Jatropha soap
Project: Authors:
School: Supervisor: Date:
Jatropha soap Anouk van der Meij Emma Post Jildou Schippers OSG Sevenwolden, Heerenveen Prof. Dr. M.J.E.C. van der Maarel (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Aquatische Biotechnologie en Bioproduct Technologie) 02-02-2015
02-02-2015 1 Preface In July 2014 we, three students, Anouk van der Meij, Emma Post and Jildou Schippers, from OSG Sevenwolden, a school for pre-university education in the Netherlands, decided to participate in the Imagine contest. Our biology teacher, Ms. H.M.A. Zeedijk, told us about the contest. We were immediately interested and thought this would be a nice challenge to take part in. We wondered if we would be able to start a business that was completely sustainable and would really help the people in Ghana. We would first like to thank Prof. Dr. M.J.E.C. van der Maarel, who is a professor at the University in Groningen and was our supervisor during the process. He introduced the subject, organized our practicum and answered all of our questions. We would like to thank our families, for helping us translate our project into correct English, our science teacher Mr. L. van Dijk for letting us use the practicum classroom and giving us all the material we needed and our biology teacher Ms. H.M.A. Zeedijk, for introducing us to Imagine and leading us through this project. We hope you all enjoy reading this piece of work!
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Table of contents 1 Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 2 2 Management summary ...................................................................................................................... 4 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5 4 Business model ................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 The problem in Ghana ........................................................................................................ 6 4.2 Our solution ......................................................................................................................... 6 4.3 Business plan ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.3.1 Technology ........................................................................................................... 8 4.3.2 General................................................................................................................. 8 4.3.3 Economy ............................................................................................................ 11 5 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................... 13 6 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 14 7 Post face ........................................................................................................................................... 15 8 References ........................................................................................................................................ 16 9 Appendices ....................................................................................................................................... 17 9.1 The process of making soap out of Jatropha oil ................................................................ 17 9.2 Business Canvas Model ..................................................................................................... 19 9.3 Garden Cress experiment ................................................................................................. 20 9.4 Soap process experiment .................................................................................................. 23
Jatropha Curcas Imagine
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02-02-2015 2 Management summary This report provides information and background information about our soap factory, HOPE, which will be located in Ghana. The soap will be made out of Jatropha Curcas, because this plant has ruined farmland in Ghana. The company will offer two solutions to unemployment in Ghana, and one solution for hygiene related issues in Ghana. At first it will offer local farmers, whose land is ruined, money in return for Jatropha seeds. But to keep the factory running it will need laborers, in this way it will also create jobs for other local people. The last solution is hygiene-related. The soap that is made can be sold for a decent price and will aid in better hygiene in Ghana. The soap factory will become a sustainable business. We want to focus on economic performance (profit), with respect for the social side (people) within the ecological boundary conditions (planet). This report also provides an analysis and evaluation of the following questions: Is it possible to start a sustainable soap factory in Ghana using Jatropha oil from which everyone can benefit? What are the problems in Ghana that we focused on? How do we solve these problems? What technology will we use? What do we hope to achieve as a result?
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02-02-2015 3 Introduction Washing hands for hygiene is the act of cleaning one's hands with water and soap, for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms. For us, as residents of prosperous countries, it is a normal and daily action to stay healthy. Water and soap belong to our basic needs. We can’t imagine living without water en soap anymore. However, in development countries the opposite is true. Water and soap are products for the wealthier population. This worldwide problem is also a problem in Ghana. A lot of people do not have the ability to wash their hands and protect themselves from bacteria. Did you know that washing your hands with soap can reduce diarrhea morbidity by 44%? 1
There is a second problem in Ghana we want to do something about. Foreign companies have, over the last few years, acquired large tracts of land for the commercial cultivation of biofuel, particularly for the plant Jatropha. Many affected households were forced to relinquish their land and they were forced to cultivate Jatropha. The pesticides involved in the growth of this plant are destroying their entire farmland. The farmers can’t cultivate their own food crops anymore and they lose income.
