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From the President
ow is the time to renew your TCNC membership. The Turfgrass Council of North Carolina provides several valuable benefits to its members. These benefits come in many forms to help support the turfgrass industry in North Carolina. This, in turn helps secure livelihoods working in the industry.
Benefits of being a member of TCNC include (and of course, are not limited to):
Membership allows TCNC to act as your voice on important issues that affect our industry and your livelihood. Issues like water allocation/use, pesticide & fertilizer use, taxation of services, H-1B Regulations, noise ordinance laws, just to name a few.
Your TCNC membership includes being a member of the North Carolina Green Industry Council (NCGIC). You cannot directly be a member of NCGIC without being a member of a recognized NC association. TCNC is a partner member of NCGIC. The NC Green Industry Council unites all green industry associations and constituents to:
• Represent and protect members’ legislative interests
• Promotes the value of green industry products and services
• Advocate the green industry a leader of environmental stewardship
TCNC is the only association that facilitates the North Carolina Certified Turfgrass Profession certification (NCCTP). The NCCTP designation is the only certification program dedicated to turfgrass professionals in North Carolina.
Being an NCCTP gives you professional credibility allowing you to stand out from the crowd.
TCNC provides opportunities for CEU’s throughout the year with or new Knowledge Series events. These events will cover many issues from research updates to running a successful business and managing employees in these changing times.
Member only discounts throughout NC for educational events. One example; you can attend the very well received NC State Field Day for only $5.00.
These discounts can help quickly offset the cost of membership.
Your membership also allows TCNC to provide networking opportunities, research funding through NC Turfgrass Foundation, trade magazine, scholarship funding for qualified turfgrass students through the Eagle Foundation and discounted Workers Compensation Insurance through First Benefits.
TCNC has been here for you since 1974 and greatly appreciates your continued support.
Kevin Herrmann
2022 TCNC President
North Carolina Turfgrass is the official publication of the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina 110 Horizon Drive Suite 210 Raleigh, NC 27615
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Companies wishing to support TCNC with multiple members can join as Deluxe Members. Deluxe Memberships can be purchased in one of three tiers: 1–5 employees; 6–10 employees; or 11+ employees.
If you'd like to learn more about the Deluxe Membership, please contact the TCNC office at 919.459.2070 or info@ncturfgrass.org.
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Terri Billeisen, Ph.D., Turfgrass Entomology Lab, North Carolina State University
Although they have a wide host range which includes many agricultural crops, fall armyworms are turfgrass insect pests that cause significant and almost immediate damage in both cool- and warm-season grasses. Fall armyworms are a common issue in the southeastern US, but during active years, can spread to the Northeast, Midwest, and Southwest (Fig. 1). Nationwide, 2021 was a crazy year for fall armyworms in terms of abundance and distribution. Many observed record numbers of caterpillars and subsequent damage in areas both familiar and unfamiliar with the pest insect. Reports of widespread, severe infestations resulted in extensive media coverage which added to a sense of alarm regarding the outbreak. Like many turfgrass entomology centers, our lab was flooded with calls and emails requesting not only management recommendations
but also reassurance that the fall armyworm situation was under control. Uncertainty surrounding pest outbreaks is not only stressful but can cause managers to panic when making management decisions. This can lead to misapplications which stem from common mistakes such as targeting the insect at the incorrect time or life stage, or selecting an inappropriate product or formulation.
As fall armyworm season gets fully underway in the Carolinas, it is a good idea to review important aspects of fall armyworm biology and how these affect our approaches to management. We will review different life stages, behavior and ecology and emphasize how that influences the types of products we use and when is the best time to use them. This information should help us improve our fall armyworm approaches, not only during times of outbreak, but for regular management as well.
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Fall armyworm adults are small, brown moths (Fig. 2) that are active at night, which makes them difficult to monitor unless you have a sticky trap and pheromone lure (Fig. 3). Similar to other moth species, fall armyworm adults are attracted to lights at night and a well-lit turfgrass area may be more susceptible to fall armyworm outbreaks compared to others. Adult female moths lay their eggs in groups of 100-200 in a clustered mass on the sides of flat, sometimes stationary, surfaces like buildings, fences, signs/sign posts, outdoor furniture or large ornamental leaves. During outbreak years, moths are less particular about their egg laying preferences and will lay eggs on other kinds of moving surfaces like flags, vehicles and smaller ornamentals. Within 3 – 5 days, eggs will hatch and tiny caterpillars (larvae) will drop down to the turfgrass and immediately start feeding. Caterpillars (Fig. 4) can range from ½ – 2 inches and will feed for a few weeks until they pupate. They will remain in the pupal case for a week or two and then emerge again as new adult moths. The entire fall armyworm life cycle typically lasts anywhere from 1 – 2 months, depending mostly on temperature and soil moisture. They will undergo this process several times from June-October (sometimes November) in the Carolinas and will die off once temperatures dip below freezing.
