Masters Environment Report by Lauren Pietro

LAUREN DI PIETRO MArch Architecture 2017 14033056 Environment Report

contents

BRIEF AND SYNOPSIS Authors motivation

4 6

SITE SELECTION Site criteria Breakdown of the UK Newcastle historical context Potential sites Leazes park Wider context History of Leazes park Conservation area

8 10 12 14 16 20 22 26 28

SITE RESPONSE Walking tour of Leazes park Potential sites within Leazes park Justification Site conditions

30 32 42 46 48

BIODIVERSITY Wildlife Tree species

50 52 54

PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Casa Vogue Kook Eating House

78 80 82

WIDER ISSUES Climate change Sustainable architecture

84 86 88

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT Soil types Geology and geothermal Solar Wind Climate

90 92 94 96 98 100

STRATEGIES FOR DESIGN Environmental requirements Programme development Spatial layout Design goals Psychometric charts Human comfort Climatic requirements Heating Heating, water and energy supply Massing and orientation Acoustic considerations Lighting Overall environmental strategy Materiality

102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 128 136 138

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Demographics Economic wellbeing The value of public space

140 142 144 156

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY References and bibliography

160 162

Brief and synopsis authors motivation

01-Brief and Synopsis

Authors motivation

I am half Italian and find that this plays a huge

It has always been an ambition of mine to create

Through an exploration of the models of care

role throughout my every day. Being brought up

architecture that aims to solve problems, both

employed in the UK, it was found that the current

in such a family orientated and strong cultural

structurally and socially.

systems, care homes, care in the community and

background has enabled me to reflect this

Dementia is a neurological disease which

family care, do not work as intended. As part of a

personality into my professional life. This meant

ultimately causes atrophy of the brain. The

family which cares for somebody with dementia,

that when my grandmother was diagnosed with

erosion of cognitive abilities causes problems

I have experienced the challenges of family care

Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Disease in 2010, it was important

with memory, communication, language, motor

first hand and would like to use this design thesis

to me to help her in any way that I could. At

function and social skills.

to explore a possible solution which could ease

this time I was just beginning my undergraduate

While dementia has pathological consequences -

these pressures.

studies in architecture and my focus therefore

we experience it as loss; loss of connections; loss

This proposal investigates a dementia respite

became exploring architectural solutions that

of self; loss of place.

facility which aims to promote activity for people

could improve her quality of life, as well as

Dementia is a growing epidemic which poses

with dementia to improve their quality of life,

others diagnosed with this disease.

problems for everyday independent living.

whilst easing the burdens of family care.

01_Brief and Synopsis

Site selection

02_Site Selection

Site criteria

Based upon the dementia friendly design

As previously explored, there are also no

It is evident from the data that an ageing

guidelines by the Kings Fund and the HBN

dementia friendly communities in the North

population is a global pandemic, with Europe

guidance, as well as the precedent studies as

of England, leaving a gap in the market to be

and in particular the UK containing the largest

previously mentioned, I set a criteria for what I

explored by this design thesis.

numbers of the elderly population, leading to

wanted from my site in order to find the place

As the idea of accessibility is prevalent, I chose

more cases of dementia (Qiu, Kivipelto and von

to situate this respite centre for people with

to look specifically at the city centres within the

Strauss, 2009; Sauer et al., 2014; Wang, Xu and

dementia.

North East in order to determine my site.

Pei, 2012; Sheehan, 2006).

I began by setting this criteria, and then I

It is found that Europe has the largest

explored the prevalence of dementia on a global

percentage of people with dementia to

scale in order to narrow down where a respite

population than any other continent in the

centre might be needed.

world, and these figures are continuing to rise

This led me to the UK; and specifically the

(Qiu, Kivipelto and von Strauss, 2009; Sauer

North East.

et al., 2014; Wang, Xu and Pei, 2012; Sheehan, 2006).

After further exploration it is also found that the UK has one of the highest rates of dementia in Europe. Within the UK, England homes the most elderly people per population (Qiu, Kivipelto and von Strauss, 2009; Sauer et al., 2014; Wang, Xu and

02_Site Selection

Pei, 2012; Sheehan, 2006).

02_Site Selection

Breakdown of UK

In 2014 an estimated 34,000 people in the

In 2012/13 the prevalence of recorded

Accessibility leads me to the idea of choosing a

North East of England are living with a form of

dementia in North East England was

site within a city centre, as aforementioned. This

dementia (Smith and Otter, 2014).

higher than the national rate of 569 people

ensures that it is easily accessed by people with

It is predicted that between 2014 and 2020 the

per 100,000 (Smith and Otter, 2014).

dementia, and also begins to create dementia

overall number of people living with dementia in

The regional rate increased by 35% since

friendly cities. This is also where most landmarks

the North East will increase by 17% to 39,800

2008/09, marginally ahead of the national

are situated to provide orientation on a city

(Smith and Otter, 2014). Between 2008/09 and

rate of 33% (Smith and Otter, 2014). In 2013

scale which was also found to be important

2012/13 recorded prevalence in the North East

the North East had a diagnosis rate of 54%,

through the site selection.

increased by 35% from 496 people per 100,000

which was higher than the 48% rate for the

Although the North east is split into 9 key areas,

to 669 (Smith and Otter, 2014).

whole of England (Smith and Otter, 2014).

there are only 3 cities within this; Newcastle; Sunderland; and Durham.

Although each of these cities provides an appropriate setting for a dementia respite centre, the idea of using landmarks within the city in order to orientate the building within the context was an important design driver. It was found that Newcastle city had the most landmarks that provide good opportunities for site selection. Newcastle city centre also has the

North East as it is not dementia friendly, and thus people with dementia donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel that they can live there. This gives great justification for selecting a site in Newcastle.

02_Site Selection

lowest recorded prevalence of dementia in the

Newcastle

1860

historical context

1080 The Normans build a fort to safeguard the crossing of the River Tyne. Soon a town grows up in the shadow of the castle.

13th Century The most important export from Newcastle is wool but coal is also exported.Wine and spices are imported.

1294 A shipbuilding industry has begun in Newcastle. In the late 13th century walls are built around Newcastle.

Landmarks are an important feature through the history of Newcastle, and thus further reiterates their importance in city scale orientation for

02_Site Selection

people living with dementia in the North East.

1500 About 15,000 tons of coal are exported from Newcastle. During the 16th century coal becomes the most important export.

1751 An infirmary is built 1773-1781 A new bridge is built over the River Tyne

From the late 17th century there was a glass making industry in Newcastle. By the early 18th century there was also an iron and steel industry.

15 1920

1901 The population of Newcastle is 215,000. Electric trams begin running in the streets. Laing Art Gallery opens. 1909 The first cinema opens in Newcastle 1963 Newcastle University is formed

1976 Eldon Square Shopping Centre opens 2001 Millennium Bridge is opened 2002 Baltic Art Centre opens

02_Site Selection

1950

1890

1873 Leazes Park opens 1880 Brandling Park opens 1882 The Church of St Nicholas is made a cathedral. Newcastle becomes a city. A drapers shop in Newcastle becomes the first shop in the world to be lit by electricity.

1968 A new Civic Centre is built. A new Central Library opens 1969 Newcastle Polytechnic opens It was made a university in 1992.

Potential sites

Town Moor & Exhibition Park

1.39km2

Pros

Cons

•

Exhibition Park has a rich

•

On the outskirts of the city

history

•

Area possibly to big to justify

•

Large open space with beautiful views

•

specific location •

Park - tranquil and calming

No landmarks to reference nearby or that can be seen from the site

Leazes Park

315,000m2

Pros

Cons

•

Near

lake

which

gives

•

reference to water and links

02_Site Selection

with Newcastle and the Tyne

Lots of trees to consider in the proposal

•

Park used by dog walkers/

•

Beautiful views

joggers etc - would a building

•

Event spaces in the park

impede these uses?

•

Children’s

playground

family picnic area •

Reference to St James Park

•

Next to hospital RVI

•

Residential surrounding

and

•

Noise from football stadium

•

Noise from ambulances from nearby hospital

Quayside

4670m2

Pros

Cons

•

Beautiful views

•

Bridges and Tyne as landmark references

•

Car

park

nearby

for

Possibly too far away from centre

•

Safety being so close to water

•

Security issues

accessibility

Nuns Moor North

1km2

Pros

Cons

•

Large open space with beautiful

Outskirts of city

•

Park - tranquil and calming

•

Golf club nearby

02_Site Selection

views

02_Site Selection

Potential sites

Angel

83,000m2

Pros

Cons

•

Open space suitable for a

•

On the outskirts of the city

respite centre

•

Angel is a relatively new

•

Council plans to develop area

landmark (25 years old) and

around the angel

thus may not be as relevant to

•

Easily accessible from A1

the current elderly generation

•

Surrounding residential

•

Angel as landmark

Nuns Moor Central and South

383,000m2

Pros

Cons

•

Large open space with beautiful

•

Outskirts of city

views

•

Land too big could make it

•

Park - tranquil and calming

•

Golf club nearby

inaccessible

St Michaels

0.04km2

Pros

Cons

•

Best views of the Tyne

•

Surrounded by residential

•

Landmarks of the bridges and

Possibly too far away from centre

•

the Tyne

Accessibility issues for public transport or on foot due to topography of site

Hunters Moor

180,000m2

Pros

Cons

•

Large open space with beautiful

•

Outskirts of city

views

•

Land too big could make it

Park - tranquil and calming

•

Closer to centre than other moors

inaccessible

02_Site Selection

•

Leazes park

Leazes park is the only site identified earlier as

The main challenges that I expect to face

The noise from the football stadium will be

fulfilling all of the criteria, and is also located

with the Leazes Park site are the trees and

concealed throughout most of the building,

within a 10 minute walk of Newcastle city

the noise from the ambulances and St James

however it would be an interesting design aspect

centre. The centre was defined as Central

football stadium. The proposal will incorporate

to try and exploit this through certain areas of

Station to ensure that the site would be

a high level of acoustic properties in order to

the building as the noise from the stadium could

accessible to as many people as possible.

accommodate for this.

provoke memories for people with dementia,

Leazes Park is a landmark in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own right as an

and could therefore be beneficial to the purpose

urban park within a city centre context.

of the respite centre.

