JAMMIE STOP Cape Town, South Africa
FDA Department of Industrial Design Industrial Design Project 2020
Research Report
Laura VĂŠlez FDA Department of Industrial Design Sinqobile Dakile 1
FDA Department of Industrial Design Industrial Design Project 2020
Research Report
Laura VĂŠlez FDA Department of Industrial Design Sinqobile Dakile2
Table of Contents List of Images 4 List of A List of Abbreviations & Acronyms
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Acknowledgements 6 1: Exploration of Problem Area
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1,1 Project Statement 15 1,2 Related Products 16 1.3 Related Technologies and Materials
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1.4 Characteristics of Potential User Groups
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1.5 Conclusions 26 2: Exploration of Solution Area
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2.1 Project Constraints, Objectives and Directives
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2.2 Further research 30 2.3 Analysis of Potential Design Solution
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3.1 Description of design solution
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3.2 Justification of Design Decision
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Renders 38 Orthographics & Details 42 List of Images 48 Reference List 50 FDA Department of Industrial Design
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List of Images Figure 1 City of Cape Town Page 6 Figure 2 University of Cape Town Page 12 Figure 3 University of Cape Town Page 14 Figure 4 Jammie Bus Page 15 Figure 5
Bus Stop, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Figure 6 Bus Stop, Portugal Page 17 Figure 7 Bus Stop, Portugal Page 17 Figure 8 MyCiti, Wood Stop Page 18 Figure 9 Golden Arrow Bus Page 19 Figure 10 UCT Students Page 24 Figure 11 UCT Students Page 26 Figure 12 Bo-Kaap Page 35
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List of Abbreviations & Acronyms BRT Bus Rapid Transit CoCT City of Cape Town CBD Central Business District DA
Democratic Alliance
IT
Information Technology
LED
Light Emitting Diode
MSE Metro South-East GULF
Global University Leaders Forum
PMV Private Motor Vehicle UCT University of Cape Town
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Acknowledgements We would like to thank our lecturer Olga Litvinova for her guidance through each stage of the process. We would like to acknowlege our universty, Florence Design Academy for giving us the opportunity to undertake this research project. We would like to acknowledge the members of the Bo-Kaap community who have inspired our bus stop design. We would also like to acknowledge the students of the University of Cape Town for their feedback and enthusiasm.
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Part 1 Exploration of Problem Area
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Overview and Issues in the City of Cape Town Cape Town is the second most populated city in South Africa after Johannesburg and also the legislative capital of South Africa. Colloquially called the Mother City. Cape Town is home to 64% of the Western Cape's population and forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The Parliament of South Africa sits in Cape Town. The city is known for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for landmarks such as Table Mountain and Cape Point. of the Western Cape's population. In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both The New York Times and The Daily Telegraph (Wikipedia, 2020). Cape Town was developed by the United East India Company (VOC) as a supply station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India, and the Far East. Jan van Riebeeck's arrival on 6 April 1652 established VOC Cape Colony, the first permanent European settlement in South Africa. Cape Town outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony (Wikipedia, 2020).
Climate Cape Town has a warm Mediterranean climate with mild, moderately wet winters and dry, warm summers. Winter, which lasts from the beginning of June to the end of August,
Figure 1: City of Cape Town
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may see large cold fronts entering for limited periods from the Atlantic Ocean with significant precipitation and strong north-westerly winds. Winter months in the city average a maximum of 18 °C (64 °F) and minimum of 8.5 °C (47 °F). The total annual rainfall in the city averages 515 millimetres (20.3 in). The summers are warm and dry with an average maximum of 26 °C (79 °F) and minimum of 16 °C (61 °F) which lasts from December to March. Spring and summer generally feature a strong wind from the south-east, known locally as the south-easter or the Cape Doctor, so called because it blows air pollution away. This wind is caused by a high-pressure system which sits in the South Atlantic to the west of Cape Town, known as the South Atlantic High. Cape Town receives 3,100 hours of sunshine per year. Water temperatures range greatly, b-etween 10 °C (50 °F) on the Atlantic Seaboard, to over 22 °C (72 °F) in False Bay (Wikipedia, 2020).
Government Cape Town is governed by a 231 member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation. The city is divided into 116 wards, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party. In the local government elections of 3 August 2016, the Democratic Alliance (DA) won an outright majority, taking 154 of the 231 council seats. The DA appointed Dan Plato as their candidate for mayor (Wikipedia, 2020).
Economy Cape Town is the second main economic centre in the country and Africa's third main economic hub city. It serves as the regional manufacturing centre in the Western Cape. In 2011 the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was US$ 56.8 billion with a GDP per capita of US$ 15,721. In the five years preceding 2014 Cape Town GDP grew at an average of 3.7% a year. The agriculture and manufacturing sectors have declined whilst finance, business services, transport and logistics have grown reflecting the growth in specialised services sectors of the local economy. Fishing, clothing and textiles, wood product manufacturing, electronics, furniture, hospitality, finance and business services are industries in which Cape Town's economy has the largest comparative advantage (Wikipedia, 2020). Cape Town has four major commercial nodes, with Cape Town
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Central Business District containing the majority of job opportunities and office space. While Bellvile is the biggest transport node. Century City and Claremont are commercial nodes. Most companies headquartered in the city are insurance companies, retail groups, publishers, design houses, fashion designers, shipping companies, petrochemical companies, architects and advertising agencies (Wikipedia, 2020).
