December/January 2018
Testing Turf for
Winterkill Turf Insect Control, Part 2 Intestines of the Earth: Earthworm Management
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
TABLE OF CONTENTS December/January 2018
16
FEATURED ARTICLES
12 16 20 27 32
Upcoming Event — 52nd Annual TTA Conference and Tradeshow, January 8–10, 2018 Cover Story — Testing Turf for Winterkill Spotlight on Pests — Commercial Turf Insect Control, Part 2 Turf Talk — Intestines of the Earth: Earthworm Management
20
Eye on Business — Your Staff Is Your Best Publicity Asset
DEPARTMENTS
4
From the TTA President, Theo Lankford
6
From the TVSTMA President, Connor Schutzman
8
From the MTGCSA President, Dan Johnson
10
TTA Membership Application
11
University of Tennessee Turf Team
31
Calendar of Events
34
Index of Advertisers
34
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018
27
From the TTA President
What a
Theo Lankford
Great
Learning
Experience! W
hat a year! As I sit here thinking about 2017 and how the year has flown by, I can’t help but think about my first TTA Annual Conference. Things have changed a little bit over the years. Back then, we met at Opryland Hotel. Even though the venue was huge and our meeting rooms were spread out in various places, you could still hear Dr. Tom Samples chuckling from one end of the hall to the other. There is so much the TTA has brought to my life, including friends like Dr. Samples and so many others. The knowledge that I have been able to retain from the many education sessions I have attended over the years has been instrumental in my everyday professional life. I am
T
s s i o n of i m e h
grateful for those things, and I hope you feel the same way. In my six years as an officer on the TTA board of directors, we have seen several changes — changes in venue, staff, education style, even the trade show has taken on a new look. All, I believe, have taken the TTA Conference to a new level. A new level that not only speaks volumes to the people who work hard to put it all together, but also a level that puts us at one of the best state level conferences you can attend. Please make plans to attend our next conference, January 8–10, 2018. I know you will regret it if you don’t. It has been an honor to serve as your president for the last two years. I would like to thank all current and past board
members for their time and passion used to better the association. A special thank you to Melissa Martin and Shelia Finney for all the help in keeping me in line over the last two years. The association wouldn’t be what it is today if not for the vendors who, year after year, buy booths and sponsor events — thank you all for your contributions. Most importantly, thank you to the membership. Without you, there would not be a TTA. I hope to see you all in Murfreesboro at the Conference on January 8! Remember, be a “Doer” because Doers simply just do!
Theo Lankford
2016–2017 TTA President
the T e n ne ssee Tur fg r a s s A s s o c i at
ion
To promote the turfgrass industry through education, scholarship and research. 6
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Turf Managers Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
Tennessee Turfgrass is the official publication of The Tennessee Turfgrass Association 400 Franklin Road Franklin, Tennessee 37069 (615) 465-6339 info@ttaonline.org www.ttaonline.org Published by Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 Fax (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Editor Dr. James Brosnan TTA OFFICERS President Theo Lankford Kormac, LLC (615) 519-2701 Vice President Jason Pooler Tri-Turf Sod Farms, Inc. (731) 642-3092 Secretary/Treasurer Doug Ward Belle Meade C.C. (615) 292-6752 Past President Paul Carter, CGCS Bear Trace at Harrison Bay (423) 344-6374 Executive Director Melissa Martin Tennessee Turfgrass Assn. (615) 465-6339 TTA 2017 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ryan Blair, CGCS Cal Hill Joe Hill Jeff Kuhns Timothy Long Mickey Lovett Bill Marbet Richard Pavlasek, CGCS Jason Sanderson Chris Sykes Paul Webb Scott Wicker TTA ADVISORY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Bill Blackburn Dr. Jim Brosnan Dr. Brandon Horvath Lynn Ray Jeff Rumph, CGCS Dr. Tom Samples Dr. John Sorochan Dr. Wes Totten
From the TVST M A President
Connor Schutzman
See You Soon in Murfreesboro! As
we head into Tennessee’s unpredictable winter weather, some things remain constant.
The members of TVSTMA still have each other to reach out to when formulating solutions to problems that may have
cropped this past year. We will still spend most of our days in the shop, working on equipment maintenance. And we will take advantage of the season’s “slow time” to learn about new products, techniques and research that will help us in our jobs in the coming new year. For instance, the annual TTA Conference and Trade Show is right around the corner. Scheduled to be held on January 8–10 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the event will have a specific sports turf track of educational sessions on both January 9 and January 10. And our annual TVSTMA Annual Meeting, where we elect new officers for the coming year, is on Tuesday, January 8, from 4:30 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. The entire event is an excellent opportunity to increase your professional knowledge, catch up with old friends, meet some new ones and earn valuable pesticide points. Finally, thank you for allowing me to serve you as TVSTMA’s president this past year. It has been an excellent learning experience, and I have made many new relationships. I feel certain that your incoming president for 2018 — Martin Kaufman, CSFM — will do a great job for our organization. See you in Murfreesboro soon!