Our goal is to build a sustainable soap factory in Ghana to reduce the above-mentioned problems. In this research we will explore the possibilities to achieve a sustainable soap factory. We used the Business Model Canvas (a strategic management and entrepreneurial tool) to describe, design, challenge and invent our ideas. In the table of contents is shown what we researched and where to find it. The main question is: Is it possible to start a sustainable soap factory in Ghana using Jatropha oil from which everyone can benefit?
1
What are the problems in Ghana that we focused on? How do we solve these problems? What technology will we be using? What do we hope to achieve as a result?
http://www.globalsoap.org/our-work/soap-facts/
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02-02-2015 4 Business model Background information about Ghana Ghana, a country on the west coast of Africa, has often been referred to as an 'island of peace’ in one of the most chaotic regions on earth. The borders of present-day Ghana were realized in May 1956. With about 40% of the population working in agriculture, Ghana's economy is dominated by farmers. The country covers an area of about 238,533 square kilometers, with an estimated population of 25.2 million in 2013. The problem Many foreign companies have, over the past five years, acquired large tracts of land across Africa, including in Ghana, for the commercial cultivation of biofuel, particularly for the flowering plant Jatropha. Many of these investments are targeting areas in the savannah zone. In 2009 it was observed that large areas of suitable land were easily obtained by foreign companies, forcing many affected households to relinquish their land without any form of compensation or guarantees of future returns. Many land losing households experienced a decline in livelihood quality as a result of reduced incomes, increased food insecurity, and loss of access to vital forest products. This does not only lead to families losing their immediate household income levels and food security, but is also likely to lead to land degradation and reduced carrying capacity. The immediate impact on these households will increase in planting seasons as farmers are forced to turn to recently used plots and soil fertility decreases. Most of this change was due to a considerable drop in crop yields as fields were cleared for Jatropha and minor crops were destroyed. 2 Our main focus lies on the area around Sawaba, in Ghana. In this area there is a bio-fuel Jatropha plantation over 100,000 ha in size. Another important aspect of a bio-fuel plantation is its large size and its proximity to a river or other source of water, because the soap production requires a lot of water. Therefore this is a desirable place to establish the factory, because we want to use the water from Lake Volta for the soap making process. The solution we will provide With the soap production from Jatropha in these areas, the idea is to give the households that lost their land, the opportunity to get properly reimbursed for the Jatropha growing. The land that has reduced growing capacity can be used to grow Jatropha, and Jatropha nuts contain oil that can be used to make soap of. This will mean that the households that have lost their land have the opportunity to restore their household income. Aside from the money farmers get for their Jatropha, men and women can also work in the soap factory. The soap bars will be spread over the country, which can solve hygiene-related issues. In many developing countries the leading causes of death for children are hygiene-related illnesses. Hand washing with soap is the single most effective way to prevent those deaths. Hundreds of thousands of lives could be saved each year if people had soap. If the soap could be sold to hotels for a normal price, there could also be a possibility to sell the soap for a somewhat lower price to health care institutes. Hand hygiene is important to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and to ensure safe patient care. If institutes have better access to soap this will result in a decrease of patients that are affected by HAI. 3
2 3
George C. Schoneveld, Laura A. Germana, and Eric Nutakorb, 2010 World Health Organization, 2010
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02-02-2015 The location we will focus on, the area around Sawaba, is indicated by the red arrow in the image below.
