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PRONOUNS I, YOU, HE, SHE IT, YOU THEY, WE
We use subject personal pronouns before a verb instead of name of a person or a noun. They replace the names. For instance, Eduardo, Ivan and Juan Manuel are doctors. They are doctors. DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
We always write I with a capital letter.
He’s Jack and I’m Steve.
We use he for a man or boy.
Tony
he
We use she for a woman or girl.
Sheila
she
We use it for a thing, animal or object.
A table
it
We also use it for an animal whose sex
A tiger
it
we do not know.
A bird
it
An elephant
it
If the animal is our pet or we know its sex This is my dog Rex. He is one year old.
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we can use he or she We use they in the plural for people, Tom and Ann = They animals or things.
Three cats=they Two tables=they
PRONOUN CHART SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVES. PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS 1st PERSON I Me My Mine Myself 2nd PERSON. 3rd PERSON (MALE) 3rd PERSON (FEMALE)
You
You
your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
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3rd PERSON 1st PERSON (PLURAL) 2nd PERSON (PLURAL) 3rd PERSON (PLURAL)
It
It
Its
Not used
Itself
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves.
You
You
your
Yours
Yourselves
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
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PARTS OF SPEECH Definition All words are divided into grammar groups. The grammar groups are called Parts of speech. It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. The groups are: 1. Noun
2. Verb 3. Adjective
A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival A verb is a word, which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun.
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4. Adverb
5. Pronoun 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Interjection
Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important An adverb is a word, which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words, which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
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Here are some examples of sentences made with different English parts of speech: Noun verb John works. Noun verb verb John is working. Pronoun verb She loves
noun animals.
Noun Tara
Verb Speaks
Noun English
Noun Tara
Verb Speaks
Adverb Well
adjective Noun good English.
Pronoun Verb She Ran
preposition To
Pronoun Verb
adjective noun
determiner The
noun adverb station quickly.
Conjunction pronoun
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verb
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She Likes Big snakes But I Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:
hate
them.
interjection
Pronoun
conj.
determiner adjective Noun
verb
preposition noun
Well,
She
and
my
walk
to
Young
John
Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-ofspeech.htm#examples on 30 September 2020
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Adverb
school slowly.
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SOME COMMON PUNCTUATION MARKS . COMMA , QUESTION MARK ?
PERIOD (FULL STOP) EXCLAMATION ! MARK SINGLE ' ' QUOTATION MARKS BRACES
COLON
:
SEMICOLON
;
DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS
" "
PARENTHESES or ROUND BRACKETS HYPHEN
( )
SLASH OR STROKE SPEECH MARKS
/
{ }
[ ]
ELLIPSIS
SQUARE BRACKETS . . . APOSTROPHE
ASTERISK
*
//
SLASHES
´
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“ “
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CAPITAL LETTERS SMALL LETTERS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d
HOW TO READ/SAY SOME SYMBOLS RELATED TO EMAILS AND THE INTERNET, ETC AT UNDERSCORE DOT HYPHEN / DASH @ _ . ASTERISK HASH / HASHTAG FORWARD-SLASH BRACKETS * # / [] UPPER- CASE/ IN LOWER-CASE OPEN BRACKET CLOSE BRACKET CAPITALS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d ( ) For example: An email like unam_vht_345@gmail.com reads unam (in lower case) underscore vth underscore three-four-five at gmail dot com
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Símbolo @
Cómo se dice Ejemplo at info@coloniainglesa.es
Cómo se deletrea info at coloniainglesa dot e s wordreference.com wordreference dot com john_summers@gmail.com john underscore summers underscore at g mail dot com patricia-king@hotmail.es patricia dash king at hotmail dot e s 123#56 one two three hash five six documents/presentations/pitch documents forward slash .ppt presentations forward slash pitch dot p p t \\admin-pc\computer65 backslash backslash or double backslash admin dash or hyphen pc backslash computer sixty five *115# asterisk one one five hash
. _
dot underscore
-
Dash/hyphen
# /
hash forward slash
\
backslash
*
asterisk
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E-MAIL VOCABULARY Word = Reply = Respond = Forward = Delete = Recipient = Date = Subject = Message = Inbox = Junk mail = Sender = Receive = Outgoing messages = Bold = Reply to all
Meaning Responder Responder Re-enviar Borrar Recipiente / Destinatario Fecha Asunto Mensaje Bandeja de entrada Correo no deseado Remitente Recibir mensajes salientes Negrita responder a todos LAURA PAVLO
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= To attach = Subject = Email address = Sender = Address book = Inbox = Outbox = Attached files = Recipient = Message = Date
adjuntar asunto dirección de correo electrónico Remitente libreta de direcciones bandeja de entrada bandeja de salida Archivos adjuntos. Recipiente / Destinatario Mensaje Fecha
Ejemplos de uso. A. Can you forward the email to John please? ¿Puedes re-enviar el email a John, por favor? B. He/She hasn't replied yet. No ha respondido todavía. C.We haven't received any emails this week. LAURA PAVLO
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No hemos recibido ningún email esta semana. D.I deleted it by mistake!¡ Lo borré sin querer! Email: verbo y sustantivo "Email": sustantivo y verbo ¿Sabías que la palabra ‘email' no es solamente un sustantivo sino también hace de verbo? Email (sustantivo) = Correo electrónico To email (verbo) = Enviar un correo electrónico Ejemplos de su uso como verbo: I'll email you tomorrow. Me mandaré un correo electrónico mañana. He emailed me an invitation. Me mandó una invitación por correo electrónico.
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We don't normally write numbers with words, but it's possible to do this. Have a look and read how to say the numbers.
NUMBERS Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Cardinal One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen
Ordinal First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth LAURA PAVLO
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18 19 20 21 22
Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-first Twenty-two
23 24 25 26 27
Twenty-three Twenty-four Twenty-five Twenty-six Twenty-seven
28 29 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90
Twenty-eight Twenty-nine Thirty Thirty-one Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety
Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twentysecond Twenty-third Twenty-fourth Twenty-fifth Twenty-sixth Twentyseventh Twenty-eighth Twenty-ninth Thirtieth Thirty-first Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth
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100 500
One hundred Five hundred
1,000 1,500
One thousand One thousand five hundred, or fifteen hundred One hundred thousand One million
100,000 1,000,000
Hundredth Five hundredth Thousandth One thousand five hundredth Hundred thousandth Millionth
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Writing Number Rule 1. Spell out all numbers beginning a sentence.
Examples: Twenty-three hundred sixty-one victims were hospitalized. Nineteen fifty-six was quite a year.
Note: The Associated Press Stylebook makes an exception for years. Example:1956 was quite a year.
Rule 2a. Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
Examples: Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck. Twenty-seven of them were hospitalized.
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Rule 2b. Hyphenate all written-out fractions.
Examples: We recovered about two-thirds of the stolen cash. One-half is slightly less than five-eighths. However, do not hyphenate terms like a third or a half.
Rule 3a. With figures of four or more digits, use commas. Count three spaces to the left to place the first comma. Continue placing commas after every three digits. Important: do not include decimal points when doing the counting.
Examples: 1,054 people $2,417,592.21
Note: Some choose not to use commas with four-digit numbers, but this practice is not recommended.
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Rule 3b. It is not necessary to use a decimal point or a dollar sign when writing out sums of less than a dollar. Not Advised: He had only $0.60.
Better: OR He had only 60 cents.
Rule 3c. Do not add the word "dollars" to figures preceded by a dollar sign. Incorrect: I have $1,250 dollars in my checking account. Correct: I have $1,250 in my checking account.
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Rule 4a. For clarity, use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM.
NOTE: AM and PM are also written A.M. and P.M., a.m. and p.m., and am and pm. Some put a space between the time and AM or PM.
Examples: 8 AM 3:09 P.M. 11:20 p.m.
Others write times using no space before AM or PM. Example: 8AM 3:09P.M. 11:20p.m. For the top of the hour, some write 9:00 PM, whereas others drop the :00 and write 9 PM (or 9 p.m., 9pm, etc.).
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Rule 4b. Using numerals for the time of day has become widely accepted.
Examples: The flight leaves at 6:22 a.m. Please arrive by 12:30 sharp. However, some writers prefer to spell out the time, particularly when using o'clock.
Examples: She takes the four thirty-five train. The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.
Rule 5. Mixed fractions are often expressed in figures unless they begin a sentence.
Examples: We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase. Five and one-half percent was the expected wage increase.
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Rule 6. The simplest way to express large numbers is usually best.
Example: Twenty-three hundred (simpler than two thousand three hundred)
Large round numbers are often spelled out, but be consistent within a sentence. Consistent: You can earn from one million to five million dollars. Inconsistent: You can earn from one million dollars to 5 million dollars. Inconsistent: You can earn from $1 million to five million dollars.
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Rule 7. Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point.
Examples: The plant grew 0.79 inches last year. The plant grew only 0.07 inches this year.
Rule 8a. It is important to know how to say big numbers in English! Here are some interesting examples: 215 Two hundred and fifteen (UK) Two hundred fifteen (US) 731 Seven hundred and thirty-one (UK) Seven hundred thirty-one (US) Note: (UK) United Kingdom. (US) United States
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Rule 9. The following examples are typical when using figures to express dates.
Examples: The 30th of June, 1934 June 30, 1934 (no -th necessary)
Rule 10. When spelling out decades, do not capitalize them.
Example: During the eighties and nineties, the U.S. economy grew.
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Rule 11. When expressing decades using figures, it is simpler to put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral and no apostrophe between the number and the s.
Example: During the '80s and '90s, the U.S. economy grew.
Some writers place an apostrophe after the number: Example: During the 80's and 90's, the U.S. economy grew. Awkward: During the '80's and '90's, the U.S. economy grew.
Rule 12. You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, it is cleaner to avoid an apostrophe between the year and the s.
Example: During the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. economy grew.
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.grammarbook.com/numbers/numbers.asp on 20 October 2020
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ARITHMETIC There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a problem: (+ )= addition (-) = subtraction (x) = multiplication (/) = division
MATH SYMBOLS PLUS / ADD
MINUS / TAKE
(+) (-)
MULTIPLIED BY / TIMES
DIVIDED BY
( X)
/
EQUALS / IS
IS LESS THAN
( = ) ( <)
For example, 6+4 = 10 (six plus four equals ten) 6-4 = 2 (six minus four is two) 6x4 = 24 (six times/multiplied by four equals twenty-four) 4/2 = 2 (four divided by two is two)
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IS GREATER THAN / MORE THAN
PERCENTAGE
(> ) ( % )
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Saying '0' This can be spoken in different ways in different contexts. A. Telephone numbers 603 744 = six oh three, seven double four B. Decimals 0.7 = nought point seven 6.02 = six point oh two 0.73 point seven three 0.05 point zero five 0.6529 point six five two nine 2.95 two point nine five C. Temperature: -10 degrees = ten degrees below zero/minus ten degrees
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ROMAN NUMERALS Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome to represent numbers. They are still sometimes used today, for example on clocks and watches and in official documents. We are going to use Cardinal numbers. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen
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XIV. Fourteen XV. Fifteen XVI. Sixteen XVII. Seventeen XVIII. Eighteen XIX. Nineteen XX. Twenty XXI. Twenty-one XXX Thirty XL Forty L Fifty LX Sixty LXX Seventy LXXX Eighty XC Ninety C One hundred CC Two hundred D Five hundred M One thousand
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ASKING THE TIME Asking the time A. B. C. D.
What time is it? What’s the time? Can you tell me the time, please? We can use AM/PM
It’s midnight. (12:00) It’s quarter past five. It’s five fifteen. (5:15) It’s five past eight. It’s eight-oh-five (8:05) It’s quarter to eight. It’s seven forty-five (7:45) It’s half past three. It’s three thirty. (3:30) It’s twenty-five to ten. It’s nine thirty-five (9:35) It’s six o’clock (6:00) It’s noon. (12:00)
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN /ON/ AT
IN-TIME PARTS OF THE DAY
MONTHS
In the morning
In January
In the afternoon
In December
In the evening
In April
SEASONS
In May In August
YEARS
In the summer
In 1976
In the winter
In the seventies
In the spring
In the past
In the 1940s In the 21st century In the future In 10 years time
IN-PLACE CONFINED SPACES
STREETS, CITIES AND COUNTRIES
ROOMS AND BUILDINGS
In a box
In Oxford Street
In a room
In a queue
In London
In the kitchen
In a row
In England
In the cinema
In a lift
In France
In the bank
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In a car
In the library
In a taxi In the garden
ON-TIME SPECIFIC DAYS
DAYS AND DATES On Monday
On my birthday
On Sunday
On Christmas day
On April 3rd
On Easter day
On the 10th
On new year’s day
On the first day
On holiday
On the last day
On my wedding day On that day
ON-PLACE TRANSPORT
COMMUNICATION
SURFACES
On a bus
On the radio
On a table
On a train
On the television
On a Wall
On a plane
On the phone
On the floor
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On a ship
On the internet
On the roof
On a bicycle
On Facebook
On the menú
On a horse
On Twitter
On the page On the door
AT-TIME TIME AND PERIODS At 9 ‘clock
At noon
At dawn
At the weekend
At Easter
At midday
At dusk
At night
At Christmas
At the moment
At that time
At the beginning
At breakfast
At dinner time
At the end
At bedtime
AT-PLACE SPECIFIC CONTEXTS At the front
At the door
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At the bus stop
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At the back
At the exit
At work
At the office
At the doctor’s
At the top
At the entrance
At a party
At school
At the bottom
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another place. These prepositions always describe movement and we usually use them with verbs of motion. The most common preposition of movement is the preposition to, which describes movement in the direction of something, for example: • How do you go to work? • He drove to London in five hours. • Nobody came to the party :(
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Prepositions of movement are also called prepositions of direction.
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT On/Onto
Off
Into
Out of
Past
From
To
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Under Over
Through
Near
Behind
In front of
Along
X
X X X X
X X
Across
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Down
Between
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prepositions-movement.htm on 30 September 2020
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These are the rules for English plurals. A. Most nouns take —s in the plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Car
Cars
2. Cat
Cats
3. Dog
Dogs
4. House
Houses
5. Pen
Pens
6. Pencil
Pencils
7. Table
Tables
8. Dove
Doves
9. Fortification
Fortifications
10.
Hall
Halls
11.
Notebook
Notebooks
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12.
Blog
Blogs
13.
Parcel
Parcels
14.
Apple
Apples
15.
Edition
Editions
16.
Flag
Flags
17.
Flannel
Flannels
18.
Guest
Guests
19.
Magnet
Magnets
20.
Maid
Maids
B. Nouns ending in —ss, —s, -sh, —ch, —x, and —z, take —es in the plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Dress
Dresses
2. Bus
Buses
3. Brush
Brushes
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4. Torch
Torches
5. Box
Boxes
6. Church
Churches
7. Crash
Crashes
8. Buzz
Buzzes
9. Match
Matches
C. Some nouns ending in —f or —fe drop the —f or —fe and take —ves to form their plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Loaf
Loaves
2. Knife
Knives
3. Calf
Calves
4. Half
Halves
5. Leaf
Leaves
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6. Life
Lives
7. Self
Selves
8. Shelf
Shelves
9. Thief
Thieves
10.
Wife
Wives
11.