Connor Schutzman, CSFM 2017 TVSTMA President
8
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
From the M TGCSA P resident
Dan Johnson
A Solid Season
for MTGCSA At
one of MTGCSA’s first board meetings this year, Whit Davis, superintendent at The Grove, made a comment that resonated with everyone in the room. He said, “We all come from different backgrounds and work at different facilities with different budgets, but ultimately we all do the same job. We are trying to provide the best conditions possible with whatever resources we have available.” I am proud to be a part of an association where people always come together to help each other to achieve their goals. Attendance was up at every MTGCSA meeting this year, and we enjoyed some great speakers and golf outings. Golf was played at each meeting site this year, and those numbers were up as well. Our April meeting was at Smyrna Golf Club, hosted by superintendent Jerry Baskins. We had four speakers and some great food, and we enjoyed a nice nine holes of golf on the executive course. Dr. Oscar Ruiz from Waypoint Analytical presented on how to better understand soil tests and what to take away from them. Chad Hayes with the Tennessee Dept. of Agriculture presented on the rules and regulations for Tennessee. Chris Hall with Arbor Guard discussed golf course tree removal and reclaiming sightlines to original architectural designs. Troy Goldsby with Aqua Services presented on pond management. In May, we met at Old Hickory Country Club, which is the facility where I work. Carol Rau, a career consultant with Career Advantage Golf, spoke on how we can
10
stand out to advance our careers. Michael Brownlee from Stones River Country Club talked about the renovations to the club’s driving range and practice facilities and the re-building of three greens complexes. Walker Bryant from Lakewood Country Club talked about starting his new job exactly one week after a tornado had destroyed 80% of the property. Brad Marcy from Indian Hills Golf Course talked about the unique irrigation renovation they were doing. Doug Ward from Belle Meade Country Club presented on their new state-of-the-art maintenance facility. All presentations were extremely informative and well done. We would like to do more presentations in the future that showcase projects that members of our association are working on. In June, we had our Summer Social at a Nashville Sounds baseball game. It was our third year doing this, and it is always an enjoyable night, where everyone can relax with their friends and meet their families. The field looked awesome, and everyone enjoyed meeting head groundskeeper Thomas Trotter at the event. In September, we met in Franklin at Golf House Tennessee. Joe Kennedy was the host superintendent, and we enjoyed playing The Little Course. Our first speaker was Rob Fogg with John Deere Corporate, speaking to us about leasing versus purchasing equipment. We then had a four superintendent “Roundtable Discussion.” Speakers included Doug Ward of Belle Meade Country Club, Tim Taylor of Graymere Country Club, Joe Kennedy of Vanderbilt Legends Club
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
and Phil Luckett of Metro Nashville Parks and Recreation. Everyone really enjoyed the discussion, which encouraged a lot of crowd participation. Our Scholarship and Research Tournament was held at Foxland Harbor. Host superintendent Ryan Emerson and his staff really had the place dialed in, and everyone enjoyed first-class playing conditions. I’ve heard nothing but rave reviews about the course, the facilities and the outstanding food. We caught a break with the weather, and the tournament was a big success. Our Annual November meeting was once again held at Bluegrass Yacht and Country Club, hosted by superintendent Tyler Ingram. Speakers included Dr. Oscar Ruiz, Dean Glascock of Arbor Art Tree Care and our good friends from the University of Tennessee, Dr. Brandon Horvath and Dr. Jim Brosnan. Seventeen people braved the rain and cold and got to enjoy a really great product coming off a major fairway renovation, among other improvements. I would like to thank the entire MTGCSA board of directors for a productive and enjoyable 2017. I would also like to give a special thanks to Melissa Martin, who has been outstanding to work with. I appreciate you all for allowing me to serve as president of the MTGCSA. It has been a rewarding experience and fun to be a part such a special group. Thank you, and best of luck to all of you in 2018.
Dan Johnson
2017 MTGCSA President
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSN. ———— MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION ———— Membership applications can be submitted at any time during the year.
For more information, please contact the TTA Office at (615) 465-6339 or fax your application form to (615) 790-8600.
Please print or type the following information as you would like it to appear in the annual directory. Name _ ____________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Facility _ ___________________________________________
Type of Business________________________________________
Address _ ____________________________________________________________
P.O. Box _ ___________________________
City _______________________________________________
State ___________
Zip _________________________________
Telephone (_____) _ __________________________________
Fax (_____)____________________________________________
Email Address _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Additional individuals from same facility requesting membership: Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Name______________________________________________
Title__________________________________________________
Membership Categories:
Regular Membership.......................................................................................................................................
$50.00
Student Membership.......................................................................................................................................
$10.00
Retired Membership........................................................................................................................................
No Dues
Payable Dues:
# of Regular Memberships ........................................................................................................... ______ x $50.00 = $_ _____________
# of Student Memberships ........................................................................................................... ______ x $10.00 = $_ _____________
Total ............................................................................................................................................... ______
$ _ _____________
Please make check payable to: Tennessee Turfgrass Association Please send check and completed form to:
Tennessee Turfgrass Association • 400 Franklin Road • Franklin, TN 37069 TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Upcoming Event
52nd Annual Conference & Trade Show GCSAA Continuing Education Credits Available and Pesticide Points Available for TN, KY, GA, SC and MS.
January 8–10, 2018 Embassy Suites Murfreesboro, TN Don’t miss our keynote speaker on Tuesday, January 9 —
Morning Drive co-host Charlie Rymer! For more information or to register, visit us online at www.ttaonline.org. 12
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
52nd Annual Conference & Trade Show
We
invite you to join us at this year’s TTA Conference and Trade Show at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro. This year’s event features an excellent education program and an expanded tradeshow floor, plus our annual awards and recognitions with our keynote speaker, Morning Drive co-host Charlie Rymer. Born in Cleveland, Tennessee, Charlie is a professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour and the Nike Tour. Currently an analyst for the Golf Channel, he is a co-host on the network’s signature daily news and lifestyle program, the Morning Drive. This is a conference you will not want to miss!
