To Care: A Bath House

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE

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| CONTENTS 01 02 03 04

Introduction Site Analysis Design Strategy Technical Strategy

Appendix A Design Strategy Sketches B Bibliography

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Executive Summary Hospice Overview Defining the Bath House Key Spaces of the Bath House Brief Interpretation Manifesto National Guidance Precedents

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.1

Executive Summary

1.1.1

Purpose of this Statement

This document has been prepared to provide a concise record of the decisions made during the development of the design proposal, leading to the finalised Bath House scheme. The document structure will follow the process of defining the site in Govan, the development process of producing a design strategy, and defining a technical strategy throughout the scheme.

"Water is the driving force in nature" - Leonardo da Vinci

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE HOSPICE

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.2 Hospice Overview Prior to the Bath House design, Govan Graving Docks sited the hospice project, dividing the site into public and private zones and promoting care within the area of Govan. The hospice sits to the east of the basin on site, with views up and down the River Clyde assisting the healing within the building.

The core aspect of this design was to create a high quality environment that does a large amount of the passive palliative work through the architecture. The building was to be specialised in the needs of the patients whilst retaining a sense of dignity for the patients.

The concept was derived from a three finger concept, connected through two dividing walls rooting the building onto the site. A series of public, semi-public, and private zones. The therapy wing encapsulating the healing facilities in one area facing south-east onto the Graving Docks. This promotes a relationship between the caring aspect and the Graving Docks, creating the opportunity for the bath house to be located in relation to the hospice.

There were aspirations of locating a hospice in Govan, the main one providing a modern hospice design that would create opportunities for the local community, whilst re-inventing the area. The hospice does this by providing for the sick, whereas a bath house in the same location would bring the community together within the area.

A focus on the sensory experience of the site by manipulating the textures on the site also affected the user experience within the hospice, promoting emotions and character. The quiet segment of the hospice faces out over the basin to the south-west, therefore providing ample space to the south-east that would not disturb the patients with noise pollution. This same prospect is to be taken further within any subsequent buildings on the site.

The location of the hospice takes up an isolated area of the site, creating a large public face to Govan Graving Docks and supplying a flexible and adaptable site relating to the existing water within the site.

FLOOR PLAN OF HOSPICE 1:200 AT A1

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BATH HOUSE TIMELINE

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.3 Defining the Bath House 1.3.1 History of the Bath House

1.3.2 A Bath House in Govan

The Bath House is defined as a structure containing baths and changing facilities for communal use. The history of the Bath House and the healing properties of water have been understood since the beginning of time. Water is known to promote good health and it can provide a comforting sense of peace. The Bath House has been in existence for over 2000 years, with public bathing originally being introduced due to the communal need for cleanliness when there was no means of private bathing facilities. Traditionally, the Bath House consisted of a large spacious entrance or meeting area where visitors could walk and talk or enjoy the space. There were several architectural features within the space, such as large fountains, classical columns and arches, mosaic floor and ceilings.

From researching the history of Bath Houses from ancient Roman times to the modern day, it is evident that they are more than just places containing pool facilities. Bath Houses are known as social spaces where people would meet to socialise and construct business deals, as well as a place of healing.

Bath Houses were also used as a place for business, eating, drinking and arranging social encounters. In ancient times, public bathing also included saunas, massages and relaxation therapies within the facilities, comparing to the spa of modern times. Due to the poor sanitary conditions of the time, bath houses fast produced the wide spread of many water-borne diseases, plagues and epidemics.

In the late 16th century, the facilities fell out of popularity due to the numerous illegitimate children born even though segregation of sexes was common within the building. However, in the 1800s with England was struck with the plague, water was seen as part of the cure, and the requirement for bath houses promoting cleanliness and healing were seen to rise. As society has changed, the requirement for public baths has reduced as a result of private bathing facilities within dwellings becoming more commonly available, therefore moving the focus of a bath house onto the healing properties of the varying temperature of spaces.

A Bath House would therefore compliment the hospice as places of healing and cure within Govan. Due to the rapid decline of the area in recent years and the closure of the Graving Docks in the 1980s Govan has been in a state of disrepair. The life expectancy and the industrial history that provided the community with jobs are both currently in a state of decline. Govan Graving Docks are therefore the ideal location for situating a Bath House. The docks incorporate an abundance of water and the link to the River Clyde, reiterating the healing properties of water into the external environment.

There is also a lot of potential to re-use the derelict docks in order to provide a new facility for the community. In a place that once was the heart of Govan's industrial history, providing manual labour jobs for those working within the Graving Docks, to replace the site with a Bath House would give back to the community in a bid to heal Govan with a facility to bring back people to the site.

The public face to the Graving Docks provides views onto Govan Road, a busy street within the area. This provides local and handy access onto the site, allowing the site to easily re-connect back with the community to the previous heritage of the town. Community values are a key aspect of a bath house, with many people socialising and creating friendships within the building. This would therefore provide a central hub within Govan that would not only promote health and well-being to the users, but would also create jobs within Govan.

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1.4.1 Roman Baths Some of the earliest descriptions of western bathing practices came from Greece. The Romans then emulated many of the Greek bathing practices and surpassed them in the size and types of baths. Bathing is one of the most common activities in Ancient Roman culture and society, maintaining the health and well-being of the users. The bathing regimes of the Ancient Romans formed the foundations for modern spa procedures today, with the first Roman Baths being built in 19 BC and named 'thermae'. The buildings acted as community centres within the city, promoting cleanliness and being important places for socialising and business deals. The popularity of the baths rose rapidly, with 952 baths being documented in the city of Rome by 304 AD. Most cities had a thermae, by which point they soon spread across the world to the UK and America. The classical architecture was conveyed within the buildings with classical columns and arches, mosaic flooring and ceilings. Symmetry was key within Roman architecture and the entrance facades in particular.

Users start in the apodyterium, or dressing room, where they would undress and store their clothes. The bather induces sweating by gradually exposing himself to increasing temperatures with the progression from cold to hot rooms. The water was supplied from an adjacent river or stream, and heated using a log fire to provide the desired temperature within each room. The building had several other functions including; games rooms, libraries, theatres, food and drink facilities, perfume selling booths and reading rooms.

Bath houses were sometimes segregated between the sexes with separate entrances for men, women and slaves, however many times they were mixed. Roman style public baths were introduced by retiring crusaders in the 11th/12th century and were often used by soldiers as places to retreat and heal their wounds.

RECTANGULAR POOL AT ROMAN BATHS, BATH, ENGLAND

COLD

CIRCULAR THERMAE AT ROMAN BATHS, BATH, ENGLAND

WARM

HOT

TEMPERATURE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM_ROMAN BATHS

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4 Key Space of the Bath House 1.4.2 Turkish Baths Turkish Bath Houses originated in the 14th century, and were named the 'Hammam'. The link to Islamic religion led to Turkish baths often being located close to mosques and other places of prayer for a deeper cleansing. The dry hot air experience of the Turkish bath is a hot bath experience, with the method of cleansing and relaxation becoming popular in Western Europe during the Victorian era in particular. The baths were important social centres, and rather than one central bath there were several scattered around each town.

HAMMAM AT LOJA VILLAGE, SPAIN

WARM

Turkish baths were lavish and artistically decorated with carpets or rugs, tapestries and columns plus ornate fixtures of gold, silver and brass. Much like Roman baths, the baths became places of entertainment and ceremonies on many occasions such as weddings, high-holidays, celebrating new-borns and beauty trips. Turkish baths were introduced to the UK in 1856, and in the following 150 years over 600 Turkish baths opened in the country. However, as of September 2013 there were just twelve Victorian-style Turkish baths remaining open in Britain.

SULTAN AMIR AHMAD BATHHOUSE, IRAN

HOT

COLD

The Turkish baths have separate quarters for men and women, or in the case of one bath males and females are admitted at separate times. Turkish baths start with relaxation in a warm room that is heated by a continuous flow of hot, dry air allowing them to perspire.

Bathers then move to the hot room, before taking a plunge in a cold room and wash in cold water. After this, the bather will receive a massage before retiring for relaxation. As opposed to submerging yourself in cold water, the Hammam has the tradition of running water from bowls to clean away the soap and grime.

TEMPERATURE SEQUENCE DIAGRAM_TURKISH BATHS

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4.3 Japanese Baths Japanese culture is known for the obsession for cleanliness and bathing ritual. The origin of Japanese bathing dates back to 1710 and is known as Misogi, the ritual of purification with water. There are two types of Japanese public baths, the 'Onsen' and the 'Sento'.

The sento is a type of Japanese communal bath house. The social importance of going to public baths was a large part of Japanese culture, employing that physical proximity brings emotional intimacy.

In this sense, it is common to hear people say 'gokuraku, gokuraku' when they enter their baths, a phrase meaning something to the level of divine pleasure. Japanese public baths were known to experience outbreaks of dangerous Legionella bacteria, which is prevented in modern Japanese baths by adding chlorine. The entrance to sentos looked very much like a temple, with a Japanese curtain across the entrance. The buildings had high ceilings of 3-4 m, with either a lower 1.5m wall separating male and female sides, or simply a hole within MAGUSE ONSEN, NAGANO PREFECTURE, JAPAN the wall to allow soap to be passed through. The bathing area is a separated from the changing area by a sliding door, with the etiquette for users to wash before bathing. The bathing area is a tiled, spacious room with a number of washing stations at the wall. At the end of the room there are also numerous bathtubs with varying water temperatures for bathers to sit in amongst others.

The onsen is a term for hot springs in the Japanese language, traditionally used for public bathing. As a volcanically active country, Japan has thousans of onsen scattered along its length, which play a central role in directing Japanese domestic tourism. Onsen water is said to have healing properties derived from its mineral content, using the naturally hot water from geothermally heated springs.

Japanese people therefore believed that a good soak in the onsen would heal aches, pains and diseases. Men and women bathed together at the onsen, in outdoor tubs made from Japanese cypress, marble or granite, or indoor tubs made with tile, acrylic glass or stainless steel.

Men and women bathed together at the onsen, with guests expected to wash their bodies and rinse thoroughly before entering the water.

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SENTO, JAPAN

OFUKA ONSEN, AKITA, JAPAN

SENTO, JAPAN

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4.4 Finnish Sauna Sauna is an ancient Finnish word referring to traditional Finnish bath and to the bath house itself. Amongst the 5 million inhabitants of Finland there are 3 million saunas, averaging 1 per household and stating the importance of saunas as part of Finnish culture. The roots of saunas is poorly documented until the 16th century, when during the Reformation in Scandinavia in 1530 the popularity of saunas expanded to other countries as a result of European bath houses being destroyed. The sauna was not only a place to relax with friends, it was also used for physical and mental relaxation as well as a place for Finnish mothers to give birth. A typical Finn sauna is a nonsexual place, although it is considered a faux pas to wear clothing in the hot room and it is rude to swear within a sauna. Saturday is the traditional sauna day.

SAUNA DESIGN, FINLAND

SAUNA SAVU AT WOOD DESIGN EXHIBITION, FINLAND

SAUNA IN CARDANO, VAL D'EGA, ITALY

A sauna is a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, with seam and high heat making bathers perspire. Finnish saunas have relatively low humidity levels in which steam is generated by water being poured on the hot stones, allowing temperatures to approach 100 degrees but more regularly being maintained between 70-90 degrees. There are two basic types of sauna; the conventional sauna warms the air, whereas the infrared sauna warms objects in the heating area such as charcoal, active carbon fibres and other materials.

The sauna process begins by washing oneself, before sitting for some time in the hot room. The bather sits on top of a high bench, sitting near the ceiling for the hot steam to reach them quickly. Water is thrown on to the hot stones topping the kiuas, a stove used to warm up the sauna. This action produces steam, increasing the moisture and heat within the sauna. The bather remains within the sauna until the heat becomes uncomfortable, when they jump into a lake, sea, swimming pool, or have a shower. After the cooling process, the bather enters the hot room once more and begins the cycle again.

Depending on the bather, there are usually between two and three cycles lasting between 30 minutes and two hours. A thorough wash will end the sauna procedure.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

FRIGIDARIUM, OLD BATHS AT POMPEII

TEPIDARIUM, OLD BATHS AT POMPEII

CALDARIUM, OLD BATHS AT POMPEII

1.4.5 Frigidarium

1.4.6 Tepidarium

1.4.7 Caldarium

The frigidarium, or cold bath, is located on the northern side of Roman baths. Bathers start their journey here before making their way into the tepidarium. The area consists of a large cold plunge bath to refresh the bather. This process can also be repeated at the end of the bathing process, with the cold water being used to close the pores.

The tepidarium is the warm bath room of the Roman baths used to recover from frigidarium. It is heated by a hypocaust or underfloor heating system, giving a pleasant feeling of constant radiant heat from the walls and floors. Light is received into the space through clerestory windows, and the area is decorated in the richest marbles and mosaics. It is this location where "strigiling" often took place, using cubed metal tools to wipe oil and clean the bodies as opposed to soap. It is also in this location that bathers could receive a massage.

The hot room, also known as the caldarium, was a steamy room with a hot plunge bath heated by a hypocaust or underfloor heating system.

It is the hottest room in the sequence of bathing rooms, with an approximate temperature of 50-55 degrees since the Romans used sandals with wooden sole. The water and floor are heated by fires underneath the mosaic floor. This area included a bath of hot water sunk into the floor, a dry area for inducing sweat, and a labrum which held cold water for pouring over the bather's head before they left the room. After proceeding into the caldarium, it was common for the bather to return to the cooler tepidarium for a massage.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

STEAM BATH, ICELAND

SZECHENYI GYOGYFURDO THERMAL SPA, BUDAPEST.

LE MASSAGE AU HAMAM

1.4.8 Steam Bath

1.4.9 Spa Baths

1.4.10 Massage Rooms

Historically, the steam bath was a steam-filled room for the purpose of relaxation and cleansing. The water was supplied from natural hot springs beneath the ground. Pipes and pumps would bring water up and into the large pool areas where the springs existed. In the modern day, heaters are used to maintain the warm temperatures within the baths. Steam rooms are popular in modern day as an enclosed space with large amounts of high-temperature steam. They are more usually found in gyms and health resorts, and have a high-humidity environment of up to 100%. The hot, dry atmosphere is maintained at a temperature of 41 degrees or above to benefit bather's health.

Spa baths derived from prehistoric times and the belief in the curative powers of mineral water. Spas were located where mineralrich spring water is used to give medicinal baths. Spa practices are widespread in Europe and Japan, with a legend crediting early Celtic kings with the discovery of hot springs in Bath, England. In 1596, the resort of Harrogate in England was the first spa found for drinking medicinal waters. The second well was discovered the same year and named 'The English Spaw', resulting in the description of the word 'spa' we use today. Purification through water is found in the religious ceremonies of Jews, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus.

Research shows that massage has many benefits including; pain relief, reduced anxiety and depression, and temporarily reduced bloody pressure and heart rate. Rooms for massage and other health treatments are a typical element of Roman baths, enjoyed after experiencing the hot, warm and cold rooms in order to relax. In the modern day, massage rooms are used to reduce muscle aches from sport and exercise, however they are primarily seen within spas as a treatment to enjoy including oils within a relaxing environment.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

BALNEOTHERAPY CENTRE, ST-FRANCOIS LONGCHAMP, FRANCE

HYDROTHERAPY POOL, K SPA, LONDON

HOT & COLD POOLS, NEBRASKA

1.411 Balneotherapy

1.4.12 Hydrotherapy

1.4.13 Hot & Cold Therapy

Balneotherapy is the treatment of disease by bathing, usually practiced at spas. This method of therapy may involve hot or cold water, massage through moving water, relaxation or stimulation.

Balneotherapy spas have a medicinal use, as opposed to a recreational use, and can be applied to everything relating to spa treatment including the drinking of waters and the use of baths. Mud and sand baths are included within balneotherapy, with the medicinal clay containing minerals with beneficial properties. Balneotherapy is recommended for a wide range of illnesses, including arthritis, skin conditions and fibromyalgia.

Hydrotherapy involves the use of water for pain relief and treatment.

Water is used as a medium within this approach to facilitate thermoregulatory reactions for therapeutic benefit, involving submerging all or part of the body in water and including several types of equipment. Hydrotherapy is a term used to encompass a broad range of approaches and methods that take advantage of the beneficial properties of water for therapeutic purposes. The temperature and pressure can be used to stimulate blood circulation and treat the symptoms of diseases. Hydrotherapy now employs water jets, underwater massage, whirlpool baths, hot tub and jacuzzi.