Wolf
Wolves But the exception is: Cliff Cliffs Roof Roofs
D. Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the —y and take—ies. SINGULAR 1. Cherry
PLURAL Cherries
2. Lady
Ladies
3. Country
Countries
4. Ferry
Ferries
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5. Party
Parties
6. Puppy
Puppies
7. Library
Libraries
8. Memory
Memories
9. Prophecy
Prophecies
10.
Mummy
Mummies.
11.
Lolly
Lollies
12.
Dormitory
Dormitories
13.
Gypsy
Gypsies
E. Nouns ending in a vowel +y take —s. SINGULAR 1. Boy
PLURAL Boys
2. Toy
Toys
3. Day
Days
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4. Monkey
Monkeys
5. Donkey
Donkeys
F. Some nouns ending in —o take —es. SINGULAR 1. Tomato
PLURAL Tomatoes
2. Potato
Potatoes
3. Echo
Echoes
4. Hero
Heroes
5. Negro
Negroes
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G. Nouns ending in VOWEL + O; they add —s. SINGULAR 1. Radio
PLURAL Radios
2. Zoo
Zoos
3. Video
Videos
H. The words come into another language; they only add —s. SINGULAR 1. Photo
PLURAL Photos.
2. Commando
Comandos
3. Concerto
Concertos
4. Kilo
Kilos
5. Logo
Logos
6. Piano
Pianos
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7. Solo
Solos
8. Soprano
Sopranos
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A few common words ending in —o can have TWO plurals in –s or —es. NOUN 1. Buffalo
PLURAL I Buffalos
PLURAL II Buffaloes
2. Mosquito
Mosquito
Mosquitoes
3. Tornado
Tornados
Tornadoes
4. Volcano
Volcanos
Volcanoes
IRREGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR 1. Child
PLURAL Children
2. Dormouse
Dormice
3. Foot
Feet
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4. Goose
Geese
5. Louse
Lice
6. Man
Men
7. Mouse
Mice
8. Ox
Oxen
9. Tooth
Teeth
10.
Woman
Women
11.
Person
People
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PLURAL SAME AS SINGULAR SINGULAR 1. Advice
PLURAL Advice
2. Barracks
Barracks
3. Cheese
Cheese
4. Crossroads
Crossroads
5. Deer
Deer
6. Equipment
Equipment
7. Fish
Fish
8. Furniture
Furniture
9. Headquarters
Headquarters
10.
Homework
Homework
11.
Information
Information
12.
Knowledge
Knowledge
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13.
Luggage
Luggage
14.
Means
Means
15.
Milk
Milk
16.
Money
Money
17.
Music
Music
18.
News
News
19.
Salt
Salt
20.
Series
Series
21.
Sheep
Sheep
22.
Species
Species
23.
Swiss
Swiss
24.
Time
Time
25.
Traffic
Traffic
26.
Water
Water
27.
Works
Works
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(factory)
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Definite and indefinite articles Definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto.
The food is excellent. La comida es excelente.
LAURA PAVLO
Do you have a dress for me? (tú) ¿Tienes un vestido para mí?
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¿Cuándo utilizamos los definite articles? Utilizamos el artículo definido the (el, la, los, las) cuando se trata de un elemento específico y/o conocido por el hablante. En todos los casos se utiliza el mismo artículo, sin tener en cuenta ni el género ni el número.
Can you close the door? (Tú) ¿Puedes cerrar la puerta?
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The cats are sleeping on my bed. Los gatos están durmiendo en mi cama.
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El artículo definido the tiene una pronunciación diferente en función de la palabra a la cual precede: DEFINITE USE PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES ARTICLES THE Cuando la palabra [ði] The appleLa manzana empieza por vocal Cuando la palabra [ðə] The dogEl perro empieza por consonante También utilizamos el artículo definido the en los siguientes casos: USES Con nombres que se refieren a cosas únicas, es decir, que solo existe una. Con nombres de cosas que sabemos que solo
EXAMPLES SENTENCES The sun, the moon, the The sun rose at 6:15 this sky... morning. Esta mañana el sol ha salido a las 6:15. The car (solo tenemos Can I use the uno) the church (solo Saturday? hay una en el pueblo)... ¿Puedo usar el
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car next coche el
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hay una en un lugar o momento concretos. Con nombres The whale... contables en singular cuando nos referimos a ellos en general. Con instrumentos The violin... musicales. Con adjetivos para referirnos a un grupo de personas. Con océanos, mares y ríos. Con cadenas montañosas.
próximo sábado? The whale is a marine mammal. La ballena es un mamífero marino.
I used to play the violin when I was little. Yo solía tocar el violín cuando era pequeña. The rich, the French... The rich always get richer. Los ricos siempre se hacen más ricos. The Atlantic Ocean, The The Titanic sank in the Atlantic Nile Ocean. El Titanic se hundió en el Océano Atlántico. The Alps, The Which is the highest mountain Pyrenees... in the Alps? ¿Cuál es la montaña más alta de los Alpes? LAURA PAVLO
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Con grupos de The Bahamas, islas y desiertos. Sahara... Con museos, cines o teatros. Con países.
algunos
Con edificios famosos y monumentos. Delante de superlativo.
un
The I spent my holidays in the Bahamas. Pasé mis vacaciones en las Bahamas. The British Museum, Thousands of tourists visit The The Phoenix British Museum every year. Miles de turistas visitan el British Museum cada año. The Czech Republic, I have some relatives in The The United States... Czech Republic. Tengo unos parientes en la República Checa. The Taj Mahal, The The Taj Mahal is one of the London Eye... seven wonders of the world. El Taj Mahal es una de las siete maravillas del mundo. The best, the biggest... He is the best player at the moment. En estos momentos él es el mejor jugador.
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Hay casos en que el artículo definido the no se utiliza en inglés: USES Con nombres contables en plural para hablar de algo en general. Con nombres incontables para hablar de algo en general. Con continentes, países y ciudades. Calles, estaciones o aeropuertos. Lagos, montañas e islas. Con nombres persona.
EXAMPLES Computers, butterflies... Life, space...
SENTENCES Computers are constantly evolving. Las computadoras evolucionan constantemente. nature, Life is short so live it to the full. La vida es corta así que vívela al máximo.
Africa, France, London... Oxford Street, Penn Station... Lake Victoria, Kilimanjaro, Malta...
de John, Mary...
LAURA PAVLO
Africa is an amazing continent. África es un continente increíble. My grandma lives in Oxford Street. Mi abuela vive en la calle Oxford. We've booked a hotel by Lake Victoria. Hemos reservado un hotel junto al lago Victoria. John has finally asked Mary out. John finalmente ha pedido a Mary que salga con él. 2020-2021
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Horas, días y meses.
3:15, June
Monday, We met on Monday at the 3:15. Quedamos el lunes a las 3:15.
¿Cuándo utilizamos los indefinite articles? Utilizamos el artículo indefinido a o an (un, uno, una) cuando queremos aludir a un elemento indeterminado o desconocido por el hablante.
Do you have an umbrella? (Tú) ¿Tienes un paraguas?
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There is a frog in the garden. Hay una rana en el jardín.
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En función de la palabra que precedan se utilizará a o an: INDEFINITE ARTICLES A
AN
USE
PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES
Cuando la palabra empieza por consonante Cuando la H al inicio de palabra es sonora Cuando la palabra empieza por E o U c on sonido consonántico Cuando la palabra empieza por vocal Cuando la H a inicio de palabra es muda
[ə]
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A cake. Un pastel A hospital. Un hospital A university. Una universidad
[ə] [ə] [ən]
An ice-cream. Un helado An hour. Una hora
[ən]
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Los nombres incontables o contables en plural, no admiten la presencia del artículo indefinido. I need some sugar. Necesito un poco de azúcar.
I want some cakes for my birthday. Quiero unos pasteles por mi cumpleaños.
También utilizamos el artículo indefinido a / an en los siguientes casos: USES EXAMPLES Delante de profesiones. A nurse, an accountant...
Para sustituir numeral one.
el An apple, a hundred...
Delante de un nombre A lion, a book contable en singular que sirve de ejemplo de LAURA PAVLO
SENTENCES My mum is a nurse at the hospital. Mi madre es enfermera en el hospital. Can I have an (one) apple, please? ¿Me das una manzana por favor? A baby lion is born blind. Un bebé león nace ciego.
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una clase de cosas. Expresiones de precio, A kilo, an hour... velocidad...
The oranges cost 2 euros a kilo. Las naranjas cuestan 2 euros el kilo.
Diferencias entre a / an y the Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a algo en general, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando ya sabemos a qué nos referimos.
I need a jacket. Necesito una chaqueta. LAURA PAVLO
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En este ejemplo utilizamos el En este ejemplo utilizamos el artículo a porque nos referimos a una artículo the porque ambas saben de qué chaqueta cualquiera. chaqueta están hablando. Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a una cosa por primera vez, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando aquello a lo que nos referimos ya se ha mencionado anteriormente.
He has adopted a dog. The dog is docile. Ha adoptado un perro. El perro es dócil.
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She's wearing a short dress. The dress is made of silk. Lleva un vestido corto. El vestido es de seda.
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En ambos ejemplos, cuando mencionamos por primera vez la cosa a la que nos queremos referir (dog / dress) utilizamos el artículo indefinido a, mientras que cuando lo mencionamos por segunda vez utilizamos el artículo determinado the.
¡Recuerda! Los definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto. USE En profesiones.
EXAMPLES INDEFINITE She is an astronaut. ARTICLE Ella es astronauta. A / AN Para sustituir el numeral one. I drink a coffee every morning. Un, uno, una Bebo un café cada mañana. Delante de un nombre contable en A book is always a good singular que sirve de ejemplo de una present. clase de cosas. Un libro es siempre un buen regalo. Expresiones de precio, velocidad... This car can run at 250 miles an hour. LAURA PAVLO
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DEFINITE ARTICLE THE El, la, los, las
Con nombres que se refieren a cosas únicas, es decir, que solo existe una. Con nombres de cosas que sabemos que solo hay una en un lugar o momento concretos. Con nombres contables en singular cuando nos referimos a ellos en general. Con instrumentos musicales.
Con adjetivos para referirnos a un grupo de personas. Con océanos, mares y ríos. LAURA PAVLO
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Este coche puede ir a 250 kilómetros por hora. The moon is so beautiful tonight. La luna está preciosa esta noche. The church is being restored. La iglesia está siendo restaurada. The wheel is one of man's most important inventions. La rueda es uno de los inventos más importantes que ha hecho el hombre. When did you start playing the piano? ¿Cuándo empezaste a tocar el piano? The Finns have a very good education system. Los finlandeses tienen un sistema educativo muy bueno. We took a cruise on the Nile.
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Con cadenas montañosas.
Con grupos de islas y desiertos.
Con museos, cines o teatros.
Con algunos países.
Con edificios famosos y monumentos.
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Hicimos un crucero por el Nilo. We are flying over the Pyrenees. Estamos sobrevolando los Pirineos. The Gobi Desert is the largest desert in Asia. El desierto de Gobi es el desierto más grande de Asia. There's a very interesting exhibition at the Guggenheim museum. Hay una exposición muy interesante en el museo Guggenheim. I have some relatives in The Netherlands. Tengo algunos parientes en Holanda. There's always a long queue to go up the Eiffel Tower. Siempre hay una larga cola para subir a la Torre Eiffel.
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Delante de un superlativo.
OMISSION THE
I booked the cheapest hotel. Reservé el hotel más barato. OF Con nombres contables en plural para I hate spiders. hablar de algo en general. Odio las arañas. Con nombres incontables para hablar Music connects people. de algo en general. La música conecta a las personas. Con continentes, países y ciudades. Have you ever been to Budapest? ¿Has estado alguna vez en Budapest? Calles, estaciones o aeropuertos. I live on Carnaby Street.Yo vivo en la calle Carnaby. Lagos, montañas e islas. We're planning to climb Kilimanjaro. Estamos planeando subir al Kilimanjaro. Con nombres de persona. Have you seen Peter lately? ¿Has visto a Peter últimamente? Horas, días y meses. I usually go to bed at 23:00. Normalmente me acuesto a las 23:00. LAURA PAVLO
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Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/16/definite-and-indefinite-articles, on 30 September 2020
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Countable and uncountable nouns COUNTABLE Los countable nouns son aquellos elementos que pueden ser contados de uno en uno utilizando los números. UNCOUNTABLE Los uncountable nouns son aquellos elementos que no podemos contar usando números pero sí utilizando cuantificadores o partitivos.
3 magazines 3 revistas
Sand Arena
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COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS Apple / apples Monkey / monkeys Manzana / manzanas Mono / monos School / schools Tree / trees Escuela / escuelas Árbol / árboles Food Milk Comida Leche Sugar Time Azúcar Tiempo
Chair / chairs Silla / sillas Film / films Película / películas Money Dinero Weather Tiempo (clima)
¿Cómo se utilizan los countable y uncountable nouns? Los nombres contables tienen forma de singular y plural. Cuando nos referimos a los nombres contables en singular, estos pueden ir precedidos por el artículo indeterminado a/an.
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I need an umbrella. Necesito un paraguas.
This is a parrot. Esto es un loro.
Los nombres incontables solo tienen forma de singular, habitualmente no llevan artículos pero a veces puden ir acompañados por some/any.
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I need milk. Necesito leche.
I can give you some advice. Te puedo dar algunos consejos.
Si queremos expresar una cantidad concreta de un elemento incontable añadiremos un grupo de palabras que dividan el todo en partes que puedan ser contadas seguidas de la preposición of:
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A bag of (una bolsa de, un paquete de)
Flour Harina
Pasta Pasta
Rice Arroz
A slice of (una rebanada, una loncha de, una rodaja de)
Bread
Meat
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Pan
Carne
Queso
A carton of (un cartón de)
Milk Leche
Juice Jugo
Ice cream Helado
A jar of (un tarro de, un bote de, un frasco de)
Jam Mermelada
Honey Miel
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Tomato sauce Salsa de tomate
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A can of (una lata de, un bote de)
Tuna Atún
Sweet corn Maíz
Coke Cola
A drop of (una gota de)
Water Agua
Wine Vino
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A tube of (un tubo de)
Toothpaste Pasta de dientes.
Glue Pegamento
Shampoo Champú
A bit of/A piece of (un poco de/un pedazo de)
Advice Consejo
Information Información
News Noticias
A pinch of (un poco de, una pizca de, un pellizco de)
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Salt Sal
Sugar Azúcar
Pepper Pimienta
A roll of (un rollo de)
Toilet paper Papel higiénico
Tape Cinta adhesiva
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Cling film Film transparente
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Algunos de estos partitivos también pueden aplicarse a nombres contables como:
A can of pineapple. Un bote de piña.
A bag of crisps. Una bolsa de patatas fritas.
A jar of olives. Un bote de aceitunas.
Hay algunos nombres que, aunque son contables, solo tienen forma plural. Para designar una unidad utilizamos a pair of.
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A pair of glasses. Unas gafas.
A pair of trousers. Unos pantalones.
A pair of scissors. Unas tijeras.
Hay que prestar atención a la diferencia entre los partitivos a pair of y a couple of.
