SPRING 2020
The Mississippi Turfgrass Association Magazine
TURFGRASS CULTIVATION TOOLS Where, When and How to Use Them in Your Cultural Program PLUS,
HIGHLIGHTS FROM HOSPITALITY NIGHT at GCSAA Conference & GIS
Turfgrasses for the 21st Century
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SPRING 2020
CONTENTS • The Mississippi Turfgrass Association Magazine
FEATURES
10 Cover Story —
Turfgrass Cultivation Tools: Where, When and How to Use Them in Your Cultural Program
10
18 Recent Event — MTA Road Show
20 Recent Event —
Highlights from Hospitality Night at GCSAA
22 Upcoming Event —
Register now for Yard Dawg
DEPARTMENTS
6 From the MTA President
8 News From MTA
18
21 Index of Advertisers
20 4 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
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Mississippi Turfgrass is the Mississippi Turfgrass Association magazine. Subscriptions are complimentary to MTA members. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, its board of directors, Mississippi Turfgrass, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or their identification as MTA members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in any issue of Mississippi Turfgrass. Copyright ©2020 by the Mississippi Turfgrass Association. Mississippi Turfgrass is published quarterly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of MTA. Presorted standard postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: MTA allows reprinting of material published here. Permission requests should be directed to MTA. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts
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and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.
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FROM THE MTA PRESIDENT, Jeremy Tate
AN EXCITING TIME OF YEAR The
MTA Board and I hope the spring is treating you and your family well. This year seems to be a repeat of last year in terms of rainfall, but as you already know, in Mississippi weather can change in the blink of an eye. I certainly look forward to drier weather and green grass growing. The spring rush is an exciting time of year. People are eager to get outdoors and soak up some sunshine. With that comes new landscape clients, golfers dusting their clubs off, fresh chalk lines on the baseball fields, and homeowners seeking advice from turf professionals like you. For these reasons, please take advantage of the upcoming events. We had an exceptional Roadshow in Senatobia. Northwest Community College was a great host. As usual, I was afforded the opportunity to acquire new knowledge which I will be implementing in the field this coming year. The Yard Dawg Classic is set for June 9. Starkville Country Club will be hosting this year. We have formed a Tournament Committee and plan to have some great prizes. We certainly expect this tournament to be a treat for our members, so please make plans to join us. MSU Turf Field Day is September 17. Dr. McCurdy is planning a social for the night of the 16th. This event is a must for those who wish to grow in turf knowledge. Finally, the Deep South Turf Expo is in Biloxi on November 2 through November 5. Thank you for your support of the MTA. Have an awesome spring, and take some time to reflect on how blessed we truly are.
Mississippi Turfgrass Association Box 9555 MS State, MS 39762 Office: (662) 325-0517 Fax: (662) 325-2705 www.msturfassociation.org Published by: Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, TN 37064 Office: (615) 790-3718 Fax: (615) 794-4524 info@leadingedgecommunications.com MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS EDITOR James D. McCurdy, Ph.D.
MTA OFFICERS PRESIDENT Jeremy Tate Tate’s Turf LLC (662) 209-0023 VICE PRESIDENT Keair Edwards City of Gulfport (228) 861-5641 SECRETARY/TREASURER Dr. Barry Stewart Mississippi State University (662) 325-2725 PAST PRESIDENT Al Osteen Turf Consultant (601) 214-9907 ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARY Linda Wells Mississippi State University Box 9555 MS State, MS 39762 Office: (662) 325-0517 Cell: (662) 769-7558 lmw218@pss.msstate.edu
DIRECTORS
Jeremy Tate
Chris Hussey / Sod Hussey Sod Farm (662) 231-3203
MTA President
Justin Lanford / North Starkville Country Club (662) 822-5806 Todd McCullough / Grounds-Lawn Maintenance City of Louisville (601) 416-3292
Southeast Turf utilizes the best deep aerification equipment available today to address any type of turf aerification need, including Deep Drill and Drill & Fill.