Hot & cold therapy is also called 'contrast bath therapy' and involves the immersion into hot and cold waters. This form of treatment entails a limb or the entire body being immersed in ice water, being followed by the immediate immersion into warm water. The repeated process of the alternating temperatures can significantly increase blood circulation due to warm water causing vasodilation of the blood flow followed by cold water causing vasoconstriction. This form of bathing can also be used to reduce swelling due to injury and to improve muscle recovery following exercise.

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4.14 Gymnasium A gymnasium functioned as a training facility for male competitors in Ancient Greek times. The name derives from the Greek term 'gymnos' meaning naked, where athletes were a tribute to gods. Not only was the gymnasium a place for exercise, it was also a place for socialising and engaging in intellectual business meetings. After exercising naked, it was common for the males to bathe before studying, therefore gymnasiums were common within schools and bath houses.

Gymnasia historically were large structures containing spaces for each type of exercise, either exposed to the outdoor environment or covered overhead.

SPORT HALL IN LA BAULE, EXPOSED STRUCTURE

SPORT GYMNASIUM EQUIPMENT STORAGE FACILITIES

In modern days, gyms are covered locations and include apparatus such as weight apparatus and exercise machines to improve the user's physical strength. They are found as separate buildings, as well as within schools and leisure centres. As opposed to ancient times, gyms are now places for people of all ages, genders, ethnicities and abilities to induce physical activity into everyday life. The outcomes of visiting the gym are similar to that of the bath house, promoting health, fitness and well-being to the user.

Current fitness suites have a relatively open plan design, with an abundance of circulation to allow clear manoeuvring around the spaces and maintaining sufficient space around exercise machines. They provide therapeutic facilities such as massage and hydrotherapy, as well as physiotherapy for people with sports injuries.

LUSSY SPORT HALL, SWITZERLAND

SPORTS HALL,HELSINKI UNIVERSITY ALVAR AALTO, 1949-1952

Sport England defines the optimum ceiling height within gyms to be between 3.5-4m from finished floor level, being no lower than 2.7m as this would limit the use of some exercise equipment. Natural daylight is said to greatly benefit the atmosphere and experience within a gym space, unless impractical, and views to the swimming pool or water should be considered. A balance is also required in terms of daylighting to weigh up the benefits of natural light and the resulting solar glare or heat gain.

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4.15 Village Changing Village changing facilities are the new preferred option for pools as opposed to single-sex changing. Village changing is the most cost effective and practical form of changing facilities, resulting in an easily managed arrangement for any user. Although village changing is a mixed-sex arrangement, it can be divided into dedicated zones for male or female use under certain circumstances or timetabled sessions.

Group changing facilities are common within village changing, with a couple of lockable areas being supplied in the event of school classes using the facilities or for team use.

Village changing areas may be open to the pool area to allow views to the destination, although barriers may be put in place for safety reasons. A shower zone normally sits between the changing and pool facilities. Lockers will also be provided for any use within the changing area.

As opposed to single-sex changing, village changing has simple and direct circulation to areas, allowing a layout that will direct users passed the toilets and showers. Individual privacy is also possible with cubicle options. Lockable group changing rooms also allow additional space at peak times.

Due to the mixed-sex nature of the space, it provides a flexible facility to accommodate any proportion of male and female users. This also allows helpers to aid people with disabilities to get ready, as well as disabled people having cubicles sized to their needs.

Ultimately, village changing is also easier to maintain and operate, reducing the amount of supervision and cleaning staff required within the changing rooms, and the changing all being located within one zone.

VILLAGE CHANGING EXAMPLE BY SPORT ENGLAND

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.4.16 Health Benefits Bath houses have been known since ancient times to promote public health and well-being. Historically, they took advantage of the location of hot springs, rivers and streams to exploit the healing properties of water and supply the ultimate place for bathing.

Traditionally, bath houses were built in an age where private bathing was not available in homes, with the Romans creating the bath culture as a way of promoting hygiene and cleanliness for the people who used them. Romans also believed that illness had a natural cause, therefore bathing in water regularly could result in good health.

Today, bath houses and spas are commonly found and utilised by many people throughout the world as places to resolve common illnesses such as arthritis, stress, headaches and many more as opposed to being a facility for public bathing. This is done through the use of different cold, warm and hot rooms providing the solution to a variety of issues. Bath houses are also used as a luxury day to enjoy the facilities as a break away from the world and block out any problems weighing heavily on the bathers mind.

Relaxation is the main reason people visit bath houses, claiming the healing powers of water and heat will allow users to disconnect from any worries. This will leave the bather with a mellow, transformed attitude after a long day. Relaxing within this space will also relieve the nerve endings and as a result soothes nerve endings within the body. This will minimise any joint pain or headaches due to the high heat levels.

The bath house is also the location of a gym, which releases endorphins from the body and increases fitness levels of people.

The bathing facilities available can therefore assist in soothing sore muscles after exercise, promoting the healing of muscles by the relaxation as a response to the hot environment. Sweating as a result of the heat within the spaces also relieves the body of waste products, removing unwanted toxins from the body.

Muscle relaxation does not only soothe muscles, but also improves the blood circulation within the body. A healthy blood flow within the body will transport oxygen throughout the body, reacting in a similar way to mild exercise to get the heart pumping. This will allow the heart to get stronger, in particular to people who have a cardiovascular disease and cannot exercise without risking injury.

Not usually classified as a health benefit, bath houses successfully promote social interaction between people in the spaces. This will allow socially awkward people to create bonds with people in the baths, heightening self esteem and self confidence within people.

Steam rooms in particular are successful in creating very good respiratory conditions due to the high humidity level of 100%. This is a great way for people with a cough or lung problems to soothe their issues. Due to the steam used within the space, it is also a great way for people with dry skin hydrating themselves.

Psychological benefits are proven from using facilities such as saunas, with the warmth of the facility feeling great and inducing a sense of calm to the bather. Using a sauna on a daily basis like the Finnish do allows a retreat from the stresses of everyday life, restoring the body and soul.

It is evident that using a combination of the above rooms within the bath house, the building can provide the facilities necessary to take the first step to healing Govan. It will not only enlighten the people within the community, but it will also bring people from outside of Govan to the district.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION 1:500

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.5 Brief 1.5.1 Background Information

1.5.2 Brief Interpretation

The brief for this project concerns the design of a Bath House in the Govan area to the west of the City of Glasgow. The scheme compliments the previous hospice project within Govan Graving Docks.

Following on from researching the brief, the key requirements for the design of the Bath House were deciphered as: - Healing properties of water - Community - Zoning - Public relation to the site - Roman Baths - Relation to water

The Bath House will provide healing and cleansing facilities for the community of Govan and reach out to a Glasgow extent in the hopes of healing the comunity. The form stitches itself into the masterplan formed by the hospice to connect people with a sense of exiting the site feeling refreshed and cleansed.

There is a current gap within Glasgow for a Bath House. Although there are many leisure and sport facilities available city wide, there are only two functioning Bath Houses which both sit to the north of the River Clyde, This opens up an opportunity for a new healing vicinity as part of a master plan of healing facilities including the hospice to be sited within Govan.

There is a focus on the hedonistic approaches within the Bath House as opposed to the athletic facilities in order to focus on the healing of the people of Govan. The Bath House will therefore be centred on creating links to Govan, the site and Glasgow in order to cleanse the community.

The role within the scheme is to set the scene for the user's using the architecture. There should be careful consideration of materiality and light to create atmospheres suitable for not only the people but the building in relation to humidity and condensation.

The healing properties of water are key to the site at Govan Graving Docks, with an abundanc e of water available on the site to be considered. This links to the buildings relation to water and how it conveys the baths within the context.

The community values are evident from the brief, however are inherent to people visiting the building and creating an environment that will cater to each user's needs. The public'ss relation to the site is of importance within this point in manoeuvring around the site and in particular the access onto the split level site.

The Roman Baths appeal due to the bathing techniques and the progression of the healing process, therefore are to be incorporated into the design.

The spatial organisation of swimming pool design is to be considered in creating a programmatic response that works in conjunction with the structural and environmental systems. These include the natural and artificial daylight, which must be carefully controlled in order to reduce the quantity of glare within spaces. Light plays an important role within the Bath House in order to create different atmospheres within spaces.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

PAST SHIPYARD

PRESENT DERELICT

PROPOSED BATH HOUSE

SITE USES DIAGRAM

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.6 Manifesto The core aspect of the design is to create a high architectural quality, hedonistic environment that will contribute to the overall healing of Govan as a community.

This scheme encapsulates the healing aspects of the bath house in order to cleanse the mind and body of the community. Bath houses traditionally were used as places of social gathering, where business meetings were had and communication between local people was rife.

To reintroduce a bath house into the area of Govan would therefore create a social aspect of public bathing.

The Graving Docks used to be a functioning shipyard, creating jobs with a heavy physical aspect. It was a key area of Govan, having been man-made and the docks carved from the landscape in order to provide jobs for the locals. The site has been derelict since 1988, and along with it the area of Govan has declined into a low income area.

Therefore, a bath house in this location is perfect to restore not only the site but repay the hard work that was evident on the site with a healing environment.

The scheme aspires to have a welcoming environment for the users, that is easy to navigate around. The organisation of wet and dry spaces is fundamental to allow the building to function efficiently, as well as making people feel comfortable and creating a safe environment.

The bath house aims to reintroduce the community interaction within Govan. The main design aspirations are defined as: CREATING LINKS The bath house is sited within the heart of Govan in order to create a connection between the previous hospice project, and rejoin Govan with the City of Glasgow. This was a prominent design principle in the restoration of the site to it's shipbuilding past as well as creating a new sculptural element within the site.

JOURNEY The chosen site offers a variety of textures which are to be relayed within the scheme. However the sensory experience throughout the building relies on the play of light to stimulate the user experience.

The design diagram was progressed through the design to create a variety of atmospheric spaces that will assist with the cleansing of the users.

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1 | INTRODUCTION 1.7.1 National Guidance and Policy The detailed design brief and schedule of accommodation was established at the beginning of the design progress, with the availability to challenge and adapt to the fundamental properties as the scheme developed. In order to respond to the required spaces within the schedule of accommodation, numerous pieces of recommended literature and guidelines have been adhered to. The key UK reference documents to assist the response to spatial requirements include: - Assessing the slip resistance of flooring. Technical information sheet http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web/slips01.pdf - British Standards: BS EN 15288:2008 Swimming Pools - Health and Safety Executive (HSE): HSG 179: Managing Health & Safety in Swimming Pools - PAS 39:2003 Management of Public Swimming Pools - Water treatment systems, water treatment plant and heating and ventilation systems - code of practice - Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG): Swimming pool water - Treatment and quality standards for pools and spas 2009 - Sports Council: Ice Rinks and Swimming Pools - Handbook of Sport and Recreational Building Design: Vol 3 - Sport England: Swimming Pools: Updated Guidance for 2013 - Sport Scotland Appendix III: Swimming Pools - Sport Scotland Design Note 7: Changing Accommodation - The Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity (CIMSPA) http://www.cimspa.co.uk - The Environmental Design Pocketbook - The NBS Building Regulations - The New Metric Handbook

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION INTERNAL ENTRANCE Entrance

100 m2

Offices

75 m2

Gift Shop

25 m2

Salon

50 m2

Waiting Area

50 m2

Restaurant

300 m2

CHANGING Changing & WCs

250 m2

Showers & WCs

150 m2

FACILTIIES Treatment Rooms inc. Hydrotherapy

200 m2

Gym

500 m2

Massage Rooms

50 m2

Steam Rooms/ Saunas/ Saunarium/ Turkish Baths

200 m2

Indoor Bath/ Outdoor Bath/ Fire Bath/ Ice Bath

600 m2

Main Spa Pool

600 m2

Rest Space

50 m2

SERVICES Utility Rooms

25 m2

Plant Room

150 m2

Refuse

25 m2

EXTERNAL Outdoor Pool/ Bath 50 no. Car Parking Spaces Landscaping

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SIZE

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.7 National Guidance 1.7.2 Sport England: Design Guidance 2013

1.7.3 Sport Scotland Appendix III: Swimming Pools

1.7.4 The NBS Building Regulations - Non Domestic

This document was key in outlining the basic principles and concepts behind good swimming pool design. It outlines the importance of pools within a community due to the sport being second only to walking as the most popular mode of physical activity. The document quotes that "swimming and water safety is an essential life skill" that should be promoted for communities to understand the wider environment of swimming pools.

Sport Scotland defined the requirement for a swimming pool within a site, as well as outlining the key design considerations that were to be taken into account. This was useful in gaining an understanding of the pool environment for the Bath House, and the additional facilities that should be supplied. The site for a swimming pool was a big decision due to the cost of constructing such facilities, therefore further research into the available facilities in the local area of Govan was required to define the requirement for a Bath House in Govan Graving Docks.

The NBS Building Regulations highlight the key aspects of issues that may arise in the Bath House, such as sanitary facilities, heating, ventilation, condensation and natural lighting.

The guidelines back up the requirement for a Bath House in Govan, promoting community regeneration within an area through the utilisation of swimming pool facilities. However, the document does concentrate on swimming pools as primarily leisure facilities as opposed to the interest in the use of a bath house for health and well-being purposes to heal the users. The design guidance provides the idea of spa facilities as a feature, as opposed to the key principle in designing areas of varying temperatures.

Sports England produced the document to include basic swimming pool layouts, which assisted in the understanding of where the plant room must go in relation to the main swimming pool, and the process of arriving in an area before proceeding through wet change to the pool zone. The national hierarchy of spaces is defined utilising the standard sizes of swimming pools, diving pool types, and other frameworks for activities such as water polo and synchronised swimming.

The main elements of the building and the relationship of spaces within the scheme is assisted through the diagrams available in the document, providing spatial relationships and the break down of wet and dry changing which was to be explored further with the brief requirements.

The changing village is the main obstacle in designing a bath house, which is addressed in the document as they can provide: - Greater flexibility to accommodate varying mixes of male and female users, including family changing and changing for people with disabilities.

- Flexibility to allow staff of either sex to supervise, clean and maintain the area - Minimise any perceived sense of insecurity for sensitive users by well-designed changing rooms that offer privacy through adequately-sized, good-quality cubicles.

The availability and access to sanitary facilities are an important feature of the Bath House,and are highlighted within the Building Regulations as a key aspect within the design to avoid small or awkward locations with limited availability. The number of sanitary facilities for swimming pool bathers is defined within the document as 2 facilities for 1-100 males, and 1 extra facility per each extra 100 males. The same rule applies for sanitary facilities for women, however 2 facilities are required for 1-25 women, with 1 extra for each following 15 woman. This assisted in the design and provision of facilities within the Bath House, and gave an indication of the quantity.

The documentation also highlighted the creation of a suitable pool depth to relate to the activities that are available within the swimming pool. It defines the minimum requirement of 1.50 metres deep for shallow diving, and 1.80 metres for instruction, assisting to develop the design of said spaces. Depending on the use of the pool, a minimum depth of 0.9-1.20 metres is debatable. This appendix helped to gain an understanding of any issues before problems can arise as the Heating is not a large section within the non-domestic standards, design stage progresses. however it does define that each building must be able to be heated and maintain heat at required temperatures. Heating is a large aspect In order to incorporate accessibility throughout the design, further within the Bath House in terms of hot and cold spaces, which is to be research into the moveable floors aspect that Sport Scotland further researched with this in mind. outlines was essential. Not only do these create a wider variety of activity options within the water, it also allows the floor to be raised The ventilation of spaces within the Bath House was essential up to the level of the pool deck to allow disabled people to access the in understanding, and the effect on energy consumption and pool. performance. The ventilation strategy will effect the environmental strategy hugely within the building, and the Building Regulations The guidelines also recognised that the materiality and size of spaces assist in defining the key elements of this issue. must be chosen alongside their acoustic properties. A simple way to The standards also define condensation and how it occurs in heated do this is via perforated acoustic walls and ceilings. The document states that a maximum reverberation time of 2 seconds at 500hz with buildings when water vapour, usually produced by the occupants and their activities, condenses on exposed building surfaces where a noise rating of 50 is recommended, which helped with the design of internal spaces and the roof heights used within the scheme. it supports mould growth, or within building elements. Condensation is one of the problematic issues that can arise within a bath house, Lighting is a huge issue that is highlighted within the document, to where the varying temperatures and moisture within steam rooms and avoid excess solar gain or heat loss as well as avoiding glare and saunas are active, therefore the regulations are key to a baseline reflection to users in the swimming pool. Large roof overhangs or understanding of the issue. glazing that diffuses light is recommended alongside screening options for any glazing below 2.5m. This also assisted with orientating the building to mitigate problems arising.