USE A PAIR OF
PAIRS OF
A COUPLE OF
EXAMPLES
Para referirnos a dos A pair of shoes. cosas iguales pero Un par de zapatos. que juntas se las considera una sola unidad. Si queremos designar Two pairs of shoes. más de una unidad Dos pares añadiendo un número de zapatos. delante Para referirnos a dos A couple of CDs. unidades de alguna Un par de CDs. cosa o persona
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A pair of gloves. Un par de guantes.
Four pairs of gloves. Cuatro pares de guantes. A couple of ideas. Un par de ideas
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Las sustancias que no separamos por elementos (líquido, granos pequeños, sustancias en polvo, gas...) son generalmente incontables, pero serán contables si nos referimos a ellas pensando en su correspondiente recipiente (una taza, un vaso...):
COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
Three (cups of) coffees, please. Tres (tazas de) cafés, por favor.
I don't like coffee. No me gusta el café.
Algunos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables. En la mayoría de esos casos su significado varía: COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
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There are 5 rooms in my house. Hay 5 habitaciones en mi casa.
There isn't room for another table. No hay espacio para otra mesa.
How many lights do you need? (Tú) ¿Cuántas luces necesitas?
My bedroom gets a lot of light. Mi habitación recibe mucha luz.
Can I read this paper?
Give the boy some paper to draw on.
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(Yo) ¿Puedo leer este periódico?
Dale papel al niño para que dibuje.
¡Recuerda! Los countable nouns son aquellos que pueden contarse de uno en uno y los uncountable nouns,por lo contrario, no pueden ser contados con números.
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE Designan Two birds Designan elementos AirAire elementos que Dos pájaros imposibles de ser pueden ser tratados tratados con individualmente individualidad Forma singular y Tree / trees No cuentan con un Water / watersAgua plural Árbol / árboles forma plural Se I need a book Se suele I need utiliza a/an/one para Necesito un utilizar some/any/Øpara some moneyNecesito designar elementos libro designar elementos (algo de) dinero en singular incontables Pueden ser One bee - two Para poder contarlos A bottle of milkUna contados de uno en bees se necesita el uso de botella de leche uno Una abeja - dos un sintagma + of LAURA PAVLO
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utilizando números
abejas
Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/33/countable-and-uncountable September 2020
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This / that / these / those Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan mayoritariamente para especificar o señalar a personas, animales o cosas en función de su proximidad o lejanía teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: THIS THAT THESE THOSE
Esto/e/a Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a Estos/as Esos/as, aquellos/as
Los demonstrative determiners en inglés no hacen distinción de género (masculino/femenino) pero sí de número (singular/plural).
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¿Cómo se utilizan los demonstrative determiners? Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan según la situación y el número, principalmente teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: THIS (Esto/e/a) Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.
THESE (Estos/as) Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.
This vase is very expensive. Este jarrón es muy caro.
These shoes are old. Estos zapatos son viejos.
THAT (Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a)
THOSE (Esos/as, aquellos/as)
Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.
Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a una cierta distancia del hablante.
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That boy is my cousin. Aquel chico es mi primo.
Those toys are dirty. Esos juguetes están sucios.
También utilizamos los determinantes demostrativos cuando introducimos a alguien o preguntamos por alguien a través del teléfono, utilizando las construcciones: This is.../These are... Is that...?, respectivamente:
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Hi Mary. This is my boyfriend, Ron. Hola Mary. Este es mi novio, Ron.
Hello Miss, these are my parents. Hola señorita, estos son mis padres.
- Hello? Is that Sarah? - ¿Hola? ¿Eres Sarah?
- No, it's her mother. - No, soy su madre.
¿Qué función desempeñan los demonstrative determiners? Para saber si el demostrativo actúa como un adjetivo o un pronombre es importante tener en cuenta el siguiente aspecto: Cuando el demostrativo aparece acompañado de un nombre, se categoriza como un adjetivo porque especifica el elemento del que estamos hablando.
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This apple is mine. Esta manzana es mía.
I like that hat. Me gusta ese sombrero.
Si aparecen sin ir acompañados de ningún elemento significa que están sustituyendo a un sustantivo mencionado anteriormente o que se puede deducir por el contexto, por lo que en estos casos nos encontramos ante un pronombre.
These are original. Estos son originales.
That is not mine. Eso no es mío.
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¡Recuerda! PROXIMIDAD THIS This book Este libro.
THESE These books. Estos libros. LEJANÍA
THAT That book. Ese/aquel libro.
THOSE Those books. Esos/aquellos libros.
Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/6/this-that-these-those September 2020
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Adjectives Los adjetivos son palabras que acompañan al nombre y lo modifican, ya que nos dan información sobre algo o alguien. En inglés, los adjetivos se colocan normalmente delante de un nombre, o bien detrás de un verbo (be, look, smell...).
This is a blue towel. Esto es una toalla azul.
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These towels are blue. Estas toallas son azules.
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El orden de los adjetivos en inglés Cuando queremos describir las características de un objeto, persona..., podemos utilizar uno o más adjetivos al mismo tiempo; en inglés se suele seguir un patrón para ordenar dichos adjetivos. OPINION
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE
COLOUR
PATTERN
Nice Bonito
Big Grande
Old Viejo
Round Redondo
Pink Rosa
Plain Liso
Cheap Barato
New Nuevo
Oval Ovalado
Pale Pálido
Young Joven Modern Moderno
Square Cuadrado Flat Plano
Tanned Moreno Silver Plateado
Spotted De lunares Flecked Moteado Flowery Floreado
Intelligent Inteligente Annoying Pesado
Small Pequeñ o Tall Alto Thin Delgad o Long Largo Short Corto
Curved Curvo Spherical Esférico
BlueAzul
Boring Aburrido
Thick Grueso
AncientAnt iguo Updated Actualizad o Outdated Anticuado
Straight Recto
Yellow Amarillo
Interesting Interesante Gorgerous Precioso
White Blanco
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NATIONALIT Y American Americano
MATERIAL
PURPOSE
Plastic De plástico
Italian Italiano
Leather De piel
Spanish Español Indian Indio
Iron De hierro Wooden De madera
Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir Race De carreras
Striped A rayas Checked A cuadros
French Francés Chinese Chino
Printed Estampad o
English Inglés
Steel De acero Denim Tela vaquera Straw De paja
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Running Para correr Football De fútbol Reading Para leer
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Great Genial
Wide Ancho
Junior Júnior
Steep Empinado
Orange Naranja
Amazing Increíble
Narrow Estrech o
Senior Mayor
Hollow Hueco
Red Rojo
Argyle De rombos Tie-dyed Teñido
German Alemán
P á g i n a | 102 Paper Winter De papel De invierno
Egyptian Egipcio
Glass De cristal
Working Para trabajar
¡Recuerda! Esta tabla nos servirá de guía, aunque no es un orden cerrado, ya que puede cambiar dependiendo de qué adjetivo queremos enfatizar.
She has some cheap new colourful trainers. Tiene unas deportivas nuevas, baratas y de colores. Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es: cheap (opinión), new (edad) y colourful
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He's a nice young guy. Es un chico simpático y joven. Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es: nice (opinión) y young (edad)
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(color)
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Observaciones En general se suelen utilizar entre uno y tres adjetivos, no es muy corriente utilizar más.
She is wearing a gorgerous pink silk dress. Ella lleva un precioso vestido de seda rosa.
It is a reusable shopping bag. Es una bolsa de compra reutilizable.
Cuando se utilizan dos adjetivos de la misma categoría, el orden lo decide el hablante. Y aunque en general no se pone coma entre los adjetivos, cuando estos son de la misma categoría se tienen que separar por una coma, o bien por la partícula and.
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This is my lovely, intelligent dog. Este es mi encantador e inteligente perro.
She's got red and blue hair. Ella tiene el pelo rojo y azul.
¡Recuerda! Cuando queremos utilizar dos o más adjetivos para describir algo seguimos el siguiente orden: OPINION
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE
COLOUR
PATTERN
Nice
Big Grande
Old Viejo
Round Redondo
Pink Rosa
Plain Liso
NATIONALI TY American Americano
Cheap
Small Pequeño
New Nuevo
Oval Ovalado
Pale Pálido
Spotted De lunares
Interesting
Tall Alto
Young Joven
Square Cuadrado
Tanned Moreno
Flecked Moteado
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MATERIAL
PURPOSE
Italian Italiano
Plastic De plástico Leather De piel
Spanish Español
Iron De hierro
Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir
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She was wearing an expensive diamond It is an old black and white film. engagement ring. Es una vieja película en blanco y negro. Ella llevaba un anillo de compromiso caro y de diamantes. Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/76/order-of-adjectives on 25 September 2020
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Qualifying adjectives Qualifying adjectives son aquellas palabras que describen o expresan las características,
rasgos o propiedades de un nombre.
Colores
Black Negro/a
White Blanco/a
Características
Blue Azul
Emociones y sentimientos
Happy Feliz
Angry Enfadado/a
Sad Triste
Easy Fácil
Nice
Expensive Caro/a
Sensaciones o gustos
Hungry Hambriento/a
Cualidades
Funny
Difficult Difícil
Sweet Dulce
Salty Salado/a
Aspecto físico
Famous
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Tall
Long
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Divertido/a
Simpático/a
Famoso/a
Bajo/a
Alto/a
P á g i n a | 109 Largo/a
¿Cómo se utilizan los qualifying adjectives? Qualifying adjectives se colocan siempre delante de un nombre y no aceptan flexión de
género ni de número, por lo que conservan su misma forma en todos los casos.
There is a red ball on the table. Hay una pelota roja en la mesa.
You have a small dog. (Tú) Tienes un perro pequeño.
No obstante, los adjetivos también pueden colocarse detrás de un verbo, siempre que éste sea el verbo to be u otro relacionado con los cinco sentidos: look (parecer), feel (sentir), smell (oler), taste (saber), sound (sonar).
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Mary is happy today. Hoy Mary está contenta.
This perfume smells good. Este perfume huele bien.
¡Recuerda! Los qualifying adjectives son palabras que describen o expresan las características, rasgos o propiedades de un nombre. Un ejemplo de ello serían los colores, las emociones y sentimientos, las sensaciones o gustos, las cualidades o el aspecto físico, entre otras cosas.
NOUN
VERB
STRUCTURE Adjetivo calificativo + nombre
EXAMPLES I have a new car. Tengo un coche nuevo.
Verbo + adjetivo calificativo
This cake smells good. Este pastel huele bien.
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NOTES No aceptan flexión de género ni número. Siempre tienen la misma forma Solo después del verbo to be u otros verbos como look, smell, feel, taste o sound
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/8/qualifying-adjectives on 25 September 2020.
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Question words Question words (QW) son aquellas palabras que sirven para formular e introducir oraciones de carácter interrogativo cuya respuesta no es un sí o un no, sino que es una respuesta abierta. WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY? WHOSE? WHICH?
¿Quién? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuándo? ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Por qué? ¿De quién? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué?
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¿Cómo se utilizan las question words? Las question words se colocan al principio de la oración y siguen las siguentes estructuras: Cuando el verbo principal es el verbo to be: QW + to be + sujeto + (complemento) Cuando el verbo principal no es el verbo to be: QW + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + (complemento) Tanto el verbo to be en el primer caso como el verbo auxiliar en el segundo caso se corresponderán con el tiempo verbal utilizado (to be: am, is, was...) (auxiliar: do, did, will...).
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Las diferentes question words WHO? ¿Quién? ¿A quién? Para pedir información sobre la identidad de una persona.
Who is that boy? ¿Quién es ese chico?
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Who is the youngest? ¿Quién es el más joven?
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WHAT? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? Para pedir información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa u objeto.
What does this mean? ¿Qué significa esto?
What is the meaning of your name? ¿Cuál es el significado de tu nombre?
What se puede combinar con un sustantivo para formular ciertas preguntas. QUESTION WORD WHAT
NOUN Colour
EXAMPLES What colour are her eyes? ¿De qué color con sus ojos? What size are you? ¿Qué talla usas? What kind of films do you
Size kind (of)
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Day Time
usually watch? ¿Qué clase de películas miras normalmente? What day is it tomorrow? ¿Qué día es mañana? What time do you go to school? ¿A qué hora vas a la escuela?
What también se utiliza con like y look like para preguntar cómo es una persona o describir lugares u objetos. Cuando queremos preguntar cómo es una persona físicamente: What + auxiliar + sujeto + look like?
What does your sister look like? ¿Cómo es tu hermana?
She is tall, blonde and has blue eyes. Es alta, rubia y tiene los ojos azules.
Cuando queremos preguntar por el carácter de una persona:
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What + to be + sujeto + like?
- What is your mother like? - ¿Cómo es tu madre?
- She is funny but strict. - Es divertida pero estricta.
Cuando queremos describir lugares, objectos, el tiempo: What + to be + sujeto + like?
- What was the weather like yesterday? - ¿Qué tiempo hizo ayer?
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It was sunny but windy. Hizo sol pero con viento.
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WHEN? ¿Cuándo? Para preguntar "en qué momento" o período temporal tiene lugar un acontecimiento.
When do I start the holidays? (yo) ¿Cuándo empiezo las vacaciones?
When do you finish classes? (tú) ¿Cuándo acabas las clases?
WHERE? ¿Dónde? Para preguntar "en qué lugar" ocurre la acción.
Where is your car? ¿Dónde está tu coche?
Where is the bus station? ¿Dónde está la estación de autobuses?
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HOW? ¿Cómo? Para preguntar "de qué manera" se lleva a cabo una acción. También se utiliza para averiguar el estado de ánimo o la salud de las personas y animales y también como una manera de saludar a alguien.
How do you cook sushi? (Tú) ¿Cómo cocinas el sushi?
How are you? (Tú) ¿Cómo estás?
How también se puede utilizar junto con un adverbio o un adjetivo para preguntar el grado de una cualidad. QUESTION WORD HOW
NOUN tall big
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EXAMPLES How tall is your son? ¿Cuánto mide tu hijo? How big is a plane?
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fast high deep heavy far old
¿Qué tamaño tiene un avión? How fast can you run? ¿A qué velocidad puedes correr? How high is Mount Everest? ¿Qué altura tiene el monte Everest? How deep is the river? ¿Qué profundidad tiene este río? How heavy is this box? ¿Cuánto pesa esta caja? How far is the nearest village? ¿A qué distancia está el pueblo más cercano? How old is your dog? ¿Cuántos años tiene tu perro?
WHY? ¿Por qué? Para pedir información acerca de la causa o razón de ser de alguna cosa.
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Why are you so happy? (Tú) ¿Por qué estás tan contenta?
Why can't we swim? (Nosotros/as) ¿Por qué no podemos nadar?
La respuesta a why siempre se introduce con because (porque). -Why can you speak German? (Tú) ¿Por qué sabes hablar alemán? -Because I'm from Germany. Porque soy de Alemania.
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WHOSE? ¿De quién? Para saber "a qué persona" pertenece una cosa.
Whose is that pencil? ¿De quién es ese lápiz?
Whose are the trousers? ¿De quién son los pantalones?
WHICH? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué? Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger.
Which season is your favourite? ¿Qué estación del año es tu favorita?
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Which of these actors do you prefer? ¿Cuál de estos actores prefieres?
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Recuerda que en las frases interrogativas y exclamativas, en inglés siempre se coloca el signo interrogativo o exclamativo al final de la frase, al contrario que en español, que se introduce al inicio y al final de la oración:
Whose is that pencil? Be careful!