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6 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
Rob Webb / Central GreenPoint Ag (601) 594-5798 Frank Ogletree / South Hattiesburg Country Club (601) 543-5033 Scooter Huckabee / Industry LADD’S (601) 818-7586
FACULTY ADVISOR Jay McCurdy, Ph.D. (662) 325-2331
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THE MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE • 7
NEWS FROM MTA
EQUIPMENT MANAGER’S PROGRAM AT EMCC
E
ast Mississippi Community College in Columbus, MS is now offering an Equipment Manager’s Program. This course of study is designed to provide specialized instruction to prepare students for careers in the small engine and equipment repair industry. Core courses include Small Engine Mechanics, Small Engine Shop Management, Two Cycle Engines, Four-Cycle Engines, Measurements, Maintenance and Repairs of cutting mechanisms, Transmissions and Transaxles, Engine Troubleshooting, Small Engine Electrical Systems, Supervised Work Experience and Selected Electives. This will be held at East Mississippi Community College Lion Hills Golf Center, 2331 Military Road Columbus, MS 39705. Contact Danny E. Smith at 662-329-6757 or Will Arnett, 662329-6746. Small Engine and Equipment Repair Technology is a great career pathway for those who love to problem solve, work with their hands and take things apart. Successful small engine and equipment repair technicians can build, diagnose, troubleshoot, and repair a wide variety of small engines. Graduates of this program have a wealth of career opportunities. •
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MARK YOUR CALENDAR AND SAVE THESE DATES!
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SEPTEMBER 16–17
Mississippi State Turfgrass Research Field Day
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Rodney Foil Plant Science Research Center Starkville, MS
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Big Roll TuRf TuBes
NOVEMBER 2–5
Deep South Turf Expo Mississippi Coast Convention Center Biloxi, MS
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RD MuRphy LLC Sales: (256) 762-3564 info@rdmurphy.com www.rdmurphy.com
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FOR EVENT UPDATES AND INFORMATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR VISIT:
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COVER STORY
TURFGRASS CULTIVATION TOOLS
U
nlike most other crops, turfgrass soils are rarely exposed to tillage and therefore many turfgrass soils become compacted due to traffic. Our cultivation program is our best defense against soil compaction and the myriad of problems it can cause. In turfgrass, nearly everything we do — mowing, fertilizing, topdressing, rolling, playing games, etc. — happens on the horizontal plane. Turfgrass cultivation is one of the few things that happens on the vertical plane (I borrowed this from Dr. Trey Rogers at Michigan State). As we maintain and use turf soils, downward forces are applied and soil particles are pushed closer together. Soil pores, particularly macropores, are eliminated and the bulk density of the soil increases. If we think of an “ideal soil” we think of one that has 50% pore space and 50% solid space. When we consider that quartz is the dominant mineral in soils, then our ideal soil would have a bulk density of 1.33 g/cm3 given that the density of quartz is 2.65 g/cm3 (83 lbs/ft3). A bulk density range of 1.2 to 1.5 g/cm3 is a good working range for healthy turfgrass. Once bulk densities creep above 1.6 g/cm3 root growth begins to be affected and at bulk densities above 1.9 g/cm3 root growth nearly stops. Roots are not drills, they grow in the pore space, and compacted soils have less and less pore space, particularly macropore space and therefore limited root growth. The second benefit of cultivation is the control of thatch and organic matter accumulation. In cultivation we break up the organic material accumulating at the turf surface. Sometimes the material is removed when we harvest the cores after aerifying or sweep up the clippings after we vertical mow or fraze mow. By keeping the rootzone in a favorable state of aeration, organic matter accumulation will be kept to a minimum as oxidation will proceed at its maximum rate. As organic matter accumulates and compaction happens, the rootzone is less well-aerated and organic matter decomposition slows down and organic matter accumulation increases. This leads to more moisture being held in the soil making it more vulnerable to compaction, and we begin on a downward spiral in which turf cover is lost. Topdressing is another tool in this battle with organic matter accumulation and will be the subject of a future article. This article is written with warm season grasses in mind. The need for cultivation will vary with grass type and soil type. In general, native soils have a greater need for cultivation than sandbased soils. It is ironic that sand-based turf is more likely to receive cultivation than a native soil, but this is probably not surprising given the cost to establish and maintain grass on sand construction. Bermudagrass and zoysiagrass make up the vast majority of sport turf surfaces and require more cultivation. Some St. Augustine and centipede grass that receives traffic may also need occasional cultivation, but this should be done carefully. To ensure rapid recovery from any cultural practice mowing, make sure we have temperatures favorable for turf growth, 70 degree nights or 150 days with plenty of water available.
