife.

Eternal wealth was Tut’s including thisbullet, jeweledand golden hawk pendant. theThe podiumordered Rahul Kadakia, of jewelry magic weapon is a silver a record goes his bodyhead surrounded byfor unimaginable lavish tomb to King Tutankhamun, Christie’s inriches. the Americas, presides.

He achieved is slim, eternal fame. platinum. No one, leastbelonged of all Olympic athletes, At the very least, he diedlead in 1360 b.c. lively, and elegant. His eyes sweep the room, wants to gowho for the instead of the gold.

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THE SCYTHIANS They left neither records nor the ruins of great cities. But the Scythians left behind tombs that held a wealth of treasures— delicately carved artifacts of gold and other precious materials. This skillfully detailed plaque of a Scythian horseman holding a spear was found in one of those tombs, dating from the fourth century b.c.

The Scythians were a Persian-speaking people who began spreading across central Asia around 900 b.c. Eventually, they reached as far as Europe. Much of what is known today about the Scythians comes from ancient Greek historians who described them as savages on horseback. Thanks to treasures such as this one, however, we know there was much more to the Scythians. They may not have used their wealth the way the Greeks did, but they were still rich in both gold and artistic talent.

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Explorer series

National Geographic Learning

1

The H u n t for L i f e Beyond

E arth

EXTREME LIFE Scientist Kevin Hand tests an underwater rover in an Alaskan lake in hopes to one day study Jupiter’s moon Europa.

2

How are scientists conducting the search for extraterrestrial life? Looking out into the universe is one way. Looking deep into Earth is another.

zer to too Int

exp kn gen the

is g the rub its fle lin “ca

BY MICHAEL D. LEMONICK

Adapted from “The Hunt for Life Beyond Earth,” by Michael D. Lemonick, in National Geographic, July 2014

THE FIRST STEP An electronic signal travels north from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in Pasadena, California, all the way to a robotic rover clinging to the underside of foot-thick ice on an Alaskan lake.

The rover’s spotlight begins to glow. “It worked!” says John Leichty, a JPL engineer huddled in a tent nearby. It may not seem like much, but this could be the first step toward the exploration of a distant moon.

More than 4,000 miles to the south, scientist Penelope Boston wades through water in a pitch-dark Mexican cave, more than 50 feet underground. Boston wears a respirator over her nose and mouth to cope with the poisonous gases in the cave. Water around her feet is laced with sulfuric acid. Suddenly her headlamp lights up a long droplet of thick fluid oozing from the crumbling wall. “Isn’t it cute?” she exclaims.

These two sites—a frozen lake and a toxic cave—could provide clues to one of our greatest mysteries: Is there life beyond our planet? On other worlds, life might survive in ice-covered oceans, like those on Jupiter’s moon Europa.

Or it might be in gas-filled caves, which could exist on Mars. Finding life-forms that thrive in extreme surroundings on Earth is the first step in searching for life elsewhere.

One key milestone in the search for life among the stars was a meeting held in November 1961. It was organized by Frank Drake, a young radio astronomer interested in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, or SETI. He brought together astronomers, chemists, biologists, and engineers to discuss what is now

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by off silv qu hu it.

Th dy sta Vat

TH

For and ma toe his the

3

4

TREASURES FROM AROUND THE GLOBE

1 The funeral mask of the Egyptian pharaoh we call King Tut is made of gold and precious stones.

2 A Yemeni Jewish bride carries a wealth of silver, coral, and amber into marriage.

3 In this photo taken 140 years ago, intricate jewelry adorns the foot of a woman in India.

4 In Thailand, monks admire a reclining Buddha that is gilded from head to toe.

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BA

Bo the the gu or

Explorer series

National Geographic Learning

During the 17th and 18th centuries, buccaneers roamed across the Caribbean and Atlantic. One of the

A

Golden Age of

Pirates

Adapted from “Golden Age of Pirates,” by Roff Smith, in National Geographic’s Treasure, 2011

PIRATES ATTACK “The Buccaneers,” by American painter Frederick Judd Waugh (1861–1940), shows a pirate crew boarding a ship.

last—and most successful—was Captain Bartholomew Roberts—also known as Black Bart.

THE MAKING OF A PIRATE One sweltering afternoon in June of 1719, the Princess, a 140-ton ship out of London, was anchored off the West African slave port of Anomabu. The ship was waiting to take on a load of slaves for the plantations in the West Indies.

Suddenly, a strange vessel appeared out of the heat haze on the horizon. It came on fast, its decks bristling with heavily armed men. As it approached, it hoisted a black flag.

They were pirates, a rough crew under the command of the notorious Howell Davis. The sailors aboard the Princess knew better than to resist. They didn’t want to anger the attackers and turn a simple armed robbery into a murderous bloodbath. The Princess prepared to be boarded.

The pirates ransacked their prize, looking not just for gold but for basic shipboard supplies. They weren’t welcome in many ports and couldn’t readily shop for their needs. So they took guns, gunpowder, clothing, sails, carpentry tools, rope, and compasses. They also wanted new recruits.

But while some of the men aboard the Princess were eager to sign on and swap the low-paying drudgery of life before the mast for the lawless life of a pirate, others were reluctant.

One who definitely didn’t care to turn pirate was the third mate, a tall, sober 37-year-old from Wales. He argued and pleaded with Davis’s men to pick somebody else—to no avail. They needed an experienced navigator, and like it or not, he was it. They dragged him aboard to begin a new life as a pirate.

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RECOVERED LOOT These Spanish coins and ring were salvaged from the wreck of the pirate ship Whydah, commanded by Sam Bellamy.

PIRATE’S WEAPON The blunderbuss was a gun favored by pirates for fighting at close range.

It turned out to be not as bad as he’d imagined.

In fact, the buccaneering life rather agreed with him. Within six weeks he’d become the captain, after Howell Davis was killed in a raid.

He was better than good at it. He was a natural, discovering in midlife his true calling as a leader of men and a daring rogue like Sir Francis Drake.

And he had no qualms about being a thief.

Less than three years later, a shot from a Royal Navy cannon ended his second career and his life. But by then Captain Bartholomew Roberts— also known as Black Bart—had become the most successful pirate in history. He had captured more than 400 prizes, from treasure ships off the coast of Brazil to fishing boats in the icy waters of the North Atlantic. At his height he commanded a fleet of four ships and more than 500 men. He did so with style and a challenging attitude.

His ship, the Royal Fortune, flew a black silk flag showing a skeleton standing triumphantly on skulls representing the islands of Barbados and Martinique, both in the Caribbean Sea. The flag was meant to mock the island authorities who had dared try to capture him.

Black Bart was no fool—he knew this could end only one way. Having made up his mind to go a-pirating, he no longer cared what would happen. “A merry life, and a short one, shall be my motto,” he said.

PIRATE MYTH VS. REALITY That’s the spirit. Everybody admires a careless rascal, particularly from a distance. Except for Robin Hood and some Wild West gunmen, few characters in fact or fiction have captured our 18

imaginations like the pirates of old. Much of what is known about them comes from just two books.

The first is The Buccaneers of America, written in 1678 by Alexander Exquemelin, a French adventurer. He sailed with Henry Morgan, who was both a pirate and an admiral of the English navy over the course of his long and colorful career. The other is A General History of the Pirates, written in 1724 by Captain Charles Johnson. We know little about Johnson except that he was well informed about his subjects, spent many years at sea, and may have been a pirate himself.

The books were immediate best-sellers and have inspired Robert Louis Stevenson’s classic Treasure Island as well as Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean.

Both these books, which are still in print, confirm many of our modern ideas about pirates.

They really did fly the Jolly Roger, the famous black flag with a white skull and crossed bones beneath it. They kept parrots as pets, drank rum, and sang loudly. They marooned people on desert islands and knocked the tops off their brandy bottles with their swords. If you ventured below decks into the galley, you would often find a tough old one-legged veteran like Long John Silver, a popular character from Treasure Island.

Pirates looked after their own, and if one of them was injured, he could always stay on as cook.

They even looked the part, dressing in finery they looted from the officers and gentlemen passengers they found aboard the ships they took. Likewise, only the best weapons would do. “In this they were extravagantly nice, endeavoring to outdo one another in the beauty and richness of their arms,” Captain Johnson 19

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Nevada.

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ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTION QUESTION

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Women Women get the right get the right to vote to vote

Most desert Most desert animalsanimals also escape also escape the heat the byheat by seekingseeking sheltershelter under under bushes,bushes, rocks, and rocks, other and other shady places. shady places.

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People who live in or visit deserts often wear They find They ways findtoways avoidtoclothes. midday avoid midday heat. heat. light-colored This isDifferent smartDifferent because dark animalsanimals do colors this do in take different this in, in different Most ways.

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1906

Died in Died in Rochester, Rochester, New York New York

Animals get water in different ways in the feathers.

Their and skinother is black, Mojave. Coyotes, bobcats, largeand absorbs Sun energy. enough, roadrunners dash to mammals can travelWhen a longwarm distance for a drink. hunt forSmall lizards and small snakes.

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1872

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1872

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Escaping Escaping theColors the HeatHeat Light Help Desert Desert animalsanimals are all alike are all inalike one way. in one way.

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Lizards and snakes crawl to a sunny place. They turn their bodies toward the Sun to raise their body temperature.

Desert iguanas have an amazing ability for warming and also for cooling. They change color!

In the morning, their skin is dark. This helps them absorb heat from the Sun. Then the day gets hotter and hotter. By early afternoon the iguanas’ skin has turned white, reflecting sunlight. Then, as the air becomes cooler in the evening, their skin darkens again.

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1869

Like iguanas, some birds need to warm their

Getting Warm in the Morning

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1869

Founded National Founded National Arrested Arrested for tryingfor trying Woman’s Suffrage Woman’s Suffrage to cast a vote to cast in a vote in AssociationAssociation with with an election Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Stanton Cady Stanton an election

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When Susan When wentSusan to school, wentshe to school, saw that she saw that things werethings not the were same notfor the boys same and forgirls. boys and girls.

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Core Reading

Core Reading

Mc-Graw Hill Education

there for kids.” She wanted to explain what astronauts actually go through to become astronauts.

Megan has been illustrating books for a long time.

She illustrated her first picture book before she even learned how to read! She drew the pictures first. Then she told her grandmother what to write down for the words.

Author’s Purpose Meghan writes this selection as if she’s talking to the reader. She uses the word you.

Why do you think she writes this way?

Detail

Detail

Text Evidence 1. How do you know Astronaut Handbook is expository text? GENRE 2. What is the main idea of the information on page 539?

What are some details that support the main idea?

MAIN IDEA AND KEY DETAILS

3. Use what you know about Greek roots to figure out the meaning of astronaut on page XXX. GREEK AND LATIN ROOTS 4. Write about how you can become an astronaut. Give details about the things you need to do. MAIN IDEA AND KEY DETAILS

A New Government

Read about how early U.S. leaders wrote the Constitution to set the rules for our government.

In 1787, the United States was a new nation of thirteen states. The country’s first plan for government had problems. American leaders decided to meet to talk about a new plan. Fiftyfive delegates came to the meetings. A delegate is a person who speaks for the citizens in each state.

The country’s first president, George Washington led the meetings.

A Summer of Arguments The Constitution is the highest law in our country.

A Plan for the

People

The United States government started with a plan. Our country’s leaders wrote the plan more than 200 years ago. The plan is called the Constitution.

All of our laws come from the Constitution.

The meetings began on a hot day in May 1787. The delegates gathered together in the Philadelphia State House. They closed the windows because the meetings were secret. It was boiling in the State House. When they opened the windows to cool off, bugs flew in. The delegates argued all summer in the hot, buggy rooms.

Benjamin Franklin Making a new plan for government worried the delegates was not easy or fun. would never agree.

Some delegates wanted one person to run the new government. Others thought a group should be in charge. They all agreed that a group should make laws for the country. But they disagreed on how to pick these leaders. The famous inventor and statesman Benjamin Franklin attended the meetings. He wondered how the group could ever make any decisions.

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Genre Informational Text • Expository

Why is teamwork important for astronauts?

like teasing or someone being excluded.

Read about how students work together to stop bullying.

Bullying makes some kids feel uncomfortable. The students learned

Bully-Free

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How do members of your class work together as a team? TEXT TO WORLD

they should speak up if they see bullying interactions. They practiced what to do.

They learned to be a friend to someone who

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is being bullied. They helped the person walk away and not fight back. Students who saw bullying also told an adult about it. Each week, they had meetings to talk about bullying problems.

No one likes to be bullied. Bullying is when one person picks on or hurts another person. Sometimes a bully teases or calls someone names. A bully might not let someone join activities. Bullying can also be pushing or hitting.

Elementary school students in Seattle,

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what to do if they saw bullying interactions

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

Children from Seattle elementary schools worked together to stop bullying on the playground. They learned how to include others and what to do if someone bullied another person.

Soon there was less bullying at Seattle schools. Students didn’t name-call on the playground. They didn’t pick on others as much. This helped make school more fun

Texas elementary school students learn about bullying in an after-school program.

Middle school students brought signs and put on a play to teach children how to stop bullying.

and safe for everyone. The program was a success!

Washington, learned new tools to stop bullying. Everyone in the school community

Make Connections

worked together. Students, teachers, parents, and school workers all participated.

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a book that would “not be like any space book out

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How did children in Seattle schools learn to get along better? ESSENTIAL QUESTION

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What are some ways that people cooperate you read about this week?

TEXT-TO-TEXT

and cooperate with others. Students learned 440

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grew up and became a writer, she wanted to write

Main Idea

Use important details to summarize what happens in the selection. Information from your Main Idea and Key Details chart may help you.

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cardboard spaceship in her classroom. After Meghan

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Meghan McCarthy built a spaceship in her garage when she was six. She also played in a

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McGraw-Hill Education

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I Sell Crabs

Pack a Bag!

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fatschool. bag!

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Bob is a Fun Pal

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Pilar Lozano Pilar Lozano CarbayoCarbayo

Unas de Unas las primeras de las primeras civilizaciones civilizaciones del mundo delnacieron mundo nacieron hace unos hace unos 5,000 años 5,000 en tres añospuntos en tresdel puntos planeta. del planeta.

Todas ellas Todas se dieron ellas sejunto dieron junto a grandes a grandes ríos que ríos permitieron que permitieron el desarrollo el desarrollo de la agricultura. de la agricultura.

En En Egipto, junto Egipto, al Nilo. juntoEn al Nilo.

Mesopotamia, En Mesopotamia, en el valle enentre el valle losentre ríos los ríos Éufrates Éufrates y Tigris. yElTigris. tercerEl foco tercer de civilización foco de civilización surgió alsurgió norte de al norte la de la India actual, Indiaen actual, las extensas en las extensas y fértilesyllanuras fértiles llanuras bañadas bañadas por el Indo. por el Indo.

Este río recoge Este ríolas recoge aguaslas delaguas deshielo del deshielo de las nieves de lasperpetuas nieves perpetuas del del Himalaya, Himalaya, el macizoelmontañoso macizo montañoso con los picos con los más picos altosmás del altos mundo. del mundo.

Al descender Al descender por las laderas, por las fertiliza laderas, las fertiliza tierras lasdetierras una extensa de una extensa área queárea hoy que ocupa hoyelocupa país deelPakistán, país de Pakistán, al norte de al norte la India. de la India.

Las gentes Lasdegentes esta zona, de esta que zona, hastaque entonces hasta entonces vivían devivían la caza deyla caza y la pesca,laasípesca, comoasí decomo la cosecha de la cosecha del granodel silvestre, grano silvestre, dejaron de dejaron ser de ser nómadasnómadas para dedicarse para dedicarse a la agricultura. a la agricultura.

Aprendieron Aprendieron a cultivara cultivar cereales cereales y desarrollaron y desarrollaron técnicas técnicas para regar para susregar cultivos. sus cultivos.

TambiénTambién comenzaron comenzaron a domesticar a domesticar animalesanimales como el como cerdo,ellacerdo, cabra,la lacabra, oveja la oveja y la vaca.y De la vaca. este modo, De estesemodo, fueronseformando fueron formando pequeñas pequeñas aldeas. aldeas.

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El jainismo El jainismo tiene actualmente tiene actualmente apenas dos apenas millones dos de millones de seguidores, seguidores, pero su doctrina pero su doctrina de la no violencia de la no violencia está muyestá muy arraigadaarraigada en la cultura en lahindú. cultura hindú.

MahatmaMahatma Gandhi, el Gandhi, gran el gran líder del líder siglo XX del que siglolideró XX que lideró la lucha por la lucha la independencia por la independencia de la India, de es la India, un admirado es un admirado exponente exponente de la no violencia. de la no violencia.

SiguiendoSiguiendo su ejemplo, su ejemplo, otras otras conocidasconocidas figuras del figuras siglo XX del siglo XX han liderado han movimientos liderado movimientos no no violentos violentos contra situaciones contra situaciones injustas de injustas opresión. de opresión.