¡Recuerda! Las question words son palabras que sirven para formular oraciones interrogativas cuya respuesta no es sí o no sino una respuesta abierta. QUESTION WORD Who? ¿Quién?
USE Información sobre la identidad de alguien What? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? Información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa What + ¿Qué? Para obtener noun? información concreta sobre algo
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EXAMPLES Who are you?¿ Quién eres? What are you doing? ¿Qué estás haciendo? What time is it? ¿Qué hora es?
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What ... like?
¿Cómo?
¿Cómo?
Preguntar acerca del carácter de una persona Preguntar por la descripción de un lugar, objeto... Preguntar cómo es una persona físicamente En qué momento o período temporal
What ... look like? When?
¿Cuándo?
Where?
¿Dónde?
En qué lugar
How?
¿Cómo?
How + adj?
¿Cuánto? ¿Qué?
De qué manera, estado de ánimo Preguntar por el grado de una cualidad
Why?
¿Por qué?
Whose?
¿De quién?
Causa, motivo o razón de ser A qué persona
LAURA PAVLO
What is your aunt like? ¿Cómo es tu tía? What is your room like? ¿Cómo es tu habitación? What does your grandfather look like? ¿Cómo es tu abuelo? When do you finish school? ¿Cuándo terminas la escuela? Where is Mary? ¿Dónde está Mary? How are you? ¿Cómo estás? How deep is the ocean? ¿Qué profundidad tiene el océano? Why can't you jump? ¿Por qué no puedes saltar? Whose is this book?
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pertenece una cosa Which? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué? Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger
¿De quién es este libro? Which season is your favourite? ¿Cuál es tu estación preferida?
Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/17/question-words on 30 September 2020
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How much y how many son dos construcciones interrogativas que sirven para preguntar sobre una cantidad de elementos: cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, cuántas.
How many apples are on the table? ¿Cuántas manzanas hay en la mesa?
How much sugar do you want in the coffee? (tú) ¿Cuánto azúcar quieres en el café?
¿Cuándo se utiliza how much? How much se utiliza en los casos en los que tenemos un nombre incontable. En español podría traducirse como cuánto, cuánta.
How much milk is there in the fridge? ¿Cuánta leche hay en el refrigerador? LAURA PAVLO
How much time do we have? ¿Cuánto tiempo tenemos? 2020-2021
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How much también se utiliza para preguntar el precio de un elemento. Esta estructura se aplica tanto a elementos incontables como a elementos contables.
How much is this camera? ¿Cuánto vale esta cámara? Como se puede ver, camera es una palabra contable, pero lo que en realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dicha cámara cuesta. Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.
How much are the new Lordan trainers? ¿Cuánto valen las nuevas deportivas Lordan? Como se puede ver, Lordans trainers es un objeto contable pero lo que en realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dichas deportivas cuestan. Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.
Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, lógicamente este puede ser omitido. I want some cheese.
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(Yo) Quiero un poco de queso. How much (cheese) do you need? (Tú) ¿Cuánto (queso) necesitas?
¿Cuándo se utiliza how many? How many se utiliza en casos en los que tenemos un nombre contable en plural y en español puede traducirse como cuántos o cuántas.
How many students are there in the school? ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en la escuela?
How many pencils have you got? (tú) ¿Cuántos lápices tienes?
Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, este también puede ser omitido.
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I've got a lot of books. (Yo) Tengo muchos libros. How many ( books) have you got? (Tú) ¿Cuántos (libros) tienes?
¡Recuerda! How much y how many se utilizan para preguntar acerca de cantidades.
COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
How many legs do spiders have? ¿Cuántas patas tienen las arañas?
How much water is there in the ocean? ¿Cuánta agua hay en el océano?
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La estructura how much también se utiliza para pedir el precio de algo, es decir, para saber cuánto dinero cuesta un elemento. Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/26/how-much-how-many on 25 September 2020
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Contractions We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing. We make contractions with auxiliary verbs, and also with be and have when they are not auxiliary verbs. When we make a contraction, we commonly put an apostrophe in place of a missing letter. The following are the most common contractions. Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they ’m =
am (I’m)
’re =
are (you’re, we’re, they’re)
’s =
is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s)
’ve =
have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)
’ll =
will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll)
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’d =
had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d)
Contractions with auxiliary verb and not The contraction for not is n’t: aren’t can’t couldn’t didn’t hasn’t haven’t isn’t mustn’t shan’t shouldn’t wasn’t weren’t won’t wouldn’t
= are not (we aren’t, you aren’t) = Cannot = could not = did not (I didn’t, they didn’t) = has not = have not = is not (she isn’t, it isn’t) = must not = shall not = should not = was not = were not = will not = would not
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We use contractions with be + negative in two ways: v She is not is contracted to she isn’t or she’s not. v I am not is only contracted to I’m not. Not: I’m n’t or I am n’t. v They are not is contracted to they aren’t or they’re not. v The isn’t / aren’t contractions are more common after nouns. v The ’s/ ’re not contractions are more common after pronouns: The cakes aren’t ready yet. She’s not a friend of mine. Reference Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/britishgrammar/contractions on 25 September 2020
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Informal Contractions Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang. For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say going to very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like gonna. Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech. It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English. Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not always use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written. Listed below are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example:
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What are you going to do? Whatcha going to do? Whatcha gonna do? or Do you want a beer? Do you wanna beer? D'you wanna beer? D'ya wanna beer? Ya wanna beer? Wanna beer?
These informal contractions are not "correct" English. Do not use them in a written exam, for example, except in appropriate situations. ain't = am not/are not/is not I ain't sure. You ain't my boss.
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ain't = has not/have not I ain't done it. She ain't finished yet. Gimme = give me Gimme your money. Don't gimme that rubbish. Can you gimme a hand? Gonna = going to Nothing's gonna change my love for you. I'm not gonna tell you. What are you gonna do? Gotta = (have) got a I've gotta gun. I gotta gun. She hasn't gotta penny. Have you gotta car?
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Gotta = (have) got to I've gotta go now. I gotta go now. We haven't gotta do that. Have they gotta work? Kinda = kind of She's kinda cute. Lemme = let me Lemme go! Wanna = want to I wanna go home. Wanna = want a I wanna coffee.
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Whatcha = what are you Whatcha going to do? Whatcha = what have you Whatcha got there? Ya = you Who saw ya? Reference Retrieved from English Club https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/contractions-informal.htm on 18 October 2020
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¡RECUERDA! CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTION
MEANING
EXAMPLE
1. Wanna
Want to
I wanna hold your hand
2. Gotta
Have got to / have to
You gotta be my girl
3. Gonna
Going to
We’re gonna be happy together.
4. Gimme
Give me
Gimme your heart, baby.
5. Lemme
Let me
Lemme take you home.
6. Outta
Out of
She got me outta my mind.
7. Kinda
Kind of
You’re my kinda girl
8. Dunno
Don’t know
I dunno how to live without you
9. Shoulda
Should have
I shoulda told you
10.
I’mma
I’m going to
I’mma talk to her
11.
Hafta
Have to
I hafta do it
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12.
Whatcha
What are you doing?
Whatcha tomorrow?
13.
S’more
Some more
I need s’more
14.
Musta
Must have
You musta done that
15.
Cuppa
Cup of
I need of copa of tea
16.
Cmon
Come on
Cmon let’s go
17.
Alotta
A lot of
I ate alotta cheese
18.
Doncha/Dontcha
Don’t you
Doncha there will be an exam.
19.
Innit
Isn’t it
It’s blue, innit?
20.
Woulda
Would’ve /would have
I woulda failed the test.
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We use DO-DOES to describe: A. Permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines. ß Carlos lives in London. (permanent state) ß He goes to work by bus. (repeated action) ß She gets up at six o’clock every morning (daily action) B. The "simple present" is used to make statements about future events, when such statements are based on facts in the present and these are fixed, such as a timetable, schedule or calendar. ß The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow. ß She has a yoga class tomorrow morning. ß The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight. ß Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam. ß The plane leaves in ten minutes. C. Schedule actions, for instance time tables of trains, buses etc. ß The train to Greek leaves at 9:00 pm. D. 6Likes and dislikes. ß He likes horses. ß I hate planes.
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E. General truths or laws of nature. ß The Sun shines in the East. F. For sports commentaries, reviews and narration. ß Fernando finds her mother so they live happily forever. (Narration) Reference https://www.ef.com/wwes/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-presentsentido-futuro/ on February 25, 2021.
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AFFIRMATIVE
Present Simple Auxiliary DO-DOES INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
I work You work at home.
Do I work at home? Do you work at home?
He works at home.
Does he work at home?
She works at home.
Does she work at home?
It works at home.
Does it work at home?
We work at home.
Do we work at home?
You work at home.
Do you work at home?
They work at home.
Do they work at home?
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I do not/don’t work at home. You do not/don’t work at home. He does not/doesn’t work at home. She does not/doesn’t work at home. It does not/doesn’t work at home. We do not/don’t work at home. You do not/don’t work at home. They do not/don’t work at home.
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Spelling 3rd person singular, affirmative Þ Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. Ø He sits, Ø She drinks, Ø It works Þ Verb ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o take -es. Ø He kisses, Ø He wishes, Ø He goes, Ø It watches Þ Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop -y and take -ies. Ø He flies (fly) Ø She cries (cry) Ø She hurries (hurry) Ø She dries (dry) Þ Verb ending in a vowel + y take -s. I He says I She plays I She enjoys I She stays
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6Time expressions that we can use with the present simple. All of them, you must write at the end of the sentence. 1. Every day 2. Every week 3. Every month 4. Every year 5. In the morning 6. In the afternoon 7. In the evening 8. On Monday 9. On Saturday Adverbs of frequency. 10. Usually = normalmente. 11. Often 12. Always 13. Never
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Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Placement DO-DOES AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Adverbs of frequency usually They don't often go to the Do you often go to the come before the verb. cinema. cinema? She doesn't usually wait for an He always eats candies in Did he sometimes leave answer. the afternoon. the classroom? They never speak French Do they usually come late Peter doesn't normally want to come with us. in front of them. to class? You normally see them best in September or March They always hang out together. HOWEVER, THEY COME AFTER THE VERB BE. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Tom is often late. He is always happy. The Northern Lights are usually green. It is often cloudy.
Anne isn't usually sick. Peter isn't always right.
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Is she usually on time? Are the northern lights usually green?
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ß Expressions such as all the time, now and then, once in a while, twice a week, once a month, every two months usually come at the end of the sentence. ß Some adverbs and expression can come at the beginning of the sentence. Sometimes Mr. Jones works late. From time to time, he brings work to do at home.
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TO HAVE GOT/TO HAS GOT BRITISH ENGLISH We use to talk about: Þ To show what belongs to someone for example, family, possessions. Example ü I have got two sisters and a brother. ü I have not a car. Þ Qualifications. Example. ü Have you got a driver’s license? ü I have got a TV in my room. ü Has your sister got a new car? Þ To describe people, animals and things. Example ü Mr. Smith hasn’t got a beard. ü Joshua’s dogs have got a red ball. ü Our house has got three bedrooms.
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AFFIRMATIVE I have got two brothers
INTERROGATIVE Have I got two brothers?
You have got two Have you got two brothers? brothers He has got two brothers Has he got two brothers? She has got two brothers It has got two brothers
Has she got two brothers?
We have got two brothers You have got two brothers They have got two brothers.
Have we got two brothers?
Has it got two brothers?
Have you got two brothers? Have they got two brothers?
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NEGATIVE I haven’t/ have not got two brothers. You haven’t/ have not got two brothers. He hasn’t/has not got two brothers. She hasn’t/ has not got two brothers. It hasn’t/ has not got two brothers. We haven’t/ have not got two brothers. You haven’t/ have not got two brothers. They haven’t/ have not got two brothers.
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The verb to be PRESENT SIMPLE (Irregular verb) We use to be to describe: To introduce yourself or to introduce people. NI am John. NThis is Monique. To say where you are from. NWhere are you from? I am from Mexico. NAre you from Spain? Yes, I am / No I’m not To talk about age. NHow old are you? NI am 20 years old / No, I’m not 22 years old. To ask about nationality. NIs she Japanese? NYes, she is / No she isn’t. To describe what happen or occur. NThe party is after school. To attend or present. NI am in the party. NShe is in the school. To indicate a quality or state.
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NHe is ten years old. NThe earth is around. To ask about people and things. NWho is that? NWhat is this?
AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I am a doctor.
AFFIRMATIVE SHORT FORM Yes, I’m.
You are a Yes, you’re. doctor. He is a doctor. Yes, he’s. She is a doctor. Yes, she’s. It is a doctor. We are doctors. You are doctors. They are
Yes, it’s. Yes, we’re. Yes, you’re. Yes, they’re
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE LONG FORM Am I a doctor? I am not a doctor. Are you a doctor? You are not a doctor. Is he a doctor? He is not a doctor. Is she a doctor? She is not a doctor. Is it a doctor? It is not a doctor. Are we doctors? We are not doctors. Are you doctors? You are not doctors. Are they doctors? They are not
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SHORT FORM I’m not. You aren’t. He isn’t. She isn’t. It isn’t. We aren’t. You aren’t. They aren’t.
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doctors.
doctors.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS We use the Present Continuous or Progressive: A. Actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ü I am studying now in the classroom. ü I am writing a letter. B. For actions happening around the moment of speaking. simultaneously). ü They are singing now. ü Andy is looking for a new house these days. C. Fixed arrangements in the near future. ü I am seeing my doctor next week. ü She is going to Alaska next week. ü The invitations are ready. They are getting married next month.
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(Actions
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AFFIRMATIVE I am playing football now. You are playing football now. He is playing football now. She is playing football now. It is playing football now? We are playing football now. You are playing football now. We are playing football now.
INTERROGATIVE Are you playing football now? Are you playing footballs now? Is he playing football now? Is she playing football now? Is it playing football now?
NEGATIVE No, you are not/ aren’t football now. No, you are not/aren’t football now. No, he is not/isn’t football now. No, she is not/isn’t football now. No, it is not/isn’t football now. Are we playing football No, we are not/aren’t now? football now. Are you playing football No, you are not/aren’t now? football now. Are we playing football No, we are not/aren’t now? football now.
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playing playing playing playing playing playing playing playing
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Rules for –ing I.
II.
III.
If the verb ends in -e, I erase –e and add –ing. 1. Practice = Practicing 2. Bake = Baking 3. Ride =Riding 4. Note =Noting These verbs when they need to add –ing, they double the last consonant. 1. win winning 2. sit sitting 3. put putting 4. hit hitting 5. run running 6. get getting 7. stop stopping 8. dig digging These verbs only add –ing. 1. Study studying 2. Cry crying 3. Try trying 4. Dry drying LAURA PAVLO
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IV.
V.
VI.
When the verbs ending in vowel + -y. –x, -w, we add –ing. 1. Drawing 2. Mixing 3. Playing These verbs never use in –ing. 1. be 2. believe 3. feel 4. hear 5. know 6. love 7. see 8. sleep 9. smell 10. sound 11. taste 12. understand 13. want If the verbs are not included in the rules; they only add –ing. 1) sing singing 2) jump jumping 3) read reading 4) go going
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5) do 6) work
doing working
TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS At present At the moment In this moment. Just now Now Right now Today
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The Imperative I.
