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PRONOUNS I, YOU, HE, SHE IT, YOU THEY, WE
We use subject personal pronouns before a verb instead of name of a person or a noun. They replace the names. For instance, Eduardo, Ivan and Juan Manuel are doctors. They are doctors. DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
We always write I with a capital letter.
He’s Jack and I’m Steve.
We use he for a man or boy.
Tony
he
We use she for a woman or girl.
Sheila
she
We use it for a thing, animal or object.
A table
it
We also use it for an animal whose sex
A tiger
it
we do not know.
A bird
it
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An elephant
it
If the animal is our pet or we know its sex This is my dog Rex. He is one year old. we can use he or she We use they in the plural for people, Tom and Ann = They animals or things.
Three cats=they Two tables=they
PRONOUN CHART SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVES. PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS 1st PERSON I Me My Mine Myself 2nd PERSON. 3rd PERSON (MALE)
You
You
your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
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3rd PERSON (FEMALE) 3rd PERSON 1st PERSON (PLURAL) 2nd PERSON (PLURAL) 3rd PERSON (PLURAL)
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its
Not used
Itself
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves.
You
You
your
Yours
Yourselves
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
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PARTS OF SPEECH Definition. All words are divided into grammar groups. The grammar groups are called Parts of speech. It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. The groups are: 1. Noun
2. Verb 3. Adjective
A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival A verb is a word, which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something
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4. Adverb
5. Pronoun 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Interjection
about the noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important An adverb is a word, which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words, which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
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Here are some examples of sentences made with different English parts of speech: Noun verb John works. Noun verb verb John is working. Pronoun She Noun Tara
verb loves Verb Speaks
Noun Tara
Verb Speaks
Pronoun Verb She Ran
noun animals. Noun English
Adverb Well
adjective Noun good English.
preposition To
determiner The
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noun Adverb station quickly.
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Pronoun Verb adjective noun conjunction pronoun She Likes big snakes But I Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech:
verb hate
Pronoun them.
interjection
Pronoun
conj.
determiner adjective Noun
verb
preposition Noun
Well,
She
and
my
walk
to
Young
John
Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-ofspeech.htm#examples on 30 September 2020
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Adverb
school slowly.
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SOME COMMON PUNCTUATION MARKS . COMMA , QUESTION MARK ?
PERIOD (FULL STOP) EXCLAMATION ! MARK SINGLE ' ' QUOTATION MARKS BRACES
COLON
:
SEMICOLON
;
DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS
" "
PARENTHESES or ROUND BRACKETS HYPHEN
( )
SLASH OR STROKE SPEECH MARKS
/
{ }
[ ]
ELLIPSIS
SQUARE BRACKETS . . . APOSTROPHE
ASTERISK
*
//
SLASHES
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“ “
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CAPITAL LETTERS SMALL LETTERS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d
HOW TO READ/SAY SOME SYMBOLS RELATED TO EMAILS AND THE INTERNET, ETC AT UNDERSCORE DOT HYPHEN / DASH @ _ . ASTERISK HASH / HASHTAG FORWARD-SLASH BRACKETS * # / [] UPPER- CASE/ IN LOWER-CASE OPEN BRACKET CLOSE BRACKET CAPITALS A, B, C, D a, b, c, d ( ) For example: An email like unam_vht_345@gmail.com reads unam (in lower case) underscore vth underscore three-four-five at gmail dot com
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Símbolo @
Cómo se dice Ejemplo at info@coloniainglesa.es
Cómo se deletrea info at coloniainglesa dot e s wordreference.com wordreference dot com john_summers@gmail.com john underscore summers underscore at g mail dot com patricia-king@hotmail.es patricia dash king at hotmail dot e s 123#56 one two three hash five six documents/presentations/pitch documents forward slash .ppt presentations forward slash pitch dot p p t \\admin-pc\computer65 backslash backslash or double backslash admin dash or hyphen pc backslash computer sixty five *115# asterisk one one five hash
. _
dot underscore
-
Dash/hyphen
# /
hash forward slash
\
backslash
*
asterisk
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E-MAIL VOCABULARY Word = Reply = Respond = Forward = Delete = Recipient = Date = Subject = Message = Inbox = Junk mail = Sender = Receive = Outgoing messages = Bold
Meaning Responder Responder Re-enviar Borrar Recipiente / Destinatario Fecha Asunto Mensaje Bandeja de entrada Correo no deseado Remitente Recibir mensajes salientes Negrita LAURA PAVLO
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= Reply to all = To attach = Subject = Email address = Sender = Address book = Inbox = Outbox = Attached files = Recipient = Message = Date
responder a todos Adjuntar Asunto dirección de correo electrónico Remitente libreta de direcciones bandeja de entrada bandeja de salida Archivos adjuntos. Recipiente / Destinatario Mensaje Fecha
Ejemplos de uso. A. Can you forward the email to John please? ¿Puedes re-enviar el email a John, por favor? B. He/She hasn't replied yet. LAURA PAVLO
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No ha respondido todavía. C.We haven't received any emails this week. No hemos recibido ningún email esta semana. D.I deleted it by mistake!¡ Lo borré sin querer! Email: verbo y sustantivo "Email": sustantivo y verbo ¿Sabías que la palabra ‘email' no es solamente un sustantivo sino también hace de verbo? Email (sustantivo) = Correo electrónico To email (verbo) = Enviar un correo electrónico Ejemplos de su uso como verbo: I'll email you tomorrow. Me mandaré un correo electrónico mañana. He emailed me an invitation. Me mandó una invitación por correo electrónico.
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NUMBERS Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Cardinal One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen
Ordinal First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth LAURA PAVLO
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19 20 21 22
Nineteen Twenty Twenty-first Twenty-two
23 24 25 26 27
Twenty-three Twenty-four Twenty-five Twenty-six Twenty-seven
28 29 30 31 40 50 60 70 80 90
Twenty-eight Twenty-nine Thirty Thirty-one Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety
Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty-first Twentysecond Twenty-third Twenty-fourth Twenty-fifth Twenty-sixth Twentyseventh Twenty-eighth Twenty-ninth Thirtieth Thirty-first Fortieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth
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100 500
one hundred five hundred
1,000 1,500
one thousand one thousand five hundred, or fifteen hundred one hundred thousand one million
100,000 1,000,000
Hundredth Five hundredth Thousandth One thousand five hundredth Hundred thousandth Millionth
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Writing Numbers Rule 1. Spell out all numbers beginning a sentence.
Examples: Twenty-three hundred sixty-one victims were hospitalized. Nineteen fifty-six was quite a year.
Note: The Associated Press Stylebook makes an exception for years. Example:1956 was quite a year.
Rule 2a. Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
Examples: Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck. Twenty-seven of them were hospitalized.
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Rule 2b. Hyphenate all written-out fractions.
Examples: We recovered about two-thirds of the stolen cash. One-half is slightly less than five-eighths. However, do not hyphenate terms like a third or a half.
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Rule 3a. With figures of four or more digits, use commas. Count three spaces to the left to place the first comma. Continue placing commas after every three digits. Important: do not include decimal points when doing the counting.
Examples: 1,054 people $2,417,592.21
Note: Some choose not to use commas with four-digit numbers, but this practice is not recommended.
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Rule 3b. It is not necessary to use a decimal point or a dollar sign when writing out sums of less than a dollar. Not Advised: He had only $0.60.
Better: He had only sixty cents.
OR He had only 60 cents.
Rule 3c. Do not add the word "dollars" to figures preceded by a dollar sign. Incorrect: I have $1,250 dollars in my checking account. Correct: I have $1,250 in my checking account.
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Rule 4a. For clarity, use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 PM and 12:00 AM.
NOTE: AM and PM are also written A.M. and P.M., a.m. and p.m., and am and pm. Some put a space between the time and AM or PM.
Examples: 8 AM 3:09 P.M. 11:20 p.m.
Others write times using no space before AM or PM. Example: 8AM 3:09P.M. 11:20p.m. For the top of the hour, some write 9:00 PM, whereas others drop the :00 and write 9 PM (or 9 p.m., 9pm, etc.).
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Rule 4b. Using numerals for the time of day has become widely accepted.
Examples: The flight leaves at 6:22 a.m. Please arrive by 12:30 sharp. However, some writers prefer to spell out the time, particularly when using o'clock.
Examples: She takes the four thirty-five train. The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.
Rule 5. Mixed fractions are often expressed in figures unless they begin a sentence.
Examples: We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase. Five and one-half percent was the expected wage increase.
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Rule 6. The simplest way to express large numbers is usually best.
Example: Twenty-three hundred (simpler than two thousand three hundred)
Large round numbers are often spelled out, but be consistent within a sentence. Consistent: You can earn from one million to five million dollars. Inconsistent: You can earn from one million dollars to 5 million dollars. Inconsistent: You can earn from $1 million to five million dollars.
Rule 7. Write decimals using figures. As a courtesy to readers, many writers put a zero in front of the decimal point.
Examples: The plant grew 0.79 inches last year.
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The plant grew only 0.07 inches this year.
Rule 8a. It is important to know how to say big numbers in English! Here are some interesting examples: 215 Two hundred and fifteen (UK) Two hundred fifteen (US) 731 Seven hundred and thirty-one (UK) Seven hundred thirty-one (US) Note: (UK) United Kingdom. (US) United States
Rule 9. The following examples are typical when using figures to express dates.
Examples: The 30th of June, 1934 June 30, 1934 (no -th necessary)
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Rule 10. When spelling out decades, do not capitalize them.
Example: During the eighties and nineties, the U.S. economy grew.
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Rule 11. When expressing decades using figures, it is simpler to put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral and no apostrophe between the number and the s.
Example: During the '80s and '90s, the U.S. economy grew.
Some writers place an apostrophe after the number: Example: During the 80's and 90's, the U.S. economy grew. Awkward: During the '80's and '90's, the U.S. economy grew.
Rule 12. You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, it is cleaner to avoid an apostrophe between the year and the s.
Example: During the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. economy grew.
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.grammarbook.com/numbers/numbers.asp on 20 October 2020
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ARITHMETIC There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a problem: (+ )= addition (-) = subtraction (x) = multiplication (/) = division
MATH SYMBOLS PLUS / ADD
MINUS / TAKE
(+) (-)
MULTIPLIED BY / TIMES
DIVIDED BY
( X)
/
EQUALS / IS
IS LESS THAN
( = ) ( <)
For example, 6+4 = 10 (six plus four equals ten) 6-4 = 2 (six minus four is two) 6x4 = 24 (six times/multiplied by four equals twenty-four) 4/2 = 2 (four divided by two is two)
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IS GREATER THAN / MORE THAN
PERCENTAGE
(> ) ( % )
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Saying '0' This can be spoken in different ways in different contexts. A. Telephone numbers 603 744 = six oh three, seven double four B. Decimals 0.7 = nought point seven 6.02 = six point oh two 0.73 point seven three 0.05 point zero five 0.6529 point six five two nine 2.95 two point nine five C. Temperature: -10 degrees = ten degrees below zero/minus ten degrees
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ROMAN NUMERALS Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome to represent numbers. They are still sometimes used today, for example on clocks and watches and in official documents. We are going to use Cardinal numbers. Roman Numeral I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
How to write/read One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven
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XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C
Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-one Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety One hundred
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CC D M
Two hundred Five hundred One thousand
ASKING THE TIME Asking the time A. B. C. D.
What time is it? What’s the time? Can you tell me the time, please? We can use AM/PM
It’s midnight. (12:00) It’s quarter past five. It’s five fifteen. (5:15) It’s five past eight. It’s eight-oh-five (8:05) It’s quarter to eight. It’s seven forty-five (7:45) It’s half past three. It’s three thirty. (3:30) It’s twenty-five to ten. It’s nine thirty-five (9:35) It’s six o’clock (6:00) It’s noon. (12:00)
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN /ON/ AT
IN-TIME PARTS OF THE DAY
MONTHS
In the morning
In January
In the afternoon
In December
In the evening
In April
SEASONS
In May In August
YEARS
In the summer
In 1976
In the winter
In the seventies
In the spring
In the past
In the 1940s In the 21st century In the future In 10 years time
IN-PLACE CONFINED SPACES
STREETS, CITIES AND COUNTRIES
ROOMS AND BUILDINGS
In a box
In Oxford Street
In a room
In a queue
In London
In the kitchen
In a row
In England
In the cinema
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In a lift
In France
In the bank
In a car
In the library
In a taxi In the garden
ON-TIME SPECIFIC DAYS
DAYS AND DATES On Monday
On my birthday
On Sunday
On Christmas day
On April 3rd
On Easter day
On the 10th
On new year’s day
On the first day
On holiday
On the last day
On my wedding day On that day
ON-PLACE TRANSPORT On a bus
COMMUNICATION
SURFACES
On the radio
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On a table
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On a train
On the television
On a Wall
On a plane
On the phone
On the floor
On a ship
On the internet
On the roof
On a bicycle
On Facebook
On the menú
On a horse
On Twitter
On the page On the door
AT-TIME TIME AND PERIODS At 9 ‘clock
At noon
At dawn
At the weekend
At Easter
At midday
At dusk
At night
At Christmas
At the moment
At that time
At the beginning
At breakfast
At dinner time
At the end
At bedtime
AT-PLACE SPECIFIC CONTEXTS
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At the front
At the door
At home
At the bus stop
At the station
At the back
At the exit
At work
At the office
At the doctor’s
At the top
At the entrance
At a party
At school
At the bottom
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another place. These prepositions always describe movement and we usually use them with verbs of motion. The most common preposition of movement is the preposition to, which describes movement in the direction of something, for example: • How do you go to work? • He drove to London in five hours. • Nobody came to the party :(
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Prepositions of movement are also called prepositions of direction.
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT On/Onto
Off
Into
Out of
Past
From
To
Towards
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Under
Over
Through
Near
Behind
In front of
Along X
X X X X
X X
Across Up
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Down
Between
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prepositions-movement.htm on 30 September 2020
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These are the rules for English plurals. A. Most nouns take —s in the plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Car
Cars
2. Cat
Cats
3. Dog
Dogs
4. House
Houses
5. Pen
Pens
6. Pencil
Pencils
7. Table
Tables
8. Dove
Doves
9. Fortification
Fortifications
10.
Halls
Hall
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11.
Notebook
Notebooks
12.
Blog
Blogs
13.
Parcel
Parcels
14.
Apple
Apples
15.
Edition
Editions
16.
Flag
Flags
17.
Flannel
Flannels
18.
Guest
Guests
19.
Magnet
Magnets
20.
Maid
Maids
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B. Nouns ending in —ss, —s, -sh, —ch, —x, and —z, take —es in the plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Dress
Dresses
2. Bus
Buses
3. Brush
Brushes
4. Torch
Torches
5. Box
Boxes
6. Church
Churches
7. Crash
Crashes
8. Buzz
Buzzes
9. Match
Matches
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C. Some nouns ending in —f or —fe drop the —f or —fe and take —ves to form their plural. SINGULAR
PLURAL
1. Loaf
Loaves
2. Knife
Knives
3. Calf
Calves
4. Half
Halves
5. Leaf
Leaves
6. Life
Lives
7. Self
Selves
8. Shelf
Shelves
9. Thief
Thieves
10.
Wife
Wives
11.
Wolf
Wolves
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But the exception is: Cliff Cliffs Roof Roofs D. Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the —y and take—ies. SINGULAR 1. Cherry
PLURAL Cherries
2. Lady
Ladies
3. Country
Countries
4. Ferry
Ferries
5. Party
Parties
6. Puppy
Puppies
7. Library
Libraries
8. Memory
Memories
9. Prophecy
Prophecies
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10.
Mummy
Mummies.
11.
Lolly
Lollies
12.
Dormitory
Dormitories
13.
Gypsy
Gypsies
E. Nouns ending in a vowel +y take —s. SINGULAR 1. Boy
PLURAL Boys
2. Toy
Toys
3. Day
Days
4. Monkey
Monkeys
5. Donkey
Donkeys
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F. Some nouns ending in —o take —es. SINGULAR 1. Tomato
PLURAL Tomatoes
2. Potato
Potatoes
3. Echo
Echoes
4. Hero
Heroes
5. Negro
Negroes
G. Nouns ending in VOWEL + O; they add —s. SINGULAR 1. Radio
PLURAL Radios
2. Zoo
Zoos
3. Video
Videos
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H. The words come into another language; they only add —s. SINGULAR 1. Photo
PLURAL Photos.
2. Commando
Comandos
3. Concerto
Concertos
4. Kilo
Kilos
5. Logo
Logos
6. Piano
Pianos
7. Solo
Solos
8. Soprano
Sopranos
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A few common words ending in —o can have TWO plurals in –s or —es. NOUN 1. Buffalo
PLURAL I Buffalos
PLURAL II Buffaloes
2. Mosquito
Mosquito
Mosquitoes
3. Tornado
Tornados
Tornadoes
4. Volcano
Volcanos
Volcanoes
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IRREGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR 1. Child
PLURAL Children
2. Dormouse
Dormice
3. Foot
Feet
4. Goose
Geese
5. Louse
Lice
6. Man
Men
7. Mouse
Mice
8. Ox
Oxen
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9. Tooth
Teeth
10.
Woman
Women
11.
Person
People
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PLURAL SAME AS SINGULAR SINGULAR 1. Advice
PLURAL Advice
2. Barracks
Barracks
3. Cheese
Cheese
4. Crossroads
Crossroads
5. Deer
Deer
6. Equipment
Equipment
7. Fish
Fish
8. Furniture
Furniture
9. Headquarters
Headquarters
10.
Homework
Homework
11.
Information
Information
12.
Knowledge
Knowledge
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13.
Luggage
Luggage
14.
Means
Means
15.
Milk
Milk
16.
Money
Money
17.
Music
Music
18.
News
News
19.
Salt
Salt
20.
Series
Series
21.
Sheep
Sheep
22.
Species
Species
23.
Swiss
Swiss
24.
Time
Time
25.
Traffic
Traffic
26.
Water
Water
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27.
Works
Works
(factory)
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Definite and indefinite articles Definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto.
The food is excellent. La comida es excelente.
Do you have a dress for me? (tú) ¿Tienes un vestido para mí?
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¿Cuándo utilizamos los definite articles? Utilizamos el artículo definido the (el, la, los, las) cuando se trata de un elemento específico y/o conocido por el hablante. En todos los casos se utiliza el mismo artículo, sin tener en cuenta ni el género ni el número.
Can you close the door? (Tú) ¿Puedes cerrar la puerta?
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The cats are sleeping on my bed. Los gatos están durmiendo en mi cama.