Es el Es el caso de Nelson caso deMandela, Nelson Mandela, en Sudáfrica, en Sudáfrica, contra lacontra la segregación segregación racial, o el racial, de o el de Martin Luther MartinKing Luther Jr., en King Jr., en defensa de defensa los derechos de los derechos de la de la poblaciónpoblación afroamericana afroamericana en en Estados Unidos.

EstadosEstos Unidos. métodos Estos métodos pacifistaspacifistas lograron lograron el respetoelyrespeto y reconocimiento reconocimiento generalizado generalizado del mundo deloccidental. mundo occidental.

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¡Conéctate! ¡Conéctate!

(l)©Dinodia Photos/Alamy

(l)©Dinodia Photos/Alamy

Lee acerca Leede acerca los logros de losdelogros una de de las una de las primerasprimeras civilizaciones civilizaciones del mundo, del mundo, en en el valle del el valle río Indo. del río Indo.

Margaret Bourke-White/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

Pregunta Pregunta esencial esencial ¿Qué aportes ¿Qué aportes hicieronhicieron las primeras las primeras civilizaciones? civilizaciones?

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Estatuilla de Estatuilla un rey de un rey sacerdote, sacerdote, hallada hallada en Mohenjo enDaro.

Mohenjo Daro.

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Al igual que Al igual los jainistas, que los jainistas, muchas otras muchas otras personaspersonas de la India de buscaban la India buscaban la paz la paz espiritual, espiritual, retirándose retirándose a las montañas a las montañas y los y los bosques bosques para practicar para practicar meditación. meditación.

En el siglo En el siglo VI a. C., VI nació a. C., Siddharta nació Siddharta Gautama, Gautama, príncipe príncipe de un reino de un cercano reino al cercano Himalaya. al Himalaya.

RodeadoRodeado de de riquezas,riquezas, gozaba de gozaba una vida de una muyvida afortunada. muy afortunada.

Un día, sin Unembargo, día, sin embargo, decidió salir decidió de su salir de su palacio para palacio ver para cómover vivían cómo lasvivían personas las personas comunescomunes del reino.del Alreino. presenciar Al presenciar las diversas las diversas formas del formas sufrimiento, del sufrimiento, como la pobreza, como la pobreza, la enfermedad la enfermedad y el desamparo, y el desamparo, quedó muy quedó muy impactado. impactado.

Así fue que Así Siddharta fue que Siddharta abandonó abandonó todos sustodos sus bienes y bienes se convirtió y se convirtió en monje, eninternándose monje, internándose en el bosque en elabosque meditar, a meditar, o estar en o contacto estar en contacto con su interior. con su interior.

Tras iluminarse, Tras iluminarse, o liberarse o liberarse del sufrimiento, del sufrimiento, comenzócomenzó a compartir a compartir con otroscon susotros hallazgos. sus hallazgos.

En adelante, En adelante, se lo se lo conoció como conoció el Buda, como el o “el Buda, despierto”. o “el despierto”.

Sus Sus enseñanzas enseñanzas se basaban se basaban en las cuatro en lasnobles cuatro nobles verdades,verdades, o explicación o explicación del sufrimiento del sufrimiento y su y su remedio,remedio, y en el óctuple y en elsendero, óctuple sendero, que eranque eran reglas dereglas vida que de vida conducían que conducían a eliminar a eliminar el el sufrimiento. sufrimiento.

El budismo El budismo produjo un produjo gran cambio un gran cambio social ensocial la India, en la pues India, las pues personas las personas de todosde todos los sectores los sectores de la sociedad de la sociedad podían crecer podían crecer espiritualmente espiritualmente por igual.por Deigual. este modo De este modo nació el budismo, nació el budismo, una de las una principales de las principales religiones religiones en el mundo en elhasta mundo el día hasta deel hoy. día de hoy.

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En uno de Enlos uno sellos de los desellos la página de la108 página se ve108 la figura se ve la defigura un hombre de un hombre sentado con sentado las piernas con las cruzadas piernas cruzadas y las manos y lassobre manos lassobre rodillas. las rodillas.

Esta imagen Estacon imagen la que con identificamos la que identificamos la disciplina la disciplina del yoga,del es yoga, una es una muestra muestra de que yadeentonces que ya entonces se practicaban se practicaban ejerciciosejercicios relacionados relacionados con el control con eldel control cuerpo delycuerpo la mente. y la mente.

HerederoHeredero de esta tradición, de esta tradición, en el siglo enIV el a. siglo C., IV una. sacerdote C., un sacerdote y sabio llamado y sabio llamado PatanjaliPatanjali redactó en redactó sánscrito en sánscrito los Yoga sutras. los YogaEnsutras. En esta obraesta recopiló obra recopiló la antigua la sabiduría antigua sabiduría que permitía que permitía al individuo al individuo alcanzar alcanzar un estado undeestado paz, ajeno de paz, a los ajeno deseos a losmundanos. deseos mundanos.

El El yoga se practicaba yoga se practicaba adoptando adoptando posturasposturas beneficiosas beneficiosas física y física y mentalmente, mentalmente, controlando controlando la respiración, la respiración, apaciguando apaciguando los sentidos los sentidos y concentrando y concentrando el pensamiento el pensamiento para la meditación. para la meditación.

El objetivo: El objetivo: liberar alliberar ser humano al ser humano del sufrimiento. del sufrimiento.

Hoy en día, Hoyelen yoga día,eselun yoga método es un muy método utilizado muy utilizado en todo el en todo el mundo como mundo ejercicio como ejercicio de relajación de relajación física y mental. física y Las mental. virtudes Las virtudes del yoga del hanyoga hecho han que hecho se enseñe que seaenseñe los niños a los enniños muchas en escuelas muchas escuelas y y sea práctica sea de práctica entrenamiento de entrenamiento habitual habitual para los deportistas. para los deportistas.

Niños practicando Niños practicando yoga en la actualidad. yoga en la actualidad.

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frijoles, guisantes, frijoles, guisantes, sésamo, sésamo, arroz, cebada arroz,ycebada trigo, obteniendo y trigo, obteniendo gran gran rendimiento. rendimiento.

Con las necesidades Con las necesidades de alimentación de alimentación resueltas,resueltas, muchas personas muchas personas podían dedicarse podían dedicarse a oficios adistintos oficios distintos a la a la agricultura. agricultura.

Así empezó Así en empezó las grandes en las grandes ciudadesciudades el comercio, el comercio, la la artesaníaartesanía y la construcción y la construcción de viviendas de viviendas y obras públicas. y obras públicas.

Incluso Incluso comenzaron comenzaron a fabricara ropas, fabricaryaropas, que fueron ya quelos fueron primeros los primeros en el en el mundo que mundo cultivaron que cultivaron el algodón el algodón y tejierony prendas tejieron prendas con él. con él.

Aunque Aunque hubo cientos hubode cientos asentamientos, de asentamientos, las dos ciudades las dos ciudades principales principales fueron las fueron de Harappa las de Harappa y Mohenjo y Mohenjo Daro, cuyas Daro, ruinas cuyas ruinas fueron descubiertas fueron descubiertas en 1921. en Los1921. arqueólogos Los arqueólogos quedaronquedaron fascinados fascinados ante estaante próspera esta próspera civilización civilización urbana que, urbana peseque, a supese antigüedad, a su antigüedad, resultabaresultaba cercana acercana la concepción a la concepción de una ciudad de unacontemporánea. ciudad contemporánea.

HarappaHarappa y Mohenjo y Mohenjo Daro tenían Daroalrededor tenían alrededor de 35,000 de 35,000 habitantes. habitantes.

Ambas estaban Ambas situadas estaban situadas junto al Indo, junto lo al que Indo, leslo que les permitíapermitía comunicarse comunicarse por las aguas por las delaguas río. Aunque del río. Aunque estaban aestaban a más de 400 máskilómetros de 400 kilómetros una de otra, una eran de otra, ciudades eran ciudades muy parecidas. muy parecidas.

Tenían un Tenían desarrollo un desarrollo urbanístico urbanístico armonioso armonioso y muy avanzado. y muy avanzado.

Sus amplias Sus calles amplias principales calles principales estaban pavimentadas estaban pavimentadas y otras más y otras más estrechasestrechas las cruzaban las cruzaban en ángulo enrecto. ángulo recto.

a). Main Selections b). Paired Piece

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Según los Según los estudiosos,estudiosos, el el gran baño gran tenía baño tenía A partir A departir estas de primeras estas primeras aldeas, sealdeas, desarrolló se desarrolló hacia el año hacia 2500 el año 2500 propósitos propósitos rituales rituales a. C. la civilización a. C. la civilización del valle del del valle Indo.del SusIndo. habitantes Sus habitantes cultivaban cultivaban en Mohenjo enDaro.

Mohenjo Daro.

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Disponían Disponían de edificios de edificios públicos públicos como graneros como graneros y aljibes yque aljibes que almacenaban almacenaban respectivamente respectivamente grano y agua granopara y agua la población. para la población.

TambiénTambién tenían baños tenían y almacenes baños y almacenes portuarios. portuarios.

Y lo que Y eslo que es más admirable, más admirable, tenían untenían sistema un de sistema alcantarillado de alcantarillado y servicios y servicios higiénicos, higiénicos, único enúnico el mundo. en el Las mundo. viviendas, Las viviendas, construidas construidas con con ladrillo yladrillo madera, y madera, disponían disponían de vertedero de vertedero de basuradey basura de baño. y de Los baño. Los desperdicios desperdicios y aguas residuales y aguas residuales vertían avertían unas tuberías a unas tuberías de terracota de terracota conectadas conectadas al alcantarillado al alcantarillado público. público.

Desde aquí Desde se conducían aquí se conducían hasta pozos hasta situados pozos situados en las afueras en lasde afueras la ciudad. de laEste ciudad. sistema Este de sistema de alcantarillado alcantarillado es el másesantiguo el más que antiguo se conoce que seyconoce no se volvió y no se a volvió a dar en ninguna dar en ninguna otra ciudad otrahasta ciudad el siglo hastaXX. el siglo En esencia, XX. En esencia, y para y para nuestro asombro, nuestro asombro, es el mismo es elesquema mismo esquema que se utiliza que seenutiliza cualquier en cualquier ciudad de ciudad hoy en dedía. hoy en día.

Apenas se Apenas han encontrado se han encontrado armas enarmas las ciudades en las ciudades de Mohenjo de Mohenjo Daro y Harappa.

Daro y Harappa.

Las pocas Las que pocas se han quehallado, se han hallado, eran instrumentos eran instrumentos utilizadosutilizados para la caza, parano la caza, para la noguerra. para laEl guerra. espíritu El pacífico espíritu de pacífico esta de esta cultura quizás culturafue quizás el que fue llevó el que a dos llevó contrincantes a dos contrincantes a resolvera una resolver una disputa de disputa manera de también manera también muy tranquila. muy tranquila.

Decidieron Decidieron hacerlo simplemente hacerlo simplemente sobre unsobre un tablero con tablero fichas con que fichas representaban que representaban figuras. Sobre figuras. él Sobre acordaron él acordaron un un reparto justo reparto de la justo propiedad de la propiedad en en conflicto.conflicto.

Había nacido Habíaelnacido juego del el juego del chaturanga, chaturanga, antecesorantecesor del ajedrez, del ajedrez, que se desarrollaba que se desarrollaba sobre unsobre un tablero cuadriculado. tablero cuadriculado.

El juego El juego de estrategia de estrategia chaturanga chaturanga consistíaconsistía en cuatroenjugadores cuatro jugadores con dos dados con dos y ocho dadospiezas y ocho piezas que representaban que representaban al rey, al rey, elefante,elefante, caballo ycaballo carro y carro de guerra. de guerra.

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Género Género • Texto• expositivo Texto expositivo

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Género Género • Biografía • Biografía En América Endel América Sur, endel lasSur, vertientes en las vertientes occidentales occidentales de de la cordillera la cordillera de los Andes, de los porAndes, dondepor discurren donde ríos discurren que ríos que desembocan desembocan en el océano en el Pacífico, océanose Pacífico, encuentra se encuentra el valle el valle

Compara Compara los textos los textos Lee cómoLee un cómo pintorun y científico pintor y científico investigó investigó una de las una fuerzas de las fuerzas que influyen que en influyen la Tierra. en la Tierra.

de Supe, donde de Supe, se construyó donde se construyó la antigualaCiudad antigua Sagrada Ciudad Sagrada de Caral. No de lejos Caral.está No lejos Lima,está la capital Lima, la decapital Perú, en delaPerú, en la actualidadactualidad con sus edificios con susde edificios estructuras de estructuras metálicas,metálicas, ventanalesventanales de cristal, de pisos cristal, de losas pisosbrillantes de losas ybrillantes fuentes y fuentes luminosasluminosas del siglo XXI. del Pero siglo Caral XXI. Pero es muy Caral diferente. es muy diferente.

Quienes laQuienes construyeron la construyeron hace cincohace mil años cincono milcontaban años no contaban con bronce con ni bronce hierro, ynininguno hierro, yde ninguno sus habitantes de sus habitantes hacía hacía objetos deobjetos vidrio ode cerámica. vidrio o cerámica.

Caral era una Caralciudad era una hecha ciudad hecha de piedra,de barro piedra, y quincha. barro y quincha.

Tan antigua Tancomo antigua las pirámides como las pirámides de Egipto,de Caral Egipto, Caral estuvo enterrada estuvo enterrada durante cinco durante milenios cincobajo milenios rocas bajo y rocas y arena. Susarena. enormes Susedificaciones enormes edificaciones de formasde piramidales formas piramidales emulabanemulaban las colinaslas naturales colinas naturales de su entorno. de suVistas entorno. Vistas desde el cielo, desdelas elsiluetas cielo, las desiluetas las plazas de las circulares plazas circulares o las o las estructuras estructuras rectangulares rectangulares no se parecían no se aparecían ningunaade ninguna de las otras que las otras se descubrían que se descubrían mediante mediante las fotos aéreas. las fotos aéreas.

Los caralinos Los habían caralinos replicado habían las replicado colinas,las obras colinas, de la obras de la naturaleza, naturaleza, en los edificios en losque edificios construyeron que construyeron como como obras humanas. obras humanas.

La arqueóloga La arqueóloga peruana Ruth peruana Shady Ruth Solís Shady se sintió Solís se sintió muy intrigada muy por intrigada los enigmáticos por los enigmáticos montículos. montículos. ¿Cómo ¿Cómo eran realmente eran realmente aquellas edificaciones? aquellas edificaciones? ¿Cuándo se ¿Cuándo se

el volcán Popocatépetl el volcán Popocatépetl

¡Conéctate! ¡Conéctate!

de sus pobladores? de sus pobladores?

Seguramente Seguramente la arqueóloga la arqueóloga pasaría pasaría noches con noches muchas conpreguntas muchas preguntas en la cabeza. en laSolo cabeza. si Solo si se desenterraban se desenterraban las edificaciones, las edificaciones, podría saberse podría saberse realmenterealmente cómo era cómo la vidaera dela lavida población de la población que habitóque habitó en aquel sitio. en aquel sitio.

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La civilización La civilización de Caral yde susCaral vecinos y sus envecinos Perú avanzaban en Perú avanzaban con con sus propiossus adelantos propios adelantos científicoscientíficos y tecnológicos. y tecnológicos. ¿A quién podrían ¿A quién podrían imitar si ellos imitar eran si ellos los que eran iban los más que adelantados iban más adelantados en aquellos en aquellos extensos territorios? extensos territorios?

Faltaban milenios Faltabanpara milenios que surgieran para que surgieran los los olmecas, mayas, olmecas, incas mayas, y aztecas. incas y aztecas.

Estatuilla que Estatuilla que representa representa el estilo el estilo en el que en el481 que llevaban 481llevaban el cabello las el cabello las mujeres caralinas. mujeres caralinas.

(b)Lucia Godinez/SUN/Newscom

Pero lejos Pero de América lejos desíAmérica había otras sí había civilizaciones otras civilizaciones interesadas interesadas en la agricultura, en la agricultura, y en las grandes y en lasconstrucciones grandes construcciones y conocimientos. y conocimientos.

Lejos estaba Lejos Egipto, estaba que Egipto, tan bien queaprovechaba tan bien aprovechaba el valle delelrío valle Nilodel río Nilo para sus cultivos; para susy cultivos; lejos estaban y lejoslos estaban sumerios los de sumerios Mesopotamia, de Mesopotamia, que habían que inventado habían inventado la escritura. la Lo escritura. curiosoLo escurioso que a pesar es que a pesar de los océanos de losque océanos las separaban, que las separaban, Caral coincidía Caral con coincidía aquellas con aquellas civilizaciones civilizaciones en su interés en su porinterés las estrellas, por las en estrellas, la búsqueda en la búsqueda de de medir el tiempo, medir elentiempo, hacer construcciones en hacer construcciones monumentales monumentales y en la y en la necesidadnecesidad intrínseca intrínseca de emplear delas emplear matemáticas las matemáticas y otras ciencias y otras ciencias y tecnologías. y tecnologías.