02_Site Selection

The site was also chosen due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s close proximity to St. James Par, which can be seen from a wide perspective of places within Newcastle, always providing city scale orientation.

02_Site Selection

Wider context

As Leazes Park is located in the city centre of Newcastle, it has great access links with nearby towns and villages. It is a 10 minute walk from central station which provides links to a wide variety of places, even across the country. The bus routes along Richardson road provide access to neighbouring towns.

The diagram opposite shows that Leazes Park is surrounded by green space, retail and residential. This was an important aspect in my site selection to ensure that the proposal would

02_Site Selection

feel integrated into society rather than on the outskirts of a city.

02_Site Selection

Nearby activity

Activity groups give people affected by dementia

The aim of the Lunch Club is partly to provide a

Members are very keen on a few games of bingo

the opportunity to take part in structured

well-balanced two-course meal but additionally

each week and sometimes a weekly quiz to get

activities. Run by a facilitator, who encourages

to tackle isolation amongst vulnerable

all the members involved. This service is not

and supports people to take part, the groups are

members of the community. The hope is to

specifically for people with dementia.

also a chance to relax and socialise.

integrate people, create new friendships, update

Creative Age offers artist-led friendly and

Although there is already some provision of

residents on local news, listen to their needs,

creative sessions for people with dementia and

activity for people with dementia in Newcastle,

offer entertainment and generally support the

their carers.

there is nothing purpose built and instead

wellbeing of members.

The Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Society host a range of activities

activity clubs occupy community halls or other

This will be similar to the role of the proposed

for people with dementia, such as games for the

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;freeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; spaces within the city. These spaces are

respite centre, within a purpose built complex

brain, singing for the brain, memory cafes and

therefore not designed to be dementia-friendly,

which integrates people with dementia into the

activity groups.

thus the provision of a purpose built respite

public realm in the city.

centre would aid this.

02_Site Selection

History of Leazes

1860 A second lake was created in 1893 but this was filled in in 1949 and

park

the area used for a bowling green and tennis courts.

“One of the most precious possessions of the inhabitants of Newcastle is the Town Moor.” (Harrison, 1912) The Moor was formerly divided into three parts: the Town Moor, or Castle Moor, the Castle

02_Site Selection

Leazes, formerly the Castelfeld, and the Nuns Moor. The dividing boundaries have long been

In September 1857 3,000 working

Aldermen Harle and Hamond took up the challenge

obliterated.

men petitioned Newcastle Council

and campaigned for a park and eventually succeeded

for ‘ready access to some open

in having Leazes Park created on a part of the Leazes

ground for the purpose of health

Town Moor.

and recreation’.

On the 23 December 1873 Leazes Park was officially opened by Alderman Sir Charles Hamond.

27 1980

1930

In 1908 a bust of Alderman Sir Charles Hamond was erected as the centrepiece to the Terrace and the park was then complete.

1950

1896 to commemorate the Diamond

The park continued to develop with deer,

Jubilee of Queen Victoria and a Palm

aviaries, tennis, and croquet until the 1980s

House was built.

when it was in need of refurbishment. The refurbishment became possible when the park was awarded ÂŁ3.7 million from the National Lottery in 2001. The restoration project was completed in 2004.

02_Site Selection

The grand Jubilee gates were added in

02_Site Selection

Conservation area

Leazes Park was added to English Heritage

Judges awarded the flags after deeming the

The management plan sets out key materials that

parks welcoming, healthy and safe, clean and

should be used within Leazes Park Conservation

interest in 1992.

well-maintained, as well as being areas which are

Area for any development. Materials must be

Leazes Park is also mentioned as having been

sustainable and involve the local community.

traditional and sympathetic to the history of

granted a green flag status. Leazes Park is also

The preservation of the natural habitats of

Leazes Conservation Area.

included under the Leazes Conservation Area.

the local wildlife and bat population will be

The original pattern of gardens and the presence

Although this doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t restrict development in

maintained throughout the development of this

of trees greatly contributes to the character

the area, it will be imperative to remain sensitive

project.

of Leazes Conservation Area and should be

and conservative to the surrounding context.

List Entry Summary

retained.

Green Flags are the national standard for

This garden or other land is registered under

excellence for parks and recognise excellent use

the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments

of green space, well maintained facilities and high

Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks

standards of safety and security.

and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest.

Walls - Natural Sandstone - colour to remain unchanged

- Brick

- Stucco - colour BS 08 B17

Windows - Timber frame vertical sliding sash windows Roofs - Natural Welsh Slate Rainwater Goods - Cast iron with gutters on

Boundary Treatments to remain unchanged Advertisements should be sympathetic to the historic character of the area Roof lights should be in a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;conservationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; style in design, materials and size

02_Site Selection

brackets

Site response

Walking tour of Leazes park

A walking tour was undertaken throughout Leazes Park in order to establish possible sites within the park to place the proposed dementia

03_Site Response

respite facility.

03_Site Response

Walking tour of Leazes park 34

03_Site Response

Walking tour of Leazes park 36

03_Site Response

Walking tour of Leazes park 38

03_Site Response

Walking tour of Leazes park 40

03_Site Response

Title

Site 1 - 2340m2 Pros

Cons

• Good location next to

• Would

children’s playground • RVI close by

children’s

block

the

playground

and make it unsafe

• Family picnic area

Site 2 - 9720m2 Pros

Cons

• Close to a main road -

access

noise • Lack of parking facilities

03_Site Response

along the East side of the park

Site 3 - 35,750m2 Pros

Cons

• Surrounded

residential

• Might

overlook

residences

• Close to RVI

• Furthest away from St James Park to use as a landmark • Vast area

Site 4 - 1550m2 Pros • By

Cons stand

• Might be quite a busy

great

music

area of Leazes Park -

connections

and

the

band

too busy?

03_Site Response

events

Title

Site 5 - 25,750m2 Pros

Cons

• RVI close by

• Cattle graze on this

• Near

children’s

site March - November

playground and family

- safety? - For users

picnic area, although

of building as well as

blocked by trees and

cattle.

shrubs Site 6 - 3800m2 Pros

Cons

• Immediate

links

with

children’s playground,

cause

RVI and family picnic

removal

area

03_Site Response

• A lot of trees on site constraints

• Springbank

Pavilion

• Can see St James Park

currently on site - needs

• Close

to be removed

Road

Richardson -

available here

parking

Site 7 - 22,700m2 Pros

Cons

• Immediate links to St

• Close to Listed buildings

• Close to lake

the

conservation

area - stricter rules • Noise pollution

03_Site Response

James

03_Site Response

Justification

Within Leazes Park there is also a family picnic

Although I do not want to exploit the views of

area, boating lake and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground, all

the RVI in the respite centre, as hospitals can

of which already provide activity within the park,

provoke distressing memories which is not the

further reiterating the function of the respite

intention, it is important the there are close links

centre.

with the RVI to the respite centre as dementia is

This makes the site located on the old

still a medical condition.

Springbank pavilion site the most appropriate for

This makes Leazes Park a relevant and

the proposal.

appropriate site for the location of a dementia

There are also tennis courts and a bowls club

respite centre in Newcastle.

located to the south of the park.

03_Site Response

Site conditions

VIEWS

ACCESS

The main views from the site would be towards

Central station is a 10 minute walk from the

the cattle grazing field to the north of the site,

site. The nearest metro stations are Haymarket

the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground to the west and the

and St James. Buses 15, 16, 32 and 50 all stop on

family picnic area to the south. There is also ST

Richardson Road. The park has a public car park

James Park to the far south.

at the South-East of the site which has 3 disabled

GREEN SPACE

parking bays for Blue Badge Holders. There is

It is an important design imperative to keep

also on street parking along Richardson road.

all of the trees on site as remaining as to be

The main access to the site is from Richardson

sensitive to the context as well as integrating the

road (denoted by the larger dotted line), with

nature into the proposal.

secondary access along the public footpaths around Leazes park (denoted by smaller dotted lines).

03_Site Response

Biodiversity

04_Biodiversity

Biodiversity

WILDLIFE

BIODIVERSITY

TREES

Leazes Park is a haven for people and

There is a wide variety of different species and

A full tree survey was undertaken on the site to

wildlife away from the harshness of the built

types of trees and wildlife in the park. This will

understand the types and qualities of the trees

environment but still within the city centre.

be kept through the proposal with the planting

that exist. It was found that two trees were

The park is built around the central lake which

of new trees and flowering plants which will

deemed as poor condition and thus these are

contains and provides an environment for a huge

enhance the habitats of existing wildlife and even

the only two that would need to be removed for

amount of wildlife.

bring new species to the park.

the development to take place on this site. These

The water contains roach, tench, bream and

trees will be relocated to the south of the site in

carp.

the hope that replanting them might save them as they are dying on their current site.