Hotel Reservations To reserve your room at our conference host site, the Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro, please call 615-890-4464. You can also make your reservations online by going to www.ttaonline.org and clicking on events.
GCSAA Continuing Education The following continuing education credits are available for attendance for full attendance each day. Monday, January 8 — 0.60 Continuing Education Credits Tuesday, January 9 — 0.35 Continuing Education Credits Wednesday, January 10 — 0.30 Continuing Education Credits
More information For more information, call the Association office at 615-9287001, email info@ttaonline.org, or visit www.ttaonline.org. GCSAA Continuing Education Credits are available and Pesticide Points are available for TN, KY, GA, SC and MS.
Both attendees and vendors may register online at www.ttaonline.org, under Events.
Conference Schedule Monday, January 8, 2018 Turfgrass Science Workshop GCSAA Continuing Education Credits (full-day attendance): 0.60 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12, and 1 pt. in C06
8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m.
Meteorology Today… the Good, the Bad and the Ugly Mr. James Spann, CBM, ABC 33/40
9:30 a.m. – 9:45 a.m.
Break
9:45 a.m. — 11:00 a.m.
Pest Management Update Dr. Brandon Horvath and Dr. Jim Brosnan, University of Tennessee
11:00 a.m. — 11:15 a.m.
Break
11:15 a.m. — 12:30 p.m.
Optimizing PGRs for Bentgrass and Bermudagrass Greens Dr. Brandon Horvath and Dr. Jim Brosnan, University of Tennessee
12:30 p.m. — 1:30 p.m.
Lunch (on your own)
1:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Communicating with Confidence, Clarity and Credibility Ms. Laura Katen, Katen Consulting
Professional Development Workshop
Annual Meetings 4:30 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
TGCSA and TVSTMA
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
13
Upcoming Event Tuesday, January 9, 2018
8:30 a.m. – 9:10 a.m. 9:10 a.m. – 9:20 a.m. 9:20 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – 10:40 a.m. 10:40 a.m. – 10:50 a.m. 10:50 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
11:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m. 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.
Golf Turf Workshop
Sports Turf Workshop
GCSAA Continuing Education Credits: 0.35 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
North American Golf Innovation Symposium: Agronomy in Perspective Mr. Chris Hartwiger, United States Golf Association Break A Golf Professional’s View of the North American Golf Innovation Symposium Mr. Chad Anderson, Tennessee Golf Association Renovations at Memphis Country Club Mr. Jason Bradley, Memphis Country Club Break A New and Improved Maintenance Facility at Belle Meade Country Club Mr. Doug Ward, Belle Meade Country Club
Hands-On Workshop
Optimizing Nozzle Selection and Sprayer Setup to Maximize Pest Management Effectiveness Mr. Aaron Johnsen, WinField United New Bermudagrasses for Athletic Fields: A Comprehensive Workshop Dr. John Sorochan, University of Tennessee; Dr. Yanqi Wu, Oklahoma State University; Mr. Jeff Salmond, CSFM, University of Oklahoma; Mr. Chris May, CSFM, Georgia Tech
Recruiting Interns in Today’s Industry Mr. Thomas Ashfield, Quaker Ridge Golf Club
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 2 pts. in C01, C02, C03, C05, C06, C10 and C12
Break Irrigation Troubleshooting and New Technologies for Golf and Landscapes Mr. Clint Hickman and Mr. Greg Welk, Smith Turf & Irrigation; Mr. Brian Burns and Mr. Steve Ryan, Keeling Company TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 1 pt. in C03, C10 and C12
Trade Show (with lunch) Cocktail Function TTA Annual Business Meeting and Awards Ceremony with Keynote Speaker: Morning Drive Co-Host Charlie Rymer (Dinner on your own)
Wednesday, January 10, 2018 Golf Turf Workshop
Sports Turf Workshop
GCSAA Continuing Education Credits: 0.30 TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
TN Pesticide Certification Credits: 3 pts. in C03, C10 and C12
Golf Course Architecture Mr. Rob Collins, King Collins Golf
Field Maintenance for the World Baseball Classic Mr. Anthony Defeo, Tennessee Smokies Managing a Multi-Sport Complex Mr. Chad Robinson, Choccolocco Park, Oxford, Alabama
8:30 a.m. – 9:15 a.m. 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
9:15 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Break
10:00 a.m. – 10:15 p.m. 10:15 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.
Break
11:00 a.m. – 11:05 a.m.
11:05 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.
12:00 p.m.
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Daily Challenges of Managing Synthetic Turf Mr. Ryan Storey, Vanderbilt University
Preparing for Championships Mr. John Zimmers, CGCS, Inverness Club
Sports Turf Roundtable Discussion Facilitated By: Mr. Kyley Dickson, Univ. of Tennessee Mr. Bill Marbet, Southern Athletic Fields Mr. Connor Schutzman, CSFM, The Ensworth School
Golf Course Renovations Mr. John Zimmers, CGCS, Inverness Club Conference Adjourns Have a safe trip home!