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El artículo definido the tiene una pronunciación diferente en función de la palabra a la cual precede: DEFINITE USE PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES ARTICLES THE Cuando la palabra [ði] The appleLa manzana empieza por vocal Cuando la palabra [ðə] The dogEl perro empieza por consonante También utilizamos el artículo definido the en los siguientes casos: USES Con nombres que se refieren a cosas únicas, es decir, que solo existe una. Con nombres de cosas que
EXAMPLES SENTENCES The sun, the moon, the The sun rose at 6:15 this sky... morning. Esta mañana el sol ha salido a las 6:15. The car (solo tenemos Can I uno) the church (solo Saturday? LAURA PAVLO
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sabemos que solo hay una en el pueblo)... hay una en un lugar o momento concretos. Con nombres The whale... contables en singular cuando nos referimos a ellos en general. Con instrumentos The violin... musicales. Con adjetivos para referirnos a un grupo de personas. Con océanos, mares y ríos. Con
cadenas
¿Puedo usar el próximo sábado?
coche el
The whale is a marine mammal. La ballena es un mamífero marino.
I used to play the violin when I was little. Yo solía tocar el violín cuando era pequeña. The rich, the French... The rich always get richer. Los ricos siempre se hacen más ricos. The Atlantic Ocean, The The Titanic sank in the Atlantic Nile Ocean. El Titanic se hundió en el Océano Atlántico. The Alps, The Which is the highest mountain
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montañosas.
Pyrenees...
Con grupos de The Bahamas, islas y desiertos. Sahara... Con museos, cines The British o teatros. The Phoenix Con países.
The
Museum,
algunos The Czech Republic, The United States...
Con edificios The Taj Mahal, The famosos y London Eye... monumentos. Delante de superlativo.
un The best, the biggest...
LAURA PAVLO
in the Alps? ¿Cuál es la montaña más alta de los Alpes? I spent my holidays in the Bahamas. Pasé mis vacaciones en las Bahamas. Thousands of tourists visit The British Museum every year. Miles de turistas visitan el British Museum cada año. I have some relatives in The Czech Republic. Tengo unos parientes en la República Checa. The Taj Mahal is one of the seven wonders of the world. El Taj Mahal es una de las siete maravillas del mundo. He is the best player at the moment.
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En estos momentos él es el mejor jugador. Hay casos en que el artículo definido the no se utiliza en inglés: USES Con nombres contables en plural para hablar de algo en general. Con nombres incontables para hablar de algo en general. Con continentes, países y ciudades. Calles, estaciones o aeropuertos. Lagos, montañas e islas.
Con nombres de persona.
EXAMPLES Computers, butterflies...
SENTENCES Computers are constantly evolving. Las computadoras evolucionan constantemente. Life, nature, space... Life is short so live it to the full. La vida es corta así que vívela al máximo. Africa, France, Africa is an amazing continent. London... África es un continente increíble. Oxford Street, Penn My grandma lives in Oxford Street. Station... Mi abuela vive en la calle Oxford. Lake Victoria, We've booked a hotel by Lake Kilimanjaro, Malta... Victoria. Hemos reservado un hotel junto al lago Victoria. John, Mary... John has finally asked Mary out.
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Horas, días y meses.
3:15, Monday, June
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John finalmente ha pedido a Mary que salga con él. We met on Monday at the 3:15. Quedamos el lunes a las 3:15.
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¿Cuándo utilizamos los indefinite articles? Utilizamos el artículo indefinido a o an (un, uno, una) cuando queremos aludir a un elemento indeterminado o desconocido por el hablante.
Do you have an umbrella? (Tú) ¿Tienes un paraguas?
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There is a frog in the garden. Hay una rana en el jardín.
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En función de la palabra que precedan se utilizará a o an:
INDEFINITE ARTICLES A
AN
USE
PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLES
Cuando la palabra empieza por consonante Cuando la H al inicio de palabra es sonora Cuando la palabra empieza por E o U c on sonido consonántico Cuando la palabra empieza por vocal Cuando la H a inicio de palabra es muda
[ə]
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A cake. Un pastel A hospital. Un hospital A university. Una universidad
[ə] [ə] [ən]
An ice-cream. Un helado An hour. Una hora
[ən]
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Los nombres incontables o contables en plural, no admiten la presencia del artículo indefinido. I need some sugar. Necesito un poco de azúcar.
I want some cakes for my birthday. Quiero unos pasteles por mi cumpleaños.
También utilizamos el artículo indefinido a / an en los siguientes casos: USES EXAMPLES Delante de profesiones. A nurse, an accountant...
Para sustituir numeral one.
el An apple, a hundred...
Delante de un nombre A lion, a book contable en singular
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SENTENCES My mum is a nurse at the hospital. Mi madre es enfermera en el hospital. Can I have an (one) apple, please? ¿Me das una manzana por favor? A baby lion is born blind. Un bebé león nace
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que sirve de ejemplo de una clase de cosas. Expresiones de precio, A kilo, an hour... velocidad...
ciego. The oranges cost 2 euros a kilo. Las naranjas cuestan 2 euros el kilo.
Diferencias entre a / an y the Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a algo en general, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando ya sabemos a qué nos referimos.
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I need a jacket. I need the jacket. Necesito una chaqueta. Necesito la chaqueta. En este ejemplo utilizamos el En este ejemplo utilizamos el artículo a porque nos referimos a una artículo the porque ambas saben de qué chaqueta cualquiera. chaqueta están hablando. Utilizamos el artículo indeterminado a / an cuando nos referimos a una cosa por primera vez, en cambio utilizamos el artículo determinado the cuando aquello a lo que nos referimos ya se ha mencionado anteriormente.
He has adopted a dog. The dog is docile.
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She's wearing a short dress. The dress is
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Ha adoptado un perro. El perro es dócil.
made of silk. Lleva un vestido corto. El vestido es de seda.
En ambos ejemplos, cuando mencionamos por primera vez la cosa a la que nos queremos referir (dog / dress) utilizamos el artículo indefinido a, mientras que cuando lo mencionamos por segunda vez utilizamos el artículo determinado the.
¡Recuerda! Los definite (the) and indefinite articles (a/an) son aquellos determinantes que especifican la identidad del nombre al que acompañan, es decir, nos indican si el elemento del que se habla es algo específico o inconcreto. USE En profesiones.
EXAMPLES INDEFINITE She is an astronaut. ARTICLE Ella es astronauta. A / AN Para sustituir el numeral one. I drink a coffee every morning. Un, uno, una Bebo un café cada mañana. Delante de un nombre contable en A book is always a good
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DEFINITE ARTICLE THE El, la, los, las
singular que sirve de ejemplo de una present. clase de cosas. Un libro es siempre un buen regalo. Expresiones de precio, velocidad... This car can run at 250 miles an hour. Este coche puede ir a 250 kilómetros por hora. Con nombres que se refieren a cosas The moon is so beautiful únicas, es decir, que solo existe una. tonight. La luna está preciosa esta noche. Con nombres de cosas que sabemos The church is being restored. que solo hay una en un lugar o La iglesia está siendo momento concretos. restaurada. Con nombres contables en singular The wheel is one of man's most cuando nos referimos a ellos en important inventions. general. La rueda es uno de los inventos más importantes que ha hecho el hombre. Con instrumentos musicales. When did you start playing the piano?
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¿Cuándo empezaste a tocar el piano? Con adjetivos para referirnos a un The Finns have a very good grupo de personas. education system. Los finlandeses tienen un sistema educativo muy bueno. Con océanos, mares y ríos. We took a cruise on the Nile. Hicimos un crucero por el Nilo. Con cadenas montañosas. We are flying over the Pyrenees. Estamos sobrevolando los Pirineos. Con grupos de islas y desiertos. The Gobi Desert is the largest desert in Asia. El desierto de Gobi es el desierto más grande de Asia. Con museos, cines o teatros. There's a very interesting exhibition at the Guggenheim museum. Hay una exposición muy interesante en el museo
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OMISSION THE
Guggenheim. Con algunos países. I have some relatives in The Netherlands. Tengo algunos parientes en Holanda. Con edificios famosos y monumentos. There's always a long queue to go up the Eiffel Tower. Siempre hay una larga cola para subir a la Torre Eiffel. Delante de un superlativo. I booked the cheapest hotel. Reservé el hotel más barato. OF Con nombres contables en plural para I hate spiders. hablar de algo en general. Odio las arañas. Con nombres incontables para hablar Music connects people. de algo en general. La música conecta a las personas. Con continentes, países y ciudades. Have you ever been to Budapest? ¿Has estado alguna vez en Budapest? Calles, estaciones o aeropuertos. I live on Carnaby Street.Yo vivo
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en la calle Carnaby. We're planning to climb Kilimanjaro. Estamos planeando subir al Kilimanjaro. Have you seen Peter lately? ¿Has visto a Peter últimamente? I usually go to bed at 23:00. Normalmente me acuesto a las 23:00.
Lagos, montañas e islas.
Con nombres de persona. Horas, días y meses.
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Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/16/definite-and-indefinite-articles, on 30 September 2020
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Countable and uncountable nouns COUNTABLE Los countable nouns son aquellos elementos que pueden ser contados de uno en uno utilizando los números. UNCOUNTABLE Los uncountable nouns son aquellos elementos que no podemos contar usando números pero sí utilizando cuantificadores o partitivos.
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3 magazines 3 revistas
COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
Sand Arena
NOUNS Apple / apples Monkey / monkeys Chair / chairs Manzana / manzanas Mono / monos Silla / sillas School / schools Tree / trees Film / films Escuela / escuelas Árbol / árboles Película / películas Food Milk Money Comida Leche Dinero Sugar Time Weather Azúcar Tiempo Tiempo (clima)
¿Cómo se utilizan los countable y uncountable nouns? Los nombres contables tienen forma de singular y plural. Cuando nos referimos a los nombres contables en singular, estos pueden ir precedidos por el artículo indeterminado a/an.
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I need an umbrella. Necesito un paraguas.
This is a parrot. Esto es un loro.
Los nombres incontables solo tienen forma de singular, habitualmente no llevan artículos pero a veces puden ir acompañados por some/any.
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I need milk. Necesito leche.
I can give you some advice. Te puedo dar algunos consejos.
Si queremos expresar una cantidad concreta de un elemento incontable añadiremos un grupo de palabras que dividan el todo en partes que puedan ser contadas seguidas de la preposición of:
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A bag of (una bolsa de, un paquete de)
Flour Harina
Pasta Pasta
Rice Arroz
A slice of (una rebanada, un trozo de, una rodaja de, una porción de, un pedazo de )
Bread Pan
Meat Carne
Cheese Queso
A carton of (un cartón de, una caja de )
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Milk Leche
Juice Jugo
Ice cream Helado
A jar of (un tarro de, un bote de, un frasco de)
Jam Mermelada
Honey Miel
Tomato sauce Salsa de tomate
A can of (una lata de, un bote de)
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Atún
Maíz
Cola
A drop of (una gota de)
Water Agua
Wine Vino
Oil Aceite
A tube of (un tubo de)
Toothpaste Pasta de dientes.
Glue Pegamento
Shampoo Champú
A bit of/A piece of (un/una)
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Advice Consejo
Information Información
News Noticias
A pinch of (una pizca de, un poco de, un pellizco de)
Salt Sal
Sugar Azúcar
Pepper Pimienta
A roll of (un rollo de)
Toilet paper
Tape
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Papel higiénico
Cinta adhesiva
Film transparente
Algunos de estos partitivos también pueden aplicarse a nombres contables como:
A can of pineapple. Un bote de piña.
A bag of crisps. Una bolsa de patatas fritas.
A jar of olives. Un bote de aceitunas.
Hay algunos nombres que, aunque son contables, solo tienen forma plural. Para designar una unidad utilizamos a pair of.
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A pair of glasses. Unas gafas.
A pair of trousers. Unos pantalones.
A pair of scissors. Unas tijeras.
Hay que prestar atención a la diferencia entre los partitivos a pair of y a couple of.
USE A PAIR OF
PAIRS OF
A COUPLE OF
EXAMPLES
Para referirnos a dos A pair of shoes. cosas iguales pero Un par de zapatos. que juntas se las considera una sola unidad. Si queremos designar Two pairs of shoes. más de una unidad Dos pares añadiendo un número de zapatos. delante Para referirnos a dos A couple of CDs. unidades de alguna Un par de CDs. cosa o persona
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A pair of gloves. Un par de guantes.
Four pairs of gloves. Cuatro pares de guantes. A couple of ideas. Un par de ideas
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Las sustancias que no separamos por elementos (líquido, granos pequeños, sustancias en polvo, gas...) son generalmente incontables, pero serán contables si nos referimos a ellas pensando en su correspondiente recipiente (una taza, un vaso...):
COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
Three (cups of) coffees, please. Tres (tazas de) cafés, por favor.
I don't like coffee. No me gusta el café.
Algunos nombres pueden ser contables e incontables. En la mayoría de esos casos su significado varía: COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
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There are 5 rooms in my house. Hay 5 habitaciones en mi casa.
There isn't room for another table. No hay espacio para otra mesa.
How many lights do you need? (Tú) ¿Cuántas luces necesitas?
My bedroom gets a lot of light. Mi habitación recibe mucha luz.
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Can I read this paper? (Yo) ¿Puedo leer este periódico?
Give the boy some paper to draw on. Dale papel al niño para que dibuje.
¡Recuerda! Los countable nouns son aquellos que pueden contarse de uno en uno y los uncountable nouns,por lo contrario, no pueden ser contados con números.
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE Designan Two birds Designan elementos AirAire elementos que Dos pájaros imposibles de ser pueden ser tratados tratados con individualmente individualidad Forma singular y Tree / trees No cuentan con un Water / watersAgua plural Árbol / árboles forma plural Se I need a book Se suele I need utiliza a/an/one para Necesito un utilizar some/any/Øpara some moneyNecesito designar elementos libro designar elementos (algo de) dinero en singular incontables Pueden ser One bee - two Para poder contarlos A bottle of milkUna LAURA PAVLO
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contados de uno en bees uno Una abeja - dos utilizando números abejas
se necesita el uso de un sintagma + of
botella de leche
Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/33/countable-and-uncountable , on 25 September 2020
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This / that / these / those Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan mayoritariamente para especificar o señalar a personas, animales o cosas en función de su proximidad o lejanía teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: THIS THAT THESE THOSE
Esto/e/a Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a Estos/as Esos/as, aquellos/as
Los demonstrative determiners en inglés no hacen distinción de género (masculino/femenino) pero sí de número (singular/plural).
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¿Cómo se utilizan los demonstrative determiners? Los demonstrative determiners se utilizan según la situación y el número, principalmente teniendo en cuenta la posición del hablante: THIS (Esto/e/a) Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.
THESE (Estos/as) Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a poca distanciadel hablante.
This vase is very expensive. Este jarrón es muy caro.
These shoes are old. Estos zapatos son viejos.
THAT (Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a)
THOSE (Esos/as, aquellos/as)
Se utiliza cuando hablamos de un solo elemento que se encuentra a una cierta
Se usa cuando hablamos de más de un elemento que se encuentra a una cierta
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distancia del hablante.
distancia del hablante.
That boy is my cousin. Aquel chico es mi primo.
Those toys are dirty. Esos juguetes están sucios.
También utilizamos los determinantes demostrativos cuando introducimos a alguien o preguntamos por alguien a través del teléfono, utilizando las construcciones: This is.../These are... Is that...?, respectivamente:
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Hi Mary. This is my boyfriend, Ron. Hola Mary. Este es mi novio, Ron.
Hello Miss, these are my parents. Hola señorita, estos son mis padres.
- Hello? Is that Sarah? - ¿Hola? ¿Eres Sarah?
- No, it's her mother. - No, soy su madre.
¿Qué función desempeñan los demonstrative determiners? Para saber si el demostrativo actúa como un adjetivo o un pronombre es importante tener en cuenta el siguiente aspecto:
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Cuando el demostrativo aparece acompañado de un nombre, se categoriza como un adjetivo porque especifica el elemento del que estamos hablando.
This apple is mine. Esta manzana es mía.
I like that hat. Me gusta ese sombrero.
Si aparecen sin ir acompañados de ningún elemento significa que están sustituyendo a un sustantivo mencionado anteriormente o que se puede deducir por el contexto, por lo que en estos casos nos encontramos ante un pronombre.
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These are original. Estos son originales.
That is not mine. Eso no es mío.
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¡Recuerda! PROXIMIDAD THIS This book Este libro.
THESE These books. Estos libros. LEJANÍA
THAT That book. Ese/aquel libro.
THOSE Those books. Esos/aquellos libros.
Reference Retrieved from Lew and Lag https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/6/this-that-these-those , on 25 September 2020
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Adjectives Los adjetivos son palabras que acompañan al nombre y lo modifican, ya que nos dan información sobre algo o alguien. En inglés, los adjetivos se colocan normalmente delante de un nombre, o bien detrás de un verbo (be, look, smell...).
This is a blue towel. Esto es una toalla azul.
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These towels are blue. Estas toallas son azules.
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El orden de los adjetivos en inglés Cuando queremos describir las características de un objeto, persona..., podemos utilizar uno o más adjetivos al mismo tiempo; en inglés se suele seguir un patrón para ordenar dichos adjetivos. OPINION
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE
COLOUR
PATTERN
Nice Bonito
Big Grande
Old Viejo
Round Redondo
Pink Rosa
Plain Liso
Cheap Barato
New Nuevo
Oval Ovalado
Pale Pálido
Young Joven Modern Moderno
Square Cuadrado Flat Plano
Tanned Moreno Silver Plateado
Spotted De lunares Flecked Moteado Flowery Floreado
Intelligent Inteligente Annoying Pesado
Small Pequeñ o Tall Alto Thin Delgad o Long Largo Short Corto
Curved Curvo Spherical Esférico
BlueAzul
Boring Aburrido
Thick Grueso
AncientAnt iguo Updated Actualizad o Outdated Anticuado
Straight Recto
Interesting Interesante Gorgerous Precioso
NATIONALIT Y American Americano
MATERIAL
PURPOSE
Plastic De plástico
Italian Italiano
Leather De piel
Spanish Español Indian Indio
Iron De hierro Wooden De madera
Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir Race De carreras
White Blanco
Striped A rayas Checked A cuadros
French Francés Chinese Chino
Yellow Amarillo
Printed Estampad
English Inglés
Steel De acero Denim Tela vaquera Straw De paja
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Running Para correr Football De fútbol Reading Para leer
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Great Genial
Wide Ancho
Junior Júnior
Steep Empinado
Orange Naranja
Amazing Increíble
Narrow Estrech o
Senior Mayor
Hollow Hueco
Red Rojo
o Argyle De rombos Tie-dyed Teñido
German Alemán
Paper De papel
Winter De invierno
Egyptian Egipcio
Glass De cristal
Working Para trabajar
¡Recuerda! Esta tabla nos servirá de guía, aunque no es un orden cerrado, ya que puede cambiar dependiendo de qué adjetivo queremos enfatizar.
She has some cheap new colourful trainers. Tiene unas deportivas nuevas, baratas y de colores.
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He's a nice young guy. Es un chico simpático y joven. Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es: nice (opinión) y young (edad)
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Siguiendo la tabla, el orden es: cheap (opinión), new (edad) y colourful (color)
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Observaciones En general se suelen utilizar entre uno y tres adjetivos, no es muy corriente utilizar más.
She is wearing a gorgerous pink silk dress. Ella lleva un precioso vestido de seda rosa.
It is a reusable shopping bag. Es una bolsa de compra reutilizable.