Tourism The Western Cape is an important tourist region in South Africa; the tourism industry accounts for 9.8% of the GDP of the province and employs 9.6% of the province's workforce. In 2010, over 1.5 million international tourists visited the area. With the highest number of successful Information Technology (IT) companies in Africa, Cape Town is an important centre for the industry on the continent. Growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and an estimated worth of R77 billion in 2010, nationwide the IT industry in Cape Town is becoming increasingly important to the city's economy (Wikipedia, 2020). Crime The city has struggles with problems such as drugs, gang violence and other violence related crimes. Cape Town is one of the most unequal cities in the world. Between 2015 and 2018 Cape Town experienced a severe water shortage that resulted in temporary but widespread water rationing. Since July 2019 widespread violent crime in poorer gang dominated areas of greater Cape Town has resulted in an ongoing military presence in these neighbourhoods. Cape Town had the highest murder rate among large South African cities at 77 murders per 100,000 from 2019, with 3157 murders mostly occurring in poor townships created under the apartheid regime (Wikipedia, 2020).
Urbanisation Cape Town’s population grew by 46% in just 15 years from 1996 (State of Cape Town Report, 2016). It still continues to grow every year with many people migrating into the Metro South-East (MSE) every day. The estimated population is expected to reach 4.5 million in the early 2020s based on the City’s base projection (State of Cape Town Report, 2016). The dense populations in the MSE has put pressure on the city due to the great demand for access to basic services and adequate infrastructure (such as water,
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sanitation, electricity, and transportation (State of Cape Town Report, 2016).
Spatial segregation Low income residential neighbourhoods throughout the city are physically separated from other middle-high income residential areas and also separated from areas of economic opportunity which are reinforced by buffer zones, green spaces, rail and highways. This segregation limits access to economic opportunity mainly located in the Central Business District (CBD) to residents living in the MSE as they have to travel long distances to work (Mammon, 2005). The segregation and limited public transport systems limit access to the CBD for residents who live on the outskirts of the city – travelling becomes expensive for these residents. The city’s spatial fragmentation in the northern and western areas versus the metropolitan South-East section, reinforces socio-economic exclusion and poverty (Mammon, 2005). Spatial segregation enables economic inequality as residents living outside the areas of economic opportunity earn the least. Although the middle-class suburbs today are racially mixed, townships in the Cape Metropole are racially homogenous, extremely mono-functional and vulnerable to social violence, floods and crime (Provoost et al., 2016). Climate change Climate hazards that threaten the city include high average temperatures, an increasing frequency of heatwaves, bushfires and droughts as well as flooding and sea level rising in coastal areas (Ruijsink, 2015). Climate change has also played a role in the decreasing rainfall patterns. In Cape Town, less than half the city’s households own a car (Drivers of Urban Change, 2016). 91% of all liquid fuel relating to passenger transport is consumed by cars. Whereas, public transport (Rail, bus and minibus taxi) accounts for 9% of this consumption. The heavy use of private motor vehicles is a result of the spatial segregation, sprawl and monocentric structure of the city. This increases the carbon emission that negatively affects the air quality, accelerating climate change and lowers the city’s resilience (Drivers of Urban Change, 2016).
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Monocentric City Layout The Central Business District is the biggest economic node of opportunity. This has resulted in heavy traffic congestion as residents mostly travel to this point in the city. Citizens travel in the same direction at the same time which causes traffic gridlocks on the highways and roads. The city’s transport infrastructure is therefore operating at half its capacity. The congestion in the city impacts on the wellbeing of citizens and economic competitiveness of the city as long travelling distances and long periods of time spent on the road affects people’s productivity (City of Cape Town, et al., 2018). Moreover, most parts of our city are uncomfortable to use as a pedestrian, cyclist and physically challenged person (Mammon, 2005). While public transport may not always be safe and reliable to use such as the metro rail. These factors all make the use of private motor vehicles (pmv) more desirable to use within the city. Residents who cannot afford to use pmv are forced to spend most of their income on public transport because of the physical separation of residential spaces from places of work, school, health services (Mammon, 2005).