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1 | INTRODUCTION

THE WESTERN BATHS CLUB, GLASGOW

GOVANHILL BATHS, GLASGOW

The Western Baths Club was founded in 1876, and alongside Arlington Baths is one of the two clubs of its kind left in Glasgow. They are well known for their period trapeze and exercise rings which are still in use above the swimming pool. The symmetrical elevations are much similar to ancient Roman baths, with a series of arches forming the entrance to the building.

The baths were opened between 1912 - 1917 which originally contained public baths, a wash house, and swimming pools. Two of the swimming pools remain, and the wash house was converted into a laundrette in 1971. Govanhill baths were closed in 2001 due to their lack of use and the expense that refurbishment would cost. It has since hosted several campaigns, and is now a "Wellbeing Centre". In 2012, the smallest of the three pools was reopened and a three-step plan has since been put together

The 90ft x 35ft swimming pool was the largest indoor pool in Scotland until the 1930s.The baths have several key rooms responding to the traditional bath houses, the first being a cool room (frigidarium) to read and change in. The visitors can then step into the turkish room or russian room which act as a tepidarium, providing warm, hot then steam heat. There is also a traditional roman bath facility consisting of a plunge pool to cool down after the hot room. More modern facilities such as the sauna are also available for relaxation within the building.

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NORD drew up plans for the centre which shows the reopening and restoration of all three pools and the Turkish baths, as well as adding a gym, cafe and nursery. There is a strong aspect of community value within to Govanhill baths due to the campaigning of the public preventing the building from being demolished. The public facade shows symmetry similar to the Roman bath house qualities, framing the entrance. The swimming pool is top lit with rooflights, filtering light through the exposed roof structure.

1 | INTRODUCTION 1.6 Precedents "The key to the city is yours" - Glasgow Doors Open Days Festival To gain a wider understanding of how bath houses look and function, I looked firstly at the local area of Glasgow. Glasgow doors open day in September 2015 was the perfect opportunity to visit the otherwise private facilities within the city in order to explore the buildings.

A visit to three bath houses in Glasgow, two of which fully function (The Western Baths Club and the Arlington Baths Club) supplied different takes on the bath house and a sense of scale of the individual spaces.

Certain architectural features stand out amongst all three buildings, such as the symmetry of the elevations and arches in the facade highlighting the entrances. Exposed structure within the swimming pool area is also a common theme throughout the baths, with rooflights supplying extra natural light to the areas.

It is important to understand the value of bath houses within Glasgow, which is emphasised due to the persistent campaigning from the local people around Govanhill to restore and reopen the functioning baths.

THE ARLINGTON BATHS CLUB, GLASGOW The Arlington Baths were founded in 1870, and is owned and ran by members for members. The 21m pool is lit via rooflights, much like the Govan hill baths, exposing the trusses. The key feature of the baths is the Turkish suite, which was added in 1875. It has been classed as a 'Glaswegian homage to the Alhambra, acting as a hot room with temperatures by plenum with tiled walls and floors. The star shaped windows allow light to filter in through the coloured glazing, giving a atmospheric effect to the dimly lit space.

The original building composed of a single storey bath house designed by John Burnet in 1871. The facade was modulated by two pavilions on either end of the building, with arched windows much like the Western Baths greating an entrance to the building. Since completion, there was four phases of extension over 30 years, leading to the building we see now. The building is now two storey with several changes to the facade, however the original building can still be seen through.

The Arlington Baths are a good example of how a successful bath house runs, with members owning and running the club to allow them to feel involved in the decisions. The members also then use this space with care and dignity, adding a unique value to the baths.

The use of colourful mosaic and tiling also adds to the atmosphere within the buildings, a note to be taken further and modified within the design of Govan Bath House.

There are now also saunas, a steam room, freestanding slipper baths and hot tubs, a members lounge and a gym for the members.

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1 | INTRODUCTION Bath Design THE THERME VALS, SWITZERLAND Architect: Peter Zumthor Concept: A complete sensory experience The building is situated over thermal springs and plays on the aspect of building inside and outside of the mountain. With this in mind, a cave-like aesthetics is used within the building to portray the natural surroundings. The building flows in a way that from one space you can always see views or other elements of the building, connecting everything within the building together.

The simplicity of the orthogonal aspects of the building amongst the water links the water and building elements together.

The light and shade within the building is to be considered further within Govan Bath House, reflected with the open and enclosed spaces that are present within Zumthor's bath house.

Enclosed spaces such as the top right image do not seem intrusive due to the play of coloured an filtered light much like the Turkish baths, and the views through to other areas within the building.

Materiality was considered surrounding the local environment and the quarrying history. In such a way, materials from the local context of Govan reflecting the industrial past to the present structures on the site. The prominent use of one material within the interior is very effective as it links to features within the external spaces, creating a textured environment for the users to enjoy.

Govan Graving Docks is surrounded by water, therefore this precedent can be taken and explored further within the site, where water is prominently surrounding the design.

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1 | INTRODUCTION Building Form BAR-POOL-GALLERY, BRAZIL Architect: BCMF Arquitecos + MACh Arquitecos Concept: A hilltop belvedere The building diagram conveys two simple rectangular structures linking over an element of water. This precedent suits the notion of placing a bath house across a dock, utilising the available water as a meeting or pausing point in the journey.

The structure is a 3 x 5 x 5m prism, and single storey in height. The minimalist finishes within the building accentuate the details within the spaces that require little furnishing to have an effect.

Although single storey in height, there is a unique element of height change that is interesting within the building, with the gallery being semi-submerged under ground with a viewing deck above.

The two concrete boxes compose one building, a vision to be explored as part of citing Govan Bath House. Steel columns are visible above the concrete wall, allowing the filtration of natural light into the space and additional views of the swimming pool. As shown in the section, this provides an additional element of a viewing point to the swimming pool from within the building.

The ceiling is formed as a ribbed pre-cast slab, allowing light to flood into the spaces. The flooring brings the internal and external environments together as a continuation of the decking material, inviting people into the area.

This design aspect would work within the Graving Docks, potentially supplying a split element of design. This would work in tandem with the zoning aspect of designing the bath house, placing different elements of the spacial plan on either side of a dock. A bridge element would then be formed, allowing an observatory deck of the dock. A community element of an external pool can then be explored.

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1 | INTRODUCTION Internal Finishes

ROCCOLO'S SWIMMING POOL, ITALY

RESTORATION OF ROSKILDE SWIMMING POOL, COPENHAGEN

INDOOR SWIMMING POOL IN TORO, SPAIN

Architect: act_romegialli Concept: A glass enclosed space for an indoor pool

Architect: CREO ARKITEKTER and JAJA architects Concept: Transformation of 1960s water tower

Architect: VIER Arquitectos Concept: To become the architectural legacy of the town

A series of simple geometric volumes in wood or concrete gives a contrast of textures within. The muted palette accentuates the water element within the building.

Naturally lit bathing areas of the scheme are of the quality envisioned for Govan Bath House, with a band of glazing framing the landscape.

The filtration of light into the building brings this scheme to life, creating further patterns on the textured walls.

Views through to the pool area are filtered through louvres in place of partition walls. Light is filtered carefully and subtly into the building, creating a carefully planned out series of spaces defined by different materiality and colours.

Courtyards within the scheme create no barrier between interior and exterior spaces, allowing visitors to flow freely and increase the relaxing experience of the swimming pool. A neutral palette with timber elements creates a calm a tranquil environment.

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Internal courtyards allow effective visual control and natural lighting within the building, as well as controlling natural ventilation created by shade areas.

Different areas are controlled by transparency in glazing.

1 | INTRODUCTION NORDIC PAVILION, VENICE Architect: Sverre Fehn Concept: Capture Light The pavilion by Sverre Fehn was researched in terms of its materiality, exposed structure, and light.

The concrete construction poses the structural stability of the materiality, and the flexible use of sizes and shapes. The use of closely spaced beams, light can be brought in to fill the space of the otherwise shadowless light conditions within the area. This is ideal for the main bath area to create light conditions that will not result in glare through the filtration of direct light. This however poses issues within the Bath House of service duct runs being visible.

Through further research and development, the use of several concrete beams are furthered within the project scope to house the service ducts and create a unique aesthetic. The exposed concrete of the beams are ideal for the pool space and allow light to filter in between, breaking up the linear aspects of the pool spaces.

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1 | INTRODUCTION CASA DAS HISTORIAS, LISBON Architect: Eduardo Souto de Moura Concept: Inhabited Chimney The profile of the pyramid-shaped towers and concrete construction are relayed within the Bath House scheme to celebrate the Roman Baths. Within the Casa das Historias, they are used in response to the iconic towers, lighthouses, silos and chimneys within Lisbon. This can be said about the Graving Docks site where the Bath House is located, offering the history of working cranes, and situated alongside Glasgow's Science Centre tower.

The simplicity of the facade in response to the chimneys is something to take forward in the elevation design of the Bath House. The use of concrete within the elevations also compliments the chimney structures.

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1 | INTRODUCTION Elevations NEW SWIMMING CENTER IN BRESCIA, ITALY Architect: Camillo Botticini + Francesco Craca + Arianna Foresti + Studio Montanari + Nicola Martinoli Concept: Three functional parts The elevations of this building breaks up a compact block through the use of deeply excavated fronts. The function of the recesses is to bring light directly into the pools and create a relationship between glazing and pool areas.

The function of the spaces is similar to that of the bath house, splitting the floor plan into zones as such to house the hierarchy of spaces.

The elevations of the swimming pool played a large role in defining spaces within the bath house. The deep excavated exterior is used to shelter the external bath, with further deep carves providing an abundance of natural light into the main bath spaces.

This also allows the differentiation between the light and dark spaces to be evident from the external facades.

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1 | INTRODUCTION Light

RONCHAMP, NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, FRANCE

CHURCH OF SEED, HUIZHOU, CHINA

ENGHOEJ CHURCH, RANDERS, DENMARK

Architect: Le Corbusier Concept: Pure space void of extravagant details.

Architect: O Studio Architects Concept: Play of light and shadow

Architect: Henning Larsen Architects Concept: Dramatic down-turned roof.

The church was designed to have a meditative and reflective purpose.

This is done through the use of stark white walls to create an ethereal atmosphere when light enters the building through coloured glazing.

The curved building is split into three parts to manipulate the light on each facade. The concept of playing with light shown in Sverre Fehn's pavilion is furthered with the thick ridges that are apparent in section. This assisted the development of the roof structure and the types of concrete that are used within the main spaces of the Bath House.

Daylight enters the church through small openings in the long walls, creating a slot between the roof and the wall. There is also a slot above the altar to gather light from the west.

The thick walls of the chapel are punctuated with small windows to allow more intense direct floods of light to enter the space. This allows the light to define the spaces as opposed to the walls.

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The roof is also constructed with closely spaced wooden rafters, portraying the vision of a boat. This down-turned roof closely links to the industrial history of the Graving Docks and the ships that used to dock within the area.

1 | INTRODUCTION Dry Docks DANISH NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM, HELSINGOR, DENMARK Architect: BIG Concept: Underground maritime As opposed to filling the empty dock the architects chose to reuse it and interpret it as a public courtyard for the museum that will be underground. The series of bridges cut into the walls and provide a journey around the docks, reinventing the otherwise disregarded site, The dock allows light to filter into the structure through the courtyard, and allows the dock to be used without obstructing views of the nearby castle. Due to the surrounding features of the Graving Docks at Govan, this idea could be incorporated into the use of the docks as a mode of access to the bath house on the site. It also expands on the concept of emptying one or more docks on the site to incorporate public facilities into the area, bringing people into the area.

Double level bridges span the dock, providing enclosed and exposed promenades as well as providing entrances to the museum. This allows the museum to reflect the Danish history within the location, bringing modern aspects of the walkways and architectural design to the site.

BRIDGE TO KRONBORG

DRY DOCK

STAIRS TO DRY DOCK

MUSEUM SURROUNDING DRY DOCK

ENTRANCE TO MUSEUM

BRIDGES CONNECTING GALLERIES

Including an element of design within the docks will allow people to experience the expanse of ship building within the area of Govan, something that would not be thoroughly known in the modern day.

The pathways allow a gentle slop through the spaces, which could be reflected within connecting spaces in the bath house.

To connect the bath house to various aspects of the site and to access areas of Govan, the principles of bridging routes to key areas and exposing a dock as a public feature is something to be further researched within the context of the bath house project. As the dock is a similar size and shape to the ones in Govan, it could be a crucial precedent in linking the bath house to Govan's industrial shipbuilding history.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

History Location_ Glasgow Scale Location_ Govan Scale Location_ Site Scale Context & Analysis Site Drawings

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GOVAN HISTORY TIMELINE TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 40

2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.1 History Govan is a district, parish, and former Burgh which is part of south west Glasgow. Situated 2.5 miles west of Glasgow City Centre, Govan sits to the south of the River Clyde.

During the 18th Century, the area was known for its hand-loom weaving industry and associated skills including; bleaching, dying and spinning. The Govan Weavers Society was established in 1756 as a result of its success. Also during the 18th century, in particular the 1790s, the agricultural and then industrial revolution began, having a profound effect on Govan and ultimately it's shipbuilding historic status.

The beginning of the 19th century saw a population of 2,500 within Govan, which rose to over 90.000 in one hundred years due to the shipbuilding and immigration from the highlands of Scotland and Ireland to work in the shipyards.The invention of the steam engine ultimately marked the opportunity for Glasgow (and Govan in particular) to expand its heavy industry.

In 1759, the Clyde Navigation Act was passed due to an increase in trade with America. This led to the deepening of the River Clyde as it was realised there was a desperate need for larger vessels to have the ability to move further up the existing shallow River Clyde. The shipbuilding industry then took off as a result of Govan exploiting the natural resources of the river.

GOVAN BOUNDARY

In 1841, Robert Napier laid out his shipyard (Fairfield Shipyard) which ended up as the heart of the shipping industry in Glasgow. Modern shipbuilding began on the River Clyde and within the Fairfield Docks during the mid-1800s as part of the massive industrialisation of Glasgow. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the shipyard grew to become a lead supplier of the Royal Navy and locally made iron products were used in the construction of bridges, ships and factories.

The River Clyde was gradually deepened and widened to cultivate routes for larger vessels arriving from America, with the docks being carved out of the landscape.

The Glasgow Graving Docks, which will be covered in further detail, were opened between 1869-1898 but eventually took the hit of the economic downfall and closed in 1988. Currently, only the Fairfield docks are in use.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.2.1 Building Patterns_ Glasgow As part of the original site analysis, a study into the different building patterns around Glasgow City Centre and Govan was undertaken to highlight the evident patterns. This would assist with any masterplanning, as well as developing a scheme of multiple buildings (the hospice and the bath house) on the chosen site.

The study clearly identifies the different eras of construction within Glasgow, conveying the architectural trends of the times in the different building forms.

It also successfully shows that the pattern begins to get sporadic around the highlighted chosen site, giving flexibility in the building forms that could be suitable for the site.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.2 Location_ Glasgow Scale 2.2.2 Public/ Private_ Glasgow A similar study was undertaken using the gathered research into the patterns of buildings to gain an insight into whether they are public or private.

Not only does this define the type of building, it is also useful to show how densely populated areas of the city and the town of Govan.

Through this study, it was identified that the majority of the buildings in the surrounding area are private and residential. This suits the private function of the hospice being located in a private area. To the south of the site where Govan Road is located, public buildings begin to appear. This is useful to know when defining the public and private areas of the chosen site of Govan Graving Docks, and in turn assists the location of the Bath House on the site.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.2.3 Healing Facilities_ Glasgow The diagram clearly shows the types of buildings in the surrounding area of Govan, and how they sit in conjunction to the main access routes,.

The key building types within the area of Glasgow are identified in conjunction with the rail and road connections to assess the quantity flow of movement around the area of Govan especially.

The remaining industrial facilities within Govan have been identified surrounding the one remaining Fairfield Shipyard, with the iconic recreational buildings along the River Clyde identifying a pattern of a route along the river.

Health facilities were also focused on in correlation to the existing hospice on the site, which is closely related to the healing properties that people believe baths have for the users. Other than the hospice, it is evident that there are no healing facilities locally within the Graving Docks area of Govan, emphasising the benefits of a bath house to the community of not only Govan but Glasgow.

Gauging an idea of the green spaces around the area further assists in the masterplanning of the site, in accordance to what already exists nearby.

HEALING FACILITIES IN GLASGOW

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.2.4 Water Facilities_ Glasgow To further the research taken into the building types within Govan, specialist facilities that will encompass the concept of bathing, an indepth analysis identifying these facilities was provided.

Of the 12 remaining bath houses in the UK, 3 are located within Glasgow. Of these 2 are fully functioning, the nearest being the Arlington Baths which is located to the very north east of the map.