Con frecuencia Con frecuencia realizaba realizaba viajes de viajes de 1943. Este1943. volcán Este nació volcán en un nació campo en un decampo de exploración exploración a los dos grandes a los dosvolcanes grandes del volcanescultivo, del decultivo, una pequeña de una pequeña grieta. Cuentan grieta. Cuentan Valle de México, Valle deelMéxico, Popocatépetl el Popocatépetl (montaña(montaña que empezó queaempezó salir humo a salir y cuando humo y cuando

le otorgó le una otorgó beca una de mil beca pesos de mil para pesos para estudiar en estudiar Europa, endonde Europa, se donde graduóseengraduó en Filosofía yFilosofía Leyes por y Leyes la Universidad por la Universidad de de

humeante) humeante) y el Iztaccíhuatl y el Iztaccíhuatl (mujer blanca). (mujer blanca). sobrevinosobrevino la explosión, la explosión, el pueblo el completo pueblo completo En 1909 bajó En 1909 al cráter bajó del al cráter Popocatépetl del Popocatépetl y quedó y sepultado quedó sepultado por la lava. por El la Paricutín lava. El Paricutín tanto le impresionó tanto le impresionó que tiempo quedespués tiempo después estuvo activo estuvo hasta activo 1952 hasta y durante 1952 yesos durante esos

Roma. Participó Roma. Participó en la Exposición en la Exposición anual anual del Salón del de París Salónen de1900, París donde en 1900, recibió donde recibió medalla de medalla plata por de plata un autorretrato por un autorretrato al al pastel. Regresó pastel.aRegresó México aenMéxico 1903. Entre en 1903. Entre sus principales sus principales aficiones aficiones se encontraban se encontraban

regresó aregresó Italia para a Italia estudiar parasus estudiar volcanes. sus volcanes. nueve años nueve el Dr.años Atl estuvo el Dr. Atl mucho estuvo tiempo mucho tiempo En 1911, durante En 1911,su durante viaje asu Europa, viaje asuEuropa, barco su barco cerca de su cerca cráter de su tomando cráter tomando bocetos bocetos estuvo a punto estuvode a punto naufragar de naufragar debido a debido apara sus cuadros para susycuadros llevandoy allevando cabo una a cabo una una terrible unatempestad. terrible tempestad.

En ese momento, En ese momento, documentación documentación minuciosaminuciosa para un libro para un libro viéndose rodeado viéndosepor rodeado el agua, pordecidió el agua, decidióque escribió queen escribió 1950: Cómo en 1950: nace Cómo y crece nace y crece

la literatura, la literatura, el periodismo, el periodismo, la políticala política Gerardo Murillo Gerardo nació Murillo en Guadalajara, nació en Guadalajara, y, sobre todo, y, sobre la vulcanología. todo, la vulcanología.

Tal era Tal era Jalisco, elJalisco, 3 de octubre el 3 dede octubre 1875 yde murió 1875 y murió su interéssu por interés esta ciencia, por estaque ciencia, el tema que el tema en la Ciudad en ladeCiudad MéxicodeelMéxico 15 agosto el 15 deagosto de principal principal de su pintura, de suapintura, lo largoade lo toda largo de toda 1964. A los1964. quince A los años quince estudió añospintura estudió pintura su vida, fueron su vida, losfueron volcanes, los volcanes, tanto activos tanto activos en su ciudad en su natal ciudad y poco natal después y pocollegó después a llegó como a durmientes. como durmientes.

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llamarse Atl, llamarse que significa Atl, que“agua” significa “agua” en náhuatl. en náhuatl.

“Gran parte “Gran de mi parte vidadelami hevida ocupado la he ocupado

erupción erupción el Paricutín el Paricutín el 20 de febrero el 20 dedefebrerosolía de decir. solía decir.

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“montaña humeante”, se construyó una una “montaña humeante”, se construyó cabaña en las mismas del propio cabaña enladeras las laderas mismas del propio Popocatépetl.

De su afirmaba, Popocatépetl.

Decabaña, su cabaña, afirmaba, teníatenía que que sacar las nubes a sombrerazos. sacar las nubes a sombrerazos.

El Dr.ElAtl sus propios colores parapara Dr.creó Atl creó sus propios colores pintar y losyllamó Atl colors.

Sus cuadros pintar los llamó Atl colors.

Sus cuadros han han mantenido el brillo original a lo alargo mantenido el brillo original lo largo

e ingeniería, e ingeniería, de geometría de geometría y aritmética, y aritmética, de suelos, de de suelos, hidrografía de hidrografía y geología, y geología, y de tantas y de otras tantas cosas otras quecosas hacenque falta hacen para falta construir para construir una ciudad. una ciudad.

del tiempo.

Sin embargo, el pintor nunca del tiempo.

Sin embargo, el pintor nunca divulgó su fórmula.

Con Con ellosellos pintópintó muchos divulgó su fórmula. muchos volcanes, y estar frente a susa pinturas es es volcanes, y estar frente sus pinturas mirar lo que Gerardo Murillo vio. vio. mirar lo que Gerardo Murillo

Los edificios Losse edificios construían se construían en Caral con en Caral una plataforma con una plataforma ancha ancha y otras técnicas y otraspara técnicas que los para terremotos que los terremotos no los derrumbaran. no los derrumbaran.

Eran Eran construcciones construcciones sismorresistentes. sismorresistentes.

Los caralinos Los utilizaban caralinos utilizaban el métodoel método de tejer bolsas, de tejer llamadas bolsas, shicras, llamadas con shicras, fibras con de algunas fibras deplantas. algunas¡Yplantas. ¡Y allí dejaron allí lasdejaron shicraslas cargadas shicras de cargadas piedrasde por piedras los siglos porde loslos siglos siglos, de los siglos, como parte como de las parte construcciones! de las construcciones!

La palabraLashicra palabra proviene shicradel proviene del idioma quechua, idioma igual quechua, que la igual palabra que la papa, palabra quepapa, también quesetambién producía se producía en el valleen deelSupe valleyde cuyo Supe cultivo y cuyo se cultivo originó se enoriginó Perú. en Perú.

el volcán Paricutín, el volcán Paricutín, según una de según unalas de las versiones del Dr. versiones delAtl Dr. Atl

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En elEnParicutín, donde pasópasó mucho el Paricutín, donde mucho tiempo respirando las emanaciones del del tiempo respirando las emanaciones volcán, se lesionó la pierna derecha.

Por Por volcán, se lesionó la pierna derecha. un tiempo padeció problemas vasculares un tiempo padeció problemas vasculares y, finalmente, se lesegangrenó.

El único y, finalmente, le gangrenó.

El único centro médico cercano era un de de centro médico cercano erahospital un hospital maternidad.

Allá Allá lo llevaron y le ytuvieron maternidad. lo llevaron le tuvieron que que amputar la pierna. amputar la pierna.

Notimex/Newscom

En América Ense América hablan se muchísimas hablan muchísimas lenguas autóctonas. lenguas autóctonas.

Algunos Algunos lingüistas lingüistas piensan que piensan la lengua que la que lengua se hablaba que seen hablaba Caral fue en Caral fue la que diolaorigen que dio al idioma origen al quechua. idioma Otras quechua. palabras Otras quechuas palabras quechuas son pacha,son que pacha, significa que“tierra”, significakancha, “tierra”,que kancha, significa que“patio” significa y “patio” y choccllo, que choccllo, es la mazorca que es latierna mazorca de maíz. tierna de maíz.

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un volcán:un Elvolcán: Paricutín.

El Paricutín.

Su interésSu por interés los volcanes por los lo volcanes hizo lo hizo en escalarenvolcanes, escalar volcanes, estudiarlos, estudiarlos, dibujarlosdibujarlos desplazarse desplazarse a San Juan a San Parangaricutiro, Juan Parangaricutiro, y, de repente, y, de la repente, naturaleza la naturaleza puso en puso en en el estado en el deestado Michoacán, de Michoacán, donde hizo donde hizo la puerta la depuerta mi casa deun mivolcán casa un nuevo”, volcán nuevo”,

A fin de cuentas, A fin denadie cuentas, podría nadie construir podría un construir enormeunedificio enorme edificio en forma piramidal en forma piramidal sin tener la sinopinión tener la deopinión un experto. de un¿Dónde experto. ¿Dónde construirlo? construirlo? ¿Qué materiales ¿Qué materiales usar? Hayusar? que saber Hay que de arquitectura saber de arquitectura

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Lee cómoLee se descubrió cómo se descubrió la ciudad la considerada ciudad considerada actualmente actualmente la más antigua la másde antigua América. de América.

la CiudadladeCiudad México, dedonde México, ingresó dondea ingresó la a la Escuela de Escuela Bellas de Artes Bellas al mismo Artes al tiempo mismo tiempo que cursaba quelacursaba preparatoria. la preparatoria.

En 1897 seEn 1897 se

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¿Qué revelan ¿Quélos revelan científicos los científicos sobre las sobre civilizaciones las civilizaciones antiguas?antiguas?

construir su construir ciudad.su Pero, ciudad. ¿cuáles Pero, serían ¿cuáles las serían costumbres las costumbres

SPL/Science Source

©PAOLO AGUILAR/epa/Corbis

©PAOLO AGUILAR/epa/Corbis

Pregunta Pregunta esencial esencial

antiguas, los antiguas, habitantes los habitantes del misterioso del misterioso lugar no contarían lugar no contarían con herramientas con herramientas de metal, de ni con metal, másnimateriales con más materiales que que huesos dehuesos animales, de animales, madera y madera otras fibras y otras vegetales fibras vegetales de la región, de la además región,de además la piedra de ylalapiedra tierra,ypara la tierra, para

(b)Lucia Godinez/SUN/Newscom

Emma Romeu EmmaRiaño Romeu Riaño

no podía subirsubir con con una una sola sola pierna a losa los no podía pierna volcanes, entonces los veía desde el aire, volcanes, entonces los veía desde el aire, a bordo de helicópteros o avionetas, a bordo de helicópteros o avionetas, desde los cuales realizaba sus sus desde los cuales realizaba observaciones registrando los rasgos observaciones registrando los rasgos cambiantes del paisaje y trazando sus sus cambiantes del paisaje y trazando bocetos.

Los llamó aeropaisajes. bocetos.

Los llamó aeropaisajes.

Tal vez preferidos fueron Tal sus vez volcanes sus volcanes preferidos fueron “Creí“Creí que que iba aiba tener un niño el Paricutín y el yPopocatépetl: uno uno recién a tener un niño el Paricutín el Popocatépetl: recién —bromeaba—, peropero me cortaron la pierna y el yotro con con una una edadedad aproximada —bromeaba—, me cortaron la pierna nacido nacido el otro aproximada y salíy sin y sinypierna”. de 730,000 años; uno uno con con un cono de 450 salíniño sin niño sin pierna”. de 730,000 años; un cono de 450 de altura y el yotro con con 5,500; el el metros de altura el otro 5,500; A otro periodista, le confesó: “Me“Me han han metros A otro periodista, le confesó: másmás jovenjoven lanzando fuego y el yviejo con con lanzando fuego el viejo hecho un gran servicio cortándome la la hecho un gran servicio cortándome sus gigantescos glaciares; el recién nacido sus gigantescos glaciares; el recién nacido pierna porque me han fijado en elensitio pierna porque me han fijado el sitio Paricutín, que que es ahora un volcán extinto y y Paricutín, es ahora un volcán extinto donde necesitaba seguir trabajando”. donde necesitaba seguir trabajando”. el viejo Popocatépetl, que sigue en plena el viejo Popocatépetl, que sigue en plena PeroPero eso no puespues con con esofue no tan fue cierto, tan cierto, actividad.

Es más, parapara estarestar cerca de su actividad.

Es más, cerca de su muletas se leseveía ir y venir.

Como ya ya muletas le veía ir y venir.

Como 96 96

El pintor de volcanes murió El pintor de volcanes murió de un cardíaco a losa los deparo un paro cardíaco 89 años y susy restos descansan 89 años sus restos descansan en laenRotonda de las la Rotonda dePersonas las Personas Ilustres, en laenCiudad de México.

Ilustres, la Ciudad de México.

El Popocatépetl es unes un El Popocatépetl estratovolcán.

El flujo estratovolcán.

El flujo piroclástico que despide un un piroclástico que despide estratovolcán en erupción se se estratovolcán en erupción compone de ceniza caliente, compone de ceniza caliente, fragmentos de roca y gases fragmentos de roca y gases ardientes.

Fluye en dos capas. ardientes. Fluye en dos capas.

La capa más más pesada lanzalanza La capa pesada grandes rocasrocas a losaalrededores. grandes los alrededores.

La capa superior, más más ligera, La capa superior, ligera, contiene cenizas ardientes. contiene cenizas ardientes.

HazHaz conexiones conexiones ¿Cómo han han contribuido los volcanes a a ¿Cómo contribuido los volcanes PREGUNTA ESENCIAL transformar la Tierra?

PREGUNTA ESENCIAL transformar la Tierra? ¿Qué has has aprendido acerca de las ¿Qué aprendido acerca de fuerzas las fuerzas naturales queque influyen en nuestro planeta? naturales influyen en nuestro planeta? ¿De¿De quéqué modos a veces estas fuerzas se se modos a veces estas fuerzas Y OTROS TEXTOS influyen entre sí? EL EL TEXTO Y OTROS TEXTOS influyen entre sí?TEXTO

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habrían construido? habrían construido?

Al igual que Al igual otras que civilizaciones otras civilizaciones

a

Spanish Leveled Readers I & II

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a). Photo Selections b). Art selections

GéneroGénero • Texto• expositivo Texto expositivo

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Este día, como Este día, tantos como otros, tantos el Dr. otros, Ramón el Dr.Bonfil Ramón se prepara Bonfil separa prepara para enfrentar enfrentar al gran tiburón al granblanco. tiburónPor blanco. tradición, Por tradición, los encuentros los encuentros entre el hombre entre elyhombre este ser yimponente este ser imponente han dadohan origen dado a historias origen a historias casi míticas. casiCaben míticas. razones: Cabencien razones: millones cien de millones años antes de años de que antes de que los dinosaurios los dinosaurios se pasearan se pasearan por la superficie por la superficie de la Tierra, de la losTierra, los mares ya mares constituían ya constituían el territorio el territorio de caza del detiburón, caza deluno tiburón, de losuno de los depredadores depredadores más extraordinarios más extraordinarios del planeta. delSin planeta. embargo, Sin embargo, el el propósitopropósito que guía aque esteguía investigador a este investigador y sus colegas y susnocolegas es aniquilar no es aniquilar a las majestuosas a las majestuosas criaturas, criaturas, sino evitarsino su extinción. evitar su extinción.

Cuando era Cuando niña,era Adriana niña, Adriana era soñadora era soñadora y muy inquieta. y muy inquieta.

Según cuenta: Según cuenta: “me subía “me al techo subía de al techo mi casa depara mi casa observar para observar las estrellas. las estrellas.

Me trepaba Mealto trepaba alto para sentirlas para sentirlas un poco un máspoco cercamás y, con cerca utensilios y, con utensilios de cocina, desimular cocina,naves simular naves espaciales”. espaciales”.

Sus tripulantes Sus tripulantes eran sus eran muñecos, sus muñecos, vestidos como vestidos astronautas. como astronautas.

Su perroSu Tauro perro eraTauro el copiloto. era el copiloto.

Así que todos Así que listos todos emprendían listos emprendían imaginarios imaginarios viajes interplanetarios, viajes interplanetarios, cuando aún cuando ningún aúnser ningún humano ser humano había viajado había viajado al espacio. al espacio.

Desde pequeña, Desde pequeña, Adriana Adriana ha sido una ha sido viajera unacuriosa viajeraque curiosa ha roto quefronteras. ha roto fronteras.

Nació enNació Barranquilla en Barranquilla (Colombia); (Colombia); creció encreció Buenos enAires Buenos (Argentina) Aires (Argentina) y y cuando era cuando una adolescente era una adolescente se trasladó se trasladó con sus padres con susapadres Estadosa Unidos, Estados Unidos, donde vive donde desde vive entonces desde entonces y ha logrado y ha acercarse logrado acercarse cada vezcada más vez al espacio. más al espacio.

Ciertos depredadores Ciertos depredadores han inspirado han inspirado una mezcla una demezcla fascinación de fascinación y temor, como y temor, es elcomo caso es deellos caso grandes de losfelinos grandes y de felinos los tiburones y de los tiburones blancos. Ablancos. estos últimos A estosseúltimos los considera se los considera devoradores devoradores de seres de seres humanos,humanos, lo que ha lo dado quelugar ha dado a que lugar se les a que persiga se lesy persiga extermine. y extermine.