Cuando se utilizan dos adjetivos de la misma categoría, el orden lo decide el hablante. Y aunque en general no se pone coma entre los adjetivos, cuando estos son de la misma categoría se tienen que separar por una coma, o bien por la partícula and.
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This is my lovely, intelligent dog. Este es mi encantador e inteligente perro.
She's got red and blue hair. Ella tiene el pelo rojo y azul.
¡Recuerda! Cuando queremos utilizar dos o más adjetivos para describir algo seguimos el siguiente orden: OPINION
SIZE
AGE
SHAPE
COLOUR
PATTERN
Nice
Big Grande
Old Viejo
Round Redondo
Pink Rosa
Plain Liso
NATIONALI TY American Americano
Cheap
Small Pequeño
New Nuevo
Oval Ovalado
Pale Pálido
Spotted De lunares
Interesting
Tall Alto
Young Joven
Square Cuadrado
Tanned Moreno
Flecked Moteado
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MATERIAL
PURPOSE
Italian Italiano
Plastic De plástico Leather De piel
Spanish Español
Iron De hierro
Shopping De la compra Typing Mecanografí a Sleeping Para dormir
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She was wearing an expensive diamond It is an old black and white film. engagement ring. Es una vieja película en blanco y negro. Ella llevaba un anillo de compromiso caro y de diamantes. Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/76/order-of-adjectives on 25 September 2020
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Qualifying adjectives Qualifying adjectives son aquellas palabras que describen o expresan las características,
rasgos o propiedades de un nombre.
Colores
Black Negro/a
White Blanco/a
Características
Blue Azul
Easy Fácil
Emociones y sentimientos
Happy Feliz
Angry Enfadado/a
Sad Triste
Difficult Difícil
Sensaciones o gustos
Hungry Hambriento/a
Cualidades
Sweet Dulce
Aspecto físico
LAURA PAVLO
Expensive Caro/a
2020-2021
Salty Salado/a
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Funny Divertido/a
Nice Simpático/a
Famous Famoso/a
Short Bajo/a
Tall Alto/a
P á g i n a | 116 Long Largo/a
¿Cómo se utilizan los qualifying adjectives? Qualifying adjectives se colocan siempre delante de un nombre y no aceptan flexión de
género ni de número, por lo que conservan su misma forma en todos los casos.
There is a red ball on the table. Hay una pelota roja en la mesa.
You have a small dog. (Tú) Tienes un perro pequeño.
No obstante, los adjetivos también pueden colocarse detrás de un verbo, siempre que éste sea el verbo to be u otro relacionado con los cinco sentidos: look (parecer), feel (sentir), smell (oler), taste (saber), sound (sonar).
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Mary is happy today. Hoy Mary está contenta.
This perfume smells good. Este perfume huele bien.
¡Recuerda! Los qualifying adjectives son palabras que describen o expresan las características, rasgos o propiedades de un nombre. Un ejemplo de ello serían los colores, las emociones y sentimientos, las sensaciones o gustos, las cualidades o el aspecto físico, entre otras cosas.
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NOUN
VERB
STRUCTURE Adjetivo calificativo + nombre
EXAMPLES I have a new car. Tengo un coche nuevo.
Verbo + adjetivo calificativo
This cake smells good. Este pastel huele bien.
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NOTES No aceptan flexión de género ni número. Siempre tienen la misma forma Solo después del verbo to be u otros verbos como look, smell, feel, taste o sound
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/8/qualifying-adjectives on 25 September 2020
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Question words Question words (QW) son aquellas palabras que sirven para formular e introducir oraciones de carácter interrogativo cuya respuesta no es un sí o un no, sino que es una respuesta abierta. WHO? WHAT? WHEN? WHERE? HOW? WHY? WHOSE? WHICH?
¿Quién? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuándo? ¿Dónde? ¿Cómo? ¿Por qué? ¿De quién? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué?
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¿Cómo se utilizan las question words? Las question words se colocan al principio de la oración y siguen las siguentes estructuras: Cuando el verbo principal es el verbo to be: QW + to be + sujeto + (complemento) Cuando el verbo principal no es el verbo to be: QW + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo + (complemento) Tanto el verbo to be en el primer caso como el verbo auxiliar en el segundo caso se corresponderán con el tiempo verbal utilizado (to be: am, is, was...) (auxiliar: do, did, will...).
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Las diferentes question words WHO? ¿Quién? ¿A quién? Para pedir información sobre la identidad de una persona.
Who is that boy? ¿Quién es ese chico?
Who is the youngest? ¿Quién es el más joven?
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WHAT? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? Para pedir información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa u objeto.
What does this mean? ¿Qué significa esto?
LAURA PAVLO
What is the meaning of your name? ¿Cuál es el significado de tu nombre?
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What se puede combinar con un sustantivo para formular ciertas preguntas. QUESTION WORD WHAT
NOUN Colour
EXAMPLES What colour are her eyes? ¿De qué color con sus ojos? What size are you? ¿Qué talla usas? What kind of films do you usually watch? ¿Qué clase de películas miras normalmente? What day is it tomorrow? ¿Qué día es mañana? What time do you go to school? ¿A qué hora vas a la escuela?
Size kind (of)
Day time
What también se utiliza con like y look like para preguntar cómo es una persona o describir lugares u objetos. Cuando queremos preguntar cómo es una persona físicamente: What + auxiliar + sujeto + look like?
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What does your sister look like? ¿Cómo es tu hermana?
She is tall, blonde and has blue eyes. Es alta, rubia y tiene los ojos azules.
Cuando queremos preguntar por el carácter de una persona: What + to be + sujeto + like?
- What is your mother like? - ¿Cómo es tu madre?
- She is funny but strict. - Es divertida pero estricta.
Cuando queremos describir lugares, objectos, el tiempo: What + to be + sujeto + like?
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- What was the weather like yesterday? - ¿Qué tiempo hizo ayer?
It was sunny but windy. Hizo sol pero con viento.
WHEN? ¿Cuándo? Para preguntar "en qué momento" o período temporal tiene lugar un acontecimiento.
When do I start the holidays? (yo) ¿Cuándo empiezo las vacaciones?
LAURA PAVLO
When do you finish classes? (tú) ¿Cuándo acabas las clases?
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WHERE? ¿Dónde? Para preguntar "en qué lugar" ocurre la acción.
Where is your car? ¿Dónde está tu coche?
Where is the bus station? ¿Dónde está la estación de autobuses?
HOW? ¿Cómo? Para preguntar "de qué manera" se lleva a cabo una acción. También se utiliza para averiguar el estado de ánimo o la salud de las personas y animales y también como una manera de saludar a alguien.
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How do you cook sushi? (Tú) ¿Cómo cocinas el sushi?
How are you? (Tú) ¿Cómo estás?
How también se puede utilizar junto con un adverbio o un adjetivo para preguntar el grado de una cualidad. QUESTION WORD HOW
NOUN Tall Big Fast High deep LAURA PAVLO
EXAMPLES How tall is your son? ¿Cuánto mide tu hijo? How big is a plane? ¿Qué tamaño tiene un avión? How fast can you run? ¿A qué velocidad puedes correr? How high is Mount Everest? ¿Qué altura tiene el monte Everest? How deep is the river? 2020-2021
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heavy Far Old
LAURA PAVLO
¿Qué profundidad tiene este río? How heavy is this box? ¿Cuánto pesa esta caja? How far is the nearest village? ¿A qué distancia está el pueblo más cercano? How old is your dog? ¿Cuántos años tiene tu perro?
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WHY? ¿Por qué? Para pedir información acerca de la causa o razón de ser de alguna cosa.
Why are you so happy? (Tú) ¿Por qué estás tan contenta?
Why can't we swim? (Nosotros/as) ¿Por qué no podemos nadar?
La respuesta a why siempre se introduce con because (porque). -Why can you speak German? (Tú) ¿Por qué sabes hablar alemán? -Because I'm from Germany. Porque soy de Alemania.
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WHOSE? ¿De quién? Para saber "a qué persona" pertenece una cosa.
Whose is that pencil? ¿De quién es ese lápiz?
Whose are the trousers? ¿De quién son los pantalones?
WHICH? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué? Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger.
Which season is your favourite?
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Which of these actors do you prefer?
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¿Qué estación del año es tu favorita?
¿Cuál de estos actores prefieres?
Recuerda que en las frases interrogativas y exclamativas, en inglés siempre se coloca el signo interrogativo o exclamativo al final de la frase, al contrario que en español, que se introduce al inicio y al final de la oración:
Whose is that pencil? Be careful!
¡Recuerda! Las question words son palabras que sirven para formular oraciones interrogativas cuya respuesta no es sí o no sino una respuesta abierta. QUESTION WORD Who? ¿Quién?
USE Información sobre la identidad de alguien What? ¿Qué? ¿Cuál? Información sobre la naturaleza o identidad de una cosa What + ¿Qué? Para obtener LAURA PAVLO
EXAMPLES Who are you?¿ Quién eres? What are you doing? ¿Qué estás haciendo? What time is it? 2020-2021
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noun? What ... like?
¿Cómo?
¿Cómo?
información concreta sobre algo Preguntar acerca del carácter de una persona Preguntar por la descripción de un lugar, objeto... Preguntar cómo es una persona físicamente En qué momento o período temporal
What ... look like? When?
¿Cuándo?
Where?
¿Dónde?
En qué lugar
How?
¿Cómo?
How + adj?
¿Cuánto? ¿Qué?
De qué manera, estado de ánimo Preguntar por el grado de una cualidad
LAURA PAVLO
¿Qué hora es? What is your aunt like? ¿Cómo es tu tía? What is your room like? ¿Cómo es tu habitación? What does your grandfather look like? ¿Cómo es tu abuelo? When do you finish school? ¿Cuándo terminas la escuela? Where is Mary? ¿Dónde está Mary? How are you? ¿Cómo estás? How deep is the ocean? ¿Qué profundidad tiene el océano?
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Why?
¿Por qué?
Causa, motivo o razón de ser Whose? ¿De quién? A qué persona pertenece una cosa Which? ¿Cuál? ¿Qué? Para preguntar acerca de un número limitado de posibilidades entre las cuales escoger
Why can't you jump? ¿Por qué no puedes saltar? Whose is this book? ¿De quién es este libro? Which season is your favourite? ¿Cuál es tu estación preferida?
Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/17/question-words on 30 September 2020
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How much y how many son dos construcciones interrogativas que sirven para preguntar sobre una cantidad de elementos: cuánto, cuánta, cuántos, cuántas.
How many apples are on the table? ¿Cuántas manzanas hay en la mesa?
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How much sugar do you want in the coffee? (tú) ¿Cuánto azúcar quieres en el café?
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¿Cuándo se utiliza how much? How much se utiliza en los casos en los que tenemos un nombre incontable. En español podría traducirse como cuánto, cuánta.
How much milk is there in the fridge? ¿Cuánta leche hay en el refrigerador?
How much time do we have? ¿Cuánto tiempo tenemos?
How much también se utiliza para preguntar el precio de un elemento. Esta estructura se aplica tanto a elementos incontables como a elementos contables.
How much is this camera? ¿Cuánto vale esta cámara?
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How much are the new Lordan trainers? ¿Cuánto valen las nuevas deportivas Lordan?
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Como se puede ver, camera es una palabra contable, pero lo que en realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dicha cámara cuesta. Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.
Como se puede ver, Lordans trainers es un objeto contable pero lo que en realidad se pide es la cantidad de dinero (incontable) que dichas deportivas cuestan. Por este motivo se utiliza la forma how much.
Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, lógicamente este puede ser omitido. I want some cheese. (Yo) Quiero un poco de queso. How much (cheese) do you need? (Tú) ¿Cuánto (queso) necesitas?
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¿Cuándo se utiliza how many? How many se utiliza en casos en los que tenemos un nombre contable en plural y en español puede traducirse como cuántos o cuántas.
How many students are there in the school? ¿Cuántos estudiantes hay en la escuela?
How many pencils have you got? (tú) ¿Cuántos lápices tienes?
Si se trata de un sustantivo ya mencionado con anterioridad, este también puede ser omitido. I've got a lot of books. (Yo) Tengo muchos libros.
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How many ( books) have you got? (Tú) ¿Cuántos (libros) tienes?
¡Recuerda! How much y how many se utilizan para preguntar acerca de cantidades.
COUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE
How many legs do spiders have? ¿Cuántas patas tienen las arañas?
How much water is there in the ocean? ¿Cuánta agua hay en el océano?
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La estructura how much también se utiliza para pedir el precio de algo, es decir, para saber cuánto dinero cuesta un elemento. Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/26/how-much-how-many on 25 September 2020
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Contractions We use contractions (I’m, we’re) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions, which are sometimes called ‘short forms’, commonly combine a pronoun or noun and a verb, or a verb and not, in a shorter form. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing. We make contractions with auxiliary verbs, and also with be and have when they are not auxiliary verbs. When we make a contraction, we commonly put an apostrophe in place of a missing letter. The following are the most common contractions. Contractions with I, you, he, she, it, we, and they ’m =
am (I’m)
’re =
are (you’re, we’re, they’re)
’s =
is and has (he’s, she’s, it’s)
’ve =
have (’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve)
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’ll =
will (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll)
’d =
had and would (I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, it’d, we’d, they’d)
Contractions with auxiliary verb and not The contraction for not is n’t: aren’t can’t couldn’t didn’t hasn’t haven’t isn’t mustn’t shan’t shouldn’t wasn’t weren’t
= are not (we aren’t, you aren’t) = Cannot = could not = did not (I didn’t, they didn’t) = has not = have not = is not (she isn’t, it isn’t) = must not = shall not = should not = was not = were not
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won’t = wouldn’t =
will not would not
We use contractions with be + negative in two ways: Ø She is not is contracted to she isn’t or she’s not. Ø I am not is only contracted to I’m not. Not: I’m n’t or I am n’t. Ø They are not is contracted to they aren’t or they’re not. Ø The isn’t / aren’t contractions are more common after nouns. Ø The ’s/ ’re not contractions are more common after pronouns: The cakes aren’t ready yet. She’s not a friend of mine. Reference Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/britishgrammar/contractions on 25 September 2020.
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Informal Contractions Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang. For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say going to very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like gonna. Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech. It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English. Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not always use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written. Listed below are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we
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may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example: What are you going to do? Whatcha going to do? Whatcha gonna do? or Do you want a beer? Do you wanna beer? D'you wanna beer? D'ya wanna beer? Ya wanna beer? Wanna beer?
These informal contractions are not "correct" English. Do not use them in a written exam, for example, except in appropriate situations.
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Ain't = am not/are not/is not I ain't sure. You ain't my boss. Ain't = has not/have not I ain't done it. She ain't finished yet. Gimme = give me Gimme your money. Don't gimme that rubbish. Can you gimme a hand? Gonna = going to Nothing's gonna change my love for you. I'm not gonna tell you. What are you gonna do?
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Gotta = (have) got a I've gotta gun. I gotta gun. She hasn't gotta penny. Have you gotta car? Gotta = (have) got to I've gotta go now. I gotta go now. We haven't gotta do that. Have they gotta work? Kinda = kind of She's kinda cute. Lemme = let me Lemme go!
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Wanna = want to I wanna go home. Wanna = want a I wanna coffee. Whatcha = what are you Whatcha going to do? Whatcha = what have you Whatcha got there? Ya = you Who saw ya? Reference Retrieved from English Club https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/contractions-informal.htm on 18 October 2020
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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¡RECUERDA! CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTION
MEANING
EXAMPLE
1. Wanna
Want to
I wanna hold your hand
2. Gotta
Have got to / have to
You gotta be my girl
3. Gonna
Going to
We’re gonna be happy together.
4. Gimme
Give me
Gimme your heart, baby.
5. Lemme
Let me
Lemme take you home.
6. Outta
Out of
She got me outta my mind.
7. Kinda
Kind of
You’re my kinda girl
8. Dunno
Don’t know
I dunno how to live without you
9. Shoulda
Should have
I shoulda told you
10.
I’mma
I’m going to
I’mma talk to her
11.
Hafta
Have to
I hafta do it
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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12.
Whatcha
What are you doing?
Whatcha tomorrow?
13.
S’more
Some more
I need s’more
14.
Musta
Must have
You musta done that
15.
Cuppa
Cup of
I need of copa of tea
16.
Cmon
Come on
Cmon let’s go
17.
Alotta
A lot of
I ate alotta cheese
18.
Doncha/Dontcha
Don’t you
Doncha there will be an exam.
19.
Innit
Isn’t it
It’s blue, innit?
20.
Woulda
Would’ve /would have
I woulda failed the test.
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We use DO-DOES to describe: A. Permanent states, repeated actions and daily routines. ß Carlos lives in London. (permanent state) ß He goes to work by bus. (repeated action) ß She gets up at six o’clock every morning (daily action) B. The "simple present" is used to make statements about future events, when such statements are based on facts in the present and these are fixed, such as a timetable, schedule or calendar. ß The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow. ß She has a yoga class tomorrow morning. ß The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight. ß Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam. ß The plane leaves in ten minutes. C. Schedule actions, for instance time tables of trains, buses etc. ß The train to Greek leaves at 9:00 pm. D. 6Likes and dislikes. ß He likes horses. ß I hate planes.
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2020-2021
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E. 6General truths or laws of nature. ß The Sun shines in the East. F. 6For sports commentaries, reviews and narration. o Fernando finds her mother so they live happily forever. (Narration) Reference https://www.ef.com/wwes/recursos-aprender-ingles/gramatica-inglesa/simple-presentsentido-futuro/ on February 25, 2021
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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AFFIRMATIVE
Present Simple Auxiliary DO-DOES INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
I work You work at home.
Do I work at home? Do you work at home?
He works at home.
Does he work at home?
She works at home.
Does she work at home?
It works at home.
Does it work at home?
We work at home.
Do we work at home?
You work at home.
Do you work at home?
They work at home.
Do they work at home?
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2020-2021
I do not/don’t work at home. You do not/don’t work at home. He does not/doesn’t work at home. She does not/doesn’t work at home. It does not/doesn’t work at home. We do not/don’t work at home. You do not/don’t work at home. They do not/don’t work at home.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Spelling 3rd person singular, affirmative I.
II.
III.
IV.
Most verbs take -s in the third person singular. ß He sits, ß She drinks, ß It Works Verb ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o take -es. ß He kisses, ß He wishes, ß He goes, ß It watches Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop -y and take ß He flies (fly) ß She cries (cry) ß She hurries (hurry) ß She dries (dry) Verb ending in a vowel + y take -s. ß He says ß She plays ß She enjoys
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2020-2021
-ies.
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ß
She stays
6Time expressions that we can use with the present simple. All of them,
you must write at the end of the sentence. 1. Every day 2. Every week 3. Every month 4. Every year 5. In the morning 6. In the afternoon 7. In the evening 8. On Monday 9. On Saturday Adverbs of frequency. 10. Usually = normalmente. 11. Often 12. Always 13. Never
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Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Placement DO-DOES AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Adverbs of frequency usually They don't often go to the Do you often go to the come before the verb. cinema. cinema? She doesn't usually wait for an He always eats candies in Did he sometimes leave answer. the afternoon. the classroom? They never speak French Do they usually come late Peter doesn't normally want to come with us. in front of them. to class? You normally see them best in September or March They always hang out together. HOWEVER, THEY COME AFTER THE VERB BE. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Tom is often late. He is always happy. The Northern Lights are usually green.