Figure 2: University of Cape Town
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University of Cape Town UCT is a public research university located in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. UCT was founded in 1829, making it the oldest higher education institute in South Africa. In terms of full university status, it is jointly the oldest university in South Africa and the oldest extant university in Sub-Saharan Africa (University of Cape Town, 2020). UCT is the highest-ranked African university in the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Its Commerce, Law, and Medicine Faculties are consistently placed among the hundred best internationally. It is the only African member of the Global University Leaders Forum (GULF), within the World Economic Forum, which is made up of 26 of the world's top universities. The language of instruction is English (Wikipedia, 2020). The main teaching campus, known as Upper Campus, is located on the Rhodes Estate on the slopes of Devil's Peak. This campus contains the faculties of Science, Engineering, Commerce, and Humanities (except for the arts departments), as well as Smuts Hall and Fuller Hall residences. Upper Campus is centred on Sarah Baartman Hall, the location for graduation and other ceremonial events, as well as many examinations. Upper Campus is also home to the main library, The Chancellor Oppenheimer library which holds the majority of the University's 1.3 million volume collection (University of Cape Town, 2020). Middle and Lower Campuses are spread through the suburbs of Rondebosch, Rosebank and Mowbray and contain the Law faculty, the South African College of Music, the School of Economics, most of the student residences, most of the university administrative offices, and various sporting facilities. The state of the art artificial grass soccer field has been approved by FIFA for training for World Cup teams. The Upper, Middle and Lower Campuses together are often referred to as the main campus (University of Cape Town, 2020). The Faculty of Health Sciences is located on the Medical School campus next to the Groote Schuur Hospital in Observatory. The Fine Arts and Drama departments are located on the Hiddingh Campus in central Cape Town. The University's original building, now known as the Egyptian Building, on the Hiddingh campus, was built in the Egyptian Revival style.
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The only other campus built in this style was the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia in the United States. The UCT Graduate School of Business is located on the Breakwater Lodge Campus at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront (University of Cape Town, 2020).
Figure 3: University of Cape Town
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1.1 Project Statement The aim of the project is to design a bus stop and communication device that can be used by people in the city of Cape Town. Our research will be based in the City of Cape Town, South Africa and explore the need for adequate bus stop infrastructure to go along with the current Jammie Shuttle transport used in Cape Town by the staff and students of UCT. Along with the bus stop an effective communication device will be designed which can be used by the staff and students of UCT.
Figure 4: Jammie Bus
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1.2 Related Products International Products The metrobus is a system of exclusive bus lanes that can be homologated as a rapid transit bus. Passengers can get faster to their destination thanks to the exclusive lanes avoiding traffic. The bus stops are large, in order to serve as many people as possible. The design provides shelter from sunlight, seats and a corridor for people to walk or wait in. The ceiling comes with solar energy and the organic shape of the bus stop has been designed to absorb maximum sunlight during the day. This bus stop promotes solar energy and environmental sustainability. It is constructed with a steel structure and acrylic
Figure 5: Bus stop Buenos Aires, Argentina.
body (Clean Energy, 2020). The Arriva bus station in Guimaraes, Portugal is one of the best stations in the world in terms of design. The design is minimalist and contemporary, the glazed areas facilitate the entrance of light. The use of glass and aluminium is aimed not only at changing colours but also at minimizing maintenance needs. The creation of this design was a further step in the transformation of Guimaraes into a tourist centre and at the same time, ecologically sustainable with the renewal of the residential fabric of the centre, in the images FDA Department of Industrial Design
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of other historical European cities. The station includes access for disabled people. Its shape is functional in terms of ergonomics. It provides an adequate temperature in the interiors according to the weather. The materials used for this design are stainless steel structure and glass (Mensageironoticias, 2020).
Figure 6: Bus Stop, Portugal
Figure 7: Bus Stop, Portugal
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Local Products MyCiti is a bus rapid transit service with feeders, which forms part of a greater Integrated Public Transport driven economic development strategy of the City of Cape Town Municipality (CoCT) in South Africa. The service is being rolled out across Cape Town, and provides a significantly enhanced public transport system in about 10% of the City. The service commenced in 2010 with Phase 1, which features buses running north to south along the west coastline of the City. The design of these stations is simple, and functional, the materials used are concrete, thermo lacquered aluminum and glass (City
Figure 8: MyCiti, Wood Stop
of Cape Town, 2020). Golden Arrow is currently the only scheduled passenger transport operator in the Cape Metropole to have achieved prestigious government and industry recognized Road Transport Management System (RTMS) accreditation. The fleet is also the single largest accredited to date. Golden Arrow currently operate 1 046 buses during peak hours,
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serving 1 300 routes, covering a total area of approximately 2460 Km² in metropolitan Cape Town. Their fleet travels 59.4 million kilometres, conveying 51.8 million passengers annually, at a rate of approximately 220 000 per week day. Golden Arrow follows a continuous improvement approach to all aspects of its operations and customer relations. The company is well positioned to continue to make a positive contribution to road based public transport in Cape Town through partnering with all stakeholders in realizing government’s vision of making transport the heartbeat of South Africa’s economic growth and social development.