AdAridarnianOacaOmcapmopUoriUar,ia, VerónicaVerónica GuerreroGuerrero MotheletMothelet Gloria Valek Gloria Valdés Valek Valdés

Pregunta Pregunta esencial esencial ¿Cómo puede ¿Cómouna puede persona una persona influir influir en la opinión en la opinión de los demás? de los demás?

Pregunta Pregunta esencial esencial

agua hasta aguaunhasta sistema un sistema satelitalsatelital llamadollamado ARGOS, ARGOS, que calcula que la calcula posición la posición del del Entre 2002 Entre y 2004, 2002 ycuando 2004, cuando colaboraba colaboraba transmisor transmisor y reenvía y reenvía la información la información a una a una con la sociedad con la sociedad conservadora conservadora de la vida de la vidacomputadora. computadora.

Así es como Así essecomo conocen se conocen las las silvestresilvestre (Wildlife(Wildlife Conservation Conservation Society)Society) de de rutas y destinos rutas y destinos de los animales de los animales marcados. marcados.

EstadosEstados Unidos,Unidos, Bonfil descubrió, Bonfil descubrió, con el con el Uno de Uno ellosde fueellos Nicole, fue Nicole, una hembra una hembra apoyo de apoyo otrosde colegas, otros colegas, que los que tiburones los tiburones adulta de adulta casi cuatro de casimetros cuatro (13 metros pies), (13cuya pies), cuya blancosblancos son capaces son capaces de recorrer de recorrer inmensas inmensas travesíatravesía resultó toda resultó una toda sorpresa una sorpresa para para distancias distancias transoceánicas, transoceánicas, incluso incluso de un de unlos investigadores. los investigadores.

AunqueAunque desde 2002 desde se2002 se continente continente a otro, para a otro, luego pararegresar luego regresar a asospechaba sospechaba que el macho que el de macho esta de especie esta especie su hogarsunatal. hogarEsto natal. hace Esto evidente hace evidente que se que se podría viajar podríalargas viajardistancias, largas distancias, se pensaba se pensaba trata detrata una especie de una especie migratoria migratoria y sugiere y sugiere que las hembras que las hembras siempresiempre permanecían permanecían en en que puede queexistir puedeun existir vínculo un vínculo genéticogenético su área su nativa. área Sin nativa. embargo, Sin embargo, Nicole refutó Nicole refutó entre poblaciones entre poblaciones de tiburón de tiburón blanco muy blanco muy esta suposición esta suposición al cruzaralelcruzar océano el océano Índico Índico alejadas,alejadas, como las como de Sudáfrica las de Sudáfrica y Oceanía. y Oceanía. desde ladesde costa la decosta Sudáfrica de Sudáfrica hasta lahasta costa la costa Esta investigación, Esta investigación, publicada publicada en en noroestenoroeste de Australia de Australia en tan solo en tan 99 solo días.99 días. octubreoctubre de 2005de en2005 la revista en la científica revista científica Por si fuera Por si poco, fueraseis poco, meses seismás meses más Science, Science, consistió consistió en colocar en colocar en el lomo en el delomo tarde de lostarde investigadores los investigadores constataron constataron que que 25 tiburones, 25 tiburones, pequeños pequeños aparatosaparatos conocidos conocidos Nicole había Nicoleregresado había regresado al lugar al donde lugar donde como marcadores como marcadores PAT (delPAT inglés, (del Popinglés, Pop- fue marcada fue marcada originalmente, originalmente, completando completando Archival-Tags), Archival-Tags), que sonque microchips son microchips con con un circuito un circuito de más de más 20,000 de kilómetros 20,000 kilómetros sensoressensores y un transmisor y un transmisor de unosde 17unos 17 (12,427 (12,427 millas) en millas) pocoen menos poco de menos nueve de nueve centímetros centímetros (6.7 pulgadas) (6.7 pulgadas) de largo.deEstos largo. Estos meses; todo meses; untodo récord. un récord. instrumentos instrumentos transmiten transmiten por radio por datos radio datos como lacomo profundidad la profundidad y la temperatura y la temperatura del del

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Selección tomada Selección del tomada artículo publicado del artículopor publicado ¿Cómo ves?, por ¿Cómo Revistaves?, de laRevista Dirección de la General Dirección General de Divulgación de Divulgación de la CienciadedelalaCiencia Universidad de la Nacional Universidad de Nacional Mexico, #105. de Mexico, #105.

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La velocidad La velocidad mínimamínima de Nicole, de Nicole, tiburones en riesgo ser capturados tiburones ende riesgo de ser capturados sostenida sostenida a grandes a grandes distancias, distancias, fue de fue de en aguas Actualmente, eninternacionales. aguas internacionales.

Actualmente, 4.7 kilómetros 4.7 kilómetros (2.9 millas) (2.9 por millas) hora, por lahora, la países como y Sudáfrica tienen tienen paísesAustralia como Australia y Sudáfrica mayor registrada mayor registrada entre tiburones, entre tiburones, y solo y sololeyes que los que protegen, mas no mas son no son leyes los protegen, comparable comparable a la alcanzada a la alcanzada por los atunes por los atunes suficientes.

Como señala Bonfil: Bonfil: suficientes.

ComoRamón señala Ramón más rápidos. más rápidos.

Además, Además, Nicole realizó Nicole la realizó la “Ahora “Ahora tenemostenemos la prueba de que los la prueba de que los mayor parte mayordeparte la travesía de la travesía nadando nadando tiburones blancosblancos necesitan protección en tiburones necesitan protección en a menosa de menos un metro de un(3.3 metro pies) (3.3 bajo pies) bajo aguas internacionales.

Esta demostración aguas internacionales.

Esta demostración la superficie. la superficie.

Esto hace Esto suponer hace suponer que, que, es el paso para poder dicha dicha es esencial el paso esencial paraobtener poder obtener como otros como vertebrados, otros vertebrados, los tiburones los tiburones protección”.

De hecho, información que protección”.

De la hecho, la información que blancosblancos podríanpodrían usar guías usarvisuales guías visuales como como obtuvo su equipo sido ha unosido de uno tió que obtuvo su ha equipo de tió que mecanismos mecanismos de navegación de navegación —la posición —la posiciónla especie fuera incluida en el Apéndice la especie fuera incluida en el Apéndice del Sol odel deSol la Luna—, o de la Luna—, ademásademás de utilizar de utilizar II de la Convención sobre elsobre Comercio II de la Convención el Comercio el campo el magnético campo magnético de la Tierra. de la Tierra.

Internacional de Especies Amenazadas Internacional de Especies Amenazadas No obstante, No obstante, estos viajes estosextensos viajes extensos de Fauna Flora Silvestre de las Naciones deyFauna y Flora Silvestre de las Naciones a travésade través todode untodo océano un océano ponen aponen los a los Unidas Unidas (CITES,(CITES, por sus por siglas inglés). susensiglas en inglés).

Así como Asíhay como zonas hayyzonas momentos y momentos de de haber confundido haber confundido a algúnaincauto algún incauto nadador nadador riesgo para riesgo encontrarse para encontrarse con otras conespecies otras especies con un con loboun marino lobo marino o una tortuga—, o una tortuga—, en en de tiburones de tiburones —como—como ríos y playas ríos y de playas de ciertas condiciones ciertas condiciones especiales, especiales, si el tiburón si el tiburón agua turbia, agua en turbia, el caso en el delcaso tiburón del tiburón toro; toro; suponesupone que el humano que el humano que percibe que percibe no no los buceos los buceos nocturnos, nocturnos, en el deen la el tintorera de la tintorera muy lejos muy eslejos una presa es unafácil, presa nofácil, vacilará no vacilará en en o el tiburón o el tiburón tigre; los tigre; naufragios los naufragios en alta en alta acercarse acercarse y probarlo. y probarlo. mar, enmar, el caso en el delcaso tiburón del tiburón azul—, uno azul—, uno En general, En general, los tiburones los tiburones blancosblancos puede toparse puede toparse con un con tiburón un tiburón blanco blanco son curiosos son curiosos y sueleny investigar suelen investigar lo que lo que durantedurante un buceo unen buceo una en zona unallena zonadellena de encuentran encuentran en su territorio. en su territorio.

PrimeroPrimero focas y focas lobos ymarinos. lobos marinos. miran con miran cuidado. con cuidado.

Si el objeto Si el les objeto les AunqueAunque los humanos los humanos no somos no presa somos presa parece parece inofensivo, inofensivo, es posible es posible que quieran que quieran naturalnatural ni el manjar ni el manjar favoritofavorito de ninguna de ningunaprobarlo. probarlo.

En realidad, En realidad, los ataques los ataques de de especieespecie de tiburón de tiburón —y en muchos —y en muchos casos casos tiburóntiburón a los humanos a los humanos son menos son menos los ataques los ataques se deben se adeben que elaanimal que el animal pudo pudo frecuentes frecuentes de lo que de nos lo que hannos hecho hancreer. hecho creer.

En aguasEn deaguas Sudáfrica de Sudáfrica Ramón Bonfil Ramón ayuda Bonfila ayuda a un tiburón un blanco tiburónde blanco tres de tres metros (9.8 metros pies)(9.8 a salir pies) a salir de la cuna de de la cuna marcaje, de marcaje, luego deluego que se deleque se le colocaracolocara una marca una marca satelital satelital de tiempo dereal. tiempo real.

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Credits TK

¡Conéctate! ¡Conéctate!

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Lee acerca Leede acerca la geóloga de la geóloga de la NASA de la NASA que descubrió que descubrió el cráterelque cráter dejóque el dejó el meteorometeoro causantecausante de la extinción de la extinción de los de los dinosaurios dinosaurios hace 65 hace millones 65 millones de años.de años.

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Los padres de Adriana siempre la impulsaron a alcanzar las estrellas y le aconsejaban que estudiar era el camino para acercarse a ellas. Para participar en esa apasionante tarea, debía seguir preparándose.

Adriana Ocampo Uria escribió este cuento de divulgación científica, para explicar la Sabía que era la única manera fuerza de la gravedad. de aprender cada vez más y conocer a muchos científicos prominentes. En 1983 Adriana se graduó en geología, ciencia que estudia el interior de la Tierra, y luego hizo la maestría en geología planetaria, en la Universidad Estatal de California. Pero eso no fue todo. Mientras trabajaba como investigadora científica en el JPL, se matriculó en la Universidad de Amsterdam (Países Bajos), donde obtuvo un doctorado.

El granEl tiburón gran tiburón blanco blanco no merece no merece la malala mala lo blanco corresponde solo a lasolo parte lo blanco corresponde a la parte fama que fama tiene, queytiene, que les y que ha costado les ha costado la vida la vida inferiorinferior de su abdomen.

El restoElderesto su de su de su abdomen. a tantosa ejemplares. tantos ejemplares. cuerpo cuerpo va del gris oscuro al café grisáceo. va del gris oscuro al café grisáceo.

Su coloración le sirvele desirve camuflaje en el en el Su coloración de camuflaje momento de atacar su presa. momento deaatacar a suContra presa. Contra ella arremete desde abajo, un veloz ella arremete desdeen abajo, en un veloz Según Ramón Según Ramón Bonfil, Bonfil, el tiburón el tiburón blanco blanco ascendente, durantedurante el cual su movimiento ascendente, el cual su es un animal es un animal hermoso. hermoso.

Puede alcanzar Puede alcanzar movimiento lomo selomo confunde con el agua, se confunde con elloagua, lo casi siete casi metros siete metros (22.9 pies) (22.9 depies) longitud, de longitud,oscuro oscuro que le ofrece la ventaja de la sorpresa. que le ofrece la ventaja de la sorpresa. aunqueaunque en promedio en promedio mide entre mide3.5 entre y 3.5 y Los tiburones no respiran por la nariz, Los tiburones no respiran por la nariz, cinco metros cinco metros (11.5 y 16.4 (11.5pies). y 16.4Llega pies). Llega que, como la pero fosas tienennasales fosas nasales que,acomo a la a pesaramás pesar demás tres de toneladas tres toneladas y, comoy, como pero tienen de sus parientes, les permiten de sus parientes, les permiten sucede sucede con la mayoría con la mayoría de los tiburones, de los tiburones, mayoríamayoría a sus presas una gran a sus mediante presas mediante una gran las hembras las hembras suelen ser suelen másser grandes más grandes que queolfatearolfatear cantidad de órganos sensoriales llamados cantidad de órganos sensoriales llamados los machos. los machos.

Tiene una Tiene pigmentación una pigmentación poco poco que se conectan directamente con con que se conectan directamente común,común, ya que ayapesar que ade pesar su nombre, de su nombre, lamellae,lamellae, el centro su cerebro, informando de el de centro de su cerebro, informando de cualquier olor interesante.

Esta es Esta la razón cualquier olor interesante. es la razón de que de puedan detectardetectar sangre sangre a variosa varios que puedan kilómetros de distancia. kilómetros de distancia.

AHORA COMPRUEBA AHORA COMPRUEBA

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la evolución de la vida en la Tierra. Fue descubierto por dos geofísicos que trabajaban en México para la empresa PEMEX, a finales de la década de 1970.

Como ocurre con grandes descubrimientos científicos, su fin era otro; no buscar un cráter formado por el impacto de un meteorito. En este caso buscaban petróleo.

Adriana no solo está alcanzando las estrellas. También indaga en el pasado de los planetas y los enigmas de la Tierra. Trabaja en los misterios que guardan las rocas y los cráteres ocasionados por el impacto de meteoritos.

Disfruta entrañablemente la naturaleza y fue niña scout. Ama todo lo que tenga que ver con volar y explorar pues es sumamente curiosa. Le encanta, además, ensuciarse, excavar y trabajar con el lodo y la tierra. Sus consejos para seguir una carrera como la suya se resumen en “primero, soñar y nunca darse por vencido; tener persistencia y hacer todo de corazón pero también vivir la vida con gusto”.

El cráter de Chicxulub se formó hace 65 millones de años.

Los sueños de Adriana la han transportado a todo el sistema solar, pero su disciplina y constancia en la investigación científica la han llevado a participar en proyectos que han logrado llegar a Marte, Venus y Júpiter. Se ha convertido en una experta en planetas y en el uso de instrumentos como distintos tipos de rayos y la más avanzada tecnología satelital. Y a Adriana también le interesan la enseñanza y la publicación de material educativo para motivar a jóvenes como tú a acercarse a las ciencias.

Resumir Resumir ResumeResume por quépor qué el graneltiburón gran tiburón blancoblanco es es un animal un animal muy especial. muy especial.

Ramón Bonfil Ramónprepara Bonfil prepara a un tiburón a un tiburón blanco blanco de 3.8 metros de 3.8 (12.5 metros pies), (12.5 recién pies),subido reciénasubido la a la camilla de camilla marcaje de marcaje despuésdespués de un formidable de un formidable forcejeo,forcejeo, para elevarlo para elevarlo a la plataforma a la plataforma y y colocarle colocarle la marcalasatelital. marca satelital.

Como puedes Comodarte puedes cuenta, darteAdriana cuenta, Adriana ha rebasado ha rebasado fronteras.fronteras.

Sus sueños Sus sueños empezaron empezaron a hacersea realidad hacerse realidad cuando, cuando, en Estados en Unidos, Estados teniendo Unidos, teniendo solo solo 14 años, 14 solicitó años,trabajo solicitóen trabajo la NASA. en laNo NASA. le importó No le importó ser muy ser joven muy y que joven y que su lenguasumaterna lengua materna fuera el español. fuera el español.

No la contrataron No la contrataron entoncesentonces pero, tanpero, tan pronto como pronto pudo, como diopudo, el gran diopaso el gran al serle pasootorgado al serle otorgado un puesto, unprimero puesto, primero como voluntaria como voluntaria y luego como y luego empleada, como empleada, en el mismísimo en el mismísimo Jet Propulsion Jet Propulsion Laboratory Laboratory (JPL) o Laboratorio (JPL) o Laboratorio de propulsión de propulsión a chorro,aen chorro, California. en California.

Ahí se Ahí se construyen construyen y manejan y manejan naves espaciales naves espaciales no tripuladas no tripuladas nada menos nadaque menos paraque para la ¡NASA! la Adriana ¡NASA! Adriana soñaba con soñaba diseñar con colonias diseñar colonias espaciales, espaciales, pero empezó pero empezó trabajando trabajando en algo igual en algo de importante: igual de importante: recolectar recolectar datos dedatos las antenas de las de antenas de radio. Estas radio. sonEstas como son oídos como gigantes oídos gigantes que escuchan que escuchan ondas deondas radio de emitidas radio emitidas por algunas por estrellas. algunas estrellas.

Su labor Su comenzó labor comenzó entoncesentonces a ser fascinante a ser fascinante al trabajar al trabajar con los mejores con los ingenieros mejores ingenieros y científicos y científicos del mundo. del mundo.

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Adriana Ocampo and Eliseo Balaguer Calpe

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Credits TK

Credits TK

Credits TK

Lee acerca Leedel acerca trabajo deldel trabajo biólogo delmarino biólogo marino Ramón Bonfil, Ramón que Bonfil, le permite que le conocer permite conocer de muy cerca de muy a una cerca dealas una criaturas de las criaturas más más feroces yferoces fascinantes y fascinantes del reino del animal. reino animal.