In religion, various types of bath houses are related closely to worship, therefore places of worship within the area of Glasgow have also been identified with the potential of building in the vicinity of a place of worship.

Community centres, or leisure centres, are the modern day bath houses, offering modern swimming facilities and many incorporating gyms and fitness suites. These types of facilities are very popular in attracting families and engaging the community in swimming clubs.

Gyms are also identified, emphasising the lack of fitness facilities within the area of Govan.

Hotel spas are a common occurrence as an add-on for guests who make the most out of the luxury facilities while staying within the vicinity. Although none are available in Govan, they are in abundance within the city of Glasgow.

The buildings are all identifiable with water, and it is evident from the map that none are directly related to the abundance of water within the River Clyde, a connection that is to be taken further within the development of the bath house.

WATER FACILITIES IN GLASGOW 1:10,000 AT A3

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.3.1 Building Fabric_ Govan There is a wide spread of materiality within Govan due to the rich history that is within the town. There are several historic sandstone buildings, the vibrant red stonework standing out within the area of Govan.

There is also an abundance of brickwork around the town, with modern examples of coloured and elongated bricks being used to construct the newer buildings within the area.

Although the more traditional materials were to be expected within the area, there was also a large quantity of buildings clad in render and timber, paving the way for modern materials to be used within the area of Govan. There was also an example of a building clad in bright colours, reiterating the flexibility of designing within the town.

This analysis proved that almost anything can be justified within the area as there is a diverse range of materials shown within the building fabric of the area.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.3 Location_ Govan Scale 2.3.2 Heritage & Conservation_ Govan 1. Southern General Hospital Category: B; Date Listed: 12 October 1989 2. Fairfield Shipping Offices Category: A; Date Listed: 15 December 1970 3. Govan Old Parish Church Category: B; Date Listed: 15 May 1987 4. Pearce Institute Category: A 5. Old Govan Police Building Category: B; Date Listed: 15 May 1987 6. Govan Graving Docks Category: A; Date Listed: 15 May 1987 7. Elder Park Library Category: A; Date Listed: 15 December 1970 8. Sir William Pearce Statue Category: B; Date Listed: 15 December 1970 9. Govan Cross Drinking Fountain Category: B; Date Listed: 15 May 1987 10. Film City Glasgow Category: B; Date Listed: 15 December 1970

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS

CHURCH SITE

PARK SITE

Originally, this site was looked into for the hospice project. Located on the site of Govan Old Parish Church, the site offers ample opportunities for views out over the River Clyde, and close connections to Govan town centre. Due to the historic importance of the site, it appealed as a possibility for the bath house due to the close relation to the healing properties that are known to baths. It is common culture for some bath house to be located close to religious buildings such as mosques, therefore a close link was plausible for the project.

As part of the initial site selection process, a SWOT analysis was carried out of Elder Park. The park is currently the location of Govan library, which would provide an educational link to the bath house. There is also a strong link to the residential housing surrounding the park, inviting the local people of Govan to the site. Direct access is available off Govan Road, with an existing water feature within the park promoting further opportunities for a leisure facility.

The area offers close transport links to Glasgow City Centre, with the potential to reinvent the area of Govan with a new development. However, through previous analytical studies of the site and the link that is to be achieved with the hospice, the church site was not the correct choice for citing the bath house.

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Due to the hedonistic approach taken with the bath house, with calm and tranquil spaces playing a large role in healing Govan, the children's park and noise from the houses may deter people from visiting a supposedly tranquil space. The park is however a social hub of Govan, giving large community value to the space, which was a strong detail necessary to be taken forward for the bath house design.

2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.3.3 SWOT Analysis_Govan GRAVING DOCKS SITE Govan Graving Docks was the most expansive site looked at, as well as the location for the previously proposed hospice project. The site defines the core of industrial history within Govan, and would allow the strong link to the hospice and their patients having the opportunity to utilise the healing spaces.

Only a 5-10 minute walk from Ibrox and Govan subway stations, as well as easy access from Govan Road, the site has readily available access for people to gather.

The concept for the bath house would have to define not only the building, but incorporate the graving docks to propose a new sculptural feature within the site.

The users of the site will be able to experience the optimum sensory experience with the various noises, textures of the new and old artefacts, and the contrast between old and new will convey Govan in a new light. A bath house located within this area of Govan will also invite people from other communities within Glasgow and further to visit the facilities as well as socialising with friends.

The contrast in textures within the site open up a wide range of potential materiality options to convey rough and smooth, heavy and light, quiet and loud spaces This is said through the section of the site which also conveys the contrast in topography and forms of the site.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.4.1 History_ Govan Graving Docks The Graving Docks have undergone many stages of development since the 1800s. Historic maps have been gathered in order to highlight the development of the site overtime, and the significance this has had in how it stands today. The main changes surround the river, which was widened and cut into in the height of the shipbuilding industry within Govan. It is very interesting to see how that area of the city has always been densely populated.

Glasgow Graving Docks were built for the Clyde Navigation Trust between the years of 1869-1898 to cater for the huge demand for a facility that allowed for inspection and repair of the bottom of ships.

The site previously had a variety of uses. The Glasgow Graving Docks was formerly used as the location of Govan's first free church. When the church was moved onto new premises, the building found a new use as a Theatre. The theatre was utilised for other functions such as a music hall, before changing into accommodation for Russian soldiers.

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The three dry docks form part of a site including associated quays, capstans and bollards, pump houses (of which one still remains), workshops and other ancillary buildings. The Graving Docks retained the boundary walls and ramped access and steps which are all still in place today. The Graving Docks were primarily used for winter overhauls and refits of Clydebank steamers.

Dock 1 (closest to the river), was opened in 1875, and is 551 feet long and 72 feet wide. This dock also had a steam travelling crane in operation until 1970. Dock 2 was opened on 13th October 1886 at 575 feet long and 83 feet wide. The final dock (Dock 3) was opened on the 27th April 1898 and is the largest dock measuring 880 feet long and 83 feet wide, enough to accommodate two ships. At their time of construction, Docks 1 and 3 were the deepest functioning graving docks in Britain, and could take the largest ships afloat.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.4 Location_ Site Scale 2.4.2 Current Use_ Govan Graving Docks Unfortunately, as a result of the economic downfall at the time, in 1988 Govan Graving Docks were closed. The site is still awaiting restoration and has since gone into disrepair, with several of the buildings being burnt down and vandalism being very apparent across the site. The site is currently part of a conservation area, and the withstanding pump house is a Grade A listed building.

Due to the vast industrial history and the expanse of the site.since closure there have since been many talks and masterplans developed in a bid to restore the site. It is a particular site of interest as the structural forms of the Graving Docks still stand as one of the most complete and evocative pieces of shipbuilding history on the Clyde.

Although the site is derelict, large quantities of artefacts fill the site reminiscent of the days as a shipyard. These range from small boat anchors, to the large pump house which signifies the importance of machines and the industry that once was on the site. However, the most significant artefacts within the site are the man-made basin and 3 graving docks, creating carved elements out of the ground. The docks are all currently filled, however not in use, gathering a lot of attention to the significance of a bath house on a site surrounded by water features.

The previously noted hospice scheme was developed on the site with the concept of 'healing Govan', which is to be re-iterated through further developments such as the bath house on the same site.

As the hospice referred to the basin element within the site, it is therefore essential to refer to the three graving docks for the bath house project.

Due to the listed restrictions of the site, the building requires a strong sense of belonging onto the site to heal Govan and resurrect the busy essence the site once had.

2016

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.4.3 Historic Photographs_ Govan Graving Docks The historic photographs were obtained from The Mitchell Library in Govan, and are copies of original construction images taken between the periods of 1875 and 1898.The images act as a timeline in documenting the construction of the sculptural elements cutting into the River Clyde.

The heavy machinery used to build the graving docks can be seen within the images, giving reference to the industrial values the site was to offer when completed. The materiality and construction process within the docks is also evident within the images, which could relate to the structure of the bath house in response to the site.

The scale of the graving docks is notable within the photographs, showing how the ships sat within the dock, something that is not apparent nowadays within the isolated site.

As a result of the resilient material choices of the docks, the structure of the stepped elements have not aged on the site, becoming reusable elements for future developments on the site. The Graving Docks were made up of a variety of materials which can be seen within the images: - Dock walls made up of grey granite - Working surfaces were of whinstone setted - Retaining walls and ramp sides are a cream sandstone - Cast-iron gate piers are used - Workshops are built using ashlar or polychrome brick.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.4.5 Panoramic Views_ Govan Graving Docks

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.1 Access_Govan The diagram outlines the access routes that are currently available to access Govan. It is evident from the analysis that the primary form of access is via roads. The motorway is located within close proximity to Govan and the Graving Docks site, with several main roads running through the town. Govan Road runs alongside the site leading vehicle traffic to the accessible site.

The subway system also runs through Govan, with Govan and Ibrox stations being within a 5-10 minute walking distance from the site.

This allows people to easily access the site from anywhere on the subway route, allowing quick access from Glasgow City Centre.

Along the boundaries of the map, the railway systems can be seen.

Although not in close range to Govan, they provide easy access into Glasgow. This would create a larger audience of people from a wider community to approach a bath house within this location.

GOVAN ACCESS_GLASGOW EAST

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5 Context & Analysis 2.5.2 Access_Site Analysis of access points was also carried out surrounding the two main existing methods of access into the site itself. Site analysis shows that there is currently one mode of entry into the site, shown in the diagram, which is functioning as the current access to the hospice project that has been completed on the site.

The two main access methods of either pedestrian or vehicles has been outlined within the diagram. Pathways are readily available throughout Govan and are installed up to the existing site boundary, allowing accessible entry for all users. There are also secondary routes from the nearby residential housing area which creates a link for the nearby residents surrounding the site.

Govan Road runs to the south of the site, allowing nearby access via car onto the site. As the majority of the users of the bath house are expected to arrive via car, it acts as an essential link between the community and the site. An existing building being used as a car garage is located just outside of the site, with the potential to be used as a car park due to the close proximity to the site.

As the Bath House will act as the public face of Govan, thoughts and research into creating new access points will be essential in the success of a bath house being located within the Graving Docks.

SITE ACCESS 1:2500

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.3 Key Artefacts_ Site As the Graving Docks was utilised as a functioning shipyard for many years, there are many relics and dated objects surrounding the site which have the potential to be used as landscaping tools or precedents. Wood, stone and metal are amongst the few types of materiality that withstands on the site, although it is currently in poor condition due to the status of the site.

The key remaining artefact on the site is the one remaining pump house that sits on the site as a reminder to how the graving docks once functioned. This is an essential building to be addressed with the development of a bath house on the site, being a focal point along the River Clyde. This aspect is furthered within the concept development stages of design to provide a link between the Bath House and the site.

The exposed wooden structure of the basin, and stone steps of the Graving Docks are also fundamental to how the site is held together.

This has the potential to be echoed within the building design, much like the hospice having a timber structure as it was located on the edge of the basin. This would then suggest that the bath house should incorporate the fundamental stone structure of the steps in some way.

Several corrodedt elements remain on the site as a reminder of the shipbuilding that used to persist in the area. These elements are not to be destroyed, but appreciated and retained with a matter of dignity to the success that the Graving Docks brought to Govan.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.4 Key Textures_ Site A study into the different textures apparent around the Graving Docks in particular was established to further understand the site as it currently stands, and seek concepts to pursue.

The black and white filter on the images allows the texture to emote from the images as opposed to the colours. This defines the linear elements, shapes, and patterns that are apparent within the materials and relics left on the site.

Arches are seen on the site, a possible reminder of an old pump house that was located in that place. This forms a close link to the Roman bath house architecture that portrayed vaulting roofs and a series of archways to move through the building.

The wooden bridges currently spanning the docks were also analysed as linkage points between the docks. The wooden texture portrays them almost as piers opening out into the water, a durable construction that has existed since the opening of the docks.

Materiality inspiration has been derived from the vast palette that is available on the site, to compliment the site as well as creating an additional sculptural element to the Graving Docks.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.5 Wind_ Site With the Graving Docks being so exposed alongside the River Clyde, an in-depth knowledge of the wind patterns is required before designing within the site.

The study into the local wind rose was identified before placing a hospice on Govan's Old Graving Docks site, which emphasised the prevailing south west winds.

Careful consideration is therefore essential in the placement of outdoor swimming pools and the entrance to avoid being in the path of the south westerly winds. With a high wind force within the winter months particular, large glazed areas and open faรงades could potentially have issues due to the high winds which should therefore be recognised as part of the site analysis process.

ANNUAL WIND DETAILS

SOUTH WEST PREVAILING WINDS

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SITE _WIND ROSE 1:5000

2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.6 Sun_ Site In accordance with the wind paths, the annual sun paths were researched and calculated to diagnose the optimum place and orientation for a bath house on the site.

As opposed to the hospice project, which required as much light as possible to maximise solar gains and light within the building, the bath house will require significant thought into overheating and glare issues within the pool rooms.

The sun path maximises the south light being utilised within the graving docks area of the site, with sun reaching the south side of the building in both the summer and winter.

ANNUAL SUN DETAILS

During the summer solstice, the sun is at a 57 degree angle, whereas during the winter solstice the sun is entering the space at a 10 degree angle. The low light during the winter period in particular could be an issue when it comes to designing light into swimming pool areas, and design elements should be considered to minimise the amount of reflection and glare that could potentially be caused by direct light entering the spaces at these angles.

In addition to this, the spaces could easily be overheated due to strict temperature controls within pool areas if glazed faรงades are prominent on the south facade. In some aspects, a bath house would benefit more from a north facing facade to gain as much even, natural light without causing unease within the spaces.

SITE _SUMMER SUN PATH 1:5000

SITE _WINTER SUN PATH 1:5000

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.7 SWOT Analysis_ West of the Basin Govan Graving Docks are the current location of the recently design Hospice. The site is expansive, offering a variety of locations for the Bath House. The relationship to the existing hospice is crucial, supplying a community hub for the local people of Govan and the hospice patients to enjoy.

To the west of the basin, there is a piece of land facing on the hospice, with boundaries to the south and west caused by existing buildings. A SWOT analysis was carried out of the area to assess the potential of the area.

STRENGTHS: The location provides an wide range of views down the River Clyde and of the hospice. Situated to the west of the basin, there is a strong link to water which emphasises the type of design. The area is restricted to the west by housing, which has the potential to create a link with the community, offering a new approach onto the site.

WEAKNESSES: This particular area of the site is quite isolated, and would entail driving past the hospice (private building) to get to the bath house (public building). There may also be noise issues from the housing, which in turn could cause issues to the locals with noise from the bath house. The west of the site is also concealed from the view of Govan Road, making it unclear to people where the building may actually be located.

OPPORTUNITIES: There are several opportunities for a bath house sited in this location, the most important of which allows the building to give back to the community by restoring the derelict site. There is also the chance to create a physical link between the nearby housing and the Graving Docks, enticing further people to the area.

THREATS: By locating the bath house in this area of the site, it could come across as invasive to the hospice, as the bedrooms face out over the basin and so could interrupt the privacy. There is also the threat that by locating it in the top corner of the site that people will not feel as welcome to the site having to pass the private hospice first.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.5.8 SWOT Analysis_ South of the site The actual Graving Docks have been shut for many years, creating a derelict area currently serving as a place for vandalism. On entry to the site, the hospice is located to the left hand side, leaving the east of the site and all three docks with the potential for restoration and a site for a bath house. SWOT analysis of the south of the Graving Docks was carried out to evaluate the successes and risks of placing the bath house in such a location.

STRENGTHS: Being located to the rear of the site, near to Govan Road, clearly defines the bath house as a gateway building. A bath house in this location would then create a public face to the site from Govan Road.

This would as a result cause a strong link between the public and private areas of the site, and so forth the hospice. This area of the docks also has a protruding piece of land that offers phenomenal views down the River Clyde and towards the city centre. The docks actively bring water into the site, causing a similar link as the basin in providing a strong relation to the powers of water in this location.

WEAKNESSES: The shape of this site could potentially create a very long and narrow floor plan. Acting as the public face of the site will also create noise pollution from Govan Road which may interrupt the sense of relaxation aimed to be created within the bath house. Locating the suitable amount of car parking within this area could also pose some issues.

OPPORTUNITIES: There are several opportunities to create links or bring the building out over the water of the Graving Docks on this site. A building located here will allow hospice users to visit the bath house for assistance with their healing process too. There is also the opportunity to split the floor plan of the bath house over the docks to assist with zoning the design.

THREATS: Technical issues may arise in building on the docks, especially if the building interacts with the water. Making a narrow plan work on this site may also threaten the overall outcome of the design process.