Figure 9: Goldden Arrow Bus
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1.3 Related Technologies and Materials Local Transport Technology The technologies that are being used currently for transport in Cape Town are the myCiti bus technology. This includes the myCiti mobile app, myConnect card and myCiti website. The free mobile app helps travellers plan their way around the city, save their favourite routes, stops and destinations and gives them access to live updates to allow them to track the arrival of buses. It also allows travellers to check their balance, calculate their fares and top up their myConnect cards. The myConnect card grants access to the myCiti buses. A simple quick tap is required upon entering the bus and a cashless transaction occurs once the traveller taps the card when exiting the bus. The website provides users with all information that can be found on the mobile app as well as additional information on how to use the myConnect cards, bus routes, timetables, route calculator, maps and so on (City of Cape Town, 2020). Materials Today, technological developments make it possible to have a wide range of materials and efficient construction of bus stops. It is important to consider materials that are environmentally conscious and cost efficient for bus stops. Below is a description and a list of materials that will be considered in the construction of our bus stop and communication device (ZICLA,2017). A wide range of construction materials are based on polymers (a substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together) are what we know as plastics (Designing Buildings, 2020). The types of plastics most used in construction are: â—? Acrylics: it does not erode in sunlight, it is easy to form and cut, it has good optical resistance, it is not flexible. It is mostly used in the industry for architectural fabrics, concretes, flooring, carpets, acrylic glass resins, adhesives, furniture.(Designing Buildings, 2019)
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� Polycarbonate: is a sustainable thermoplastic, it can be heated and cooled. it is transparent and can be used as a lighter alternative to glass. It is mostly used as security glazing, flat or curved, noise barriers, diffusers and light pipes for LED’s and exterior lights (Designinguildings, 2020). The characteristics of this material are that it is easy to mould, it has high resistance to impact and deformation, it is protective against UV rays and is also resistant to electrical insulation (ZICLA,2017). � Polyethylene: is one of the most common types of plastic. It is mostly used to protect concrete during the curing process, to provide protection for materials and seal off rooms and as a temporary flashing material for doors and windows (Designing Buildings, 2020). Recycled plastic is composed of cables, bottles and even waste from PVC. The advantages of using recycled plastic are the low environmental impact it has, the low costs and the high resistance it has to wear and tear (ZICLA,2017). The use of plastic in the construction industry is due to all its characteristics and advantages including the cost, the resistance, the environmental impact and the flexibility of use. Compared with other materials, plastic is less expensive. It is cheaper to produce due to the facility to mold and the low amount of energy that it needs to be produced.(Rayda Plastics, 2018) The resistance to corrosion in plastics is high so it is often used as a common material for pipes and elements that will be in contact with water. Comparing it with metal it makes plastic a perfect material in most of the cases. It is also a lightweight material, easy to be transported and also easy to mold due to its great flexibility. It can be transported easily because of its weight.(Rayda Plastics, 2018). In the terms of aesthetics, it can easily be coloured in the manufacturing stage and it gives different alternatives in order to create a great design. During this stage, plastic can be melted and moulded to create different shapes according to need. It is also able to fit itself together. Plastic can be converted either into really small and big pieces (Rayda Plastics, 2018). The environmental impact of this material is not high compared to other construction materials. This material is highly resistant, it can be recycled and reused so the prospect
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of pollution is lower. As mentioned before due to its weight it is easy to transport,and during the use on a construction site, the use of energy needed is low (Rayda Plastics, 2018). The more common uses of plastic in the construction industry are water pipes, due to the lack of corrosion, window frames, doors, protection of roofs and so on (Rayda Plastics, 2018). Thermo Lacquered Aluminum Thermo lacquered aluminum is a highly resistant material treated to be more resistant to corrosion, heat, extreme temperature changes and rain. It is also useful for the elaboration of urban furniture thus often used for bus stop stations (ZICLA,2017). The material is composed of aluminum as a base and it is coated with a variety of substances (lacquered) to make the product stronger, to prevent corrosion and oxidation, increase gloss and to increase the durability. lacquered aluminum improves the aesthetics of the product. Lacquered aluminium can be damaged by salt water but despite this, this is mostly corrosive proof (Bonnie Grant, 2020). This material is often used in industrial applications in many fields. It is used for facade systems and profiles. It is also used to protect foods from oxygen and humidity (Italcoat, 2018). Bamboo Bamboo is a material mainly harvested in China but nowadays, in more places in Africa there is a big production which makes this material a good option to be used. It is used among other things to assemble tubular structures that are used in the construction industry. Bamboo canes only take up to 5 years to harvest, unlike other trees which may take up to 20 years to grow. When a bamboo is cut, there is no need to replant it because the same bamboo can grow from the same roots, so one bamboo plant can produce about 10.000 m of bamboo material in 20 years, this makes it very environmentally friendly. Once the bamboo canes are obtained, they receive a treatment that serves to increase their resistance and are then converted into the optimal material for the construction of structures such as bus stops, facades and ceilings (ZICLA,2017). Some of the advantages of using bamboo in construction are that it has a higher tensile strength than steel, it can resist temperatures up to 4000 C, it is an elastic material, it FDA Department of Industrial Design