Anne isn't usually sick. Peter isn't always right.
It is often cloudy.
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2020-2021
Is she usually on time? Are the northern lights usually green?
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ß Expressions such as all the time, now and then, once in a while, twice a week, once a month, every two months usually come at the end of the sentence. ß Some adverbs and expression can come at the beginning of the sentence. Sometimes Mr. Jones works late. From time to time, he brings work to do at home.
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2020-2021
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TO HAVE GOT/TO HAS GOT BRITISH ENGLISH We use to talk about: Þ To show what belongs to someone for example, family, possessions. Example ü I have got two sisters and a brother. ü I have not a car. Þ Qualifications. Example. ü Have you got a driver’s license? ü I have got a TV in my room. ü Has your sister got a new car? Þ To describe people, animals and things. Example ü Mr. Smith hasn’t got a beard. ü Joshua’s dogs have got a red ball. ü Our house has got three bedrooms.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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AFFIRMATIVE I have got two brothers
INTERROGATIVE Have I got two brothers?
You have got two Have you got two brothers? brothers He has got two brothers Has he got two brothers? She has got two brothers It has got two brothers
Has she got two brothers?
We have got two brothers You have got two brothers They have got two brothers.
Have we got two brothers?
Has it got two brothers?
Have you got two brothers? Have they got two brothers?
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2020-2021
NEGATIVE I haven’t/ have not got two brothers. You haven’t/ have not got two brothers. He hasn’t/has not got two brothers. She hasn’t/ has not got two brothers. It hasn’t/ has not got two brothers. We haven’t/ have not got two brothers. You haven’t/ have not got two brothers. They haven’t/ have not got two brothers.
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The verb to be PRESENT SIMPLE (Irregular verb) We use to be to describe: To introduce yourself or to introduce people. NI am John. NThis is Monique. To say where you are from. NWhere are you from? I am from Mexico. NAre you from Spain? Yes, I am / No I’m not To talk about age. NHow old are you? NI am 20 years old / No, I’m not 22 years old. To ask about nationality. NIs she Japanese? NYes, she is / No she isn’t. To describe what happen or occur. NThe party is after school. To attend or present. NI am in the party. NShe is in the school.
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To indicate a quality or state. NHe is ten years old. NThe earth is around. To ask about people and things. NWho is that? NWhat is this?
AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I am a doctor.
AFFIRMATIVE SHORT FORM Yes, I’m.
You are a Yes, you’re. doctor. He is a doctor. Yes, he’s. She is a doctor. Yes, she’s. It is a doctor. Yes, it’s. We are Yes, we’re. doctors. You are Yes, you’re.
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE LONG FORM Am I a doctor? I am not a doctor. Are you a doctor? You are not a doctor. Is he a doctor? He is not a doctor. Is she a doctor? She is not a doctor. Is it a doctor? It is not a doctor. Are we doctors? We are not doctors. Are you doctors? You are not
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2020-2021
SHORT FORM I’m not. You aren’t. He isn’t. She isn’t. It isn’t. We aren’t. You aren’t.
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doctors. They doctors.
are Yes, they’re
Are they doctors?
doctors. They are doctors.
not They aren’t.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS We use the Present Continuous or Progressive: A. Actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ü I am studying now in the classroom. ü I am writing a letter. B. For actions happening around the moment of speaking. simultaneously). ü They are singing now. ü Andy is looking for a new house these days. C. Fixed arrangements in the near future. ü I am seeing my doctor next week. ü She is going to Alaska next week. ü The invitations are ready. They are getting married next month.
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
(Actions
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AFFIRMATIVE I am playing football now. You are playing football now. He is playing football now. She is playing football now. It is playing football now? We are playing football now. You are playing football now. We are playing football now.
INTERROGATIVE Are you playing football now? Are you playing footballs now? Is he playing football now? Is she playing football now? Is it playing football now?
NEGATIVE No, you are not/ aren’t football now. No, you are not/aren’t football now. No, he is not/isn’t football now. No, she is not/isn’t football now. No, it is not/isn’t football now. Are we playing football No, we are not/aren’t now? football now. Are you playing football No, you are not/aren’t now? football now. Are we playing football No, we are not/aren’t now? football now.
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2020-2021
playing playing playing playing playing playing playing playing
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Rules for –ing I.
II.
III.
If the verb ends in -e, I erase –e and add –ing. 1. Practice = Practicing 2. Bake = Baking 3. Ride =Riding 4. Note =Noting These verbs when they need to add –ing, they double the last consonant. 1. win winning 2. sit sitting 3. put putting 4. hit hitting 5. run running 6. get getting 7. stop stopping 8. dig digging These verbs only add –ing. 1. Study studying 2. Cry crying
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2020-2021
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IV.
V.
VI.
3. Try trying 4. Dry drying When the verbs ending in vowel + -y. –x, -w, we add –ing. 1. Drawing 2. Mixing 3. Playing These verbs never use in –ing. 1. be 2. believe 3. feel 4. hear 5. know 6. love 7. see 8. sleep 9. smell 10. sound 11. taste 12. understand 13. want If the verbs are not included in the rules; they only add –ing. 1) sing singing LAURA PAVLO
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2) jump 3) read 4) go 5) do 6) work
jumping reading going doing working
TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS At present At the moment In this moment. Just now Now Right now Today
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The Imperative I.
We can use the imperative to give a direct order. Take that chewing gum out of your mouth. Stand up straight.
II.
Give me the details. We can use the imperative to give instructions. Open your book. Take two tablets every evening.
III.
Take a left and then a right. We can use the imperative to make an invitation. Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home. Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
IV.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious. We can use the imperative on signs (symbols) and notices. (Letreros) Push. LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
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Do not use. Insert one dollar. Please, silence your cell phone. We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice. ß Speak to him. Tell him how you feel. ß Have a quiet word with her about it. ß Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover. V. We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'. ß Do be quiet. ß Do come. ß Do sit down. ß Do read carefully VI. The negative imperative is formed with do not or don’t. BDon’t/ do not help me. BDon’t/ do not jump in the bed. BDon’t/ do not read this. VII. If we want to be polite, we can use the word please; it can be at the beginning or at
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2020-2021
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the end of the sentence. FPlease, don’t go. FPlease, don’t eat it. FPlease, read it. FDon’t go, please FDon’t open the door, please. FDon’t drink more, please.
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2020-2021
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2020-2021
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MODAL VERBS What are modal verbs? Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions. Here are some characteristics of modal verbs: They never change their form. 1) You can't add "s", "ed", "ing". 2) It does not change in the third person (for instance, he, she, it) 3) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (for example, without 'to') 4) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives.
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5) They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability
Use of modal verbs: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: 1. Permission 2. Ability 3. Obligation 4. Prohibition 5. Lack of necessity 6. Advice 7. possibility 8. probability
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Can We use it: A. Express ability to do something. ü I can play baseball. B. Make a request. ü Can I use the phone, please? C. Offer help. ü Can I help you? D. Refuse help. ü I’m sorry, I’m afraid, I can’t. E. Deduction or conclusion. ü He can’t be Italian.
In negative sentences we must write cannot
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AFFIRMATIVE I can play baseball in the garden. You can play baseball in the garden. He can play baseball in the garden. She can play baseball in the garden.
Can INTEROGATIVE Can I play baseball in the garden? Can you play baseball in the garden? Can he play baseball in the garden? Can she play baseball in the garden?
NEGATIVE I cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. He cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. She cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.
It can play baseball in the garden. They can play baseball in the garden. You can play baseball in the garden. We can play baseball in the garden.
Can it play baseball in the garden? Can they play baseball in the garden? Can you play baseball in the garden? Can we play baseball in the garden?
It cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. They cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. You cannot/can’t baseball in the garden. We cannot/can’t baseball in the garden.
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Auxiliary Do-Does Have to/has to A. We use have to express necessity. You have to clean up your room. (It’s necessary) B. The use of have to often suggests that someone else is telling you what to do. Oscar has to study for his Literature exam. C. We use do not have to to say that it is not necessary for something to happen (absence of necessity). You don’t have to come to the theater. (It isn’t necessary for you to come to the theater, but you can if you want to)
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AFFIRMATIVE I have to meet them at the station. You have to meet them at the station. He has to meet them at the station. She has to meet them at the station.
Auxiliary Do-Does Have to / has to INTERROGATIVE Do I have to meet them at the station? Do you have to meet them at the station? Does he have to meet them at the station? Does she have to meet them at the station?
NEGATIVE I do not/don’t have to meet them at the station. You do not/don’t have to meet them at the station. He does not/doesn’t have to meet them at the station. She does not/doesn’t have to meet them at the station.
It has to meet them at the station. We have to meet them at the station. You have to meet them at the station. They have to meet them at the station.
Does it have to meet them at the station? Do we have to meet them at the station? Do you have to meet them at the station? Do they have to meet them at the station?
It does not/doesn’t have meet them at the station. We do not/don’t have meet them at the station. You do not/don’t have meet them at the station. They do not/don’t have meet them at the station.
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2020-2021
to to to to
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MUST We used MUST to: A. Express total obligation. ü You must study so hard. B. Express necessity. ü You must take your dog for a walk every day. C. Deduction or conclusion. ü They must be Americans. AFFIRMATIVE I must study so hard.
Must INTERROGATIVE Must I study hard?
You must study so hard.
Must you study hard?
He must study so hard.
Must he study hard?
She must study so hard.
Must she study hard?
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2020-2021
NEGATIVE I must not/ mustn’t study so hard. You must not/ mustn’t study so hard. He must not/ mustn’t study so hard. She must not/ mustn’t study
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so hard. It must study so hard.
Must it study hard?
We must study so hard.
Must we study hard?
You must study so hard.
Must you study hard?
They must study so hard.
Must they study hard?
It must not/ mustn’t study so hard. We must not/ mustn’t study so hard. You must not/ mustn’t study so hard. They must not/ mustn’t study so hard.
Negative NOTE: 1. When we talk about Must in negative, it changes its meaning, it means total prohibition zYou must not/mustn’t go out with your friends. zYou must not/mustn’t speed on this road. (It’s illegal.) 2. Must is stronger than should. It has more formal or official tone.
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Must and Have to What's the difference between must and have to? Must and have to are modal verbs in English.
Must A.
We use must to make a logical deduction based on evidence. It indicates that the speaker is certain about something:
It has rained all day, it must be very wet outside. The weather is fantastic in California. It must a lot fun to live there. B. Must is also used to express a strong obligation. Students must arrive in class on time. You must stop when the traffic lights are red. I must go to bed.
Have to
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Like must, have to is used to express strong obligation, but when we use have to there is usually a sense of external obligation. Some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. I have to send an urgent email. I have to take this book back to the library. Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-must-have-to.php on 25 September 2020.
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SHOULD AND OUGHT TO ADVICE OR SUGGESTION ÍWe used SHOULD AND OUGHT TO describe:
A. ÍAsk for advice/suggestion. What should I do? Should I take a sleeping pill? B. ÍGive advice. He shouldn’t work so late.
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AFFIRMATIVE I should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins He should take all your vitamins She should take all your vitamins It should take all your vitamins We should take all your vitamins You should take all your vitamins They should take all your vitamins
Should INTERROGATIVE Should I take all your vitamins? Should you take all your vitamins? Should he take all your vitamins? Should she take all your vitamins? Should it take all your vitamins? Should we take all your vitamins? Should you take all your vitamins? Should they take all your vitamins?
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NEGATIVE I should not/shouldn’t take all my vitamins. You should not/shouldn’t take all you vitamins. He should not/shouldn’t take all his vitamins. She should not/shouldn’t take all her vitamins. It should not/shouldn’t take all its vitamins. We should not/shouldn’t take all us vitamins. You should not/shouldn’t take all your vitamins. They should not/shouldn’t take all their vitamins.
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OUGHT TO AFFIRMATIVE I ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins He ought to take all your vitamins She ought to take all your vitamins It ought to take all your vitamins We ought to take all your vitamins You ought to take all your vitamins They ought to take all your vitamins
INTERROGATIVE Ought I to take all your vitamins? Ought you to take all your vitamins? Ought he to take all your vitamins? Ought she to take all your vitamins? Ought it to take all your vitamins? Ought we to take all your vitamins? Ought you to take all your vitamins? Ought they to take all your vitamins?
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NEGATIVE I ought not to take all you vitamins. You ought not to take vitamins. He ought not to take vitamins. She ought not to take vitamins. It ought not to take vitamins. We ought not to take vitamins. You ought not to take vitamins. They ought not to take vitamins.
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WILL We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another verb. Since WILL is classified as a modal verb (like can, would, could, should) it has the same characteristics: 1) It does not change in the third person (i.e. he, she, it) 2) It is always combined with another verb in the base form (i.e. without 'to') 3) We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives. Examples of Will: I will go to the cinema tonight. He will play tennis tomorrow. She will be happy with her exam results. They will take the bus to the South next week.
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When to use WILL We use WILL in the following circumstances: For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid or sudden Decisions) This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way. ‘Let’s go away next weekend.’ Ok. I’ll book us a room in a hotel.’ I'll call a taxi for you. I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now) Which one? Um, I will have the chicken sandwich please. 1) When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction) This can be based on personal judgment or opinion. The President will not be re-elected at the next election. I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you. I think you will find the movie interesting. Notice how you often use "I think..." before the subject + will.
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2) To make an offer, a promise, a threat, warning, requests and hopes with the verbs promises, hope, etc. You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you. I hope the temperature will drop soon. I will buy you a computer I will do my best to help you. If you say anything I will kill you! I will have it ready by tomorrow. I'll drive you to work if you want. Don't worry, I won't tell anyone. (won't = will not) 4) For a habit that is a predictable behavior. My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed. He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that. 5) You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.
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I told him to clean his room but he won't do it. She won't listen to anything I say. 6) To make predictions based on what we believe or think. We usually use will with I think, I believe, I expect, and probably.
I expect she will be here at 9 0’clock tomorrow morning. 7) Certain future. I will go to the Cinema tonight 8) On-the-spot-decisions. I’m thirsty. I’ll have a glass of water. The phone is ringing. I will answer. Negative Sentences with WILL
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In the negative, we add NOT to the end of WILL I will not be in the office tomorrow. (Correct) They will not stay here. (Correct) Contractions It is possible to use contractions in both positive and negative sentences. With positive contractions WILL becomes LL and is joined to the subject:
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AFFIRMATIVE I will dance tonight. You will dance tonight. He will dance tonight. She will dance tonight. It will dance tonight. You will dance tonight. We will dance tonight. They will dance tonight.
INTERROGATIVE Will I dance tonight? Will you dance tonight? Will he dance tonight? Will she dance tonight? Will it dance tonight? Will you dance tonight? Will we dance tonight? Will they dance tonight?
NEGATIVE I will not/won’t dance tonight. You will not/won’t dance tonight. He will not/won’t dance tonight. She will not/won’t dance tonight. It will not/won’t dance tonight. You will not/won’t dance tonight. We will not/won’t dance tonight. They will not/won’t dance tonight.
EXPRESSIONS TIME FOR FUTURE TENSE 1. Tomorrow 2. After 3. Soon 4. Tonight 5. The day after tomorrow 6. In a week
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7. In a month 8. In a year 9. Next month 10. Next year 11. Next weekend 12. Next Monday
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Shall and Will What is the difference between shall and will? 'Shall' and ' will' have the same meaning and are used to refer to the simple future. Note that 'shall' is not used often in modern English especially in American English. Here is how 'shall' and 'will'are used: 1) will is used with all persons I, you, he, she, it, we, they will go there 2) shall is used with the first person singular and plural I, we shall go 3) The short form of will and shall is 'll I, you, he, she, it, we, they will or 'll call you
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I, we shall or 'll call you 4) In the negative, the short forms of 'will not' and 'shall not' 5) are won't and shan'trespectively I, you, he, she, it, we, they won't give up I, we shan't give up
Uses of shall It should be noted that shall is often used to make suggestions, offers or ask for advice. It is used in questions as follows: Shall we stay or go out? Shall we dance? Shall I get his phone number if I meet him? What shall I do to get rid of my acne?
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As said above shall is used with first person singular and plural (I and we.) But there is a very special use of shall with other persons to make a promise, command or threat as noted below: You shall not get in! (Command) You shall pay for it. (Threat) You shall get your money back soon. (Promise) In American English shall is mainly used in formal or legal documents: You shall abide by the law. There shall be no trespassing on this property. Students shall not enter this room. Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-shall-will.php on 25 September 2020.
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Would Would is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use would mainly to: talk about the past. talk about the future in the past. express the conditional mood. We also use would for other functions, such as: expressing desire, polite requests and questions, opinion or hope, wish and regret.
Structure of would The basic structure for would is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb would Note that: The auxiliary verb would is invariable. There is only one form: would
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The main verb is usually in the base form (He would go).
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Look at the basic structure again, with positive, negative and question sentences: subject auxiliary not main verb would base + I would like tea. - She would not go. ? Would you help? Note that the main verb is sometimes in the form: have + past participle (He would have gone) (El se habría ido) be + -ing (He would be going). El se iría. The main verb cannot be the to-infinitive. We cannot say: He would to like coffee.
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Be careful! Note that would and had have the same short form 'd: He'd finished = He had finished He'd like coffee = He would like coffee Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020
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on
25
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HAD BETTER El uso de "had better" para expresar "más te vale" en inglés ¡Más te vale aprender bien la expresión had better! Usamos had better para dar consejos o recomendaciones en un tono más fuerte que el de should o must, casi como una amenaza.
La teoría Had better siempre va seguido del infinitivo sin to. El sujeto simplemente se coloca antes de had, fíjate: You’d better be careful. It’d better be true. I’d better get going. Se suele contraer had con el sujeto, a no ser que estemos hablando en un contexto muy formal. Para formar la negación simplemente se coloca not inmediatamente después de better. You’d better not lie to me.
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Vamos con You'd better, pronunciado /íud_béta/. Más te vale que me mires a los ojos cuando te hablo, ¡jovencito! ¡Más vale que te des prisa o no llegaremos! Más te vale que ser tan bueno como dices.
You’d better look me in the eye when I’m talking to you, young man! You’d better hurry up or we won’t make it! You’d better be as good as you say you are.
Sigamos con otras personas gramaticales: Más le vale estar seguro antes de hacer una promesa como esa. Más me vale ponerme en marcha si quiero tomar mi vuelo. Más nos vale regar las plantas a diario, o éstas también se nos morirán.
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He’d better be sure before making a promise like that. I’d better get going if I want to catch my flight. We’d better water the plants daily, or these ones will die on us too.
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Vamos ahor con it’d better; al pronunciarlo, olvídate de la "d": /itbéta/. Más vale que no sea un fraude, o te llevaré a juicio. Más vale que no esté lloviendo. ¡Acabo de lavar el coche! Más vale que no sea él otra vez. ¡Ha llamado veinte veces hoy!