NASA/Adriana Ocampo

Cómo puede Cómo una puede investigación una investigación científicacientífica convertirse convertirse en una aventura? en una aventura?

Debido aDebido su empuje a su yempuje a la claridad y a la claridad de sus objetivos de sus objetivos ha podido hacumplir podido cumplir muchas de muchas sus metas. de susHoy metas. es laHoy administradora es la administradora de misiones de misiones científicas científicas de de la división la división de ciencias de ciencias planetarias planetarias del programa del programa de ciencias de ciencias de la NASA de la NASA (Administración (Administración NacionalNacional de la Aeronáutica de la Aeronáutica y del Espacio). y del Espacio).

Como tal, Como es tal, es responsable responsable del programa del programa Nuevas Fronteras, Nuevas Fronteras, de las misiones de las misiones Juno a Júpiter, Juno a Júpiter, Nuevos Horizontes Nuevos Horizontes a Plutón ayPlutón de la colaboración y de la colaboración de la NASA, de laen NASA, Venusen Venus Express, de Express, la Agencia de la Agencia Espacial Espacial Europea.Europea.

Uno de los momentos favoritos de su carrera fue la investigación que llevó al descubrimiento del cráter de Chicxulub, en Yucatán (México): una gran depresión topográfica cuyo nombre en lengua maya significa pulga del diablo, que se formó hace 65 millones de años como resultado de la caída en la Tierra de un meteorito gigante que causó la extinción de más de la mitad de las especies que había en el planeta, incluidos los dinosaurios. Adriana ha dirigido expediciones para estudiar ese gigantesco cráter, que cambió 210

Haz conexiones

Detlev van Ravenswaay/Science Source

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Spanish Leveled Readers is a series of books for spanish speaking students in the U.S. These books inlude my page layout design, creationf of all graphic elements, backgrounds and typography on titles. Also selection of art and photography for the different selections.

Comenta cómo ha influido Adriana Ocampo Uria en la vida de muchas personas. PREGUNTA ESENCIAL Describe cómo te ha hecho cambiar tus creencias alguna persona que conozcas o sobre la que hayas leído. EL TEXTO Y TÚ 211

Spanish Leveled Readers I & II

McGraw-Hill Education b

Género Género • Ficción • Ficción histórica histórica

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Respuesta al texto Elena Poniatowska nació en París (Francia) de madre mexicana y padre polaco, y contaba con 10 años cuando llegó por primera vez a México. En 2013, recibió el premio más importante que se concede en el campo de la literatura escrita en español, el Premio Cervantes. Este galardón culminó la carrera de una escritora que aprendió a hablar español de su nana y comenzó humildemente haciendo entrevistas para un periódico mexicano. Elena Poniatowska ha escrito perdurables novelas, biografías y numerosos cuentos para niños, entre ellos, Fuerte es el silencio, Gaby Brimmer, Leonora, La vendedora de nubes y Boda en Chimalistac.

Mucho tiempo Muchoatrás, tiempo enatrás, una ciudad en unade ciudad China,de rodeada China, rodeada de altas montañas de altas montañas y tupidosybosques tupidos de bosques árboles dede árboles diferentes de diferentes tipos, pasaba tipos,un pasaba tranquilo un tranquilo río de aguas río de transparentes aguas transparentes en en donde nadaban donde nadaban patos y peces patosde y peces muchos decolores. muchos colores.

Cerca deCerca la orilla dede la orilla la ciudad de lahabía ciudad una había pequeña una pequeña casa casa construida construida con ladrillos con hechos ladrilloscon hechos agua,con paja agua, y lodo. paja Eny lodo. En ella vivíaella la familia vivía laWong. familiaWong Wong.

Li,Wong hijo único, Li, hijo cuenta único,las cuenta las experiencias experiencias que vivióque junto vivió a sujunto familia a suenfamilia los preparativos en los preparativos para la celebración para la celebración del Año Nuevo. del Año Nuevo.

Escribir ¿De qué manera los detalles descriptivos le sirven a la autora para reflejar la manera en que Gaby Brimmer superó sus retos personales? Organiza las evidencias del relato a partir de estos marcos de oración: La autora busca…

Ella refleja el mundo interior de Gaby…

Esto es importante porque…

Desde pequeño, era un muchacho alegre quecon jugaba con Desde pequeño, yo era unyo muchacho alegre que jugaba misyamigos y pescaba en el río varias a la para semana para mis amigos pescaba en el río varias veces a laveces semana llevarle a pescado a miComo madre. era muy no curioso, no era nada llevarle pescado mi madre. eraComo muy curioso, era nada quepiedras juntarade piedras decontara colores,luciérnagas contara luciérnagas raro que raro juntara colores, en las en las y me acostara sobre la ver las nubes. Atrapaba noches y noches me acostara sobre la hierba a hierba ver las a nubes.

Atrapaba y lagartijas y, de después de observarlos, loslibres. dejaba libres. insectos yinsectos lagartijas y, después observarlos, los dejaba Pasaba en el observando bosque, observando con detenimiento.

Pasaba horas en horas el bosque, todo con todo detenimiento.

MiLin madre, Manli, despierta siempre despierta desde muy temprano, Mi madre, Manli,Lin siempre desde muy temprano, parecía una hormiga de tan ocupada. parecía una hormiga de tan ocupada.

Cocinaba,Cocinaba, lavaba lalavaba ropa la ropa y hacía padre, Fu, trabajaba y hacía un sinfín un de sinfín cosas.de Micosas. padre,Mi Wong Fu,Wong trabajaba en un en un a unde costado deAhí la casa.

Ahíallevaba pequeño pequeño cobertizocobertizo a un costado la casa. llevaba cabo a cabo el oficio varias generaciones de los hombres de la familia: el oficio de variasde generaciones de los hombres de la familia: producir petardos fuegos artificiales. producir petardos y fuegos yartificiales.

¿Es posible que los lectores se sientan inspirados al leer los sucesos que Elena Poniatowska narra en Gaby Brimmer?

Hacer conexiones

Ilustraciones de Laura González; foto: Quim Llenas/Cover/Getty Images

¿Qué probó Gaby ante sí misma y ante los demás al ir más allá de sus límites? PREGUNTA ESENCIAL ¿Sobre qué otros tipos de retos has leído que te hayan inspirado a actuar o pensar de otra manera? ¿Qué te enseñaron esos casos? EL TEXTO Y EL MUNDO

Ilustraciones de Laura González

Judy Goldman Judy Goldman ilustraciones ilustraciones de Renéde Venegas René Venegas

Resumir Utiliza detalles de Gaby Brimmer para resumir cómo se enfrenta la protagonista a sus retos personales. La tabla de punto de vista del autor te puede ayudar.

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Pregunta Pregunta esencial esencial ¿Qué influye ¿Quéen influye el desarrollo en el desarrollo de una cultura? de una cultura?

Capítulo 1

En torno al agua

Lee acerca Leedeacerca un muchacho de un muchacho que que quiere aprender quiere aprender el oficio de el oficio la de la pirotecniapirotecnia en la antigua en laChina. antigua China.

¡Conéctate! ¡Conéctate!

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Una mañana, Una mañana, me desperté me desperté cuando cuando el sol apenas el soliluminaba apenas iluminaba los picos de los las picos de las montañasmontañas coronadas coronadas con blancas connubes blancas nubes cercanas cercanas a mi casa.a Me mi casa. froté Me los ojos frotéy los ojos y bostecé. Todavía bostecé.tenía Todavía sueño tenía porsueño lo quepor lo que me acomodé me acomodé mejor en mejor el k’ang, en el una k’ang, una plataforma plataforma de ladrillos deque ladrillos servía que de servía de cama para cama mis para padres mis y yo. padres Le diy un yo.tirón Le di un tirón a la cobija a para la cobija cubrirme para cubrirme el mentón, el mentón, cerré los ojos cerréy,los unos ojossegundos y, unos segundos después, después, soñé que soñé me trepaba que meatrepaba un árbola tan un árbol alto tan alto que su frondosa que su frondosa copa desaparecía copa desaparecía entre entre las nubes.las nubes.

En eso, sentí En eso, quesentí una mano que una sacudía mano sacudía mi hombro. mi hombro.

Era mi padre, Era mi quien padre, dijo: quien dijo: ––¡Despierta, ––¡Despierta, Wong Li!Wong ¡Despierta!

Li! ¡Despierta! ¡Ya ¡Ya es tarde yeshay tarde mucho y hay que mucho hacerque hoy! hacer Ya hoy! Ya pronto será pronto el Año será Nuevo el Año y los Nuevo petardos y los petardos y fuegos artificiales y fuegos artificiales tienen tienen que estarque listos. estar Sin listos. ellos, Sin la fiesta ellos,para la fiesta honrar para a nuestros honrar a ancestros nuestros ancestros y dioses no y dioses será igual. no será Además, igual. Además, si no hay si ruidos no hay muy, ruidos muymuy, fuertes, muy fuertes, los espíritus los malos espíritus no malos se espantarán no se espantarán y se quedarán y se quedarán a vivir entre a vivir entre nosotros. nosotros. ¡Eso sería¡Eso terrible! seríaRápido, terrible!rápido, Rápido,que rápido, hay que queirhay cuanto que ir cuanto antes porantes más bambú por másverde bambú al bosque. verde al bosque.

Eché a unEché ladoalaun cobija lado ylame cobija pusey de mepie puse dede unpie brinco. de un A brinco. mí A mí me encantaban me encantaban todas las todas celebraciones, las celebraciones, desde lasdesde más sencillas las más sencillas hasta las hasta más elegantes, las más elegantes, pero la del pero AñolaNuevo del Año eraNuevo la queera más la que más me gustaba. me Además, gustaba. Además, durante las durante fiestas,lasmis fiestas, amigos misy amigos yo y yo podíamospodíamos hacer muchísimo hacer muchísimo ruido y nadie ruidonos y nadie regañaba. nos regañaba.

Al Al contrario,contrario, ¡nos pedían ¡nosque pedían hiciéramos que hiciéramos aún más! aún más!

Me estiréMe hasta estiré quehasta los huesos que los me huesos tronaron. me tronaron.

Luego, me Luego, calcé me calcé los zapatos losy,zapatos para despertar y, para despertar completamente, completamente, me eché me en la eché caraen la cara agua del agua barril.del barril.

Al poco tiempo, Al pocomi tiempo, padre mi y yo padre nos sentamos y yo nos sentamos a la mesaayla mesa y desayunamos desayunamos el humeante el humeante arroz y bebimos arroz y té bebimos muy caliente té muyque caliente que nos sirviónos mi madre. sirvió miDespués, madre. Después, mi padre mi y yo padre salimos y yode salimos la casa. de la casa.

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Pero mi padre mepadre acariciaba la cabezalaycabeza decía: y decía: Pero mi me acariciaba ––Todavía––Todavía no es el momento, hijo. Primero no es el momento, hijo. debes Primero debes cumplir con la tradición familiar yfamiliar esperaryaesperar cumplira cumplir cumplir con la tradición dos primaveras más.

Así lo tuve que hacer yo, y mi yo, y mi dos primaveras más. Así lo tuve que hacer padre y su padre.

Yapadre. me ayudas ordenadoordenado padre y su Ya memanteniendo ayudas manteniendo el cobertizo y acomodando los trozoslos huecos bambú el cobertizo y acomodando trozosde huecos de bambú en una pila.

Peropila. la preparación de la pólvora un en una Pero la preparación de laes pólvora es un asunto difícil.

Nodifícil. quieroNo que, por que, descuido, un petardo asunto quiero por descuido, un petardo explote yexplote todo ––bambú, papel, madera, cobertizocobertizo y y todo ––bambú, papel, madera, y casa–– secasa–– incendie y desaparezca en un instante. se incendie y desaparezca en un instante.

Y, aunque parecía faltaba llegar Y,me aunque meque parecía quemucho faltabapara mucho para llegar a la edadanecesaria, me teníame quetenía conformar con esa con esa la edad necesaria, que conformar respuestarespuesta y esperaryansiosamente a que pasara tiempo. esperar ansiosamente a queelpasara el tiempo.

Dejamos Dejamos atrás el pueblo atrás el y caminamos pueblo y caminamos por una vereda por una que vereda que nos llevó nos a través llevódel a través bosque, deldonde bosque, bandadas donde bandadas de pájaros de pájaros multicolores multicolores llenaban llenaban el aire con elsus airecantos, con susy cantos, grandesy grandes manadasmanadas de gibones deygibones otros monos y otros semonos columpiaban se columpiaban de rama de rama en rama. en Al dejar rama.atrás Al dejar el bosque, atrás elelbosque, caminoelnos camino llevó nos por llevó por las orillaslas de orillas campos desembrados campos sembrados de arroz, de té, arroz, ajonjolí, té,soya ajonjolí, y soya y pepinos. Así pepinos. llegamos Así llegamos a un granabosque un grande bosque bambú. de bambú.

Era uno de Eramis uno lugares de misfavoritos lugares pues, favoritos a esa pues, hora, a esa el hora, el bosque parecía bosquepintado parecíade pintado una luz deverde una luz queverde se calaba que se entre calaba entre las hojas. las Erahojas. frescoEra y tan fresco tranquilo y tan tranquilo que se escuchaba que se escuchaba el rumor el rumor de un riachuelo de un riachuelo y el ligeroytintineo el ligerode tintineo la brisa decuando la brisasecuando se colaba entre colaba las entre hojas las de las hojas puntas de las depuntas las altísimas de las altísimas varas. El varas. El bambú crecía bambú tancrecía rápidotan que rápido yo imaginaba que yo imaginaba que se estiraba que se estiraba como si quisiera como sialcanzar quisiera el alcanzar sol. el sol.

A mí me encantaba A mí me encantaba acompañar acompañar a mi padre, a mi porque padre,esporque un es un hombre que hombre conoce quemucho conoce del mucho mundo. delCada mundo. vez Cada que salíamos vez que salíamos juntos, yojuntos, prestaba yo prestaba atención atención porque élporque siempreélme siempre contaba me contaba algo sobre algo lo que sobre veíamos lo que por veíamos el camino. por elUna camino. vez fue Unasobre vez fue sobre el panda el que, panda peseque, a supese aspecto, a su es aspecto, un animal es unpeligroso, animal peligroso, y y otra, cuando otra,vimos cuando a unos vimos monos a unos gibones, monos nos gibones, detuvimos nos detuvimos para para oír los ruidos oír los queruidos hacían. queAhacían. mí me parecía A mí meque parecía más que más bien cantaban. bien cantaban.

Mi padreMi también padre me también contóme sobre contó los sobre dragones los dragones de de diferentesdiferentes colores que colores surcaban que surcaban los aires, de los los aires, poderosos de los poderosos emperadores emperadores de nuestra detierra nuestra y de tierra los grandes y de losbarcos grandes debarcos de juncos que juncos atravesaban que atravesaban los mares.los mares.

Además, Además, me hablóme de habló los insectos, de los como insectos, las como libélulas las ylibélulas y las mariposas, las mariposas, que parecían que parecían joyas conjoyas alas tornasoladas; con alas tornasoladas; de los de los reptiles cubiertos reptiles cubiertos de escamas de que escamas se escondían que se escondían debajo debajo de las piedras; de lasypiedras; nombróyalgunas nombróestrellas, algunas estrellas, entre las entre infinitas las infinitas que iluminaban que iluminaban el cielo. el cielo.

Pero lo que Pero más lo me quegustaba más meera gustaba cuando erame cuando hablaba me hablaba de mis ancestros. de mis ancestros.

Por fin llegamos al bosquealybosque mi padre se padre puso ase puso a Por fin llegamos y mi seleccionar y luego aycortar largaslas cañas decañas bambú seleccionar luego las a cortar largas de bambú verde converde un cuchillo Yo filoso. las recogí y las coloqué con unfiloso. cuchillo Yo las recogí y las coloqué a un lado.a La poco a poco un pila lado.fue Lacreciendo pila fue creciendo pocoy,acuando poco y, cuando tuvimos suficientes, mi padremi guardó cuchillo juntos, y juntos, tuvimos suficientes, padreelguardó elycuchillo y cada quien cargando muchas cañas, regresamos a casa a casa y cada quien cargando muchas cañas, regresamos por el mismo por elcamino. mismo camino.

En cuanto nos fuimos cobertizo, Enllegamos, cuanto llegamos, nosalfuimos al cobertizo, colocamos las cañaslas con otrascon queotras habíamos traído traído colocamos cañas que habíamos anteriormente y comenzamos a trabajar.

Mi padreMi padre anteriormente y comenzamos a trabajar. cortó los cortó bambúes huecos en trozosen y yo los acomodé de los bambúes huecos trozos y yo los acomodé de tal manera empezaron a formar aunformar pequeño montón. montón. tal que manera que empezaron un pequeño Poco a poco, el montón se convirtió en una Poco a poco, el montón se convirtiópequeña en una pequeña montañamontaña tan verdetan como loscomo chapulines que saltaban verde los chapulines que saltaban en el campo. en el campo.