Age Class*

Branch Spread North (m)

Branch Spread East (m)

Branch Spread South (m)

Branch Spread West (m)

Physiological and Structural Condition (Health and Physical Defects) Good/Fair/Poor/Dead

Young

2.3

3.45

4.025

2.3

Good

29.45

Young

5.75

3.45

4.6

Good

570.9

18.17

Middle Aged

3.45

2.3

3.45

Good

3.7

244.1

7.77

Middle Aged

3.45

5.75

3.45

5.75

Good

CAP

4.2

315.0

10.03

Middle Aged

3.45

5.75

3.45

5.75

Good

Native

CAP

4.5

393.7

12.53

Middle Aged

3.45

5.75

3.45

5.75

Good

Sorbus aria

Native

CAP

4.9

315.0

10.03

Middle Aged

4.6

5.75

3.45

2.3

Good

Aspen

Populus tremula

Native

CAP

6.2

354.3

11.28

Middle Aged

0.575

2.3

1.15

0.575

Good

Aspen

Populus tremula

Native

CAP

6.1

354.3

11.28

Middle Aged

2.3

1.15

Good

Field Maple

Acer campestre

Native

CAP

5.1

689.0

21.93

Middle Aged

2.3

6.9

9.2

4.6

Poor ‐ Leaning NorthWest @ 45 degrees from vertical

Sycamore

Acer pseudoplatanus

Non‐Native

CAP

5.3

925.2

29.45

118

Middle Aged

4.6

5.75

3.45

5.75

Poor ‐ Leaning SouthEast @ 35 degrees from vertical

Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Native

CAP

5.1

629.9

20.05

Middle Aged

1.15

3.45

9.2

5.75

Good

Field Maple

Acer campestre

Native

CAP

5.3

669.3

21.30

Middle Aged

4.6

2.875

8.05

2.3

Good

Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Native

CAP

5.0

551.2

17.54

Middle Aged

2.3

3.45

2.3

Good

Copper Beech

Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea

Non‐Native

CAP

5.5

826.8

26.32

105

Mature

5.75

Good

European Silver Fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Non‐Native

CAP

4.1

433.1

13.79

103

Young

3.45

Good

Sycamore

Acer pseudoplatanus

Non‐Native

CAP

5.1

590.6

18.80

Young

1.15

1.725

3.45

2.875

Good

Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Native

CAP

5.6

598.4

19.05

Middle Aged

3.45

1.15

2.3

5.75

Good

Aspen

Populus tremula

Native

CAP

5.7

393.7

12.53

Middle Aged

0.575

1.15

0.575

Good

Alder Buckthorn

Frangula alnus

Native

CAP

4.2

629.9

20.05

Mature

1.15

2.3

Good

Tree Reference

Species Common Name

Species Scientific Name

UK Provenance

Presence of TPO or Conservation Area Protection

Approx Height (m)

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus Hippocastanum

Non‐Native

CAP

4.6

315.0

10.03

Sycamore

Acer pseudoplatanus

Native

CAP

6.0

925.2

Osier Willow

Salix viminalis

Native

CAP

5.1

Common Box

Buxus sempervirens

Native

CAP

Common Box

Buxus sempervirens

Native

Common Box

Buxus sempervirens

Whitebeam

Circumference of Stem Diameter Approximate Stem (inches) (inches) Age

04_Biodiversity

Horse Chestnut

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

INTERESTING FACT

USE

The flowers provide a rich source of nectar and

The leaf stalks leave a scar on the twig when

"The most famous use of horse chestnut is in

pollen to insects, particularly bees. Caterpillars

they fall, which resembles an inverted horse

the game of conkers. The first record of the

of the triangle moth feed on its leaves, as well

shoe with nail holes. This association with horses

game is from the Isle of Wight in 1848.Â

as the horse chestnut leaf miner moth, whose

could explain why conkers used to be ground up

Horse chestnut timber is a pale creamy white

caterpillars provide food for blue tits. Deer and

and fed to horses to relieve them of coughs, and

to light brown with a smooth, soft, fine texture.

other mammals eat the conkers.

could be the origin of the treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name.

It's not very strong and is therefore not used

IDENTIFIED BY

SYMBOLISM

commercially, but its soft texture makes it ideal

Twigs have large sticky red buds.

Games of conkers have different rules in

for carving.

different parts of the country, which have their

Other uses of the conkers include horse

own jargon and often require the repeating of

medicines, as additives in shampoos and as a

rhymes or rituals to decide who goes first.

starch substitute. Chemicals extracted from conkers can be used to treat strains and bruises."

04_Biodiversity

Sycamore

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

INTERESTING FACT

USE

Sycamore is attractive to aphids and therefore

The botanical name of sycamore, Acer

“Sycamore timber is hard and strong, pale

a variety of their predators, such as ladybirds,

pseudoplatanus, means ‘like a plane tree’.

cream and with a fine grain. It is used for making

hoverflies and birds. The leaves are eaten by

Although sycamore is an Acer and not closely

furniture and kitchenware as the wood does not

caterpillars of a number of moths, including the

related to plants in the Platanus genus, the leaves

taint or stain the food.

sycamore moth, plumed prominent and maple

are superficially similar.

Trees are planted in parks and large gardens

prominent. The flowers provide a good source of

SYMBOLISM

for ornamental purposes. Mature trees are

pollen and nectar to bees and other insects, and

There is very little folklore associated with

extremely tolerant of wind, so are often planted

the seeds are eaten by birds and small mammals.

sycamore, as it is an introduced species.

in coastal and exposed areas, as a wind break.

IDENTIFIED BY

However, in Wales, sycamore trees were used

They are also tolerant of pollution and are

Twigs are pink-brown and have no hairs.

in the traditional craft of making ‘love spoons’.

therefore planted in towns and cities.”

In some parts of the UK the winged seeds are known as ‘helicopters’, and used in flying competitions and model-making by children.

04_Biodiversity

Osier willow

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

SYMBOLISM

USE

Caterpillars of a number of moth species feed

There is little folklore associated with osier.

Osier withies (strong, flexible willow stems) are

on the foliage, including the lackey, herald and

However, there is a local custom in Chediston,

traditionally used for basket-making and weaving,

red-tipped clearwing. The catkins provide an

Suffolk, known as a ‘willow stripping’ ceremony.

and are becoming increasingly popular for use

important source of early nectar and pollen for

This is usually held at the first full moon in

as willow screens and sculptures. Osier, like all

bees and other insects, and the branches make

May. A Green George figure is dressed in

willows, is also grown for its ability to absorb

good nesting and roosting sites for birds.

willow strippings, dances around and is then

heavy metals, and is often planted to ‘clean up’

INTERESTING FACT

ceremoniously thrown into the local pond.

contaminated waste ground.

More than 60 different kinds of osier hybrids

IDENTIFIED BY

and cultivated varieties are grown in Britain for

The green sparsely hairy narrow buds are

the basket-making industry.

pressed close to the twig.

04_Biodiversity

Common box

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

USE

Box is popular with bees and provides a dense,

It is used for wood engraving and to make violin

sheltered habitat for small birds, mammals and

pegs and musical instruments. The shrub is

insects.

commonly used as a topiary and hedging plant in

INTERESTING FACT

gardens.Â

Box wood is the heaviest of the native timbers

IDENTIFIED BY

and will not float in water.

The thick evergreen leaves smell sweet

SYMBOLISM

04_Biodiversity

Box was seen as a sombre plant and in some areas sprigs of box were given to mourners at funerals to throw onto the coffin.Â

04_Biodiversity

Whitebeam

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

USE

The flowers are pollinated by insects and

Whitebeam timber is fine-grained, hard and

the berries favoured by birds. The leaves are

white. Traditional uses included wood-turning

eaten by caterpillars of a number of moths,

and fine joinery, including chairs, beams, cogs and

including Parornix scoticella, Phyllonorycter

wheels in machinery.

corylifoliella and Phyllonorycter sorbi.

IDENTIFIED BY

INTERESTING FACT

The young twigs start hairy and become smooth

The berries are known as chess apples in north-

later. Only the edges of the buds are hairy.

04_Biodiversity

west England and are edible when nearly rotten. SYMBOLISM There is very little folklore and symbolism associated with whitebeam, perhaps because it is so rare in the wild.

04_Biodiversity

Aspen

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

INTERESTING FACT

SYMBOLISM

Aspen trees attract a wide variety of insects,

The scientific name ‘tremula’ means to ‘tremble’

A crown made of aspen leaves was said to give

including two gall midges and the aspen hoverfly,

and refers to the way the leaves flutter and

its wearer the power to visit and return safely

which feeds in dead aspen wood. These insects

move in the slightest breeze.

from the Underworld. Aspen crowns found in

provide a variety of food for predators such as

USE

ancient burial mounds may have been included

bird and ladybirds. Deadwood cavities provide

Aspen wood is lightweight, and was used for

to allow the spirits of the deceased to be

nesting opportunities for birds such as the

making oars and paddles, surgical splints and

reborn. Aspis, the aspen’s Greek name, means

woodpecker. Aspen is a preferred species for

wagon bottoms.

shield, which was one of the many traditional

04_Biodiversity

beavers, which are native to the UK.

uses of its wood. IDENTIFIED BY Poplar twigs, especially older ones, are very knobbly. Buds spiral around and are closely pressed to the twig.

04_Biodiversity

Field maple

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

INTERESTING FACT

SYMBOLISM

Field maple is attractive to aphids and therefore

As with all maple trees, the sap can be used to

There is little mythology and symbolism

their predators, including many species of

make maple syrup.

associated with the field maple, but in parts of

ladybird, hoverfly and bird. The leaves are eaten

USE

Europe it was believed that maple branches

by the caterpillars of several species of moth,

Field maple produces the hardest, highest density

hung around a doorway could prevent bats from

including the sycamore moth, the mocha, the

timber of all European maples. It is a warm creamy-

entering the building. The herbalist, Culpepper,

maple pug, the small yellow wave, the prominent

brown colour with a silky shine. Traditional uses

recommended maple leaves and bark to

and the maple prominent. The flowers provide

included wood-turning, carving and making

strengthen the liver.

nectar and pollen for bees and birds, and small

musical instruments, particularly harps. The wood

IDENTIFIED BY

mammals eat the fruits.Â

polishes well is often used as a veneer.Â

Older twigs have corky ridges and small, grey leaf buds.

04_Biodiversity

Ash

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

Ash bark is often covered with lichens and

SYMBOLISM

The airy canopy and early leaf fall allow sunlight

mosses. The leaves are an important food plant

The ash tree was thought to have medicinal and

to reach the woodland floor, providing optimum

for the caterpillars of many species of moth,

mystical properties and the wood was burned to

conditions for wildflowers such as dog violet,

including the coronet, brick, centre-barred

ward off evil spirits. In Norse Viking mythology,

wild garlic and dogs mercury, and consequently

sallow and privet hawk-moth.

ash was referred to as the ‘Tree of Life’. Even

insects such as the rare and threatened high

USE

today it is sometimes known as the ‘Venus of the

brown fritillary butterfly.