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In normal years, fall armyworms generally prefer feeding on finertextured grasses although we have observed significant fall armyworm feeding in many different grasses and agricultural crops. In residential areas, we have observed that there is a slight tendency to avoid zoysiagrass when other turfgrass species are present but this is not the case during outbreak years or in high population areas. Fall armyworm damage is easily identifiable compared to other turfgrass insects because you can often draw a distinct line in the turf between damaged and undamaged areas (Fig. 5). Unlike other insect pests, you can also easily spot caterpillars “army crawling” across the turf surface during the mid-morning and early evening in the summer (Fig. 6). During the warmest time of day, you will want to use a soap lush to investigate any areas you suspect as having fall armyworm damage. Soap flushes use lemonscented dish detergent mixed in water (2 tablespoons soap/gal water) applied to the turf to bring mobile insects like caterpillars, weevils and mole crickets to the surface within a few minutes. When applying a soap flush for fall armyworms, make sure to apply the soap mixture to an area along the border between damaged and undamaged turf to ensure caterpillars are present. As highly mobile insects, caterpillars are rarely present in severely damaged areas and flushing in those locations will often yield few to no insects.
In terms of management, there are a couple of things to keep in mind prior to selecting a product. First, ensure that you are targeting the correct life stage – the caterpillars. Applying a contact product to control the egg, pupal or adult stage is a complete waste of time and product. Caterpillars are the most susceptible to chemical control. Early instar caterpillars (~ ½ in in length) are particularly susceptible to insecticides so it is ideal to target a population as early as possible. Caterpillars are also the most mobile life stage and therefore most likely to encounter treated plant material.
When selecting products for fall armyworm control, there are two different approaches: a short-term solution and a long-term solution. The traditional, short-term approach will effectively and immediately control caterpillars causing damage but will have a shorter window for residual activity. This approach utilizes a (preferably) liquid pyrethroid, like bifenthrin, to quickly control caterpillars as they feed on leaf tissue. During the 2021 growing season, we observed a potential option for a preventive approach for fall armyworms in areas of intense pest pressure where an anthranilic diamide (chlorantraniliprole, cyantra-
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niliprole, tetraniliprole) had been applied earlier in the season as part of a white grub management program. Early results indicate that a diamide application can provide more than 60 days residual control of fall armyworms. Residual activity of these active ingredients is part of the current research underway in our turfgrass entomology lab here at NC State and we hope to have more detailed information and additional recommendations for fall armyworm management by the end of this year.
As we progress through this growing season, it is important to remember that fall armyworms have been causing damage in turfgrass for a long time. Like any other insect, fall armyworm populations, and subsequent damage, will fluctuate from year-to-year. When environmental conditions are just right, outbreaks can occur which will result in numbers higher than what we are used to encountering. However, management approaches or recommendations remain the same whether we are managing a routine or outbreak pest population. A crucial component of effective management is to review information from reliable sources, preferably prior to infestation, to ensure management decisions are intentional and not reactionary.
• Where do fall armyworms come from?
o Fall armyworms overwinter most years in southern Texas and Florida and their northern migration can be influenced by weather patterns. We do not have the ability to accurately forecast fall armyworm problems in advance, so timing-wise they can sometimes surprise us with their damage.
• How do fall armyworms move to new areas and is it unusual for them to move so quickly?
o Not unusual at all. Remember, the adult life stage of a fall armyworm is a moth. Moths are capable of flying large distances in a relatively short period of time. Many insects exhibit flying behaviors associated with both localized (short) and long-term migration. Female moths fly to an area with an abundant food source (fresh, green turf, for example), lay their egg masses on the flat side of a building, fence, sign, or large leaf, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae drop to the turf below and immediately start feeding.
• How bad was the fall armyworm season in 2021?
o 2021 had the worst outbreak of fall armyworms on record, in many areas. Not so much in North Carolina, but in other states, fall armyworm populations and damage were on a scale that was very surprising! Areas of the upper Midwest and the Northeast suffered turf damage to both warm- and cool-season turf like they had never seen before. Some of the problems came from populations originating in Texas and some from moths that started out in Florida. These different “sources” potentially exhibit different traits for feeding preferences, like the damage we observed with seedlings and overseedings, and insecticide susceptibility.
• Are fall armyworms more of a problem in certain areas?
o During “normal” years, fall armyworms are more likely to cause issues in turf that has had some mechanical disturbance, like in areas of new construction. They are generally more of a problem in newly-seeded or sodded areas.
• Is there a threshold for fall armyworms?
o Because fall armyworms can cause a lot of damage in a short period of time, it is best to treat as soon as you notice activity.
(COMPILED FROM INQUIRIES IN 2021)
All claims based on research results from National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trials & Oklahoma State University. Visit our website for full reports.
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By Eric Reasor, Ph.D. Southeast Research Scientist, PBI-Gordon Corporation
This article was originally published in Alabama Turf Times , Spring 2022
Pesticides have undergone significant changes in the past 50 years with an increased focus on environmental and applicator safety. The entire turfgrass industry will see pesticide technologies in the future look very different than the past. However, despite many future changes, pesticides will continue being a highly effective tool for turfgrass pest management.
Pesticides are any substance or mixture of substances used to kill pests or manage the damage they cause and are an important tool for managing turfgrass pests1. Turfgrasses have been used for functional, recreational, and aesthetic purposes to enhance human lives for hundreds of years,2 and many pests can significantly reduce these desired qualities. For example, disease and insect pests can infect or feed on turfgrass plants, leaving infected areas susceptible to wear damage, or environmental stresses such as drought. Furthermore, weed pests such as large crabgrass and white clover can compromise the safety of natural grass athletic fields by increasing the surface hardness ~ 50% compared to hybrid bermudagrass3.
Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach that combines multiple chemical and non-chemical methods for pest management. Most of these techniques involve maximizing turfgrass growth and plant health by species and variety selection, mowing, cultivation, fertilization, and irrigation. Although these cultural practices are critical for pest management, turfgrass quality expectations and lack of control thresholds drive the need for pest-free turfgrass. As a result, pesticides are still the backbone of turfgrass pest management1. The widespread use and necessity of turfgrass pesticides will require the industry to evolve as the pesticides change in the future.
Understanding the history of pesticides and their use is important to the future of pesticides. There are currently five main time periods of pesticide use that describe the type of pesticides used during those times. Current time periods can be described as 1) early pest management prior to year 1000, 2) 1000 to 1850, 3) 1850 to 1940, 4) 1940 to 1970, and 5) 1970 to present. Additional time periods are likely to occur as pesticides enter a new era in the future.
The first recorded use of pesticides is about 4500 years ago by Sumerians, who applied sulfur compounds to battle insects and mites. This type of pesticide use continued until approximately year 1000 when the use of plant, animal, or mineral derivatives increased. From 1850 to 1940, pesticides were mainly inorganic compounds and industrial by-products. Moreover, pesticide use during these times typically involved high active ingredient application rates and unsafe application methods. Following the 1940s and scientific advancement after WWII, synthetic organic compounds were being developed for pesticides as a result of organic chemistry being applied to pesticide science. These synthetic organic pesticides still had high application rates in the kilograms per hectare for active ingredients, such as thiuram and DDT. However, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was established in 1947 to set guidelines for pesticides registered in the United States. FIFRA determines product uses, application rates, and potential hazards. They also developed the pesticide labeling process to instruct end-users on proper and safe applications.
Pesticide science vastly changed in the 1970s. Pesticide research expanded outside of the US and Europe and became a world-wide field. The active ingredients themselves begin to change with lower-risk synthetic organic molecules effective at extremely low dosages. Furthermore, these newer active ingredients are more readily degradable, less persistent in the environment, and are more selective against the target pest4
PHOTO 1: Drone technology will become more widespread in the near future. The photo on the left is what the drone sees during a typical fairway flyover. The photo on the right is a NDVI map (normalized difference vegetation index). This shows turfgrass health / stress across the fairway – GREEN is healthy and higher “quality” and RED is stressed or lower “quality”. Drones and ground equipment are both capable of collecting NDVI data. Aerial and ground NDVI measurements have shown strong correlation. Similar technology is being perfected to reduce overall pesticide inputs by only targeting areas when a pest population reaches a specific threshold. Photo courtesy Dr. Chase Straw, Texas A&M University.
Why the change? In 1972, FIFRA was revised and was moved to the responsibility of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This revision shifted the emphasis of the regulatory process toward environmental protection and public health5
Another major change with FIFRA was the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. This legislation tasked the EPA with conducting the most comprehensive and historic review of pesticide and food safety laws. The FQPA amended FIFRA by fundamentally changing the EPA’s pesticide evaluation and regulation processes. Through this change, thousands of pesticides and their uses were either modified or eliminated. Then in 2007, an amendment to FIFRA required the EPA to review registered pesticides at least once every 15 years. This review process has yielded changes with many active ingredients and their uses5
Pesticides and their applications will continue to evolve in the future just as much as it has changed in the past. Low-risk synthetic organic compounds are still being developed; however, a new focus has shifted to other types of pesticides and pest management strategies. Examples of these include biological and RNAi pesticides (which will be described in more detail below). In addition to chemistry changes, pesticide applications and delivery systems will change with formulation technology and site-specific applications6, 4 . Biological pest control and biopesticides are tools with a recent substantial increase in research and development. Biological control is founded on using beneficial organisms to reduce populations of pest organisms, or at least keep them below destructive thresholds. Turfgrass managers already implement some biocontrol by promoting a healthy environment for optimal turfgrass growth. This type of biocontrol can be described as general pest suppression, whereas specific pest suppression uses specific, selected organisms, to manage pests.
Biopesticides are pesticides, but they are derived from natural materials such as animals, bacteria, fungi, plants, and certain minerals. Biopesticides are classified based on their origin and it must provide some level of pest control to be considered a biopesticide7. Microbial biopesticides have a living organism or a product of a living organism as the active ingredient, and biochemical biopesticides have naturally occurring compounds, such as plant extracts, as the active ingredient. There are commercially available products of both biopesticide categories. However, pest control may be limited when high pest
populations or environmental conditions highly conducive to damage are present. Furthermore, biopesticides may be limited in long-term storage stability and formulation difficulties. In specific turfgrass situations, biopesticides can be one alternative to synthetic pesticides. Examples of beneficial organisms used in turfgrass to manage specific pests are Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Research and development into biopesticides will continue to increase in future decades. It has been predicted that the biopesticide market will equal and potentially outpace synthetic pesticides by the 2060s8
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference (RNAi) pesticides are another growing area of pesticide research and development. RNAi is a naturally occurring process that uses double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to interfere with normal RNA processes. Normal RNA processes start with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) transcribing into RNA and then RNA translating into amino acids, which are then used to make proteins. RNAi pesticides disrupt a targeted step in these processes. This allows specific genes within plants and pests to be targeted and manipulated to achieve a desired result. Applications of RNAi compounds are being developed to provide an alternative to synthetic organic compounds. The RNAi currently used for pest management involves dsRNA that can silence essential genes in insects, pathogens, and weeds. These applications are highly specific for the target pest, where non-target effects are minimalized, or even avoided. RNAi has already been used to target plant diseases such as cereal rusts and Botrytis grey fruit mold. It has also been used to develop virus-resistant crops such as papaya, plum, squash, and tomato9. The use of RNAi pesticides in turfgrass pest management will likely be pest specific and will still rely on proper turfgrass cultural practices.