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has a low weight and is easy to transport and install. Bamboo does not provide any danger to health, it is cost effective and the biggest demand of this material is in earthquake prone areas due to its flexibility and resistance. The disadvantages are that it needs preservation and needs to be treated against insects and fungus before it is used to construct, it tends to shrink when it loses water (The constructor, 2017). Security glass Security glass is shatterproof thus is safer than normal glass if broken (ZICLA,2017). There are different types of security glass. Tempered glass is harder than ordinary glass due to its production. During production the glass is exposed to cooling and high temperatures. This process affects the breakage point that is a characteristic of glass (Plasto, 2013). The laminated safety glass is composed of two or more layers of glass that are bonded together with another layer between them of PVB. All layers are sealed with high temperatures. Thanks to the interlayer of PVB, the glass is hardly breakable and if it breaks with an exposure to excessive pressure the pieces of glass do not scatter, this is because they will remain stuck in the PVB layer reducing the risk of cuts (Plasto, 2013). The construction and design industry use this material in different applications. It is mostly used in spaces of special risk like bathing areas and pools. It is also used in mirrors, commercial forntages, and furniture. When it is framed it is used in front of showrooms, shops, offices, and public buildings, in interiors and exteriors (Saint Gobain). it is also used at airports, automobiles, terminals, hotels, recording studios, etc. In areas where tornadoes and hurricanes are bound to happen it is used in facades and any exterior application. When several layers are added to it it can be converted as a bulletproof glass (Kavisha Desai). The environmental impact of producing glass is negative, the generation of electricity used in the process of the manufacturing of glass, increases the amount of carbon dioxide emissions which also occurs as a result of the decomposition of fuel combustion and raw materials. Glass manufacturing is an energy-intensive process. But when it is used in an appropriate way in green buildings it can provide some energy saving (Pilinkton, 2020).
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Concrete Concrete is known to be used to build many different structures such as bridges, buildings, roads and bus stops are not the exception. This material is resistant, strong and can be constructed into different shapes using reinforced steel. It is composed of cement, water and an aggregate. Concrete is a cheap material and has a long life, the maintenance is minimum, it can easily be shaped so it is easy to alter different shapes according to the design. This material tends to crack and has low ductility (Design Buildings, 2020). Due to its low maintenance, the thermal mass that it provides and its durability, helps to reduce the energy consumption of buildings (Design Buildings, 2020). All listed materials are used around the world for bus stops. The most common materials used are the polycarbonate, the security glass, concrete and aluminium. In the city of
Figure 10: UCT Students
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1.4 Characteristics of Potential User Groups This paragraph provides a brief description of the various user groups of the bus stop and communication device. Ergonomics will play a vital role in the design for the purpose of inclusion of all types of people who are also differently abled. Students Students are aged between 17 to 45 and are mostly in their 20s. Most students live near university in student residences and will earn no to a low-income salary as most of their time is spent on studying. Students mostly use cost effective methods of travelling such as walking, cycling, various public transports and in a few cases private motor vehicles. Students travel to university almost every day to attend lectures and access additional resources provided by the school. University Staff University staff include the dean, lecturers, tutors, financial staff, sport facilitators, cooking and cleaning staff, security, gardeners and bus drivers. Their ages range widely. Staff are most likely to live off campus and some will live far from the university. Staff will use various transportations such as taxis, buses, trains or private motor vehicles to travel to and from university during the weekdays. Their salaries will range depending on their job title. Disability The university of Cape Town is inclusive and supportive of students and employees with disabilities whether it’s physical or mental. UCT includes a disability office which works to remove physical barriers and attitudes which might prevent students or staff from fulfilling their potential. It also aims to ensure the university interacts appropriately with students and staff or visitors with disabilities. And aims to give students and staff a fair and equal educational and work experience. The university has adapted its facilities to be accommodating of physical disabilities through the use of ramps, elevators, wheelchair friendly buses and so on. FDA Department of Industrial Design
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1.5 Conclusions The City of Cape Town shows great potential for the need of new public transports systems to serve its citizens. An innovative bus stop that is environmentally sustainable, safe and relatable can serve the staff and students of UCT well. Our research has shown innovative bus stop solutions around the world and how efficiently they work as well as highlighting the inadequate bus stop infrastructures around the CoCT. We have also shown technologies which are used locally and how the use of advanced technology is widely accepted throughout the country. Our researched building materials took into consideration costs and environmental sustainability. Our user’s groups (though they are all different) have shown the need to use well maintained innovative and disability inclusive buses and bus stop solutions.