It’d better not be a fraud, or I’ll take you to court. It’d better not be raining. I’ve just washed my car! It’d better not be him again. He’s called twenty times today!
Clave de pronunciación Better se pronuncia /béta/, con una t fuerte. Error común Had better va seguido del infinitivo sin to, por ejemplo: You’d better go home. Reference Retrieved from https://grupovaughan.com/a/el-uso-de-had-better-para-expresar-mas-te-vale-eningles/ on 25 September 2020.
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MAY We used MAY to describe: ÍMake polite request. Example May I use your phone? ÍIt is to express near possibilities. Example I may pass Math exam (because I study)
AFFIRMATIVE I may pass Math exam.
INTERROGATIVE May I pass Math exam?
NEGATIVE I may not pass Math exam.
You may pass Math May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam. exam? He may pass Math May he pass Math exam? He may not pass Math exam. exam. She may pass Math May she pass Math She may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?
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It may pass Math exam. May it pass Math exam?
It may not Math exam.
We may pass Math May we pass Math exam? We may not pass Math exam. exam. They may pass Math May they pass Math They may not pass Math exam. exam. exam? You may pass Math May you pass Math You may not pass Math exam. exam. exam?
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MIGHT We use MIGHT to describe: ÍIt is to express remote possibilities or probabilities. Example I might pass Math exam because I do not study so hard.
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE I might pass Math exam. Might I pass Math exam?
NEGATIVE I might not pass Math exam.
You might pass Math exam. He might pass Math exam. She might pass Math exam. It might pass Math exam. We might pass Math exam.
You might not pass Math exam. He might not pass Math exam.
Might you pass Math exam? Might he pass Math exam?
Might she pass Math exam? She might not pass Math exam. Might it pass Math exam? It might not pass Math exam. Might we pass Math exam?
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We might not pass Math exam.
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They might pass Math exam. You might pass Math exam.
Might they pass Math exam? Might you pass Math exam?
They might not pass Math exam. You might not pass Math exam.
Here is a list of modals with examples: Modal Verb Must must not can could may
Expressing Strong obligation logical conclusion / Certainty Prohibition Ability Permission Possibility ability in the past polite permission Possibility Permission possibility, probability
Example You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. He must be very tired. He's been working all day long. You must not smoke in the hospital. I can swim. Can I use your phone please? Smoking can cause cancer. When I was younger I could run fast. Excuse me, could I just say something? It could rain tomorrow! May I use your phone please? It may rain tomorrow!
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might should/ought to
polite permission possibility, probability 50 % obligation Advice logical conclusion
had better Will
Would
Shall (More
Advice Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction Asking for permission Request Invitation
Offer Suggestion
Might I suggest an idea? I might go on holiday to Australia next year. I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. You should / ought to revise your lessons He should / ought to be very tired. He's been working all day long. You 'd better revise your lessons I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. I'll do that for you if you like. I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year. Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? Would you mind waiting a moment? Would you like to play golf this Friday? "Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please." Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall we say 2.30 then?
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common in the UK than the US)
Asking what to do
Shall I do that or will you?
Remember Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without "to", also called the bare infinitive. Examples: You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. You should see to the doctor.
Reference Retrieved from https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-modals.php on 25 September 2020
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Past Simple Auxiliary (Did) The actions which happened or finished at a definite time in the past It is called simple past.
<Did is used A. Past habits. ü He wore glasses when he was young B. Actions, which started and ended in the past. ü Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in 1859 and died in 1930. C. Actions, which happened at a specific time in the past. ü He moved to England from Australia in 1984. D. Past consequences. ü I was lonely, so I joined a club. E. Biographical events. ü Cortez conquered Aztec civilization. LAURA PAVLO
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F. Historical events. ü Frida Kahlo was born in 1917. G. Reported statements. ü You said (that) he lived in Cambridge. H. Reported questions. ü He asked if I lived in Boston.
Time expressions for Past Simple (Did) ·Yesterday ·Last month ·Last year ·Last night ·Last Monday ·Last week ·A month ago ·In 1994
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AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM SHORT FORM Yes, I bought a car last Yes, I didn’t. month. Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month. Yes, she bought a car last Yes, he didn’t. month. Yes, he bought a car last Yes, she didn’t. month. Yes, it bought a car last Yes, it didn’t. month. Yes, we bought a car last Yes, we didn’t. month. Yes, you bought a car last Yes, you didn’t. month. Yes, they bought a car Yes, they didn’t. last month.
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INTERROGATIVE Did I buy a car last month? Did you buy a car last month? Did he buy a car last month? Did she buy a car last month? Did it buy a car last month? Did we buy a car last month? Did you buy a car last month? Did they month?
2020-2021
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NEGATIVE LONG FORM No, I did not/didn’t buy a car last month.
SHORT FORM No, I didn’t.
No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, he did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, she did not/didn’t buy a car last month. No, it did not/didn’t buy a car last month.
No, you didn’t. No, he didn’t. No, she didn’t. No, it didn’t.
No, we did not/didn’t buy a car last No, we didn’t. month. No, you did not/didn’t buy a car last No, you didn’t. month. No, they did not/didn’t buy a car last No, they didn’t. month.
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The verb to be PAST SIMPLE (Irregular verb) AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I was in Spain. You were in Spain. He was in Spain. She was in Spain. It was in Spain. We were in Spain. You were in Spain. They were in Spain.
INTERROGATIVE SHORT FORM Yes, I was. Yes, you were. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were. They, they were.
Was I in Spain? Were you in Spain? Was he in Spain? Was she in Spain? Was it in Spain? Were we in Spain? Were you in Spain? Were they in Spain?
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LONG FORM I was not. You were not. He was not. She was not. It was not. We were not. You were not. They were not.
NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t. You weren’t. He wasn’t. She wasn’t. It wasn’t. We weren’t. You weren’t. They weren’t.
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PAST PROGRESSIVE To be + ING
Use the Past Progressive A. To talk about events those were happening when another event happened. I was looking in the store window when the thief grabbed my bag.
Use the past progressive with When and while B. To talk about actions those were happening at the same time. She was driving while she was talking on her cell phone. C. Two or more actions happening at the same time in the past. I was reading a book while John was watching television. D. We use the past progressive for the action in progress (longer action) and the simple past for the action that interrupted it (shorted action).
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She was leaving the house when the telephone rang. E. BAn action in progress at a stated time in the past. Jane was watching television at 8 ‘o’clock last night F. BBackground information in a story. It was snowing heavily when Tom left home yesterday morning.
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AFFIRMATIVE LONG FORM I was working You were working
SHORT FORM Yes, I was. Yes, you were.
He was working She was working It was working We were working You were working
Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we were. Yes, you were.
They were working Yes, they were.
INTERROGATIVE Was I working? Were you working? Was he working? Was she working? Was it working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?
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LONG FORM I was not walking You were not walking He was not walking She was not walking It was not walking We were not walking You were not walking They were not walking
NEGATIVE SHORT FORM I wasn’t walking You weren’t walking He wasn’t walking She wasn’t walking It wasn’t walking We weren’t walking You weren’t walking They weren’t walking
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PAST SIMPLE Auxiliary (Did) Had to _Had to is the past tense form of have to and must.
AFFIRMATIVE I had to take Math lesson. You had to take Math lesson He had to take Math lesson She had to take Math lesson It had to take Math lesson We had to take Math lesson They had to take Math
INTERROGATIVE Did I have to take lesson? Did you have to take lesson? Did he have to take lesson? Did she have to take lesson? Did it have to take lesson? Did we have to take lesson? Did they have to take
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Math Math Math Math Math Math Math
2020-2021
NEGATIVE I did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. You did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. He did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. She did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. It did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. We did not/didn’t have to take Math lesson. They did not/didn’t have to
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lesson You had lesson
to
take
lesson? take Math lesson. Math Did you have to take Math You did not/didn’t have to lesson? take Math lesson.
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USED TO PAST SIMPLE Aixiliary DID We use it: We used used to or the simple past to talk about past habits or things that do not happen/exist anymore. Example. Karen used to eat a lot of candies (she doesn’t eat a lot of candies any more) AFFIRMATIVE I used to eat a lot candies. You used to eat a lot candies He used to eat a lot candies She used to eat a lot candies It used to eat a lot candies
of of of of of
INTERROGATIVE Did I use to eat a lot candies? Did you use to eat a lot candies? Did he use to eat a lot candies? Did she use to eat a lot candies? Did it use to eat a lot candies?
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
of of of of of
NEGATIVE I did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. You did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. He did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. She did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies. It did not/didn’t use to eat a lot of candies.
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We used to eat a lot of Did we use to eat a lot of We did not/didn’t use to candies candies? eat a lot of candies. You used to eat a lot of Did you use to eat a lot of You did not/didn’t use to candies candies? eat a lot of candies. They used to eat a lot of Did they use to eat a lot of They did not/didn’t use to candies candies? eat a lot of candies.
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COULD, PAST Could is used to: _Make requests. ü Could I have a brochure, please? _Make suggestions. ü We could show her some folk dancing. _Make deductions or conclusions. ü He could be Spanish. AFFIRMATIVE I could play baseball in the garden. You could play baseball in the garden. He could play baseball in the garden. She could play baseball in the garden.
INTEROGATIVE Could I play baseball in the garden? Could you play baseball in the garden? Could he play baseball in the garden? Could she play baseball in the garden?
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2020-2021
NEGATIVE I could not/couldn’t baseball in the garden. You could not/couldn’t baseball in the garden. He could not/couldn’t baseball in the garden. She could not/couldn’t baseball in the garden.
play play play play
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It could play baseball in the garden. They could play baseball in the garden. You could play baseball in the garden. We could play baseball in the garden.
Could it play baseball in the garden? Could they play baseball in the garden? Could you play baseball in the garden? Could we play baseball in the garden?
It could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. They could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. You could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden. We could not/couldn’t play baseball in the garden.
BE GOING TO in the Past Tense When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was going to happen but in the end it did not happen. Examples: I was going to call you but I lost your phone number. It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared. We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds. You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiancée.
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Gonna Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English. You will also occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics. I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow. = I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow. He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party. = He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.
Would for the past We often use would as a kind of past tense of will or going to: Even as a boy, he knew that he would succeed in life. I thought it would rain so I brought my umbrella. Using would as as a kind of past tense of will or going to is common in reported speech: She said that she would buy some eggs. ("I will buy some eggs.")
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The candidate said that he wouldn't increase taxes. ("I won't increase taxes.") Why didn't you bring your umbrella? I told you it would rain! ("It's going to rain.") We often use would not to talk about past refusals: He wanted a divorce but his wife would not agree. Yesterday morning, the car wouldn't start. We sometimes use would (rather like used to) when talking about habitual past behaviour: Every weekday my father would come home from work at 6pm and watch TV. Every summer we'd go to the seaside. Sometimes she'd phone me in the middle of the night. We would always argue. We could never agree.
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Would for the future in past When talking about the past we can use would to express something that has not happened at the time we are talking about: In London she met the man that she would one day marry. He left 5 minutes late, unaware that the delay would save his life. Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS :We use the future continuous: I. For an action which will be in progress at a stated time in the future. Example ü This time next week we will be packing for our holiday.
II.
For an action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement. Example ü Don’t post Ann’s invitation. I will be seeing her at work tomorrow. So I will give it to her.
III.
When we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future - to find out if they can do something for us. Example ü Will you be going to the post office today?
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AFFIRMATIVE I will be working next Monday. You will be working next Monday. He will be working next Monday. She will be working next Monday. It will be working next Monday. You will be working next Monday. We will be working next Monday. They will be working next Monday.
INTERROGATIVE Will I be working next Monday? Will you be working next Monday? Will he be working next Monday? Will she be working next Monday? Will it be working next Monday? Will you be working next Monday? Will we be working next Monday? Will they be working next Monday?
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
NEGATIVE I will not/won’t be working next Monday. You will not/won’t be working next Monday. He will not/won’t be working next Monday. She will not/won’t be working next Monday.. It will not/won’t be working next Monday. You will not/won’t be working next Monday. We will not/won’t be working next Monday. They will not/won’t be working next Monday.
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Future intention BE + GOING TO + VERB
The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English. 1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future. (Prior Plan) The decision has been made before the moment of speaking. I'm going to India next year. We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow. 2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence) Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have. It's so cold! I think it is going to snow 3. When something is about to happen: Get back! The bomb is going to explod
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AFFIRMATIVE I am going to wash the dishes. You are going to wash the dishes.
INTERROGATIVE Am I going to wash the dishes? Am you going to wash the dishes?
NEGATIVE I am not going to wash the dishes. You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.
He is going to wash the dishes. She is going to wash the dishes. It is going to wash the dishes. We are going to wash the dishes. They are going to wash the dishes. You are going to wash the dishes.
Is he going to wash the dishes? Is she going to wash the dishes? Is it going to wash the dishes? Are we going to wash the dishes? Are they going to wash the dishes? Are you going to wash the dishes?
He is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. She is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. It is not/ isn’t going to wash the dishes. We are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes. They are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes. You are not/aren’t going to wash the dishes.
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2020-2021
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FUTURE WILL HAVE TO + VERB We use it to describe: ü An obligation in the future. AFFIRMATIVE
I will have to study so hard. You will have to study so hard. He will have to study so hard. She will have to study so hard. It will have to study so hard. We will have to study so hard.
INTERROGATIVE
NEGATIVE
Will I have to study hard? Will you have to study hard? Will he have to study hard? Will she have to study hard? Will it have to study so hard? Will we have to study hard?
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so I will not/won’t have to study so hard. so You will not/won’t have to study so hard. so He will not/won’t have to study so hard. so She will not/won’t have to study so hard. It will not/won’t have to study so hard. so We will not/won’t have to study so hard.
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You wi will have to study Will you have to study so so hard. hard? They will have to study Will they have to study so so hard. hard?
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2020-2021
You will not/won’t have to study so hard. They will not/won’t have to study so hard.
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FUTURE WILL+ BE + ABLE TO We use it to describe; ü An ability to do something in the future tense. AFFIRMATIVE I will be able to pass Biology exam. You will be able to pass Biology exam. He will be able to pass Biology exam. She will be able to pass Biology exam. It will be able to pass Biology exam. We will be able to pass Biology exam. You will be able to pass Biology exam.
INTERROGATIVE Will I be able to pass Biology exam? Will you be able to pass Biology exam? Will he be able to pass Biology exam? Will she be able to pass Biology exam? Will it be able to pass Biology exam? Will we be able to pass Biology exam? Will you be able to pass Biology exam?
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2020-2021
NEGATIVE I won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. You won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. He won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. She won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. It won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. We won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam You won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam.
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They will be able to Will they be able to pass They won not/won’t be able to pass Biology exam. Biology exam? pass Biology exam. Reference Retrieved from https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-would.htm 2020.
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Question tags Question tags son las llamadas preguntas coletilla en español. Son pequeñas preguntas que se colocan al final de una oración para conseguir información, provocar una respuesta, confirmar una opinión o pensamiento...
Pierce Brosnan is Irish, isn't he? Pierce Brosnan es irlandés, ¿verdad?
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This shirt doesn't fit me, does it? Esta camisa no me va bien, ¿a que no?
2020-2021
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Características y usos de las questions tags A. Las question tags van en función del tiempo verbal de la frase de referencia. B. Cuando la frase de referencia es positiva, la question tag es negativa; en cambio, si la frase de referencia es negativa, la question tag es positiva. C. Se colocan al final de la frase, precedidas por una coma y seguidas por un interrogante. D. Se colocará primero el verbo auxiliar o modal que corresponda, seguido de un pronombre personal de sujeto correspondiente al sujeto de la frase de referencia. E. Se puede traducir por ¿verdad?, ¿verdad que sí/no?, ¿a que sí/no?, ¿no es cierto?, ¿no?...
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A continuación, detallamos diferentes tiempos verbales con sus respectivas question tags. VERB TENSE
POSITIVE SENTENCE
NEGATIVE SENTENCE To be present Summer is the best season, isn't We aren't late, are it?El verano es la mejor we? estación, ¿verdad? No llegamos tarde, ¿verdad que no? Present simple He loves skiing, doesn't he?Le I don't need this, do encanta esquiar, ¿verdad? I? No necesito esto, ¿no? Present continuous They are still sleeping, aren't She is not being they?Todavía están durmiendo, serious, is she? ¿no es cierto? ¿No está hablando en serio, ¿verdad que no? To be past Mary was worried, wasn't They weren't at she?Mary estaba preocupada, ¿a home, were they? que sí? No estaban en casa,
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Past simple
You cut yourself, didn't you?Te cortaste, ¿no?
Past continuous
Your parents were painting, weren't they?Tus padres estaban pintando, ¿verdad? You have locked the door, haven't you?Has cerrado la puerta con llave, ¿no?
Present perfect
Past perfect
You had already been here, hadn't you?Ya habías estado aquí, ¿no es cierto?
Future will
I'll do well, won't I?Lo haré bien, ¿verdad que sí?
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2020-2021
¿a que no? He didn't get hurt, did he? No se hizo daño, ¿verdad? It wasn't raining this morning, was it?Esta mañana no llovía, ¿verdad que no? He hasn't written this essay, has he? No ha escrito esta redacción, ¿no? We hadn't eaten snails before, had we? No habíamos comido caracoles antes, ¿verdad? They won't get angry, will they?
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Future Going to Modals
No se enfadarán, ¿verdad? You are going to buy a flat, aren't She is not going to you?Vas a comprarte un piso, come, is she? ¿no es cierto? No va a venir, ¿no? I should give up She couldn't send the smoking, shouldn't I?Debería parcel, could she? dejar de fumar ¿verdad? No pudo enviar el paquete, ¿verdad?
En los casos del presente simple y del pasado simple, el auxiliar no se utiliza en frases afirmativas, por lo tanto, no lo tendremos en la frase de referencia. Aun así, deberemos recordar que en el presente simple necesitaremos un do/does y en el pasado simple el did.
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Casos especiales Debemos tener en cuenta algunos casos especiales: • Cuando tenemos un imperativo en forma afirmativa, tenemos diferentes opciones para hacer la question tag dependiendo del matíz que le queramos dar. Su traducción en este caso sería equivalente a un por favor, vale, quieres... Cuando el imperativo es en forma negativa, la opción es siempre will you.
SENTENCE Close the door,
QUESTION TAG won't you? would you? could you? will you? can you?
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USO Forma educada Bastante educada Neutral Neutral Informal
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Help me with the bags, would you? Ayúdame con las bolsas, por favor.
Don't interrupt, will you? No interrumpas, ¿vale?
Cuando el imperativo es con la partícula let's, se utiliza la forma shall we? Su traducción sería ¿sí?, ¿no?, ¿vale?, ¿te parece?...
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Let's dance, shall we? Bailemos, ¿no?
Let's go for a ride, shall we? Vamos a dar un paseo, ¿vale?
Cuando tenemos una frase afirmativa en presente con el verbo to be y el pronombre personal es I, aunque formalmente la forma sería am I not?, la forma más común que se utiliza es aren't I?