Pesticide applications and formulations are evolving similar to pesticide active ingredients with a focus on increased environmental safety and reduced inputs. Precise, site-specific pesticide applications is one method that can reduce overall pesticide inputs, and pesticide formulation technology can increase the environmental safety of the final pesticide product. Applying safer pesticides in more precise locations aligns with the future direction of pesticide regulation. New application strategies will be a significant change from traditional broadcast or blanket applications, but the technology involved will be end-user driven (Photo 1).
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The theory of precision turfgrass management (PTM) is to measure detailed, site-specific information to precisely apply resources (e.g., water, fertilizer, pesticides). Precision turfgrass management has the potential to reduce overall pesticide inputs by only targeting areas with a present pest population, areas with repeated history of pest issues, or areas with highly conducive environments. This would rely on sensor technology, GPS, and GIS systems to accurately measure, analyze, and apply the data10. Sensor equipment could be mounted to a variety of ground or aerial equipment such as mowers, tractors, golf carts, or even drones to make the necessary measurements for management decisions (Photo 2).
Researchers are in the early stages of developing the PTM technology for turfgrass pest management. Initial technology will likely focus on controlling specific pest species or issues and may not be applicable to every situation. Turfgrass managers already practice some sort of PTM by managing various areas differently based on many factors, including soil characteristics, turfgrass species, slope, height-of-cut, traffic patterns, etc. These management differences are based on anecdotal or quantified data, but the evolution of PTM will be based on acquiring
real-time, detailed site information to make decision making more precise and efficient.10 Many hurdles remain for the wide adoption of PTM, nevertheless it is one of the key components of the future of pesticides and their applications.
Pesticide formulation research is important because the pesticide active ingredients comprise only a percentage of the final product. The co-formulants are just as important as the active ingredient for pest control efficacy, product storage/ stability, product compatibility, and overall product performance. Different pesticide formulations have advantages and disadvantages, but there has been a shift in trends due to growing concerns on using solvents as co-formulants. Solvent-based emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations are being phased out with the focus shifted on solvent-free formulations (granules [G], soluble liquids [SL], suspension concentrates [SC], and water dispersible granules [WDG]). A new, water-based formulation, emulsion-inwater (EW), uses almost no solvents and has emulsifying agents to improve handling, storage, and transport characteristics. Synthetic pesticide formulation research will continue to evolve for increased applicator and environment safety because synthetic pesticides are still the most economical and effective pesticide option.
Turfgrass Management
Researchers measuring turfgrass surface and soil characteristics for developing site-specific, PTM programs. The aerial drone is measuring normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), while the Toro Precision Sense 6000 tow-behind ground unit measures soil moisture, soil compaction, soil salinity and NDVI.
Nanotechnology is one of the more recent developments in pesticide formulation research11. Nanotechnology research involves manipulation of particles ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)12. For reference, one nm is one-billionth (10-9) of a meter and there are 25,400,000 nm in one inch (Figure 1).
ONE INCH
FIGURE 1: For reference, it would take 25,400,000 nano-particles stacked side-by-side to equal one inch. Many nano-pesticides will be encapsulated within the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. Not seen with the naked eye, it takes electron microscope technology to view these particles. = 25,400,000 nm { }
These nanoparticles are being developed to encapsulate nano-sized pesticide active ingredients to potentially provide a “controlled release” of the pesticide to the target pest. Furthermore, encapsulation materials can be biocompatible and biodegradable11.
Pesticides formulated as nanoparticles have the potential to increase the efficacy against target pests, reduce the physical degradation, and further reduce the environmental risk13, 14. For example, nanoparticles have been reported to protect neem oil (Azadirachta indica) from degradation to extend its efficacy against insect pests7. However, nanotechnology in pesticide science has been sparsely researched in field conditions and thus not widely commercialized due to several challenges. There are concerns regarding environmental fate, bioavailability and release rates, transport and storage, and cost effectiveness7, 15. Nanotechnology and nanopesticide research will continue, but their application in turfgrass and availability to turf managers is still unknown.
Pesticides and their use have vastly changed within the past 50 years, with an increased focus on environmental and applicator safety. Turfgrass managers could witness even greater significant pesticides changes in the future. Pesticides will continue to evolve with newer technologies such as biological and RNAi pesticides. It is uncertain when some of these new pesticide technologies will be commercially available for pest control in turfgrass. Moreover, it is possible some will not provide acceptable pest control, be too injurious to desirable species, or too costly for wide adoption. As a result, synthetic pesticides will remain the most effective pesticide tool until these technologies are developed specially for turfgrass.