We can use the imperative to give a direct order. Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. Stand up straight.
II.
Give me the details. We can use the imperative to give instructions. Open your book. Take two tablets every evening.
III.
Take a left and then a right. We can use the imperative to make an invitation. Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
IV.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. We can use the imperative on signs (symbols) and notices. (Letreros) Push.
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Do not use. Insert one dollar. Please, silence your cell phone. We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice. ß Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. ß Have a quiet word with her about it. ß Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. V. We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'. ß Do be quiet. ß Do come. ß Do sit down. ß Do read carefully VI. The negative imperative is formed with do not or don’t. BDon’t/ do not help me. BDon’t/ do not jump in the bed. BDon’t/ do not read this. VII. If we want to be polite, we can use the word please; it can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
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FPlease, don’t go. FPlease, don’t eat it. FPlease, read it. FDon’t go, please FDon’t open the door, please. FDon’t drink more, please.
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MODAL VERBS What are modal verbs? Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions. Here are some characteristics of modal verbs: They never change their form. 1) You can't add "s", "ed", "ing". 2) It does not change in the third person (for instance, he, she, it) 3) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (for example, without 'to') 4) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives. 5) They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
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Use of modal verbs: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: 1. Permission 2. Ability 3. Obligation 4. Prohibition 5. Lack of necessity 6. Advice 7. possibility 8. probability
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Can We use it: A. Express ability to do something. ü I can play baseball. B. Make a request. ü Can I use the phone, please? C. Offer help. ü Can I help you? D. Refuse help. ü I’m sorry, I’m afraid, I can’t. E. Deduction or conclusion. ü He can’t be Italian.
In negative sentences we must write cannot
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AFFIRMATIVE I can play baseball in the garden. You can play baseball in the garden. He can play baseball in the garden. She can play baseball in the garden.
Can INTEROGATIVE Can I play baseball in the garden? Can you play baseball in the garden? Can he play baseball in the garden? Can she play baseball in the garden?
NEGATIVE I cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. He cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. She cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.
It can play baseball in the garden. They can play baseball in the garden. You can play baseball in the garden. We can play baseball in the garden.
Can it play baseball in the garden? Can they play baseball in the garden? Can you play baseball in the garden? Can we play baseball in the garden?
It cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. They cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. We cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.
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Auxiliary Do-Does Have to/has to A. ÍWe use have to express necessity. You have to clean up your room. (It’s necessary) B. ÍThe use of have to often suggests that someone else is telling you what to do. Oscar has to study for his Literature exam. C. ÍWe use do not have to to say that it is not necessary for something to happen (absence of necessity). You don’t have to come to the theater. (It isn’t necessary for you to come to the theater, but you can if you want to)
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AFFIRMATIVE I have to meet them at the station. You have to meet them at the station. He has to meet them at the station. She has to meet them at the station.
Auxiliary Do-Does Have to / has to INTERROGATIVE Do I have to meet them at the station? Do you have to meet them at the station? Does he have to meet them at the station? Does she have to meet them at the station?
NEGATIVE I do not/don’t have to meet them at the station. You do not/don’t have to meet them at the station. He does not/doesn’t have to meet them at the station. She does not/doesn’t have to meet them at the station.
It has to meet them at the station. We have to meet them at the station. You have to meet them at the station. They have to meet them at the station.
Does it have to meet them at the station? Do we have to meet them at the station? Do you have to meet them at the station? Do they have to meet them at the station?
It does not/doesn’t have meet them at the station. We do not/don’t have meet them at the station. You do not/don’t have meet them at the station. They do not/don’t have meet them at the station.
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to to to to
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MUST We used MUST to: A. Express total obligation. ü You must study so hard. B. Express necessity. ü You must take your dog for a walk every day. C. Deduction or conclusion. ü They must be Americans. AFFIRMATIVE I must study so hard.
Must INTERROGATIVE Must I study hard?
You must study so hard.
Must you study hard?
He must study so hard.
Must he study hard?
She must study so hard.
Must she study hard?
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NEGATIVE I must not/ mustn’t study so hard. You must not/ mustn’t study so hard. He must not/ mustn’t study so hard. She must not/ mustn’t study so hard.
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It must study so hard.
Must it study hard?
We must study so hard.
Must we study hard?
You must study so hard.
Must you study hard?
They must study so hard.
Must they study hard?
It must not/ mustn’t study so hard. We must not/ mustn’t study so hard. You must not/ mustn’t study so hard. They must not/ mustn’t study so hard.
Negative NOTE: 1. When we talk about Must in negative, it changes its meaning, it means total prohibition zYou must not/mustn’t go out with your friends. zYou must not/mustn’t speed on this road. (It’s illegal.) 2. Must is stronger than should. It has more formal or official tone.
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Must and Have to What's the difference between must and have to? Must and have to are modal verbs in English.
Must A.
We use must to make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain about something:
It has rained all day, it must be very wet outside. The weather is fantastic in California. It must a lot fun to live there. B. Must is also used to express a strong obligation. Students must arrive in class on time. You must stop when the traffic lights are red. I must go to bed.
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Have to Like must, have to is used to express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. I have to send an urgent email. I have to take this book back to the library. Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-must-have-to.php on 25 September 2020
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SHOULD AND OUGHT TO ADVICE OR SUGGESTION ÍWe used SHOULD AND OUGHT TO describe:
A. Ask for advice/suggestion. What should I do? Should I take a sleeping pill? B. Give advice. He shouldn’t work so late.
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AFFIRMATIVE I should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins He should take all your vitamins She should take all your vitamins It should take all your vitamins We should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins They should take all your vitamins
Should INTERROGATIVE Should I take all your vitamins? Should you take all your vitamins? Should he take all your vitamins? Should she take all your vitamins? Should it take all your vitamins? Should we take all your vitamins? Should you take all your vitamins? Should they take all your vitamins?
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NEGATIVE I should not/shouldn’t take all my vitamins. You should not/shouldn’t take all you vitamins. He should not/shouldn’t take all his vitamins. She should not/shouldn’t take all her vitamins. It should not/shouldn’t take all its vitamins. We should not/shouldn’t take all us vitamins. You should not/shouldn’t take all your vitamins. They should not/shouldn’t take all their vitamins.
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OUGHT TO AFFIRMATIVE I ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins He ought to take all your vitamins She ought to take all your vitamins It ought to take all your vitamins We ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins They ought to take all your vitamins
INTERROGATIVE Ought I to take all your vitamins? Ought you to take all your vitamins? Ought he to take all your vitamins? Ought she to take all your vitamins? Ought it to take all your vitamins? Ought we to take all your vitamins? Ought you to take all your vitamins? Ought they to take all your vitamins?
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NEGATIVE I ought not to take all you vitamins. You ought not to take vitamins. He ought not to take vitamins. She ought not to take vitamins. It ought not to take vitamins. We ought not to take vitamins. You ought not to take vitamins. They ought not to take vitamins.
2020-2021
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WILL We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another verb. Since WILL is classified as a modal verb (like can, would, could, should) it has the same characteristics: 1) It does not change in the third person (i.e. he, she, it) 2) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (i.e. without 'to') 3) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives. Examples of Will: Ø I will go to the cinema tonight. Ø He will play tennis tomorrow. Ø She will be happy with her exam results. Ø They will take the bus to the South next week. When to use WILL We use WILL in the following circumstances:
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1) For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid or sudden Decisions) Ø This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way. Ø ‘Let’s go away next weekend.’ Ok. I’ll book us a room in a hotel.’ Ø I'll call a taxi for you. Ø I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now) Ø Which one? Um, I will have the chicken sandwich please. 2) When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction) This can be based on personal judgment or opinion. Ø The President will not be re-elected at the next election. Ø I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you. Ø I think you will find the movie interesting.
Notice how you often use "I think..." before the subject + will. 3) To make an offer, a promise, a threat, warning, requests and hopes with the verbs promises, hope, etc. Ø You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you. Ø I hope the temperature will drop soon.
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Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø
I will buy you a computer I will do my best to help you. If you say anything I will kill you! I will have it ready by tomorrow. I'll drive you to work if you want. Don't worry, I won't tell anyone. (won't = will not)
4) For a habit that is a predictable behavior. Ø My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed. Ø He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that. 5) You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something. Ø I told him to clean his room but he won't do it. Ø She won't listen to anything I say. 6) To make predictions based on what we believe or think. We usually use will with I think, I believe, I expect, and probably. Ø I expect she will be here at 9 0’clock tomorrow morning.
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7) Certain future. Ø I will go to the Cinema tonight. 8) On-the-spot-decisions. Ø I’m thirsty. I’ll have a glass of water. Ø The phone is ringing. I will answer. Negative Sentences with WILL In the negative, we add NOT to the end of WILL Ø I will not be in the office tomorrow. (Correct) Ø They will not stay here. (Correct) Contractions It is possible to use contractions in both positive and negative sentences. With positive contractions WILL becomes LL and is joined to the subject:
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AFFIRMATIVE I will dance tonight. You will dance tonight. He will dance tonight. She will dance tonight. It will dance tonight. You will dance tonight. We will dance tonight. They will dance tonight.
INTERROGATIVE Will I dance tonight? Will you dance tonight? Will he dance tonight? Will she dance tonight? Will it dance tonight? Will you dance tonight? Will we dance tonight? Will they dance tonight?
NEGATIVE I will not/won’t dance tonight. You will not/won’t dance tonight. He will not/won’t dance tonight. She will not/won’t dance tonight. It will not/won’t dance tonight. You will not/won’t dance tonight. We will not/won’t dance tonight. They will not/won’t dance tonight.
EXPRESSIONS TIME FOR FUTURE TENSE 1. Tomorrow 2. After 3. Soon 4. Tonight 5. The day after tomorrow 6. In a week 7. In a month
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8. In a year 9. Next month 10. Next year 11. Next weekend 12. Next Monday
Shall and Will What is the difference between shall and will? 'Shall' and ' will' have the same meaning and are used to refer to the simple future. Note that 'shall' is not used often in modern English especially in American English. Here is how 'shall' and 'will'are used: 1) will is used with all persons I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there 2) shall is used with the first person singular and plural I, we shall go
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3) The short form of will and shall is 'll I, you, he, she, it, we, they will or 'll call you I, we shall or 'll call you 4) In the negative, the short forms of 'will not' and 'shall not' 5) are won't and shan'trespectively I, you, he, she, it, we, they won't give up I, we shan't give up
Uses of shall It should be noted that shall is often used to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows: Ø Shall we stay or go out? Ø Shall we dance? Ø Shall I get his phone number if I meet him? Ø What shall I do to get rid of my acne?
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As said above shall is used with first person singular and plural (I and we.) But there is a very special use of shall with other persons to make a promise, command or threat as noted below: Ø You shall not get in! (Command) Ø You shall pay for it. (Threat) Ø You shall get your money back soon. (Promise) Ø In American English shall is mainly used in formal or legal documents: Ø You shall abide by the law. Ø There shall be no trespassing on this property. Ø Students shall not enter this room. Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-shall-will.php on 25 September 2020
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Would Would is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use would mainly to: Ø talk about the past. Ø talk about the future in the past. Ø express the conditional mood. We also use would for other functions, such as: expressing desire, polite requests and questions, opinion or hope, wish and regret.
Structure of would The basic structure for would is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb would Note that: Ø The auxiliary verb would is invariable. There is only one form: would Ø The main verb is usually in the base form (He would go).
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Look at the basic structure again, with positive, negative and question sentences: subject auxiliary not main verb would base + I would like tea. - She would not go. ? Would you help? Note that the main verb is sometimes in the form: have + past participle (He would have gone) (El se habría ido) be + -ing (He would be going). El se iría. The main verb cannot be the to-infinitive. We cannot say: He would to like coffee.
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Be careful! Note that would and had have the same short form 'd: He'd finished = He had finished He'd like coffee = He would like coffee Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020
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2020-2021
on
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MAY We used MAY to describe: ÍMake polite request. Example May I use your phone? ÍIt is to express near possibilities. Example I may pass Math exam (because I study)
AFFIRMATIVE I may pass Math exam.
INTERROGATIVE May I pass Math exam?
NEGATIVE I may not pass Math exam.
You may pass Math exam. He may pass Math exam. She may pass Math exam. It may pass Math exam.
May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam? May he pass Math exam? He may not pass Math exam. May she pass Math She may not pass Math exam. exam? May it pass Math exam? It may not Math exam.
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We may pass Math May we pass Math exam? We may not pass Math exam. exam. They may pass Math May they pass Math They may not pass Math exam. exam. exam? You may pass Math May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?
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MIGHT We use MIGHT to describe: ÍIt is to express remote possibilities or probabilities. Example I might pass Math exam because I do not study so hard.
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE I might pass Math exam. Might I pass Math exam?
NEGATIVE I might not pass Math exam.
You might pass Math exam. He might pass Math exam. She might pass Math exam. It might pass Math exam.
Might you pass Math exam? You might not pass Math exam.
Might it pass Math exam?
It might not pass Math exam.
We might pass Math exam. They might pass Math exam.
Might we pass Math exam?
We might not pass Math exam.
Might they pass Math exam?
They might not pass Math exam.
Might he pass Math exam?
He might not pass Math exam.
Might she pass Math exam? She might not pass Math exam.
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2020-2021
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You might pass Math exam.
Might you pass Math exam? You might not pass Math exam.
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Past Simple Auxiliary (Did) The actions which happened or finished at a definite time in the past It is called simple past.
<Did is used A. Past habits. ü He wore glasses when he was young B. Actions, which started and ended in the past. ü Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in 1859 and died in 1930. C. Actions, which happened at a specific time in the past. ü He moved to England from Australia in 1984. D. Past consequences. ü I was lonely, so I joined a club. E. Biographical events. ü Cortez conquered Aztec civilization.
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F. Historical events. ü Frida Kahlo was born in 1917. G. Reported statements. ü You said (that) he lived in Cambridge. H. Reported questions. ü He asked if I lived in Boston.
Time expressions for Past Simple (Did) ·Yesterday ·Last month ·Last year ·Last night ·Last Monday ·Last week ·A month ago ·In 1994
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AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM SHORT FORM Yes, I bought a car last Yes, I didn’t. month. Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month. Yes, she bought a car last Yes, he didn’t. month. Yes, he bought a car last Yes, she didn’t. month. Yes, it bought a car last Yes, it didn’t. month. Yes, we bought a car last Yes, we didn’t. month. Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month. Yes, they bought a car Yes, they didn’t. last month.
LAURA PAVLO
INTERROGATIVE Did I buy a car last month? Did you buy a car last month? Did he buy a car last month? Did she buy a car last month? Did it buy a car last month? Did we buy a car last month? Did you buy a car last month? Did they month?
2020-2021
buy
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NEGATIVE LONG FORM No, I did not/didn’t buy a car last month.
SHORT FORM No, I didn’t.
No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, he did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, she did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, it did not/didn’t buy a car last month.
No, you didn’t. No, he didn’t. No, she didn’t. No, it didn’t.
No, we did not/didn’t buy a car last No, we didn’t. month. No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last No, you didn’t. month. No, they did not/didn’t buy a car last No, they didn’t. month.