Figure 11: UCT Students
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Part 2 Exploration of Solution Area
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2.1 Project Constraints, Objectives and Directives The department of transport and publics works in the province of Western Cape aims to “tirelessly pursue the delivery of infrastructure and transport services that is: inclusive, safe and technologically relevant, seeking to heal, skill, integrate, connect, link and empower every citizen in the Western Cape, driven by passion, ethics and a steadfast commitment to the environment and people as our cornerstone� (Western Cape, 2020). Road networks play an important role in the implementation of transport and other infrastructure and ensure economic sustainability. The main services and core functions of the Department of Transport and Public Works are based on constitutional laws. They aim to deliver social and economic infrastructure and they are responsible for government motor transport. The province aims to undo some of the injustices of the past and the present hence sustainable solutions (especially transport solutions) are imperative. An adequate budget is set aside for the functioning of public transport both subsidized and unsubsidized. Rules and laws set in the constitution of South Africa enable a place for good infrastructure which includes accessible, safe and efficient working transport solutions (Western Cape: 2020). Our student bus solution would have to be accessible to all students, employees and employers at universities in the City of Cape Town and should be free of charge for the users as most of the country’s population and our target market is lower to middle income users. Possible potential constraints that could be faced are, a rejection of the project to provide a bus stop and communication device as there are already bus stops existing in the city (although they are in bad condition and not functional). A second potential constraint is the maintenance or upkeep of the bust stop and communication device to ensure it stays up and running and does not get vandalised over time. A third possible constraint may be the time taken to implement and get the product up and running. Getting approval and funding from the local transport department and educational department is a process and takes time especially because these two departments do not work together but work individually.
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Due to the laws set in place in the constitution and the rights South African citizens have to adequate transport, it can be argued that our bus stop and communication device is needed and can ensure safety and efficiency when using public transport. Laws set in place also help prevent possible corruption which could occur during the funding and implementation phase. An ideal solution would be one that is efficient and affordable but also appealing to its users. In the next paragraph, more detailed information is provided which shows the importance and need to provide transport in the city and province and what measures are put in place to ensure this.
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2.2 Further research 2020 is the first year of the new five-year strategic cycle of the Western Cape administration. The nature of the infrastructure required not only in the province but the whole country needs a long-term approach that takes cognisance of the planning, design, implementation, management and maintenance appropriate for assets that have life spans up to 50 years and beyond. The Department, therefore, views this five-year cycle, as a building-block toward the broader twenty-year vision that aims to redress historical injustices and realise spatial transformation through the utilisation of infrastructure as a core lever (Western Cape: 2020). The annual budget allocated for transport and public works in the province of the Western Cape is as follows: 2020 – 2021 R 8 819 297 000 2021 – 2022 R 8 841 300 000 2022 – 2023 R 8 938 668 000 (Western Cape: 2020), A few of the main services undertaken in the department of transport and public works include: • Development and implementation of sustainable public transport solutions. • Develop appropriate strategies and policies to guide long-term infrastructure and transpo planning and coordination. • Establishment of subsidised public transport services. • Monitoring of subsidised bus services. • Empowerment and skills development specifically focused on youth through the offering of bursaries to study in the transport, engineering and built environment. • Facilitation of road safety education, communication and awareness. (Western Cape: 2020). Some important legislation which allow the department of transport to enable sustainable public transport solutions include:
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• Western Cape Road Transportation Act Amendment Law, 1996 (Law 8 of 1996) • Road Transportation Act, 1977 (Act 74 of 1977) Road Traffic Act, 1989 (Act 29 of 1989) • Road Traffic Management Corporation Act, 1999 (Act 20 of 1999) 2020 • National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996) • National Land Transport Act, 2009 (Act 5 of 2009) • Road Safety Act, 1972 (Act 9 of 1972) • Cape Roads Ordinance, 1976 (Ordinance 19 of 1976) • Control of Access to Public Premises and Vehicles Act, 1985 (Act 53 of 1985) • Prevention of Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004 (Act 12 of 2004) • Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of 1977) • Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act 1 of 1999) • Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 (Act 53 of 2003) • Skills Development Act, 1998 (Act 97 of 1998) • Division of Revenue Act (annual) • Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act 55 of 1998) • Government Immovable Asset Management Act, 2007 (Act 19 of 2007) • National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 1977 (Act 103 of 1977) • National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998) • Public Service Act, 1994 (Act 103 of 1994) • Western Cape Land Use Planning Ordinance Amendment Act, 2009 (Act 1 of 2009) (Western Cape: 2020) Through the implementation of innovative transport solutions, the department of transport aims to lower CO2 carbon emissions released into the through maximising use of public transport and minimising the use of private motor transport. It aims to provide skills and jobs to residents for the construction of transport networks such as roads, highways, railways and so on, which are used by transport vehicles. It also aims to bridge the current divide or segregation of residential spaces from commercial spaces of areas of work. Overall, transport plays a big role in connecting people to the city and keeping the city running efficiently and sustainably.
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By analysing the multiple constraints found in the transportation system in the city, the design must work in giving the proper conditions, functionality, innovation, and aesthetics. It needs to provide security to the users and should be designed with materials that ensure durability and that are easy to maintain in case of vandalism, the ideal would be to implement in the design the security to avoid this. The design solutions for those problems mentioned are multiple and the next points need to be considered.