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02-02-2015 Business plan Soap making technique To make one soap bar with approximate dimensions of 6x6x2 cm, you need 8.2mg sodium hydroxide, 20ml water and 50ml Jatropha oil. Add the water to the sodium hydroxide and stir to make a sodium hydroxide solution. Before the solution can be added to the oil it needs to cool down to room temperature. When the solution is cooled down, slowly add it to the Jatropha oil and stir. When the sodium hydroxide is fully added to the oil, keep stirring for a few minutes. Then pour the mixture into the mold and let it sit for a few days to harden, the exact number of days differs as a function of the temperature and the proportions that were used. The Jatropha oil can be extracted from the Jatropha seeds with a cold press. This will press the oil out of the seeds. The remainders of the seeds, called the press cake, need to be dried and made into powder to be used as fertilizer. This isn’t difficult and can be done by the local farmers themselves, so they will get the press cake back after the oil is extracted. Key activities and resources To improve the hygiene of the people in Ghana it is important that they have access to soap. Soap is very effective as prevention for respiratory diseases, which cause many deaths in developing countries like Ghana. The main focus of the soap factory will be soap production with Jatropha oil. Jatropha oil comes from pressing the seeds from the Jatropha plant, the remainder of the seeds can be used as fertilizer. For the making of soap, water, sodium hydroxide and Jatropha oil is necessary. The Jatropha seeds can be bought from local farmers. The water can be extracted from Lake Volta and used without having to purify it. The sodium hydroxide needs to be transported to the workshop by ships or trucks. This workshop needs to be close to the lake, so water can be extracted easily, and not too far from the local farmers. Laborers are needed to oversee the soap making and to actually produce the soap. These laborers need to be protected from the toxicity of the Jatropha oil by protective clothing. When local laborers are involved, there will be an increase in their income levels and therefore an increase in the wealth of the population. The other important activity that is necessary is “spreading the word”. It is important that local farmers and laborers are aware of the jobs we will provide. The hospitality industry, healthcare institutions and schools also need to be educated about the goals set by the Jatropha soap factory, so that they buy our soap and help the local population in Ghana. Key Partners Starting a company is not something you can do on your own, one needs the help of others. Together, you can achieve more. For a starting entrepreneur it can be very important to cooperate with partners to achieve the best end product. Our situation, a soap factory, is no exception. First of all we have the local farmers of Ghana as partners. These farmers will be needed for the growing of Jatropha plants. We offer the farmers, who lost their land to Jatropha already, a deal from which both parties profit. In return for an amount of money, the farmers will grow the Jatropha plant on their land. This is the only plant that can grow on the destroyed land, because this plant barely needs nutrients. They will return the fully grown plants to us and everybody wins. We have room to let our Jatropha plant grow, the destroyed land is being used and the farmers have a new source of income and can all stay with their families. Don’t hate, cooperate.
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02-02-2015 Our second key partner are the hospitality industry, healthcare institutions and schools. We start with the hospitality industry, with the main focus on hotels. A hotel needs soap, placed in the guestrooms to be used. Schools obviously need soap too. Children are known to spread bacteria easily, because they are not aware of the risks. Healthcare institutions cannot function without soap either. A healthcare institution has to be a very hygienic place and the employees need to wash their hands a lot. So, what do these companies get out of cooperating with us? Well, that’s simple. They get cheap, sustainable soap with a good story. By using our soap, they are helping to improve this world, in a hygienical, social and economic sense. We would like our last key partner to be the organization ‘Trashy Bags’4, located in Ghana as well. In Ghana many people drink out of a drinking sack. You squeeze these sacks and the fluid comes out. You see these everywhere: on the streets, in the bus, at schools and in stores, everyone uses these sacks. A disadvantage is that nobody disposes of them in the garbage, but everyone throws them on the streets. Trashy Bags came with an elegant solution for this problem. They are visiting people door-to-door to collect used drinking sacks and pay money for each sack. In this way everyone handles their drinking sacks carefully and refrains from throwing them in the streets. Then, Trashy Bags makes bags out of the sacks, in all sizes and colors for anyone who is interested. They sell them in Ghana, but mostly online. We are going to ask Trashy Bags to make packages for our soap out of the drinking sacks and sell those to us. In this way not only our soap is sustainable, but its packaging as well. By cooperating with us, they will get brand recognition and an extra source of income. We offer them financial stability, by wrapping all of our soaps in their packages. Our motto is: don’t hate, cooperate. The motto expresses the message that we do not harm anybody in any way with this project and we are there to help people and improve the world. We do not compete with the locals, we cooperate by offering jobs and financial stability. Customers The most important customers will be the following institutions: hospitality industry, healthcare institutions and schools. We will make an agreement with those institutions, like a subscription that includes us selling them an amount of soap monthly. Without these customers we do not have enough financial stability to exist, so this is our most important customer segment. The customer relationship with these customers is a personal relationship. Customers know our company and they know what they will get. The relationship with the local farmers is community based. We work together with them. Their job is to cultivate Jatropha for our company and they'll receive fair plant prices. In order to provide financial stability, we search to conclude longer-term agreements extending over multiple growing seasons. This is dependent upon a successful start-up period, helping us to gather the required capital first. The customer relationship with Trashy Bags is also community based. We ask Trashy Bags to make packaging for our company. They will get compensation and they will also let us profit of their brand recognition in the beginning. Later we give each other more brand recognition. We intend to establish a contract for this arrangement with them.