I'm quite stubborn, aren't I? Soy bastante tozudo, ¿verdad?
I'm holding the map upside down, aren't I? Estoy sujetando el mapa al revés, ¿no?
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Cuando se utiliza el verbo semimodal have to, la question tag dependerá del tiempo verbal con el cual lo hayamos utilizado.
They had to cancel the match, didn't they? Tuvieron que cancelar el partido, ¿verdad?
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We don't have to wear costumes, do we? No tenemos que ir disfrazados, ¿no?
2020-2021
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Observaciones OBSERVACIONES En frases con verbo positivo pero con una palabra con sentido negativo (never, nothing, nobody...), la question tag será positiva. Si el sujeto de la frase es this o that, el pronombre de la question tag será it. Si el sujeto es these o those, el pronombre será they. Cuando el sujeto es someone, anyone..., el pronombre personal de la question tag será they. Si es something, anything..., el pronombre será it. En las frases con there + to be, la question tag no tendrá ningún
EJEMPLOS She never agrees on anything, does she? Ella nunca está de acuerdo con nada ¿verdad? That's you sister, isn't it? Esa es tu hermana, ¿no?
Someone will fix that, won't they? Alguien lo arreglará, ¿no?
There aren't any pears, are there? No hay peras, ¿verdad que no?
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pronombre personal, sino se utilizará la partícula there.
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¡Recuerda! Las question tags son las llamadas preguntas muletillas en español. Son pequeñas preguntas que se colocan al final de una oración para conseguir información, provocar una respuesta, confirmar una opinión o pensamiento.
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VERB TENSE TO BE PRESENT You are a doctor.Usted es doctor.
POSITIVE SENTENCE Aren't / isn't + pronoun She is a doctor, isn't she?Ella es doctora, ¿no es así?
PRESENT SIMPLE Don't / doesn't + pronoun He does judo.Él hace judo. He does judo, doesn't he?Él hace judo, ¿no? PRESENT CONTINUOUS She is living in New York.Ella está viviendo en Nueva York. TO BE PAST It was his birthday yesterday.Fue su cumpleaños ayer.
Aren't / isn't + pronoun She is living in New York, isn't she?Ella está viviendo en Nueva York, ¿no? Wasn't / weren't + pronoun It was his birthday yesterday, wasn't it?Fue su cumpleaños ayer, ¿verdad?
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NEGATIVE SENTENCE Am / are / is + pronoun They aren't doctors, are they? No son doctores, ¿verdad? Do / does + pronoun He doesn't do judo, does he? Él no hace judo, ¿verdad? Am / are / is + pronoun She isn't living New York, is she? Ella no está viviendo en Nueva York, ¿verdad? Was / were + pronoun It wasn't his birthday yesterday, was it? No fue su cumpleaños ayer, ¿verdad?
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PAST SIMPLE They bought a new car last week.Compraron un coche nuevo la semana pasada.
Didn't + pronoun They bought a new car last week, didn't they?Compraron un coche nuevo la semana pasada, ¿verdad?
PAST CONTINUOUS He was waiting at the bus stop.Él estaba esperando en la parada del autobús.
Wasn't / weren't + pronoun He was waiting at the bus stop, wasn't he?Estaba esperando en la parada del autobús, ¿no?
PRESENT PERFECT They have lived here for seven years.Ellos viven aquí desde hace siete años. PAST PERFECT She had given him the gift.Ella le había dado el regalo.
Haven't / hasn't + pronoun They have lived here for seven years, haven't they?Viven aquí desde hace siete años, ¿verdad? Hadn't + pronoun She had given him the gift, hadn't she?Ella le había dado el regalo, ¿verdad?
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Did + pronoun They didn't buy a new car last week, did they? No compraron un coche nuevo la semana pasada, ¿verdad? Was / were + pronoun He wasn't waiting at the bus stop, was he? Él no estaba esperando en la parada del autobús, ¿o sí? Have / has + pronoun They haven't lived here for seven years, have they? No viven aquí desde hace siete años, ¿verdad? Had + pronoun She hadn't given him the gift, had she? Ella no le había dado el
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FUTURE WILL He will be here tomorrow.Él estará aquí mañana. FUTURE GOING TO We are going to have a party.Vamos a hacer una fiesta. MODALS I can read this letter.Puedo leer esta cartaI should answer the letter.Debería responder la carta.
regalo, ¿verdad? Won't + pronoun Will + pronoun He will be here He won't be here tomorrow, won't he?Él estará tomorrow, will he? aquí mañana, ¿no? Él no estará aquí mañana, ¿no? Aren't / isn't + pronoun Am / are / is + pronoun We are going to have a We aren't going to have a party, aren't we?Vamos a party, are we? hacer una fiesta, ¿verdad? No vamos a hacer una fiesta, ¿verdad? Modal negative + pronoun Modal positive + pronoun I can read this letter, can't I can't read this letter, can I?Puedo leer esta carta, ¿no?I I? should answer the No puedo leer esta carta, letter, shouldn't I?Debería ¿verdad?I shouldn't responder la carta, ¿no es answer the letter, should así? I? No debería responder la carta, ¿verdad?
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/92/question-tags on 25 September 2020.
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COMPARISON A. We use as + adjective + as to say that two peoples, animals, things are similar in the same way. B.
David is as handsome as Nick. For emphasis, we can put just before as … as.
English is just a difficult as Spanish. C. We use not as + adjective + as to say that things and people are not the same. The apples aren’t as good as the peaches. NOTE: In formal English we usually say. Example Patrick is as tall as I am / as she is. In conversational English we usually say. Example Patrick is as tall as me / as her. LAURA PAVLO
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Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them. • Pipo is as brave as Rex. • Pipo is not as/so brave as Rex. • Is Pipo as brave as Rex? v Tania is as sweet as Elba. v Tania is not as/so sweet as Elba. v Is Tania as sweet as Elba? Ø Luis is as happy as Angeles. Ø Luis is not as/so happy as Angeles. Ø Is Luis as happy as Angeles? B Coralillo is as poisonous as cascabel. B Coralillo is not as/so poisonous as cascabel. B Is Coralillo as poisonous as cascabel? Ø Ø
Carmen speaks French as well as the rest of us. Carmen does not speak French as/so well as the rest of us.
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Ø
Does Carmen speak French as well as the rest of us? ¥Hector is as successful as his brother. ¥Hector is not as/so successful as his brother. ¥Is Hector as successful as his brother?
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COMPARATIVE We use the comparative A. To compare one person, animal, thing, action, event or group with another person, thing, action etc. Diego is sweeter than Eduardo. B. We and use a lot / much / far or a bit a little before comparative adjectives. Your work is much better than mine. That book is a bit more boring than this one. C. We can compare quantity using more / less + uncountable noun or more /fewer +n countable noun. For instance. Past has more calories than salad. There are fewer potatoes on my plate than on yours.
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Note: In formal English we usually say Example Gary is taller than I am /than she is. In conversational English we usually say: Gary is taller than me / than her.
Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them.
More ADJECTIVE than OR —R__________than —ER_____________ than
¥Pipo is braver than Rex. ¥Pipo is not braver than
Rex.
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¥Is Pipo ¨ ¨ ¨
braver than
Rex?
Guadalupe is sweeter than Karime. Guadalupe is not sweeter than Karime. Is Guadalupe sweeter than Karime? Ø Eduardo is happier than Angeles. Ø Eduardo is not happier than Angeles. Ø Is Eduardo happier than Angeles? § Gustavo is more popular than Karim. § Gustavo is not more popular than Karim. § Is Gustavo more popular than Karim?
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SUPERLATIVE A. We use superlative to compare somebody or something with the whole group that he, she, it belongs to compare B. We usually put in before the names of places or groups of people. In most other cases, we use of after superlatives. ü Madrid is the biggest city in Spain. ü I am the youngest of three boys. C. We can use by far before superlative adjectives for emphasis. ü That was by far the best party this year. D. We can compare quantity using the most / the least + uncountable noun or the most / the fewest + countable noun. ü Of my friends, Sue has the least money.
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Pay close attention with the following examples. Analyze them. v Fifo is the bravest dog in Tacubaya section. v Fifo is not the bravest dog in Tacubaya section. v Is Fifo the bravest dog in Tacubaya section? Æ Tessa is the nicest girl in 650 group. Æ Tessa is not the nicest girl in 650 group. Æ Is Tessa the nicest girl in 650 group? Juan Manuel is the happiest boy in P4. Juan Manuel is not the happiest boy in P4. Is Juan Manuel the happiest boy in P4. !Luis Antonio is the most popular boy in Tacubaya section. !Luis Antonio is not the most popular boy in Tacubaya section. !Is Luis Antonio the most popular boy in Tacubaya section?
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LIST OF ADJECTIVES I. These adjectives add –er (comparative form) and –est (superlative form). Blond Close Fast Hard Old Clever Fair Green New Short Cool Fresh Light Poor Small Few High Pink Slow Strong Long Quiet Smart Tall Black Narrow Sharp Steep Tight Low Rich Soft Thick Wild Brown Sick Strict Warm Bright Cold Straight Black Clear Deep Great Sweet Yellow Calm Dark Grand Weak Clean Dear Gray
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II. These adjectives only add –r (comparative form) or –st (superlative form) Brave Huge Late Safe White Blue Little Strange Wide Fierce Large Nice Sure Wise These adjectives change a final –est (superlative form) Angry Early Happy Busy Easy Healthy Friendly Heavy Ready Hungry Rocky Smoky III.
Sandy Sorry
Snowy Unhappy
Ugly
–y to –I before adding –er (comparative form) and Pretty Rainy Sleepy Tiny
Silky Silly Thirsty Dirty
Spicy Sunny Crazy Grassy
Wind Cloudy Funny Misty
Dry
Greedy
Noisy
Shiny
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IV. These adjectives double the final consonant before adding –er and –est.
Big
Flat
Hot
Thin
Glad
Red
Tan
Wet
Fat
V. These adjectives use more (comparative form) and the most (superlative form) Acrobatic Careful Difficult Flexible Poisonous Scientific Afraid Colorful Enjoyable Foolish Popular Seasonal Ancient Comfortable Enormous Graceful Powerful Seldom Awful Crooked Evil Honest Precious Serious Beautiful Crowded Exact Important Private Sour Believable Curios Excited Interested Professional Special Bored Dangerous Exciting Interesting Public Terrible Unbelievable Uneven Unusual Useful Valuable wonderful VI. Some adjectives are irregular and the comparative and superlative forms shown in the table below must be learnt. ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
COMPARATIVE
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A lot of Bad Far Good/well Little Many/much Old
More Worse Farther/further Better Less/smaller More Older/Elder
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Most Worst Farthest/furthest Best Least/smallest Most Oldest/eldest
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Present perfect Present perfect se utiliza para referirse a acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continúan en el presente. En español equivale en la mayoría de sus usos al pretérito perfecto en español: yo he comido, tú has comido, él ha comido, etc.
They have painted their bedroom. Han pintado su habitación.
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She has written several novels. Ha escrito varias novelas.
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Aunque se llame present perfect no es un tiempo del presente sino del pasado. PRESENT PERFECT AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I have been to Spain. Have I been to Spain? I have not / haven’t been to Spain. You have been to Spain. Have you been to Spain? You have not / haven’t been to Spain. He has been to Spain. Has he been to Spain? He has not / hasn’t been to Spain. She has been to Spain. Has she been to Spain? She has not / hasn’t been to Spain. It has been to Spain. Has it been to Spain? It has not / hasn’t been to Spain. We have been to Spain. Have we been to Spain? We have not / haven’t been to Spain. You have been to Spain. Have you been to Spain? You have not / haven’t been to Spain.
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They have Spain.
been
to Have we been to Spain?
They have not / haven’t been to Spain.
¿Cómo se utiliza el present perfect? El present perfect se utiliza para: I. Expresar una acción que se ha realizado en algún punto indeterminado del pasado que tiene un resultado en el presente. No es importante saber en qué momento exacto ocurrió la acción.
She has made her bed. Ha hecho la cama.
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He has watered the plants. Ha regado las plantas.
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En un principio la cama se encontraba sin hacer pero en algún momento del pasado, no sabemos cuándo, se ha hecho y el resultado actual es que la cama está hecha. II.
En algún momento del pasado, no es importante cuándo, se han regado las plantas ya que la regadera está casi vacía. El resultado actual es que alguien ha regado las plantas.
Expresar experiencias.
She has flown in a balloon, she has done parachuting and she has swum with dolphins. Ha volado en globo, ha LAURA PAVLO
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hecho paracaidismo y ha nadado con delfines. Todas estas actividades las ha hecho en algún momento del pasado, pero no especifica cuándo se han realizado exactamente por no ser un hecho relevante dentro de este contexto. Es decir, se enfatiza la acción pero no el momento concreto en el que la acción ha tenido lugar. III.
Referirse a una misma acción que ha tenido lugar en diferentes momentos del pasado, es decir, que ha ocurrido más de una vez.
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I have lost my wallet four times. He perdido mi cartera cuatro veces En este caso, la acción ha tenido lugar en repetidas ocasiones, no tiene importancia en qué momento concreto sucedieron sino la acción en sí misma (perder la cartera).
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I have seen the film twice. He visto la película dos veces En este caso, la acción ha tenido lugar un par de veces en el pasado. Así pues, lo importante no es cuándo ha sucedido sino la acción en sí misma (ver la película).
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IV.
Acciones que empezaron en algún punto concreto del pasado y que continúan en el presente.
Mary has worked in a bank since 1999. Mary trabaja / ha trabajado en un banco desde 1999. Mary empezó a trabajar en el banco en un punto concreto del pasado (1999) y en el presente continúa trabajando en el mismo sitio.
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Hay que observar que en este uso del present perfect, la traducción al español se puede hacer como si se tratara de un presente simple. I've had these golf clubs for 30 years. Tengo estos palos de golf desde hace 30 años.
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Expresiones de tiempo del present perfect Con el present perfect se acostumbran a utilizar las siguientes expresiones de tiempo:
JUST (acabar de) La acción acaba de tener lugar y ya ha finalizado. Se utiliza principalmente en frases afirmativas y se coloca entre el verbo to have y el verbo principal.
Sally has just washed her hair. Sally acaba de lavarse el pelo.
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They have just done an exam. Acaban de hacer un examen.
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ALREADY (ya) La acción ha tenido lugar antes de lo previsto o se ha realizado con anterioridad en algún momento indeterminado del pasado. Se utiliza en frases afirmativas y se coloca entre el verbo to have y el verbo principal. También se puede colocar al final de la frase.
Mary has already washed the dishes. Mary ya ha lavado los platos.
LAURA PAVLO
We have already been here. Ya hemos estado aquí.
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YET (todavía / ya) En oraciones interrogativas (ya) se utiliza para preguntar si una acción se ha llevado a cabo o no. En oraciones negativas (todavía) se utiliza para expresar que una acción que debería haber ocurrido aún no ha tenido lugar. Se coloca al final de la oración.
My sister hasn't arrived in London yet. Mi hermana todavía no ha llegado a Londres.
Has Mr. Jones corrected the exams yet? ¿El señor Jones ya ha corregido los exámenes?
FOR (desde hace / hace) Indica duración. La acción empezó en un momento concreto del pasado y continúa en el presente.
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We have been married for two years. Hace dos años que estamos casados.
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She has lived in London for 12 years. Vive en Londres desde hace 12 años.
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SINCE (desde) Indica cuándo empezó la acción y abarca el período de tiempo entre ese momento concreto en el pasado y el momento presente.
I haven't smoked since last week. No fumo desde la semana pasada.
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She has worked in the company since April. Trabaja en esta empresa desde abril.
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EVER (alguna vez) Generalmente se usa para preguntar acerca de experiencias y se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo principal.
Have you ever eaten snake meat? (tú) ¿Alguna vez has comido carne de serpiente?
Has he ever played volleyball? (él) ¿Alguna vez ha jugado al voleibol?
HOW LONG (cuánto tiempo / cuánto tiempo hace que / cuánto tiempo lleva...)
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Expresa el tiempo que transcurre entre un período de tiempo y otro. Se utiliza únicamente en frases interrogativas y generalmente se coloca al principio de la oración.
How long have you been together? (Nosotros/as) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estamos juntos? Como podemos observar, este ejemplo hace referencia al tiempo que ha pasado entre que esta pareja empezó a salir y la actualidad.
How long has Paul taught in this school? ¿Cuánto tiempo lleva Paul enseñando en esta escuela? Como podemos observar, este ejemplo hace referencia al tiempo que ha transcurrido desde que Paul empezó a enseñar en la escuela hasta la actualidad.
Las expresiones de tiempo que indican un momento concreto del pasado, por ejemplo: yesterday, on Monday, at 6, last year... se utilizan con el past simple pero no LAURA PAVLO
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con el present perfect a menos que hagamos referencia a un periodo de tiempo que aún no ha acabado (this week, today, this year...) I've had three exams today. Hoy he tenido tres exámenes.
Sue has travelled a lot this year. Sue ha viajado mucho este año.
En ambos ejemplos, el período de tiempo expresado (today, this year) no se ha terminado.
¡Recuerda! El tiempo verbal present perfect (yo he cantado) sirve para expresar acciones que se desarrollan en el pasado con resultados visibles en el presente. También pueden hacer referencia a una misma acción que ha ocurrido más de una vez en el pasado o a acciones que empezaron en el pasado, pero continúan en el presente.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
STRUCTURE Sujeto + have / has + verbo (past participle) + (compl.) Sujeto + have / has +
EXAMPLES I have ridden a horse many times.He montado a caballo muchas veces. We haven't finished our homework.No hemos
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verbo (past participle) + (compl.) INTERROGATIVE Have / Has + sujeto + verbo (past participle) + (compl.)?
terminado nuestros deberes. Have you seen Joe? No, I haven't.(tú) ¿Has visto a Joe? No.
Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/45/present-perfect-simple September 2020.
on
Present perfect continuous El present perfect continuous es un tiempo verbal que en español equivale a la forma verbal: yo he estado comiendo, tú has estado comiendo, él ha estado comiendo...
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They've been playing all afternoon. Han estado jugando toda la tarde.
LAURA PAVLO
He's been practicing for two hours. Ha estado ensayando durante dos horas.
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¿Cómo se construye el present perfect continuous? Present Perfect Continuous AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I have been waiting for Have I been waiting for I have not / haven’t been waiting two hours. two hours? for two hours. Yo he estado esperando durante dos horas. You have been waiting Have you been waiting You have not / haven’t been to Spain. for two hours? waiting for two hours. He has been waiting for Has he been waiting for He has not / hasn’t been waiting two hours. two hours? for two hours. She has been waiting Has she been waiting for She has not / hasn’t been for two hours. two hours? waiting for two hours. It has been waiting for Has it been waiting for It has not / hasn’t been waiting two hours. two hours?? for two hours. We have been waiting Have we been waiting for We have not / haven’t been for two hours. two hours?? waiting for two hours. You have been waiting Have you been waiting You have not / haven’t been for two hours. for two hours?? waiting for two hours.