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Cover St ory
Testing Turf for
Winterkill By Eric H. Reasor, Graduate Research Assistant; Kyley H. Dickson, Graduate Research Assistant; James T. Brosnan, Ph.D., Associate Professor; Adam W. Thoms, former Graduate Research Assistant; and John C. Sorochan, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Tennessee
16
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
W
arm-season turfgrasses maintained throughout much of Tennessee can be damaged during severe winter weather. This low temperature damage (often termed “winterkill”) can be caused by exposure to sustained low temperatures or abrupt temperature decreases.
Causes of winterkill In Tennessee, winterkill often occurs when warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) are exposed to sub-freezing temperatures during the dormant winter season. Moisture present in turfgrass tissue can cause the formation of intracellular ice crystals in plant crowns that can cause cells to rupture. Additionally, exposure to temperatures less than 23°F can also be lethal. Affected plants will have a water-soaked appearance that becomes necrotic (dead) over time. Soil can insulate underground portions of the plants, allowing turfs to withstand sudden temperature decreases for short periods of time. However, several days of exposure to lethal temperatures can be fatal to warm-season turfgrasses. Bermudagrass dormancy is a critical process that allows plants to acclimate for winter conditions each fall. Weather conditions that interrupt winter dormancy (i.e., abnormally warm temperatures) can make plants more susceptible to winterkill.
1
2
Photo 1: Use a golf course cup cutter to remove samples from areas of concern. Photo 2: Individually pot all samples in containers and place them in a warm area. Photo 3: Check samples for new green leaf tissue to determine if they have been damaged by winterkill.
3
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Cover St ory Testing turf for winterkill Many turfgrass managers may want to inspect questionable sites for winterkill in early spring before plants would normally break dormancy. Typical areas of concern are golf course putting greens, highly traf-
ficked sites, spots with excessive thatch, shaded areas and areas directly receiving winter winds such as north- and westfacing slopes. The process of testing for winterkill can help turfgrass managers determine if any renovation or new establishment practices will be needed moving
into the bermudagrass growing season. The process for testing turfs for winterkill can be quite simple.
1
emove samples R from questionable sites.
Remove samples of turf from questionable sites using a golf course cup cutter. Make sure samples are at least 4" in diameter and at least 3" deep. A minimum of two samples from each questionable site is recommended. During cold winter months, this process can be repeated on a monthly basis, if needed.
2
emove samples R from areas not of concern.
It is recommended that samples also be removed (in the same manner as previously described) from sites that are not of concern. These include areas of full sun or south-facing slopes. These samples can be used for comparison purposes.
3
ot and label P all samples in containers.
Place all samples in individual containers, and add soil so the sample will fit in the container. Add labels to designate the origin and date collected.
4
lace labeled samples in an area P of warm temperatures and light.
Place all samples in a warm area, such as a south-facing window, that receives ample sunlight, in a greenhouse or under growth lights. Make sure that all samples have adequate moisture to sustain growth.
5 Observe. Plants that will survive winter should begin greening up after being placed in an area of warm temperatures and light for approximately 14 days. If no green tissue emerges, the turf in the area sampled has likely been damages and will require renovation/reestablishment in summer. T 18
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Spo tligh t o n Pests
Commercial Turf Insect Control Part 2
By Rick L. Brandenburg, Ph.D., Entomology Extension, NC State University Note from editor: The following is republished from the NC State University Extension publication titled 2017 Pest Control for Professional Turfgrass Managers (AG-408), which is directly downloadable from the TurfFiles website (www.turffiles.ncsu.edu). It supplies up-to-date information on pesticides used to control pests in turfgrasses. This is part two of two articles that detail information on commercial insect control (part one ran in the October/November 2017 issue of Tennessee Turfgrass).
Use
pesticides safely to protect people and the environment. Begin by properly diagnosing your pest problem. If a pesticide is needed, select the proper one. Always follow all label directions, and obey all federal, state and local laws and regulations concerning pesticides. Recommendations of specific chemicals are based on information on the manufacturer’s label and performance in a limited number of trials. Because environmental conditions and methods of application by growers may vary widely, performance of the chemical will not always conform to the safety and pest control standards indicated by experimental data. Recommendations 20
for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this article as a convenience to the reader. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services does not imply endorsement or discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations, and examine a current product label before applying any chemical. Tennessee Cooperative Extension agents may also be of assistance.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
Imported Fire Ants acephate1 (Lesco-Fate)
See label. 1 to 2 tsp./mound
Distribute uniformly over mound. For best results, apply in early morning or late afternoon.
5 to 7 tbsp./mound
Distribute uniformly 5 to 7 level tablespoons of bait, 3 to 4 feet around the base of each mound.
bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available
See label.
Follow label directions.
chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4 E
See label.
(Orthene, T, T&O) 75 S
avermectin/B1
(Affirm) 0.011% bait
chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft)
0.27 to 0.44 fl. oz.
LC SC
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz.
GC G
1.8 to 3.6 lb.
LC G deltamethrin (Deltagard) G fenoxycarb (Award)1 B
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
Ants (also see Imported Fire Ants) bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available
0.5 to 1 fl. oz.
See label.
GC SC
1.8 to 3.6 lb. 2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2 1 to 3 level tbsp.
Single mound treatment.
1 to 1.5 lb./acre
Apply uniformly with ground equipment.
fipronil (Top Choice, Fipronil, others) 0.0143
2 lb.