It is one of the toughest hardwoods and absorbs

woods’. In Britain we regarded ash as a healing

Bullfinches eat the winged seeds and

shocks without splintering. It is used for making

tree.

woodpeckers, owls, redstarts and nuthatches use

tools and sport handles, including hammers, axes,

FACT

the trees for nesting. Because trees are so long

spades, hockey sticks and oars. An attractive

Ash trees can live to a grand old age of 400

lived, they support deadwood specialists such as

wood, it is also used for furniture. Ash coppices

years - even longer if coppiced.

the lesser stag beetle.

well, which traditionally provided wood for

IDENTIFIED BY

Often ash is accompanied by a hazel understory,

firewood and charcoal.

The black buds and clusters of seeds are key

providing the perfect conditions for dormice.

features.

04_Biodiversity

Copper beech

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

FACT

USE

As with common beech, the foliage of copper

Copper beeches appeared as natural mutants of

Like common beech, copper beech timber is

beech is eaten by the caterpillars of a number of

the common beech in various parts of Europe,

used for a variety of purposes, including fuel,

moths, including the barred hook-tip, clay triple-

as early as the 15th century.

furniture, cooking utensils, tool handles and

lines and olive crescent. The seeds are eaten by

IDENTIFIED BY

sports equipment. The wood burns well and was

mice, voles, squirrels and birds.

Like common beech the buds are sharply

traditionally used to smoke herring. The edible

Because beech trees live for so long they

pointed.

nuts, or masts, were once used to feed pigs, and

provide habitats for many deadwood specialists

SYMBOLISM

in France they are still sometimes roasted and

such as hole-nesting birds and wood-boring

There is little folklore relating to beech.

used as a coffee substitute.

insects. The bark is often home to a variety of

However, in Celtic mythology, Fagus was the god

Beech makes a popular hedging plant. If clipped

fungi, mosses and lichens.

of beech trees. It was thought to have medicinal

it doesn’t shed its leaves, and provides a year-

properties – beech leaves were used to relieve

round dense screen, which provides a great

swellings, and boiling the leaves could make a

habitat for garden birds.

poultice.

04_Biodiversity

European silver fir

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

FACT

SYMBOLISM

Because the trees are so long-lived, they provide

Douglas fir bark is non-flammable. This protects

A Native American myth describes the unusual

deadwood cavities, in which birds and bats can

the tree from fires in its native range.

pointed cone bracts as the tail and hind legs of

shelter. Being tall, they also make suitable nesting

IDENTIFIED BY

mice. It was said the mice hid in the cones to

sites for larger birds of prey, such as buzzards,

sparrowhawks and hobbies.

are

The spruce carpet and dwarf pug moths feed on

needle-like leaves are flat, soft and flexible, and

Douglas fir timber is of great commercial

the leaves, while the seeds are eaten by finches

distributed around the twig. They are green in

importance, and is used to make beams, veneers,

and small mammals. In Scotland, Douglas fir

colour with white-green stripes on the underside.

furniture, cladding, decking and flooring.

forests provide habitats for the red squirrel and pine marten.

evergreen present

so year

its

features round.

escape forest fires. USE

04_Biodiversity

Alder buckthorn

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

FACT

USE

Like purging buckthorn, alder buckthorn is the

The name alder buckthorn is thought to be

A yellow dye is obtained from the leaves and

food plant of the brimstone butterfly, whose

derived from its similar appearance to alder

bark. It is used in Russia and turns black when

caterpillars eat the leaves. Its flowers provide a

and the fact that the two trees are often found

mixed with salts of iron. A green dye is obtained

source of pollen and nectar for bees and other

growing together. Botanically the two species are

from the unripe fruit, and a blue or grey dye is

insects, and its berries are eaten by birds.

unrelated, alder buckthorn is in the Rhamnaceae

obtained from the ripe berries.

IDENTIFIED BY

family and alder is in the Betulaceae (birch

Alder buckthorn charcoal is prized in the

The buds do not have scales and are hairy.

family)

manufacture of gunpowder, and is regarded as

Peeling back the bark surface reveals yellow bark

SYMBOLISM

the best wood for the purpose. It is particularly

underneath.

Like purging buckthorn, it was once used as a

valued for time fuses because it has a very even

purgative, which was thought to help rid the

burn rate.

body of illness and disease.

Plants have horticultural value and can be grown as an informal hedge. The wood has been used to make wooden nails and shoe lasts.

04_Biodiversity

Midland hawthorn

VALUE TO WILDLIFE

USE

SYMBOLISM

The haws provide a valuable food source for

The wood from the Midland hawthorn,

When cut, the flowers have such a foul smell

many small birds and insects including thrushes,

particularly the fluted stems, is used for tool

that medieval people said it reminded them of

hawthorn shield bugs and yellowhammers. The

handles and walking sticks. It is often planted as

the stench of the Great Plague in London in

dense thickets also provide shelter for small

hedging in wildlife gardens as its heavy thickets

1665-6. Although many people now associate

mammals such as wood mice and are used by

provide good shelter and act as effective screens.

this with common hawthorn, it is thought

small birds as nesting sites.

The red haws can be used to make jellies,

that the association originated from Midland

FACT

chutneys and wine.

hawthorn which may have been more common

In medieval times in the UK, Midland hawthorn

in the middle ages.

was probably the more common of the two

IDENTIFIED BY

hawthorn species, favouring ancient woods and

The spines emerge from the same

hedge banks.

point as the buds; distinguishing them from blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) which has buds on the spines in winter.

04_Biodiversity

Precedent analysis building around trees

Casa vogue

Casa Vogue is a residential project

The project was designed for a dentist and

There is another tree in the garage and

art collector who wanted a house that had

the glass walls with the skylight for the tree

Sartore to integrate into the natural

some of the characteristics of a showroom

ensured sufficient natural ventilation even

landscape of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the

but with the warmth of a family retreat

for the warm climate of the region.

plants allowed to pass through the structure

instead of the magazine cover look that is

and thus bring more texture into the living

sometimes too impersonal. The tree in the

areas.

middle of the living room is a large mango

05_Precedent Analysis

called Bethany and it passes through a hole in the floor slab with a diameter of three meters. The tree was the inspirational element that determined the entire layout of the house with its shading and ventilation.

05_Precedent Analysis

Kook eating house

The young firm Noses Architects completed

To strengthen the relationship between

their 'mission architecture' for the Kook

innovation and tradition, between granny’s

eating house project in Rome: it meant

recipes and the chef’s specialities, an olive

creating a place that enhanced the

tree, the symbol of wisdom, longevity and

perception of the senses without going

Mediterranean essence, embedded in the

overboard.

glass. A ‘green aquarium’ that holds one

“The project trusted in cold concrete,

of the true symbols of the local culture and

heated by the warm wood and custom

cuisine, but making it a free catalyst of light

furnishing full of memories and, perhaps,

that spreads throughout the premises.

until recently, bearing witness to intimate family scenes.

05_Precedent Analysis

Wider issues

06_Wider Issues

Climate change

CARBON DIOXIDE RISE

GLOBAL TEMPERATURE

405.6

1.7

parts per million

degrees Fahrenheit

A siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is dictated by its latitude, altitude,

Increase in winter rainfall may lead to increased

It will therefore be important to monitor the

and terrain.

water logging, which can affect the roots and

trees and wildlife closely around the site to

Climate change represents the most serious

stability of trees. Subsequent risks of increased

ensure that any impacts of climate change can

long term threat to the natural

tree fall and wind blow will be exacerbated by

be minimised by implementing a maintenance

environment because of the damage it will cause

any increases in storm events.

strategy as part if this development.

to ecosystems, the biodiversity,

Trees stressed by a changing climate are more

landscape value and services to society which

susceptible to pests and diseases. The

they support.

majority of insect pests that affect UK forestry

Across North East England, woodlands are likely

are likely to benefit from climate change

to suffer a number of impacts as the climate

through increased activity and reduced winter

changes.

mortality, although longer growing seasons and higher CO2 levels may help mitigate this.

LAND ICE MASS LOSS

SEA LEVEL RISE

118

3.4

mm per year

06_Wider Issues

gigatonnes per year

06_Wider Issues

Sustainable

architecture

Sustainable architecture is architecture that

LIFETIME HOMES

LOCALLY SOURCED MATERIALS

seeks to minimize the negative environmental

The Lifetime Homes standard is a set of

The North East of England has a range of

impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation

16 design criteria that provide a model for

different types of woodlands, from characteristic

in the use of materials, energy, and development

building accessible and adaptable homes for all

oak woods in the upland gills to the immense

space and the ecosystem at large., such as cradle

generations and abilities to use and adapt to

Kielder Forest, which is one of the largest

to cradle design and using renewable and/or

their needs.

plantation forests in Europe and produces

locally sourced materials.

CRADLE TO CRADLE

around five per cent of the UKâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s timber. The

Sustainable architecture also looks at social

Cradle-to-cradle design is a biomimetic

majority of the construction and cladding will be

sustainability, such as the lifetime homes

approach to the design of products and systems.

timber and therefore locally sourced materials

standard.

It is a holistic economic, industrial and social

can be sought to make the construction of the

framework that seeks to create systems that are

proposal as sustainable as possible.

not only efficient but also essentially waste free.