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1. Koppenhofer, A.M., R. Latin, B.A. McGraw, J.T. Brosnan, and W.C. Crow. 2013. Integrated pest management. In Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management. eds. J.C. Stier, B.P. Horgan, and S.A. Bonos. Madison, WI. pp. 933-1006.
2. Beard, J.B. and R.L. Green. 1994. The role of turfgrasses in environmental protection and their benefits to humans. J. of Environ. Qual. 23:452-460.
3. Brosnan, J.T., K.H., Dickson, J.C. Sorochan, A.W. Thoms, and J.C. Stier. 2014. Large crabgrass, white clover, and hybrid bermudagrass athletic field playing quality in response to simulated traffic. Crop Sci. 54:1838-1843. doi:10.2135/cropsci2013.11.0754
4. Umetsu, N. and Y. Shirai. 2020. Development of novel pesticides in the 21st century. J. Pestic. Sci. 45(2):54-74. doi:10.1584/jpestics. D20-201
5. Reicher, Z.J., P.H. Dernoeden, and D.S. Richmond. 2013. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and growth regulators used in turfgrass systems. In Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management. eds. J.C. Stier, B.P. Horgan, and S.A. Bonos. Madison, WI. pp. 891-932.
6. Umetsu, N. and A. Ando. 2004. Development of environmentally friendly agrochemicals. In Frontiers of Environmental Pesticide Science. eds. M. Ueji et al. Soft Science. pp. 224-248
7. Damalas, C.A. and S.D. Koutroubas. 2018. Current status and recent developments in biopesticide use. Agriculture. 8(13). doi:10.3390/agriculture8010013
8. Olsen, S. 2015. An analysis of the biopesticides market now and where is going. Outlooks Pest Mgt. 26:203-206.
9. Mezzetti, B. J. Sweet, and L. Burgos. 2021. Introduction to RNAi in plan production and protection. CAB International. doi:10.1079/ 9781789248890.0001
10. Carrow, R.N., J.M. Krum, I. Flitcroft, and V. Cline. 2010. Precision turfgrass management: Challenges and field applieds for mapping turfgrass soil and stress. Precision Agric. 11:115-134. doi:10.1007/ s11119-009-9136-y
11. Prasad, R., A. Bhattacharyya, and Q. D. Nguyen. 2017. Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives. J. Frontier Microbiology. doi: 10.3389/ fmicb.2017.01014
12. Hobson, D.W., 2011. Industrial biotechnology and commodity product. In Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition). eds. M. Butler and M. Moo-Young. Volume 3: pp. 683-697
13. De Oliveira, J.L., E.V.R. Campos, and L.F. Fraceto. 2018. Recent developments and challenges for nanoscale formulation of botanical pesticides for use in sustainable agriculture. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66(34):8898-8913. doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03183
14. Khot, L.R., S. Sankaran, J.M. Maja, R. Ehsani, and E.W. Schuster. 2012. Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: A review. Crop Protection. 35:64-70. doi. org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.01.007
15. Mishra, S., C. Keswani, P.C. Abhilash, L.F. Fraceto, and H.B. Singh. 2017. Integrated approach of agri-nanotechnology: Challenges and future trends. Front. Plant Sci. 8:471. doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2017.00471
Progressive Turf builds the right mowers and rollers for any field. For over 30 years they have set and re-set the standards in commercial grade mowing equipment.
Contact your Progressive Dealer to find out why Progressive products are outstanding in any field!
Photo provided by Exmark
By John Kmitta
ndustry experts from major commercial mower manufacturers agree that the biggest challenges this year for mowing professionals in the green industry will be supply chain issues, rising fuel costs, higher prices across the board, and, of course, the continued shortage of labor.
“The industry was facing a worker shortage prior to the pandemic,” said David Dwight, director, Briggs & Stratton – Turf and Consumer Products Group (Ferris Mowers). “The pandemic further limited the overall available labor.”
“Finding reliable employees continues to be tough,” said Brad Unruh, director of new product development, Stanley Black & Decker Outdoor (Hustler Turf).
Steven Benedict, turf care product line manager, Kioti Tractor, added that labor challenges make it even more critical to have reliable and efficient equipment.
According to Josh Sooy, director of the professional business segment for Cub Cadet, those impacted by labor shortages are looking for solutions and equipment that can help increase the efficiency and productivity of their operations. This includes exploring viable autonomous technologies and continuing to invest in stand-on mowers.
Ron Scheffler, senior product manager, Doosan Bobcat North America (Bobcat, Ryan and Steiner), added that mowing professionals should identify products that will best help their needs. “For example, which commercial mower will allow me to clean my equipment quickly, make standard maintenance updates as fast as I can, and overall, be the most efficient product,” he said.
“One of the best ways operators can combat labor challenges is to have a partner in their dealership,” said Chad Carney, go to market manager, B2B PLC segment, John Deere.
Carney added that dealers who take the time to truly get to know their customers and understand their needs become a goto resource for their customers, ensuring that the customer will be loyal to that dealer for years to come.
According to Grant Wilson, product director, Gravely, and Angie Ansorge, product manager, Gravely, commercial users are having a hard time finding the right machines or parts for their equipment. As a result, Wilson and Ansorge recommend keeping extra parts on hand.