Apply as a broadcast.
fipronil + bifenthrin + lambdacyhalothrin (Taurus Trio G)
2 lb.
Apply as a broadcast. Irrigate prior to treatment.
hydramethylnon1 (Amdro) 0.88% bait (Maxforce G)
See label.
Uniformly broadcast 1 to 1.5 lbs. of bait per acre with ground equipment on lawns, range grasses, pastures and non-agricultural lands. Or distribute uniformly 5 level tablespoons of bait, 3 to 4 feet around the base of each mound. Do not exceed 1.5 lbs. per acre.
imidacloprid + bifenthrin (Allectus, Atera)
See label.
Rate varies with pest. Different formulations for different sites.
indoxacarb (Advion) bait
1.5 lb./acre
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP
1 to 1.5 oz.
chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4E, 3G, 50 WP, Pro
See label.
For use on golf courses.
eta-cypermethrin, birenthrin and imidacloprid (Triple Crown)
20 to 35 fl. oz./acre
See new label.
chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft) GC SC
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz.
LC SC
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz.
GC G
1.8 to 3.6 lb.
LC G
1.8 to 3.6 lb.
cyfluthrin (Tempo 2)
0.143 fl. oz.
cypermethrin1
(Demon) TC
deltamethrin (Deltagard) G
Home lawns only.
See label. 2 to 3 lb./1,000 ft2
fipronil 0.0143 G (Top Choice, Taurus G)
2 lb.
hydramethylnon1 (Maxforce G, Amdro)
See label.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
See label.
Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
pyriproxyfen (Distance Fire Ant Bait)
See label.
Mound or broadcast.
spinosad (Justice bait)
See label.
spinosad A + D (Conserve SC)
0.1 fl. oz./gal./mound
Dilute 0.1 fluid ounce in 1
lambda-cyhalothrin (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
See label.
metaflumizone (Siesta) bait
1.0 to 1.5 lb./acre 2 to 4 tbsp./mound
methoprene (Extinguish) 0.5% bait
1.5 lb./acre
methoprene + hydromethylnon (Extinguish Plus)
1.5 lb./acre
pyriproxyfen (Distance Fire Ant Bait)
See label.
spinosad (Justice bait)
See label.
spinosad A + D (Conserve SC)
0.1 fl. oz./gal./mound
Bait formulation
Do not exceed 4 applications. Mound or broadcast.
Mound or broadcast.
Dilute 0.1 fluid ounce in 1
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Spo tligh t o n Pests
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
Leafhoppers, Spittle Bugs acephate1 (Orthene, T, T&O) 75 S bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available carbaryl1
(Sevin) 80 WSP
chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4 E, 50 WSP, Pro deltamethrin (Deltagard) G (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
acephate1 (Orthene, T, T&O, Lesco-Fate)
1 to 1.9 oz.
Water soil before application. Do not water in.
bifenthrin1 (Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available
0.5 to 1 fl. oz.
Mole Crickets 1 oz. 0.25 to 0.5 fl. oz.
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
0.75 to 1.5 oz. See label.
For use on golf courses.
2 to 3 lb.
Millipedes bifenthrin1
Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
0.25 to 0.5 fl. oz.
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
carbaryl1 (Sevin) baits
See label.
cyfluthrin (Tempo 2, Tempo Ultra)
0.2 fl. oz.
deltamethrin (Deltagard) G
2 to 3 lb.
entomogenous nematodes
See label.
carbaryl1 (Sevimol) (Sevin) 80 WSP
1.5 to 3 oz.
See label.
cypermethrin (Demon) TC
See label.
lambda-cyhalothrin (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
See label.
For use on golf courses. See new label.
(Chipco Choice, others) 0.1 G (Top Choice, Fipronil, others) 0.0143
12.5 to 25 lb./acre
Various formulations now available. Adequate soil moisture critical for good control.
Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
75 WSP 0.5 G indoxacarb (Advion) Insect G
lambda-cyhalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara) propoxur (Baygon) B dinotefuran (Zylam) 20 SG zeta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (Triple Crown)
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Use slit placement equipment.
2 lb./acre
Apply as a broadcast.
4 level tsp.
Apply while crickets are less than one-half inch long (June, early July).
imidacloprid (Merit)
indoxacarb (Provaunt)
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Home lawns only.
fipronil
0.75 to 1.5 oz.
chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 2 E, Pro
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
1.8 lb. 50 to 200 lb./acre
Not for use on sod farms. Do not water in after application.
0.275 fl. oz.
Two applications, 2 to 4 weeks apart work best, following egg hatch.
See label.
Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
See label. 1 oz./1,000 ft2 20 to 35 fl. oz./acre
Apply at egg hatch.
Spo tligh t o n Pests Pest / Insecticide and Formulation
Amount Per 1,000 ft2
Precautions and Comments
Mesurol 2 B
1 lb.
Apply late in afternoon.
metaldehyde
See label.
Slugs, Snails
Sod Webworms acephate1 (Lesco-Fate, Orthene T, T&O) (Precise 4G)
0.5 to 1 oz. 2.8 lb.
azadirachtin1 (Azatrol, Neemix, Turplex)
0.5 fl. oz.
Bacillus thuringiensis, various brands
1 to 2 lb./acre
bifenthrin1
(Menace, Talstar, others) F, GC; G form also available
carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) chlorpyrifos1 (Dursban) 4 E, 2 E, 5 G, Pro
0.18 to 0.25 fl. oz.