06_Wider Issues

Environmental context site study and climatic analysis

07_Environmental Context

Soil types

MAIN SURFACE TEXTURE CLASS

All soils contain cracks and pores. Their average

In soils with impeded drainage the effect is

This section gives a general indication of the

size and their total volume within a soil affect

more severe and winter waterlogging results

soil texture in the upper 30 cm of the soil.

the speed and direction of rainwater draining

in very wet ground conditions. In the uplands,

‘Light’ soils have more sand grains and are

through the soil. All soils act like sponges, but

many soils have a greasy surface peat layer that

described as sandy, while ‘heavy’ soils have few

some are more absorbent than others. Freely

holds water through the winter. These soils

sand grains but a lot of extremely small particles

draining soils absorb rainfall readily and allow

are described as having surface wetness, and

and are described as clayey. Loamy soils have

it to drain through to underlying layers. Slightly

can be reasonably dry beneath. In low-lying

a mix of sand, silt and clay-sized particles and

impeded drainage refers to soils with a tight,

sites, permeable soils are often affected by

are intermediate in character. Soils that have

compact deep subsoil that impedes downward

high ground water that has drained from the

a surface layer that is dominantly organic are

water movement; after heavy rainfall, particularly

surrounding landscape. They are described as

described as Peaty.

during the winter, the subsoil becomes

naturally wet.

The soil in Leazes Park is Loamy and clayey,

waterlogged.

slowly permeable seasonally wet slightly acid but base-rich loamy and clayey soils.

Most soils have 3 major horizons; the surface horizon (A);

and the substratum (C).

07_Environmental Context

the subsoil (B);

07_Environmental Context

geothermal

Geology and

Geothermal energy is the heat from the

A Science Central borehole on a redevelopment

Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of

site in the centre of Newcastle was investigated

geothermal energy range from the shallow

and recorded a temperature of 73 Â°C at a

ground to hot water and hot rock found a few

depth of 1,767 m, indicating a geothermal

miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down

gradient of 36 Â°C/ km. This higher than expected

even deeper to the extremely high temperatures

temperature at depth clearly suggests that

of molten rock called magma.

groundwater may be transporting heat by advection. Investigations are still ongoing to assess whether the Fell Sandstone can provide water flows sufficient for district heating, however these investigations could mean a more renewable energy source for the proposal in the future.

07_Environmental Context

External spaces should provide some shelter from precipitation

Solar

Prevailing winds blow from West to East

The site sits on a WSW to a NNW axis. The topography of the site inclines from NNW to SW and rises by 2m. The south of the site where the current pavilion sits will benefit from the most solar gain and shading may need to be used to control internal spaces.

07_Environmental Context

Due the sites urban park setting there are no surrounding buildings on site, therefore eradicating the issue of overshadowing. The trees to the W and NW of the site will shelter from prevailing winds providing protection for the external spaces.

The sun rises from the East to the West providing maximum solar gains on the site

Spring Equinox 0900

Spring Equinox 1200

Spring Equinox 1600

Spring Equinox 1900

Summer Solstice 0900

Summer Solstice 1200

Summer Solstice 1600

Summer Solstice 1900

Autumn Equinox 0900

Autumn Equinox 1200

Autumn Equinox 1600

Autumn Equinox 1900

Winter Solstice 0900

Winter Solstice 1200

Winter Solstice 1600

Winter Solstice 1900

07_Environmental Context

Wind

0 Calm

Throughout the year, the average prevailing wind

However this wind could also be an advantage

on the site comes from the West.

for passive ventilation strategies providing wind

A line of trees provides a small amount of

ventilation and cross ventilation if designed well.

shelter against the prevailing wind. Measures will be taken to mitigate the wind around the site to

Light air

Light breeze

Gentle breeze

Moderate breeze

Fresh breeze

Strong breeze

Near gale

Gale

Strong gale

Storm

Violent storm

Hurricane

allow for a more comfortable environment for

07_Environmental Context

the building users. Wind infiltration into internal spaces will be controlled along with surface resistance of materials such as glazing. The typical wind measures 4 on the Beaufort scale and spaces should be designed with this in mind.

Annual Wind Rose (Speed Distribution)

Energy Analysis Result

Monthly Wind Roses

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Site Site Analysis Analyzed at 4/20/2017 12:38:33 PM Version 2017.99.15.25(DOE-2.2-48r)

file:///C:/Users/laure/AppData/Roaming/Autodesk/Revit/Autodesk%20Revit%202016... 20/04/2017

07_Environmental Context

© Copyright 2015 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved. Portions of this software are copyrighted by James J. Hirsch & Annual Wind Rose (Frequency Distribution) Associates, the Regents of the University of California, and others.

07_Environmental Context

Climate

100

The climate is warm and temperate in

The warmest month of the year is July, with an

Newcastle upon Tyne. There is rainfall in

average temperature of 14.5 °C. The lowest

Newcastle upon Tyne, on average 30% of the

average temperatures in the year occur in

days, even in the driest month. The rainfall here

January, when it is around 3.0 °C.

averages 55 mm. External shelters will provide

The driest month is February, with 44 mm of

shelter from this.

rainfall. The greatest amount of precipitation

This climate is considered to be Cfb according

occurs in August, with an average of 71 mm.

to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.

The difference in precipitation between the

This is often called an oceanic climate, and

driest month and the wettest month is 27 mm.

generally features cool summers and cool but

The variation in temperatures throughout the

not cold winters, In Newcastle upon Tyne, the

year is 11.5 °C.

average annual temperature is 8.5 °C, but ranges between -5 °C and 28. °C

January

February

March April May

June

July

August September

October

November

December

Avg. Temperature (°C)

3.1

5.1

7.1

9.9

14.5

14.4

12.6

9.6

3.8

Min. Temperature (°C)

0.2

1.7

3.3

5.7

8.7

10.3

10.2

8.7

6.1

Max. Temperature (°C)

5.8

8.5

14.2

17.4

18.8

18.6

16.5

13.1

6.6

Avg. Temperature (°F)

37.4

37.6

41.2

44.8

49.8

55.4

58.1

57.9

54.7

49.3

42.8

38.8

Min. Temperature (°F)

32.4

35.1

37.9

42.3

47.7

50.5

50.4

47.7

43.0

37.4

33.8

Max. Temperature (°F)

42.4

42.8

47.3

51.8

57.6

63.3

65.8

65.5

61.7

55.6

48.2

43.9

Precipitation / Rainfall (mm) 56

07_Environmental Context

101

Strategies for design typological decisions

requirements

Environmental

104

Accommodation 500sqm

Staff Offices 50sqm to accommodate approx. 20

Public Cafe 100sqm

full time staff working admin jobs, management

(10sqm)

and running activities as well as providing care

to residents and working with the Alzheimerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Chance for residents to work here

(15sqm)

Society

Serving snacks and hot meals and drinks

No alcohol licence needed

Rest Room 40sqm

Where the residents will eat their meals

too

5x single rooms (20sqm) with en-suite

3x couple rooms (25sqm) with en suite

2x accessible rooms for couple or single

(50sqm) 08_Strategies for Design

Hoists available in these rooms

No living room or kitchen

Reception area

To be used by staff and clients as a

separation area away from the main activity

accommodation to encourage residents to

spaces if some space and time is needed during a

spend more time in the public realm of the

visit or stay.

building rather than in their rooms

Ancillary

Storage for mobility scooters

Laundry

Kitchen 25sqm Cooking/baking

Public WC 25sqm

105

Art and Activity room 50sqm

Music and Film Room 50sqm

Arts and crafts

Capacity for approx. 15 people inc.

Drawing/Painting

residents and staff

Jewellery making

Acoustic requirements

Knitting

Listening; record player; tape machine;

Games - dominoes/bingo/cards etc

CD player; MP3; Spotify - generational - future

Acoustic requirements will be designed to

proofing

allow some external noise to listen to the football from St James Park

Playing 08_Strategies for Design

Sensory Gardens Plants to attract wildlife - animal therapy Scented and edible plants Sculptures Sculpted handrails Multisensory Tactile objects Bright colours Interesting sounds Exercise classes within these garden spaces Yoga/dance/Tai Chi etc. Gardening Raking leaves Planting flowers/ seeds Picking herbs/weeding Reminiscent Room 50sqm Reading â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Chattingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Old Newspapers World map - spark memories of travel

Programme

development

106

The entrance and reception area should be

The building aims to enhance the local

Energy consumption and pollution, both in

clear to occupants as well as accessible and

community and enriching the lives of people

construction and in use will be kept as minimal

welcoming. The building should have minimal

with dementia. It will be implemented where

as possible.

impact of the surrounding environment, whilst

possible to use locally sourced materials in

providing good quality views and overlooking the

order to improve the sustainability of materials,

natural landscape of the park.

as well as using renewable, reused or recycled

The internal layout of the building will provide a

materials. The building materials will also be to a

flexible layout for future planning.

high quality standard to ensure that they have a

08_Strategies for Design

long life span to enable the design to be durable.

This adjacency programme diagram implements the above environmental strategies for design into a layout which works with the site.

08_Strategies for Design

107

Spatial layout

108

Internal courtyards

The proposal focuses on activity and relaxation

The conversation pods are also designed around

as the main priorities for the design of spaces.

the trees on the site, each species being different

Through careful iterations a set of design criteria

and corresponding to the names of the spaces

was also set to makes the spaces easy to use

which they lead to. For example, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Firâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

and navigate through for people with dementia.

would relate to the therapy spaces within the

Each space is colour coded in order to associate

building design, and the pod which leads to this

the function of the space with a visual aid. This

surrounds a fir tree.

Accommodation

Therapy spaces

08_Strategies for Design

includes the conversation pods which lead onto internal courtyards to take users to each destination as they require. The use of internal courtyards aids navigation and orientation as it eradicates the use of corridors throughout the proposed design.

Conversation pods

109

Staff offices and entrance

Activity spaces

08_Strategies for Design

Public cafe

Design goals

110

The proposal incorporates a series of design

As the respite centre will provide

goals which focus on environmental sustainability

activity for people with dementia,

of the area in response to the site of Leazes

gardening will be incorporated

Park, as well as a social sustainability of dementia

into the proposal as a sustainable

care.

measure too and herbs and

It was an important design driver to keep all of

vegetables will be grown and

the trees on the site. This meant building around

harvested for use in the cafe.