MientrasMientras mi padremi cortaba trozoslos detrozos bambú, padre los cortaba de bambú, se detuvo, miró me y me preguntó: seme detuvo, miró y me preguntó: ––¿Sabes ––¿Sabes quién inventó pólvora, Fuehijo? un Fue un quiénlainventó la hijo? pólvora, descubrimiento muy importante para China y para descubrimiento muy importante para China y para nosotros.nosotros.

No podríamos celebrar celebrar las fiestaslas enfiestas la forma No podríamos en la forma en que estamos acostumbrados y nosotros no tendríamos en que estamos acostumbrados y nosotros no tendríamos forma deforma ganarnos la vida. la vida. de ganarnos

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Mi padreMi siguió cortando el bambúelybambú continuó: padre siguió cortando y continuó: ––Hay varias leyendas que se cuentan miles de miles años. de años.

––Hay varias leyendas que se hace cuentan hace ¿Quieres ¿Quieres escucharlas? escucharlas?

Yo dije que sí y mi padre, cambiando el tono Yo dije que sí y mi padre, cambiandode el voz, tonocomo de voz, como hacía cada vezcada que contaba empezó: hacía vez que algo, contaba algo, empezó: ––Se dice––Se que,dice mucho de antes la invención de la pólvora, que,antes mucho de la invención de la pólvora, nuestros nuestros antepasados echaban echaban pedazos pedazos de bambú a verde a antepasados deverde bambú las fogatas. el Como bambúeltierno tiene huecos dellenos aire de aire las Como fogatas. bambú tierno tienellenos huecos en su interior, produciendo un chisporroteo y una y una en su explotaba interior, explotaba produciendo un chisporroteo hermosa hermosa flama. flama.

Yo sonreíYo porque mí también me gustaba bambú sonreíaporque a mí también me echar gustaba echar bambú verde a laverde fogata. a la fogata.

Mi padreMi continuó: padre continuó: ––Mucho ––Mucho tiempo después, un cocinero se encontraba en tiempo después, un cocinero se encontraba en el campoelecampo iba a preparar algo paraalgo comer. tenía ya tenía e iba a preparar paraCuando comer. ya Cuando todo listo,todo echó en la fogata, querer, potasio, listo, echó en lasin fogata, sinnitrato querer,denitrato de potasio, que a veces se usaba en vez de sal para sazonar la comida. que a veces se usaba en vez de sal para sazonar la comida.

En ella yaEnhabía carbón azufre, ycosas quecosas se encontraban ella ya habíay carbón azufre, que se encontraban fácilmente en el campo. prendió y unos instantes fácilmente en elLe campo.

Lefuego prendió fuego y unos instantes después, después, ¡buuuuum!, hubo unahubo explosión tan fuertetan que casi que casi ¡buuuuum!, una explosión fuerte lo mata de susto. de Fuesusto. corriendo a esconderse y solo regresó lo mata Fue corriendo a esconderse y solo regresó cuando vio que todo estaba cuando vio que todotranquilo. estaba tranquilo.

Yo me reíYo a me carcajadas. reí a carcajadas.

Mi padreMi continuó: padre continuó: ––Ese cocinero se lo dijose a su familia a sus conocidos.

A ––Ese cocinero lo dijo a suy familia y a sus conocidos.

A algunos les llamóles mucho atención y se lo dijeron otras a otras algunos llamólamucho la atención y se loadijeron personas.personas.

Poco a poco gente se gente enterósedel suceso.

Pocomás a poco más enteró delPasó suceso. Pasó mucho tiempo apareció un hombre dicen, sedicen, llamaba muchoytiempo y apareció un que, hombre que, se llamaba Sun Simiao. médico alquimista, es decir, es una persona SunEra Simiao.

Eraymédico y alquimista, decir, una persona que buscaba el elixir de inmortalidad, porque quería que buscaba el la elixir de la inmortalidad, porquevivir quería vivir por siempre.

Por eso, hacía muchos mezclando por siempre.

Por eso, hacía experimentos muchos experimentos mezclando químicosquímicos y más químicos.

Sin querer, una de y más químicos.

Sinen querer, enesas unaocasiones, de esas ocasiones, él y sus asistentes mezclaron nitrato denitrato potasio, él y sus asistentes mezclaron de azufre, potasio,otros azufre, otros elementos y ¡miel dey abeja!

Cuando la mezcla, elementos ¡miel de abeja! calentaron Cuando calentaron la se mezcla, se produjo una flama tanflama fuertetan que ¡el lugar donde llevaban a produjo una fuerte que ¡el lugar donde llevaban a cabo los cabo experimentos se convirtió en cenizas unos minutos! los experimentos se convirtió enen cenizas en unos minutos!

Yo abrí mucho ojos. los ojos.

Yo abrílos mucho

En la época de verano, cuando el sol se ponía sobre la planicie de Quimbombó, el cielo se tornaba naranja y algunos resplandores violetas y rosados cruzaban el horizonte; los atardeceres eran increíblemente bellos en este territorio .

Sin embargo, las lluvias cesaban y la tierra comenzaba a resentirse por la falta de agua . El suelo se endurecía y se formaban largas y profundas grietas, producto del calor ardiente de la época .

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En medio de aquella planicie, vivían los trasgos, quienes habitaban en pequeños poblados de chozas que construían con ramas y rodeaban con cercas . Su principal sustento venía de la cría de ganado, del que obtenían carne, leche y cuero que usaban para su supervivencia o para hacer canje por otras mercancías con otras poblaciones cercanas, ya que no usaban dinero .

Los trasgos sabían que, todos los años, a una corta época de lluvias la sucedía una extensa de verano . Esta vez, a pesar de haber almacenado suficiente agua para la época de sequía, los trasgos estaban preocupados porque las altas temperaturas estaban evaporando el agua de los pozos con alarmante rapidez .

Ellos necesitaban el agua para su supervivencia y la del ganado .

Era algo de vital importancia para la aldea .

Mientras los trasgos adultos se habían reunido para pensar en la forma de encontrar más agua, los pequeños jugaban alrededor de las construcciones de arcilla .

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Biology text book Prototype

Kendal Hunt Religious Publishing

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Gregor Gregor MendelMendel and Meiosis and Meiosis DNA and DNA Genetic and Genetic Changes Changes Rules ofRules Heredity of Heredity Technology Technology and theand Human the Human Genome Genome

a). First version of two prototypes made for a Biology Text Book. Main banners for titles and other gaphic elements are slightly modified between the two versions. b). The second version of these pages include a table of contemts.

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Chapter 10 Gregor Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genetic Changes Chapter 12 Rules of Heredity Chapter 13 Technology and the Human Genome

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ext to Come. Individuals within a population come and go, but the population itself can exist for a long time.

Fossil evidence indicates the biosphere has endured for more than 3.5 billion years.

Thus, there is a continuity in the biosphere.

However, there is also change. The fossil record reveals that change usually has occurred slowly and systematically. This means that homeostasis exists between organism and their environment. Unit 2 considers how continuity is maintained in populations and how populations change across time.

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Lesson

8

The Hereditary Role Your teacher may assign a unit inquiry activity and a Lifestyle Challenge activity. Use of Genetic Material your Science Journal to record your work.

a

GuidePost How did Mendel solve the mystery of inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

Heredity is the transmission of genetic information from one generation to another. Genes are the basic units of genetic information, and they also control the basic functions of the cell (see Chapter 5). Geneticists study heredity and the actions of genes together. By studying genes in individuals and populations, geneticists learn what genes are present in an organism or a population and how they work.

The information in genes is stored in the sequence of nucleotide bases that make up DNA. This information is a type of molecular code. This code directs the cell processes involved in the development and function of the organism, including the replication of genes and the effects of the genes. The genes passed along through reproduction provide the continuity between generations that is essential for a species to continue. Genes also provide instructions for the structure, function, and development of an organism.

How can we predict whether a particular hereditary characteristic will appear in an offspring of two organisms? When you predict something, you make a statement that something will or will not happen with a certain amount of confidence. In the study of heredity, this type of prediction is expressed in terms of probability.

Probability is an area in mathematics concerned with predicting the chances of whether a certain event will occur. Geneticists use probability to predict the outcomes of matings. You can develop the rules of probability for yourself by completing Investigation 8.1.

8.2 Mendel’s Work Led to the Concept of the Gene

Figure 8.2 Experimenting with peas in his monastery garden, Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) developed the fundamental principles of heredity that became the foundation of modern genetics.

228

Today, we know that each gene brings about the synthesis of a protein, such as an enzyme, a muscle protein, or a protein pigment that may affect skin color. The instructions for the synthesis of a protein are stored in the form of specific sequences of DNA nucleotides, which make up the genes. The genes are organized into chromosomes. Through the processes of meiosis and fertilization, chromosomes are passed on to each new generation.

Although these ideas are well established at present, in the mid-19th century no one knew anything about DNA, genes, chromosomes, or just how traits were passed along from generation to generation. It was known that children look like their parents, but how these physical characteristics were passed along was still a mystery. In 1859, Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species was published, and evolution via natural selection was gaining acceptance within the scientific community. This theory required variations within species to be transmissible, and that traits could change so natural selection could act on them. Additionally, many people believed that traits from parents were blended in their children, instead of remaining distinct characteristics. In support of his theory, Darwin proposed a hypothesis called pangenesis, which suggested that traits (gemmules) from all over the body somehow make their way into the reproductive organs. It is this historical context that makes the work of Gregor Mendel so astonishing.

Jo

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CONCEPT REVIEW

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1. What are the chances that a family with three children will have three daughters? After a family has two daughters, what is the probability that their next child will be a daughter?

2. How was mathematics important in Mendel’s explanation of his results?

c

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.3

11

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Job 172) 26:7 (p. 172) Genesis 1:16 Genesis (p. 172) 1:16 (p. 172) Matthew 24:29 Matthew (p. 181) 24:29 (p.Psalm 181) 8:3–9 Psalm (p. 188) 8:3–9 (p. 188)

When you look at his photograph of a mother cheetah with her young, what evidence do you see for continuity of living things? What factors are responsible for this continuity?

Two generations of one of Mendel’s crosses using round and wrinkled peas.

Note that the alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation.

What is the probability of Rr occurring in the F2 generation?

How self-pollination occurs in the pea flower. The petals of the pea flower (a) completely enclose the reproductive organs. As a result, the pollen from the anthers falls on the stigma of the same flower (b). Pollen tubes grow down through the female reproductive organ to the ovules (immature seeds) in the ovary. The ovules develop into seeds, and the ovary wall develops into the pea pod (c).

Gregor Mendel, as an Augustinian monk, did his research at the Monastery of St. Thomas in Brunn, Austria. Mendel was devoted to the church and, as a creationist, a firm believer in the authority of scripture. Mendel’s areas of study included astronomy, meteorology, mathematics, and, of course, heredity. In this latter area, his work was thorough and his record keeping was meticulous. His research project lasted eight years (1856–1863), and, in a controlled experiment, he cross-bred and charted the results of more than 28,000 pea plants from the species Pisum sativum. The record and results of his work represent a blueprint for how the scientific method ought to be performed. The statistical analysis of his results allowed Mendel to articulate the first logical and yet understandable model of heredity containing both male and female reproductive parts, as shown in Figure 8.3. Under natural conditions, the pea plant usually pollinates itself (selfpollination). However, it is possible to collect pollen grains from the flowers of one pea plant and transfer them to the flowers of another plant. This technique, known as cross-pollination, results in seeds that are the offspring of two plants, not just one.

Mendel’s work, which we now call Mendelian genetics, is the basis for the modern study of heredity and variation. His experiments were unique in four important ways. First, he concentrated on one trait at a time. Second, he used large numbers of organisms to minimize the influence of chance on his data. Third, he combined the results of many identical experiments. Fourth, he used the rules of probability to analyze his results. By using these methods, Mendel was able to recognize distinctive patterns of inheritance.

Mendel’s choice to study pea plants was beneficial for three main reasons. First, pea plants have a relatively short season; so many generations could be quickly produced. Second, pea plants are easily pollinated. The flowers on pea plants contain both male and female reproductive parts, as shown in Figure 8.3. Under natural conditions, the pea plant usually pollinates itself (self-pollination). However, it is possible to collect pollen grains from the flowers of one pea plant and transfer them to the flowers of another plant. This technique, known as cross-pollination, results in seeds that are the offspring of two plants, not just one. Third, pea plants have several visibly distinctive traits that can be isolated for investigation.

To begin his work, Mendel collected various strains of peas and tested each strain to make certain it was genetically true, or true-breeding. True-breeding

GuidePost How did Mendel solve the mystery of inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

Video

Links

Topic: Mendelian genetics Go To: www.scilinks.org Keyword:

229

232

AnAn Introduction Introduction to to Genetics Genetics hroughout hroughout history, humankind history, humankind has recognized has recognized that all living that all living things produce things offspring produce offspring that resemble that resemble themselves. themselves.

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Genesis 1.

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Certain features Certain are features passedarealong passed from along from generation generation to generation, to generation, with some with being some prominent being prominent and others and others occurringoccurring less often.less Inoften. fact, humans In fact, have humans learned havethroughout learned throughout time time how to breed how to plants breed and plants animals and in animals order to in produce order to characteristics produce characteristics they findthey favorable. find favorable.

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Genesis 30.

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Genetics

Module

Heredity: Heredity:

How closelyHow does closely this young does this zebra young zebra resemble its resemble mother?itsHow mother? wouldHow would you explainyou thisexplain phenomenon? this phenomenon?

Parents contribute Parents contribute genetic genetic information information to their offspring. to their What offspring. What about you?about Do you you? lookDomore you look like more like members of members your own offamily your own or like family or like people in other peoplefamilies? in other families?

Chapter Chapter Topics Topics

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In a true-breeding plant that produces only round seeds, both alleles are the same in every cell: RR. True-breeding plants that produce only wrinkled seeds also have two alleles that are the same, in this case, rr. True-breeding plants in which both alleles are alike are called homozygous (from the Greek homo, meaning “alike,” and zygo, meaning “a pair”). When the chromosome pairs containing the alleles separate during meiosis, each gamete receives only one allele. A plant homozygous for a particular trait can produce only one type of gamete (written as probability = 1, or 100 percent).

When gametes carrying an R allele unite with gametes carrying an r allele, all the offspring have the combination Rr (probability = 1). The new organisms are heterozygous (from the Greek hetero, meaning “different”) with respect to the alleles for round and wrinkled seeds. Heterozygous offspring are called hybrids.

In his experimental crosses, Mendel used RR plants as either the male parent or the female parent. No matter which parent contributed which type of gamete, all F1 plants produced round seeds. Apparently, only one R allele is needed to direct the plant to produce round seeds, which is the dominant form of the trait for seed shape.

Both the male and female parts of Rr heterozygous F1 plants produce two types of gametes: 1/2 (or 50 percent) carries R and 1/2 (or 50 percent) carries r. If the F1 flowers self-pollinate, fertilization is random. Any sperm nucleus can fertilize any ovum nucleus. Figure 8.5 shows how the probabilities are calculated for a random Rr and Rr cross that gives rise to an F2 generation.

By combining the ideas of probability and random mating as Mendel did, the pattern in these crosses becomes clear. If more than one trait is involved in the cross, the explanation is more complicated, but the same basic principles apply.

4. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, and between homozygous and heterozygous.

5. Explain how the principle of segregation applies to the movement of chromosomes in meiosis.

Patterns of lnheritance 8.4 Dihybrid Crosses Produce a Distinctive Patter Section 8.3 explains Mendel’s results from crossing plants that differed in one trait.

Mendel, however, also crossed plants that differed in two traits. For example, he crossed plants that were true-breeding for round seed shape and yellow seed color with plants that were true-breeding for wrinkled seed shape and green seed color.

This type of cross is called a dihybrid cross because the offspring that result are heterozygous for two (from the Greek di) different traits.

Figure 8.6 illustrates the four phenotypes Mendel saw in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross. The phenotypes are round, yellow seeds; round, green seeds; wrinkled, yellow seeds; and wrinkled, green seeds. Note that the phenotypes do not occur with equal frequency. Instead, the ratio is 9/16 to 3/16 to 3/16 to 1/16, or a 9:3:3:1 ratio. How can these results be explained? Remember that during meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate independently. When gametes were formed in the F1 generation, the genes for seed shape and color separated independently, resulting in four different combinations of the alleles of these genes. These combinations of alleles can be used to predict phenotypes in the F2 offspring. These results laid the foundation for Mendel’s principle of independent assortment: alleles for one trait segregate independently of alleles for other traits during gamete formation.