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS

SECTION A-A 1:500

SECTION B-B 1:500

SECTION C-C 1:500

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2 | SITE ANALYSIS 2.6 Site Drawings 2.6.1 Sections As part of the site analysis process, sections were drawn using the original drawings available from The Mitchell Library in Glasgow. It is essential to understand the topography of the site, to emphasise the sculptural forms that are formed within the landscape of the Graving Docks.

The drawings not only show the historical features, they also visualise the scale and extent of the modern housing that has been built surrounding the site, and how Govan has been built around what is existing on the site.

The depths of each dock was established in detail to understand how the site was manipulated, with the potential to carve the bath house into the site in the same way as the three graving docks. Dock 3 is highlighted as significantly more important, located nearest the public face of Govan Road and being the largest of the docks. This allowed further site analysis to be undertaken into each area of the graving docks site as a result of understanding the surroundings.

The link to the River Clyde is also shown through drawing sections, with a regular pattern between land and water being evidently showin in Section A-A particularly.

Locating the pump house on the site drawings allowed the potential to reinvent the building, or possibly reinstate it to the original function of the site.

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3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

Masterplans Design Development Building Strategy Landscape Building Envelope Building Regulations

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3.1.1 Future Glasgow: "Glasgow Cultural Hub" Masterplan Foong Cheng Wang &Wei Hwa Koh The Urban Design Studies Unit within Strathclyde University has created several masterplans within Glasgow. After researching them in depth, the transformation of the Clyde waterfront offered great opportunities to be carried out around Govan Graving Docks that would benefit the Bath House scheme.

The basis of the scheme revolved around a sequence of hubs to provide well connected experiences along the river. The masterplan proposed the reuse of the vacant Govan Graving Docks site to bring together locals, a key aspect within the bath house scheme in order to resurrect the once bustling shipyard.

The masterplan offers the site as a cultural hub, respecting the industrial heritage of the site. The main lesson learnt from the student project are the ways in which the landscaping revolves around what is already present on the site. This creates a rustic yet rejuvenated option to present the site as it once was in respect of the historical values of the artefacts.

CULTURAL HUB MASTERPLAN

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3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.1 Masterplans 3.1.2 Future Glasgow: "Transforming the Clyde Waterfront" Vernon Lee & Scott Paterson Within the masterplan, the Graving Docks are used to create a strong town centre that would enhance the growing population of Glasgow.

By building up the docks as a central hub, it will attract activity to the area and therefore people to utilise the bath house facilities. The masterplan also aims to "improve the quality of the city", which reiterates the concept of healing Govan to create beneficial environments for everyone.

The prospect of connecting Govan back to the city is furthered within the masterplan through the use of bridges to allow for an easier flow between Glasgow and Govan. By creating these connections, it will allow for more activity on the site and reduce the requirement for vehicular transport to the area of Govan. Creating these bridges over the water also inspired the use of bridges through the bath house scheme to create a direct relationship between the user and the baths.

The landscaping within the masterplan also restores the derelict site, as well as introducing simplistic green spaces to enhance the quality of the site.

CLYDE WATERFRONT MASTERPLAN

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GRID LINES 1:5000

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HIERARCHY OF THE SITE 1:5000

BATH HOUSE LOCATION 1:5000

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2 Design Development 3.2.1 Site Selection Undertaking SWOT analysis studies of the two potential locations on the Graving Docks site allowed further analysis to locate the Bath House. The derelict site was used as the location for the previous hospice project, providing a key space to not only reinvent but heal Govan.

The abundance of water located around the site is essential to gaining a relationship between the Bath House and its location. The site also offers panoramic views down the River Clyde and the key buildings that are located on the river front. This offers the potential for the bath house to add to the waterfront image of Glasgow, as well as creating links to the city.

GRID LINES

A series of diagrammatic site analysis studies were produced to assist the location of the Bath House, as well as creating a link to the previous hospice project. Firstly, grid lines were drawn to convey the landscape features, building lines from both existing and potential buildings, and the main access route onto the site. This creates a grid of potential options for locating the building onto the site.

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The main route that was defined through the hospice project is located in the hierarchy of the site diagram, defining the public and private areas of the site either side. This allows private gardens to be available around the basin for hospice users, as well as utilising the remainder of the site amongst the design of the bath house.

Further studies into the access highlight Govan Road as the main route to the site. From here, and as a result of the grid line study, potential access routes from Govan Road across the site are highlighted to be developed further during the concept design. This will allow new routes to be introduced to and around the site.

The location of the Bath House is also highlighted as a result of the diagram studies, combining a link to the hospice through defining elements of the thick wall and bridges either side of the scheme to root the building to the site.

SITE ANALYSIS 1:2500

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SPACIAL ADJACENCY SHOWING TEMPERATURE ZONES

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SPACIAL ADJACENCY SHOWING WET AND DRY AREAS

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.2 Space Adjacencies Initially, the brief was explored through the production of spacial adjacencies to define relationships between the spaces in response to the chosen site. As stated in the guidelines, there should be a clear route through the building, broken down into entrance - changing pools. This impacted on the layout of the building from initial stages, with the changing facilities being key to the movement of users throughout the baths.

The space adjacencies were a useful tool in creating relationships between the rooms and gaining an understanding of the sizes in relation to those outlined within the brief. Examples of Bath Houses in Glasgow were visited to explore the atmosphere and overall function of the spaces. In particular, the Western Baths impacted on the design of the Bath House, with a focus on the quality of the more intimate hedonistic spaces.

From the offset, the building was broken up into; the main body, plant facilities, and additional activities such as the gym to define barriers within the Bath House. This also allows a multiple level design that will be appropriate for the change in level that is apparent between the entrance off Govan Road and the Graving Docks ground level.

The prospect of a long linear building was also developed from the initial space adjacencies, creating a journey through the spaces to the main bath at the end of the building to capture the views up and down the River Clyde.

The wet and dry spaces were explored early on in order to develop a route through the building catered for each user. Through research on the different types of baths, a series of Roman baths as well as a sauna and saunarium were introduced to enhance the healing properties of the building for the users. This will create the required steps to heal Govan and provide a place of serenity for each user.

INITIAL SPACE ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

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ROUTES AROUND THE SITE, 1:2500 AT A3

INITIAL LANDSCAPING, 1:2500 AT A3

BUILDING FORM IN SECTION, 1:1000 AT A3

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ADJACENCY PLAN LEVEL 0, 1:500 AT A3

ADJACENCY PLAN LEVEL -1, 1:500 AT A3

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.3 Initial Concept - Week 4 Following in-depth research into different types of swimming pools and the appropriate guidance, the initial concept for the Bath House followed a hedonistic approach in order to assist the healing of the community of Govan.

Previous spacial adjacencies assisted the placement of spaces onto the site. An entrance pavilion was developed as the scheme progressed, housing the required elements unrelated to the healing functions of the Bath House. Through exploration, the pavilion was placed over Graving Dock 3 to create a relationship with water, much like the water held within the main Bath House building.

DESIGN PROGRESSION LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

From the offset, the scheme was at least two storeys to compensate for the change in level between Govan Road and the Graving Docks.

This resolves mobility issues for access to the building, as well as creating a connection to Govan road.

The exploration of spacial adjacencies was key to creating connections within the site, but also highlighted that an athletic lane pool does not suit the aspirations of the hedonistic approach to the Bath House. It was also seen as key to explore further with sketch designs in order to incorporate circulation that is key to how a Bath House functions. Much like the hospice scheme, the corridors within the scheme are all at a minimum of 2.5m to comply with the Scottish Building Regulations 1.8m guidance. This creates opportunities to pause and reflect through the building without obstructing a users path.

Initial links were made between the site and the river as reflected in the student masterplan precedents in order to bridge the divide that is evident between Glasgow city centre and Govan.

Unlike most designs, south light could create issues with glare for users within the bath house. This was resolved by orientating the building so that no direct south light is available to the plan. The aspects of natural and directed light are further explored through the design process to create the correct atmospheres within spaces.

DESIGN PROGRESSION LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

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SITE LAYOUT, 1:2500 AT A3

SITE CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM 1:2500

STRUCTURAL GRID, 1:500 AT A3

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WET AND DRY AREAS LEVEL -1 PLAN, 1:500 AT A3

SITE SECTION EXPLORATION 1:2000

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.4 Design Development - Week 5 Following on from initial sketches, the concept progressed by defining the site diagram. Two bridge elements define the main bath house onto the site, creating connections to the existing pump house and hospice also located on Govan Graving Docks. The theoretical link between the two design projects stems from Alvar Aalto's style of defining spaces with walls, which was interpreted in the form of bridges for the bath house scheme.

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

The two storey building creates a main entrance level accessed from Govan Road, with athletic and plant faciltiies stepped down to Graving Dock level. A 6 x 6 structural grid was introduced to assist the placement of the spaces which are divided into changing, wet,and dry facilities. This led to the simplification of the floor plan, further breaking down the wet spaces into the Roman Bath series before entering the main baths.

As shown in the initial concept, the pavilion building houses the staff and restaurant facilities to create a pod that can be closed off from the bath house on an evening to provide a constant facility for the community of Govan, re-introducing a social aspect into the area.

The bridging element is taken forward through the building design to emphasis the journey to the main baths at the rear of the building.

Additional elements of plunge pools and a bar were also introduced at this stage. Plunge pools play a role in the Roman bathing ritual in the regulation of the users body temperature, and are located centrally within the plan to break up the scheme. Through research into Finnish sauna design, which is inherent to the design, a 'wet' bar area was introduced into the bath house as part of the journey through the building. The Finnish believe that a bar is an essential part of the experience in order to remain hydrated, which also allows users to have as long an experience as necessary within the building.

Hydrotherapy pool facilities were included within the Roman Baths as part of the healing process, introducing modern facilities into the traditional bathing ritual.

Several issues were to be resolved with the concept, in particular breaking up the building form and exploring the heights of the spaces. The entrance to the bath house in particular was unresolved, providing no clear route through the building.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

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SKETCH VIEW OF THE ENTRANCE PAVILION

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INTERNAL SKETCH SHOWING PLUNGE POOLS

EXTERNAL SKETCH VIEW SHOWING THE BUILDING FORM

SECTIONS 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.5 Design Development - Week 6 Exploring at 1:200 scale allowed further detail and the refinement of the spaces as the project further progressed. With a solid location on the site, the building form began to mould in response to the types of spaces.

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

The pool areas were firmly defined in regards to the building diagram.

Steps were then taken to create a dynamic section as a result of researching the Casa das Historias. This allowed the incorporation of chimney type structures to allow direct light into the plunge pools.

The theme of dark and light are introduced to create contrasting spaces within the Roman Baths and Main Bath environments. Dark spaces within the Roman Baths allow the focus to be purely on healing and the experience of the water. Whereas, the main baths should be flooded with different types of lighting in order to fully experience the baths.

The introduction of technical aspects at this stage created changes to the planning of the bath house, including the need for multiple stairwells within the scheme to allow the safe escape of users in case of an emergency.

The design still required the exploration of heightening the main bath space, and the removal of the lane pool defines the scheme as fully hedonistic with the focus on the recovery of the body within the water. With this in mind, sketch interpretations of the exterior and interior began to be produced to explore the potential aesthetic of the building.

The entrance was progressing as a gathering point for the users of the bath house, however the laundrette was serving no purpose in the concept of healing Govan, Further refining into the location of the gym was also to be carried out to remove the 'basement' feel of the sport facilities.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

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LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

SECTIONS 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 80

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.6 Design Development - Week 7 The main design change consisted of the addition of a third storey to encompass the gym and treatment facilities. This creates more dynamic sections, as well as creating a point of interest on approach to the building that can be seen from Govan Road.

The floor plan was modified to house the Roman Baths on Graving Docks level to further differentiate the plan. This scheme incorporated a bridge element from the changing facilities to the main baths on Level 0, overlooking the Roman Baths below. However, this design move created a largely disjointed plan, which also created environmental issues of moderating the temperatures of the baths which were exposed at ceiling height.

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500 AT A3

Inspiration from Sverre Fehn's 'Nordic Pavilion' individualised the main baths, with thin beams spanning the double height space. This concept was explored further in the upcoming weeks to refine and develop a air handling system through the roof to cater for the supply and extract of air to the large space.

The pavilion was explored in terms of entry through the restaurant space, though creating dark and unsuccessful spaces within the bottom storey.

To achieve a 1:100 scale, the sketch plans were required to be drawn up in accordance to the structural grid and site requirements to fully understand the scheme.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500 AT A3 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 81

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 82

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.7 Design Development - Week 8 The main focus of the design development during this week was to focus on the elevations and the impact on the building design in relation to the external aesthetic.

The entry level floor plan is resolved in regards to the changing facilities and wet and dry cores, although the differentiation between the Roman Baths and the Main Baths is yet to be deciphered. The gym is located above the reception area, with a glazed facade allowing users to get views out over the entrance.

During this week, the design developed a maritime museum on the Graving Docks level, although it blocked the service entrance to the building in addition to creating staffing issues of a space that will constantly need to be monitored.

LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:500

The impact of the 'New Swimming Center in Brescia' formed the foundations of the elevation concept. The theme of the worm eating the apple begins to take shape in the elevations, creating carved elements out of the faรงades to create dynamic frontages and create the aspired sculptural aesthetic. Full height glazing creates a feature of exposing the plant room, alongside louvred elements to provide the required ventilation to the plant room. This defines the industrial nature of the site, knitting the bath house to the site.

The relocation of the chimneys over the series of Roman Baths creates a unique characteristic to the spaces, as well as a powerful impact in elevation, although the scale of the chimneys were to be explored.

In-depth production of technical requirements was explored at a 1:20 scale to gain knowledge of how the building is to be constructed and serviced.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 83

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 84

TECHNICAL SECTION 1:100

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SECTION A:A 1:500

NORTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 85

F/WC

FRIGIDARIUM

TEPIDARIUM

CALDARIUM TR ROOM

TR ROOM

SHOP WET CHANGING VILLAGE

PLUNGE POOL

M/WC

RECEPTION

M/WC

DRY CHANGING VILLAGE

REST SPACE

DRY CORE

TR ROOM F/WC

HYDRO POOL

WET CAFE/ BAR

ST

WET CORE

TR ROOM

STAFF OFFICES PAVILION

STAFF CHANGE

SALON

ENTRANCE

LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:200

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 86

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.8 Design Development - Week 10 On return from an Alvar Aalto pilgrimage in Finland, light and brick details were introduced to enhance the user experience and the aesthetic of the design. Elevation composition of brick was explored in elevation and conveyed in the technical section to reflect many of Aalto's designs. This also creates a link to the brick paving that is to be refurbished on the site to reflect the industrial history of the Graving Docks and create a sculptural element of the bath house.

Brick detailing is introduced into the elevations, in particular to assist ventilation to the plant room and remove stale air from the air handling plant.

LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:500

By this stage, the floor plans reflect the elevations, cutting deep recesses into the plan, resolving placement issues of spaces and enhancing the bridge as a ramp to complete the journey from dark to light by a gradual change in level.

The small design details are now to be developed to understand the scheme at a large scale and reflect the atmosphere of the spaces.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 87

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 88

TECHNICAL SECTION 1:100

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SECTION A:A 1:500

NORTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 89

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 90

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.2.9 Design Development - Week 11 The aspiration for the final design tutorial was to incorporate the intimate details into the scheme. The concept of dark and light is evident from the elevations, with the chimneys creating a funnelling light source into the Roman Baths. Further attention to the roof lights in the Main Baths area was taken to create an array of light sources into the space. The ramping access down to the baths are lit with filtered frosted glass, and timber is used to filter streams of light over the main baths. This is to be furthered through the use of internal 3D visuals to gain a sense of atmosphere within the spaces.

LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:500

Elevation detailing was explored at a 1:50 scale with Aalto's brick techniques of the experimental house and concrete details in mind.

Reference to the deep carves is to be further explored through the placement of windows to exaggerate the building envelope. Detailed technical information at 1:20 assisted the elements of the building envelope.

Environmental systems of air handling and ventilation assisted the development of the beams across the main baths to house the servicing. The shape of the beams also creates a path of light that is filtered through the use of timber panels to avoid the glare of direct natural light.

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 91

ELEVATION DETAILS 1:50 AT A1

NORTH WEST ELEVATION 1:500

SOUTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 92

NORTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SECTION A:A 1:500

SECTION B:B 1:500

SECTION C:C 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 93

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 94

TECHNICAL SECTION 1:100

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

PARAPET DETAIL 1:20

FOUNDATION DETAIL 1:20

SWIMMING POOL DETAIL 1:20

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 95

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.1 Design Diagram The final design diagram explains the refinement of the concept to encapsulate the key aspects of the Bath House. The key concepts originated from linking the community of Govan back to Glasgow, alongside elements of light and dark within the building. The diagram encapsulates the progression to the final design, creating views to Glasgow and creating a dynamic inner shape to celebrate the light.