08_Strategies for Design

the existing root protectiona areas for each tree. A green roof has also been incorporated to ensure that the proposal remains aesthetically complementary to the surroundings.

08_Strategies for Design

111

08_Strategies for Design

charts

Psychometric

112

Each dot on the chart represents the

Strategies that have been tested for

However, as the dry bulb temperature is lower,

temperature and humidity of each of the 8760

implementation into the design are:

the air can hold less moisture leading to more

hours per year. Different Design Strategies are

sun shading of windows; high thermal mass; high

precipitation in the form of fog, rain or snow etc.

represented by specific zones on this chart. The

thermal mass night flushed; direct evaporative

This means that the air has lower dew points

percentage of hours that fall into each of the 16

cooling; two-stage evaporative cooling; natural

which means that my design could possibly

different Design Strategy Zones gives a relative

ventilation; fan forced ventilation; internal heat

benefit from some dehumidification where the

idea of the most effective passive heating or

gain; passive solar direct gain (with both high and

spaces require it.

passive cooling strategies. Climate Consultant

low mass); wind protection of outdoor spaces;

Chart 1 also shows the typical comfort zone

analyses the distribution of this psychrometric

humidification; dehumidification; active cooling;

in this climate. A series of iterations through

data in each Design Strategy zone in order to

and active heating.

the charts was then carried out to test how

create a unique list of Design Guidelines for a

The data from chart 1 shows that the climate

it would be possible to create 100% comfort

particular location.

has less sensible heat and less humidity.

for inhabitants, or as close as using the most efficient design strategies.

It is argued that implementing all of the

For example implementing sun shading of

It was therefore decided through analysis of the

possible design strategies given would create

windows would be relevant to my climate, but

psychometric charts that passive strategies are

100% comfort, however it is not necessary to

this overlaps with the hours that are already

sufficient to cool and ventilate the spaces, but an

implement all of the strategies for the most

deemed as comfortable without any further

efficient active heating strategy should be used

efficient design. Chart 2 shows how I can still

design strategies.

in conjunction with this to ensure that maximum

achieve 100% comfort by implementing only a

Chart 3 shows how the comfort levels of my

comfort can be achieved through the design

select few of the design strategies. These were

proposal would not be sufficient if only passive

of the internal spaces. Although these design

generated by Climate Consultant as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

strategies were implemented. This would only

choices only allow for comfort 99.7% of the

design strategies for the climate. However

provide comfort for 2990 hours, which is only

time, it was deemed that providing mechanical

we can see from this graph that some of the

34% of the time. The aim of comfort would be at

cooling for 0.3% was not an efficient use of

strategies that Climate Consultant deems as the

least 90% of the time. Unfortunately this means

energy. It is more efficient for human comfort to

best overlap with their comfort hours.

that some active heating or cooling strategy will

be altered during these hours.

have to be implemented.

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Human comfort

114

There are six factors to take into consideration

Predicted Mean Vote sensation scale

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)

when designing for thermal comfort.

Value Sensation

predicts the percentage of occupants that will

Metabolic rate (met): The energy generated from

-3

Cold

be dissatisfied with the thermal conditions. It

the human body

-2

Cool

is a function of PMV, given that as PMV moves

Clothing insulation (clo)

-1

Slightly cool

further from 0, or neutral, PPD increases. The

Air temperature:

0 Neutral

maximum number of people dissatisfied with

Radiant temperature: The weighted average of all

their comfort conditions is 100% and, as you can

the temperatures from surfaces surrounding an

2 Warm

never please all of the people all of the time, the

occupant

recommended acceptable PPD range for thermal

Air velocity: Rate of air movement given distance

The recommended acceptable PMV range for

comfort from ASHRAE 55 is less than 10%

over time

thermal comfort from ASHRAE 55 is between

persons dissatisfied for an interior space.

Relative humidity: Percentage of water vapour in

-0.5 and +0.5 for an interior space

the air

Slightly warm

Hot

Where

BEHAVIOUR

EFFECT

OFFSET

Euler’s number (2.718)

Jumper/Jacket on or off

Changes Clo by ± 0.35

± 2.2K

fcl

clothing factor

Tight fit/Loose fit clothing

Changes Clo by ± 0.26

± 1.7K

convective heat transfer coefficient

Collar and tie on or off

Changes Clo by ± 0.13

± 0.8K

Icl

clothing insulation [clo]

Office chair type

Changes Clo by ± 0.05

± 0.3K

metabolic rate [W/m2] 115 for all scenarios

Seated or walking around

Varies Met by ± 0.4

± 3.4K

vapour pressure of air [kPa]

Stress level

Varies Met by ± 0.3

± 2.6K

Rcl

clothing thermal insulation

Vigour of activity

Varies Met by ± 0.1

± 0.9K

air temperature [°C]

Different postures

Varies Met by ± 10%

± 0.9K

tcl

surface temperature of clothing [°C]

Consume cold drink

Varies Met by -0.12

+ 0.9K

mean radiant temperature [°C]

Consume hot drink/food

Varies Met by +0.12

- 0.9K

air velocity [m/s]

Operate desk fan

Varies Vel by +2.0m/s

+ 2.8K

external work (assumed = 0)

Operate ceiling fan

Varies Vel by +1.0m/s

+ 2.2K

Open window

Varies Vel by +0.5m/s

+ 1.1K

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115

116

Climatic

requirements

21 °C

The typical comfortable temperature range for the majority of people if 18 °C - 21 °C. This

Internal courtyards

18 °C Accommodation 5-7 air changes per hour

means that it important to maintain this as the temperature in internal spaces. Although this won’t necessarily be possible in external spaces, there are ways in which the human comfort can be altered, as discussed later in this report.

Therapy spaces 7-8 air changes per hour

08_Strategies for Design

The perceived humidity level in Newcastle upon Tyne, as measured by the percentage of time in which the humidity comfort level is muggy, oppressive, or miserable, does not vary significantly over the course of the year, remaining a virtually constant 0% throughout.

Conversation pods

117

Staff offices and entrance 10-14 air changes per hour

Activity spaces 6-10 air changes per hour

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Public cafe 8-18 air changes per hour

118

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

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Heating

Zone 1

The proposal seeks to create a transition between internal and external spaces using the idea of nature and the outside as spaces which promote healing and therapeutic atmospheres. For this reason there is a progression of internal heated spaces, internal unheated spaces, external covered spaces and external uncovered spaces. These are denoted in the section above as zones 1-4. Zone 1 - Internal heated space Heated by under floor heating strategy to allow roofs to remain lightweight and with roof lights as the heating services run through the flooring. Radiators on walls can often be confusing to people with dementia and also a safety hazard if they get too hot and someone touches one without realising. Fig. 21 Section showing zoning of spaces

Zone 2 - Internal unheated space Due to the large amount of glazing surrounding the internal courtyards denoted by zone two, the space will benefit from lots of solar gain and thus will not need to be heated. These spaces will also begin to bring the external into the internal and the transition is anticipated to be sensory as well as visual. Zone 3 - Covered external space These conversation pods will be open to the elements whilst sheltering from wind/rain etc. They will further reiterate the progression between internal and external. Zone 4 - External uncovered space This will aid the transition from the proposal to the rest of Leazes park and connect the buildings back to their surroundings.

Zone 1

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energy supply

Heating, water and

120

The internal heated spaces will be done so by under floor heating. This ensures that clashes can be avoided as water pipes and electricity distribution will run through the battened service voids in the walls and will only run through the floor joists in unheated spaces. The energy supply will consist primarily of electricity rather than gas, as this will aid the safety of the users of the building to ensure that any people with dementia using the properties cannot leave gas on and unattended which could cause dangerous consequences. Escalators and lifts will be provided from the

IT services and networks will be provided in the staff offices, as well as distributed across clusters, with a public wifi connection throughout the entire development for public users of the building and users of Leazes Park. Natural shading will be provided by the trees as existing on site, with additional shading provided on the facade where needed. Security will be paramount for the safety of the residents and users, with alarm systems and pressure sensitive areas to alert staff as to people entering and leaving the premises. Lighting is key to reduce visual perception

staff cluster to the upper ground floor level of the building and will be provided as a means of escape in a protected corridor. Smoke alarms will also be fitted in every closed space.

difficulties for people with dementia and will also include solar powered lighting, natural lighting and emergency power supplies. Refrigeration will be available in the kitchen area.

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orientation

Massing and

122

Due to the massing and orientation of the

This would give me a 24.5 year payback period

proposal on site, it would be beneficial to take

meaning that they could be very beneficial for

advantage of the large solar gains to the south

cost saving on energy use in the future. The

side of the building as well as natural wind

disadvantage of this study is that not all of the

ventilation using high windows.

roof would be used for PV panels, and a lot of

The south site of the building holds the cafe

the roof will also be overshadowed by trees,

function, and thus will benefit from large

further reducing the space that could be used

windows giving views and solar gains.

for PV panels. This therefore suggests that PV

An incident solar radiation study was conducted

panels are not the most efficient source of

on the massing model for my proposed design

renewable energy for this design proposal, and

and it was found that if all of the roof square

thus alternative solutions will be explored, such

meterage was used for PV panels then I could

as rain water harvesting from a proposed green

produce 217,385 kWh/year.

roof, and passive ventilation strategies.

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Acoustic

considerations

124

A typical football match at St James Park (home

Levels of highway traffic noise typically range

I will be looking to therefore reduce sound

of Newcastle United) will produce within the

from 70 to 80 dB(A) at a distance of 15 meters

transmission from the nearby road of about

range of 75-85 dB! Although this is a lot, some

(50 feet) from the highway. These levels affect a

75dBs. In the conversation pods, however, I

of that will disperse before it reaches my site in

majority of people, interrupting concentration,

will be looking to reduce the amount of sound

Leazes Park.

increasing heart rates, or limiting the ability to

insulation as I would like to exploit the noise

An ambulance, which is likely to pass by my site

carry on a conversation. The noise generated

of St James Park games which can provoke

along Richardson Road because of the close

by a conversation between two people standing

memories for people with dementia and add to

proximity to the RVI, is likely to produce 120

1 meter (3 feet) apart is usually in the range of

the activity and conversation that they have.

dBs of noise.