Mendel’s experiments defined the basic unit of inheritance, but he could provide no information about its physical or chemical nature. Unable to see such a unit in his studies, he inferred its existence from his experiments. Additionally, his research clearly displayed that variation within species did take place; however, it could only occur within distinct boundaries. In other words, his findings did not allow for limitless change, as Darwin’s theory of evolution proposed. Mendel presented his findings at a meeting of the Natural History Society in 1865, and had his paper

GuidePost How does thinking about genes as distinct units of heredity explain different patterns of inheritance?

233

13

03

Biology text book Prototype

Kendal Hunt Religious Publishing

10 10

Heredity: Heredity:

Chapter Chapter Topics Topics Gregor Gregor Mendel Mendel and Meiosis and Meiosis DNA and DNAGenetic and Genetic Changes Changes Rules Rules of Heredity of Heredity Technology Technology and the and Human the Human Genome Genome

AnAn Introduction Introduction to to Genetics Genetics

How closely How does closely thisdoes young thiszebra young zebra resemble resemble its mother? its mother?

How would How would you explain you this explain phenomenon? this phenomenon?

Parents Parents contribute contribute genetic genetic information information to their offspring. to their offspring.

What What about you? about Doyou? you look Do you more looklike more like members members of your own of your family ownorfamily like or like people inpeople other infamilies? other families?

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12

13

Lesson

8

The Hereditary Role of Genetic Material 8.1 Genes Determine Biological Potential

GuidePost How did Mendel solve the mystery of inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

Heredity is the transmission of genetic information from one generation to another. Genes are the basic units of genetic information, and they also control the basic functions of the cell (see Chapter 5). Geneticists study heredity and the actions of genes together. By studying genes in individuals and populations, geneticists learn what genes are present in an organism or a population and how they work.

The information in genes is stored in the sequence of nucleotide bases that make up DNA. This information is a type of molecular code. This code directs the cell processes involved in the development and function of the organism, including the replication of genes and the effects of the genes. The genes passed along through reproduction provide the continuity between generations that is essential for a species to continue. Genes also provide instructions for the structure, function, and development of an organism.

How can we predict whether a particular hereditary characteristic will appear in an offspring of two organisms? When you predict something, you make a statement that something will or will not happen with a certain amount of confidence. In the study of heredity, this type of prediction is expressed in terms of probability.

Probability is an area in mathematics concerned with predicting the chances of whether a certain event will occur. Geneticists use probability to predict the outcomes of matings. You can develop the rules of probability for yourself by completing Investigation 8.1.

8.2 Mendel’s Work Led to the Concept of the Gene

Figure 8.2 Experimenting with peas in his monastery garden, Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) developed the fundamental principles of heredity that became the foundation of modern genetics.

228

Today, we know that each gene brings about the synthesis of a protein, such as an enzyme, a muscle protein, or a protein pigment that may affect skin color. The instructions for the synthesis of a protein are stored in the form of specific sequences of DNA nucleotides, which make up the genes. The genes are organized into chromosomes. Through the processes of meiosis and fertilization, chromosomes are passed on to each new generation.

Although these ideas are well established at present, in the mid-19th century no one knew anything about DNA, genes, chromosomes, or just how traits were passed along from generation to generation. It was known that children look like their parents, but how these physical characteristics were passed along was still a mystery. In 1859, Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species was published, and evolution via natural selection was gaining acceptance within the scientific community. This theory required variations within species to be transmissible, and that traits could change so natural selection could act on them. Additionally, many people believed that traits from parents were blended in their children, instead of remaining distinct characteristics. In support of his theory, Darwin proposed a hypothesis called pangenesis, which suggested that traits (gemmules) from all over the body somehow make their way into the reproductive organs. It is this historical context that makes the work of Gregor Mendel so astonishing.

stigma

petals

a

R/R

pod gametes

seed b

R

r

100%

100%

Figure 8.3

Two generations of one of Mendel’s crosses using round and wrinkled peas. Note that the alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation.

What is the probability of Rr occurring in the F2 generation?

How self-pollination occurs in the pea flower. The petals of the pea flower (a) completely enclose the reproductive organs. As a result, the pollen from the anthers falls on the stigma of the same flower (b). Pollen tubes grow down through the female reproductive organ to the ovules (immature seeds) in the ovary. The ovules develop into seeds, and the ovary wall develops into the pea pod (c).

Gregor Mendel, as an Augustinian monk, did his research at the Monastery of St. Thomas in Brunn, Austria. Mendel was devoted to the church and, as a creationist, a firm believer in the authority of scripture. Mendel’s areas of study included astronomy, meteorology, mathematics, and, of course, heredity. In this latter area, his work was thorough and his record keeping was meticulous. His research project lasted eight years (1856–1863), and, in a controlled experiment, he cross-bred and charted the results of more than 28,000 pea plants from the species Pisum sativum. The record and results of his work represent a blueprint for how the scientific method ought to be performed. The statistical analysis of his results allowed Mendel to articulate the first logical and yet understandable model of heredity containing both male and female reproductive parts, as shown in Figure 8.3. Under natural conditions, the pea plant usually pollinates itself (self-pollination). However, it is possible to collect pollen grains from the flowers of one pea plant and transfer them to the flowers of another plant. This technique, known as cross-pollination, results in seeds that are the offspring of two plants, not just one.

Mendel’s work, which we now call Mendelian genetics, is the basis for the modern study of heredity and variation. His experiments were unique in four important ways. First, he concentrated on one trait at a time. Second, he used large numbers of organisms to minimize the influence of chance on his data.

Third, he combined the results of many identical experiments. Fourth, he used the rules of probability to analyze his results. By using these methods, Mendel was able to recognize distinctive patterns of inheritance.

Mendel’s choice to study pea plants was beneficial for three main reasons.

First, pea plants have a relatively short season; so many generations could be quickly produced. Second, pea plants are easily pollinated. The flowers on pea plants contain both male and female reproductive parts, as shown in Figure 8.3.

Under natural conditions, the pea plant usually pollinates itself (self-pollination).

However, it is possible to collect pollen grains from the flowers of one pea plant and transfer them to the flowers of another plant. This technique, known as cross-pollination, results in seeds that are the offspring of two plants, not just one. Third, pea plants have several visibly distinctive traits that can be isolated for investigation.

GuidePost How did Mendel solve the mystery of inheritance of traits from one generation to the next?

Video

Links

Topic: Mendelian genetics Go To: www.scilinks.org Keyword:

F1

R/r

R/r

gametes

F2

Module

Chapter 1 What is Science/Biology 1.1 Lesson title to come 1.2 Lesson title to come 1.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 7 How the Cell Works 7.1 Lesson title to come 7.2 Lesson title to come 7.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 2 Science and Evolution 2.1 Lesson title to come 2.2 Lesson title to come 2.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration 8.1 Lesson title to come 8.2 Lesson title to come 8.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 3 Science and Creation 3.1 Lesson title to come 3.2 Lesson title to come 3.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction/Cell Cycle 9.1 Lesson title to come 9.2 Lesson title to come 9.3 Lesson title to come

Cell Structure and Processes

2 Module

Genetics Chapter 10 Gregor Mendel and Meiosis 10.1 Lesson title to come 10.2 Lesson title to come 10.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 4 The Chemistry of Life 4.1 Lesson title to come 4.2 Lesson title to come 4.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 11 DNA and Genetic Changes 11.1 Lesson title to come 11.2 Lesson title to come 11.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 5 The Build Blocks of Life 5.1 Lesson title to come 5.2 Lesson title to come 5.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 12 Rules of Heredity 12.1 Lesson title to come 12.2 Lesson title to come 12.3 Lesson title to come

Chapter 6 Cellular Organelles and Functions 6.1 Lesson title to come 6.2 Lesson title to come 6.3 Lesson title to come

3 Module

235

CONCEPT REVIEW 1. What are the chances that a family with three children will have three daughters? After a family has two daughters, what is the probability that their next child will be a daughter?

2. How was mathematics important in Mendel’s explanation of his results?

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1 Module

234

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Contents

Foundations of Science

13

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Table of

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hroughout hroughout history,history, humankind humankind has recognized has recognized that allthat living all living things produce things produce offspring offspring that resemble that resemble themselves. themselves.

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This is This whatiswewhat we should should expect expect to see iftowe seebelieve if we believe what the what Bible thesays Bible in says Genesis in Genesis 1.

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Finally,Finally, “God “God createdcreated man inman his own in his image, own image, in the image in the of image Godofcreated God created he him;he him; male and male female and female createdcreated he them” he (vs. them” 27).(vs. 27).

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The Bible Therecords Bible records a deal between a deal between Jacob and Jacob hisand his father-in-law, father-in-law, Laban.Laban.

As payment As payment for his for work hisaswork Laban’s as Laban’s shepherd, shepherd, Jacob would Jacob get would all the get sheep all theand sheep goats andthat goats were thatspeckled were speckled or black. or black.

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Read about Readitabout in Genesis it in Genesis 30. 30.

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Lamarckism Lamarckism suggested suggested that parents that parents could could pass along passcharacteristics along characteristics they acquired they acquired during during their lifetime their lifetime to theirto their

Scripture Scripture Spotlight Spotlight

12

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3. Distinguish between the terms gene and allele.

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Study Figure 8.5 to help you understand Mendel’s results. The diagram shows the alleles in three generations of pea plants. The alleles form the genetic makeup, or genotype, of the plants. The genotype of an individual is responsible for its phenotype: its appearance or observable traits. Mendel found that the RR and Rr genotypes produce the same phenotype: round seeds. The rr genotype only produces the wrinkled-seed phenotype. Thus, using these pea plants, the different crosses will result in three possible genotypes, RR, Rr, and rr, that will be observed as two phenotypes, round seeds (RR, Rr) and wrinkled seeds (rr).

In a true-breeding plant that produces only round seeds, both alleles are the same in every cell: RR. True-breeding plants that produce only wrinkled seeds also have two alleles that are the same, in this case, rr. True-breeding plants in which both alleles are alike are called homozygous (from the Greek homo, meaning “alike,” and zygo, meaning “a pair”). When the chromosome pairs containing the alleles separate during meiosis, each gamete receives only one allele. A plant homozygous for a particular trait can produce only one type of gamete (written as probability = 1, or 100 percent).

When gametes carrying an R allele unite with gametes carrying an r allele, all the offspring have the combination Rr (probability = 1). The new organisms are heterozygous (from the Greek hetero, meaning “different”) with respect to the alleles for round and wrinkled seeds. Heterozygous offspring are called hybrids.

In his experimental crosses, Mendel used RR plants as either the male parent or the female parent. No matter which parent contributed which type of gamete, all F1 plants produced round seeds. Apparently, only one R allele is needed to direct the plant to produce round seeds, which is the dominant form of the trait for seed shape.

Both the male and female parts of Rr heterozygous F1 plants produce two types of gametes: 1/2 (or 50 percent) carries R and 1/2 (or 50 percent) carries r. If the F1 flowers self-pollinate, fertilization is random. Any sperm nucleus can fertilize any ovum nucleus. Figure 8.5 shows how the probabilities are calculated for a random Rr and Rr cross that gives rise to an F2 generation.

4. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, and between homozygous and heterozygous.

3 Module

5. Explain how the principle of segregation applies to the movement of chromosomes in meiosis.

Patterns of lnheritance

Chapter 10 Gregor Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genetic Changes Chapter 12 Rules of Heredity Chapter 13 Technology and the Human Genome

8.4 Dihybrid Crosses Produce a Distinctive Patter Section 8.3 explains Mendel’s results from crossing plants that differed in one trait.

Mendel, however, also crossed plants that differed in two traits. For example, he crossed plants that were true-breeding for round seed shape and yellow seed color with plants that were true-breeding for wrinkled seed shape and green seed color.

This type of cross is called a dihybrid cross because the offspring that result are heterozygous for two (from the Greek di) different traits.

Figure 8.6 illustrates the four phenotypes Mendel saw in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross. The phenotypes are round, yellow seeds; round, green seeds; wrinkled, yellow seeds; and wrinkled, green seeds. Note that the phenotypes do not occur with equal frequency. Instead, the ratio is 9/16 to 3/16 to 3/16 to 1/16, or a 9:3:3:1 ratio. How can these results be explained? Remember that during meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate independently. When gametes were formed in the F1 generation, the genes for seed shape and color separated independently, resulting in four different combinations of the alleles of these genes. These combinations of alleles can be used to predict phenotypes in the F2 offspring. These results laid the foundation for Mendel’s principle of independent assortment: alleles for one trait segregate independently of alleles for other traits during gamete formation.

Mendel’s experiments defined the basic unit of inheritance, but he could provide no information about its physical or chemical nature. Unable to see such a unit in his studies, he inferred its existence from his experiments. Additionally, his research clearly displayed that variation within species did take place; however, it could only occur within distinct boundaries. In other words, his findings did not allow for limitless change, as Darwin’s theory of evolution proposed. Mendel presented his

Genetics T

ext to Come. Individuals within a population come and go, but the population itself can exist for a long time.

Fossil evidence indicates the biosphere has endured for more than 3.5 billion years.

Thus, there is a continuity in the biosphere.

However, there is also change. The fossil record reveals that change usually has occurred slowly and systematically. This means that homeostasis exists between organism and their environment. Unit 2 considers how continuity is maintained in populations and how populations change across time.

GuidePost How does thinking about genes as distinct units of heredity explain different patterns of inheritance?

When you look at his photograph of a mother cheetah with her young, what evidence do you see for continuity of living things? What factors are responsible for this continuity?

Your teacher may assign a unit inquiry activity and a Lifestyle Challenge activity. Use en your Science Journal to record your work.

Sci ce Jo

229

232

233

10

u r n al

11

04 a

Argentina’s Trip Program Info Book

COTELCO

This book was created for COTELCO while working at Uricoechea Publicidad. The intention of the book was show landmarks and important places in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was handed to every participant of a international semminar of tourism. a). Cover and computer screenshots b). Interior pages

Argentina’s Trip Program Info Book

COTELCO

b

Mendoza es pionera en el cultivo de la vid: en el siglo XVII los primeros misioneros trajeron las cepas que generarían la primitiva industria del vino.

Desde el siglo XIX hasta hoy, españoles, italianos y franceses unieron fuerzas mediante su técnica y crearon una generación de bodegueros. Suelos pedregosos, altura, días soleados, noches frescas y riego dirigido fueron los componentes que transformaron a Mendoza en la zona de las mejores uvas finas del país, que modelaron una gran industria y consolidaran una cultura del vino.

Esta tierra es el corazón de unas 690 bodegas productoras –según datos del Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura– que elaboran entre 10 y 11 millones de hectolitros al año, hecho que la convierte en el centro vitivinícola más importante de Sudamérica. En más de 150.000 hectáreas se concentra el 70 % de los viñedos finos del país, conviven gigantescas bodegas en plena ciudad y extensos paños de viñedos a lo largo de transitados caminos interurbanos.

los vinos de

MENDOZA

04

Para aquellos que piensan iniciarse en senda del ecoturismo, Los Caminos del Vino es una alternativa tentadora diseñada para disfrutar en cualquier época del año de visitas a bodegas y demás lugares de interés cultural e histórico.

Estos circuitos se podrán recorrer contratando excursiones especialmente armadas por agencias o bien en auto a elección de cada visitante.

Mendoza ha organizado los Caminos del Vino en cuatro zonas vitivinícolas: Centro Oeste: ubicada a pocos kilómetros de la Ciudad de Mendoza, esta zona concentra gran número de bodegas abiertas al turismo y una importante cantidad de museos y sitios históricos.

Valle de Uco: en los últimos años, esta zona ha visto la implantación de una gran superficie de viñedos por parte de las más importantes bodegas argentinas y también numerosos inversores extranjeros. La elección no ha sido casual, situado al pie de la Cordillera de Los Andes, con un paisaje inigualable y con altitudes promedio superiores a los 1000 metros, este valle es un lugar privilegiado para la producción de uvas y vinos de altísima calidad.

El Valle de Uco se encuentra a poco más de una hora de auto de la ciudad de Mendoza, y una visita rápida que incluya una o dos bodegas puede hacerse en un largo día. Pero para conocer más a fondo a su vitivinicultura y disfrutar de su encanto, habrá que pernoctar en alguna de las nuevas posadas que están surgiendo en la comarca.

El Valle de Uco, formado por la red de avenamiento del río Tunuyán, es un valle a medias: al oeste lo cierra el imponente Cordón de Plata, aunque al este sólo hay unos módicos relieves entre el valle y el desierto. Sin embargo, es uno de los paisajes más hermosos de Mendoza y también uno de los más fértiles: no en vano la ruta que lo recorre por su interior se llama Corredor Productivo.

En la región se extienden enormes superficies de viñedo (10.000 hectáreas) y de frutales, las dos riquezas de la comarca. Si bien la vitivinicultura es aquí tan tradicional como en otros oasis cuyanos, en los últimos años en el Valle de Uco hubo grandes inversiones en formidables bodegas que ya crearon un singular atractivo turístico.

05

Re-Design of this Dayton, Ohio Latin American Restaurant.

All backgrounds, page layouts and graphics elemetns were my creation.