LIGHT

DARK

GOVAN

GLASGOW

VIEWS

DARK INNER SPACE

GOVAN

LIGHT

GOVAN

GLASGOW

LIGHT

CELEBRATING SPACE

GLASGOW DESIGN DIAGRAM

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 96

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3 Building Strategy 3.3.2 Design Drawings The plan below shows the chosen site and building within the context of Govan, in association with the surrounding building forms.

LOCATION PLAN 1:10000 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 97

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.3 Site Plan

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 98

SITE PLAN 1:1500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

LEVEL -1 PLAN 1:500

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TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 100

LEVEL 0 PLAN 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.5 Level -1 Floor Plan

LEVEL 1 PLAN 1:500

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TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 102

SECTION A-A 1:200

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TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 104

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SECTION B-B 1:500

SECTION B-B 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 105

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 106

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SECTION C-C 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 107

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.3 Site Connections This diagram conveys how the building is stitched into not only the site, but also creating links to the hospice project and Glasgow.

HE OT

LIN

KT

OG

LA SG

OW

LIN

KT

LIN

KT

SIT

OT

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HE

HO

SP

ICE

The concept of creating links for the community of Govan is outlined through the bridging elements as a result of the hospice dynamic. The first bridge links the Bath House to the site, creating a bridge to the existing pump house tower on site where panoramic views of the River Clyde are available. The other creates a direct link between the site and the city of Glasgow, bridging the divide that is apparent between Govan and the city.

SITE CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 108

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.4 Access Diagram The building is positioned between Graving Docks 2 and 3, with the entrance pavilion situated over Dock 3. This allows a public face available from Govan Road.

The main access is along Govan Road, which provides clear access for the car parking facilities and existing pathways for pedestrians. A clear access route is defined off Govan Road by the positioning of the bridge to the entrance pavilion.

There is a selection of drop off and disabled parking available immediately outside of the building to reduce the distance for those less capable. There is an existing access route into the site for the hospice, and a ramp to the right allows service and refuse vehicles to easily access the main body of the building. This provides a subtle and less intrusive method of servicing the building whilst still being easily accessible.

SER

VIC

REF

USE

CAR PARKING

DR

OP

EA

CCE

SS

ACC

ESS

OF

F PE

DE

ACCESS DIAGRAM

ST

RIA

NR

OU

TE

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 109

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.5 Space Adjacencies The spaces are outlined in relation to one another within the adjacency diagram. The clear process from entrance through to changing and the bath spaces are clearly shown through the progression of the building. The plant spaces are also outlined within the basement of the diagram, in close proximity to the areas that they service.

The design diagram dividing the scheme into three main blocks is clearly evident within the space adjacency diagram, grouping the entrance and changing facilities within the first block, the healing and therapy baths within the second, before ending the journey at the main baths.

SPACE ADJACENCY DIAGRAM TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 110

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.6 Wet / Dry Diagram The transition between spaces whilst using the baths is essential for the comfort of the users, therefore thought is required into the layout of the building in terms of the wet and dry spaces.

All of the service or clothed facilities are available at the front of the building, creating easily accessible areas for people who are visiting the building for reasons other than using the baths.

It is evident that a gym user would not appreciate walking through wet areas on their way to using the exercise facilities. As a response to this, separate dry changing facilities were provided for people using the gym facilities or treatment rooms. A separate dry core is also available in association with these facilities to reach Level 1.

The same pattern is available in regards to the wet areas, with the wet changing facilities leading directly into the rest of the linear building. This area holds the healing facilities before ramping down to Level 0 where the main baths are held.

WET DRY SERVICES

WET/ DRY ZONES DIAGRAM TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 111

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.7 Circulation Diagram The concept of a journey from Govan to Glasgow through the Bath House is evident through the simplicity of the circulation diagram.

There are three main cores within the scheme, a service, wet and dry.

This allows efficient methods of movement for disabled users around the Bath House as well as meeting the fire regulations.

There are two main circulation routes through the building. One leading from the entrance right through the site to a panoramic view point within the old pump house tower, and the other from the entrance to the main baths. This signifies the importance and length of the journey. There are resting areas and points throughout the journey to break up the route and provide pausing points, allowing the full experience of a hedonistic Bath House to be had by all users without causing obstructions.

CORES MAIN CIRCULATION ROUTE

CIRCULATION DIAGRAM TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 112

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.8 Day in the Life Diagram It is essential that the layout of the building suits each user and eases the movement to each function. The diagram was developed to highlight the ease of movement for each purpose. For staff members, they have a direct route from the entrance into their workplace within the pavilion building. Users visiting the building to use the restaurant and bar facilities is also highlighted as a separate route on the diagram, easing the flow of people into the space.

Users of the main Bath House enter into the same gathering space within the main body. Those people using the gym access through the dry changing before using the dry core to reach the facilities on the top floor. Whereas, the users of the baths enter via the wet changing facilities into the main body of the building and down a level into the main baths.

This approach allows clear paths through the building for any user type.

STAFF RESTAURANT BATHS GYM

DAY IN THE LIFE DIAGRAM TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 113

WET CHANGING ROOM PLAN 1:100

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 114

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.9 Changing Village As previously mentioned within the research stages of the Bath House, it was decided that village changing facilities are to be used within the scheme. Although it can be controversial, it is the most modern and cost effective method of changing facilities, which can be subdivided to suit timetabled sessions.

Within the Bath House, there are two changing villages, one 'wet' changing room for users going on to experience the baths, and one 'dry' for gym and treatment room users. This allows a divide into dedicated wet and dry zones to reduce any discomfort for people using the building. It also assists the management of the cleaning regime.

As shown in the plan, the changing facilities much follow the guidelines stated in Sport England Appendix II, providing female and male toilets for the desired number of users. Separate disa bled changing rooms including a changing bed are provided and can also be used by families or baby changing to enhance the visitor experience for families.

LOCKERS

CHANGING ROOMS

The atmosphere within the changing village will much mirror the environment that the users are about to move into. The use of concrete and grey textures warmed with hints of timber will allow a clean and solid finish to fittings.

The changing rooms excert a warmer feel to the main changing room, taking the timber elements further to provide warm benches with hooks to allow enough room for one or more people to use the cubicle at a time.

Due to the private aspect to the changing rooms, there are no benches outside of the lockers as an abundance of changing rooms are available to allow each user to dress in privacy and comfort.

The changing rooms play a role in the start and end of the healing process, therefore it is inherent that the users are comfortable and have enough space to dress and shower.

Changing facilities to cater for a 6-lane pool are provided and can be sub-divided into male and female if required through the divide of the changing rooms. There are also 4 group changing rooms which again can be used by families, disabled users, or any visiting groups of school children.

The Sport England guidance states that the airflow should be evenly distributed and designed to remove smells, which is easily managed within the changing facilities through the linear progression from the toilets, changing, to the showers. The environmental strategy provides both supply and extract to the area to allow the minimum fresh air supply of 10 air changes per hour to be achieved as well as extracting any stale air to remain a constant 24-25 degrees within the space.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 115

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 116

ROMAN BATHS SECTION 1:100

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.10 Roman Baths

1

2

3

4

KEY 1. FRIGIDARIUM 2. TEPIDARIUM 3. CALDARIUM 4. PLUNGE POOL

ROMAN BATHS PLAN 1:100

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 117

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 118

MAIN BATH SECTION 1:100

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.11 Main Baths

3

2

1

4

KEY 1. REST AREA 2. MAIN BATH 3. SHOWERS 4. SAUNA

MAIN BATH PLAN 1:100

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 119

ENTRANCE VISUAL

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 120

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.3.12 3D Visuals A series of spaces were explored in 3D form in order to depict the materiality and atmosphere further within the spaces. The concept of light open spaces and dark enclosed spaces can be identified, alongside features of a Bath House such as arches and tiles.

The following pages outline a walk through the entrance and the main bath spaces to depict the differences in temperature and light within each space.

ROMAN BATHS VISUAL

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 121

MAIN BATH VISUAL

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 122

EXTERNAL BATH VISUAL

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 123

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

FUTURE GLASGOW MASTERPLAN

LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 124

LANDSCHAFTSPARK - DOCK REUSE

TIMBER BRIDGE ELEMENTS

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.4 Landscape The landscaping around the scheme was designed in line with the hospice project and the key concept to restore Govan Graving Docks.

As noted in 3.1, masterplans from the department were used to base the site layout and landscaping from. In particular, the "Future Glasgow" masterplan helped to simplify the landscaping concept in terms of the restoration of the docks. The masterplan also assisted the introduction and restoration of the timber bridges around the site, which link the scheme to the site and to the City of Glasgow.

The industrial history of the site led to the simple prospect of restoring the Graving Docks to their function, with slight improvements via the addition of seating and greenery.

As the Bath House is seen as a sculptural element of the site much like the bollards and the reintroduction of docked ships, the landscaping was kept minimal to not detract from the main aim.

Landschaftspark in Duisborg-Nord is a key precedent to link the industrial site with nature on the site. This also assists with th e concept of restoring the industrial features of the pump house and ship building aids on the site.

The material palette within the landscape is left much untouched, with the existing brick paving being cleaned and restored, and the bollards being celebrated alongside the Bath House as sculptures within the site.

Trees and planting are dotted around the site, forming birch avenues to add colour and noise of leaves rustling on the site. Birch trees are utilised in consistency with the hospice, which boasts the same type as well as lilac syringa trees.

DDA compliant routes are thoroughly available throughout the landscaping plan, with all paths on a level surface and slip-resistant materials being chosen to avoid injury or discomfort.

SITE PLAN 1:1500 AT A3

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 125

NORTH WEST ELEVATION 1:500

SOUTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 126

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.5 Building Envelope 3.5.1 Elevations The external materiality of the Bath House is key to presenting the public facade of the Graving Docks site correctly. The textures study within the site analysis portion outlines the rustic grey brick ground of the site, alongside corroding metal artefacts and stone. This is to be celebrated within the restoration of the Graving Docks site, therefore the textures and combination of details on the elevations should be treat the same way.

ALVAR AALTO'S HELSINKI UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS

ALVAR AALTO'S EXPERIMENTAL HOUSE

A trip to Finland and Alvar Aalto's buildings provided key precedents to how brick faรงades can be made dramatic. Within the site, the hospice is broken up with concrete feature walls, therefore hints of concrete are seen within the elevations to break up the faรงades and give a smooth contrast to the majority use of brickwork. A warm red brick is utilised within the scheme to contrast against the grey brick ground and the grey concrete that is hinted at within the elevations.

A light coloured mortar allows the colour to stand out further.

Curtain walling makes up a large amount of the elevations, creating the carved recesses into the building and allowing direct light into the areas where glare is not of issue. Due to the scale and type of building, there is minimal use of natural ventilation through glazing.

A VM Zinc standing seam roof cladding system is used to protect the roof structure, offering a flexible material to respond in plan to the hospice.

PETERSEN D46 220 x 105 x 65 mm BRICK

BRICK BOND DETAILING

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 127

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 128

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SOUTH WEST STREET LEVEL ELEVATION 1:200

SOUTH WEST SITE LEVEL ELEVATION 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 129

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 130

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

SOUTH EAST ELEVATION 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 131

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 132

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

NORTH EAST ELEVATION 1:500

NORTH EAST ELEVATION 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 133

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 134

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY

NORTH WEST ELEVATION 1:200 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 135

SOUTH WEST FACADE STUDIES 1:100

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 136

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.5.4 Elevation Details The elevations were developed at 1:50 level of detail in order to design the movement joints and brick bonds in line with the facade.

The facing pages outline detailed studies of the two main elevations, exposing the brick detailing in relation to the carved voids of glazing.

There is a heavy influence from Alvar Aalto and his brick with concrete technique, in particular around the glazing.

NORTH EAST FACADE STUDIES 1:100

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TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 138

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.5.5 External Visual

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 139

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 140

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.5.6 Final Model Photographs The design model furthers the knowledge of the final building form of the Bath House to compliment the 3D views. It offers a view of the scheme at 1:500 to indicate how the form sits amongst the Graving Docks site, allowing a better indication of the end result and how it responds to the site. The model also shows the bridge links from the site, which are not fully captured in 3D form elsewhere.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 141

LEVEL -1 FIRE STRATEGY PLAN 1:500 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 142

LEVEL 0 FIRE STRATEGY PLAN 1:500

LEVEL 1 FIRE STRATEGY PLAN 1:500

3 | DESIGN STRATEGY 3.6 Building Regulations 3.6.1 Escape

3.6.2 Access

As written in the Scottish Building Standards, 'every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that in the event of an outbreak of fire within the building, the occupants, once alerted to the outbreak of the fire, are provided with the opportunity to escape from the building, before being affected by fire or smoke.'

In accordance with the Scottish Building Standards, 'every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that all occupants and visitors are provided with safe, convenient and unassisted means of access to the building.'

The stages of escape within my building are: - escape from the room of fire origin or escape from the fire where only one direction is possible, - escape from the compartment of fire origin or until the safety of a fire resisting wall is reached.

There are two forms of escape from within the hospice: - Direct escape - the occupant can escape from a building directly to a place of safety by way of a final exit door, - Internal escape - occupants escape from fire using enclosed corridors inside the building to reach a final exit door from the building, leading to a place of safety.

Travel distance is the distance users must travel to a protected door.

From this point, there must be direct access to one or more of the following: - a place of safety, - another compartment, - a protected zone, - to a door or sub-compartment wall.

For very slow evacuation, occupants must be within 9m of a protected door in one direction of travel. In the case of more than one direction of travel to a protected door, there can be a travel distance of 18m.

In the case of the swimming pools, each room comprehends with the travel distances.

According to the building standards, the maximum total area of any fire compartment is 1,500m2, therefore the bath house will require three fire compartments dividing the changing facilities, roman baths and main baths to be calculated by fire engineers in order to contain the spread of fire.

The Building Regulations state that where car parking is provided within the curtilage of a building, it should include accessible parking on a ratio of at least 1 per 20 parking spaces. However, due to the nature of the design, there are more than required accessible parking spaces within the 50 necessary spaces. The spaces are no more than 45m from a common entrance, with drop off spaces located in close proximity to the entrance for disabled users and user drop off. All accessible parking spaces are clearly marked with the international symbol of access.

An accessible route is in place for all of the entrances, with no barriers, kerbs, or other obstacles that may pose as a hazard for disabled users. All floor surfaces internally and externally are uniform and have a smooth finish so that it is easy to manoeuvre with no possibility of slipping. Concrete paving slabs are used with a contrasting colour to the road surface in order to suit the needs of those with a visual impairment.

Primary accessible routes within the hospice have a minimum width of at least 3 m, and secondary routes 2.5 m. Although the standards state a width of 1.8 m to allow two wheelchair users to pass safely, the extra width will allow the corridors to act as a social place where wheelchair users can pause and talk without causing a hazardous obstruction.

Within the bath house the underfloor heating is topped with screed to provide sleek floor finish for wheelchair users.

Externally, an industrial brick finish is existing on site as the road surface, and concrete paving slabs as previously noted are used for paths and pedestrian routes. These materiality choices suit the industrial history of the site, whilst also supplying suitable surfaces to suit the needs of every user.

3.6.3 Daylight Standards state that 'every building must be designed and constructed in such a way that natural lighting is provided to ensure that the health of the occupants is not threatened.

The Environmental Design Pocketbook states that good daylighting depends on: - amount of daylight available - external obstructions and reflectance - internal reflectance of room finishes - proportion of window opening - location of window opening - depth of plan.

Daylighting is expressed as 'daylight factor' (DF).

Daylight =

internal daylight x 100 external daylight

The minimum daylight factor is 1.5-2% in habitable rooms.

Recommended daylight factor is 5%

Window room area - total window area should be smaller than 10% and ideally around 20% of the floor area. It should be no greater than 40% on south and 32% on other orientations to prevent overheating.

Shallow plan - natural daylighting and natural ventilation can be achieved with floor plan depths up to 2 x floor-to-ceiling height, if the facade is fully glazed.

Introduce lightwells and courtyards into deep plans - this can provide daylighting and fresh air where depth of plan is greater than 12m.

Large quantities of glazing are used across some of the key faรงades in order to maximise the light within the building and minimise the requirement for mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting. Where artificial lighting is required, LED lighting is used to reduce the quantity of electricity used within the scheme.

Large hold open doors are present throughout corridors, allowing the spaces to be separated in the event of a fire.