“The biggest challenges that commercial mowing professionals are facing, and will continue to face, this year are the supply chain issues that began in 2021,” said Unruh. “We recommend ordering early and often and staying in regular communication with their dealers to help estimate shipping times.”
“We anticipate the constrained supply environment will resolve over time and are working hard to mitigate any impact on our professional customers,” said Jared Nuessen, marketing manager at Toro. “In the meantime, be proactive when it comes to maintaining parts inventory to ensure you always have what you need on hand. While there may not be an issue sourcing a particular product or part currently, keeping a well-stocked inventory will help you avoid issues down the road.”
Exmark Director of Marketing, Jamie Briggs, added that professionals might not be able to find the exact model of equipment they have purchased in the past, and may have to purchase an alternative model with different features or specifications.
Said Mark Krakowiak, product marketing manager, professional products, Stanley Black & Decker (DeWalt), “Plan to purchase your new products early in the season, along with service and wear parts well before you will need them. Given current supply chain challenges, if you are considering any new purchases, it is best to buy as soon as possible.”
Wilson and Ansorge echoed those thoughts, stating that prices of the machines will continue to rise, so purchasing new mowers sooner rather than later will provide significant savings.
According to Dwight, when it’s time to think about replacing a piece of equipment or adding equipment to meet growing demand, start that conversation with your dealer sooner than you have in the past to ensure that the unit you want is available when you need it.
Tony Buxton, senior product manager for Milwaukee Tool, added that walk-behind mowers are a great supplement to rideon mowers for accessing tight areas, and investing in batterypowered solutions will allow users to stay head of emerging requirements. “Through utilizing a combination of gas and battery-powered equipment, the professional market is gaining an understanding of how battery technology can benefit them now and in the future,” Buxton added.
The Turfgrass Council of North Carolina (TCNC) serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, North Carolina Turfgrass, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or TCNC members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this bimonthly publication. Copyright © 2022 by the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina. North Carolina Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of TCNC. Presorted standard postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: North Carolina Turfgrass allows reprinting of material published here. Permission requests should be directed to TCNC. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Suite 200, Franklin, TN 37064, 615.790.3718, Fax 615.794.4524.
According to David Bush, senior marketing strategist, general purpose engines and industrial products, Honda Powersports & Products Group, despite the challenges industry professionals face, it’s important to expect the unexpected and look for equipment that is efficient, reliable and quiet that can maximize productivity and return on investment. He added that fuel-efficient and lower-emissions products, along with battery-powered products, are proving to be attractive. Professionals should look for mowers that allow them to be efficient and effective on the jobsite, and should consider a variety of factors in their mowers, including user comfort, ease of use and high machine uptime, said Benedict.
According to Briggs, users should make the most of their existing equipment, which means staying on top of scheduled maintenance and replacing worn parts.
Unruh recommends looking for mowers that are affordable, durable, and ergonomically designed to ensure comfort, and come standard with a manufacturer warranty. “The convenience factor also applies to mower/equipment maintenance; keeping all business at one trusted dealer will save time and resources,” he said.
Carney agreed, adding that the deciding factor when purchasing a mower can often be the relationship you form, the support you receive, and the dealership service you obtain that makes the difference in the brand you choose.
Said Scheffler, “With labor shortages affecting business, saved minutes really add up to dollars in the pocket, and a mower that is quick to clean and maintain, as well as to be ready for the next working day is important.”
According to Dwight, it is important to understand that everything from maintenance to downtime to operator comfort will impact productivity.
“You need machines that are built around your needs, so always be willing to try something different,” said Sooy. “Whether it’s new mower products or technologies, demo different machines and get a feel for how they operate to ensure you’re investing in those that work for your business.”
Added Briggs, “We expect 2022 to be a good year, but it won’t be without its challenges.”
John Kmitta is associate publisher and editorial brand director of SportsField Management magazine. This article originally appeared in the May issue of SportsField Management magazine, official publication of the Sports Field Management Association.
In this series, we’re highlighting the resources that help turfgrass professionals work efficiently and respond quickly to the challenges of turf management.
Ifyou have a turf disease problem, and don’t know what it is, this resource is exactly what you need. Accurate diagnosis of a disease is a critical first step in controlling it quickly and economically. The NC State University Turf Diagnostics Lab specializes in rapid and accurate diagnosis of turfgrass diseases and other problems for professionals and property owners.
The NC State Turf Diagnostic Lab is housed within Dr. Jim Kerns’ lab and is managed by Lee Butler in the department of Entomology & Plant Pathology at NC State University. Lee is a well-known and respected diagnostician and has helped countless turfgrass managers in North Carolina and beyond. His work is a tremendous benefit to the turf industry, and one professionals should recognize and take advantage of when dealing with turf diseases.
To use the services of the lab, you’ll first need to collect and submit a sample.
Sample forms must be filled out online using our database –NCSU Plant Disease and Insect Clinic Database at https:// plantclinic.ces.ncsu.edu/.
If you have submitted samples in the past, you should already have an account set up. Your username is your email address. There is an “Oops! I Forgot My Email Address or Password” option at login if needed.
When entering contact information, keep these designations in mind –
• Client = grower, golf course superintendent, homeowner, field manager, sod farmer, etc.
• Agent = N.C. Cooperative Extension Agents
• Consultant = landscaper, sales/company rep, agronomist consultant, etc.