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The verb to be PAST SIMPLE (Irregular verb) AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I was in Spain. You were in Spain. He was in Spain. She was in Spain. It was in Spain. We were in Spain. You were in Spain. They were in Spain.
INTERROGATIVE SHORT FORM Yes, I was. Yes, you were. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were. They, they were.
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Was I in Spain? Were you in Spain? Was he in Spain? Was she in Spain? Was it in Spain? Were we in Spain? Were you in Spain? Were they in Spain?
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LONG FORM I was not. You were not. He was not. She was not. It was not. We were not. You were not. They were not.
NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t. You weren’t. He wasn’t. She wasn’t. It wasn’t. We weren’t. You weren’t. They weren’t.
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PAST PROGRESSIVE To be + ING
Use the Past Progressive A. To talk about events those were happening when another event happened. I was looking in the store window when the thief grabbed my bag.
Use the past progressive with When and while B. To talk about actions those were happening at the same time. She was driving while she was talking on her cell phone. C. Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past. I was reading a book while John was watching television. D. We use the past progressive for the action in progress (longer action) and the simple past for the action that interrupted it (shorted action). She was leaving the house when the telephone rang.
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E. BAn action in progress at a stated time in the past. Jane was watching television at 8 ‘o’clock last night F. BBackground information in a story. It was snowing heavily when Tom left home yesterday morning. AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I was working You were working
SHORT FORM Yes, I was. Yes, you were.
He was working She was working It was working We were working You were working
Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were.
They were working Yes, they were.
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INTERROGATIVE Was I working? Were you working? Was he working? Was she working? Was it working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?
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LONG FORM I was not walking You were not walking He was not walking She was not walking It was not walking We were not walking You were not walking They were not walking
NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t walking You weren’t walking He wasn’t walking She wasn’t walking It wasn’t walking We weren’t walking You weren’t walking They weren’t walking
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PAST SIMPLE Auxiliary (Did) Had to _Had to is the past tense form of have to and must.
AFFIRMATIVE I had to take Math lesson. You had to take Math lesson He had to take Math lesson She had to take Math lesson It had to take Math lesson We had to take Math lesson They had to take Math lesson
INTERROGATIVE Did I have to take lesson? Did you have to take lesson? Did he have to take lesson? Did she have to take lesson? Did it have to take lesson? Did we have to take lesson? Did they have to take lesson?
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Math Math Math Math Math Math Math
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NEGATIVE I did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. You did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. He did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. She did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. It did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. We did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. They did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson.
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You had lesson
to
take
Math Did you have to take Math You did not/didn’t have to lesson? take Math lesson.
USED TO PAST SIMPLE Aixiliary DID We use it: We used used to or the simple past to talk about past habits or things that do not happen/exist anymore. Example. Karen used to eat a lot of candies (she doesn’t eat a lot of candies any more) AFFIRMATIVE I used to eat a lot candies. You used to eat a lot candies He used to eat a lot candies She used to eat a lot candies
of of of of
INTERROGATIVE Did I use to eat a lot candies? Did you use to eat a lot candies? Did he use to eat a lot candies? Did she use to eat a lot candies?
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of of of of
2020-2021
NEGATIVE I did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. You did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. He did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. She did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies.
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It used to eat a lot candies We used to eat a lot candies You used to eat a lot candies They used to eat a lot candies
of Did it use to eat a lot candies? of Did we use to eat a lot candies? of Did you use to eat a lot candies? of Did they use to eat a lot candies?
of It did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. of We did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. of You did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. of They did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies.
COULD, PAST Could is used to: _Make requests. ü Could I have a brochure, please? _Make suggestions. ü We could show her some folk dancing. _Make deductions or conclusions. ü He could be Spanish.
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AFFIRMATIVE I could play baseball in the garden. You could play baseball in the garden. He could play baseball in the garden. She could play baseball in the garden. It could play baseball in the garden. They could play baseball in the garden. You could play baseball in the garden. We could play baseball in the garden.
INTEROGATIVE Could I play baseball in the garden? Could you play baseball in the garden? Could he play baseball in the garden? Could she play baseball in the garden? Could it play baseball in the garden? Could they play baseball in the garden? Could you play baseball in the garden? Could we play baseball in the garden?
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2020-2021
NEGATIVE I could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. You could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. He could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. She could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. It could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. They could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. You could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. We could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.
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BE GOING TO in the Past Tense When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was going to happen but in the end it did not happen. Examples: I was going to call you but I lost your phone number. It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared. We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds. You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiancée.
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Gonna Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English. You will also occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics. I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow. = I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow. He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party. = He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.
Would for the past We often use would as a kind of past tense of will or going to: Ø Even as a boy, he knew that he would succeed in life. Ø I thought it would rain so I brought my umbrella. Using would as as a kind of past tense of will or going to is common in reported speech: Ø She said that she would buy some eggs. ("I will buy some eggs.") Ø The candidate said that he wouldn't increase taxes. ("I won't increase taxes.") Ø Why didn't you bring your umbrella? I told you it would rain! ("It's going to rain.") We often use would not to talk about past refusals:
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Ø He wanted a divorce but his wife would not agree. Ø Yesterday morning, the car wouldn't start. We sometimes use would (rather like used to) when talking about habitual past behaviour: Ø Every weekday my father would come home from work at 6pm and watch TV. Ø Every summer we'd go to the seaside. Ø Sometimes she'd phone me in the middle of the night. Ø We would always argue. We could never agree.
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Would for the future in past When talking about the past we can use would to express something that has not happened at the time we are talking about: In London she met the man that she would one day marry. He left 5 minutes late, unaware that the delay would save his life. Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS We use the future continuous: I. For an action which will be in progress at a stated time in the future. Example ü This time next week we will be packing for our holiday. II.
For an action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement. Example ü Don’t post Ann’s invitation. I will be seeing her at work tomorrow. So I will give it to her.
III.
When we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future - to find out if they can do something for us. Example ü Will you be going to the post office today?
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AFFIRMATIVE I will be working next Monday. You will be working next Monday. He will be working next Monday. She will be working next Monday. It will be working next Monday. You will be working next Monday. We will be working next Monday. They will be working next Monday.
INTERROGATIVE Will I be working next Monday? Will you be working next Monday? Will he be working next Monday? Will she be working next Monday? Will it be working next Monday? Will you be working next Monday? Will we be working next Monday? Will they be working next Monday?
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NEGATIVE I will not/won’t be working next Monday. You will not/won’t be working next Monday. He will not/won’t be working next Monday. She will not/won’t be working next Monday.. It will not/won’t be working next Monday. You will not/won’t be working next Monday. We will not/won’t be working next Monday. They will not/won’t be working next Monday.
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Future intention BE + GOING TO + VERB
The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English. 1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior Plan) The decision has been made before the moment of speaking. I'm going to India next year. We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow. 2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence) Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have. It's so cold! I think it is going to snow 3. When something is about to happen: Get back! The bomb is going to explode.
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AFFIRMATIVE I am going to wash the dishes. You are going to wash the dishes.
INTERROGATIVE Am I going to wash the dishes? Am you going to wash the dishes?
NEGATIVE I am not going to wash the dishes. You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.
He is going to wash the dishes. She is going to wash the dishes. It is going to wash the dishes. We are going to wash the dishes. They are going to wash the dishes. You are going to wash the dishes.
Is he going to wash the dishes? Is she going to wash the dishes? Is it going to wash the dishes? Are we going to wash the dishes? Are they going to wash the dishes? Are you going to wash the dishes?
He is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. She is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. It is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. We are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes. They are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes. You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.
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FUTURE WILL HAVE TO + VERB We use it to describe: ü An obligation in the future. AFFIRMATIVE
I will have to study so hard. You will have to study so hard. He will have to study so hard. She will have to study so hard. It will have to study so hard. We will have to study so hard. You wi will have to study
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
Will I have to study so hard? Will you have to study so hard? Will he have to study so hard? Will she have to study so hard? Will it have to study so hard? Will we have to study so hard? Will you have to study so
I will not/won’t have to study so hard. You will not/won’t have to study so hard. He will not/won’t have to study so hard. She will not/won’t have to study so hard. It will not/won’t have to study so hard. We will not/won’t have to study so hard. You will not/won’t have to
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so hard. hard? study so hard. They will have to study Will they have to study so They will not/won’t have to so hard. hard? study so hard.
FUTURE WILL+ BE + ABLE TO We use it to describe; ü An ability to do something in the future tense. AFFIRMATIVE I will be able to pass Biology exam. You will be able to pass Biology exam. He will be able to pass Biology exam. She will be able to pass Biology exam. It will be able to pass Biology exam. We will be able to pass
INTERROGATIVE Will I be able to pass Biology exam? Will you be able to pass Biology exam? Will he be able to pass Biology exam? Will she be able to pass Biology exam? Will it be able to pass Biology exam? Will we be able to pass
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NEGATIVE I won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. You won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. He won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. She won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. It won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. We won not/won’t be able to
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Biology exam. You will be able to pass Biology exam. They will be able to pass Biology exam.
Biology exam? pass Biology exam Will you be able to pass You won not/won’t be able to Biology exam? pass Biology exam. Will they be able to pass They won not/won’t be able to Biology exam? pass Biology exam.
Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020.
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Question tags Question tags son las llamadas preguntas coletilla en español. Son pequeñas preguntas que se colocan al final de una oración para conseguir información, provocar una respuesta, confirmar una opinión o pensamiento...
Pierce Brosnan is Irish, isn't he? Pierce Brosnan es irlandés, ¿verdad?
This shirt doesn't fit me, does it? Esta camisa no me va bien, ¿a que no?
Características y usos de las questions tags A. Las question tags van en función del tiempo verbal de la frase de referencia. B. Cuando la frase de referencia es positiva, la question tag es negativa; en cambio, si la frase de referencia es negativa, la question tag es positiva.
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C. Se colocan al final de la frase, precedidas por una coma y seguidas por un interrogante. D. Se colocará primero el verbo auxiliar o modal que corresponda, seguido de un pronombre personal de sujeto correspondiente al sujeto de la frase de referencia. E. Se puede traducir por ¿verdad?, ¿verdad que sí/no?, ¿a que sí/no?, ¿no es cierto?, ¿no?... A continuación, detallamos diferentes tiempos verbales con sus respectivas question tags. VERB TENSE
POSITIVE SENTENCE
NEGATIVE SENTENCE To be present Summer is the best season, isn't We aren't late, are it?El verano es la mejor we? estación, ¿verdad? No llegamos tarde, ¿verdad que no? Present simple He loves skiing, doesn't he?Le I don't need this, do I? encanta esquiar, ¿verdad? No necesito esto, ¿no? Present continuous They are still sleeping, aren't She is not being they?Todavía están durmiendo, serious, is she? ¿no es cierto? ¿No está hablando en serio, ¿verdad que
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To be past
Future will
Future Going to Modals
no? Mary was worried, wasn't They weren't at she?Mary estaba preocupada, home, were they? ¿a que sí? No estaban en casa, ¿a que no? I'll do well, won't I?Lo haré bien, They won't get ¿verdad que sí? angry, will they? No se enfadarán, ¿verdad? You are going to buy a flat, aren't She is not going to you?Vas a comprarte un piso, come, is she? ¿no es cierto? No va a venir, ¿no? I should give up She couldn't send the smoking, shouldn't I?Debería parcel, could she? dejar de fumar ¿verdad? No pudo enviar el paquete, ¿verdad?
En los casos del presente simple y del pasado simple, el auxiliar no se utiliza en frases afirmativas, por lo tanto, no lo tendremos en la frase de referencia. Aun así, deberemos recordar que en el presente simple necesitaremos un do/does y en el pasado simple el did.
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Casos especiales Debemos tener en cuenta algunos casos especiales: • Cuando tenemos un imperativo en forma afirmativa, tenemos diferentes opciones para hacer la question tag dependiendo del matíz que le queramos dar. Su traducción en este caso sería equivalente a un por favor, vale, quieres... Cuando el imperativo es en forma negativa, la opción es siempre will you.
SENTENCE Close the door,
QUESTION TAG won't you? would you? could you? will you? can you?
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USO Forma educada Bastante educada Neutral Neutral Informal
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Help me with the bags, would you? Ayúdame con las bolsas, por favor.
Don't interrupt, will you? No interrumpas, ¿vale?
Cuando el imperativo es con la partícula let's, se utiliza la forma shall we? Su traducción sería ¿sí?, ¿no?, ¿vale?, ¿te parece?...
Let's dance, shall we?
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Let's go for a ride, shall we?
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Bailemos, ¿no?
Vamos a dar un paseo, ¿vale?
Cuando tenemos una frase afirmativa en presente con el verbo to be y el pronombre personal es I, aunque formalmente la forma sería am I not?, la forma más común que se utiliza es aren't I?
I'm quite stubborn, aren't I? Soy bastante tozudo, ¿verdad?
I'm holding the map upside down, aren't I? Estoy sujetando el mapa al revés, ¿no?
Cuando se utiliza el verbo semimodal have to, la question tag dependerá del tiempo verbal con el cual lo hayamos utilizado.
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They had to cancel the match, didn't they? Tuvieron que cancelar el partido, ¿verdad?
We don't have to wear costumes, do we? No tenemos que ir disfrazados, ¿no?
Observaciones OBSERVACIONES En frases con verbo positivo pero con una palabra con sentido negativo (never, nothing, nobody...), la question tag será positiva. Si el sujeto de la frase es this o that, el pronombre de la question tag será it. Si el sujeto es these o those, el pronombre será they. Cuando el sujeto es someone, anyone..., el pronombre personal de la question tag será they. Si es something, anything..., el
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EJEMPLOS She never agrees on anything, does she? Ella nunca está de acuerdo con nada ¿verdad? That's you sister, isn't it? Esa es tu hermana, ¿no? Someone will fix that, won't they? Alguien lo arreglará, ¿no?
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pronombre será it. En las frases con there + to be, la question There aren't any pears, are there? tag no tendrá ningún pronombre No hay peras, ¿verdad que no? personal, sino se utilizará la partícula there.
¡Recuerda! Las question tags son las llamadas preguntas muletillas en español. Son pequeñas preguntas que se colocan al final de una oración para conseguir información, provocar una respuesta, confirmar una opinión o pensamiento. VERB TENSE TO BE PRESENT You are a doctor.Usted es doctor.
POSITIVE SENTENCE Aren't / isn't + pronoun She is a doctor, isn't she?Ella es doctora, ¿no es así?
PRESENT SIMPLE Don't / doesn't + pronoun He does judo.Él hace judo. He does judo, doesn't he?Él hace judo, ¿no?
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NEGATIVE SENTENCE Am / are / is + pronoun They aren't doctors, are they? No son doctores, ¿verdad? Do / does + pronoun He doesn't do judo, does he? Él no hace judo, ¿verdad?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS She is living in New York.Ella está viviendo en Nueva York. TO BE PAST It was his birthday yesterday.Fue su cumpleaños ayer. PAST SIMPLE They bought a new car last week.Compraron un coche nuevo la semana pasada. FUTURE WILL He will be here tomorrow.Él estará aquí mañana. FUTURE GOING TO
Aren't / isn't + pronoun She is living in New York, isn't she?Ella está viviendo en Nueva York, ¿no? Wasn't / weren't + pronoun It was his birthday yesterday, wasn't it?Fue su cumpleaños ayer, ¿verdad?