4
http://www.trashybags.org/
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02-02-2015 Channels We will communicate with our customers in various ways. With the local farmers, we will draft a contract to ensure that they cultivate Jatropha for us. Once a month, an employee will check the progress of the crop. Once a year the Jatropha is harvested and the employee picks up the harvest. This can be done by a company in Ghana which transports agricultural products with donkey-carts.5 This means there won’t be carbon dioxide emission. The communication with Trashy Bags is similar to the communication with the farmers. Once a month a contact person will pick up the packaging we need for our soap. This arrangement will be established in a contract. We want to offer the purchasers of the soap a subscription. If they buy a certain amount of soap every month, we have a permanent low price and we offer special deals. Aside from that, we can just sell the soap on local markets; the more you buy, the higher the discount. Environmental concerns There are two cost structures in this project. The first one is about financing: what will this whole idea cost, what are the constant costs and variable costs and how will these expenses be covered? The second one concerns the world and the people; what will it cost the people and the world? The latter cost structure is at least as important as the first. This project is supposed to be as sustainable as possible and as designers of the idea we must take a critical look and identify the weaker spots. Disadvantages to the people The first disadvantage, or risk, is that Ghana’s dependence on the Western countries increases. Developing countries should be as independent as possible, so that they are able to improve their economy by themselves. By working at a soap factory made by a Western country, you could say that they are not being independent. On the other hand, the soap factory is located in their country and the locals will be working there. This way, the money that comes from the business is going to the people of Ghana and will be invested in the economy of Ghana. This will eventually lead to more independence. The second risk of the project that we have to keep in mind, is the fact that at first the people in Ghana could be jealous towards to the Western countries. In their eyes we pity them, though the opposite is true and all we want to do is help them. They could think that this factory is another action of the Western countries where we are the only ones who profit from it. We found a possible solution for this risk. We intend to sell the farmers shares in the company. In this way, the ownership of the factory will slowly be transferred to them and eventually they will have their own voice in the factory. With the gain of the shares we sell them, we could buy new materials for the factory. In time, they will discover that we are just there to help them and their country and we will not use them as cheap employees. They get jobs and work in good circumstances with good salary. Disadvantages to the world There is one small disadvantage that this project has towards the world. The first one is that the biodiversity of Ghana will decrease, because there will be more Jatropha plants. Nevertheless, the intended farmland would not be used if the Jatropha plant wasn’t there. From that point of view, the biodiversity might decrease, but the total amount of biomass will increase. Without the Jatropha flowering plant, the land would not be used at all and just lay bare.