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TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 144

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1 Structure and Construction 4.2 Energy and Environment

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 145

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.1

Structural Grid

Sport England Appendix 3 Guidance outlines that the structural spans involved in a swimming pool usually involves a framed structure. It also states that the protection of the structure is essential to avoid corrosion and rot. The roof structure of a swimming pool is also defined as key in supporting suspended services such as ventilation ducts and light fittings.

Concrete beam and floor slab construction is chosen as a loadbearing structural frame for the Bath House. Concrete is seen as appropriate for buildings of great height and width. As outlined in 'The Environmental Design Pocketbook' concrete also has great thermal conductivity which was key to be used within the scheme to control internal temperatures.

Concrete performs better than timber in moisture rich conditions, which are in an abundance within the bath house. The use of concrete beam structure shown in the structural grid, in-filled with in-situ concrete blocks ensures the large spans within the bath house as well as allowing an exposed internal structure.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 146

STRUCTURAL GRID 1:200 AT A1

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1 Structure and Construction 4.1.2 Spans The typical spans of concrete column and floor slab are 1/15.

Traditionally, these are spaced between 6-9m, although there is an increasing preference for large column-free areas and spans from 9-16 metres. To ensure this, an initial 6 x 6 structural grid was followed. This altered into multiples of 3 as the project progressed, with the largest span being 12m across the floor plan.

The large spans allowed a feature to be made of the beams over the main bath space, allowing the services to run through the wide beams that also slope to allow direct beams of light into the space from above. These spans were calculated at 3m centres to ensure the aesthetic and function of the air handling services, however they are to be investigated further by an engineer to ensure efficient and cost-effective design.

The use of concrete also allows in-situ floor systems to be placed and reinforced on site that will effectively transfer the load from the columns down through the foundations.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 147

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 148

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.3 Technical Section A technical section was developed at 1:20 scale of detail in order to gain an understanding of how the structural system and environmental strategies are constructed within the main bath space.

It was also very important to provide a solution to avoid cold bridges within the structure. Cold bridges will lead to energy loss and a risk of condensation within the bath house, which are heightened by the nature of the swimming pool environment.

The type of foundations necessary were researched in-depth using 'Concrete: A Studio Design Guide', with deep foundations necessary due to the nature of the Graving Docks. The primary pile form of foundation was chosen due to the capability of transferring loads by means of both end-bearing and surface friction. This is essential as the ground conditions of Govan Graving Docks are unknown. Endbearing piles can therefore terminate in incompressible material, such as rock or dense gravel, or friction piles can be utilised in circumstances where an incompressible material is unreachable. The foundations are further supported through the use of ground beams which run the length of the building to carry the load of the columns, creating further stability for the pile foundations to support the weight of the water within the building.

The section also shows the build-up of the walls, highlighting the intention of thermal mass due to concrete's capacity to store heat from surrounding air or surfaces. The dense concrete allows a better thermal capacity which moderates the day and night temperatures within the bath house. By exposing the concrete mass walls internally, it can further achieve operational carbon savings and reduce the requirement for insulation. The use of concrete construction throughout the bath house can provide summer cooling of 3-5 degrees and can decrease summer cooling demand by 7-17% as well as winter heating demand by 9-32%, as stated in 'The Environmental Design Pocketbook'.

The floor is constructed as a concrete floor slab. The 75mmlayer of screed houses the underfloor heating slabs at an optimum thickness and sleek floor finish responding to the construction of the building.

Underfloor heating is essential in creating a comfortable thermal environment for barefoot activity within the bath house.

TECHNICAL SECTION 1:50 TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 149

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.4 Roof Enclosure Sport England Guidance outlines that the roof construction must: - Provide high levels of insulation and to prevent condensation - Be resistant to the pool environment - Provide sound absorption - Have no effect on the colour of the pool water - Provide a good surface reflector for the spread of light With this in mind, a warm roof construction is considered within the Bath House design alongside suspended ceilings in order to reduce the risk of condensation and increase the quantity of space for servicing.

A parapet is incorporated into the design of the roof enclosure in order to conceal the image of air handling units placed onto the roof of the bath house from the street perspective.

0.7 mm VMZINC Standing Seam Roof Cladding 2 mm VMZINC Membrane Underlay 50 mm Kingspan Rigid Insulation 2 mm Vapour Control Layer 200 mm Kingpsan High Performance Insulation 2 mm Damp Proof Course 600 mm Pre-cast Concrete Beam

VMZINC PLUS standing seam warm roof is used in a pre-weathered grey finish in order to achieve an appearance that will not change overtime, drawing into the industrial history of the site and linking to the roof plan of the hospice design also on the site. The lightweight material is flexible as it can be used on roof pitches from 3 to 60 degrees, and subtly blends in amongst the concrete and brick facade of the elevations.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 150

ROOF DETAIL 1:10

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.5 External Walls 220 x 105 x 65 mm Petersen D 46 Brick 50 mm Ventilated Air Cavity 2 mm Damp Proof Course 100 mm Kingspan Kooltherm Rigid Insulation 2 mm Damp Proof Course 12.5 mm Orientated Strand Board 300 mm Pre-cast Concrete Column 100 x 100 mm Anti-Slip Ceramic Tiles

EXTERNAL WALL DETAIL 1:10

Following the Sport England Guidance outlined in Appendix 3, external walls should: - Provide high levels of insulation - Provide an attractive durable, low maintenance finish - Allow for structural movement as required by the structural engineer - Be resistant to the pool environment It is also stated that gypsum wall boarding should be avoided internally due to the poor response to the moisture environment.

The external walls have an overall thickness of 580mm. The 300 x 300 mm concrete columns allow an infill of in-situ concrete between to create a thermally massive building. This reduces the requirement for insulation, with 80mm of high performance Kingspan Kooltherm K12 Framing Board insulation being used within the eternal wall build up to provide a premium performance. The Class 0 fire-rated insulation core is manufactured in 1.2 x 2.4m panel sizes, and sits between the external brickwork and concrete columns. This particular rigid insulation was used at 80mm thickness to provide good thermal conductivity at a width that will allow standard wall ties to be attached from the brickwork to concrete structure The Danish brickworks Petersen Tegl were chosen to make up the external faรงades for the bath house project. This ties the external materiality back to the site which encompasses brick paving details throughout, as well as furthering the properties of thermal mass through the external wall build up. The bricks come in the slightly differing dimensions of 220 x 105 x 65 mm and were chosen due to the vibrant light and dark shades that encompass the water struck bricks due to the coal firing process. Due to the height of the building, movement joints are required at maximum 6m intervals, which are emphasised as part of the building faรงade to expose the structural integrity of the building. Petersen bricks uses clay with capillars and air voids which leave room for water to expand when it freezes, reducing the risk of damage to the brick as a result of frost which is expected in the weather conditions.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 151

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.6 Glazing Double or triple-glazed windows of a high thermal performance are recommended within Sport England's Appendix 3 Guidance on Swimming Pool design in order to meet building regulations. The appendix directly addresses that glazing adjacent to pool surrounds must be able to resist body impact. When immersed in water glass can be very difficult to see, therefore glass is toughened prior to lamination for maximum safety of the users.

Large areas of triple-glazing are evident within the scheme, which can cause cold radiation. The solution to this is outlined within the guidance by local ventilation, or electrically heated glass which is the expensive solution.

Catnic Lintel 20 mm High Performance Rigid Insulation Concrete Extension Jamb Sealant Joint NORDAN NTech 105 mm Fixed Aluminium Window Frame

For resistance against rot, aluminium assemblies with a black finish are used, composing proprietary framed units with a powder coated finish and integral thermal break. A low-emissivity coating is combined with argon gas cavity to allow solar gain into the building, and prevent heat loss out of the building. Using a triple unit, argon filled 44mm glazing system will give a U-value of 0.58 W/m2K within the scheme.

Zinc Flashing Concrete Sill Sealant Joint 20 mm High Performance Rigid Insulation

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 152

WINDOW DETAIL 1:10

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 1400 mm FAKRO 622-DXF DU8 Flat Roof Window 4.1.7 Roof Lights 0.7 mm VMZINC Roof Cladding 2 mm Vapour Control Layer 150 x 75 mm Timber Double Trimmers Internal Lining 40 mm Rigid Insulation 25 mm Rigid Insulation 2 mm Damp Proof Course

Roof lights are in abundance within the scheme in order to allow direct beams of light into the bath spaces. The guidance states that they should be of at least double-glazed diffusing type, therefore tripleglazed units are installed to suit the rest of the scheme. It is also stated that not more than 25% of the total roof area should have roof lights.

Precautions were to be taken in regards to the range of roof light material suited for use in a pool environment, which are outlined by Sport England in Appendix 3 of Swimming Pool Design Guidance. The impact of roof lights upon the primary roof structure is to be taken into account, which is catered for due to the beam structure across the main bath space. The span of the roof lights is also accounted for with mullions in suitable places and 300 x 300 mm columns at 3000mm centres in place to carry the load of both the beams and the roof lights.

Condensation through the framework is also plausible when installing roof lights into a pool environment where moisture is voluminous.

Much like the glazing, powder coated finishes with integral thermal breaks are utilised within the roof lights to allow resistance to corrosion.

ROOF LIGHT DETAIL 1:10

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 153

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.8 Internal Walls

4.1.9 Acoustics

4.1.10 Material Choices

Sport England states that the internal construction within swimming pools should: - Withstand body impact - Prevent water penetration at low level from regular hosing down of pool surrounds - Allow for structural movement - Resist staining and absorption of body fats - Have no effect on the colour of the pool water - Provide sound absorption above 2m from pool surround level - Be capable of supporting loads, including services, pool cover, bench seating, including the loading of person(s) standing on them - Avoid use of 'stud' partitions, particularly those with gypsum wallboard products - Provide horizontal DPCs at top of skirting level to prevent rising damp into the wall

Inevitably, the large areas of the water, humidity and hard surfaces within swimming pools can result in noisy facilities due to the hard impervious surfaces. Sport England's Appendix 3 on Swimming Pool Guidance outlines that the key to solving this problem is to add materials that will absorb sound to the walls and ceilings.

The structural materiality of the bath house was to be carefully considered to deal with the high moisture content and loads of the water within the building. Timber was avoided due to the large spans and the possibility of warping due to moisture within the building.

Although steel is cheaper, and known for its fast erection on site, concrete was ultimately chosen to coincide with the pool tank materiality and to increase the thermal mass within the building. Steel also needs fire protection whereas with concrete this is inherent.

Elements of glazing internally follow the same principles of external glazing, withstanding body impact from users around the pool areas.

There is no plasterboard used internally as even moisture resistant types are not suitable for the pool environment. There is no exposed stainless steel within the building as it must be carefully considered due to the moisture in the environment.

Although an acoustician would be required to calculate the acoustic qualities of the space, a baseline choice of sag resistant materials that can withstand 90% relative humidity at 30 degrees Celsius would be successful within the main bath areas, bearing in mind that all metal framing around glazing and insulation systems would have to be fully protected.

Stud partitions are avoided within the bath house. Concrete partition walls are used within the building, left either exposed or clad in ceramic tiles to differentiate between the atmospheres of the areas.

This creates wipe-able surfaces to resist staining within the building.

Tiles of mid-tone colour are used to have no effect on the colour of the pool water.

Reverberation within the pool hall is of specific interest, with a maximum reverberation time of 2 seconds at 500 Hz with a noise rating of 50 being recommended within the design.

The guidance outlines that the roof deck provides the largest potential area for sound absorption, although it may be broken up by service ducts, fittings or roof lights. Within the bath house, acoustic linings to the underside of the roof are incorporated to resolve reverberation issues by including an acoustic ceiling.

Research into 'Concrete: A Studio Design Guide' was undertaken to gain a deeper understanding of concretes strengths and weaknesses in the design of the bath house. Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension, requiring reinforcement to cope with longer spans and for foundations to support the load of the building.

Concrete can be in-situ or pre-cast depending on the scenario. In-situ concrete allows site-based process that can allow complex forms to be achieved. This has no limits as to the scale of the structure to be created, allowing large volumes of concrete to be safely pumped into the formwork. In-situ concrete allows a wide range of finishes and formwork to be available, as well as the integration of details and services which must be well thought out at design stage. However, in-situ concrete needs to be well understood in detail, and must be protected in very cold whether to guard against frost damage.

Pre-cast concrete allows excellent quality control due to the use of precision moulds. This leads to crisp edge details and the carefully calculated integration of details and services. Pre-fabrication of concrete elements allows large components which are simple and rapid to install, leading to short installation time and therefore less expensive manual labour on site. There are however limitations to the extent of prefabrication due to the weight, size and shape of the components to be transported.

A mixture of pre-cast and in-situ concrete is used throughout the scheme. Pre-cast concrete columns make up the structural frame of the building, with an in-situ infill of concrete to bulk up the walls and allow thermal mass and exposed concrete as an internal finish to the building. The use of brick cladding on the external walls also allows further thermal mass through the building, limiting the requirement for high density insulation.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 154

Structural

Concrete

Stainless Steel

- Monolithic design for whole of the

- Stainless steel side walls incorporated

tank and pool surrounds when

structural back framing fixed to a

constructed from in-situ water-

reinforced concrete floor.

retaining concrete.

- Polished stainless steel side walls and

- Gunnite sprayed reinforced concrete

floors incorporating structural back

- Reinforced concrete blockwork with

framing and welded seams.

waterproof renders/ coatings Waterproofing

Inherent within well-constructed in-

- Factory branded PVC-faced galvanised

situ reinforced concrete pools.

or stainless steel wall panels and loose

Can be augmented by waterproof liner

PVC floor line.

and /or render.

- Bare polished stainless steel wall and floor panels with welded panel joints.

Structure as an option with loose fitted PVC waterproof pool liner with thermally-welded seams.

Finishes

- Fully ceramic tiles on render backing

- PVC factory applied finish to wall

is the preferred finish.

panels and loose PVC liner sheet to

- Specialist finish renders and paint

floor.

finishes have been used where long-

- Ceramic tile option to upper wall

term durability isn’t important.

sections subject to design and stiffening.

- Loose PVC liner.

Robustness

- Minimal risk of damage from

- PVC lining is liable to mechanical

vandalism/ pool hall activities

damage from sharp objects.

- Durable

- Potential movement issues at the

- Stable construction

junctions with more loose linings and

- Workmanship critical to

more rigid wall/floor surround.

waterproofing Service Life

- Proven long life (100+ years)

- Periodic replacement every 40 years.

Maintenance

- Minimal long-term maintenance of

- Regular inspection and quick repeat of

pool tank.

PVC liner damage is a requirement.

- Re-grouting at 20 year intervals.

- Annual inspection of the structure is required.

Construction

- Long construction period for

- Lengthy off-site design and

concrete shell.

prefabrication time requires early

- Extensive period for application and

replacement of the contract.

airing.

- Short installation period

- Lack of long-term warranty.

- Maximum warranty period 15 years.

- Long overall construction programme.

Cost

Normally used as benchmark.

Cheaper capital costs and short-term expenditure

POOL TANK CONSTRUCTION TABLE MODIFIED FROM SPORT ENGLAND APPENDIX 3: CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATION

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.11 Pool Tank Construction The pool tank design is inherent to the function of the pool spaces within the bath house, therefore careful consideration and knowledge of the guidance are essential. There are two main types of pool tank construction; concrete pool tanks and stainless steel pool tanks.

Concrete pool tanks are constructed from shuttered in-situ concrete, with a ceramic tile finish. Waterproofing additives can be used to reduce the risk of leakage. Concrete pool tanks are most successful when poured in-situ, as pre-cast panels arise problems of guaranteeing water tightness at the joints. Sprayed concrete and concrete blockwork are alternative concrete pool construction forms.

The pool surrounds should be designed to the same standard as the pool tank, with provisions made to prevent lateral water travel to other areas. There is a risk of damage due to thermal shock if the pool is emptied or filled with water and heated incorrectly. Therefore, guidelines state the maximum fill/empty rate of 0.03m per hour, which translates to approximately 0.75m per day. The maximum heating rate is also similar, with 0.25 degrees Celsius per hour, or 6 degrees Celsius per day.

Contrastingly, stainless steel pool tanks are prefabricated sectional stainless steel tank structures that less commonly seen in the UK than concrete. The tank is supported on a concrete slab and site welded to complete the structure. This leads to a quicker assembly and installation time than concrete with a higher finished quality and dimensional tolerances than concrete tank construction. Although steel pool tank construction eliminates the issues associated with conventional concrete pool tanks, they have other issues such as the careful selection of the support materials and fixings to avoid corrosion of metal elements. There is also a need for independent structures for steel pool tank support framework and pool surround retaining walls to allow for checks for leaks and degradation. Careful consideration must also be taken for the provision of watertight joints at junctions between the steel tank and the pool surround.