Am / are / is + pronoun She isn't living New York, is she? Ella no está viviendo en Nueva York, ¿verdad? Was / were + pronoun It wasn't his birthday yesterday, was it? No fue su cumpleaños ayer, ¿verdad? Didn't + pronoun Did + pronoun They bought a new car last They didn't buy a new car week, didn't they?Compraron last week, did they? un coche nuevo la semana No compraron un coche pasada, ¿verdad? nuevo la semana pasada, ¿verdad? Won't + pronoun Will + pronoun He will be here He won't be here tomorrow, won't he?Él estará tomorrow, will he? aquí mañana, ¿no? Él no estará aquí mañana, ¿no? Aren't / isn't + pronoun Am / are / is + pronoun
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We are going to have a party.Vamos a hacer una fiesta. MODALS I can read this letter.Puedo leer esta cartaI should answer the letter.Debería responder la carta.
We are going to have a party, aren't we?Vamos a hacer una fiesta, ¿verdad?
We aren't going to have a party, are we? No vamos a hacer una fiesta, ¿verdad? Modal negative + pronoun Modal positive + pronoun I can read this letter, can't I can't read this letter, can I?Puedo leer esta carta, ¿no?I I? should answer the No puedo leer esta carta, letter, shouldn't I?Debería ¿verdad?I shouldn't responder la carta, ¿no es answer the letter, should así? I? No debería responder la carta, ¿verdad?
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/92/question-tags on 25 September 2020.
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COMPARISON A. We use as + adjective + as to say that two peoples, animals, things are similar in the same way. B.
David is as handsome as Nick. For emphasis, we can put just before as … as.
English is just a difficult as Spanish. C. We use not as + adjective + as to say that things and people are not the same. The apples aren’t as good as the peaches. NOTE: In formal English we usually say. Example Patrick is as tall as I am / as she is. In conversational English we usually say. Example Patrick is as tall as me / as her.
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Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them. • Pipo is as brave as Rex. • Pipo is not as/so brave as Rex. • Is Pipo as brave as Rex? v Tania is as sweet as Elba. v Tania is not as/so sweet as Elba. v Is Tania as sweet as Elba? Ø Luis is as happy as Angeles. Ø Luis is not as/so happy as Angeles. Ø Is Luis as happy as Angeles? B Coralillo is as poisonous as cascabel. B Coralillo is not as/so poisonous as cascabel. B Is Coralillo as poisonous as cascabel? Ø Ø Ø
Carmen speaks French as well as the rest of us. Carmen does not speak French as/so well as the rest of us. Does Carmen speak French as well as the rest of us?
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¥Hector is as successful as his brother. ¥Hector is not as/so successful as his brother. ¥Is Hector as successful as his brother?
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COMPARATIVE We use the comparative A. To compare one person, animal, thing, action, event or group with another person, thing, action etc. Diego is sweeter than Eduardo. B. We and use a lot / much / far or a bit a little before comparative adjectives. Your work is much better than mine. That book is a bit more boring than this one. C. We can compare quantity using more / less + uncountable noun or more /fewer +n countable noun. For instance. Past has more calories than salad. There are fewer potatoes on my plate than on yours.
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Note: In formal English we usually say Example Gary is taller than I am /than she is. In conversational English we usually say: Gary is taller than me / than her.
More ADJECTIVE than OR —R__________than —ER_____________ than
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Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them. ¥Pipo is braver than Rex. ¥Pipo is not braver than Rex. ¥Is Pipo braver than Rex? ¨ ¨ ¨
Guadalupe is sweeter than Karime. Guadalupe is not sweeter than Karime. Is Guadalupe sweeter than Karime? Ø Eduardo is happier than Angeles. Ø Eduardo is not happier than Angeles. Ø Is Eduardo happier than Angeles? § Gustavo is more popular than Karim. § Gustavo is not more popular than Karim. § Is Gustavo more popular than Karim?
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SUPERLATIVE A. We use superlative to compare somebody or something with the whole group that he, she, it belongs to compare B. We usually put in before the names of places or groups of people. In most other cases, we use of after superlatives. ü Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. ü I am the youngest of three boys. C. We can use by far before superlative adjectives for emphasis. ü That was by far the best party this year. D. We can compare quantity using the most / the least + uncountable noun or the most / the fewest + countable noun. ü Of my friends, Sue has the least money.
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Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them. v Fifo is the bravest dog in Tacubaya section. v Fifo is not the bravest dog in Tacubaya section. v Is Fifo the bravest dog in Tacubaya section? Æ Tessa is the nicest girl in 650 group. Æ Tessa is not the nicest girl in 650 group. Æ Is Tessa the nicest girl in 650 group? Juan Manuel is the happiest boy in P4.
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Juan Manuel is not the happiest boy in P4. Is Juan Manuel the happiest boy in P4. !Luis Antonio is the most popular boy in Tacubaya section. !Luis Antonio is not the most popular boy in Tacubaya section. !Is Luis Antonio the most popular boy in Tacubaya section?
LIST OF ADJECTIVES I. These adjectives add –er (comparative form) and –est (superlative form). Blond Close Fast Hard Old Clever Fair Green New Short Cool Fresh Light Poor Small Few High Pink Slow Strong Long Quiet Smart Tall Black Narrow Sharp Steep Tight Low Rich Soft Thick Wild Brown Sick Strict Warm Bright Cold
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Straight Sweet Weak
Black Yellow Clean
Clear Calm Dear
Deep Dark Gray
Great Grand
II. These adjectives only add –r (comparative form) or –st (superlative form) Brave Huge Late Safe White Blue Little Strange Wide Fierce Large Nice Sure Wise These adjectives change a final –y to –I before adding and –est (superlative form) Angry Early Happy Pretty Silky Busy Easy Healthy Rainy Silly Friendly Heavy Ready Sleepy Thirsty Hungry Rocky Smoky Tiny Dirty III.
Sandy Sorry
Snowy Unhappy
Ugly
Dry
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Greedy
2020-2021
–er (comparative form) Spicy Sunny Crazy Grassy
Wind Cloudy Funny Misty
Noisy
Shiny
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IV. These adjectives double the final consonant before adding –er and –est.
Big
Flat
Hot
Thin
Glad
Red
Tan
Wet
Fat
V. These adjectives use more (comparative form) and the most (superlative form) Acrobatic Careful Difficult Flexible Poisonous Scientific Afraid Colorful Enjoyable Foolish Popular Seasonal Ancient Comfortable Enormous Graceful Powerful Seldom Awful Crooked Evil Honest Precious Serious Beautiful Crowded Exact Important Private Sour Believable Curios Excited Interested Professional Special Bored Dangerous Exciting Interesting Public Terrible Unbelievable Uneven Unusual Useful Valuable wonderful VI. Some adjectives are irregular and the comparative and superlative forms shown in the table below must be learnt. ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
A lot of
More
Most
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Bad Far Good/well Little Many/much Old
Worse Farther/further Better Less/smaller More Older/Elder
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Worst Farthest/furthest Best Least/smallest Most Oldest/eldest
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P á g i n a | 245
The Zero Conditional We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'): If + present simple, .... present simple. This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause. The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning. For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts) Here are some more examples: If people eat too much, they get fat. If you touch a fire, you get burned. People die if they don't eat. You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen. Snakes bite if they are scared LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
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If babies are hungry, they cry Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html on 25 September 2020.
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P á g i n a | 247
The First Conditional The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause: if + present simple, ... will + infinitive It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true. If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. If I see her, I'll tell her.
LAURA PAVLO
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First vs. Zero Conditional: The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general. For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting) But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)
First vs. Second Conditional: The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view. For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)
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But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass).
Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/firstconditional.html on 25 September 2020.
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The Second Conditional The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive: if + past simple, ...would + infinitive (We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing). It has two uses. First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello. She would travel all over the world if she were rich. She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen) Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples: Ø If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
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If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man. How is this different from the first conditional? This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely. For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real) But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes) Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional.html on 25 September 2020.
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¡RECUERDA! ENGLISH CONDITIONALS TYPE OF CONDITIONAL
IF-CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(CONDITION)
(RESULT)
A HIGH PROBABILITY ZERO CONDITIONAL
If I drink coffee at night,
It used for present, If you freeze water, real/factual situations. If the weather is good, It used to talk about things If it rains, that are generally true or scientific facts.
I don’t sleep well. It turns into ice. I go to the beach. the grass gets wet.
A PROBABILITY FIRST CONDITIONAL It used for situations.
future
If I drink coffee tonight,
I won´t sleep well.
real If the weather is good tomorrow, If you don´t hurry,
You will miss the train.
It used to talk about a If I have enough time, posible condition and its
LAURA PAVLO
I will go to the beach. I will exercise.
2020-2021
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probable future.
result
in
the
A LOW PROBABILITY SECOND CONDITIONAL If I drank coffee tonight, It used for present or future If the weather were good, unreal, imaginary situations. If I had a lot of money, If you went to bed earlier,
I wouldn´t sleep well I would go to the beach. I would travel around the world. you wouldn´t be so tired.
NO PROBABILITY THIRD CONDITIONAL It used for past unreal, imaginary situations.
If I had drunk coffee last night,
I wouldn´t have slept well.
If the weather had been good,
I would have gone to the beach.
If you hadn´t eaten so much,
You wouldn´t have felt sick.
If I had studied harder,
I would have passed the exam.
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
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IRREGULARS VERBS SPANISH 1. Soportar, surgir
2. Surgir 3. Despertar 4. Soportar 5. Latir, golpear, vencer, derrumbar
6. Convertirse en 7. Ocurrir, acontecer, suceder
8. Empezar 9. Doblar 10. Estar afligido, desconsolado
11. 12.
Suplicar Apostar
13. Encuadernar
14. 15. 16.
Morder Sangrar Soplar
BASE FORM
3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
VERB-ING
abide arise awake bear beat
abides arises awakes bears beats
abode arose awoke borne beat
abided arisen awoken borne beaten
abiding arising awakeing bearing beating
become befall
becomes befalls
became befell
become befallen
becoming befalling
begin bend bereave
begins bends bereaves
began bent bereaved
begun bent bereaved
beginning bending bereaving
beseech bet bind bite bleed blow
beseeches Bets binds Bites bleeds blows
beseeched bet bound bit bled blew
beseeched bet bound bitten bled blown
Beseeching betting binding bitting bleeding blowing
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2020-2021
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17. 18. 19.
Romper Criar Traer
20. Emitir, difundir por televisión
21.
break breed bring broadcast
Construir
build 22. Arder, quemar burn 23. Estallar burst 24. Comprar buy 25. Tirar, tirar cast 26. Atrapar, agarrar catch 27. Regañar chide 28. Elegir choose 29. Aferrarse cling 30. Vestir cloth 31. Venir come 32. Costar cost 33. Arrastrar creep 34. Cortar cut 35. Desafiar, dare
breaks breeds brings broadcasts
broke bred brought broadcast
broken bred brought broadcasted
breaking breeding bringing broadcasting
builds burns bursts Buys casts catches chides chooses clings clothes comes costs creeps Cuts dares
built burnt burst bought cast caught chid chose clung clothed came cost crept cut dared
built burnt burst bought cast caught chidden chosen clung clothed come cost crept cut durst
building burning bursting buying casting catching chiding chosing clinging clothing coming costing creeping cutting daring
deals
dealt
dealt
dealing
atreverse
36.
Tratar, acordar
deal
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37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
Cavar Hacer Dibujar Soñar Beber Conducir
dig do draw
Digs does draws
dug did drew
dug done drawn
digging doing drawing
dream
dreams
dreamt/dreamed
dreamt/dreamed
dreaming
drinks drives dwells Eats Falls feeds feels fights finds flees Flies forbears forbids forgets forgives forsakes freezes Gets
drank drove dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forbore forbade forgot forgave forsook froze got
drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed Felt fought found Fled flown forborne forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got
drinking driving dwelling eating falling Feeding feeling fighting finding fleeing flying forbearing forbiding forgetting forgiving forsaking freezing getting
drink drive 43. Habitar, morar dwell 44. Comer eat 45. Caer, quedar fall 46. Alimentar feed 47. Sentir feel 48. Pelear fight 49. Encontrar find 50. Huir flee 51. Volar fly 52. Desistir forbear 53. Prohibir forbid 54. Olvidar forget 55. Perdonar forgive 56. Abandonar forsake 57. Helar freeze 58. Conseguir get
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59. 60.
Dar Ir
61. Moler, triturar, machacar
62. 63.
Crecer Colgar
64. Haber, tener 65. Oír, escuchar
66.
Esconder
67. Pegar, Golpear
68.
Agarrar
69. Hacer daño
70.
Guardar
71. Arrodillar 72. Tejer, enlazar, atar 73. Saber, conocer
74. 75.
Poner Llevar
76. Apoyar, inclinar 77. Saltar, lanzar
78. 79.
Aprender Dejar
give go grind
gives goes grinds
gave went ground
given gone ground
giving going griding
grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit
grows hangs Has hears hides hits holds hurts keeps kneels knits
grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit/knitted
grown hung had heard hidden Hit held hurt kept knelt knit/knitted
growing hanging having hearing hiding hitting holding hurting keeping kneeling knitting
know lay lead lean leap learn leave
knows lays leads leans leaps learns leaves
knew laid led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned left
known laid Led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned Left
knowing laying leading leaning leaping learning leaving
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80.
Prestar
lend let
lends lets
lent let
lent Let
lending letting
lie light lose make mean meet mistake
lies lights loses makes means meets mistakes
lay lit lost made meant met mistook
Lain Lit lost made meant met mistaken
lie lighting losing making meaning meeting mistaking
89. Entender mal
misunderstand
misundertands
misunderstood
misundertood
misunderstand ung
90. Segar, cortar
mow overcome
mows overcomes
mowed overcame
mown overcome
mowing overcoming
overdo
overdoes
overdid
overdone
overdoing
pay proved push
pays proves pushes
paid proved pushed
paid proven pushed
paying proving pushing
put read
puts reads
put read
put read
putting reading
81. Permitir, conceder
82.
Echarse
83. Encender
84.
Perder
85. Hacer, fabricar
86.
Significar
87. Encontrar 88. Equivocarse, comprender mal
91. Superar, vencer, sobreponerse 92. Exagerar, llevar al exceso
93. Pagar 94. probar 95. Empujar, presionar, 96. Poner 97. Leer
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98. 99. 100.
Desgarrar rend Montar ride Sonar ring Levantar, rise
rends rides rings rises
rent rode rang rose
rent ridden rung risen
rending riding ringing rising
Correr Decir Ver
run say see seek
runs says sees seeks
ran said saw sought
run said seen sought
running saying seeing seeking
sell send set
sells sends sets
sold sent set
sold sent set
selling sending setting
sew shake
sews shakes
sewn/sewed shook
sewn/sewed shaken
Sewing shaking
shave shed
shaves sheds
shaved shed
shaven shed
shaving shedding
shine shoot
shines shoots
shone shot
shone shot
shining shoting
101. ascender, elevar
102. 103. 104.
105. Buscar, tratar
106. 107.
Vender Enviar
108. Establecer, Poner
109.
Coser
110. Sacudir, agitar
111.