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They have been waiting Have they been waiting They have not / haven’t been for two hours. for two hours?? waiting for two hours.
Have they been training until now? ¿Han estado entrenando hasta ahora?
Yes, they have. Sí.
¿Cómo se utiliza el Present Perfect Continuous? El present perfect continuous se utiliza para: A. Expresar una acción que empezó en el pasado y todavía continúa en el presente.
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I've been trying to sleep for half an hour. Llevo media hora intentando dormir.
The turkey's been cooking for a good while. El pavo se ha estado cocinando durante un buen rato. En este ejemplo se puede observar otra posible traducción del present perfect continuous al español. Expresar una acción que empezó en el pasado y que acaba de terminar. Normalmente se puede ver un resultado en el presente.
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I'm tired. I've been correcting exams. Estoy cansada. He estado corrigiendo exámenes.
He's been picking cherries. Ha estado cogiendo cerezas.
En este ejemplo, acaba de terminar de corregir, por lo tanto la acción ha acabado recientemente.
En este ejemplo, el resultado es la cesta con cerezas y la acción de cogerlas acaba de terminar.
Además, hay un resultado en el presente el cual es que está cansada.
El present perfect continuous no se utiliza con state verbs.
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¡Recuerda! El tiempo verbal present perfect continuous es un tiempo verbal que en español equivale a la forma verbal: yo he estado comiendo, tú has estado comiendo, él ha estado comiendo... FORM AFFIRMATIVE
STRUCTURE Sujeto + have / has + been + verbo (gerundio) + complemento
NEGATIVE
Sujeto + have / has + not + been + verbo (gerundio) + complemento
INTERROGATIVE Have / has + subject +
LAURA PAVLO
EXAMPLES The baby has been sleeping for two hours. El bebé lleva durmiendo dos horas. You're wrong; I haven't been playing computer games all afternoon. Te equivocas, no he estado jugando a juegos de ordenador toda la tarde. You are soaking wet.
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been + verbo (gerundio) + complemento
LAURA PAVLO
What have you been doing? Estás empapado. ¿Qué has estado haciendo?
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Past Perfect El past perfect es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza principalmente para expresar acciones que ocurrieron con anterioridad a otras que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En español equivale a: yo había cantado, tú habías cantado, etc.
- Why couldn't you get in your car? - ¿Por qué no pudiste entrar en el coche?
LAURA PAVLO
- Because I had left the keys inside. - Porque me había dejado las llaves dentro
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¿Cómo se construye Past Perfect? Past Perfect AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE I had arrived home Had I arrived home when when you called me. you called me? You had arrived home Had you arrived home when you called me. when you called me? He had arrived home when you called me. She had arrived home when you called me.
Had he arrived home when you called me?? Had she arrived home when you called me??
It had arrived home when you called me. We had arrived home when you called me.
Had it arrived home when you called me?? Had we arrived home when you called me??
You had arrived home Had
you arrived home
LAURA PAVLO
NEGATIVE I had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me. You had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me. He had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me.. She had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me. It had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me. We had not / hadn’t arrived home when you called me. You had not / hadn’t
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when you called me.
when you called me??
arrived home when you called me. They had arrived home Had they arrived home They had not / hadn’t when you called me. when you called me?? arrived home when you called me.
- Had she read the documents before she signed them? - ¿Se había leído los documentos antes de firmarlos?
- Yes, she had. - Sí.
¿Cómo se utiliza el past perfect? LAURA PAVLO
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El past perfect se utiliza para: I.
Expresar que una acción se realizó con anterioridad a otra acción que ocurrió en el pasado.
- So when you got to the party... - Así que cuando llegaste a la fiesta... En este ejemplo la acción que tenemos de referencia es la que está en pasado simple, es decir, el momento de llegar a la fiesta.
LAURA PAVLO
- I realized I had forgotten the gift. - Me di cuenta de que me había olvidado el regalo. La acción de olvidarse del regalo ocurrió con anterioridad a la de llegar a la fiesta.
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II.
Expresar que una acción ocurrió con anterioridad a un momento concreto del pasado.
The snow had already melted by midday. He had never seen the sea before that day. Al mediodía la nieve ya se había Antes de aquel día él nunca había visto el derretido. mar
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III.
Hacer referencia a una acción que se repitió en diferentes ocasiones hasta un momento concreto del pasado.
- I visited the Louvre again last week. - La semana pasada visité el Louvre.
- But you had visited it three times already. - Pero ya lo habías vistitado tres veces.
En este ejemplo el chico visitó el museo la semana pasada.
Sin embargo, el chico ya había visitado el Louvre tres veces con anterioridad. La visita de la semana pasada fue la cuarta vez.
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IV. Hacer referencia a una acción que empezó en un punto concreto del pasado y continuó hasta otro momento del pasado cuando finalizó.
- Paul sold his car last month because it was old. - Paul vendió su coche el mes pasado porque era viejo. En este ejemplo, vemos como Paul vendió su coche el mes pasado.
LAURA PAVLO
- Yes, He had had it for nearly 20 years. - Sí. Lo tenía desde hacía casi 20 años. Pero también se da la información de que antes de venderlo lo tuvo por un periodo de tiempo de 20 años hasta el mes pasado, que es cuando lo vendió.
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¡Recuerda! El tiempo verbal past perfect se utiliza principalmente para expresar acciones que ocurrieron con anterioridad a otras que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. Expresa el pasado del pasado. FORM AFFIRMATIVE
STRUCTURE Sujeto + had + verbo (past participle) + (complemento)
NEGATIVE
Sujeto + had + not + verbo (past participle) +(complemento) Had + sujeto + verbo (past participle) + (complemento)
INTERROGATIVE
LAURA PAVLO
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EXAMPLES He had been there before.Había estado allí antes. They hadn't eaten anything yet.Todavía no habían comido nada. Had you ever done bungee jumping?¿Alguna vez habías hecho puenting?
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/83/past-perfect-simple on 30 September 2020
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Past Perfect Continuous El past perfect continuous es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza principalmente para expresar acciones que empezaron en un tiempo concreto del pasado y continuaron hasta otro punto concreto del pasado. En español equivale a: yo había estado cantado, tú habías estado cantado, etc, o bien yo llevaba cantando, tu llevabas cantando, etc.
It had been raining for 15 minutes, so they decided to call of the match. Llevaba lloviendo 15 minutos, así que decidieron cancelar el partido.
LAURA PAVLO
His face was dirty because he had been eatingchocolate. Su cara estaba sucia porque había estado comiendo chocolate.
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Past Perfect Continuous AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I had been travelling all Had I been travelling all I had not / hadn’t night. Había estado night? travelling all night.
been
viajando toda la noche.
You had been travelling all night. He had been travelling all night. She had been travelling all night. It had been travelling all night. We had been travelling all night. You had been travelling all night. They had been travelling all night.
Had you been travelling all night? Had he been travelling all night? Had she been travelling all night? Had it been travelling all night? Had we been travelling all night? Had we been travelling all night? Had they been travelling all night?
LAURA PAVLO
You had not / travelling all night. He had not / travelling all night. She had not / travelling all night. It had not / travelling all night. We had not / travelling all night. You had not / travelling all night. They had not / travelling all night.
2020-2021
hadn’t been hadn’t
been
hadn’t been hadn’t
been
hadn’t
been
hadn’t been hadn’t been
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- Had you been working in the Smiths' garden that day? - ¿Había estado trabajando en el jardín de los Smith ese día?
El past perfect continuous se utiliza para: A. Expresar una acción que empezó en un tiempo concreto del pasado y continuó hasta otro punto concreto del pasado o hasta que tuvo lugar otra acción.
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How long had he been rehearsing when he took a break? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevaba ensayando, cuando se tomó el descanso?
She'd been working in the sales department for two years before she was promoted. Ella llevaba trabajando dos años en el departamento de ventas cuando fue ascendida. En este ejemplo se quiere saber cuánto En este ejemplo, la acción de trabajar en el tiempo tuvo lugar la acción de ensayar departamento de ventas continuó hasta que antes de un punto concreto del pasado otra acción tuvo lugar (fue ascendida). (cuando se tomó un descanso).
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B. Expresar una acción que es la causa de que otra acción tuviera lugar en el pasado.
She was tired because she had been skiing. Estaba cansada porque había estado esquiando.
I was sleepy because I'd been reading late. Tenía sueño porque había estado leyendohasta tarde.
Hay que recordar que el past perfect continuous no se utilizará si el verbo principal es un state verb.
¡Recuerda! El tiempo verbal past perfect continuous es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza principalmente para expresar acciones que empezaron en un tiempo concreto del pasado y continuaron hasta otro punto concreto del pasado.
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AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
STRUCTURE Sujeto + had + been + verbo (gerundio) + (complemento)
EXAMPLES He had been watching TV all afternoon. Había estado viendo la televisión toda la tarde. Sujeto + had + not + been + I hadn't been crying. verbo (gerundio) + You no había estado (complemento) llorando. Had + sujeto + been + How long had you been verbo (gerundio) + sleeping? (complemento)? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevabas durmiendo?
Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/104/past-perfectcontinuouson 30 September 2020.
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Future perfect El future perfect es un tiempo verbal que se usa para hacer referencia a acciones que se dan por terminadas en un momento concreto del futuro. En español sería en general: yo habré cantado, tú habrás cantado, etc.
Be at the airport in an hour, I will have arrived by then. Sé en el aeropuerto en una hora, habré llegadopara entonces.
LAURA PAVLO
It's said that by the end of the century, sea levels will have risen between 18 and 59 cm. Se dice que para finales de siglo, el nivel del mar habrá subido entre 18 y 59 cm.
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FUTURE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I will have finished by Will I have finished by I will not / won’t I have Monday. Monday? finished by Monday? Habré terminado para el lunes You will have Will you have finished by You will not / won’t I have finished by Monday. Monday? finished I have finished by Monday? He will have Will he have finished by He will not / won’t I have finished finished by Monday. Monday? by Monday? She will have Will she have finished by She will not / won’t I have finished by Monday. Monday? finished by Monday? It will have finished by Will it have finished by It will not / won’t I have finished Monday. Monday? by Monday? We will have Will we have finished by We will not / won’t I have finished by Monday. Monday? finished by Monday? You will have Will you have finished by You will not / won’t I have finished by Monday. Monday? finished I have finished by Monday?
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They will have Will they have They will not / won’t I have finished by Monday. finished by Monday? finished by Monday?
- Will you have tidied your bedroom before I come back? - ¿Habrás ordenado tu habitación antes de que yo vuelva?
LAURA PAVLO
- Yes, I will. - Sí.
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¿Cómo se utiliza el Future Perfect? El future perfect se utiliza para: A. Expresar que una acción habrá concluido antes de un momento concreto del futuro, o bien de otra acción que ocurrirá en un futuro.
He will have finished the fence by the weekend. Para el fin de semana habrá terminado la valla.
By the time I get to work, the meeting will have already started. Para cuando llegue al trabajo, la reunión ya habrá empezado.
B. Expresar que una acción habrá concluido en un pasado cercano. Normalmente se aplica para hacer deducciones.
LAURA PAVLO
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Will the jury have reached a verdict by now? ¿Habrá llegado ya el jurado a un veredicto?
The plane will have taken off by now. El avión ya habrá despegado.
C. Expresar que una acción habrá tenido lugar durante un periodo de tiempo hasta un punto concreto del futuro.
Next month we'll have been friends for 50 LAURA PAVLO
Tomorrow they'll have been in China for 2 2020-2021
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years. El mes que viene hará 50 años que somos amigos.
weeks Mañana hará dos semanas que están en China.
Hay que observar que la traducción al español varía en este caso. Aun así, también podríamos traducir estas frases de la siguiente manera: El mes que viene habremos sido amigos durante 50 años. Mañana habremos estado en China durante dos semanas.
Algunas expresiones que se suelen utilizar con el future perfect son las siguientes: EXPRESIONES By the time By Monday / next month By now / then By the year 2050 Before / not... until
TRADUCCIÓN Cuando, para cuando Para el lunes / el mes que viene Ya / para entonces Para el año 2050 Antes / no... hasta
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¡Recuerda! El tiempo verbal future perfect se utiliza para expresar acciones que se habrán completado antes de un momento o acción en el futuro; para acciones que suponemos habrán concluído en un pasado muy cercano y para acciones que habrán tenido lugar durante un periodo de tiempo hasta un punto concreto del futuro.
FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
STRUCTURE Sujeto + will + have + verbo (en participio) Sujeto + won't + have + verbo (en participio)
INTERROGATIVE Will + sujeto + have + verbo (en participio)?
LAURA PAVLO
EXAMPLES He'll have arrived home by now.Ya habrá llegado a casa. You won't have finished until 6:00.No habrás terminado hasta las 6:00. Will you have cooked dinner by then?¿Habrás preparado la cena para entonces?
2020-2021
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa/91/future-perfect on 30 September 2020. Retrieved from https://www.lewolang.com/gramatica-inglesa#1 on 30 September 2020.
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause. For instance, Active: My grandfather planted this tree. Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Reference
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Retrieved from https://aprendeconadela.com/the-passive-voice-como-se-forma-lavoz-pasiva/ on 30 September 2020
HOW TO CHANGE THE ACTIVE VOICE INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject.
am/is/are + past participle was/were + past participle Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.
Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.
Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form:
am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.
Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.
Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.
PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form:
have/has been + past participle
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had been + past participle Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.
Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.
Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.
Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.
FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle
is/are going to be + past participle Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift.
Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Jack will mail the gifts.
The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.
Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.
PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern:
modal + be + past participle Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)
Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)
Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CANNOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT
Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.
students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.
Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)
Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.
Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.
Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO
Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.
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English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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The Zero Conditional We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'): If + present simple, .... present simple. This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause. The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning. For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts) Here are some more examples: If people eat too much, they get fat. If you touch a fire, you get burned. People die if they don't eat. You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Snakes bite if they are scared If babies are hungry, they cry Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html on 25 September 2020.
The First Conditional The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause: if + present simple, ... will + infinitive It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true. If it rains, I won't go to the park. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. If I see her, I'll tell her.
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First vs. Zero Conditional: The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general. For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting) But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)
First vs. Second Conditional: The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view. For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass).
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)
Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/firstconditional.html on 25 September 2020.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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The Second Conditional The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive: if + past simple, ...would + infinitive (We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing). It has two uses. First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello. She would travel all over the world if she were rich. She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen) Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him). If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man. How is this different from the first conditional? This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely. For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real) But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes) Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/second-conditional.html on 25 September 2020.
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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The Third Conditional We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence: if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation. If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass) If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick). If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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Reference Retrieved from https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/thirdconditional.html on 25 September 2020.
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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¡RECUERDA! ENGLISH CONDITIONALS TYPE OF CONDITIONAL
IF-CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(CONDITION)
(RESULT)
A HIGH PROBABILITY ZERO CONDITIONAL
If I drink coffee at night,
It used for present, If you freeze water, real/factual situations. If the weather is good, It used to talk about things If it rains, that are generally true or scientific facts.
I don’t sleep well. It turns into ice. I go to the beach. the grass gets wet.
A PROBABILITY FIRST CONDITIONAL It used for situations.
future
If I drink coffee tonight, real If the weather is good tomorrow, If you don´t hurry,
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I won´t sleep well. I will go to the beach. You will miss the train.
2020-2021
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It used to talk about a If I have enough time, posible condition and its probable result in the future.
I will exercise.
A LOW PROBABILITY SECOND CONDITIONAL If I drank coffee tonight, It used for present or future If the weather were good, unreal, imaginary situations. If I had a lot of money, If you went to bed earlier,
I wouldn´t sleep well I would go to the beach. I would travel around the world. you wouldn´t be so tired.
NO PROBABILITY THIRD CONDITIONAL It used for past unreal, imaginary situations.
If I had drunk coffee last night,
I wouldn´t have slept well.
If the weather had been good,
I would have gone to the beach.
If you hadn´t eaten so much,
You wouldn´t have felt sick.
If I had studied harder,
I would have passed the exam.
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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2020-2021
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IRREGULARS VERBS SPANISH 1. Soportar, surgir
2. Surgir 3. Despertar 4. Soportar 5. Latir, golpear, vencer, derrumbar
6. Convertirse en 7. Ocurrir, acontecer, suceder
8. Empezar 9. Doblar 10. Estar afligido, desconsolado
11. 12.
Suplicar Apostar
13. Encuadernar
14.
Morder
BASE FORM
3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
VERB-ING
abide arise awake bear beat
abides arises awakes bears beats
abode arose awoke borne beat
abided arisen awoken borne beaten
Abiding Arising Awakeing Bearing Beating
become befall
becomes befalls
became befell
become befallen
Becoming Befalling
begin bend bereave
begins bends bereaves
began Bent bereaved
begun bent bereaved
Beginning Bending Bereaving
beseech bet bind bite
beseeches bets binds bites
Beseeched Bet bound Bit
beseeched bet bound bitten
Beseeching Betting Binding Bitting
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Sangrar Soplar Romper Criar Traer
20. Emitir, difundir por televisión
21.
Construir
bleed blow break breed bring broadcast
build 22. Arder, quemar burn 23. Estallar burst 24. Comprar buy 25. Tirar, tirar cast 26. Atrapar, agarrar catch 27. Regañar chide 28. Elegir choose 29. Aferrarse cling 30. Vestir cloth 31. Venir come 32. Costar cost 33. Arrastrar creep 34. Cortar cut
bleeds Blows Breaks Breeds Brings Broadcasts
Bled Blew broke Bred brought broadcast
bled blown broken bred brought broadcasted
Bleeding Blowing Breaking Breeding Bringing Broadcasting
Builds Burns Bursts buys casts catches chides chooses clings clothes comes costs creeps cuts
Built burnt burst bought Cast caught Chid chose clung clothed came Cost crept Cut
built burnt burst bought cast caught chidden chosen clung clothed come cost crept cut
Building Burning Bursting Buying Casting Catching Chiding Chosing Clinging Clothing Coming Costing Creeping Cutting
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35. Desafiar, atreverse
Dare
dares
Dared
durst
Daring
36.
deal
deals
Dealt
dealt
Dealing
dig Do Draw
digs does draws
Dug Did Drew
dug done drawn
Digging Doing Drawing
Dream
dreams
Dreamt/dreamed Dreamt/dreamed
Dreaming
drinks drives dwells eats falls feeds feels fights finds flees flies Forbears Forbids
Drank Drove dwelled Ate Fell Fed Felt fought Found Fled Flew forbore forbade
Drinking Driving Dwelling Eating Falling Feeding Feeling Fighting Finding Fleeing Flying Forbearing Forbiding
Tratar, acordar
37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.
Cavar Hacer Dibujar Soñar Beber Conducir
Drink Drive 43. Habitar, morar Dwell 44. Comer Eat 45. Caer, quedar fall 46. Alimentar feed 47. Sentir feel 48. Pelear fight 49. Encontrar find 50. Huir flee 51. Volar fly 52. Desistir forbear 53. Prohibir forbid
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drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forborne forbidden
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54. 55.
Olvidar Perdonar
56. Abandonar
57.