Home lawns only. Irrigate immediately.
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
2.5 to 3 oz. 0.046 to 0.092 fl. oz. See label.
For use on golf courses. See new label.
chlothianidin (Arena) .5G
14 to 22 oz.
50WDG
0.15 to 0.22 oz.
chlothianidin + bifenthrin (Aloft)
See label.
GCSC
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz.
LC SC
0.27 to 0.54 fl. oz.
GC G
1.8 to 3.6 lb.
LC G
1.8 to 3.6 lb.
cyfluthrin (Tempo 2, Tempo Ultra)
0.143 fl. oz.
deltamethrin (Deltagard) G
2 to 3 lb.
indoxacarb (Provaunt) SC
0.0625 to 0.25 fl. oz.
lambda-cyhalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara) permethrin1 (Astro) spinosad A + D (Conserve) SC trichlorfon1 (Dylox, Proxol) 80 SP dinotefuran (Zylam) 20SG
See label.
Irrigate immediately after application. Do not apply to newly seeded stands or to bentgrass. Not labeled for use on sod farms. Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
0.4 to 0.8 fl. oz. 1.25 fl. oz.
Rate varies with size and species.
1.5 to 3 oz. 1 oz./1,000 ft2
Snowbugs, Pillbugs bifenthrin1 (Talstar) F, GC; G form also available carbaryl1 (Sevin) 80 WSP cypermethrin1
(Demon) TC
See label. 2 to 3 lb.
1
Use GC formulation for golf courses.
0.75 to 1.5 oz.
deltamethrin (Deltagard) G lambda-cyhalothrin1 (Battle, Scimitar, Cyonara)
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0.25 to 0.5 fl. oz.
See label.
Do not make applications within 20 feet of any body of water. No reentry until spray has dried.
Several trade names available. Check label for active ingredient. Always follow label instructions.
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
Turf Talk
Intestines of the
Earth:
Earthworm Management Update By Ben McGraw, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Turfgrass Entomology, Penn State University
It
is difficult to tell whether Aristotle was speaking favorably of earthworms when he dubbed them “the intestines of the earth.” What we can be sure of is that he never managed fine turfgrass in the presence of heavy earthworm populations. In most crop systems, earthworms are considered beneficial organisms since they aerate the soil, bust thatch layers, decompose organic matter and
eject nutrient-rich fecal matter (“casts”) to the surface when tunneling. However, the casts can be the bane of many turfgrass managers’ existence — they muddy the surface, damage mower reels and cause general thinning of the turf. Damage can be especially severe in spring and fall in areas where turf is grown on native soils. Managing these invasive organisms is made difficult by the lack of con-
trol options and earthworms’ ability to quickly reproduce. Unfortunately, there are no pesticides registered in the United States and Canada for controlling earthworms. Some superintendents seek to indirectly reduce castings when targeting other pests by selecting pesticides that negatively affect earthworms. The fungicide thiophanate-methyl (e.g., Cleary’s 3336) and the insecticide
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Turf T alk carbaryl (e.g., Sevin) are most commonly used in this manner. Several studies have investigated the effects of cultural practices on reducing castings in turfgrass settings. Generally, earthworms prefer moist, cool conditions, with near-neutral pH. Frequent sand topdressing, removing clippings and applying acidifying fertilizers have been investigated in several university studies. Sand topdressing has produced the most promising results of the three, although soil modification requires frequent or consistent applications and is cost prohibitive to many operations to perform on large areas.
Saponin-based fertilizers Turfgrass managers have recently turned to using saponin-based fertilizers to culturally control earthworm populations. Saponins are naturally occurring compounds found in a wide variety of plant species. Materials possessing saponins
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readily form a soapy foam when added to water and shaken. Applying saponinbased materials to soils after rain or irrigation expels earthworms from the soil, causing them to desiccate and die. Using saponins to control earthworms is not a new idea, as it was once a popular means of suppressing casts on putting surfaces in the United Kingdom in the early 1900s. The proliferation of golf courses in the interior of the U.K. began with the expansion of the British railway system. Courses moved from traditional “links” land with sandy soils to areas with heavy soils or greater percentages of fines. These soils were dominated by earthworms, and managing them on greens was a challenge. An ingenious superintendent named Peter Lees was the first to concoct his own saponin product (ground mowrah meal) to control earthworms and apply it to his putting surfaces. Saponins replaced harsh mercury-based products and were regularly used for several decades. Control with saponins fell out of favor, however, in the 1950s when many chemical pesticides became publicly available. Many of these pesticides, including DDT and chlordane, were broad-spectrum in activity, and it is reported that they provided earthworm suppression for several years! It was not until after these products were phased out that earthworm populations rebounded in many turfgrass sites and alternatives were sought. The first modern saponin-fertilizer product (Early Bird by Ocean Organics) was developed in the mid-2000s. Early Bird, a by-product of tea manufacturing, has been shown to effectively expel earthworms from the soil and reduce castings over several weeks. Recently, another saponin-based fertilizer, RhizoAide (Grigg Brothers, owned by Brandt Consolidated) has come onto the market and is available for use in turf. Our laboratory has been assessing the efficacy of these products and attempting to find optimal field rates.