With the options in mind, concrete pool tank construction as chosen to correlate with the concrete structure of the building, allowing the pool tank construction in-situ at the same time as the installation of the pre-cast concrete columns and in-situ infill.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 155

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.1.12 Pool and Pool Surrounds

4.1.14 Fixtures and Fittings

4.1.15 Lighting

The Sport England Guidance states that the pool tank and pool surround need to be designed as water retaining structures with high levels of insulation. This will ensure that contamination will be avoided through water flowing onto the floor. The drainage of the pool surround and independent deck level directs the water into a recirculation drainage channel. This leads the water into the filtration system within the plant room where water can be recycled and cleaned before being reintroduced into the baths.

Fixed pool equipment is normally used for competitions within the swimming pool. These include: - Automatic officiating system - Electronic scoreboards - Timing clocks - Starting platforms - Lane ropes - Water polo goals - Diving boards

The orientation of the building avoids direct south light, which can cause glare for the users of the baths. This provides the optimum conditions for gaining the maximum benefits of natural light without overheating within the building.

Efficient drainage of pool water is carried out using twin channels as offered in Appendix 3 by incorporating individual grilles on the pool surround that ensure water runs off at a notable rate per hour.

However, consideration of grille width and selection must be carefully calculated to achieve the necessary slip resistance to comply with health and safety requirements.

4.1.13 Finishes to the Pool Area Tiling is used within the wet areas of the bath house in accordance to the guidance, and should be laid to a fall of 1:40. The Construction Specification Considerations suggest a consistent datum level around the deck level channels to ensure a consistent flow of water.

Structural movement joints are coordinated with tile joints, and stress relieving joints in the tiling should be every 6 m where tile grout joints are less than 5 mm wide.

Slip resistant tiles are essential for the health and safety of the users around the pool, with areas of bare foot only traffic having the highest grade of slip resistance, Within the bath house, this consists of the pool surrounds, showers, shallow water areas, and the links between the changing rooms and the water facilities. A mid-tone coloured tile is used for practicality of a clean appearance.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 156

The equipment is generally removable, but requires stainless steel permanent sockets to be fitted into the pool and pool surrounds.

However, due to the hedonistic nature of the bath house, the above equipment is not required.

Pool entry step handrails composed of 48 mm polished stainless steel tubular rail is incorporated permanently into the steps of the baths.

The Roman Baths operate a theme of walking into dark spaces that are top lit naturally though the use of roof lights, emphasising the qualities of the water within these spaces. As the building opens up to the main bath spaces, an abundance of natural lighting becomes available from the north-east and south-west to flood the spaces with light. Following a study trip to Finland, artificial lighting in the style of Alvar Aalto were introduced, hanging down over the main baths, with up-lighters to avoid glare.

Sport England's Appendix 2 on servicing the swimming pools implements high efficiency lighting and automatic controls to provide artificial lighting as a back-up. LED (light emitting diode) lighting is used within the design as a form of energy efficient lighting. LED lighting uses approximately 10% of electricity than that of a standard light bulb, with 1W providing up to 130 lumens.

As a result of LED lighting not only using less electricity, it also produces less heat which puts less pressure on maintaining temperature within the scheme. Less carbon emissions result from LED lighting, helping the environment as well as creating savings of up to almost 70% within the building.

LED light bulbs also have a long life span, with one bulb lasting having between 25,000 and 100,000 hours of use.

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 10 mm Ceramic Tiles Grade C Slip Resistance Concrete Raised Edges 75 mm Screed with 20 mm PEX Underfloor Heating Pipes at 200 mm Centres Deck Level Channel Rest Ledge Foul Drainage from Pool Surround Filtration Pipework Pool Underwater Light Fitting Pre-cast Concrete Pool Tank 80 mm Kingspan Rigid Insulation Balance Tank

4.1.16 Pool Edge In accordance with Sport England's Appendix 3 Guidance Note, the pool edge can be formed with proprietary solid, pre-cast ceramic units or cast as part of the concrete pool edge profile where the deck level channel is set back away from the pool edge. The channels are covered with a slotted plastic grille.

An appropriate surface treatment to concrete pool tanks is required to provide a key for applied finishes. Compatibility of the tiling specification with tile adhesive and grouting is also an important factor regarding the finishes to a pool. Epoxy based adhesives may be required in lieu of cementitious based ones due to rapidly moving water or heavy wear for tiling, although due to cost they should be minimised.

Waterproof membranes should not generally be used between pool tiling and a concrete pool structure as they can ultimately lead to the subsequent failure of the finishes if there is any shocking of the tank during emptying or heating. This requires the pool tank itself to be designed as waterproof.

The noise of circulating wall can also be distracting for users relaxing within the pool, therefore the pool side of the deck level should be set at an angle so that water runs directly into the channel side face.

POOL EDGE DETAIL 1:10

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 157

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.2.1 Energy Profile

Energy Profile

Sport England Guidance Appendix 3 outlines the typical energy profile for a swimming pool building. The diagram clearly indicates that the largest percentage of energy usage within the bath house will be space heating and water heating. This highlights the necessity for a successful heating strategy within the building, with the potential for renewable energy collection such as solar thermal energy to provide heating for the building.

There is also a 10% use of fans and pumps within the swimming pool building, reflecting the understanding required of how air handling is considered to supply and extract stale air throughout the building to reduce the risk of condensation. The guidance also notices a requirement for pumps within the bath house, and how water is transported and recycled through the building to supply the baths with clean water.

5.5 6.5

10

ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM/ PIE CHART 53

25

General power throughout the building and how this is stored within the plant room also factors into the energy profile of a bath house, alongside an efficient lighting strategy to supply direct lighting to areas whilst reducing the chance of glare for the users.

Space Heating

Water Heating

Fans and Pumps

Lighting

General Power

TYPICAL ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM FOR A SWIMMING POOL BUILDING

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 158

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.2 Energy and Environment 4.2.2 Water Temperature The water temperature and quality is essential to the comfort and function of each bath within the bath house design. Level deck pools allow water to roll over the channel into the balance tanks, go through filters, and recycle back into the pool. The water also goes through 65 degree heat during the filtration stage to kill any legionella, ensuring high quality water for the users. Chlorine is used within the water to kill bacteria and prevent cross infections between bathers, the most common of which being stated in the Sport England guidance as; sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite.

The quantity of chemicals is now dosed and monitored by automatic equipment situated in the plant room, with temperature control required within the main bath space to maintain comfortable conditions for the bathers.

LEVEL 0 TEMPERATURES PLAN 1:500

Swimming pools use large quantities of water not only for filling swimming pools, but through the backwashing of filters, showers, and cleaning. It is therefore more efficient to recycle the water to benefit energy consumption. A grey water system is therefore located on the roof to collect rain water which can be recycled to flush the toilets.

Grey-water must be used immediately to prevent any bacteria buildup, or treated before it is stored, which works well within the bath house which is run for approximately 12 hours daily. A secondary system is in place for when there is not enough rainwater available, which works by running the water from showers and poolside water through the drain and a filtration system that can also be used to flush the toilets.

Within the bath house, there are a range of different water and air temperatures depending on the required needs for the type of bath: Main bath space: 32 °C Vitality bath: 38 °C External bath: 34 °C Hydrotherapy pool: 36 °C Frigidarium: 14 °C Tepidarium: 38 °C Caldarium: 48 °C Plunge Pool: 10 °C Sauna: 82 °C Saunarium: 50 °C Steam Room: 41 °C Jacuzzi: 40 °C

LEVEL -1 TEMPERATURES PLAN 1:500

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 159

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.2.3 Air Distribution Humidity is an important issue to be avoided within bath house environments, controlled through air handling units extracting stale air and providing fresh air. Due to the scale and type of building, the bath house requires a mechanical air distribution system as natural ventilation is not an option.

The Sport England guidance outlines that an even distribution and extraction of warm air is essential within the main pool hall so that there are no draughts on the pool surrounds or in the shallow end where people may be standing up. With a relative humidity of around 60% and minimum fresh air supply requirement of 4-10 air changes per hour, a heat recovery ventilation system from the pool water and showers is essential in controlling and recycling the air to deal with the individual space heating demands of the different baths.

A Mechanical Ventilation and Heat Recovery (MVHR) system is used as a 'whole building approach' ventilation strategy for the bath house.

An air-to-air heat exchanger uses internal air as its source to heat fresh colder air, providing ventilation, and with top-up heating of biomass, the space heating demands to cope with the demands of pool areas. MVHR also removes the stale air simultaneously, ensuring an environmentally friendly way of re-using up to 90-95% of the heat.

A MVHR is suitable within the bath house due to its super-insulated envelope which will hold the heat and also be the location of the MVHR unit within the walls thermal envelope. Placing the unit within the external wall of the plant room allows the ease of access to clean the filters every three to six months to ensure the constant removal of condensation and indoor pollutants. This location will also not disrupt any users with the noise of the ventilation system.

During the summer, the MVHR system is used to remove the stale air from wet areas to prevent overheating and condensation. Due to the high performance insulation and building materials, there is no space heating requirement. In winter months, the MVHR system supplies the building with supply air, removing exhaust air in the process. An underfloor heating system is in place to provide heating via a biomass boiler to maintain a regulated thermal environment for barefoot users in particular. During the spring and autumn months, the MVHR system is adopted to maintain a controlled internal environment comfortable for every user. If it is particularly cold, the underfloor heating system is available as means of heating, although due to the thermally massive walls this should not be required.

TO CARE: A BATH HOUSE | LAURA SATTERTHWAITE | PAGE 160

DUCT DIAGRAM OF MAIN SPACES 1:500

4 | TECHNICAL STRATEGY 4.2.4 Heating Strategy Swimming Pool Guidance outlines the importance of the bath house heating system; heating the pool water, areas of the building and domestic water supply including storage vessels and pressurisation systems.

Utilising 'The Environmental Design Pocketbook' CHP and Biomass boiler systems were investigated to see which is more advantageous for the bath house scheme. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) produces heat to power at a ratio of 4:1 by burning fossil fuels to produce electricity, using the waste heat to provide space heating and hot water. Energy generation is 75% efficient compared to 40% efficiency of the electricity grid, with a large-scale macro CHP being viable for the high demand for water and space heating within swimming pools as part of a community heating strategy. A CHP system would work alongside the MVHR for both space heating and summer cooling.

Although advantageous, CHPs require a thermal store for generated heat, with the systems being noisy therefore installation must be within an acoustically separated plant room. CHPs reduce CO2 emissions by 3-7 times, however still run on natural gas, therefore a greener solution must be explored.

By 2020, 15% of all energy generated in the UK should be from renewable sources, therefore a biomass boiler was chosen over CHP to supply space and water heating within the bath house. Biomass engines are a carbon neutral alternative to fossil fuel boilers, with fuel derived from burning or gasification of trees or plants which have absorbed CO2 during their lifetime. A biomass boiler works pretty much like a conventional gas boiler; it is hooked up to a central heating system but burns wood instead of gas. Biomass boilers are ideal for large schemes which suits the bath house, which run at 90% efficiency using wood pellets or chips. Wood chip pellets are used to fuel the system as they suit large scale buildings, and can be locally sourced from Tracey Timber Recycling in Paisley. Wood chips are a waste product that are cheaper to buy and are recommended for schemes with a demand of more than 25kW. There would need other energy-efficient gas boilers as back-ups.

It is estimated that a 75 kW system is required to suit the building size, which as a result requires 17.5 tonnes of fuel per annum. 1 tonne of wood chip fuel currently costs ÂŁ80 (or 2.3p/kWh), therefore to run the system it will cost approximately ÂŁ1400 per year for fuel which is cheaper than current gas prices. The 75 kW Guntamatic Powerchip biomass boiler by Treco would therefore suit the scheme, a multi-

4.2.5 Plant Room fuel system that can maintain up to 96% efficiency between 26-100% of output. The fully automated system is also self-cleaning, via a constant motion of the turbulators keeping the heat exchanger tubes free from efficiency-reducing deposits. There is a low ash content with the system, which means only 0.5-1% ash to the volume of fuel.

This means that the 60-80 litre ash bin requires less maintenance, only needing to be emptied every 6-8 weeks.

The building temperature is regulated using an Uponor underfloor heating strategy. The heat is distributed through the scheme from the central distribution point, which is served by the primary heating source (the biomass boiler). From this system, warm water is distributed to the pipes of the underfloor heating system. In addition to this, the underfloor heating system operates with a low water temperature flow and return, therefore requiring additional individual temperature controls and its own pump.

The main benefit of using an underfloor heating system is that it erases the requirement for radiators or convectors within the design, instead utilising the whole floor area as a heating medium. This will ensure a consistent, comfortable temperature within the structure. In addition to this, underfloor heating distribution systems only require a heat input of 30-40 degrees Celsius, as opposed to conventional radiators requiring 60-90 degrees Celsius, defining them as the most efficient way of distributing space heating.

A screed floor system is the most efficient with an underfloor heating system, with the standard pipe spacings of 300mm for solid screed floors create a requirement of 3.4m/m2 quantity of 20mm wide PEX pipes. The pipe layout is such that the flow direction is to the coolest areas of the room first, creating a meandering pattern of pipework with a 100mm bend radius.

The guidelines state the requirements that a plant room should follow. Within the bath house, the plant rooms is located in close proximity to the areas they serve in order to reduce service runs, system losses, and minimise fan power. The plant room is the same surface area as the pool surface area in regards to Appendix 2, and sized to give good access to the equipment to allow for maintenance, replacement and deliveries and house incoming services of water, electricity, gas and meters.

The Royal Commonwealth Pool in Edinburgh highlighted the importance of access to external fill points where carbon dioxide can be inserted into two fill points on the external wall of the plant room, which is used to drive the pumps.

Additional air handling units are located at high-level to reduce service runs through the main bath space as an economical solution.

Pool water treatment systems are located within the plant room.

Filtration systems are located within the plant room to recycle the swimming pool water and are in place to maintain the clarity of the swimming pool. Sand filters are most commonly used in pools, however glass mediation is the green solution to water filtration. An inlet supplies the system with water which slowly filters through layers of glass and re-introduce the water back through the chlorine system in order to kill the bacteria. These systems function at different times to allow the regular backwash of the water to the foul drainage system. Chemicals known as flocculants are added to the water prior to the filtration process in order to ensure contaminants are effectively removed from the water.

Other roles that the plant room carries out within the bath house include; the disposal of foul water drainage, housing of energy recovery equipment such as the MVHR and biomass store, additional air-handling units, and water storage.

Access to the plant room is provided internally through a controlled access point, or externally via a delivery entrance with a 3m x 3m opening to facilitate filter replacement as suggested in the guidance.

Adequate ventilation and floor drainage is also essential within the plant room for practicality and efficient functioning of the space. A workbench, desk and chair area is also supplied for members staffing the space.

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| APPENDIX A B

Design Strategy Sketches Bibliography

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| APPENDIX A - Design Strategy Sketches Throughout the design process, ideas were explored through drawing.

The progression of the project is documented in the form of a timeline through the appendix, conveying the thought process and main design moves that were made clearly.

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| APPENDIX B - Bibliography Altman, N., 2000. Healing Springs: The Ultimate Guide To Taking The Waters. Vermont: Healing Arts Press.

Buchman, D. D., 2001. The Complete Book of Water Healing. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Contemporary.

Ching, F & Adams, C. 2000. Building Construction Illustrated. 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Gordon, I. 2009. Great Lengths: The Historic Indoor Swimming Pools of Britain. English Heritage.

Frampton, K. 2003. Tadao Ando: Light and Water. Birkhauser.

Grayson Trulove, J. 2001. The New American Swimming Pool. WatsonGuptill Publications Inc Hertzberger, H. 2009. Lessons for Students in Architecture. 6th ed.

Rotterdam: 010 Publishers.

Jodidio. 2015. 100 Contemporary Concrete Buildings. Taschen GMBH. Kind-Barkauskas, F et al. 2002.Concrete Construction Manual. Basel: Birkhauser.

Pallasmaa, J. 2012. 3rd Edition. The Eyes of the Skin. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Pelsmakers, S 2012. The Environmental Design Pocketbook. London: RIBA Publishing.

Pfeifer, G et al. 2002. Masonry Construction Manual, Basel: Birkhauser.

Unwin, S 2000. An Architecture Notebook. London: Routledge.

Zumthor, P. 2006. Atmospheres. Berlin: Birkhäuser.

Zumthor, P. 2010. Thinking Architecture. 3rd ed. Berlin: Birkhäuser.

Buxton, P 2015. Metric Handbook: Planning and Design Data . 5th ed.

London: Routledge.

Sport England 2013. Swimming Pools Design. London: Sport England.

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