Helar
58. Conseguir
59. 60.
Dar Ir
61. Moler, triturar, machacar
62. 63.
Crecer Colgar
64. Haber, tener 65. Oír, escuchar
66.
Esconder
67. Pegar, Golpear
68.
Agarrar
69. Hacer daño
70.
Guardar
71. Arrodillar 72. Tejer, enlazar, atar 73. Saber, conocer
forget forgive forsake freeze Get Give Go Grind
Forgets Forgives Forsakes freezes gets gives goes grinds
Forgot forgave forsook Froze Got Gave Went ground
forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got given gone ground
Forgetting Forgiving Forsaking Freezing Getting Giving Going Griding
Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep kneel Knit
grows hangs has hears hides hits holds hurts keeps kneels knits
Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Knit/Knitted
grown hung had heard hidden Hit held hurt kept knelt Knit/Knitted
Growing Hanging Having Hearing Hiding Hitting Holding Hurting Keeping Kneeling Knitting
Know
knows
Knew
known
Knowing
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74. 75.
Poner Llevar
Lay Lead Lean Leap learn leave lend let
lays leads Leans leaps learns leaves lends lets
Laid Led Leant/leaned Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned Left Lent Let
laid led Leant/leaned Leapt/leaped Learnt/learned left lent let
Laying Leading Leaning Leaping Learning Leaving Lending Letting
lie light lose make mean meet Mistake
lies lights loses makes means meets mistakes
Lay Lit Lost made meant Met mistook
lain lit lost made meant met mistaken
Lie Lighting Losing Making Meaning Meeting Mistaking
89. Entender mal
misunderstand
misundertands
misunderstood
misundertood
Misunderstand ung
90. Segar, cortar
mow overcome
mows overcomes
mowed overcame
mown overcome
Mowing Overcoming
76. Apoyar, inclinar 77. Saltar, lanzar
78. 79. 80.
Aprender Dejar Prestar
81. Permitir, conceder
82.
Echarse
83. Encender
84.
Perder
85. Hacer, fabricar
86.
Significar
87. Encontrar 88. Equivocarse, comprender mal
91. Superar, vencer, sobreponerse
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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92. Exagerar, llevar al exceso
overdo
overdoes
overdid
overdone
Overdoing
93. Pagar 94. probar 95. Empujar, presionar, 96. Poner 97. Leer 98. Desgarrar 99. Montar 100. Sonar
Pay proved push
pays proves pushes
Paid proved pushed
paid proven pushed
Paying Proving pushing
put read rend ride ring rise
puts reads rends rides rings rises
Put Read Rent Rode Rang Rose
put read rent ridden rung risen
Putting Reading Rending Riding Ringing Rising
run say see seek
runs says sees seeks
Ran Said Saw sought
run said seen sought
Running Saying Seeing seeking
sell send Set
sells sends sets
Sold Sent Set
sold sent set
Selling sending Setting
sew
sews
sewn/sewed
sewn/sewed
Sewing
101. Levantar, ascender, elevar
102. 103. 104.
Correr Decir Ver
105. Buscar, tratar
106. 107.
Vender Enviar
108. Establecer, Poner
109.
Coser
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
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110. Sacudir, agitar
shake
shakes
shook
shaken
shaking
111.
shave shed
shaves sheds
shaved Shed
shaven shed
shaving shedding
113. Brillar 114. Disparar, emitir, lanzar
shine shoot
shines shoots
shone Shot
shone shot
Shining Shoting
115. Mostrar, exhibir 116. Ducharse
show
shows
showed
showed
showing
shower shrink
showers shrinks
showered shrank
showered shrunk
showring shrinking
shut
shuts
shut
shut
Shutting
sing sink sit slay
sings sinks sits slays
Sang Sank Sat Slew
sung sunk Sat slain
Singing Sinking Sitting Slaying
sleep slide
sleeps slides
Slept Slid
slept Slid
Sleeping Sliding
Afeitarse
112. Derramar, esparcir, dejar caer
117. Encogerse, disminuir, desaparecer 118. Cerrar, impedir, excluir
119. 120. 121.
Cantar Hundir Sentar
122. Matar, hacer morir de risa
123.
Dormir
124.
Resbalar,
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2020-2021
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 354
deslizarse, escabullirse 125. Deslizarse con sigilo
slink
slinks
Slunk
slunk
Slinking
126. Hacer incisión, cortar
Slit
slits
slit/slitted
slit/slitted
Slitting
127. 128. 129. 130.
smell speak speed spell spend
smells speaks speeds spells spend
Smelt spoke Sped Spelt spent
smelt spoken sped spelt spent
Smelling Speaking Speeding Spelling Spending
spill spin
spills spin
Spilt span/spun
spilt spun
Spilling spinning
spit spoil spread spring
spits spoils spreads springs
Spat spoilt spread sprang
spat spoilt spread sprang
Spiting spoiling spreading springing
stands steals sticks
stood Stole stuck
stood stolen stuck
standing stealing sticking
Oler Hablar Acelerar Deletrear
131. Pasar, gastar
132.
Derramar
133. Dar vueltas, girar
134.
Escupir
135.
Estropear
136.
Extender
137. Saltar, brincar 138.
Estar de pie stand
139. 140.
Robar Pegar
steal stick
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P á g i n a | 355
141. 142.
Picar Apestar
143. Dar zancadas
144. 145. 146. 147. 148.
Pegar Esforzar Jurar Barrer Nadar
149.
Balancear
150. 151. 152.
Tomar Enseñar Romper
153. Contar, decir
154. Probar, ensayar, comprobar 155. Pensar 156. Prosperar 157. Lanzar 158.
Introducir
sting stink stride
stings stinks strides
stung stank strod
stung Stunk stridden
Stinging stinking striding
strike strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell
strikes strives swears sweeps swims swings takes teaches tears tells
struck strove swore swept swam swung took taught Tore told
Struck striven Sworn swept Swum swung Taken taught Torn Told
striking striving swearing sweeping swimming swinging taking teaching tearing telling
test
tests
tested
tested
testing
think thrive throw thrust
thinks thives throws thrusts
thought thrived threw thrust
thought thrived thrown thrust
thinking thriving throwing thrusting
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2020-2021
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P á g i n a | 356
con violencia, clavar 159. Pisar, recorrer
tread
treads
trod
trodden
treading
160. 161.
undergo understand
undergoes understands
underwent understood
undergone understood
162. Emprender, comenzar algo 163. Deshacer, reparar, anular
undertake
undertakes
undertook
undertaken
undergoing Understandin g undertaking
undo
undoes
undid
undone
undoing
164.
upset wake
upsets wakes
upset woke
upset woken
upsetting waking
wear
wears
wore
worn
wearing
weave weep
weaves weeps
wove wept
woven wept
weaving weeping
wet
wets
wetted/wet
wetted/wet
wetting
win
wins
won
won
winning
Someter Entender
Afligir
165. Despertar, excitar, remover 166. Llevar puesto
167.
Tejer
168. Llorar, sollozar amargamente
169. Mojar, humedecer 170. Ganar, conquistar
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P á g i n a | 357
171. Enrollar, dar cuerda
wind
winds
wound
wound
winding
172. Retirar, retractarse, quitar
withdraw
withdraws
withdrew
withdrawn
withdrawing
173. 174. 175. 176.
withhold withstand wring write
withholds withstands wrings writes
withheld withstood wrung wrote
withheld withstood wrung written
withholds withstanding wringing writing
Retener Resistir Retorcer Escribir
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P á g i n a | 358
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 359
REGULARS VERBS SPANISH
BASE FORM
3rd PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT
PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE
VERB-ING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
act add address advertise agree amuse annoy answer appeal appear approach arrange arrest arrive ask assist attack
acts adds addresses advertises agrees amuses annoys answers appeals appears approaches arranges arrests arrives asks assists attacks
Acted Added addressed Advertised Agreed Amused Annoyed answered appealed appeared approached arranged Arrested Arrived Asked Assisted Attacked
acting Adding addressing advertiseing agreeing Amusing Annoying answering appealing appearing approaching arranging arresting arriving Asking assisting attacking
Actuar Sumar, añadir Dirigirse Anunciar Concordar Entretener Molestar Responder
9. Apelar, recurrir 10. Parecer, aparecer 11. Acercar, Abordar, 12. Arreglar, ordenar
13. 14.
Arrestar Arribar
15. Preguntar, pedir 16. Asistir, ayudar
17.
Atacar
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18. 19. 20. 21.
Asistir Equilibrar Ladrar Bañarse
22. Suplicar, mendigar 23. Comportarse
24. 25. 26.
Creer Pertenecer Bendecir
27. Abordar, embarcar
28.
Hervir
29. Reservar, fichar
30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
Respirar Cepillar Llamar Cuidar Llevar Cambiar
36. cargar, cobrar
37. Engañar, copiar
38.
Revisar
attend balance bark bath beg behave believe belong to bless board boil book breathe brush call care carry change charge cheat check
attends balances barks baths begs behaves believes belongs to blesses boards boils books breathes brushes calls cares carries changes charges cheats checks
LAURA PAVLO
Atended balanced barked bathed begged behaved believed belonged to blessed boarded boiled booked breathed brushed called cared carried changed charged cheated checked
2020-2021
attending balancing barking bathing begging behaving believing belonging to blessing boarding boiling booking breathing brushing calling caring carrying changing charging cheating checking
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39. Aplaudir, aclamar
40.
Limpiar
41. Escalar, subir
42.
Cerrar
43. Coleccionar
44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
Peinar Quejarse Completar Consistir Cocinar Contar Cubrir Chocar
52. gatear, arrastrarse
53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
Cruzar Aplastar Llorar Curar bailar declarar demorar
clap clean climb close collect comb complain complete consist cook count cover crash crawl cross crush cry cure dance declare delay
claps cleans climbs closes collects combs complains completes consists cooks counts covers crashes crawls crosses crushes cries cures dances declares delays
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clapped cleaned climbed closed collected combed complained completed consisted cooked counted covered crashed crawled crossed crushed Cried cured danced declared delayed
2020-2021
clapping cleaning climbing closing collecting combing complaining completing consisting cooking counting covering crashing crawling crossing crushing crying cured dancing declaring delaying
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P á g i n a | 362
60. 61.
entregar negar
62. Sintonizar, marcar
63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68.
Morir Cenar Doble Vestir Dejar, caer Secar
69. incluir, encerrar
70. Alentar, animar 71. Comprometer
72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.
Disfrutar Envidiar Exclamar Ejercitar Explicar Expresar
78. Fracasar, fallar
79. 80.
Abrochar Temer
deliver deny dial die dine double dress drop dry enclose encourage engage enjoy envy exclaim exercise explain express fail fasten fear
delivers denies dials dies dines doubles dresses drops dries encloses encourages engages enjoys envies exclaims exercises explains expresses fails fastens fears
LAURA PAVLO
2020-2021
delivered denied dialed Died dined doubled dressed dropped Dried enclosed encouraged engaged enjoyed envied exclaimed exercised explained expressed failed fastened feared
delivering deny dialing died dining doubling dressing dropping drying enclosing encouraging engaing enjoying envying exclaiming exercising explaining expressing failing fastening fearing
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOM DE MÉXICO ESCUELA NACIONAL PREPARATORIA****PLANTEL CUATRO DE TACUBAYA “VIDAL CASTAÑEDA Y NÁJERA” ENGLISH COLLE***MORNING SHIFT
P á g i n a | 363
81. Ir a buscar, traer
82. 83. 84.
archivar llenar terminar
85. Disparar, despedir 86. echar del trabajo, disparar
87.
pescar
88. Encajar, quedar bien
89.
Arreglar
90. Centellar, brillar
91.
Flotar
92. Florecer, cultivar
93.
Seguir
94. Engañar, despreciar
95. 96.
Espantar Freír
97. Ganar, obtener
98. 99.
Saludar Adivinar
fetch file fill finish fire fire
fetches files fills finishes fires fires
fetched Filed Filled finished Fired Fired
fetching filing filling finishing firing firing
fish fit
fishes fits
fished Fitted
fishing fitting
fix flash float flower follow fool
fixes flashes floats flowers follows fools
Fixed flashed floated flowered followed fooled
fixing flashing floating flowering following fooling
frighten fry gain greet guess
frightens fries gains greets guesses
frightened Fried gained greeted guessed
frightening frying gaining greeting guessing
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P á g i n a | 364
100. 101. 102.
Suceder Odiar Ayudar
103. Esperar, desear
104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110.
Apurar (se) Imaginar Planchar Juzgar Matar Besar Reír
111.
Lanzar
112.
Gustar
113. Cerrar con llave
114.
Mirar
115. Enviar correo electrónico
116.
Manejar
117. Marcar, señalar
118.
Casarse
happen hate help hope
happens hates helps hopes
happened hated helped hoped
happening hating helping hoping
hurry imagine iron judge kill kiss laugh launch like lock look mail
hurries imagines irons judges kills kisses laughs launches likes locks looks mails
hurried imagined ironed judged killed kissed laughged lauched liked locked looked mailed
hurrying imagining ironing judging killing kissing laughing lauching liking locking looking mailing
manage mark
manages marks
managed marked
managing marking
marry
marries
married
marrying
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119. 120.
Masajear Medir
121. Ordeñar un animal
122. 123.
Extrañar Mover
124.
Asesinar
125. Observar, respetar
126. 127. 128.
Ofrecer Abrir Ordenar
129.
Empacar
130.
Estacionarse
131.
Pasar
132.
Pegar
133. Pausar, detener
134. 135. 136. 137.
Ejecutar Telefonear Recoger Planear
massage measure milk
massages measures milks
massaged measured milked
massaging measuring milking
miss move murder observe
misses moves murders observes
missed moved murdered observed
missing moving murdering observing
offer open order pack park pass paste pause
offers opens orders packs parks passes pastes pauses
offered opened ordered packed parked passed pasted paused
offering opening ordering packing parking passing pasting pausing
perform phone pick on plan
performs phones picks on plans
performed phoned picked on planned
peforming phoning picking on planning
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138.
Jugar, tocar
139. Complacer, agradar
140.
Pulir
141. Derramar, verter 142. Practicar, ensayar
143. 144. 145.
Orar Preferir Preparar
146. Presionar, apretar 147. Fingir, pretender
148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155.
Imprimir Prometer Pronunciar Sacar, tirar Castigar Empujar Llover Levantar
play please
plays pleases
played pleased
playing pleasing
polish pour
polishes pours
polished poured
polishing pouring
practice
practices
practiced
practicing
pray prefer prepare press
prays prefers prepares presses
prayed prefered prepared pressed
praying preferring preparing pressing
pretend
pretends
pretended
pretending
print promise pronounce pull punish push rain raise
Prints promises pronounces Pulls punishes pushes rains raises
printed promised pronounced pulled punished pushed rained raised
printing promising pronouncing pulling punishing pushing raining raising
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156.
Alcanzar
reach realize receive refuse register
reaches realizes receives refuses registers
reached realized received refused registered
reaching realizing receiving refusing registering
157.
Darse cuenta
158. 159.
Recibir Rehusar
relax remain
relaxes remains
relaxed remained
relaxing remaining
remember repair repeat replace Report
remembers repairs repeats replaces reports
remembered pepaired repeated replaced reported
remembering repairing repeating replacing reporting
168. Solicitar, pedir
request
requests
requested
requesting
169.
require reserve
requires reserves
required reserved
requiring reserving
resolve Rest Return
resolves rests returns
resolved rested returned
resolving resting returning
160. Matricularse, registrar
161.
Relajarse
162. Quedar, sobrar
163. 164. 165. 166.
Recordar Reparar Repetir Reemplazar
167. Reportar, informar
Requerir
170. Reservar, guardar
171. 172.
Resolver Descansar
173.
Retornar,
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volver
174. 175. 176. 177.
Remar Salvar Gritar Sellar
Row Sabe scream Seal search
rows saves screams seals searches
rowed saved screamed sealed searched
rowing saving screaming sealing searching
Serve Settle
serves settles
served settled
serving settling
Sign Slip
signs slips
signed slipped
signing slipping
183. Sonreír 184. Fumar 185. Estornudar 186. Nevar 187. Derramar 188. Malcriar, consentir
smile smoke sneeze snow spill spoil
smiles smokes sneezed snows spills spoils
smiled smoked sneezed snowed spilled spoiled
smiling smoking sneezing snowing spilling spoiling
189. Permanecer, quedarse 190. Detener, parar
stay
stays
stayed
staying
Stop
stops
stopped
stopping
178. Buscar, registrar
179.
Servir
180. Establecer arreglar,
181.
Firmar
182. Escapar, resbalar
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191. 192.
Estirar Estudiar
stretch study suffer supply
stretches studies suffers supplies
stretched studied suffered supplied
stretching studying suffering suppling
193.
Sufrir
195. Tragar 196. Cambiar, enchuchar
swallow switch
swallows switches
swallowed switched
swallowing swithing
197. Conectar, accionar
Switch
switches
switched
switching
198. 199.
Talk Thank Tidy
talks thanks tidies
talked thanked Tied
talking thanking tiding
Tie Tire touch trade
ties tires touches trades
Tied tired touched traded
tying tiring touching trading
train travel trouble
trains travels troubles
trained travelled troubled
training travelling troubling
194. Proveer, suministrar
Conversar Agradecer
200. Ordenar, arreglar 201. Atar, amarrar 202.
Cansar, fatigar
203.
Tocar, palpar
204. Comerciar, negociar
205.
Entrenar
206.
Viajar, recorrer
207. Preocuparse, molestar
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208. 209.
210. 211.
212. 213.
214. 215. 216.
Tratar, intentar
Try Girar, voltear Turn Doblar, torcer Twist Desempacar unpack Usar Use Desaparecer vanish Visitar Visit Esperar wait for Caminar Walk Querer, want
Tries turns twists unpacks Uses vanishes visits waits for walks wants
tried turned twisted unpacked used vanished visited waited for walked Wanted
trying turning twisting unpacking using vanishing visiting waiting for walking Wanting
Calentar
warm warn
warms warns
warmed Warned
warming warning
wash waste watch
washes wastes watches
Washed Wasted watched
Washing Wasting watching
Wáter Weigh welcome
waters weighs welcomes
watered weighed welcomed
watering Weighing welcoming
whistle
whistles
whistled
whistling
217. requerir
218.
219. Advertir, alertar
220.
Lavar
221.
Desechar
222. Observar, mirar
223. 224.
Regar Pesar
225. Dar la bienvenida
226.
Silbar
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227. Desear, anhelar
Wish
wishes
wished
Wishing
228. 229. 230. 231.
work wrap up wreck zoom
works wrapes up wrecks zooms
worked wrapped up wrecked zoomed
Working wrapping up wrecking Zoomed
Trabajar Envolver Naufragar Acercar
References Google Images (2020) "Technology" [online image]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on January 19, 2020. Google Images (2019) "Technology" [online image]. Retrieved http://www.googleimages on July 30, 2020. Note: I write the e-references of the consulted pages, at the end of each theme in some cases changes were made for an educational use. This is a non-profit guide.
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