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http://www.academia.edu/7842423/UTILIZATION_OF_DONKEY_CART_TRANSPORT_A_CASE_OF_RURAL_FARMERS_IN_THE_NAVRONGO_MUNICIPALITY_GHANA=[
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02-02-2015 The cost structure that includes the money for the first year is shown in the following table. We used Euros in our calculations to compare the amounts but it will be Ghanaian cedi in Ghana. OPERATING BUDGET | first year (euros) INCOMES - Crowd funding net - Sales in the Netherlands - Turnover soap factory Ghana (0,20 cent per soap bar, 500 000 soap bars) COSTS Overheads - Rent soap factory - Wages of local farmers (10) - Wages of permanent employees - Transport costs - Packs of Trashy Bags - 50 kg Jatropha seeds to start Variable costs - Harvest price - Other materials for the soap making process (sodium hydroxide) - Jatropha oil mill
PROFIT
5 000 1 000 100 000 106 000
6 000 4 000 4 000 5 000 55 000 5 74 005 1 000 50 21 000 22 050 96 055 9 945
Incomes To start our sustainable business we want to sell our soap, under the name HOPE, in The Netherlands. We want to explain the story of our soap in order for people to buy our soap. By buying the soap, people in The Netherlands help the developing country Ghana. We also want to obtain money for the Jatropha seeds with crowd funding. This is an alternative way to finance our project. The idea is that many individuals invest a small amount and that these small investments together finance a part of our project. Crowd funding by oneplanetcrowd.com supplies money and at the same time attracts customers and ambassadors, who believe in our company and “spread the word� about our sustainable soap factory in Ghana. Our last income is our turnover that we will earn with our soap factory in Ghana. Costs We found on the internet6 that it is normal to have 2200 Jatropha plants per hectare. We will give each Jatropha seedling 2 meters by 2 meters of area. With this number of plants we will get 7 ton of Jatropha seeds per hectare per year. We will get 2,5 ton oil per hectare out of the seeds. We estimate that we have 10 hectare polluted land that we can use. This means we will have 22000 plants with 70 ton of Jatropha seeds, so that is 52 ton Jatropha oil. We will need 50 milliliter per soap bar which means that we can produce 500000 soap bars a year. 6
http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm
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02-02-2015 Variable costs To make 500000 soap bars, we need a lot of sodium hydroxide and water. Based on the prices we found to buy sodium hydroxide we made a calculation. We need 8 milligrams per soap bar, which means that we need 4 kilograms of sodium hydroxide a year. We also need water. To make 1 soap bar we need 20 milliliters of water, which means 10000 liters of water to make 500000 soap bars. On the same site we found that if you want to produce this number of soap bars, you have to count €30 to crush 1 ton of Jatropha seeds. We want to crush 700 ton of Jatropha seeds a year, so we have to pay €30 x 700 = €21000 for the cold pressing mill machine we want to use. Overheads We have to rent a garage or other building for our soap factory. We want to rent this building from a farmer who cultivates Jatropha for us, so we can pay €500 per month for the rent. This is an extra income for this particular farmer. We found on internet that the minimum income in Ghana is €298 a year. We want to give the farmers more than this amount. If we conclude a contract with 10 farmers to grow Jatropha on 1 hectare each, they will receive €400 a year. They will also receive a bonus of €100 for the good harvest. (This is one of our variable costs) We also want to have 10 permanent employees, who will receive €400 a year as well. The costs for transport with the donkey-carts we estimate at just about €5000, but we don’t know the exact distances yet and therefore cannot calculate the exact costs. The deal with Trashy Bags is our biggest cost, but this will be a partner of our business. We calculated €0,11 per bag, thus €0,11 x 500000 = €55000. The cost structure that includes the money for the second and the third year is shown in the following table. OPERATING BUDGET | second and third year (euros) INCOMES - Turnover soap factory Ghana COSTS Overheads - Rent soap factory - Wages of local farmers - Wages of permanent employees - Transport costs - Packs of Trashy Bags Variable costs - Harvest price - Other materials for the soap making process (sodium hydroxide) - Jatropha oil mill
PROFIT
100 000 100 000
6 000 4 000 4 000 5 000 55 000 74 000 1 000 50 21 000 22 050 96 050 3 950
We want to save up the economic profits we received in the first three years. We can use this as a buffer to compensate the business if the harvest fails. If our business is going really well, we could expand our business with the economic profits. Imagine