Restaurant Menu

El Meson Restaurant

a). Cover b). Interior pages

Classic

menu

TAPAS

CT1 Tinga de Pollo Mexican Chicken, Chipotle & onion dip served with corn chips.....................$9 CT2 Tapa Mixta de EspaĂąa Tapa sampler from Spain. Olives, Roasted Red Pepper, CT3 CT4 CT5 CT6 CT7 CT8 CT9 CT10

Manchego Sheep Cheese, Garlic, Spanish Olive Oil, Roasted Almonds & Crusty Bread........$12 Corn & Zucchinni Quesadilla With smoked tomatoe salsa &roasted corn with peppers.......$8 Queso Fundido Soft cheese mixed with spicy shrimp & shitake mushrooms.

Served in flour tortillas.......................................................................................................$10 Pan de Bono Colombian hominy flour bread, baked with white cheese................................$6 Arepas Grilled Colombian white corn cakes with cheese with beef, chorizo or vegetarian....$8 Arepas de Choclo Colombian grilled sweet corn cakes stuffed with white cheese................$7 Sweet Rum Shrimp Jumbo Shrimp sauteed in a creamy rum-honey sauce.

Served over white rice.......................................................................................................$10 Chicken Tortilla Soup Rice, Hominy, Avocado, Tortilla Chips, Cactus, Chipotle peppers and Cheese. Broth served on the side so you can see all our ingredients...........................$10 Tonala Alambre Grilled beef strips, red & green peppers, tomato & onions topped with white cheese.................................................................................................$10

ENTREES CE1 TUNA Steak on hot clay dish...........................................................................................$28 Fresh Tuna served medium rare with a sweet & spicy tomatoe sauce.

CE2 FILETE al Chipotle con Queso de Cabra Borracha............................................................$27

CE3 CE4 CE5 CE6

Grilled Beef Medallions topped with a zesty Chipotle pepper sauce & Drunken Goat Cheese (Red wine fermented) Mariscada.............................$30 or Platter for two with 2 side dishes...........................$40 Grilled Seafood Sampler (Tuna,Salmon,Tilapia,Shrimp,Scallops,Mussels & Calamari) Asado of Meats.....................$30 or Platter for two with 2 side dishes...........................$40 Filet Mignon,Pork,Chicken Breast & Chorizo served with a Chipotle Sauce Whole Tilapia (Head to tail).............................................................................................$28 A whole fresh red tilapia fried in olive oil Coconut Crusted Mahi Mahi............................................................................................$25 Fried Strips of coconut crusted Mahi Mahi served with a citrus sauce

(THE ABOVE SPECIALS ARE SERVED WITH THE SPECIAL SIDE DISHES LISTED ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE)

CE7 Fusili pasta with Scallops & Langostino (Small Chilean Lobster Tails)...........................................$25 Sauteed in olive oil tossed with garlic, basil & pine nuts. Served with black olive bread & salad

Tapas menu

Delicious little appetizers of Spain

Beef

E1 Solomillo Our Signature dish...............................................................................................$36

Not a particular type of food, rather they represent a style of eating.

E2 T1. Tortilla EspaĂąola - Spanish omelet with onions, potatoes and Chorizo.......................................................................................$6 T2. Coconut Shrimp - Served with a sweet & tangy Dijon sauce.....................$10 T3. Roast Beef a la Riojana - Marinated and grilled beef thinly sliced served with peppers and onions...............................................................................................$8 T4. Pisto Manchego - Sauteed Zucchini, peppers, eggplant, onions, garlic, olive oil & tomatoes........$5 T5. Pincho Moruno - Spicy pork brochette seasoned in paprika, cumin and garlic moorish style........$6 T6. Pinho de pollo y Chorizo - Chicken and homemade, lean sausage brochette................................$9 T7. Calamares a la Parrilla o Rebozados - Calamari grilled with lemon & garlic or beer batter fried...$11 T8. Gambas al Ajillo - Shrimp sauteed with garlic, parsley, hot pepper and olive oil..........................$10 T9. Classics from Spain - Assorted Spanish Chorizo (Pamplona, Cantimpalo, Soria & Cantimpalitos), Jamon Serrano, Manchego Sheep Cheese, Olives & Caperberries............................................$12 T10. Lumpias Shanghai - Thinly wrapped Filipino Style egg rolls (Choose Prok, Beef or vegetarian)...$7 T11. Choripan - Homemade Chorizo served tapa style on bread.........................................................$10 T12. Patatas Alioli - Potatoes in a garlic mayonnaise..........................................................................$5 T13. Avocado Shrimp Cancun - Shrimp, fresh guacamole, patatas alioli & apples.............................$12 T14 Homemade Spanish Chorizo - Sausage Sauteed in red peppers and shitake mushrooms............$10 T15. Baked Brie Cheese - With Jamon Serrano (Spanish Jam), apples, grapes, olives & caperberries..$12 T16. Tostones Rellenos - Green plantains cups stuffed with choice of beef, shrimp, chicken or vegetables................................................................................................................$10 T17. Salmon Quesadilla - Tortillas with Manchego Cheese & horseradish cream with smoked salmon.......................................................................................................................................$10 T18. New Zeland Green Shell Mussels - Served on the shell and topped with chimichurri & sweet red pepper sauce........................................................................................................$10 T19. Sea Scallops - Poached in parsley and wrapped in smoked salmon.............................................$12 T20. Empanadilla platter - 10 mini empanadillas (choose beef or salmon) served with sauce...........$10 T21. Half order of Empanadillas - 5 mini empadillas (beef or salmon)...............................................$6 T22. Papas Criollas - Andes potatoes (tiny yellow potatoes with mashed potatoes texture) Served with a hot sauce...........................................................................................................$6

Entrees

E3 E4 E5

This tender Filet Mignon is specially prepared and served on a 600 degree plate at your table.

You slice the beef thin for medium & thicker for rare to finish the beef to your taste.

This concept is from El Schotis Restaurant in Madrid, Spain and we are presenting it to you with their approval. Served with yellow rice, black beans and a salad.

Carne Asada........................................................................................................................$20 Thinly sliced grilled steak topped with Chimichurri sauce (Argentinian Pesto) Served with Patatas Alioli (spanish garlic potatoe salad) and a salad.

Churrasco............................................................................................................................$25 Grilled New York Strip Steak topped with a fresh spinach & Shitake mushroom cream sauce.

Granished with Chimichurri sauce & served with rice, black beans and our house salad.

Steak Encebollado...............................................................................................................$23 Grilled teak topped with a generous portion of sauteed tomatoes, onions and Chimichurri. Served with yellow rice & Cuban Black Beans Gourmet Beef Fajitas, Chicken Fajitas or Shrimp Fajitas......................................................$22 Quality meats marinated in tropical spices. Grilled with zucchini & yellow squash, peppers, onions & tomato. Served with cheese, torillas, back beans, rice, salsa and guacamole.

Fish E10 Fresh Fish of the day...........................................................................................................$23 Boneless & skinless fillet grilled to perfection. (see special menu page for this weeks selection & preparation) Served with spanish rice, cuban black beans & salad.

E11 Chilean Salmon Stack.........................................................................................................$30 A fun flavorful dish of grilled salmon, patatas alioli, back beans, rice, romanine & plantain chips all in one stack. Wonderful flavors & textures in a beautifil presentation.

Chicken E20 Flame Broiled Chicken.........................................................................................................$18

Delicious half chicken marinated in herbs & spices and prepared on the spit. The special marinade is an old family recipe. Served with rice, balack beans & salad.

E21 Arroz con pollo....................................................................................................................$16 South american style rice & shredded chicken seasoned with cilantro, peas, tomatoes, onions and topped with strpis of grilled chicken breast. Served with house salad.

Lamb E22 Lamb Shank.........................................................................................................................$32 This whole lamb shank is slow cooked in a Greek Fusion recipe using tomatoes, onions, fresh garlic and a family secret ingredient. Seved with spanish rice, black beans & salad.

06

Catalogue

Winery

07

Pop culture Magazine

CROMOS

Different layouts designed by me for some sections of the magazine and special editions. a). Table of contents b). Miscelaneos of different artciles of the magazine. c). Sales / Merchandise section of magazine.

a

AGRADECIMIENTOS LOCACIONes CLUB DE PESCA (Manga Fuerte. San Sebastián del Pastelillo) JAVIER CORRALES (Edificio Torre del Reloj) CLUB NAUTICO PUNTA IGUANA (6605744/6605326) GEMA TOURS (Av. Santander No. 41-202 El Cabrero Tel. 6602499) ARMADA NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA (Base Naval – Capitán Guillermo Laverde) EDIFICIO MORROS 922 – CARLOS QUINTERO ROCANIZ HOTEL LAS AMÉRICAS (Anillo Vial, Sector Cielo Mar – Tel. 6567222).

ALIMeNTACIÓN RESTAURANTE LA LANGOSTA (Calle Real del Cabrero No. 41 – 43) RESTAURANTE MILA (Centro, Calle de la Iglesia No. 35-76) COLANTA - HOTEL LAS AMÉRICAS (Anillo Vial, Sector Cielo Mar – Tel. 6567222)

seRVICIOs SERVICIOS MÉDICOS AMI (Cra 6 No. 5A-16) TRANSPORTE TERRESTRE: TRANSPAVAN (Aida Orozco – Nelson Bernal Tel. 6662150 – 300 2694617) TRANSPORTE NAUTICO: FIESTA TOURS (315 7607393) – MAJO (Luza Florez 310 6359271)

AGRADeCIMIeNTOs esPeCIALes A: Al concurso nacional de belleza, a su presidente raimundo ángulo, a rosana vanegas, directora ejecutiva y a todos sus funcionarios.

A la alcaldia de cartagena, su alcaldesa judith pinedo y su equipo, a la secretaria de tránsito, a la secretaria del interior y convivencia ciudadana, a la policía metropolitana de cartagena de indias y a su coronel ramiro mena bravo, al departamento de viabilidad ambiental epa, a los bomberos y a su comandante joel barrios, a la alcaldía local 1, a todos los cartageneros y a todos aquellos que contribuyeron al éxito del minicromos 2008.

Pop Culture Magazine

CROMOS

b

07

Pop Culture Magazine

CROMOS c

UNIT

English Book “Top Notch� Realia

3

Staying in Hotels

Leave and take a message.

Check into a hotel.

Request housekeeping services.

Choose a hotel.

preview

Pearson

www.topnotchtravel.com

Top Notch Travel Where are you going?

communication goals

Altough the creative work on page was minimun, the creation of the realia allowed for some creativity while giving the appearance of being graphics used in real life scenarios. These would be placed mostly in the Unit Openers for the book.

UNIT

1 2 3 4

Personal Care and Appearance

5

Ask for something in a store.

Make an appointment at a salon or spa.

Discuss ways to improve appearance.

DeďŹ ne the meaning of beauty.

Date of arrival

APEX

Hotels

Sign in

Car Rentals Find a Hotel

Online Reservations

Date of departure 09/18/16

09/11/16

Choose room type

preview

Flights

Hong Kong

Number of guests: Adults

2

Children

smoking

search

0 non-smoking

S PA a n d FI T NE S S C E NT E R

THE

For a better- look in g—an d better— y ou!

WORLD CLASS TOP NOTCH SALON SERVICES

FULLY EQUIPPED SPA single

suite

double

Choose type of bed

LESSON

haircuts

4

goal

shaves

facials

Choose a hotel massage: Swedish, therapeutic, or shiatsu

pedicures

manicures

BEFORE YOU READ

GROUP EXERCISE CLASSES

twin

STATE OF THE ART GYM

EXPLORE YOUR IDEAS What do you think is the best way to get information about a hotel? by word of mouth from an online hotel booking service

READING

from a travel guide book from a travel agency

2:15

yoga . . .

kickboxing . . .

www.topnotchtravel.com

Top Notch Travel

Flights

Our best picks for New York City The Plaza Hotel

$ Budget

Hotels

$$ Moderately priced

Pilates . . .

Located just across from New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fabulous Central Park, this is as near as it gets to the best shopping DORQJ 1HZ <RUNĹ&#x201A;V IDPRXV )LIWK $YHQXH 7KLV KRWHO ZLWK LWV EHDXWLIXO IRXQWDLQ LV D IDPRXV ORFDWLRQ LQ many popular movies and books. Rub shoulders with the rich and famous. Attentive hotel staff available on every ďŹ&#x201A;oorâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;service doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get much better than this!

The Plaza Hotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s famous fountain

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Broadway at Times Square Hotel

$$

DIGITAL

FLASH CARDS

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YOTEL

a facial

Eating Well

A HEALTHY DIET , TS FA

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eat rarely

BR

T

EA

gift shop

shoeshine service

bell / luggage service

A

2:02

VOCABULARY â&#x20AC;˘ Hotel room types and kinds of beds Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat.

4 a smoking room 5 a non-smoking room 6 a twin bed

7 a queen-size bed 8 a king-size bed 9 a rollaway bed

B PAIR WORK Have youâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;or has someone you knowâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;ever stayed at a hotel? Tell your 26

DAIRY

2-3 servings per day for calcium

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$

Even though itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s far from many of New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most popular attractions, it features large clean rooms and wonderfully comfortable beds for a good nightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sleep. Sorry, no pets.

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$URXQG WKH FRUQHU IURP WKH (PSLUH 6WDWH %XLOGLQJ WKLV DUWLVWLF KLVWRULF KRWHO LV MXVW D VKRUW ZDON WR Grand Central Station and the United Nations Building. Every room displays a famous artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s painting.

2-3 servings per day for protein and vitamins

$

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UNIT 3

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UNIT 3

10/21/14 11:36 AM

R

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Grand Central Station

ďŹ tness / exercise center

laundry service

1 a single room 2 a double room 3 a suite

The right balance of foods will keep you healthy.

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The Gershwin Hotel

business center

24-hour room service

More Info

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The Hotel Newton

in-room minibar

wireless Internet service

partner about it, using the Vocabulary and the facilities from the website.

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&RQYHQLHQWO\ ORFDWHG QHDU 7LPHV 6TXDUH DQG PRUH WKDQ Ä&#x;IW\ UHVWDXUDQWV DQG WZR PDMRU PXVHXPV WKLV award-winning hotel has lots of atmosphereâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decorated in a colorful authentic Moroccan style. Its friendly, helpful staff make your stay an experience you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t forget, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also surprisingly affordable!

Hotel Pennsylvania

a

Talk about food passions.

Make an excuse to decline food. a pedicure Discuss lifestyle changes.

Describe local dishes.

UNIT 5

S

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1 2 manicure 3 4

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Casablanca Hotel

Times Square

communication goals

Most high-tech

$$$

free airport shuttle

DIGITAL

FLASH CARDS

VOCABULARY â&#x20AC;˘ Salon services Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat.

a haircut

6

The latest in exercise equipment

of combining exercise and ďŹ tness with spa and massage services in one club?

50

Popular with young travelers, this very cool high-tech hotel, located only two blocks from the Port Authority bus station, offers automatic electronic check-in and robot bell service! A kitchen on every Ä RRU RIIHUV IUHH KRW GULQNV DQG D ZD\ WR SUHSDUH \RXU RZQ IRRG $QG VXSHU VWURQJ :L )L VHUYLFH PDNHV connecting to the Internet fast and headache-free. Enjoy Yotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Latin-Asian restaurant and entertainment, or hang out at New Yorkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest roof garden.

The Manhattan Skyline

3:02

spinning . . . and more

Make an appointment with our personal trainers.

B PAIR WORK With a partner, discuss the Apex Club services. What are the advantages

Most convenient

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A

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In a great locationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;next to Times Square and the best Broadway musicals and plays, this convenient hotel is two blocks from the subway, ten minutes from Rockefeller Center, and ten blocks from the Museum of Modern Art. Rockefeller Center

rollaway

Check Availability

$$$$ Very expensive

Most famous

$$$$

king-size

Sign in

Car Rentals $$$ Expensive

queen-size

Choose hotel services and facilities

other

A

08

communication goals 1 2 3 4

10/21/14 11:31 AM

IS

H

,B

E

A Look at the suggestions above for eating a healthy diet. Do you think

3:19

VOCABULARY

Calcium: Dairy products and leafy green vegetables provide calcium for healthy bones and teeth.

Carbohydrates: Grains, pasta, and bread are sources of healthy carbohydrates.

Protein: Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, and nuts are rich sources of protein.

Vitamins: Vitamins A, B, C, and D come from a variety of foods, and they are important for good health.

2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3 servings a day

this diet is healthy? Why or why not?

B Complete the chart about the foods you eat each day. Compare charts with a partner.

C DISCUSSION How are the Healthy Diet suggestions different from your chart? Which do you think is a healthier diet? Explain.

62

3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5 servings a day

More than 5 servings a day

UNIT 6

M06_TOPN_SB_02_2776_U06.indd 62

11/17/14 1:28 PM

Realia created to mimic the browser of a user while navigating a travel website

10/21/14 11:28 AM