• Other = anyone else you want to add on the sample that will see the report
Always check our database for your name, your sales rep’s name, etc. before creating another account for yourself or that person. All you need to do is type your/their name or part of your/their name in the entry field and it will auto populate if already in our system.
We require photos with all submissions, and you can upload those with your entry in the database. You can also upload files such as spray records, soil test reports, nematode reports, etc. We will not process your samples until we have photos. This allows us to understand exactly what the symptoms are and increase our accuracy during the diagnostic process.
Photos from standing height looking out across the turf are ideal. Up close photos or those looking straight down at the ground typically aren’t useful unless they clearly show something unique. Alternatively, you can email images directly to me at elbutler@ncsu. edu if needed. Keep image file size below 3MB each and send individually to be certain they make their way through.
Samples should be completely wrapped in aluminum foil, double ziploc bagged (out-of-state only), and shipped overnight to the following address:
Attn: Lee Butler 1575 Varsity Drive Module 6 Raleigh, NC 27606 (919) 513-3878
If possible, avoid using the United States Postal Service. Our clients have had too many issues with timely deliveries. FedEx, UPS, etc. have all done fine delivering on time.
Tracking numbers are useful to our lab when planning/coordinating our time in the lab. Please do not request a signature upon delivery as for this will likely result in delays. Tracking numbers should be emailed to Lee Butler at elbutler@ncsu.edu
If you would like to drop-off samples in person, please coordinate your drop with Lee Butler via email ( elbutler@ ncsu.edu).
Have you…
1. Entered information online?
2. Uploaded photos?
(Failure to complete both items above will result in delayed service)
An example of a properly collected sample that’s roughly 50% damaged and 50% healthy. This particular sample had been incubated one night per our standard protocol and is already showing signs of a fungal disease via abundant mycelium.
After you collect your samples, we prefer they be wrapped completely with aluminum foil to keep them intact during the shipping process.
Please take the time to fill in as much information as possible to help ensure an accurate diagnosis. A video guide is available on our website for proper sample collection, however be sure you collect your samples along the margin of damage. Ideal samples are 50% damaged and 50% healthy and no deeper than the root system. Shake off excess soil to reduce shipping costs.
Fees are applied per problem. Please send at least 2, but no more than 4, samples per problem. If you would like to send multiple problems, then you will need to enter them separately in the database. If you are unsure, please contact us for assistance.
Please note that we do not process nematode samples. We suggest you submit those to the N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Nematology Lab – NCDA Nematode Lab.
For turfgrass weed identification and control recommendations, please contact our extension turfgrass weed management specialist, Dr. Fred Yelverton.
We accept digital images along with physical samples. Pictures of the symptoms taken from a distance are very helpful and help to ensure an accurate diagnosis. You may submit images without physical samples, however in most cases we will need a physical sample to diagnose the problem with 100% confidence.
An example of a good photo from standing height looking out across an ultradwarf bermudagrass research green plagued with spring dead spot.
An example of an up-close photo that shows typical lesions caused by brown patch in tall fescue.
Please follow these instructions for image submission:
• From standing height, take images that illustrate the overall damage.
• In general, close-up images are not helpful unless you are clearly attempting to show a lesion, fruiting body, or other structure.
• Email images to elbutler@ncsu.edu. We may use your images for educational purposes, however we will never reveal the sender’s information.
We prefer payment be made by VISA or MasterCard, however we do accept cash, check, or money order. Checks should be made out to NC State University.
North Carolina Certified Turfgrass Professional (NCCTP) program is a comprehensive program developed to enhance the technical competency of turfgrass professionals, while elevating their professional image, that of your business and of the turfgrass management industry. Administered by the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina, the NCCTP designation confirms your expertise in turfgrass management to prospective customers and your peers.
The NCCTP program increases and enhances your turfgrass industry knowledge, career, and business development through a course of study of in-depth coverage of the science of turfgrass management.
The NCCTP designation offers immediate confidence and credibility of turfgrass management practices to customers and prospective employers.
Promote and market yourself as a North Carolina Certified Turfgrass Professional.
• Use the NCCTP logo on your business materials.
• Use NCCTP pins, uniform patches, and vehicle decals.
• Your TCNC Member Directory listing is distinguished with the NCCTP logo.
The NC State Turfgrass Professional Short Course, a comprehensive turfgrass education program, is offered at select NC State Extension offices and at NC State University. This Short Course offers a full curriculum of the science of turfgrass management as well as Continuing Education Credits for NCDACS Pesticide and NCLCLB Landscape Contractors’ license holders, and it will help you prepare for the NCCTP exam.
This Short Course is recommended but not required to take the NCCTP exam.
Hold a current TCNC membership. If not currently a member, go to www.ncturfgrass.org and click ‘JOIN NOW’ to join online or download an application.
Have a minimum of one full year of work experience in the turfgrass industry.
Agree to the Certified Turfgrass Professional Code of Ethics as detailed on the application form.
Submit:
• A current and valid NC Pesticide Applicators license
• A completed NCCTP application (current TCNC members may apply online).