Afeitarse
112. Derramar, esparcir, dejar caer
113. Brillar 114. Disparar, emitir, lanzar
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P á g i n a | 261 115. Mostrar, exhibir 116. Ducharse
show
shows
showed
showed
showing
shower shrink
showers shrinks
showered shrank
showered shrunk
showring shrinking
shut
shuts
shut
shut
shutting
sing sink sit slay
sings sinks sits slays
sang sank sat slew
sung sunk sat slain
singing sinking sitting slaying
sleep slide
sleeps slides
slept slid
slept slid
sleeping sliding
slink
slinks
slunk
slunk
slinking
126. Hacer incisión, cortar
slit
slits
slit/slitted
slit/slitted
slitting
127. 128. 129. 130.
smell speak speed spell
smells speaks speeds spells
smelt spoke sped spelt
smelt spoken sped spelt
smelling speaking speeding spelling
117. Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer 118. Cerrar, impedir, excluir
119. 120. 121.
Cantar Hundir Sentar
122. Matar, hacer morir de risa
123.
Dormir
124. Resbalar, deslizarse, escabullirse 125. Deslizarse con sigilo
Oler Hablar Acelerar Deletrear
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P á g i n a | 262 131. Pasar, gastar
spend
spend
spent
spent
spending
132.
spill spin
spills spin
spilt span/spun
spilt spun
spilling spinning
spit spoil spread spring
spits spoils spreads springs
spat spoilt spread sprang
spat spoilt spread sprang
spiting spoiling spreading springing
steal stick sting stink stride
stands steals sticks stings stinks strides
stood stole stuck stung stank strod
stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden
standing stealing sticking stinging stinking striding
strike strive swear sweep swim swing
strikes strives swears sweeps swims swings
struck strove swore swept swam swung
struck striven sworn swept swum swung
striking striving swearing sweeping swimming swinging
Derramar
133. Dar vueltas, girar
134.
Escupir
135.
Estropear
136.
Extender
137. Saltar, brincar 138.
Estar de pie stand
139. 140. 141. 142.
Robar Pegar Picar Apestar
143. Dar zancadas
144. 145. 146. 147. 148.
Pegar Esforzar Jurar Barrer Nadar
149.
Balancear
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P á g i n a | 263
150. 151. 152.
Tomar Enseñar Romper
take teach tear tell
takes teaches tears tells
took taught tore told
taken taught torn told
taking teaching tearing telling
test
tests
tested
tested
testing
think thrive throw thrust
thinks thives throws thrusts
thought thrived threw thrust
thought thrived thrown thrust
thinking thriving throwing thrusting
159. Pisar, recorrer
tread
treads
trod
trodden
treading
160. 161.
undergo understand
undergoes understands
underwent understood
undergone understood
162. Emprender, comenzar algo 163. Deshacer, reparar, anular
undertake
undertakes
undertook
undertaken
undergoing understandin g undertaking
undo
undoes
undid
undone
undoing
164.
upset
upsets
upset
upset
upsetting
153. Contar, decir
154. Probar, ensayar, comprobar 155. Pensar 156. Prosperar 157. Lanzar 158. Introducir con violencia, clavar
Someter Entender
Afligir
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2020-2021
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P á g i n a | 264 165. Despertar, excitar, remover 166. Llevar puesto
wake
wakes
woke
woken
waking
wear
wears
wore
worn
wearing
167.
weave weep
weaves weeps
wove wept
woven wept
weaving weeping
169. Mojar, humedecer 170. Ganar, conquistar 171. Enrollar, dar cuerda
wet
wets
wetted/wet
wetted/wet
wetting
win
wins
won
won
winning
wind
winds
wound
wound
winding
172. Retirar, retractarse, quitar
withdraw
withdraws
withdrew
withdrawn
withdrawing
173. 174. 175. 176.
withhold withstand wring write
withholds withstands wrings writes
withheld withstood wrung wrote
withheld withstood wrung written
withholds withstanding wringing writing
Tejer
168. Llorar, sollozar amargamente
Retener Resistir Retorcer Escribir
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REGULARS VERBS SPANISH
BASE FORM
3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT
PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE
VERB-ING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
act add address advertise agree amuse annoy answer appeal appear approach arrange arrest arrive ask assist attack attend
acts adds addresses advertises agrees amuses annoys answers appeals appears approaches arranges arrests arrives asks assists attacks attends
Acted Added addressed Advertised Agreed Amused Annoyed answered appealed appeared approached arranged Arrested Arrived Asked Assisted Attacked Atended
acting Adding addressing advertiseing agreeing Amusing Annoying answering appealing appearing approaching arranging arresting arriving Asking assisting attacking attending
Actuar Sumar, añadir Dirigirse Anunciar Concordar Entretener Molestar Responder
9. Apelar, recurrir 10. Parecer, aparecer 11. Acercar, Abordar, 12. Arreglar, ordenar
13. 14.
Arrestar Arribar
15. Preguntar, pedir 16. Asistir, ayudar
17. 18.
Atacar Asistir
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19. 20. 21.
Equilibrar Ladrar Bañarse
22. Suplicar, mendigar 23. Comportarse
24. 25. 26.
Creer Pertenecer Bendecir
27. Abordar, embarcar
28.
Hervir
29. Reservar, fichar
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
Respirar Cepillar Llamar Cuidar Llevar Cambiar
36. cargar, cobrar
37. Engañar, copiar
38.
Revisar
39. Aplaudir, aclamar
40.
Limpiar
balance bark bath beg behave believe belong to bless board boil book breathe brush call care carry change charge cheat check clap clean
balances barks baths begs behaves believes belongs to blesses boards boils books breathes brushes calls cares carries changes charges cheats checks claps cleans
LAURA PAVLO
balanced barked bathed begged behaved believed belonged to blessed boarded boiled booked breathed brushed called cared carried changed charged cheated checked clapped cleaned
2020-2021
balancing barking bathing begging behaving believing belonging to blessing boarding boiling booking breathing brushing calling caring carrying changing charging cheating checking clapping cleaning
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 267 41. Escalar, subir
42.
Cerrar
43. Coleccionar
44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
Peinar Quejarse Completar Consistir Cocinar Contar Cubrir Chocar
52. gatear, arrastrarse
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.
Cruzar Aplastar Llorar Curar bailar declarar demorar entregar negar
62. Sintonizar, marcar
climb close collect comb complain complete consist cook count cover crash crawl cross crush cry cure dance declare delay deliver deny dial
climbs closes collects combs complains completes consists cooks counts covers crashes crawls crosses crushes cries cures dances declares delays delivers denies dials
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climbed closed collected combed complained completed consisted cooked counted covered crashed crawled crossed Crushed Cried Cured Danced Declared Delayed delivered Denied Dialed
2020-2021
climbing closing collecting combing complaining completing consisting cooking counting covering crashing crawling crossing crushing crying cured dancing declaring delaying delivering deny dialing
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 268
63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.
Morir Cenar Doble Vestir Dejar, caer Secar
69. incluir, encerrar
70. Alentar, animar 71. Comprometer
72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.
Disfrutar Envidiar Exclamar Ejercitar Explicar Expresar
78. Fracasar, fallar
79. 80.
Abrochar Temer
81. Ir a buscar, traer
82. 83. 84.
archivar llenar terminar
die dine double dress drop dry enclose encourage engage enjoy envy exclaim exercise explain express fail fasten fear fetch file fill finish
dies dines doubles dresses drops dries encloses encourages engages enjoys envies exclaims exercises explains expresses fails fastens fears fetches files fills finishes
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Died Dined Doubled dressed dropped Dried enclosed encouraged engaged enjoyed envied exclaimed exercised explained expressed failed fastened feared fetched Filed Filled finished
2020-2021
died dining doubling dressing dropping drying enclosing encouraging engaing enjoying envying exclaiming exercising explaining expressing failing fastening fearing fetching filing filling finishing
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 269 85. Disparar, despedir 86. echar del trabajo, disparar
87.
pescar
88. Encajar, quedar bien
89.
Arreglar
90. Centellar, brillar
91.
Flotar
92. Florecer, cultivar
93.
Seguir
94. Engañar, despreciar
95. 96.
Espantar Freír
97. Ganar, obtener
98. 99. 100. 101. 102.
Saludar Adivinar Suceder Odiar Ayudar
103. Esperar, desear
fire fire
fires fires
Fired Fired
firing firing
fish fit
fishes fits
fished Fitted
fishing fitting
fix flash float flower follow fool
fixes flashes floats flowers follows fools
Fixed flashed floated flowered followed fooled
fixing flashing floating flowering following fooling
frighten fry gain greet guess happen hate help hope
frightens fries gains greets guesses happens hates helps hopes
frightened Fried gained greeted guessed happened hated helped hoped
frightening frying gaining greeting guessing happening hating helping hoping
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 270
104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.
Apurar (se) Imaginar Planchar Juzgar Matar Besar Reír
111.
Lanzar
112.
Gustar
113. Cerrar con llave
114.
Mirar
115. Enviar correo electrónico
116.
Manejar
117. Marcar, señalar
118. 119. 120.
Casarse Masajear Medir
121. Ordeñar un animal
122. 123.
Extrañar Mover
hurry imagine iron judge kill kiss laugh launch like lock look mail
hurries imagines irons judges kills kisses laughs launches likes locks looks mails
hurried imagined ironed judged killed kissed laughged lauched liked locked looked mailed
hurrying imagining ironing judging killing kissing laughing lauching liking locking looking mailing
manage mark
manages marks
managed marked
managing marking
marry massage measure milk
marries massages measures milks
married massaged measured milked
marrying massaging measuring milking
miss move
misses moves
missed moved
missing moving
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 271 124.
Asesinar
125. Observar, respetar
126. 127. 128.
Ofrecer Abrir Ordenar
129.
Empacar
130.
Estacionarse
131.
Pasar
132.
Pegar
133. Pausar, detener
134. 135. 136. 137.
Ejecutar Telefonear Recoger Planear
138.
Jugar, tocar
139. Complacer, agradar
140.
Pulir
141. Derramar, verter 142. Practicar, ensayar
murder observe
murders observes
murdered observed
murdering observing
offer open order pack park pass paste pause
offers opens orders packs parks passes pastes pauses
offered opened ordered packed parked passed pasted paused
offering opening ordering packing parking passing pasting pausing
perform phone pick on plan play please
performs phones picks on plans plays pleases
performed phoned picked on planned played pleased
peforming phoning picking on planning playing pleasing
polish pour
polishes pours
polished poured
polishing pouring
practice
practices
practiced
practicing
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 272
143. 144. 145.
Orar Preferir Preparar
146. Presionar, apretar 147. Fingir, pretender
148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156.
Imprimir Prometer Pronunciar Sacar, tirar Castigar Empujar Llover Levantar Alcanzar
157.
Darse cuenta
158. 159.
Recibir Rehusar
160. Matricularse, registrar
161.
Relajarse
162.
Quedar,
pray prefer prepare press
prays prefers prepares presses
prayed prefered prepared pressed
praying preferring preparing pressing
pretend
pretends
pretended
pretending
print promise pronounce pull punish push rain raise reach realize receive refuse register
Prints promises pronounces Pulls punishes pushes rains raises reaches realizes receives refuses registers
printed promised pronounced pulled punished pushed rained raised reached realized received refused registered
printing promising pronouncing pulling punishing pushing raining raising reaching realizing receiving refusing registering
relax remain
relaxes remains
relaxed remained
relaxing remaining
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 273 sobrar
163. 164. 165. 166.
Recordar Reparar Repetir Reemplazar
remember repair repeat replace Report
remembers repairs repeats replaces reports
remembered pepaired repeated replaced reported
remembering repairing repeating replacing reporting
168. Solicitar, pedir
request
requests
requested
requesting
169.
require reserve
requires reserves
required reserved
requiring reserving
resolve Rest Return
resolves rests returns
resolved rested returned
resolving resting returning
Row Sabe scream Seal search
rows saves screams seals searches
rowed saved screamed sealed searched
rowing saving screaming sealing searching
Serve Settle
serves settles
served settled
serving settling
167. Reportar, informar
Requerir
170. Reservar, guardar
171. 172.
Resolver Descansar
173. Retornar, volver
174. 175. 176. 177.
Remar Salvar Gritar Sellar
178. Buscar, registrar
179.
Servir
180.
Establecer
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 274 arreglar,
181.
Firmar
Sign Slip
signs slips
signed slipped
signing slipping
183. Sonreír 184. Fumar 185. Estornudar 186. Nevar 187. Derramar 188. Malcriar, consentir
smile smoke sneeze snow spill spoil
smiles smokes sneezed snows spills spoils
smiled smoked sneezed snowed spilled spoiled
smiling smoking sneezing snowing spilling spoiling
189. Permanecer, quedarse 190. Detener, parar
stay
stays
stayed
staying
Stop stretch study suffer supply
stops stretches studies suffers supplies
stopped stretched studied suffered supplied
stopping stretching studying suffering suppling
195. Tragar 196. Cambiar, enchuchar
swallow switch
swallows switches
swallowed switched
swallowing Swithing
197. Conectar, accionar
Switch
switches
switched
switching
182. Escapar, resbalar
191. 192.
Estirar Estudiar
193.
Sufrir
194. Proveer, suministrar
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 275
198. 199.
Conversar Agradecer
200. Ordenar, arreglar 201. Atar, amarrar 202.
Cansar, fatigar
203.
Tocar, palpar
204. Comerciar, negociar
205.
Entrenar
206.
Viajar, recorrer
207. Preocuparse, molestar 208. Tratar, intentar 209.
210. 211.
212. 213.
214. 215. 216.
Talk Thank Tidy
talks thanks tidies
talked thanked Tied
talking thanking tiding
Tie Tire touch trade
ties tires touches trades
Tied tired touched traded
tying tiring touching trading
train travel trouble
trains travels troubles
trained travelled troubled
training travelling troubling
Tries turns twists unpacks Uses vanishes visits waits for walks wants
tried turned twisted unpacked used vanished visited waited for walked Wanted
trying turning twisting unpacking using vanishing visiting waiting for walking wanting
Try Girar, voltear Turn Doblar, torcer twist Desempacar unpack Usar Use Desaparecer vanish Visitar Visit Esperar wait for Caminar Walk Querer, want
217. requerir
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 276
218.
Calentar
219. Advertir, alertar
220.
Lavar
221.
Desechar
222. Observar, mirar
223. 224.
Regar Pesar
225. Dar la bienvenida
226.
Silbar
227. Desear, anhelar
228. 229. 230. 231.
Trabajar Envolver Naufragar Acercar
warm warn
warms warns
warmed Warned
warming warning
wash waste watch
washes wastes watches
Washed Wasted watched
washing wasting watching
water weigh welcome
waters weighs welcomes
watered weighed welcomed
watering weighing welcoming
whistle Wish
whistles wishes
whistled wished
whistling wishing
work wrap up wreck zoom
works wrapes up wrecks zooms
worked wrapped up wrecked zoomed
working wrapping up wrecking zoomed
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 277
References Google Images (2020) "Technology" [online images]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on January 19, 2020. Google Images (2019) "Technology" [online images]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on January 19, 2020.
Note: I write the e-references of the consulted pages, at the end of each theme in some cases changes were made for an educational use. This is a non-profit guide.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXIC***ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA***“VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLEGE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 278
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