Our research Earthworms are especially challenging to control due to their biology. They are hermaphrodites (possessing both male and female sexual organs), although they require a mate to produce eggs. Eggs TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Turf T alk are deposited in pearl-shaped capsules or “cocoons” throughout the year. This stage is relatively impervious to chemical or saponin control. Therefore, applying a short-residual product may kill only adults and juveniles but leave a portion of the population unaffected. We have observed how populations are able to rebound quickly even with effective products. In 2015, single applications of RhizoAide (4, 6 or 8 lbs./1,000 ft2) were compared to the granular formulation of Early Bird (6 lbs./1,000 ft2). All rates and products provided ~ 70% or higher control compared to the untreated checks 7 days after treatment (DAT). Two rates of RhizoAide provided 50% control of castings after 21 DAT, which suggests limited residual activity. In spring 2016, we sought to determine if sequential applications of RhizoAide could provide more lasting suppression. RhizoAide (4 or 6 lbs./1,000 ft2) was
30
applied monthly to plots on a golf course fairway in either 2 or 3 sequential applications. All treatments produced strong statistical differences by 28 DAT. Treatments receiving 6 lbs./1,000 ft2 reduced castings by 49% to 70% (average 61%), which was similar to Early Bird (60% reductions). After the second month, castings in the 6 + 6 lbs./1,000 ft2 RhizoAide treatments had been further reduced (80%), although this was not significantly different from treatments receiving 6 + 4 lbs. /1,000 ft2. The single application of Early Bird at 0 DAT provided 80% cast reductions at 55 DAT. Finally, by the end of the trial (90 DAT), three applications of RhizoAide at 6 lbs./1,000 ft2 provided the greatest numerical reductions compared to the controls (90%). No differences were detected between the Early Bird treatment (84%) and RhizoAide applications. RhizoAide applications that received 6 lbs./
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
1,000 ft2 at the start of the trial had generally the highest numerical reductions (> 80% control). Although more testing is needed, it appears that the first application’s rate may be the most important in “culling” reproducing adults. It is possible that rates of subsequent applications may be reduced to clean up the newly formed adults that were not initially controlled when in the juvenile state or were present in cocoons at the time of first application.
Summary Controlling earthworms, much like insects, requires a thorough understanding of their behavior and biology. We will continue to look for solutions for turfgrass managers. Currently, we are conducting trials to determine if late fall applications provide greater control of populations than with the traditional spring applications. T
The Turfgrass Team at the Univers ity of Tennessee Scott Boyle Communications Coordinator The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-6730 sboyle1@utk.edu
James Brosnan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Weed Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-8603 jbrosnan@utk.edu
Tom Samples, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Extension The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-2595 tsamples@utk.edu
William Dan Strunk, Ph.D. Research Associate I The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-2988 wstrunk@utk.edu
José Javier Vargas Almodóvar Research Associate II Turf & Ornamental Weed Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974.7379 jvargas@utk.edu
Frank Hale, Ph.D. Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211-5201 (615) 832-6802 fahale@utk.edu
John Sorochan, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7324 sorochan@utk.edu
Alan Windham, Ph.D. Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211-5201 (615) 832-6802 awindham@utk.edu
Greg Breeden Extension Specialist, The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7208 gbreeden@utk.edu
Brandon Horvath, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-2975 bhorvath@utk.edu
John Stier, Ph.D. Assistant Dean The University of Tennessee 2621 Morgan Circle 126 Morgan Hall Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7493 jstier1@utk.edu
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Eye on Business
Your Best Publicity Asset
Your Staff Is
By Russell Trahan, PR/PR Public Relations
T
hroughout the business landscape, countless days and hours are spent on the hiring process — rifling through resumes, conducting phone and in-person interviews and vetting potential hires — and for good reason. Company payroll budgets contain only so much flexibility for new employees, and selecting the correct individual to fill an open position involves much more than just ensuring his/ her competence in the role. Your new employee is also joining the best weapon in your companywide publicity arsenal: your staff. Your selection of staff members should go beyond just the tangible skills they bring to the office and their ability to complete projects and achieve goals during the workday. It should also include their talent for recruiting and driving business when the day is done. Your employees — present and future — should recognize the value of out-of-office networking skills and practices, as even simple interactions after-hours or on the weekends could potentially engage new customers or clients. It is for that reason that you, as a manager or business owner, should consider the people you employ as an essential component to any of your publicity efforts, as they are often your establishment’s firstimpression and top recruiting asset once the office lights go out for the evening. There are multiple best practices for instilling a sense of off-the-clock commitment in your present and future employees, and utilizing them to foster a sense of organizational pride will work wonders in your efforts to bolster your company image. Online, in person and over the
32
phone, your staff should recognize their value away from the office.
The social ovation Incalculable business relationships are now created and nurtured in the socialmedia stratosphere, and acuity in this area can be an accurate barometer for realworld success. Along with your business’ online presence and activity, your employees can boost your impact in the socialmedia arena by broadcasting companywide or individual accomplishments from their personal profiles. This can be as simple as a sharing a blog post that a staff member is particularly proud of or that garnered an extensive degree of attention, or actively promoting any sponsored events or appearances. Client or customer bases can be developed through your employees’ relationships, especially if they are pleased enough with their individual contributions and the level of work coming out of your offices to show them off. Regularly recognize and applaud their performance in-office, and they may be compelled to share it out of the office — chiefly, on their social-media platforms. A fulfilled employee is an employee who enthusiastically wants to share your achievements. Word-of-mouth is often the most powerful form of promotion or advertising, and your staff can be the premier vehicle for this type of reputation advancement.