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2.3 Analysis of Potential Design Solution A design that makes use of affordable materials The dessin must be constructed with affordable materials, such as the use of renewable, recycled materials. It is also important to implement durable materials with a long-life cycle so the maintenance can have low impact in terms of costs. A communication device that can easily be replaced if it gets stolen The design needs to take into account that communication will change year by year and at some point it will have to be replaced with a new technology, so it needs to be designed in a way it can be changed without having the need to alter the design. It also needs to be integrated thinking in the security of it making it hard to be stolen. In the case that it is stolen, it must be easy to be replaced. A unique but chic design that will relate to students (to prevent vandalism) The design should incorporate an identity that relates or speaks to its users (mainly the students) as this will enable them to feel responsible or treat the designed product with respect. It may be interactive by allowing students to express themselves through a section given for drawing or writing. This interactiveness (such as bus timetable, USB charging ports, university timetable, digital submission of school work) prevents or minimizes the vandalism on the bus stop. The design can also be a collaborative process with the students where they give input into the final look and functionalities. A bus stop that can provide safe shelter to protect its users The design will take into consideration harsh weather conditions that occur in the city such as heavy rain or hail, heat, strong winds and cold fronts. The design can be made to be modified to suit extreme weather conditions. The bus stop should not only protect users from harsh weather conditions but also provide safety for those travelling at late hours of the day. This is due to the high crime rate in the city. The product will include an alarm system, security cameras, renewable lighting and an SOS button which will alert police officials.
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Part 3 Design Solution
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3.1 Description of design solution We aimed to design a bus stop that includes visibility, accessibility, comfort, convenience and information. Visibility is important for the approaching buses or oncoming traffic. The surrounding glass ensures safety of the users. Our design has been made easy for the various user groups to be able to board the bus conveniently. Communication is important, our bus stop includes USB charging ports for cellphones and emergency ancalling system in the event of an emergency. Our design which is a covered shelter protects its users from the harsh conditions of the location such as heat and rain. The aesthetics of the design celebrate Cape Town’s heritage and it’s vibrant colours are appealing to the youth.
Figure 12: Bo-Kaap
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3.2 Justification of Design Decisions Local Identity The bus stop and communication device have a local identity. Our inspiration comes from the Bo-Kaap community in Cape Town. This means users are able to relate to the product through the use of incorporating a cultural aesthetic to the design. Another method for allowing users to feel a sense of responsibility to the product is by allowing them to contribute to the design. When users identity or feel a responsibility to the product they are more likely to take care of it or treat it with respect. In this way vandalism can be minimized or avoided. Accessibility It is imperative for the design to be accessible to users. This has been done through an ease of use for disability users. Ergonomics will be vital for providing comfort to the bus stop and having a user friendly interface on the communication device will make it convenient. The location of the bus stops is also important - it should be located near student residences, on campus, off campus and near areas of public activities. The easier it is for users to use or access the products the more they will use it. Information The communication device serves as an information device that will keep users in direct contact with emergency units in the form of a panic button in the event that they feel unsafe. Our design solution has aimed to address major issues such as location, accessibility, comfort and ease of use. In providing a design solution that will meet the user's needs, the solution may become successful.
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Renders Design Solution
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Orthographics & Details Design Solution
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10.000 4350
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UNION METALICA DELIVERY OF BEAMS AND COLUMN TRANSITION
TRANSITION PLATE WELDING PROFILES ARE WELDED WITH THE COLUMN THROUGHOUT THE CONTACT PERIMETER
METALIC COLUMN
FINISHING DETAIL OF COLUMN TO BEAMS
WELDING PROFILES ARE WELDED WITH THE COLUMN THROUGHOUT THE CONTACT PERIMETER
METALIC COLUMN
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STEEL COLUMN
JOINT WELDING
BASE PLATE NUT AND WASHER 5 cms.
ANCHOR BOLTS CONCRETE FOUNDATION
STEEL COLUMN
STEEL COLUMN BASE PLATE NUT AND WASHER 5 cms.
BASE PLATE NUT AND WASHER
CONCRETE FOUNDATION ANCHOR BOLTS
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List of Images Figure 1
Costa Cruises. (2020). CPT Cape Town. [Online]. https://www.costa
cruises.com/ports/cape-town.html Figure 2
Busang Senne. Will the UCT Law Faculty Close? [Online]. https://
www.cosmopolitan.co.za/career/work/uct-law-accreditation/ Figure 3
Portal Publishing. (2020), UCT Student. [Online]. https://www.careers
portal.co.za/news/uct-student-tests-positive-for-covid-19 Figure 4
University of Cape Town. Jammie Shuttle. (2020). [Online]. http://www.