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02-02-2015 5 Conclusion We focused on two problems in Ghana. The first one is the hygiene problem. There are still a lot of people that die in Ghana due to poor hygiene. Our second problem is local farmers who lost their income because of the pollution of their land. We wanted to find out if it was possible to solve a part of both problems. To achieve this goal we want to start a sustainable soap factory in Ghana using Jatropha oil from which everyone can benefit. Would this be possible? We want to solve the problem of hygiene by producing soap in a sustainable way. If we cultivate Jatropha in Ghana and collect the harvest, we can use the oil that is extracted from the Jatropha nuts. We produce soap with this oil. The process of making soap out of Jatropha oil isn’t difficult. We can teach the production process to locals and they can produce soap. In the appendix the production process is described. In the end we can sell the soap to restaurants, hotels and schools. We want to improve the hygiene in Ghana this way. We also want to solve the problem of the local farmers. We want to cultivate Jatropha on their polluted lands. We want to make an agreement with the farmers, in order for them to cultivate Jatropha for a wage. They receive wages every month and a bonus, in money or in shares, for the amount of produced nuts, so they will receive an income again. With this income they can buy food again, and they can continue to live on the farm with their families. Our soap factory will become a sustainable business. We want to focus on economic performance (profit), with respect for the social side (people) within the ecological boundary conditions (planet). The land we use to cultivate Jatropha is already polluted and nothing can be done with it. We will expel a small amount of CO2, but we also plant plants to counteract this. We will help the people in Ghana by providing work and a healthier way of life through the use of the produced soap. We want to save up the economic profits to compensate the business if the harvest fails.
We are convinced that we can achieve our sustainable soap factory in Ghana. We did research on the conditions in Ghana, how to cultivate Jatropha, how to make soap out of Jatropha oil, how to improve hygiene and a lot more, all of which you can read in our business model. It is gratifying to note that the majority of the pieces of the soap factory puzzle are beginning to fall into place.
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02-02-2015 6 Discussion Last but not least, the discussion. What could have been improved during this process and where weren’t we complete enough? First, we would have preferred to have had access to some more information about sudden parts of the project to get a better implementation of it. As an example: we expect to cultivate the Jatropha plant on farmlands in Ghana that have been destroyed by pesticides of Jatropha plants on nearby farmlands, but where exactly are those lands located? And how many hectare of this polluted land is actually present? Do we have sufficient space on those lands to cultivate as much Jatropha as we need, or are we going to need more? We would welcome more specific information on this subject. Second, we want to improve the hygiene in Ghana by selling soap in the country. But how do we know that local customers are interested in buying soap as a private person, when they barely have enough money to feed their families? Is soap really one of their priorities? One could wonder if they would see the point in using soap and washing their hands often; do they understand the importance of it; would it be necessary to educate people as to the importance of the soap? We cannot answer those questions unless we go there and actually start the business and see what the villagers think of the idea. Will we be able to spread the message of the importance of hygiene? We are convinced it is worth our best efforts. So what has to be done before we can really make this project happen? Before we can start, we have to contact all stakeholders we will be needing in Ghana. We have to contact Trashy Bags and ask them whether they are interested in working with us, we have to contact hotels, schools and healthcare institutions and ask if they would be interested in buying our sustainable soap. We would have to get a representative in Ghana who will ask around and find out who is interested in a job in the factory and tell everyone about the idea and get them enthusiastic. Besides the social contacts, we have to get our equipment and materials. And if we have arranged all this, we can start our soap factory and, hopefully, solve the problems we have identified.