The business card is timeless There is no action in the business world more common than the time-honored
TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org
tradition of exchanging business cards. Even with a shift toward internetcentricity and networking, every executive will always have a business card on hand, one which should also contain that person’s array of online links and contact information. Employers should encourage their staff members to keep a few cards on the ready. Any chance interaction outside of the workplace can quickly shift into a professional conversation, and a casual swap of business cards on Saturday night may result in a new product order or contract Monday morning. Many things will change in the business environment, but the business card is a timeless object that will remain a fundamental networking component.
Maintaining a convention game face Regardless of primary field or industry, chances are you will send out staff representatives to attend a conference or convention on your company’s behalf at some point. Effectively working a booth is an imperative skill that your employees need to possess to ensure that you receive a tangible return on your sponsorship investment. Part of making an appearance at a corporate convention a fruitful one is the overall demeanor from inside the booth. Your employees should understand the value of simple, conversational engagement with those who stop by; not everyone will want to secure your services, but they should all be treated as such. A smile and a simple acknowledgement
greeting to passersby can be the easiest route to increased booth traffic and solid sales leads at the event’s conclusion.
Email etiquette has no day off With the culture of connectedness that was ushered in by the widespread adoption of laptops, tablets and smartphones, your salaried employees are now within reach at all hours of the day and every day of the week. When receiving work-related emails or text correspondence while away from the office, your staff should be remain acutely aware that in-house etiquette still applies and not allow themselves to slip into casual text-speak or a tone they may utilize on their day off. Improper email decorum is an immediate strike against company credibility, so make sure you instill in your workforce the importance of proper electronic communication.
In summary Your product or service is only as good as the people you have on board. When your employees and associates realize and appreciate their value to your operation and the role they play in actively promoting your business, the more cognizant they become of their actions when they leave the workplace. When you impress upon your staff their importance to the company and their influence on overall accomplishments, you create a workplace culture of collective input and shared success. And when your employees realize their fundamental position in your business, they ardently become an extension of your publicity undertakings and make a point to contribute, even when they are away from the workplace. T About the author: Russell Trahan is president of PR/PR, a boutique public relations agency specializing in positioning clients in front of their target audience in print and online. PR/PR represents experts of all kinds who are seeking national exposure for their business or organization. For more information, visit our website at www.prpr.net, or contact Russell at (407) 895-8800. TENNESSEE TURFGRASS ASSOCIATION • TENNESSEE VALLEY SPORTS TURF MANAGERS ASSOCIATION • Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association
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Calendar o f Events
Index of Advertisers January 16–19
January 8–10,
52nd Annual TTA Conference and Tradeshow Embassy Suites Murfreesboro, TN
STMA Conference and Exhibition Fort Worth, TX
A & W Southern Sod Farms................................. 33 www.awssod.com
Buy Sod........................................ Inside Back Cover www.buysod.com
BWI Companies.................................................... 23
www.bwicompanies.com
February 2–8
Golf Industry Show Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center San Antonio, TX
Carolina Green Corp.............................................. 31 www.cgcfields.com
Coosa Valley Turf Farms....................................... 18 www.coosavalleyturffarms.com Covermaster, Inc..................................................... 9 www.covermaster.com
Helena Chemical Company................................... 33
January 15–19
Green & Growin’ Show (NC Nursery & Landscape Assn.) Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, NC
February 12–15
TPI International Education Conference & Field Day (Turfgrass Producers Intl.) Westin LA Paloma Resort Tucson, AZ
www.helenachemical.com
Jackson Sand........................................................ 29 www.jacksonsand.com
KWMI / K & W Products, Inc............................... 25 www.KWMIequipment.com
McCurdy Sod Farms.............................................. 31 www.mccurdysodfarms.com
Mid Tenn Turf, Inc............................................ 8, 31 www.midtennturf.com
Mid-Atlantic STIHL, Inc......................................... 15 www.stihldealers.com
Modern Turf, Inc................................................... 34 www.modernturf.com
NewLife Turf, Inc.................................................. 23 www.newlifeturf.com
North Georgia Turf Company, Inc......................... 28 www.ngturf.com
Progressive Turf Equipment, Inc............................. 9 www.progressiveturfequip.com
RD Murphy, LLC...................................................... 7 www.rdmurphy.com
Regal Chemical..................................................... 19 www.regalchem.com
Sigma Organics, Inc.............................................. 30 www.SigmaTurf.com
Smith Seed Services............................................. 31 www.smithseed.com
Smith Turf & Irrigation............................................ 3 www.smithturf.com
Southeast Turf Maintenance................................ 29 www.southeastturf.com
Southern Athletic Fields....................................... 26 www.safdirt.com
Sur-Line Turf, Inc..................................................... 7 www.surlineturf.com
The Turfgrass Group...........................5, Back Cover www.theturfgrassgroup.com
Tri-Turf Sod Farms................................................ 30 www.triturfsod.com
Turf Mountain Sod................................................ 33 www.turfmountain.com
Turfgrass of Tennessee........................................ 29 Winstead Turf Farms...................Inside Front Cover www.winsteadturffarms.com
The Tennessee Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee Turfgrass Magazine, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2017 by the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Tennessee Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Nashville, TN. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee Turfgrass allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.
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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS December/January 2018 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org