60-65 dB(A).

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125

Acoustic

requirements

126

Internal courtyards 30-35 DBA

Accommodation 25-30 DBA

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Therapy spaces 45-55 DBA

Conversation pods

127

Staff offices and entrance 40-45 DBA

Activity spaces 40-45 DBA

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Public cafe 45-55 DBA

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Lighting

128

Physiological changes in the eye mean that the

The eye sends signals which the different parts

It is important to remember that reflection

capacity to see steadily deteriorates from a

of the brain interpret to form a visual construct.

and contrast are the keys to vision; glare

young age. By the time people are about 75

Therefore some older people with dementia are

from lights is not good; uniformity of light on

years old they need twice as much light as

significantly disadvantaged compared to other

ceilings and walls makes spaces appear more

normal lighting standards recommend, and nearly

older people because the ability of the brain

attractive; spotlights can make faces appear more

four times as much as a 20 year old, in order to

affected by dementia to process visual signals

aggressive than more diffuse lighting; sudden

see satisfactorily. The two implications for care

is greatly diminished. Therefore it is even more

changes in light level should be avoided and

environments are that twice the ‘normal’ light

important that higher light levels are delivered

‘domestic’ style lights contribute to a homely

is required, and that the lighting level in spaces

into the environment of people with dementia

atmosphere.

should be set by someone who is of mature

in order that their brain has some chance of

Artificial lighting will be motion sensored to

years.

performing reasonably.

reduce the need to remember to switch light switches or locations of light switches for people with dementia.

129

N.B THIS DRAWING IS INTENDED TO EXPRESS THE CLIENTS REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO ELECTRICAL SERVICES. IT IS IN NO WAY INTENDED TO BE A COMPREHENSIVE CATALOGUE OF THE ELECTRICAL SERVICES REQUIRED BY THE INSTALLATION AS DETERMINED BY THE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION AND THE CONTRACTORS DESIGN. THE CONTRACTOR SHOULD INCLUDE FOR THE DESIGN, SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF ANY FURTHER ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL WORKS DESCRIBED IN THE SCHEDULES.

SEMI-CONCEALED FLOOR MOUNTED GAS METER BOX

EXTRACTOR ON/OFF LINKED TO WC LIGHT 1-06

THERAPY ROOM

1-07

1-15

THERAPY ROOM

800

1-16

ENSUITE

1-17

DOUBLE BEDROOM

MECHANICAL EXTRACT TO BATHROOM AT 15l/sec WITH OVER RUN

800

1-18

DOUBLE BEDROOM

800

ENSUITE

1-25

800

1-26

ENSUITE

1-27

SINGLE BEDROOM

800

PIR

800

1-01

1-04

800

INTERNAL COURTYARD

1-12

1-05

PIR

INTERNAL COURTYARD

800

STORE

1-03

800

STORE

1-11

1-23

800

1-24

SINGLE BEDROOM

S 800

1-21

1-22

ENSUITE

PIR

1-19

CONVERSATION POD

UNDERFLOOR HEATING TO FULL EXTENT OF INTERNAL COVERED SPACES EXCEPT UNDER INTERNAL COURTYARD FLOOR SET INTO ALUMINIUM TRAY OVER RIGID INSULATION BETWEEN ENGINEERED TIMBER JOIST SYSTEM

PIR

800

S 1-09

CONVERSATION POD

1-20

INTERNAL COURTYARD

DOUBLE BEDROOM

1-08

800

SINGLE BEDROOM

H/CWS TO BATHROOM

800

1-10

SUPPLIES AND SWITCHING TO ELECTRICALLY OPERATED TOP LIGHTS

SHAVER SOCKET ABOVE SINK IN ALL BATHROOMS

1-13

ENSUITE

800

DOUBLE BEDROOM

1-02

ENSUITE

800

1-14

ENSUITE

800

1-28

SINGLE BEDROOM 800

LOW LEVEL SWITCHED SOCKET OUTLET

HIGH LEVEL SWITCHED SOCKET OUTLET 0-04

REST ROOM

KEYPAD AND CONTROL UNIT FOR SECURITY ALARM

MICROSWITCHES TO DOOR FOR SENSOR LIGHTING 1-29

1-29

CONVERSATION POD

1-30

CIRCULATION

FUSED SPUR

TV AERIAL POINT

PIR

800

H/CWS TO KITCHEN

1-40

1-39

CAFE

KITCHEN

S MECHANICAL EXTRACT TO COOKER HOOD AT 30l/sec

800

1-35

1-33

1-34

INTERNAL COURTYARD

FILM AND MUSIC ROOM

0-03

PIR

PIR DETECTOR FOR BURGLAR ALARM

STAFF OFFICES (WITH ANCILLARY LAUNDRY)

MAINS POWERED SMOKE

E ELECTRICITY METER AND UNDERFLOOR HEATING MANIFOLD LOCATED IN 0-03

MECHANICAL EXTRACT TO UTILITY AT 30l/sec

ALARM/DETECTOR TO BS 5839-6

S KP

BURGLAR ALARM KEY PAD

PIR

800

1-36

ART AND ACTIVITY ROOM

TV/DATA POINTS AT HIGH LEVEL TO REDUCE BENDING

DOORBELL PUSH S

1-37

PARLOR GAMES ROOM

DOORBELL SOUNDER G

GAS AND ELECTRICITY METERS

08_Strategies for Design

EXTERNAL WATERPROOF SOCKETS TO BRICK REVEAL

SVP OUTLETS FROM WC AND BASIN TO TERMINATE INTO MANHOLE

PIR

EXTERNAL TAP CWS

TELEPHONE POINT

CONVERSATION POD

EXTRACTOR ON/OFF LINKED TO WC LIGHT

800

1-32

CONVERSATION POD

1-41

OUTLET WITH HIGH LEVEL SWITCH

1-31

0-01

800

LOW LEVEL UN-SWITCHED SOCKET DOORBELL

VOID OVER RECEPTION

RECEPTION

1-38

requirements

130

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Lighting

Internal courtyards 450 lux

Artificial lighting will be solar powered

Open or closed offices 500

with electrical back up to reduce energy

Conference Rooms 300

consumption.

Training Rooms 500

Typical lighting levels for certain functions within

Entrance Lobbies, Atria 200

spaces are as below (however the lux levels

Stairwells 200

will all be at least tripled for the purposes of

Toilets 200

designing for dementia):

Storage Rooms, Janitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Closets 200

Public areas with dark surroundings 20 - 50

Trash Rooms 200

Warehouses, Homes, Theatres, Archives 150

Dining Areas 150-200

Working areas where visual tasks are only

Kitchens 500

occasionally performed 100 - 150

Outleased Space 500 Physical Fitness Space 500 Child Care Centres 500

Accommodation 450 lux

Therapy spaces 900 lux

Conversation pods 150 lux

131

Staff offices and entrance 1500 lux

Activity spaces 450 lux

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Public cafe 600 lux

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Day lighting

132

Although vertical sliding sash timber windows will be used for a domestic scale feel on the outside of the clusters facing the urban edge, the majority of the natural day lighting will come from the roof. The roof lighting will be concentrated over the internal courtyard, with cluster windows allowing natural day lighting into each room within the cluster. This glazing will contrast with the timber and sandstone materials used on this internal scale of the proposal and will aid with orientation and time perception as natural daylight will be provided in every room.

The roof cladding will be a mixture of slate roofing tiles on the elevations facing the urban edge to relate to the existing conservation typology, but will then be timber board on board cladding as the walls, on the internal scale if the building to reflect the feeling of being within the trees and the natural park.

Vertical sliding sash windows have been chosen in the domestic scale cluster pods to relate to the surrounding context of the Leazes conservation area. These will be placed so that each room within these clusters has at least one window to provide natural day lighting as this will aid with time perception and orientation for people with dementia who will be using the building. On the timber clad pods the main openings and day lighting strategy will be curtain wall glazing. These pods will be external covered space and therefore insulation is not as essential in these areas making curtain wall glazing a good solution for this type of day lighting.

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Windows

133

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spaces

Lighting in external

134

The control of artificial lighting by occupation

Of course daylight levels are very much higher

Exposure of the skin to sunlight for only few

and movement sensors, time-switches and

outside buildings than inside, and people should

minutes daily between spring and autumn can

daylight switches must be carefully thought

be encouraged to go outside, especially during

trigger the production of vitamin D in the body.

through in order to minimise electricity costs. A

the morning, when exposure to even an overcast

Vitamin D is known to increase bone strength

good way of delivering light is by use of daylight,

sky for one hour can deliver sufficient light to

and muscle performance, resulting in fewer falls

as it is both free and gives excellent colour

help maintain a good circadian rhythm. This

with reduced severity when they occur.

rendition. So it is best not to block the available

in turn helps sleep duration and quality thus

An important design driver to this scheme was

daylight with unnecessary blinds, and curtains

making people more content. Darkness at night

also to provide natural daylighting to all internal

that do not open beyond the window.

also helps in this regard. An additional benefit of

spaces. This not only reiterates the concept of

the daylight is a reduction in Seasonal Affective

integrating the interior and the exterior, but

Disorder (SAD).

also plays a key role in time orientation which can be a difficulty for people with dementia as daylighting helps to identify daytime.

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135

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Overall

environmental strategy

136

A green roof was chosen for this proposal

The green roof also makes way for new habitats

as the most sustainable option as well as

for wildlife and adds to the biodiversity of

complementing the surrounding environment of

the site, following the concept of the whole

Leazes Park. Although in the conservation area,

proposal.