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02-02-2015 7 Post face We definitely enjoyed making this business plan and carrying out the experiments. This project taught us a lot about making a business plan, the problems in Ghana and how to evaluate all the important aspects in the world before you can start a business. The teamwork was very good. We all had ideas that we brought up and most ideas we have also put on paper. The different texts in this business plan we made separately and at the end we put it together. The fact that we had so much freedom to add our own ideas to the whole concept, made making the business plan much more fun. The project has had lots of educational aspects. Before we started this project, we weren’t aware of our adroitness to write an entire scientific piece of work in English. We were pleasantly surprised by the fact that we were able to express ourselves in English this well. Another advantage of this contest is that we learned how to plan every single detail and to finish your parts of the work in time. No more postponing for us, we know now that we can make a planning and stick to it.
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02-02-2015 8 References Sites http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_minimumloon_per_land http://shop.trashybags.com/default.asp http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm http://www.belafrique.be/?page_id=313 http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgeernoot http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/6YL-100-Cold-Oil-Press-Jatropha_947508360.html?s=p Articles Towards Sustainable Biofuel Development: Assessing the Local Impacts of Large-Scale Foreign Land Acquisitions in Ghana, 2010 by: George C. Schoneveld, Laura A. Germana, and Eric Nutakorb http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTARD/Resources/336681-1236436879081/58933111271205116054/schoneveld.pdf Land-based Investments for Rural Development? A Grounded Analysis of the Local Impacts of Biofuel Feedstock Plantations in Ghana, 2011 By: George C. Schoneveld, Laura A. German, and Eric Nutakor http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/7842/ES-20114424.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y PDF file: Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy, 2010 From World Health Organization
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02-02-2015 9 Appendices 9.1 Process of making bar soap out of Jatropha oil 1 Collect materials - Jatropha oil - Buckets - Scoops - Sodium hydroxide - Water - Mixing spoons - Rubber gloves - Molds - Tables - Cutting equipment
2 Mix sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and water. 3 Mix Jatropha oil and the sodium hydroxide and water into a large mixing bowl. 4 The contents are mixed for about ten minutes in the same direction at an average speed (don’t mess around here, or you will spoil the batch).
5 The molds are set on the table and lined with plastic. 6 The contents are poured into the molds (caution, heavy lifting) 7 These are left to dry until they are hardened and white in color. The tops are leveled out with a scrapper as the cooling occurs.
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02-02-2015 8 The molds are removed, and the scrapper is used to clean up all sides of the block of soap. The block of soap is brought to a cutting board, and pushed through to slice it into 10 long rectangles (caution, very difficult).
9 These are pushed through another cutter to create square blocks. These blocks are carried back to the table and the top and bottom are stamped with the logo HOPE (time intensive)
10 The blocks are placed outside to dry in the sun 11 The bars of soap are collected, packaged in packs of Trashy Bags and stored inside.
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02-02-2015 9.2 Business Model Canvas
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02-02-2015 9.3 Garden Cress experiment Introduction In this experiment is researched if Garden Cress grows better in potting soil with press cake from the Jatropha seeds. Two plants are compared; one plant grew in potting soil with Jatropha press cake and the other plant in potting soil without the Jatropha press cake. Research question Does Garden Cress grow faster/better in potting soil with press cake from Jatropha seeds? Hypotheses It is expected the plants in potting soil with the press cake will grow better and faster, because Jatropha seeds have different nutrients in them. One seed, for example, contains about 6% minerals, minerals are important for the growth of a plant. Necessities Two cups Potting soil Garden Cress seeds Water Jatropha press cake The press cake that was used in this experiment was dried and powdery.
Method In every cup are about 30 seedlings in the potting soil, but in one cup the soil is mixed with the Jatropha press cake. All the other conditions like light and water are the same for both cups. The sprouting of the seedlings will take a couple of days and sometimes weeks. Make sure the sprouting plants are properly observed and measured for about 10 days. In this experiment the sprouting plants were observed and measured for 8 days. Observations Nr 1 2
Potting soil 100 g 100 g
Jatropha press cake 1g
Amount of seedlings 40 40
Nr 1 2
Day 1 -
Day 2 0.1 cm
Day 3 0.05 cm 0.22 cm
Nr 1 2
Day 6 0.16 cm 0.59 cm
Day 7 0.22 cm 0.78 cm
Day 8 0.3 cm 1.0 cm
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Day 4 0.07 cm 0.31 cm
Water 5 ml 5 ml Day 5 0.12 cm 0.45 cm
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02-02-2015 These observations can be put into a line graph, which is shown below.