Where, When and How to Use Them in Your Cultural Program
FIGURE
1
10 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
By Barry Stewart, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Sports Turf Science, Mississippi State University
An old school rolling aerifier. Still working but the technology has improved greatly over the years.
Core Cultivation / Hollow Tine Cultivation Hollow tine cultivation is the cornerstone of any cultivation program. It should be a “showstopper” in that it should be a scheduled event. My mind’s picture of the benefit of core cultivation is that as our turfgrass soil becomes compacted, the elevation of our surface would decline. When we pull cores, we create a new large pore (the hole) and bring material back to the surface. As the cores are broken up and drug back into the holes not all of the material will fit into the holes and some will remain on the surface adding elevation to the surface. If the cores are collected and new material is topdressed onto the site, it is likely that enough material will be added to provide an increase in surface elevation. Core cultivation equipment has come a long way since John Mascaro introduced the first vertical overhead aerifier in the 1940’s. Prior to this the tool of choice was a rolling aerifier (Figure 1). Modern aerification equipment works smoothly and feature a wide range of tine diameters to choose from. Core diameter can range from 5 mm to 25 mm. Working depths can range from 25 mm to 250 mm (Figure 2). Depths longer than about 4 inches (100 mm) are considered to be “deep tine” aerification.
After the introduction of aerifiers it was found that compacted cultivation pans began to form after several years of aerification at the same depth. Incorporating deep tine aerification into a program occasionally breaks up this pan and keeps it from becoming problematic. Hole spacing can range from 1 inch x 1 inch (25 mm x 25 mm) to 6 inch by 6 inch (150 mm x 150 mm) and is determine by spacing on the machine and ground speed. In general as tine size decreases so does tine spacing. It would be reasonable to pull 3/8 inch (9 mm) cores on 1 inch centers but unreasonable to pull then on 6 inch centers, likewise pulling 3/4 inch cores on 1 inch by 1 inch centers is unreasonable.
An aerifier working on at the MSU Golf Course.
FIGURE
2
THE MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE • 11
COVER STORY • Continued TABLE
Solid Tine Cultivation
1
Solid tine cultivation produces a hole but does not remove a core. As the walls of the hole created slough off and fill the hole with time, compaction is relieved and a zone of better aeration is created. Solid tine cultivation can be a very valuable tool in loosening up severely compacted areas to allow hollow tine coring. Solid tine cultivation improves soil aeration but does not remove any material from the profile therefore it has a minimal effect on thatch and organic matter accumulation. It does break up layering and improves infiltration and drainage. The larger the tine the longer lasting the effect will be. Solid tining has the advantage of no cores to process and no clean up. The fields or greens are immediately playable. It is debatable whether or not topdressing should follow solid tining. Topdressing will smooth out the surface and fill the holes which could aid playability, however we are also adding material to our soil profile which means we increased our soils density. Perhaps as a once in a while practice this may be allowable but this should not be an every time practice. Also some hollow tining must be incorporated into this process to remove some material. We did an experiment to examine aerification frequency on the MSU Golf Course in 2002 (Table 1). We used six treatments and replicated each on three greens. We used 6 inch (L) x 1/2 inch tines. We found solid tining twice monthly in two directions reduced greens hardness the most. There was not a great amount of separation among these treatments.
Treatment
Vertical Mowing
(Values decrease moving down the table)
Solid tine 1 x year
112 a
Solid tine 2 x year
103 ab
Hollow tine 1 x year
102 ab
Solid tine 1 x monthly
100 ab
Solid tine 2 x monthly
93 bc
Solid tine 2 x monthly 2 directions
86 c
0.05 level of significance
FIGURE
12 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
Mean Hardness Value*
* mean hardness values followed by the same letter are not different at the
Vertical mowing is a cultivation tool that is more focused on thatch and organic matter accumulation than on improving the physical condition of the soil, although it does have an effect on breaking up layering near the surface. Vertical mowing equipment ranges from greens equipment with thin blades and narrow spacing to larger area models with thicker blades and wider spacings. Think of circular saw blades. These blades spin into the canopy and remove material as well as severing stolons and rhizomes (Figure 3). Working depths can range from a surface tickle to about 1 inch in depth. Deep depths generate more material that must be removed to make our surface playable again. Vertical mowing is often followed by topdressing to smooth out the surface. During the growing season some golf greens are lightly vertically mown and topdressed weekly to control grain and organic matter accumulation. Fairways and athletic fields would benefit from vertical mowing once or twice during the growing season. To ensure rapid recovery from vertical mowing, make sure we have temperatures favorable for turf growth, 70 degree nights or 150 days with plenty of water available.