students.uct.ac.za/students/services/transport-parking/jammie-shuttle Figure 5
Clean Energy Brief. (2017). Metrobus in Argentina promotes so
lar energy and environmental sustainability. [Online]. https://energial
impiaparatodos.com/2017/08/28/metrobus-en-argentina-impulsa-ener gia-solar-y-sostenibilidad-ambiental/ Figure 6
Mensageironoticias.pt. Portugal has one of the “10 best bus stops”
in the world. [Online]. http://mensageironoticias.pt/design-portugal-
tem-uma-das-10-melhores-paragens-de-autocarros-do-mundo/ Figure 7
Mensageironoticias.pt. Portugal has one of the “10 best bus stops”
in the world. [Online]. http://mensageironoticias.pt/design-portugal-
tem-uma-das-10-melhores-paragens-de-autocarros-do-mundo/
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Figure 8
Secret Cape Town. (2017). [Online]. MyCiti Bus Routes. https://
secretcapetown.co.za/myciti-bus-routes/ Figure 9
Veerkamp, John. (2015. [Online]. Golden Arrow. http://www.bus-plan
et.com/bus/bus-africa/South-Africa-site/bus-operators/GoldenArrow/ buses-7/frame.html Figure 10
University of Cape Town. (2020). [Online]. Campus Life. https://www.
news.uct.ac.za/edition/-orientation-2020 Figure 11
Botha, Raymond. (2015). [Online]. https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-
2015-01-28-support-services-here-to-help Figure 12
McDonald Jessica. (2019). Cape Town’s Bo-Kaap Neighborhood: The
Complete Guide. [Online]. https://www.tripsavvy.com/cape-town-bo-
kaap-neighborhood-guide-4157847
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Reference List City of Cape Town, the City of Cape Town’s Transport and Urban Development Authority. (2018). Municipal Spatial Development Framework. City of Cape Town. (2017). Comprehensive integrated transport plan. City of Cape Town. (2016). The state of Cape Town report. Chapter 4, p99 – 124. City of Cape Town. (2020). Benefits of using MyCiti Bus. [Online]. Accessed: 24 February 2020. Available: https://www.myciti.org.za/en/discover-myciti/benefits-of-using-myciti/ Clean Energy. (2017). Metrobus in Argentina promotes solar energy and environmental sustainability. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: https://energialimpiaparatodos. com/2017/08/28/metrobus-en-argentina-impulsa-energia-solar-y-sostenibilidad-ambiental/ Design Buildings. (2020). Concrete. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Concrete Designing Buildings. (2020). Plastic in construction. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plastic_in_construction Gambill, V. (2018). Urban Morphological Developments of a Post-Apartheid City. University College London, United Kingdom Harrison, P., Todes, A., & Watson, V. (2007). Planning and transformation: Learning from the post-apartheid experience. New York and London: Routledge. Italcoat.(2018). Lacquered aluminium, uses and applications. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: Kavisha Desai, Civil Engineer. The many applications of laminated glass. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: FDA Department of Industrial Design
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https://gharpedia.com/blog/laminated-glass-applications/ Leaf Group. (2020). What is Lacquered Aluminum? [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: Mammon, N. (2005). Cape Town 2025: Urban Form and Infrastructure. Mensageironoticias. (2020). Design: Portugal has one of the “10 best bust stops� in the world. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: http://mensageironoticias.pt/design-portugal-tem-uma-das-10-melhores-paragens-de-autocarros-do-mundo/ Plasto. (2013), Safety and security glass. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available:https://www.plasto.ee/en/glass/safety-glass/ Pilinkton. (2020). Glass and environment: Is cost effective? [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: https://www.pilkington.com/en-gb/uk/architects/glass-information/ glassandtheenvironment Provoost, M., Pieterse, E., & Fataar, R. (2016). Cape Town: densification as a cure for a segregated city. Place of publication not identified: International New Town Institute. Rayda Plastics. (2018). The advantages of using plastics in the construction industry. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available: https://www.rayda.co.uk/blog/advantages-plastics-construction/ Ruijsink, S. (2015). Integrating Climate Change into City Development Strategies (CDS): Climate Change and Strategic Planning Saint Gobain. Safety and protection. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: https://uk.saint-gobain-building-glass.com/en-gb/glass-technical-information-safety Swilling, M. (2006). Sustainability and infrastructure planning in South Africa: a Cape Town case study. Environment and urbanization, 18(1), 23-50. doi: 10.1177/0956247806063939
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The Constructor. (2017). Bamboo as a Building Material – its Uses and Advantages in Construction Works. [Online]. Accessed: 23 February 2020. Available:https://theconstructor.org/building/bamboo-as-a-building-material-uses-advantages/14838/ University of Cape Town. (2020). History introduction. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: https://www.uct.ac.za/main/about/history Western Cape. 2020. Department of Transport and Public Works Budget. Online. Available
from:
https://www.westerncape.gov.za/sites/www.westerncape.gov.za/files/tpw_
budget_2020.pdf Wikipedia. (2020). Cape Town. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town Wikipedia. (2020). University of Cape Town. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town Zicla. (2017). Find out what are the materials for bus stops. [Online]. Accessed: 25 February 2020. Available: https://www.zicla.com/blog/descubre-cuales-son-los-materiales-para-las-paradas-de-bus/
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