Garden Cress growth
The following pictures are from the experiment.
Seedling that grew in potting soil with Jatropha press cake after eight days.
Seedling that grew in potting soil without any additions after eight days.
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02-02-2015
Both cups with the seedlings after eight days.
Conclusion The Garden Cress seedlings in the potting soil with Jatropha press cake grew better and faster than the Garden Cress seedlings in the potting soil without Jatropha press cake. In the line graph is shown that the Garden Cress seedlings in the potting soil with Jatropha press cake grew 3 times higher than the seedling without the press cake. The beginning of the Nr 2 line shows that the seedlings with Jatropha press cake grew sooner and the steepness shows that it grows faster than the seedlings without Jatropha press cake.
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02-02-2015 9.4 Soap process experiment In this experiment is researched what process of making soap has the best result. We tried four different methods of making soap, in which we varied the temperature and/or the amount of sodium hydroxide. The first method (1) The first time we had the least amount of sodium hydroxide, 7,357 ml, with 20 ml of water and 50 ml of Jatropha oil. We mixed the ingredients first for 90 minutes partly with the hand and partly with a magnetic stirrer, completely cold. After 90 minutes we switched the temperature and heated the mixture constantly for another 30 minutes. In the first following picture is shown how we heated it, while mixing with the hand. In the second picture is shown what the magnetic stirrer looks like.
1. The heater with the mixture
2. The magnetic stirrer
The second method (2) The second method we tried we added more sodium hydroxide, 0,669 grams more to be exact. Now we had 8,026 grams of sodium hydroxide, with 20 ml of water and 50 ml of Jatropha oil, which stayed the same. We heated the mixture from the beginning this time, and stirred with the hand. This is called the ‘hot process’. The third method (3) The third method we added even more sodium hydroxide, we mixed 8,204 grams with the same 20 ml of water and 50 ml of oil. We stirred everything with the hand and did not heat the mixture. This is called the ‘cold process’. The fourth method (4) The last method we tried was the same as the third method, everything cold and stirred with the hand, but we used a little bit less sodium hydroxide. We worked with 8,145 ml now and still 20 ml of water and 50 ml of oil. The other difference was that we added 0,1M sodium chloride. We tried this because our physics teacher told us that they use this method in classes, because the soap would get hard immediately once the sodium chloride is added. Unfortunately, this did not work with our process. This was because of the fact that we did not use the exact same ingredients as they use in classes and we used our own Jatropha oil, which may have a different effect.
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02-02-2015 After we made all the mixtures we shed them all in the same little cube forms and put the number of each method on the side and waited for them to get hard.
The little cube forms with the different mixtures.
1 2 3 4
Sodium hydroxide (gr) 7,357 8,026 8,204 8,145
Water (ml) 20 20 20 20
Jatropha oil (ml) 50 50 50 50
+ 0,1M sodium chloride
The results The results of the experiment: Method 1 did not work very well. The mixture did not get really hard and soap made with this method is not usable. Method 2 had a little bit better result, probably because we added more sodium hydroxide. It has gotten a bit harder than soap number one, but is not usable as soap either. Method 3 worked the best. It had a very good result, because the soap was completely hard. We washed our own hands with it and it worked perfect. We will use this method for our soap factory, which is very positive because this cold process is the easiest. Method 4 had the best result after number three, because this also was the cold process. It was less hard than number three though, probably because of the sodium chloride. Conclusion Soap made with method number three is the best soap. It gets really hard and is suitable to be used as soap. This method is also the most suitable way to make soap in Ghana, because we will not be needing any heaters during the process and everything can be mixed by hand, so this process is going to cost us less. Soap made with method number three is what we are going to use in our soap fabric in Ghana.
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