A fairway / athletic field vertical mower ready to go to work.
Results of a study on golf greens at the MSU Golf Course in 2002.
3
COVER STORY • Continued
Fraze Mowing Fraze mowing is much like vertical mowing except that fraze mowing completely removes all surface materials to a set depth. Fraze mowing can be used to just remove the verdure and the thatch/mat layer or as deep as 2 inches below the soil surface. The material removed flows onto a conveyor belt and is deposited in a debris wagon for disposal (Figure 4). In many cases the material removed is a fantastic source of springs that could be used to plant or renovate a nearby field. Fraze mowing generates large amounts of clippings/spoils that must be disposed and planning for that should be part of the process. Fraze mowing will remove surface layering, thatch and accumulated soil organic matter. The regrowth from fraze mowing can take as little as 21 days to as long as six weeks. In Matt Carpenter’s research (Carpenter, 2019) on fraze mowing at MSU we found that fraze mowing was very
FIGURE
4
effective in removing overseeding in the month of May. Fraze mowing was also found to be an effective way to establish overseeding in the fall, with a mid-October date being most effective. Keep in mind that a field will not be playable for at least 3 weeks following fraze mowing. Fraze mowing may not be an every-year tool but certainly one to consider occasionally as a field renovation. Fraze mowing produces a clean new surface that is free of senescent leaves for a few weeks and during that time the field looks outstanding. Fraze mowing has proven to be very effective in removing a dead surface in the renovation process. Some fraze mowing equipment such as The Turf Plane have the ability to level while they fraze mow. These machines have great utility in removing lips on baseball and softball fields as well as helping to maintain field smoothness (Figure 5).
A fraze mower removing dead bermudagrass for the resurfacing of Davis Wade Stadium at MSU
Leveling fraze mower removing a lip from an infield.
14 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
FIGURE
5
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COVER STORY • Continued
Rotary De-compaction I think of these machines as being the parabolic plows and deep ripping subsoilers that are used to remove compaction pans from agricultural fields. These machines are beginning to be used more to remove compaction from fairways and athletic fields. A blade that is 10 to 12 inches long is rotated into the soil and the arrangement of the blades along the shaft produces a quaking action as the machine moves forward (Figure 6). The result is a continuous slit in the soil on 8 to 12 inch spacings. They do very little to remove thatch but do loosen up a surface. Research is needed to document the compaction relief achieved and the longevity of this relief. Some companies have equipped these machines to a sand hopper to inject sand into the slits. This will allow the slits to stay open for a longer period of time and remain effective
FIGURE
6
The knives of a Redexim Shockwave. This machine makes continuous slits in the soil while quaking the soil in between the knives.
longer. Using one of these machines perpendicular to the crown on an athletic field may be a way to enhance internal drainage.
Sand Injection These machines (such as the Dri-ject) have the old Toro Hydroject in their lineage. High pressure water is used to create a hole and the hole is then filled with dry sand or other dry soil amendments (Figure 7). These machines are mostly used on golf greens but larger models are available for athletic field and fairway use. Although these devices do offer some compaction relief, the sand injection is also used to tighten up golf greens after hollow tine aerification. The sand injection also offers a small amount of thatch/ soil organic matter control via dilution. Similar to solid
An example of a slicer / spiker machine.
Driject machine working at the MSU Golf Course.
16 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
FIGURE
8
FIGURE
7
Continued
tine aeration followed by topdressing, a hole is being made and filled with material and no material is being removed. Frequent use of this tool without pulling a core at some point should lead to an increase in bulk density. In a Dryject study on athletic fields done at Mississippi State, Drijection five times per season and hollow tining two times per season increased bulk densities compared to hollow tining alone (Craft, 2015).