• NCCTP Program Application: $150
• Self-Study Materials: $50
• Exam Fee: $50
Curriculum covers nine core areas: Turfgrass Characteristics; Establishing Turfgrass; Soils & Nutrient Management; Cultural Practices; Pests & Integrated Pest Management; Pesticides & Plant Growth Regulators; Landscape Safety & Pesticide Use; Calculations & Calibration; Turfgrass Business & Economics.
Candidates have six months from the date of their enrollment acceptance to complete the NCCTP exam. Candidates have six hours to complete the exam and must score 80% or more on each section to receive the NCCTP designation.
Exams can be taken at the TCNC office in Raleigh during normal business hours, or arrangements can be made at your local NC State Extension location.
Exams will not be graded if any application information is missing or if TCNC membership status cannot be confirmed. Please allow two to three weeks for exam grading and reports.
Upon successful completion of the exam, candidates will receive communication with their results and either next step options or their graduation packet.
Maintain a current TCNC membership as a means of demonstrating ongoing support for the industry. Submit an annual $50 renewal fee, which supports the NCCTP program and related promotional activities. Designation year is the same as the TCNC membership year, from July 1st to June 30th.
Hold a current NC Pesticide Applicator’s License. Subscribe to, actively support and uphold the TCNC Certification Code of Ethics.
The NC Certified Turfgrass Professional designation (NCCTP), the NCCTP logo and related programs materials are the trademarked property of the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina and cannot be used without TCNC’s written permission.
For additional information, contact TCNC at (919) 459-2070.
Name Phone Address City State Zip
TCNC Membership #*
Pesticide Applicator License #
Please read the items below and check each one that is true for you.
MEMBERSHIP: I am now, or I am applying here to be, a member in good standing of the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina.
PESTICIDE LICENSE: I hold a current North Carolina Pesticide Ground Applicator License with subclass L, turf, and ornamental (or equivalent from another state).
EXPERIENCE: I have completed a minimum of one full year of turfgrass industry professional work experience.
EXAM: Upon acceptance into the program, I plan to complete my study and take the required exam within six months.
DUTY: I have initialed the following page of this application to show that I strongly support and willingly subscribe to the Certified Turfgrass Professional Code of Ethics, and I pledge to uphold the credibility and integrity of the program.
CONTINUING EDUCATION: I agree to successfully complete additional future curriculum materials or sections that may be required as a result of new technology or regulation.
Company Title
Supervisor Supervisor’s Phone
Supervisor’s E-Mail
Company’s Address
City State Zip
Work Experience
Describe your turfgrass industry professional work experience; one full year is required to apply.
NCCTP Application Fee: $150, Study Materials: $50, Exam Fee: $50, TCNC Dues (call for amount, based on date)
Check Number__________________ (payable to TCNC)
TOTAL $
Credit Card: AMEX Visa MC Discover Billing Zip Code
Credit Card #
Name on Card
By signing this application, I verify that all the information is true and correct, I acknowledge and assume full responsibility for the charges on this application, and I agree to honor and abide by the terms of this non-refundable payment.
Signature Date
Please read and initial each section below that you support and commit to uphold.
DUTY TO THE PUBLIC
I AGREE
I AGREE
I AGREE
I AGREE
I AGREE
Printed Name Signature
Conduct service first and foremost with regards to the safety, health, and welfare of the general public. Provide service, recommendations, and information based upon honest experience, and scientifically accurate and factual knowledge.
DUTY TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Operate in such a manner to protect and preserve our environment. Use and monitor all equipment, products, and materials in a manner consistent with the label and safe for the environment.
DUTY TO THE LAWS OF OUR LAND
Abide by all laws and regulations affecting the turf industry and support the enforcement of these laws.
DUTY TO OUR FELLOW PROFESSIONALS
Refrain from the use of false, misleading, or deceptive marketing and advertising practices. Practice and insist upon sound business management practices. Maintain the highest standard of personal conduct to reflect credit and add stature to the turf industry. Recognize the importance of strong relationships within the industry. Abstain from untruthful debasement, or encroachment upon, the professional reputation or practice of another turfgrass professional.
DUTY TO THE ASSOCIATION
Participate in association activities and events to help further the profession. Abstain from any unfair exploitation of my association, industry, or profession.
By signing this Code of Ethics, I agree to follow the duties and intentions outlined above, and I commit to supporting and upholding these ethics with consistency and integrity.
Date
Please Return Entire NCCTP Application To TCNC Via: email: info@ncturfgrass.org fax: (919) 459-2075 or mail: TCNC, 110 Horizon Dr. Ste 210, Raleigh, NC 27615
Alberto
THURSDAY,
Sandhills
THURSDAY,
Green
TCNC
THURSDAY,
Shep
Steven Lesane Raleigh, NC
Davis Purdy
Retirement
John
Jimmy Oliver City of Asheville Parks and Rec Asheville, NC
Eric Daggett City of Asheville Parks and Rec Asheville, NC
Diego Perez Salmeron G.D. Landscapes LLC Fuquay Varina, NC
Jason Bridges Weed Man Triad Winston-Salem, NC
Derek Walsh, NCCTP #47908
Town of Garner Garner, NC
Dusty Hafer, NCCTP #47909 The Biltmore Company Asheville, NC
Jason Rogala, NCCTP #47910
The Biltmore Company Asheville, NC
William McCoy, NCCTP 47911
The Biltmore Company Asheville, NC