The following plants will be used on the green

it was not appropriate to mimic the pitched roof

This green roof will therefore make it possible

roof as they are deemed to grow best in the

of the surrounding buildings, as this would be

to collect rainwater and use this in a greywater

climate of Newcastle:

too imposing on the park.

scheme to reduce water consumption in the

Sedum Album - tiny white flowers on arching

The system used is based on granular drainage

building as a response to the precipitation rates

stems.

to keep the thickness of the roof to a minimum

in the climatic analysis as well.

Sedum Kamtschaticum. Also called Gold Sedum.

as not to impose on the landscape. The system

Sedum Pulchellum. Widow's Cross.

designation is G1. The nominal thickness is

Sedum Reflexum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop.

approximately 225mm with a dry weight of

Sedum Spurium. Two-Row Stonecrop.

19lbs/ft2.

Sedum Sexangulare. Tasteless Stonecrop. Sedum Acre.

Sedum plants and herbs

137

Extensive soil mix 50mm

Separation fabric sheet

Granular drainage 50mm

Rigid insulation 100mm

Plywood boarding 25mm

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Protection sheeting

08_Strategies for Design

Materiality

138

The materiality if the envelope has been chosen to be respectful to both the rural setting of the park as well as the urban fabric of the surrounding area, in particular the conservation listed buildings within Castle Leazes. Timber cladding has been chosen to reflect the trees on the site, with vertical boards to complement the trunks protruding the proposal. This will be implemented on each of the pods and the clusters so as this is integrated more with the park.

The pitched slate roof atop the staff cluster provides the main entrance to the respite centre and the external envelope will be natural sandstone as this is the elevation which faces the street. This will provide a domestic scale on this elevation which also relates to the rest of the typology along this street as this section of the proposal sits on the urban edge and offers a threshold to the street and the park.

08_Strategies for Design

139

Social sustainability

Demographics

142

If global dementia care were a country, it would be the 18th largest economy in the world exceeding the market values of companies such

09_Social Sustainability

as Apple and Google.

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143

wellbeing

Economic

144

The main strategy of care for dementia is to relocate people to care homes. However, it is found that existing care homes do not work to the ideals that Kitwood had originally hoped. This has led to more and more people with dementia living at home and receiving care in the community.

09_Social Sustainability

However when this strategy also fails, the duty of care is being overtaken by family and friends. These issues were further explored in order to

There are striking similarities between current care homes and the old fashioned asylums. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;newâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design of care homes seems to act as a mask to the old asylum strategy for dementia care.

create a solution as the purpose of this design thesis.

Care homes

This means that people with dementia are remaining at home and receiving care in the community. However, home care workers are overworked and under supported. Due to time and financial restrictions they spread themselves too thin, and thus people with dementia are not receiving the care that they should whilst living independently.

This means that families and friends are picking up the slack of home care to ensure that people with dementia can remain living at home. This has its own issues with financial, support and guilt burdens, meaning that this strategy of care is also decreasing the quality of life of people with dementia.

Care in the community

Family care

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145

wellbeing

Economic

146

The problems for care homes are rooted in the gap between the costs of care and the amounts local authorities are paying for residents. There are staggering variations in fees across the country, ranging from ÂŁ350 a week to as high as ÂŁ750 (Ruddick, 2015). It is also found that institutional care is more

09_Social Sustainability

expensive than care in the community (Lecovich, 2014; Lepp et al., 2003) which leads more people to remain at home.

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147

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wellbeing

Economic

148

Care homes were found to have striking

This is found to be dehumanising as participation

Even though Dementia care seems to

similarities with the old fashioned asylums.

in activity was found through research to

have progressed over the past century, as

They are similar in both external appearances as

improve the quality of life for people with

aforementioned, there are still striking and

well as internal layout and architectural features.

dementia Marshall and Hutchinson, 2001;

scary comparisons between the old asylums and

Long corridors with multiple doors is a similar

Vernooij-Dassen, 2007).

dementia care homes today.

design feature between the asylums and modern

Although activity programmes are implemented

Asylums were often built on the outskirts

day care homes.

in some care homes across the country, there

of cities and areas to house the ‘mad’ and

A lack of activity was something that was also

is no set space for people with dementia to go

‘insane’ away from civilisation. Care homes are

apparent in both asylums and in modern-day

and undertake activities while retaining their

deemed as a dumping ground for the elderly or

care homes.

independence and living at home. This leads to a

dependent. This leads to a low quality of care.

loss in quality of life and an increase for the need to be institutionalised.

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149

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wellbeing

Economic

150

As a result of the avoidance of residential care

It is estimated that 80% of people with dementia

homes, care in the community was deemed as

live in the community rather than in care homes

the alternative strategy to enable people with

(Blackman et al., 2007), making this an already

dementia to remain living at home independently.

contemporary issue for the care of people with

However, as with care homes, care in the

dementia.

community also has its own problems.

The costs of caring for people with dementia

There is a two fold problem with care in the

also put a huge strain on the quality of care

community; people with dementia do not feel

and ultimately the quality of life for people with

that they are living well and carers feel that they

dementia who remain living at home.

are over worked and under supported.

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151

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wellbeing

Economic

152

According to a recent review of current family

The onset of dementia is often associated with

The annual care costs of dementia in the UK

care practices, privatisation and informalisation

negative emotions about the unpredictable

amount to £26.3 billion – of which £11.6 billion

of family care is on the rise across Europe (Della,

burden of dependence (Thompson et al.,

are met by informal carers (Prince et al., 2014).

Giusta and Jewell, 2015). More than 80% of the

2007). As the illness progresses, the caregiver’s

Informal carers are 2.5 times more likely to

disabled older people receiving informal care

relationship with the care recipient becomes

experience psychological distress than non-

and living in private homes are being cared for

more and more

carers, and working carers are two to three

either by adult children or by spouses or by

strained and the caregiving burden grows.

times more likely to suffer poor health than

both of them.

A detrimental result of the stresses and strains

those without caregiving responsibilities (Della,

One of the greatest challenges of family care is

of family care are often that people with

Giusta and Jewell, 2015).

caregiving for someone suffering from dementia.

dementia become increasingly lonely as the

Dementia is one of the main causes of disability

family who care for them have jobs/children

in later life (Thompson et al., 2007).

to look after and therefore the person with dementia often gets left behind, or left in their house all day alone.

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Socially sustainable

154

It is clear that the symptoms of dementia can

Although there are activities arranged through

There are currently a variety of strategies

present problems for independent living (Duggan

the Alzheimer’s Society, there is currently no

to enable respite care in the UK, including;

et al., 2008) and as most people with dementia

set space where people with dementia can go

• Day centres

remain living at home their lives include

for a short break where they will be given the

• Care at home

activities in public space (Brorsson et al., 2011;

specialist support and care that they require,

• A short stay in a care home

Mitchell and Burton, 2010; Mitchell et al., 2003;

whilst also having the opportunity to participate

• Shared Lives

Mitchell and Burton, 2006; Blackman et al., 2003;

in activity.

• Holidays or short breaks

Torrington, 2009; Shanley, 2014).

Replacement care, also commonly known as

• Carers’ emergency replacement care schemes.

This proposal aims to eradicate these

respite care, is any care arrangement designed

issues whilst implementing the ideas, as

to give rest or relief to unpaid carers. It aims to

aforementioned, of activity, architecture and

support carers to have a break from their caring

reducing the burdens of family care.

responsibilities.

09_Social Sustainability

155

09_Social Sustainability

public realm

Dementia in the

156

Well-being and behaviour is largely influenced

Architecture can provide a safe and comfortable

As a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity decreases, they demand

by the environment (Marquardt and Schmieg,

environment that allows people with dementia

more from the environment (Brorsson, et al.,

2009), and promoting and maintaining the health

to maintain good quality of life and retain a sense

2011; Nahemow and Lawton, 1973), therefore

and wellbeing of older people is one of the most

of independence (Mitchell and Burton, 2006).

people with dementia lose the ability to

pressing priorities of our time (Skingley and

Public space is also defined as a platform

manipulate their environments (Mehendiran and

Vella-Burrows, 2010).

for activity (Carmona, 2003), and the ability

Dodd, 2009; Sixsmith et al., 2007) and therefore

We are all affected by the environment

to utilize the environment is found to be

need extra support to be able to participate

- controlled, enabled and disabled by it

essential for performance in activity (Mitchell

in activities. It is proven that building design

(Mehendiran and Dodd, 2009).

et al., 2003). The physical environment should

can therefore improve the lives of people with

Environments should and can have a positive

therefore support activity, especially for people

dementia (Joy, 2008).

effect on people (Mehendiran and Dodd,

with dementia who struggle to utilize their

2009; Blackman et al., 2003) facilitating social

environments (Torrington, 2009).

interaction (Campo and Chaudhury, 2011).

09_Social Sustainability

157

09_Social Sustainability

space

The value of public

158

Public spaces play a vital role in the social and

Generally, government owned spaces, such as

Although it is still regarded as public space, there

economic life of communities. Public space

parks or public buildings, are considered public

are a series of derelict pavilions within the park

can be an important social resource. Public

spaces, however there is a need to reclaim this

that could be more accessible to the public.

spaces (including parks, and playgrounds) play

public space. Reclaiming public space

The Springbank pavilion, for example, is one of

a vital role in the social life of communities.

Shared space is a key aspect of

these derelict pavilions within the park. It was

They act as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;self-organising public serviceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, a

social sustainability. This proposal therefore

the former changing rooms for the bowls club,

shared resource in which experiences and value

looks at creating Leazes Park as a social

until they got relocated to the south of the park,

are created. Places can provide opportunities

inclusion space once more, for all generations.

and now it sits empty. This is the perfect location

for social interaction, social mixing and social

Leazes park is owned by the freemen of

for a public facility and thus reiterates the

inclusion, and can facilitate the development of

Newcastle, but is also partially owned by the

importance of the public cafe part of my scheme,

community ties. This is important particularly

governement.

to both integrate people with dementia with the

to people with dementia as they often feel that

public, but also to integrate the public more with

they loose connections through their diagnosis.

Leazes Park.

09_Social Sustainability

159

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