Slicers and Spikers These machines produce small holes or slits in the soil in a linear pattern. They do not have much effect on removing compaction or removing thatch. They do create holes and slits that allow the soil to breathe a bit until they are closed by traffic (Figure 8). These machines can be used frequently and there is often little to no recovery time or disruption in play. They are a good tool in the spring transition to do some “venting” and can also be used in the establishment of overseeding. The MSU Campus landscape department has an Aerovator that is often used ahead of fall overseeding. The first seeds to germinate are usually the ones in the holes created by this implement. They are also a good tool to use to open up the canopy. These machines cover a lot of ground quickly and can be used fairly frequently.
•
COVER STORY
To reiterate, hollow tine coring is the backbone of a cultivation program and at least one if not two coring events should take place most years. Make this event a “showstopper.” In addition to the coring event there are many other cultivation tools that are less disruptive and can be used more frequently. If thatch and organic matter are a problem, then vertical mowing or fraze mowing should be considered. If compaction is the main problem solid time aerification or rotary decompaction may be of benefit. Develop a program that works for you and stick to it. The results will be healthier soils and healthier turf. •
References Craft, J.M. 2016. Maintaining soil physical property integrity in turfgrass management systems. MS Thesis, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS Carpenter, Matt, 2019. Fraze mowing for overseeding establishment and removal of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) MS Thesis, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
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THE MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE • 17
RECENT EVENT
2020 TURF
ROAD SHOW SEMINAR N
orthwest Community College in Senatobia, MS hosted MTA’s 2020 Turf Road Show Seminar. We had a great lineup of presenters headed by Dr’s. McCurdy, Stewart and Peterson from the MSU Golf & Sports Turf Program. They were ably assisted by Dr. Blake Layton, MSU Entomologist; Michael Richard, Extension Associate; and Mr. Russell Kohler from the Bureau of Plant Industry. Attendees had the opportunity to experience the latest and current topics in turfgrass management. •
MTA wishes to thank our supporting vendors:
Agra Turf, Inc.; Battle Sod Farms and pbi/GORDON.
Dr. Jay McCurdy speaks to group about Weed Control Updates: New Herbicides and More
Peter Lange with pbi/GORDON sponsored lunch
18 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
Linda Wells is prepared to welcome attendees to the seminar
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RECENT EVENT
SNAPSHOTS FROM THE
Hospitality Night AT THE GCSAA CONFERENCE & GIS
Lisa Goatley and Dr. Jay McCurdy
Group photo
Billy Weeks and Dr. Wayne Wells
20 • MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS • SPRING 2020
Chris Lineberger
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nother great event with over 120 in attendance — new friends, old friends, good food and fellowship! Hospitality Night continues to be a great venue hosted by the MSU Alumni, Alabama GCSA, Gulf Coast GCSA and LMGCSA. As always, we want to thank our loyal sponsors for helping make the night a big success! •
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
Agra Turf, Inc..................................................9 www.agrainc.com
Battle Sod Farms............................................8 www.battlesodfarm.com
Bayou Bend Turfgrass.....................................9 www.bayoubendturfgrass.com
Covermaster, Inc...........................................19 www.covermaster.com
Harrell’s LLC........................ Inside Back Cover www.harrells.com
Jackson Sand..................................................5 www.jacksonsand.com
Kesmac..........................................................13 www.brouwerkesmac.com
Leading Edge Communications......................7 www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com
NewLife Turf, Inc...........................................17 www.newlifeturf.com
Next Level Ag & Turf Products......................15 www.collectngonow.com
Progressive Turf Equipment Inc.....................5 www.progressiveturfequip.com
Pure Green Sports Turf...................................7 www.puregreenllc.com
RD Murphy, LLC...............................................9 www.rdmurphy.com
Riebeling Farms, Inc.....................................19 Simplot Partners............................ Back Cover www.simplotpartners.com
Southeast Turf Maintenance...........................6 www.southeastturf.com
Sur-Line Turf, Inc..........................................21 www.surlineturf.com
The Turfgrass Group........................................3 www.theturfgrassgroup.com
Winstead Turf......................Inside Front Cover www.winsteadturffarms.com
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sales@leadingedgecommunications.com www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com THE MISSISSIPPI TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION MAGAZINE • 21
UPCOMING EVENT
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Scott Newman
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